03 ehLfspd; vOr;rp - E-thaksalawa · ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf84 tuyhW> juk; - 11 03,Ugjhk;...

84,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpdpNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW> juk; - 11

0303030303 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Mrpa

ehLfspd; vOr;rp

,q;F ehq;fs; ,e;jpah> [g;ghd;> rPdh Mfpa ehLfs; ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; Kw;ghjpapy; vOr;rpaile;j tpjk;gw;wpf; fw;Nghk;.

gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRf;F mbikg;gl;bUe;j ,e;jpah vOr;rpaile;J

Rje;jpuk; ngw;wikAk; ve;jnthU me;epa Ml;rpf;Fk; Neubahf cl;glhj

[g;ghDk; rPdhTk; Vfhjpgj;jpa thjpfspd; neUf;Fjy;fspypUe;J tpLgl;L

Rje;jpuKk; jd;dhjpf;fKs;s muRfshfj; jiyepkpu;e;jikAk; Mrpahtpd;

rpwpa ehlhd ,yq;iff;F rpwg;ghd vLj;Jf;fhl;;LfshFk;.

gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;j ehk; 1948 ,y; mjpypUe;J

tpLjiy ngw;whYk; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpia ,d;Dk; vk;khy; mila

KbahJs;sJ. vdNt ,e;jpah> rPdh> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfis top

fhl ;bfshff ; nfhs;tjd; %yk; vkJ ,yf;if va;jg ;ngw

KbAnkd;wgbahy; mitgw;wpf; fw;wwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.

,e;jpah

1498Mk; Mz;L th];nfhl-

fhkh vDk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa khYkp

,e;jpahtpd; fs;spf; Nfhl;ilia

mile;jJk;> Nky; ehl;ltUf;F

,e;jpahTf;F tUk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; Nky; ehl;ltu; tu;j;jf

Nehf;FlNdNa ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jdu;.

vdpDk; ehsiltpy ; mtu ;fs ;

murpay; tplaq;fspYk; jiyaplj;

njhlq;f pdu ; . Nghu ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; >

xy;yhe;ju;> gpuhd;rpau; MfpNahu;

,e;jpahtpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; jkJ

Ml ;r pia e pWtpdu ; . 1848Mk ;

Mz;lstpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; jkJ

Ml;rpia epWTtjpy; gpupj;jhdpau;

ntw;wp fz;ldu;. ,e;jpahtpd; ,Wjp RahjPd murhd gQ;rhg;> gpupj;jhdpa

fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jJld; gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rp fh\;kPu;

njhlf;fk; fd;dpahFkup tiuapYk; ,e;JF\; kiyj; njhlupypUe;J

mrhk; tiuapYk; gutpaJ.

th];nfhl fhkh

glk; 3.1


rpg;gha;f;fyfk;

,e;jpah KOtJk; gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJk; tu;j;jfrq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,ilapilNa fpsu;r;rpfs; Vw;gl;ld. fp.gp. 1806> 1844>1849> 1850> 1852 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l fpsu;r;rpfs; mlf;fg;gl;ld.1857 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l giltPuu; fyfk; (rpg;gha;f; fyfk;) gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fvjpuhf Vw;gl;l Kf;fpa fyfkhFk;. gpupj;jhdpag; gilapypUe;j giltPuu;fs;(rpg;gha;fs;) nra;j me;jf; fpsu;r;rp jpy;yp> yf;Ndh> fhd;G+u;> kj;jpagpuNj\;> Gd;njy;fhd;l;> cNuh`py;fd;l; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fg; gutpaJ.

1857Mk; Mz;L fyfj;jpw ;Fmurpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkafhuzpfs; gpd;dzpaha; mike;jd.mit gpd;tUkhW :

v Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpahtpd; gpuNjrq;-fis ,izf;Fk; NghJ tQ;rfkhfnraw;gl;lik.

v ,e;jpaj; jiyth;fis kjpahik.

v Gifapujr;Nrit> je;jpr;Nrit>jghy; Nrit vd;gd Muk;gpf;fg;-gl;lik> ,jd; %yk; gpuNjrq;fSf;-fpilNa njhlu;G Vw;gl;lik.

v gpupj;jhdpau; fpwp];jt kp\dupkhu;fSf;F(kiwgug;ghsu;fSf;F) cjtp toq;fpaik.

v ,e ;j pahtpd ; tsq;fs ; ntspehLfisr ;nrd;wile;jik.

v ,e;jpahtpd; Njitfs; ftdpf;fg;glhik.

v Mg;fhdp];jhdpYk ; Vida gpu pj ;jhdpaFbNaw;wq;fspYk; <Lgl;l Nghu;fspy; rpg;gha;fis<LgLj;jpaik.

v Nghu; tPuu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fspy;gd;wpapdJk;> gRtpdJk; nfhOg;Gg; G+rg;gl;ljhf

tje;jp gutpaJ. ,];yhkpaUf;Fk;> ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; kj uPjpahf ,J cfe;jjhf,d;ikahy; mjid mtu;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jdu;. vdpDk; mtw;iwg;gad;gLj;Jk;gb giltPuu;fs; tw;GWj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,JNt NghUf;fhdcldbahd fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

1857Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 10Mk; jpfjp ,f; fyfk; kpfTk; nfhûkhfmlf;fg;gl;lJld;> mjid mlf;Ftjw;Fg; 15 khjq;fs; tiuapy; nrd;wd.

tq;fhsj;jpy; rpg;gha;fs;

glk; 3.3

jpy;ypf; fpsh;r;rp

glk; 3.2


fyfk; Njhy;tpAw;wjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

v xOq;fhd jpl;lkpd;ik

v nghJ kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;ik

v xOq;fhd jiyikj;Jtk; ,d;ik

v nry;tKk;> gilg; gyKKs;stu;;fs; ,e;jf; fyfj;jpw;F MjuT

toq;fhik

v nghJf; Fwpf;Nfhs; ,y;yhik

v gpupj;jhdpauplk; nghUshjhuk;> gilg;gyk; vd;gd cau; epiyapy;

fhzg;gl;lik.

,e;jpahtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf rq;fj;jpd; Ml;rp KbTw;W> ,e;jpah>

gpupj;jhdpaupd; Neubahd Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jikNa 1857 Mk; Mz;Lf;

fyfj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd tpisthFk;. fp.gp. 1858 Mf];l; 2Mk; jpfjp

epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; %yNk ,e;jpah gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo;

te;jJ. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l rpg;gha;f; fyfk; ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa epfo;thFk;. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mila Ntz;Lnkd;w

vz;zk; ,jd; gpd;dNu ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ehl;Lg;gw;W mjpfupj;j

Ntisapy; ,e;jpau;fs; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;.

1857 Mk; Mz;Lf; fyfk; Njhy;tpAw;wjd; %yk;> gpupj;jhdpaUf;F

vjpuhfg; Nghu; nra;tjw;Fj; jkf;Fg; gilg;gyKk;> nghUshjhug; gyKk;

,y;iynad;gij ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; NghUf;F Kd;dpd;W cioj;Njhu;

czu;e;jdu;. vdNt Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %yKk;> ju;f;f uPjpahfTk; jkJ

Njitfisg; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsUf;F vLj;Jiug;gJk;> FOthf

,ize;J nrayhw;WtJNk rpwe;jJ vdTk; ,e;jpau;fs; czu;e;jdu;.

,jdbg;gilapy; gbg;gbahfj; Njrpa ,af;fq;fs; cUthfpd. ,e;jpahtpy;

gpupj;jhdpau; filg;gpbj;j nfhs;iffs; ,e;jpau;fspilNa Njrpa czu;T

Vw;glTk; Njrpa uPjpapy; xd;WgLtjw;Fk; toptFj;jd.

tptrhak;

mjpfkhd epytup tptrhaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F topNfhypaJ. ,e;j

tupapdhy; tptrhapfs; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. tptrhak; nra;ahJ epyj;ij

ntWkNd tpl;LtpLk; mstpw;F mtu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. mt;thW nra;jhy;

gl;bdpahy; kba NeupLk;. gapu; nra;jhy; mWtil midj;ijAk; tupahfr;

nrYj;j NeupLk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf RaNjitf; fpuhkg; nghUshjhuk;

tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.


ifj;njhopy;

gpupj;jhdpah; ,e;jpahtpd; ifj;njhopy; gw;wp vJtpj eltbf;ifAk;

vLf;ftpy;iy. Njapiy> Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r;nra;if vd;gtw;wpw;F

nry;te;ju;fSf;F Cf;fkspj;j gpupj;jhdpau;> kpff; Fiwe;j rk;gsj;jpw;Fj;

njhopyhsiu mku;j;jpdu;. njhopyhsupd; Copak; Ruz;lg;gl;lJ.

gQ;rk;

,e;jpahtpy; ,ilapilNa Vw;gLk; gQ;rj;jhy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd

kf;fs; capupof;fpd;wdu;. ,jpypUe;J kf;fis kPl;gjw;F vt;tpj

eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. fWg;Gr; re;ijf;fhuu; mjpf tpiyapy;

czTg; nghUl;fis tpw;wdu;. czTg; nghUl;fis thq;f KbahNjhu;

gl;bdpahy; capu; Jwe;jdu;. xUKiw tq;fhsj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gQ;rj;jhy;

35 ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; capu; Jwe;jdu;.

Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpKiw

gpupj;jhdpau; Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpKiwia mwpKfk; nra;jJ mtu;fsJ

murpay;> epu;thf> gz;ghl;Lj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;

nghUl;NlahFk;. mtu;fsJ Nky; ehl;Lf; fy;tp tpuptile;jNghJ

vjpu;ghuhj tpisTfs; Vw;gl;ld. Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpahy; INuhg;gpa

ehLfspy; epytpa [dehafk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij ,e;jpau;fs; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;ldu;. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; jhuf ke;jpukhd “Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>

rNfhjuj;Jtk;” vd;gdtw;iw ,e;jpau;fs; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. &Nrh>

Njhk];> Ngu;d;> fupghy;b> Nthy;Nuau;> nkhz;l];fpA Nghd;Nwhupd;

jhuhz;ikthjf; nfhs;if ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; Nt&d;wpaJ.

Mq;fpNyau; jkJ murdhd Kjyhk; rhu;s;];> nfhû Ml;rpahsdhf,Ue;jikahy; mtidf; nfhd;wdu;. ,uz;lhk; N[k;]; me;jg; gjtpf;Fj;

jFjpaw;wtdhf ,Ue;jjhy; mtidg; gjtpapypUe;J ,wf;fpdu;.muru;fisr; rpur;Nrjk; nra;aTk;> mtu;fis rpk;khrdj;jpypUe;J ,wf;fTk;

Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F cupik ,Uf;FNkahdhy; jkf;Fk; me;j cupikcz;nld ,e;jpau;fs; vz;zpdu;.

gy;NtW nkhopfisg; NgRk; ,e;jpau;fspilNa neUq;fpa njhlu;igVw;gLj;j Mq;fpyf; fy;tp cjtpaJ. fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sTk;>

njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jTk;> Mq;fpy nkhop cjtpaJ. gpupj;jhdpau; jkJxNu epUthfj;jpd; %yNk ,e;jpahit xd;wpizj;jdu;. ,J gy;NtW

,dj;jtu;fshd ,e;jpau;fis xNu ,dkhf xd;wpizar; nra;a cjtpaJ.gpupj;jhdpaupd; jiyf;fdk;> ,e;jpau;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;> rl;lj;jpd; Kd;

,e;jpau;fs; rkkhf kjpf;fg;glhik vd;gd gpupj;jhdpah; Ml;rpia kf;fs;ntWf;ff; fhuzkhfpd.


gpupj;jhdpau; Gifapujg; ghijfisAk;> ngUe;njUf;fisAk;> jghy;

NritfisAk; Muk;gpj;jJ jkJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L

nry;tjw;NfahFk;. vdpDk; ,J Njrpa czu;Tf;F toptFf;Fk; vdg;

gpupj;jhdpau; vz;zpapUf;ftpy;iy. ,e;jpau;fs; vt;tpj gz;ghLk;

,y;yhjtu;fnsd;Nw gpupj;jhdpau; vz;zpapUe;jdu;. ,jdhy; ,e;jpau;fsplk;

jd;dk;gpf;if czu;T FiwTw;wpUe;jJ. N[hd; khu;\y;> tpy;ypak;

N[hd;];> nkf;%yu;> Nkhj;jpku; ctPyu; Nghd;w njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsu;fs;

,e;jpahtpd; ùg;gh ehfupfj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; ,e;jpau;-

fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;r;rp Njhd;wpaJ.

nraw;ghL

v ,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopfisf; nfhz;l gl;bay;

xd;W jahhpf;Ff.

v ,e;jpahtpd; khepyq;fs; mlq;fpa Njrg;glk; xd;iwj; jahhpf;Ff.

,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa czu;T tsu;e;j tpjk; gw;wpa mwptpid ePq;fs;

ngw;wpUg;gPu;fnsd ek;GfpNwhk;. ,g;NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpAk;>

Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; ghLgl;l jiytu;fs;> epWtdq;fs; gw;wpAk; vkJ

ftdj;ijj; jpUg;GNthk;.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy; Rje;jpuk; ngWk;

Nehf;Fld; gy;NtW murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpd. mtw;Ws;

RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p vd;gtuhy; 1876 Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;l “fy;ff;jh

,e;jpau; rq;fk;” Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gpupj;jhdpau; kPjpUe;j ntWg;ig

ntspg;gilahfj; njuptpj;j Kjy; mikg;G ,JthFk;. ghdu;[p ehL

KOtJk; gpuahzk; nra;J kf;fSf;Fj; jkJ rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ijj;

njspTgLj;jpdhu;. mtuJ Kf;fpa Ntz;LNfhs;fs; %d;;whFk;.

1 rptpy; Nritg; guPl;iria kPsha;T nra;jy;

2 MAjq;fs; rl;lj;ij kWguprPyid nra;jy;

3 gpupj;jhdpa gapu ;r ;nra;ifahsuplkpUe;J tptrhapfisg

ghJfhj;jy;.

RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[papd; gazq;fs; ngUk;

ntw;wpaspf;fhjjhy; mfpy ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk;

xd;wpid mikg;gjd; mtrpak; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jd; tpisthf Xa;Tngw;w gpupj;jhdpa Copauhd

Myd; xf;nltpad; ̀ pAk; vd;gtuhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa

rq;fk; (Indian National Union) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F

,e;jpahtpd; gy ghfq;fspypUe;J gpujpepjpfs;

te;jdu;. lgps;A+. rP. ghdu;[p ,r;rq;fj;jpd;

jiytuhdhu;. ,f; $l;lj;jpy; rq;fj;jpd; ngau;lgps;A+. rp. ghdu;[p

glk; 3.4


“,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];”. (Indian National Congress) vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; itj;jpau;fs;> Mrpupah;fs;> nghwpapayhsu;fs;>

rl;lj;juzpfs;> Nguhrpupau;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfisr; Nru;e;Njhu;

mq;fj;Jtk; tfpj;jdu;. Mdhy; nghJkf;fs; vtUk; mq;fj;Jtk;

ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

v ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspilNa ehl;Lg; gw;iw

Vw;gLj;jy;.

v nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;ijg; ngWjy;.

v ,dk;> kjk;> gpuNjrk;> vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ Njrpa

thjj;ij tsu;j;jy;.

v nghJj; Njrpa mgpyhirfis gpupj;jhdpauplk; Kd;itj;jy;.

,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; tUlhe;jf; $l;lk; ehL KOtJk;

Kf;fpa efuq;fspy; eilngw;wd. mtu;fs; murplk; gy;NtW Nfhupf;iffis

tpLj;jdu;. mitfs; gpd;tUkhW :

v rptpy; Nritg; guPl;iriag; gpupj;jhdpahtpYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; xNu

Neuj;jpy; elhj;Jjy;.

v fy;tpapd; nghUl;L Nkyjpf trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLj;jy;.

v cau; gjtpfSf;F ,e;jpau;fspypUe;J mjpfkhNdhiur; Nru;j;jy;.

v Nghu;r; nryitf; Fiwj;jy;.

v MAjq;fs; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd mDkjp mspj;jy;.

,e;jpaj;Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; kpjthjpfSk;> jPtputhjpfSk; ,Ue;jdu;.

Kjypy; fhq;fpurpy; mjpfhuk; tfpj;jtu;fs; kpjthjpfshtu; . fye;Jiuahly;>

tpthjpj;jy;> tpz;zg;gq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; jkJ Ntz;LNfhis

epiwNtw;wf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fnkd mtu;fs; ek;gpdhu;fs;. ,e;jf;

nfhs;ifAilNahu;> gpupj;jhdpau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gJ eyk; vdf;

fUjpdhu;fs;. cld; fl;il VWjy;> ghypaj; jpUkzk;> rhjp Ntw;Wik>

vd;gdtw;iw ,y;yhnjhopj;jy; vd;gd ,e;jpahtpw;Fg; ngUk; ed;ikNa

vd ,tu;fs; fUjpdu;. gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk;> fhq;fpurpw;Fk; ,ilNa neUq;fpa

cwT ,Ue;jNjhL gy jlitfspy; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w

mq;fj;jtufs; fhq;fpu]; $l;lq;fspYk; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. vdpDk;


gytpj tpku;rdq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; kpjthjpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT

ntw;wpaPl;bdu;. mtu;fs; gpupj;jhdpaiuf; fz;%bj;jdkhfg; gpd;gw;wtpy;iy.

mtu;fs; nghWikia ,of;ftpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j ,e;jpa

murpaYf;fhd mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ mtu;fshNyNaahFk;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp

,e;jpau;fspd; ,jaq;fspy; [dehafk;> rptpy; cupik Nghd;w vz;zq;fSk;

$l cjakhfpaJ ,tu;fs; %yNkahFk;.

,g;NghJ ehk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; rpyiug; gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; rpy mq;fj;jtu;fs; gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpia

ntspg ;gilahf tpku ;r pj ;j NghJ gpu pj ;jhdpaUf;Fk;> Njrpa

fhq;fpurpw;FkpilNa KWfy; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpau;

Njrpa fhq;fpuirj; jho;j;jp> mjw;Fg; gjpyhf NtW ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jdu;.

kpjthjf; nfhs;ifAilNahupd; rpwg;ghd nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpg; gy;NtW

vz;zq;fs; ntspahfpAs;sd. mtu;fshy; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s KbahJ NghdJ vd;gJ rpyupd; vz;zkhFk;.

vt;thnwdpDk; mtu;fs; fy;tpfw;w ,e;jpau;fis xNu Nkilf;Ff; nfhz;L

te;jik ngUk; ntw;wpahFk; vd;gJ vkJ fUj;jhFk;.

,e;jpaf; fhq;fpurpy; nghJ kf;fs; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fhjjhy;

fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fSf;Fk;> kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,ilntsp cUthdJ.

nraw;ghL:

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fis gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

jjhgha; egNuh[p

“,e;jpahtpd; Nkd;ikahsu;” vd miof;fg;gLk;

,tu; ,e ;j pa Njr pa rq ;fj ;j pd ; Muk ;g

cWg;gpduhthu;. gpupj;jhdpauhy; ,e;jpahtpy;

eilngw ;w Ruz;ly; > mePj p vd;gtw ;iwg ;

gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsUf;F mwptpf;Fk; nghUl;L

,q;fpyhe;jpy; jq;fpdhu;. gpupj;jhdpa ypguy;

fl;rpapd; cWg;gpduhd ,tu;> gpupj;jhdpag;

g h u h S k d ; w c W g ; g p d u h f j ; n j up T

nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mq;F mtu; ,e;jpau;fSf;fhfj; jkJ

Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpdhu;.jjhgha; egNuh[p

glk; 3.5


kpjthjf; nfhs;ifAilNahu; gytPdkile;jNghJ jPtputhjj;

jiytu;fs; Njhd;wpdu;. jPtputhjj; jiytu;fs; rpy ntw;wpfisaPl;bdu;.

mitfspy; fPNo njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sit rpythFk;.

v Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nghJ kf;fis ,izj;jik> fy;tpkhd;fs;>

tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs; Nghd;Nwhiu Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lik.

v nlhkpdPad; me;j];J my;y G+uz Rje;jpuj;jpd; nghUl;Lg; Nghuhl;lk;

elj;jpaik

v ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jg;glhik.

v Ntiy epWj;jj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpag; nghUshjhuj;ij tPo;r;rpAwr;

nra;jik

nraw;ghL :

,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpuRld; njhlu;Gila NtW egu;fisg; gw;wpa

tpguk; mlq;fpa ifE}y; xd;W jahupf;Ff.

Nfhghy; fpU\;z NfhfNy

1856Mk; Mz;L kfhuh\;buj;jpy; gpwe;j

,tu; Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wpa gpd; ngh;Frd;

fy;Y}upapd; mjpguhdhu;. gpupj;jhdpa MSehpd;

rl;l rigapy; cWg;gpduhfp> Muk;gf; fy;tpiaf;

fl;lhakhf;f rl;lnkhd;iwf; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

RNue;jpuehj; gdh;[p

,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpd; je;ijnad ,tu; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whu;.

tq;fhsk; vDk; gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupauhd ,tu;> upg;gd; fy;Y}hpapd;

Muk;g fu;j;jhTkhthu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,U Kiw

njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytu;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.

Nfhghy; fpU];z

NfhfNy


v gj;jpupiffspd; %yk; kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lik.

,g;NghJ ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fisg; gw;wpg;

gbg;Nghk;.

ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; (1856 - 1920)

kfhuh\;buj;jpy; gpwe;j ,tu;> njhopypy; xU tof;fwpQu;. ,e;jpahtpy;

khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtjw;Ff; fy;tp Kf;fpa Clfkhf cs;sJ

vd;gjid ek;gpdhu;. “Nf\up” > “kUj” vDk; gj;jpupiffis Muk;gpj;jhu;.

“cyf mgpkhdp” vDk; ngaupYk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

gpgpd;re;jpuNghy; (1858 - 1932)

m]hkpy; gpwe;j ,tu; 1887 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpy;

Nru;e;j mtu;> ,e;jpahtpd; G+uz Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; ghLgl Ntz;Lnkdf;

$wpdhu;.

yhyh y[;gjpuha; (1865 - 1928)

gQ;rhgpy; gpwe;j ,tu; xU tof;fwpQu;. 1888Mk;

Mz;L Njrpa rq;fj;jpy; ,ize;jhu;. gpupj;jhdpa

muRf;F tpz;zg;gq;fs; mDg;GtJ gadw;wJ

vd;gij czu;e;j ,tu; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf

nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.

20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];

,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpy; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk;> kpjthjpfSf;Fk;

,ilNa epytpa fUj;J NtWghLfspd; fhuzkhf 1907Mk; Mz;L

,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupe;jJ. kpjthjpfs; nlhkpdPad;

epiyapy; Rje;jpuk; Ntz;b epd;w Ntisapy;> jPtputhjpfs; G+uz

Rje;jpuj;ij Ntz;b epd;wdu;. ,f;fUj;J NtWghNl ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk;

,uz;lhfg; gpsTglf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. gpupj;jhdpau; jkJ FbNaw;w

ehLfspy; gpupj;jhSk; nfhs;iffis (Divide & Rule)f; filg;gpbj;jdu;.

rhjp> rka> ,d> nkhop Ntw;Wikfs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ jkJ Ml;rpia

vspjhff; nfhz;L nry;yyhk; vd mtu;fs; vz;zpdu;. ,e;J -

K];ypk;fspilNa gpuptpidia Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L 1906 Mk; Mz;L

yhyh y[;gjp uha;glk; 3.7


tq;fhsk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. gue;j epyg;gug;igAila tq;fhsg;

gpuNjrj;ij Ml;rp nra;tJ fbdkhdJ vd;gjdhNyNa mJ ,uz;lhfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;ljhf ù;rd; gpuG $wpdhu;.

Njrpa ,af;fk; gyk; tha;e;j Xu; ,af;fkhf vOr;rpaile;J

tUtijf; fz;l gpupj;jhdpau; me;j ,af;fj;ijj; Jz;lhl Kad;wdu;.

rpWghd;ikapduhd K];ypk;fisj; jk; gf;fk; jpUg;Gtjw;fhf 1906 Mk;

Mz;L K];ypk;fisf; nfhz;L K];ypk; yPf; (Muslim League) fl;rpia

epWtpdu;. Mdhy; K];ypk; yPf;fpd; %j;j jiytuhd Nru; rh`pl; rd;e;

kf ;fis ,];yhkpaUf;Nfh ,e;Jf;fSf;Nfh gf;fk; rhuhky;

gpupj;jhdpaUf;Nf jhu;kPf Mjuit toq;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;.

Nkhfdjh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp F[uhj;

gpuNjrj;jpy; 2.10.1869 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;.

,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp gapd;w ,tu;> ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fg;

gup];lu; gl;lk; ngWk; nghUl;Lr; nrd;whu;. jdJ

fy;tpia epiwT nra;j gpd;du;> jd; njhopypd;

nghUl;Lj; njd;dhgpupf;fhTf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mq;F

RNjrpfisg; gpupj;jhdpau; elj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; fz;l

fhe;jp> Mr;rupaj;Jf;Fs;shdhu;. RNjrpfspd;

cu pikfisg ; ghJfhf ;Fk ; nghUl ;L

rj;jpahf;fpufk; vDk; eltbf;ifia Muk;gpj;jhu;.

nghJ kf;fspd; rptpy; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

nghUl;L ,af;fk; xd;wpid Muk;gpf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;

fhe;jp 1915 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahTf;F te;jhu;.

,e;jpahTf;F te;j fhe;jp gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w ehLfspy;

njhopyhsuhfg; gzpGuptjd; nghUl;Lg; ngwg;gl;l cWjpr; rPl;il uj;Jr;

nra;Ak;gb rj;jpahf;fpufk; xd;wpid Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mjd; gpd;du; me;jf;

Nfhupf;iffSf;Fg; gpupjhdpau; ,zq;fpdu;. tq;fhsj;jpy; rk;gh gpuNjrj;jpy;

,z;bNfh mTup (JzpfSf;F rha%l;lg; gad;gLk; xUtifg; gapu;)

gapupLNthupd; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;jJk; rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpd; %yNkahFk;.

,t;thW fhe;jp Vio kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhfg; Nghuhbdhu;.

kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; cjtpAld; xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;ij (1920 - 1922) Muk;gpj;jhu;. ePjpkd;wk;> rl;l kd;wk;> fy;tp

epWtdq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwAk;> gpupj;jhdpag; nghUl;fisAk; gfp\;fupf;fTk;>

gpupj;jhdpauhy; toq;fg;gl;l gjtpfs;> gl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwj; Jwf;fTk;>

kf;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j ,af;fk; ehL KOtJk; tpiutpy;

gutpaJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy; Njrpa nghUl;fspd; ghtid> rhjpKiwia

kfhj;kh fhe;jpglk; 3.8

Njrpa ,af;fKk;> kfhj;kh fhe;jpAk;.


xopj;jy;> ,e;J - K];ypk; xw;Wik vd;gd Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;wd. ,e;j

,af;fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhfg; gpupj;jhdpaupd; epu;thfk; Kw;wpYk;

rPu;Fiye;jJ. kpfTk; ,f;fl;lhd epiyikia vjpu;Nehf;fpa gpupj;jhdpau;>

gpur;rpidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. kyghu;

gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gkhd nrhg;shh;fspd; fpsu;r;rp> gQ;rhgpd; mj;jhyp

,af;fk; vd;gtw;wpdhy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; epiy NkYk; NkhrkhdJ. ,e;j

,af;fj;jpYs;s xU FOtpdu; cj;ju gpuNjrj;jpy; nghyprhu; rpyiuf;

nfhd;wjhy;> Ntjid mile;j fhe;jp> me;j ,af;fj;ij ,ilepWj;jpdhu;

,jdhy; kdKile;j Nkhjpyhy; NeUTk;> S. M. jh]; MfpNahUk;

fhe;jpia tpl;Lr; nrd;W Rauh[;a fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jdu;.

1921 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd;gb elj;jg;gl;l Nju;jypy; Rauh[;af;

fl;rp rpy ,lq;fis ntd;wJ. murpDs; Eioe;J ahg;gpidf;

Fog;gptpLtNj mtu;fsJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,d> nkhop Ngjq;fs;

kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;fpajhy; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,e;j rl;lj;ij tpUk;gtpy;iy.

1921 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ahg;Gj;

njhlu;ghf Muha;e;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L 1927 Mk; Mz;L

irkd; Mizf;FO ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; FOtpy;

,e;jpau;fs; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fhjgbahy; Njrpa fhq;fpu];> Mizf;FOtpd;

Kd; rhl;rpakspf;f Kd;tutpy;iy. Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapYk; irkd;

Mizf;FO jk; mwpf;ifia 1930 Mk; Mz;L muRf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;jJ.

vt;thnwdpDk; me;j mwpf;ifahy; vt;tpj gaDk; Vw;gltpy;iy.

kfhj;khfhe;jpapd; mLj;j nraw;ghlhf mike;jJ rptpy; rl;lj;ij

kPWtjhFk;. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; rptpy; rl;lj;ij kPWk; ,af;fk;

ghjahj;jpiuapd; %yNk Muk;gkhdJ. cg;G tup njhlh;ghd rl;lj;ij

kPWk; nghUl;L rgHkjp Mr;rpukj;jpypUe;J jz;b flw;fiu tiu nrd;w

,e;jg; ghj ahj;jpiuahdJ midj;J ,e;jpau;fsJk; ,jaq;fisf; ftu;e;j

xd;whf mike;jJ. ehL KOtJk; ,t;thwhd ghj ahj;jpiufs; xOq;F

nra;ag;gl;ld. fhe;jp cl;glg; gyu; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldu;.

,e;jpaf; fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;shjjhy; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd

KjyhtJ tl;lNkir kfhehL Njhy;tpaile;jJ. rpiwapy; ,Ue;J

kfhj;kh fhe;jpia mioj;J te;j MSeu; ,Htpd;> kfhj;kh fhe;jpAld;

,zf;fj;jpw;F te;jhu;;. mjd;gb rpiwapy; ,Ue;j murpay; ifjpfs;

tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldu;. kf;fspd; vjpu;g;GfSf;F cs;shd ahg;gpd; rpy gFjpfs;

ePf;fg;gl;ld. mjw;Fg; gjpyhff; fhe;jp rptpy; rl;lj;ij kPWk; nraiy

,il epWj;jpdhu;. rl;lk; njhlu;ghd ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir kfhehl;Lf;F

fhe;jp miof;fg;gl;lhu;. kfhehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l fhe;jp> ,e;jpahTf;Fg;

G+uzkhd Rje;jpuj;ijg; gpupj;jhdpah; toq;fkhl;lhu;fs; vd;w

vz;zj;JlNdNa ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;. rhjp uPjpahfj; njhFjpfs;


xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifapdhy; %d;whtJ tl;lNkir

kfhehLk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ. Njhy;tpaile;j tl;lNkir kfhehl;il

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1935k; Mz;L ,e;jpar; rl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

1935 ,e;jpa murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk; rk\;b Ml;rp Kiwia

Vw;gLj;j eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;l nghOjpYk;> ahg;gpid xOq;fikj;j

Kiwapy; ,e;jpaj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; jpUg;jp nfhs;stpy;iy.

,e;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fSf;Fj; jdpahd ,uhr;rpak; Njit vd;w

fUj;ij Vw;w Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh clNd ,J njhlu;ghf nraw;gl;lhu;.

mtu; K];ypk;fSf;nfdj; jdpahd ehL Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;lhu;. me;j

ehl;by; gQ;rhg;> tl Nkw;F vy;iyg; gpuNjrk;> fh\;kPu;> rpe;J> gYr;rp];jhd;

Kjypa gpuNjrq;fs; mlq;f pd. ,e ;jf ; fUj ;ij Kjd; Kjy;

ntspg;gLj;jpatu; nkhfkl; my;yhkh ,f;ghy; vDk; ftpQuhthu;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; Muk;gkhFk; NghJ

,e;jpah gpupj;jhdpaUf;F rhu;ghf cs;sJ vd ,e;jpa

MSeu; $wpa $w;wpw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;J> ,e;jpa

fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruitapd; mikr;ru;fs; gjtp

tpyfpdu;. ,e;jpau;fsJ gpur;rpidia tpiutpy; jPu;f;Fk;

nghUl;L> murpay; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; rpytw;Wld;

Nru; ];nlgu;l; fpupg;]; vd;gtu; ,e;jpahTf;F

mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; nraw;gLj;Jk;>

Nehf;Fld; mike;j ,e;j ahg;gpid “vjpu;fhyj; jpfjp

Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fhNrhiy” vdf; fhe;jp $wpdhu;. fpupg;rpd;

MNyhridia ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fKk;> K];ypk; yPf;Fk;

Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. K];ypk; yPf; ghf;fp];jhd; vDk; ngaupy; jdpehL

NfhupaJ.

,e;j epiyapy; gpupj;jhdpaiu ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;Wk;

nghUl;L “nts;isaNd ntspNaW” vDk; ,af;fk; fhe;jpahy;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Kf;fpa ,af;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

K];ypk;fs; njhlu;ghf rP. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupahupd; jpl;lj;ijg;

gpd;gw;Wk;gb> fhe;jp Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dhitf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.

Mdhy; me;jf; Nfhupf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. jkJ jpl;lj;jpd;gb

ghf;fp];jhd; vDk; ehl;il cUthf;FtNj Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dhtpd;

vz;zkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpw;Fk;> K];ypk; yPf;fpw;Fk;

,ilNa ,zf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j “rpk;yh kfhehL” xOq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mJ Kw;wpYk; Njhy;tp fz;lJ.

Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh

glk; 1.9


,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplhJ tpl KbahJ. ,e;jpa jghy; Nritapy; ,Ue;j mtu;>

mjpypUe;J tpyfp> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; Nru;e;jhu;. fUj;J

NtWghl;bdhy; mjpypUe;J tpyfp 'Kd;Ndw;wf; fl;rp" vDk; fl;rpia

Muk;gpj;jhu;. gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhf ,ufrpakhfr; nraw;gl;lhYk;>

mJ gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fj; njupatuNt ehl;il tpl;Lr; nrd;whu;. gpupj;jhdp-

auplkpUe;J [g;ghdpau; ifg;gw;wpa gu;kh> kyhah Mfpa ehLfSf;Fr;

nrd;W mq;Fs;s ,e;jpau;fisf; nfhz;l gil xd;iwj; jpul;bdhu;.

me;jg; giliaf; nfhz;L ik#u;> ng\hthu; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis

Mf;fpukpj;J> mg;gpuNjrqfspy; 10>000 rJu iky;fisf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.

vdpDk; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; tpkhd tpgj;jpy;

capu; Jwe;jhu;.

,e;jpahTf;F Rje;jpuk; mspg;gjhf cWjpaspj;j njhopw;fl;rp

,q;fpyhe;jpy; Ml;rpf;F tuNt> 1946 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpau;fsJ

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fk; nghUl;L ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;) J}Jf;FO xd;W

,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ.

ghfp];jhd; vd;nwhU ehl;bid mikg;gJ gw;wpa Nahrid

epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpau;fsplKk;> mur Fkhuu;fsplKk; ,Ue;j

gpuNjrq;fis xd;wpizj;J xNu ,e;jpa ehl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;gpg;

gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F Ra Ml;rpiaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Nahrid

Kd; itf;fg;gl;lJ. ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;L mYty;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>

tUkhdk; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs; kj;jpa murplk; ,Ue;jd. ,j;jpl;lj;ij

eilKiwg;gLj;jj; jw;fhypfkhd murhq;fk; Njitg;gl;lJ. jw;fhypf

muir mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j murpy; mikr;ru;

gjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L K];ypk; yPf;fpw;Fk; miog;G

tpLf;fg;gl;l nghOjpYk; mtu;fs; mjid epuhfupj;jdu;. ,jdhy; ,e;jpah

KOtJk; ,df;fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ. 1948 Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjj;jpw;F

Kd; gpur;rpid jPu;j;J itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdg; gpujku; fpsnkd;l; Mu;l;yp

$wpdhu;. mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; MSduhf kTz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuGit epakpj;jhu;.

,e;jpahtpd; murpay; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;f;Fk; Kfkhf mtu; jpl;lnkhd;iw

Kd; itj;jhu;. KfkJ myp [pd;dhtpd; nraypdhy; ,e;jpah ,uz;lhfg;

gpsTgl Ntz;ba epiyapy; cs;sJ vd kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG $wpdhu;.

mjd;gb ,e;jpah 15.08.1947 ,y; Rje;jpukile;jJ. 14.08.1947 ,y;

ghf;fp];jhd; cjakhfpaJ. 26.01.1950 Kjy; ,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa murpay;

ahg;G eilKiwf;F te;jJ. mJ Kjy; ,e;jpah G+uz Rje;jpuKila

[dehaf muR vd;w epiyiag; ngw;wJ.


[g;ghd;

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk; njhlu;ghfg; Nghjpa tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;l cq;fSila ftdj;ij mLj;J nrYj;j Ntz;baJ

[g;ghd; etPd ,uhr;rpak; xd;whf khw;wkile;j tuyhw;W tplaq;fis

mwpe;J nfhs;tjpyhFk;.

nlhFfhth N\hFNew;Wfspd; fPo; [g;ghd;

[g;ghdpd; khdpa Kiwapd; Fog;gfukhd fhyfl;lk; 16 Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;Jld; Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ. gy E}w;whz;Lfshf epytpa

khdpa Kiw Aj;jq;fs;> xU jiyKiwf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa %d;W

tPuu;fshy; ntw;wpfukhf KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. mtu;fSila

nraw;ghLfs; ,uj;jk; rpe;Jjy;> <tpuf;fkpy;yhj; jd;ik> JNuhfk;

vd;gtw;why; epuk;gg;ngw;wjhf ,Ue;jhYk; [g;ghdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F

mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;G kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjha; ,Ue;jJ.

v nehGdfh : fpNahNlh gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;

nfhz;L mq;fpUe;j Ml;rpahsidj;

Juj;jpabj;jhd;. ngsj;j Nfhtpy;fis

mopj;J mjd; gpf;Ffs; Mapuf;fzf;fh-

Ndhiu nfhd;W xopj;jhd;. ngz;fs;>

gps;isfisAk; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; nfhiy

nra;tpj;jhd;. 1583 ,y; ,td; Aj;j

fsj;jpNyNa kuzpj;jhd;.

v `pNjNah\p : nehGdfhtpd; gilj; jiytu;fspy;

xUtdhd ,td; [g;ghdpa tuyhw;wpd;

rpNu\;l kdpjdhf kjpf;fg;gLfpwhd;.

cau;e;j mwpTj;jpwd;> rhpahd jPu;khdj;ij

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; vd;gdtw;iwf;

nfhz;bUe;j mtd; rpwe;j mjpfhupahthd;.

[g;ghdpa ,uhZtj;jpd; mbkl;lj;jpy;

,Ue;J Ml;rpahsd; tiu cau;e;j xNu

egu; ,tdhthd;.

v nlhFfhth ,ah \_ : ,td; nehGdfhtpd; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSld;rz;ilapl;L mtu;fis mlf;fp 1603 ,y;[g;ghdpd; Ml;rpahsdhf khwpdhd;.Kd;ida ,U jiytu;fshYk; Mw;wg;gl;l

gzpfspypUe;J gyid mDgtpj;jtd;

,tdhthd;.


nlhFfhth fhyfl;lj;jpy; (1603 - 1867) [g;ghdpd; khdpaKiw

Ml;rpaikg;G njhlu;r;rpahf ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,k;Kiw muRf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;l

Xuikg;ghf ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ah \_> jdJ

jiyefukhf <Nlh (Nlhf;fpNah) itj; Nju;e;njLj;jhd;. ghJfhg;Gf;fhf

ePu; mfopahy; #og;gl;l rf;jptha;e;j Nfhl;il xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpdhd;.

gyk; kpf;f kj;jpa muirg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf KOehl;bYk; gue;Jgl;Lr;

nraw;gLk; tz;zk; ,ufrpa ghJfhg;Gr; Nrit xd;iw cUthf;fpdhd;.

kj;jpa muRf;F vjpuhd rfy nraw;ghLfisAk; Fwpg;ghf gyhj;fhu

eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; ,jd; %yk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.

,uz;liu E}w;whz;Lfshfj; jpfo;e;j rpwe;j Ml;rpf;fhd mikg;G xd;iw

Vw;gLj;jpath;fs; N\hFd;fNs.

nlhFfhth N\hFd;fspd; fPo; Ml;rp

[g;ghdpa murhq;fk; ,uz;L mikg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa

nraw;gl;lJ. mjpy; xd;W [g;ghdpa mur FLk;gkhFk;. kw;iwaJ fpNahNlh

gpuGf;fspd; rigahFk;. mjpfhu ikakhd <Nlhtpy; N\hFd;fNs

fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs;> ,iwtdpd; Vw;ghl;Lf;fika jhk; ehl;il

Ms;tjhff; $wpdu;. Ml;rpahsupd; J}a;ikahy; mtu;fSf;F ve;jnthU

mepahaj;ijAk; nra;a KbahJ vd;w mgpg;gpuhaj;ij ehnlq;Fk;

gug;Gtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jdu;.

nlhFfhth Ml;rpapd; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by;

Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; ];ghdpaUk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; [g;ghDld;

tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; xy;yhe;jUk;

gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpaUk; ,t;tu;j;jfj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;ldu;. [g;ghdpau;fshy;>

INuhg;gpau;fs; Nguhu;tj;Jld; tuNtw;fg;gl;likf;F> mtu;fsplkpUe;J

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba gy tplaq;fs; fhzg;gl;likNa fhuzkhFk;.

RL gilf; fyq;fisj; jahupg;gij [g;ghdpau;> Nghu;j;Jf;NfauplkpUe;J

fw;Wf; nfhz;L 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; mtw;iw

cw;gj;jp nra;J Aj;jq;fspy; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdh;. ,t;thAjq;-

fSf;fhd ntbkUe;ijj; jahupf;Fk; jpwikiaAk; [g;ghdpau; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;ldu;.

nlhFthf;fspd; fPo; kp\dup nraw;ghL

INuhg;gpa tu;j;jfu;fspd; gpd; te;jtu;fs; fpwp];jt kjj;ijg; gug;Gk;

kp\dupfNsahtu;. [g;ghdpau;fs; ,tu;fis mt;tsthf tpUk;gtpy;iy.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa ,NaR rigf; FUkhu;fspdJk;> ];ghdpa gpuhd;rp];fd;

rigf; FUkhu;fspdJk; mu;g;gzpg;ghd gzpahy;> [g;ghdpd; midj;Jj;

jug;G kf;fspypUe;Jk; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijj; jOtpNahu; fhzg;gl;ldu;

[g;ghdpd; njw;F> Nkw;F tu;j;jf epiyaq;fisr; #o tho;e;j Rkhu;

%d;W ,yl;rk; Ngu; cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fj;ijj; jOtpaikahy;


mr;rkaj;ijj; jil nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd Ml;rpahsu; fUjpdu;. Gjpa

rkaj;jhy;> jkJ fyhrhuj;jpw;Fj; jPq;F tpisAnkd;Wk; ehL

,uz;LgLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; fUjpa N\hFd;fs; Kjypy;

fpwp];jtj;ijj; jOtpatu;fSf;F vr;rupf;if tpLj;jdu;. ,jw;F vjpu;g;Gj;

njuptpj;j kp\dupfs;> kjk; gug;Gjiyj; njhlu;e;Jk; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

,jdhy; kp\dupfSf;F vjpuhff; fLk; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l

N\hFd;fs;> ngUe;njhifahd kp\dupkhu;fisf; nfhiy nra;jdu;.

,jid vjpu;j;J fpwp];jt rkaj;jtu; murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp

nra;jdu;. N\hFd;fs;> mtu;fis Kw;whff; nfhd;nwhopj;jdu;. mjd;

%yk; fpwp];jt rkaj;ij [g;ghdpypUe;J Kw;whfj; Jilj;njwpe;jdu;.

nlhFthf;fspd; fhyj;jpy; INuhg;ghTf;Fk; [g;ghDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

cwT

fpwp];jtu;fs; fLikahf mlf;fpnahLf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;> midj;J

INuhg;gpau;fSf;Fk; [g;ghdpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;Fj; jiltpjpj;jdu;.

xy;yhe;ju;fs; murpay; uPjpahf Mgj;jhdth;fs; my;yu; vdf; fUjpa

N\hFd;fs;> mtu;fSf;F kl;Lk; tUlj;jpw;F xU fg;gy; jdJ

JiwKfj;jpw;F tu mDkjp toq;fpdu;. jkJ gyj;ij INuhg;gpau;fSf;Ff;

fhz;gpg;gjw;fhd xU re;ju;g;gkhf N\hFd;fs; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;ldu;. mj;NjhL [g;ghdpau;fspd; ntspehl;Lg; gazq;fs;

midj;jpw;Fk; jil tpjpj;jdu;. jilia kPwpNahu;fSf;Ff; fLikahd

jz;lidfs; tpjpj;jdu;. [g;ghdpa fly; vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; nry;yj;jf;f

ghupa fg;gy;fs; fl;LjYf;Fk; jil tpjpj;jdu;. mg;gbapUe;j NghjpYk;

rPdhTld; Kd;G NghyNt njhlu;ig Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. N\hFd;fspd;

,t ;thwhd nfhs ;iffshYk ; nraw ;ghLfshYk ; [g ; ghd ;

jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehnlhd;whf khwpaJ.

nlhFfhth Afk;> [g;ghDf;F ePz;l fhy rkhjhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jNjhL epu;thfKk; Kiwikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

nlhFfhthf;fspd; fhy Kd;Ndw;wk;

gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; [g;ghdpd; rdj;njhif Kg;gJ

kpy;ypad; mstpy; ,Ue;jJ. [g;ghdpaupilNa FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;L

eltbf;iffshy; gpwg;G tPjk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jik ,jw;fhd fhuzkhf

,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. KOikahfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> ehL jd;dpiwTld;

fhzg;gl;lJ. ntspehl;L tpahghuk; Jz;bf;fg;gl;bUe;j epiyapYk;.

ifj;njhopy;> cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;> vd;gd gue;Jgl;l mstpy;

tsu;r;rpaile;J te;jJ. njhiyj;njhlu;G> tPjpj; njhFjp> ePu;topfs;>

ehnlq;Fk; gue;J fhzg;gl;ld. ifj;njhopy;> tptrha cw;gj;jpfs;


Ntfkhfg; gupkhwg;gLjy;> Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu Kiw

tsu;r ;r pailtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. muprp tpahghupfs;

gzf;fhuhpilNa Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. mtu;fs; jkJ

epWtdj;jpypUe;J muprpapd; tpiyia ehshe;jk; mwptpg;gJ> tzpf

eltbf;iffSf;fhff; fld; nfhLg;gJ vd;git etPd gq;Fr; re;ijia

epidTgLj;jj;jf;fjha; ,Ue;jJ. ehl;bd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; efuq;fs;

ngUfpd. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kbtpy; xU kpy;ypad; rdj;njhifiaf;

nfhz;bUe;j Nlhf;fpNah mf;fhy cyfpd; kpfg;ngUefuhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

r%f epiy

nlhFfhth N\hFd;fspd; fPo; [g;ghdpa r%fk; ngUkhw;wq;fSf;F

cs;shdJ. [Nuhg;ghtpy; khdpa Kiwf;fhyj;jpy; jsgjpfs; Nghd;W

nraw;gl;l iel;Lfspd; epiyia [g;ghdpy; rhKuha;fs; tfpj;J te;jdu;.

mf ;fhyj ;j py ; rhKuha ;fSf ;F Aj ;j Nritia toq ;f pa

gilg;gpuhjhdpfshd ilkpNahf;fspd; guk;giuiar; Nru;e;j nlhFfhth

N\hFd;fspd; Ml;rpapy;> rhKuha;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtkw;w xU gpuptpduhf

khwpdu;. r%fj;jpy; cau; epiyapy; ,Ue;j rhKuha;fs; fPo; epiyf;Fj;

js;sg;gl;l mNj Ntisapy;> fPo; epiyapypUe;j ilkpNahf;fs;

Ml;rpahsu;fshf cau;e;jikahy;> r%fj;jpy; ngUkhw;wq;fs; Vw;glf;

fhuzkhapd.

nlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiynlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiynlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiynlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiynlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; rhKuhaq;fspd; epiy

nlhFfhthf;fspd; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rp mjpfhuj;Jld;

nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAk; xd;wpize;jikahy;> Aj;j eltbf;iffspy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tfpj;j rhKuhaq;fspd; epiyik f Po ; e piyf ;Fj ;

js;sg;gl;lJ.

N\hFd;fspdhy; ehl;bYs;s gpur;rpidfs; jPu;f;fg;gl;likahy;>

rhKuha;fSf;Fj; jkJ njhopy; njhlu;ghd gapw;rpfisf; $lg;

ngw ,aytpy;iy.

,f;fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;L Aj;jq;fs; vJTk; ,lk; ngwhikahy;

rhKuha;fs; Kd;tUtjw;fhd vr;re;ju;g;gKk; fpl;lhky; NghdJ.

,e;epiyapy; rhKuha;fs; nfsutkhd kf;fs; $l;lj;jpd; xU

gFjpahf khwpdu;.

,tu;fs; nlhFfhthf;fshy; ngUk;ghYk; epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;Fg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.

,jdhy; Kd;G r%fj;jpy; Kd;dzpapy; jpfo;e;j rhKuha;fs;>

Gjpa Kiwapdhy; ilkpNahf;fspd; fPo; gzpahsu;fshf khWifapy;


r%f mikg;gpd; mbkl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j tu;j;jfu;fs;> gzj;ij rk;ghjpj;Jf;

nfhz ;L > KOg ; nghUshjhuj ; j pd ; k PJk ; nry ;thf ;Fr ;

nrYj;jf;$batu;fshf khwpdu;. Ntfkhf Kd;NdWk; efu r%fj;jpy;

kj;jpaju tu;fj;jpduhf ,tu;fNs jpfo;e;jdu;.

tptrhapfspd; epiy

N\hFd; Ml;r papd; NghJ tptrhapfs; kpf Nkhrkhfg;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs; vd;Nw ,Jtiu tuyhw;wpayhsu;fs; ek;gpdu;. Mdhy;

tptrhapfspd; ciog;G Nky;tFg;G mjpfhupfSf;F mj;jpahtrpa-

khapUe;jJ vd;gJ guprPyidfspypUe;J njupa te;jJ. vd;whYk;

tptrhapfs; Jd;gg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fSk; ,Ue;jJ. tptrhaj; njhopy;

ehl;bd; jd;dpiwTf;Ff; fhuzkhd xd;whapUe;jJ. MAje;jupj;jy;

mtu;fSf;Fj; jLf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy; ,uhZt NritapypUe;J mtu;fs;

tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. nlhFfhth> ,ah\_ Ml;rpfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy;

njhlu;e;Jk; rkhjhd fhyNk epytpaJ.

tptrha> ifj;njhopy; tshu;r;rp

² ,jw;F Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; fhzg;glhj msTf;F N\hFd;fspd;

fPo; tptrhak; tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. tpistpf;fg;gl;l epyj;jpd; msT

,U klq;fhdJ.

² Gjpa gapu;fs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.

² grisaply;> ,ae;jpurhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;why;

tpisr;ry; Jupjkhfg; ngUfpaJ.

² tptrhak; Nghd;Nw ifj;njhopYk; fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy; tsu;r;rpAw;wJ.

² gl;L> gUj;jp> cg;G> Gifapiy> rPdp vd;gd fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy;

tsu;r;rpaile;j ifj;njhopy;fshf tpsq;fpd.

nlhFfhth N\hFd; Ml;rp KbT ngwy;

1867 Mk; Mz;by; N\hFd; Ml;rp KbTw;wJ. mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy;

[g;ghdpy; Gul;rpfukhd khw;wq;fs; gy epfo;e;jd. nlhFfhth N\hFd;

fhyj;J tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg ;g pLtJ XusTf;Ff;

f\;lkhdjhFk;. cs;ehl;lstpy; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ N\hFd; Ml;rpapy;

rk;gpujhaq;fs; jPtpukhff; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,t;thl;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd

gz;ghf [g;ghdpd; ngUk;gFjp N\hFd;fspd; XNu Ml;rp Kiwf;Fs;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mNjNghd;W ,e;eph;thff; fhyj;jpy;

ePz;lfhy mikjp epytpaikAk; ghJfhg;Gf; fhzg;gl;likAk; tpNrl

gz;GfshFk;. r%fk; tFg;Gthupahfg; gpupe;jpUe;jhYk; mJ mt;tsT

J}uk; ,Wf;fkhd mikg;ghf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ngUkstpy; r%f rkj;Jtk;


fhzg;gl;lJ. njhlu;ghly; tpA+fk; tphptile;jpUe;jJ. fy;tp tpiuthd

khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ. vOj;jwpT tPjk; Mz;fspdJ 45% MfTk;>

ngz;fspdJ 15% MfTk; fhzg;gl;ld.

[g;ghd; etPd munrhd;whfg; gupzhkk; miltjw;fhd mj;jpthuk;

nlhFfhth> N\hFd; fhyj ;j pNyNa ,lg ;gl ;lJ. r py

tuyhw;wpayhsu;fs; N\hFd;fspd; fhyj;ijg; “nghw;fhykhff;”

fUJfpd;wdu;.

etPd munrhd;whf khw;wKwy;

[g;ghdpah;fspd; jdpg;gl;l nfhs;if 17Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy;

,Ue;Nj N\hFd;fshy; ftdkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ. Nkw;fj;jpa

ehLfs; fPioj;Nja ehLfspy; jkJ tu;j;jf eltbf;iffisg; ngUf;fpf;

nfhz;bUe;j fhyfl;lk; ,JthFk;. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa gFjp

tiu [g;ghdpd; fjTfis tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf jpwe;Jnfhs;tjw;F

INuhg;gpau;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l vy;yh Kaw;rpfSk; Njhy;tp fz;ld.

filrpahf ,t;tplaj;jpy; If;fpa mnkupf;fh jiyapl;lJ. If;fpa

mnkupf;fh ,f;fhykstpy; fPioehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; fzprkhd gFjpiaj;

jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jjhfj; njupatUfpwJ. 1800 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;f

fg;gy;fs; [g;ghdpaf; flypD}lhf rPdhTf;Fg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;ld.

ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; fg;gy;fs; Gof;fj;jpw;F te;j gpd;du;> vupnghUs;>

ePu;> czT vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf JiwKfq;fs;

mtrpakhapd.

Nkw;F ehLfSldhd tu;j;jfj; njhlu;G

1853 [_iy khjk; nfhkhz;lu; gpaupapd; flw;gil Nlhf;fpNah

FlhTf;Fs; te;jJ. If;fpa mnkupf;f murhq;fk; gpaupf;F gpd;tUk;

Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itf;Fk;gb gzpj;jpUe;jJ.

1. gOjile;jpUe;j If;fpa mnkupf;f fg;gy;fisAk;> khYkpfisAk;

ghJfhj;jy;

2. tu;j;jff; fg;gy;fSf;F vupnghUs;> ePu;> czT vd;gtw;iw

toq;Fjy;

3. fg;gy;fisg; gOJghu;j;jy;.

4. tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;F mDkjp toq;Fjy;.


,f;Nfhupf;iffs; [g;ghdpa murhq;fj;jplk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lNghJ

If;fpa mnkupf;f tu;j;jf Mizahsu; nùp]; lTd;l;nrd; tp[ak;

nra;Ak; tiuAk; vt;tpj khw;wq;fSk; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. lTz;l;nrd;

je;jpukhd Kiwapy; Ml;rpahsu;fsplk; fPo;tUk; fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itj;jhu; :

v rPdh> INuhg;gpah;fSf;F tpahghuj;jpw;F mDkjp toq;fhikahy;

gpupj;jhdpahTk; NtW rpy ehLfSk; mjid Mf;fpukpf;f Neu;e;jik.

v rPdhtpy; mikjp mw;Wg; Nghdik.

v tpahghuj;jpw;F mDkjp fpilj;jhy;> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis

rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$bajhapUf;Fk;.

n`hp]; lTz;nrz;l;> 1858,y; [g;ghDld; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l

xg;ge;jj;jhy;> rpy JiwKfq;fspy; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;F mDkjp

toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;du; ,t;tpU ehLfSf;fpilNa uh[je;jpuj;

njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ.

[g;ghdpd; fjTfs;> ntsp cyfj;jpw;Fj; jpwf;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; Kjypy;

Vw;gl;l tpisT N\hFd;fspd; Ml;rp ,y;yhkw; NghdjhFk;. murpd;

etPd Nfhl;ghLfspd; kPJ> kPsTk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ

mtrpakhFk; vd;wgbahy; N\hFd;fspd; Ml;rp ,y;yhky; Nghdij

Kf;fpakhd tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtkhff; fUjyhk;. ehd;F jsgjpfspd; fPo;

,g;gpuNjrq;fs; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;ld. nrh\_> rj;Rk> `pnrd;> njh]

vd;Nghu; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspd; jiytu;fshtu;. nlhFfhth Afk; Kw;Wg;

ngWtij ,t;tPuu;fs; (rKuha;) nghWikapoe;J ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

,f;N\hNjhtpy; ,Ue;j Nguuru; cz;ikahd Ml;rpahsuhf Ntz;Lk;

vd;W mtu;fs; $wpf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mtu;fs; INuhg;gpau;fis

kpNyr;ru;fshff; fUjpdu;. INuhg;gpau;fis [g;ghdpypUe;J ntspNaw;wptpl

Ntz;Lk; vd mtu;fs; $wpf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,jw;Fg; gopjPu;f;Fk; tifapy;

1863 ,y; rj;Rk rhKuhapd; tPuu;fshy; Mq;fpNyau; xUtu; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

gpupj;jhdpaf; flw;gil rj;Rktpd; jiyefuj;ij Fz;L tPrpj;jhf;fpaJ.

rpy jpdq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpa> gpuhd;]pa> xy;yhe;j> If;fpa

mnkupf;f flw;gilfs; \pNkhNdhn]f; vDk; ,lj;jpy; flw;gil

xj;jpif xd;iw elj;jpd. ,jd;gb kpfTk; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; gpujhd

Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fs; ehd;fpdJk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; ntspehl;lhu; kPJ

nfhz;bUe;j mgpg;gpuhaq;fis khw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.


nka;[p rPu;jpUj;jk;

1867 ,y; N\hFd;fs; jkJ mjpfhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; Nguuruplk;

xg;gilj;jdu;. gilj;jsgjpg; gjtpia ,tu;fs; ehba NghJk; mJTk;

fpilf;ftpy;iy. 700 Mz;Lfshf [g;ghid Ml;rp nra;j nlhFfhth

tk;rj;jpdh; Kw;whf mfw;wg;gl;ldu;. Nguurupd; Ml;rp ikak; ,f;NahNjhtpy;

,Ue;J Nlhf;fpNahTf;F ,lkhw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;nraw;ghLfNs nka;[p

rPu;jpUj;jk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

nka;[p rPu;jpUj;jk; ,lk;ngWk; NghJ [g;ghdpag; Nguuruhf ,Ue;j

Kl;R`pNjh gjpide;Nj tajhd rpWtdhf ,Ue;jhu;. [g;ghdpa

mikg;Gfs;. kPs khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l NghJ mtu; fhl;ba Mu;tk;

tpaf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. mtupd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; (1868 - 1912) “nka;[p” -

“xspkakhdJ” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. 1871 ,y; Nguuruhy; khdpaKiw

xopf;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F khdpa Kiw jilahf

cs;snjd mtu; fUjpdhu;.

[g;ghid rf;jptha;e;j ehnlhd;whff; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F Raeykw;w

Mir ,Uf;Fkhapd;> khdpaKiw mikg;Gfshy; vt;tpj gaDkpy;iy

vd;gij czh;e;J mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Jhpjkhf etPdkag;gLk; epWtdq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd czug;gl;lJ. tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhunkhd;iw

Nehf;fpg; gazg;gLifapy; khdpaKiw mikg;Gfs; ngUe; jilfshf

miktJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu> mwpT rhu;e;j Jiwfspy; nka;[p

fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Jupj mgptpUj;jp> Gul;rp xd;Wf;F rkkhdjhFk;.

,r;rPu;jpUj;jk; ngUk; Nfh\q;fshNyh r%fj;jpd; fPo;kl;lj;jpypUe;J vOe;j

Gul;rp xd;whNyh epfo;e;jjy;y. ,jid epu;tfpj;jtu;fs; cau;

jiytu;fshtu;. nlhFfhth fhyj;jpy; ehl;il xd;WgLj;jpaJ fLikahd

eltbf;iffs; %yNkahFk;. ,t;thNw nka;[p rPu;jpUj;j fhyfl;lj;jpYk;

nghJ kf;fs; jkJ jiytu;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltu;fshf nghWikAld;>

[g;ghd; etPd munrhd;whf khWtjid mtjhdpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

nka;[p jiytu;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifNaw;wjd; gpd;du; Nkw;F

ehLfspd; murpay; jpl;ltsu;r;rp gw;wp Mokhd Ma;Tfspy; <Lgl;ldu;.

mt;tha;Tfspd; Kbtpy;> [g;ghdpYk; murpay; ahg;Gf;F cl;gl;l

munrhd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vdj; jiytu;fs; jPu;khdpj;jdu;. mjd;

gpd;du; murpay; ahg;G xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhd fhyj;ijf; Fwpj;J

mwptpj;jy; xd;iw ntspapl;ldu;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l FO xd;wpdhy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l ahg;G 1889 ,y; Nguuruhy; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J

1871 - N[u;kdpa Nguurpd; murpay; ahg;ig xj;jpUe;jJ.


Gjpa murpay; ahg;G

~~lal;|| vdg;gLk; ,U rigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpuGf;fs; rig> gpujpepjpfs; rig vd;gd ,t;tpuz;L-

khFk;. gpujpepjpfs; rigf;F rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. epjp

rhu;e;j tplaq;fspy; ,r;rigf;F XusTf;Nf mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. mbg;gil

cupikfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jd. thf;Fupik

epyr;Rthe;ju;fSf;Fk; gzf;fhuu;fSf;Fk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fs;

nkhj;j Fbj;njhifapy; xU tPjj;jpdu; kl;LNkahtu;. Nguuru;

Kg;gilfspdJk; jiytuhthu;. ntspehl;L tptfhuk; mtuJ

nghWg;gpNyNa ,Ue;jJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;l%ynkhd;W

mtuJ mq;fPfhuj;jpd; gpd;dNu eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mikr;ruit

kd;dUf;fd;wp ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gr; nrhy;yNtz;bajpy;iy.

fhyhl;gilapdJk;> flw;gilapdJk; nghWg;ghd mikr;ru;fs; Neubahfg;

NguurUld; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jdu;.

[g;ghdpa murpay; ahg;gpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;ghf> Guhjd [g;ghdpa

gz;ghl;L tplaq;fs; gyTk; mjDs; mlq;fp ,Ug;gijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,it nfhd;gpA+]pa]pd; jj;Jtq;fSld; njhlh;GilaitahFk;.

mit gpd;tUkhW

v kdpjd; ,aw;ifapNyNa mrkepiyahdtd;. jho;e;j kdpjd;

cau;e;j kdpjDf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

v rl;lj;jpd; %yk; elj;jg;gLk; Ml;rpiatpl> kdpju;fshy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ml;rp rpwe;jjhFk;.

v jdpkdpju;fistpl r%fk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

v muRf;F Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJ je;ij topr; r%fkhFk;.

murpay; fl;rpfs;

murpay; ahg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gb gpujpepjpfs; rigapd; cWg;gpdu;fisj;

njupT nra;tjw;fhf Nju;jy; fl;rp mbg;gilapy; elj;jg;gLk;. 1881 ,y;

ypguy; (jhuhz;ikthjf;) fl;rp Kjyhtjhfj; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ

njh] gpuNjrj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,j;jfp rKuha; vd;gtuhy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1882 ,y; `pnrd; gpuNjr fTd;lhthf ,Ue;j xFkh vd;gtuhy;

Kw;Nghf;Ff;fl;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiwiag;

gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; mtrpakhditahFk;. [g;ghdpa

murpay; fl;rpfs; jdp egh;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mike;jjd;wp>

nfhs;iffs; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;litay;y. mit neLq;fhyj;jpw;F

epiyj;jpUf;fTkpy;iy.


[g;ghdpy; ahg;Gf;F mikthd murhq;fnkhd;iw cUthf;fpf;

nfhz;lgpd;du;> gyk;tha;e;j jiug;giliaAk;. flw;giliaAk;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. gpupj ;jhdpa Kiwg;gb

flw;giliaAk;> N[u;kdpa Kiwg;gb jiug;giliaAk; cUthf;FtNj

mtu;fspd; Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ.

nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if

nka;[p fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;> murpay;

tsu;r;rpiatpl Mr;rupakspg;gjha; ,Ue;jJ. nlhFfhth Afj;jpy;

tptrhaj;ij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;bUe;j [g;ghd;> nka;[p Afj;jpy;

tpahghuj;ij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;ljhf khwpaJ. Kjyhspj;Jtg;

nghUshjhuKiw tsu;r;rpAw;wJ. Gjpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; ifj;njhopy;

kaj;jpy; $ba ftdQ; nrYj;jpdu;. etPd njhopEl;gj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L njhiyj;njhlu;G tiyaikg;nghd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Gifapujg; ghijfs;> je;jpj; njhlu;Gfs;>

njhiyNgrp> fg;gy;> ghupa ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cw;gj;jp

nra;tjpy; murhq;fk; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ. ,tw;wpy; jdpahu; JiwAk;

<Lglj; njhlq;fpaJ. Gifapujg; ghijfs;> njhiyj; njhlu;G> Njrpa

ghJfhg;G vd;gd murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nraw;gl;ld.

ePq;fs; “kpl;Ra;” rpnke;J> ‘kpl;Rgp]p’ Nkhl;lhu; tz;bfs; gw;wp

mwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;. ,j;jhgdq;fs; ,uz;Lk; nka;[p fhyfl;lj;jpy;

rKuha;fspdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;litahFk;. kpl;Ra; jhgdk; kp];l;iu

vd;gtuhYk; kpl;Rgp\p jhgdk; rj;Rkh rKuhAld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltu;fshYk;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;litfshFk;.

19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapYk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

Kd;diug; gFjpapYk; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rp

Nkw;fj;ija ehLfistplg; gy;NtW topfspYk; NtWgl;ljhFk;. cw;gj;jp

vt;tsT Ntfkhf ,lk; ngw;wJ vd;gjw;F> xU guk;giuapDs; (20

taJ) nghUl;fs; $basT kpifg;gLk; tz;zk; cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s

mtu;fshy; Kbe;jjpypUe;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. Nkw;fj;ija ehLfspd;

njhopy;El;gj;ij ,wf;Fkjp nra;J ifj;njhopy;Gul;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lik

mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f gz;ghFk;.

[g;ghdpd; ifj;njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tpNrl gz;ghf cw;gj;jp

msT Ntfkhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lhYk;> njhopw;rhiyfs; gyTk; mstpy;

rpwpadthfNt fhzg;gl;ld. ghupa njhopw;rhiyfs; Fiwe;j mstpNy

fhzg;gl;ld. 1930 Mk; Mz;lstpy; [g;ghdpd; njhopyhsu; njhif

MW kpy;ypadhFk;. mtu;fSs; Kf;fhy; gq;fpdUk; E}W NgUf;Ff;


Fiwthf ciof;Fk; MiyfspNyNa njhopy; nra;jdu;. rpy

njhopw;rhiyfspy; Ie;J njhopyhsh;fNs fhzg;gl;ldu;.

Mjpf;fg; guk;gy; - nfhupahtpy; rPd - [g;ghd; Aj;jk;

fpof;F Mrpahtpy; jd; Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNj [g;ghdpd;

vz;zkhftpUe;jJ. 1876 ,y; nfhupahtpd; jdpikg; gz;ig [g;ghd;

Kbj;J itj;jJ. N\hFd; fhyj;jpy; nfhupah ntspAyFld; njhlu;G

nfhs;tJ jLf;fg;gl;lJ. nfhupahtpd; jdpikiag; Nghf;Ftjw;Fj;

jahupf;fg;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb nfhupah Rje;jpu murhFk; vd;gJ xg;Gf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,q;F rPdh> ‘kQ;R’ tk;r Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj mJ

jdJ gpuNjrk; vd;W $wpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. ‘kQ;R’ mjpfhupfs; ,J

njhlu;ghf vjidAk; $whjpUe;jJ> [g;ghDld; Nghu; nra;a NeUNk

vd;gjdhyhFk;. ,g;NghJ Nghu; xd;wpw;fhd #o;epiy cUthfp te;jJ.

nfhupah MrpahtpNyNa Vio ,uhr;rpankhd;whFk;. epu;thfNkh Coy;

kype;jjhFk;. ftdpahJ tplg;gl;likahy; tptrhapfs; gupjhgj;jpw;Fup-

Nahuha; ,Ue;jdu;. [g;ghd; tu;j;jf> ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjpNa nfhupahkPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. nfhupahTf;F

tlf;fhff; fhzg;gl;l gRgpf; rKj;jpuf; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij u\;ah

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. nfhupahtpy; ,lk; ngw;w fytuk; xd;iw

mlf;Fk; Njhuizapy; [g;ghDk; rPdhTk;> nfhupahTf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jd.

,t;thW [g;ghdpa - rPd Aj;jk; Muk;gkhdJ.

1895 ,y; [g;ghdhy; rPdh Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. Mrpahtpy;

epyg;gug;Gf;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;tNj [g;ghdpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

nfhupahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij rPdh mq;fPfupg;gNjhL> jdJ NghUf;fhd

nryitAk; ju Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> Nghu;Nkh]h> ng];fNjhu; jPTfs;>

kQ;#upahtpd; njd; gFjp kPJ rPdh cupik ghuhl;Ltij epWj;jpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; [g;ghd; epge;jidfis tpjpj;jJ.

u\;ah - ag;ghd; Aj;jk;

u\;ah nfhupahitj; jhf;fpajw;F vjpu;tpisthf 1904 ,y; u\;ahit

[g;ghd; jhf;fpaJ. flw;giliaAk; jiug;giliaAk; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;j

[g;ghd;> u\;ahTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;j rfypd; jPtpd; njd; gFjpiaf;

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. ,J epyg;gug;gpd; mbg;gilapy; rpwpaNjhu;

gpuNjrkhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,jd; %yk; [g;ghd; gpugy;akhd ehlhf khwpaJ.

rPd - [g;ghdpa Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; u\;ah> gpuhd;];> N[u;kdp Mfpa

ehLfs; xd;Wgl;L kQ;#upahtpy; ,Ue;J [g;ghd; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;

vd;W Nfhupf;iftpl;ld.


[g;ghd; kQ;#upahtpypUe;J ntspNawpaTld; rPdh> u\;ahTld;

xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J nfhz;L kQ;#upah [g;ghDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjy;y

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;L u\;ahtplk; mjd; ghJfhg;Gg; nghWg;ig xg;gilj;jJ.

gpuNahf mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ> kQ;#upahtpd; njd;gFjpf;F

kl;Lky;y> KO kQ;#upahTf;FNk u\;ahtpd; nry;thf;F tpuptile;jJ.

nfhupah> kQ;#upah tplaq;fspy; VjhtJ cld;ghnlhd;iwr; nra;J

nfhs;s [g;ghd; vt;tsT Kad;Wk; rhu; murhpd; gps;isfspd; ftsaPdk;

fhuzkhf mJ rhj;jpag;gltpy;iy. u\;ahTld; Aj;jnkhd;Wf;Fr; nry;tJ

mghafukhdJ vd;W [g;ghd; njupe;J itj;jpUe;jhYk;> mg;NghJ mJ

gpupj;jhdpahTld; xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jikahy;> cyfpd;

rf;jp tha;e;j flw;gilapd; cjtp mjw;Ff; fpl;baJ.

[g;ghd; - u\;a Aj;jj;jpy; ngupa gpupj;jhdpahTk;> If;fpa

mnkupf;fhTk; [g;ghDf;Fr; rhu;ghf ,Ue;jikahy;> u\;ah Njhy;tpa-

ile;jJ. If;fpa mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp jpNahlu; &];nty;l;bd;

topfhl;Ljypy; epA `k;\aupy; Nghu;l;]; kTj; JiwKfj;jpy; itj;Jr;

nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l rkhjhd xg;ge;jj;Jld; Aj;jk; Kbtile;jJ.

u\;ahtpy; Nghy;N\tpf;Ffspd; vOr;rpf;F ,j;Njhy;tp toptFj;jJ.

[g;ghdpa - u\;ag; Nghupd; gpd;du;> [g;ghd; ,oe;j jdJ Aj;j

rf;jpia kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ. ,jw;fpilapy;

uh[je;jpuj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpYk; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ.

1907 ,y; u\;ahTld; nra;J nfhz;l ,ufrpa xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk;

kQ;#upahit ,uz;LgLj;jp mjidf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jJ.

1910 ,y; [g;ghd; nfhupahit Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jf; fhyj;jpy; [g;ghd;

1914 ,y; Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; Muk;gkhd gpd;du; [g;ghDf;Fj;

jdJ gyj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; tha;j;jJ. rPdhtpy;

N[u;kDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gpuNjrq;fs;> gRgpf; jPTfs; vd;gd [g;ghdhy;

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,jw;F Nkyhf Mrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfSf;F

MAj cgfuzq;fis tpw;gjd; %yk; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ij <l;bf;

nfhs;s Kbe;jjdhy;> [g;ghdpd; nghUshjhuk; Ntfkhf tsu;r;rp

mile;jJ.

Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd;NghJ u\;ahtpy; (1917) Gul;rp Vw;gl;L>

khf;]pa murhq;fk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;turhq;fk; Nghupy;

,Ue;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mq;F rpf;fpf;

nfhz;l nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpa gilfis kPl;f> Nghupd; Kbtpy;

NerehLfspd; gilfs; mDg;gg;gl;ld. ,jpy; [g;ghdpag; gilfSk;


<LgLj;jg;gl;ld. gilnaLg;gpdhy; [g;ghDf;F ve;jnthU ed;ikAk;

tpisatpy;iy. [g;ghd; ,uhZtj;jpd; Gfo; fPNo rupe;jJ. cyfg;

ngUk; Nghupd; Kbtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l cyf rkhjhdj;jhy; khu;\y;>

kupahdh> nfNuhypdh jPTfs; [g;ghDf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd.

1922 - 1930 fhyfl;lj;jpy; [g;ghd; jdJ ftdj;ij cs;ehl;L

tplaq;fspy; kl;LNk nrYj;jpaJ. u\;ahtpy; Vw;gl;l ,uhZt

mgfPu;j;jpiag; Nghf;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; mjidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;

Kjypy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJ. [g;ghdpd; Fbj;njhifg; ngUf;fk;

mjpfstpy; fhzg;gl;lik ngUk; gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;jJ. czTg;

nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjw;Fg; ngUksT gzj;ijr; nrytplNtz;b

Vw;gl;lJ. Vw;Wkjp tUkhdj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpia ,jw;fhfr; nrytpl

Ntz;b Neu;e;jJ. mjpfkhd INuhg;gpa ehLfs;> [g;ghdpa cw;gj;jpfspd;

kPJ mjpf jPu;it tpjpj;jik [g;ghdpd; kPJ tpOe;j mbahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Mrpa re;ijfisf; iftpl;likahy; mtw;iwg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F [g;ghdhy; KbAkhapUe;jJ.

1939 ,y; Vw;gl;l ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpy; [g;ghd; mr;R

ehLfshd N[u;kd;> ,j;jhypAld; ,ize;J Ner ehLfSf;F vjpuhfg;

Nghupl;lJ. [g;ghd; kQ;#upahit Mf;fpukpj;jij If;fpa mnkupf;fh

fz;bj;jJ. mj;NjhL> [g;ghDldhd tu;j;jfj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.

rpy tifg; nghUl;fis [g;ghDf;F tpw;gijAk; mJ jtpu;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

[g;ghd; rPdhtpypUe;Jk; ,e;NjhrPdhtpypUe;Jk; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vdTk;

NfhupaJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; [g;ghdpa vjpu;g;Gf; nfhs;ifahy;>

gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpypUe;j If;fpa mnkupf;f fhty; epiyaq;fisj; jhf;f

[g;ghd; jpl;lkpLtjhfTk; If;fpa mnkupf;f csTr; Nrit vr;rupf;if

tpLj;jpUe;jJ.

1941 brk;gu; 7 Mk; jpfjp [g;ghdpa Aj;j tpkhdq;fs; Ngu;s;

JiwKfj;ijj; jhf;fp> fg;gy;fs; Ie;ij %o;fbj;J> E}w;iwk;gJ Nghu;

tpkhdq;fisAk; mopj;njhopj;jJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; gpuNtrpj;j

[g;ghd; Kjy; %d;W khjq;fspy; tpaf;fj;jf;f ntw;wpfs; gytw;iwg;

ngw;wpUe;jJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; Fthk; gilKfhk;> jha;yhe;J>

kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u;> vd;gtw;iwf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;L gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpy;

epiy nfhz;bUe;j gpupd;]; xg; Nty;];> upgy;l; vDk; ,uz;L Aj;jf;

fg;gy;fisAk; rpq;fg;G+upd; mUNf %o;fbj;jJ. mLj;J gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk;

xy;yhe;Jf;Fk; nrhe;jkhd gRgpf; jPTfisf; ifg;gw;wp mT];jpNuypahitj;

jhf;Ftjw;F Maj;jkhdJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; fg;gw;gil nfhuy;

flypd; mUNf Nkw;nfhz;l rz;ilapdhNy [g;ghd; njhlu;r;rpahfg;

ngw;Wte;j ntw;wpfisj; jLf;fKbe;jJ.


N[u;kdpapdJk; ,j;jhypapdJk; Njhy;tp epr;rak; vd;w epiyapy;>

[g;ghid epge;jidapd;wp ruzilAkhWk; ,y;iyNay; Nguopit

vjpu;nfhs;s NeUk; vd;Wk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh vr;rupf;if tpLj;jJ.

[g;ghNdh mijg; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy.

If;fpa mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp nùp l;&kDk;> gpupj;jhdpag; gpujku;

fpsnkd; ml;ypAk; nghl;];Nlk; efupy; $b vLj;j Kbtpd; gb> Gjpjhff;

fz;lwpag;gl;l mZ Fz;Lfs; 1945 Xf];l; 6 Mk; jpfjp `pNuh\pkh

efu;kPJk;> 9 Mk; jpfjp ehf\hfp efu;kPJk; tPrg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;

xUyl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; ,we;jJld; ,U efuq;fSk; Nkhrkhfr;

;rpjwbf;fg;gl;ld. 1945 nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; 2Me; jpfjp [g;ghd; epge;jidapd;wp

ruzile;jJ.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; ngUk;Nghuhy; Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;

nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g cjtp toq;Ftjw;fhf ~khH\y; jpl;lk;|

vDk; xd;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh eltbf;if vLj;jJ.

,j;jpl;lk; N[hu;[; khu;\y; vd;gtuhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. nghUshjhu

uPjpahfg; ngUksTf;Fg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; fk;A+dp] nry;thf;fpw;F

cl;gLtijj; jLg;gjw;fhfNt ,j;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Aj;jj;jpy;

mope;njhope;j [g;ghDf;Fk; ,jd;fPo; cjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghid

gw;wpa jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf rd;gpuhd;];rp];Nfh efupy;

eilngw;w khehl;by; ,yq;ifapd; gpujpepjpahff; fye;Jf;nfhz;ltu;

j pU.N[.Mu; . [atu;j ;jd mtu;fshthu ; . mr;rkak; md;dhu ;

~~ituhf;fpaj;jhy; nty;y KbahJ|| vDk; Gj;jngUkhdpd; Nghjidia

Kd;itj;J ciuahw;wpajd; %yk; [g;ghDf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Ftjw;F

Vida ehLfspd; ,zf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. md;W Kjy; [g;ghd;

,yq;ifapd; ey;y ez;gdhf khwpaJld; ed;wpf; flDf;fhf vkJ

ehl;Lf;F epiwa cjtpfisAk; Gupe;J tUfpd;wJ.

Aj;jj;jhy; mopTz;l [g;ghd; fle;j 60 Mz;LfspDs; midj;Jj;

JiwfspYk; milag;ngw;w Kd;Ndw;wk; Mr;rupae; jUtjhFk;. mtw;iw

[e;jhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;Wf; nfhs;Nthk;.


rPdh

,e;jpahtpdJk; [g;ghdpdJk; tuyhw;iwf; fw;w ePq;fs; mLj;J

rPd tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpakhd fl;lk; gw;wpf; fw;fg; NghfpwPu;fs;.

“ehLfSf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; Njit ,dq;fSf;F tpLjiy Njit.

kf;fSf;Fg; Gul;rp mtrpak;”

- Kd;dhy; gpujku; #-vd;-yha;

rPdhtpy; NjrpathjKk;> nfhkpA+dprthjKk;.

ePz;l fhyk; ,lk;ngw;w murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; gpd;dh; 1911

,y; kd;-# murtk;rk; mjpfhuj;ij ,oe;jikahdJ> rPd murpay;

tuyhw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;thFk;. rPdhtpd; kuGfs;>

fyhrhuk; Kjypatw;wpy; vd;Wkpy;yhj Jupj khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; rPdg; Gul;rpia

4 fl;lq;fshf mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

01. Athq; - \p - fhapapd; $l;lhl;rpf; fhyk; (1912 - 1916)

02. Nghu;j; jiytu;fspd; epu;thfKk; kj;jpa muR gytPdkiljYk;

(1916 - 1922)

03. Njrpathjg; Gul;rp (1923-1949)

04. nfhkpA+dprg; Gul;rp (1949)

nraw;ghL:

1. [g;ghdpd; Gtpapay; jd;ikfisf; fhl;Lk; GwTUtg; glk; xd;W

tiuf

2. [g;ghdpd; ,d;iwa Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fhz;gpf;Fk; glq;fisr;

Nrfupf;fTk;.

3 [g;ghd; etPd munrhd;whf vOr;rpailtjw;F nlhFfhth

Ml;rpahsu;fshy; Mw;wg;gl;l Nritfis tpsf;Ff.

4 nka;[p rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; NghJ nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G

vt;thwhdJ?


1. kd; - # mur tk;rk; gjtpapwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;du; rPdf;

$l;lhl;rpapd; KjyhtJ [dhjpgjpahd Athq; - \p - fhap kPz;Lk;

kd;duhl;rp Kiwia cUthf;Ftjw;Fupa Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;l

NghJk; mJ gadspf;ftpy;iy. mj;Jld; murpd; xUikj; jd;ikia

njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLg;gjw;Fk; mJ ngUe;jilahf tpsq;fpaJ. 1916

,y; Athq; - \p - fhap fhykhdijj; njhlu;e;J Nghu;j; jiytu;fspd;

mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;fpaJ. (WAR LORDS.)

2. gPfpq; efiur; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; $l;lhl;rp Kiwnahd;W

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk; Vida gpuNjrq;fspy; gilj;jiytu;fs;

mjpfhuk; ngw;wdu; Nghu;j; jiytu;fspy; rpyu; kd;-# mur tk;rj;jpy;

Nritahw;wpa mjpfhupfshfTk;> ,d;Dk; rpyu; ,uhZtj;jpy;

flikahw;wpa jsgjpfshfTk; Nghu; tPuu;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs;

nfhs;isf; $l;lj;jpdu; Nghd;Nw nraw;gl;ldu;. ,g;Nghu;j; jiytu;fs;

rPdhtpd; gy gFjpfisAk; Ml;rp nra;jdu;. kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Kiwapy;

nghJ kf;fis eRf;fp mjpf tupfis mwtpl;lJld; nfhûkhd Ml;rp

Kiwnahd;iwNa mKy;gLj;jpdu;. vdNt rPdg; nghJ kf;fs; kpfTk;

tWikahd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldu;.

3. Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; eilngWk; fhyj;jpy; rPdh cs;ehl;Lf;

Fog;gk; epiwe;j ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; el;G ehLfSf;F

MjuT jUtjhff; $wpa rPdh N[u;kdpf;F vjpuhf Aj;jg;gpufldk;

nra;jJ. rPdf; $l;lhl;rpahsh;fs; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if xd;iw

Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; cs;ehl;Lf; Fog;g epiyia KbTf;Ff;nfhz;L

tuyhk; vd vjpu;ghu;j;jdu;. Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; Kbtpy; gup];

rkhjhd cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l khehl;by; rPdh Kd;itj;j

MNyhrid Kw;whfg; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

4. fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd; mtu;fspd;

Nfhkpq;lhd; fl;rpapd; Ntiyj;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l

1912 fhyfl;lk; Gul;rpr; nraw;ghLfspd; %d;whtJ

fl;lkhf mike;jJ. fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd;dpd;

Nfhkpq;lhq; Mjuthsh;fs; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp

Kiwnahd;iw Nehf;fpr; nry;tijNa ,yf;fhff;

nfhz;bUe;jdu;. gPfpq; kw;Wk; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy;

,lk; ngw;w Nghh;j; jiytu;fspd; Ml;rpia

fhurhukhf tpku;rpj;j Rd; - aj; - nrd; mth;fspd;

Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rp kpfTk; rpwpanjhU fl;rpahFk;.

,f; fl;rp mJ tpku;rpj;j Nghu;j; jiytu;fspd;

cjtpapNyNa jq;fpapUe;jJ. mj;Jld; rPdhtpd;

$l;lhl;rp> ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwf;F cjthj> ajhu;j;jj;Jf;F mg;ghw;gl;l

xd;whff; fhzg;gl;lJ. nghWg;gw;w Nghu;j; jiytu;fspd; Ml;rpapdhy;

fyhepjp Rd;-aj; -nrd;


rPdhtpd; mjpfkhd gpuNjrq;fs; rPuope;J fhzg;gl;ld. MapDk;

Nfhkpq;lhq;fpd; murhq;fj;jpd; Nghf;F xNuabahf khw;wKw;wJld;

nkd;ikahd Ml;rpf; fhynkhd;W cUthdJ. ,k;khw;wj;Jf;fhd fhuzk;;

mf;fl;rpf;Ff; fpilj;j u\;ahtpd; cjtpahFk;.

u\;ahtpy; 1917 ,y; Gul;rp %yk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa Nghy;];tpf;

fl;rpf;Fj; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F cyf

ty;yuRfspd; cjtp Njitg;gl;lJ. nfd;ldpy; mjpfhuj;ij

epiyehl;bapUe;j fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd;Dila cjtpia u\;ah

ehbaJ. Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rpj; jiytu; nfhkpAdprthjj;ij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;shikf;Ff; fhuzk; Nkw;F ehLfspd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjhFk;. Nkw;Fyf ehLfspd; cjtpiag; NghyNt Rd; - aj; -

nrd; u\;ahtpd; cjtpiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. 1923 ,y; u\;ag;

gpujpepjpfs; rPdhTf;F tUif je;jJld; rPdhTf;F cjtpaspg;gjw;Fk;

cld;gl;ldu;. md;iwa rPdhtpd; cldbj; Njitahff; fhzg;gl;lJ>

Njrpa uPjpahf If;fpag;gLjYk; ru;tNjr ty;yuRfsplkpUe;J rPdhitg;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tJkhFk;. ,jd; nghUl;L u\;ahtpd; ,uhZt> murpay;

MNyhrfu;fs; nfd;lDf;F tUif je;jdu;.

1923 - 1927 fhyg;gFjpapy; rPdhtpd; Njrpa ,af;fj;Jf;F

rpwg;ghdnjhU jiyikj;Jtk; fpilj;jJ. mj;Jld; njspthd

Nehf;fq;fSk; Njitahd kf;fl; gyKk; mjdplk; fhzg;gl;ld. ,uhZtf;

FOf;fspd; Ml;rp gytPdkile;jpUe;jJld; kf;fs; ,t;thl;rp Kiwia

ntWj;jpUe;jdh;. Rd; - aj; nrd;dpd; eltbf;iffs; rPd kf;fspilNa

Njrg;gw;iwAk; ,d czh;itAk; tsu;r;rpailar; nra;jpUe;jd.

ahq;rp gs;sj;jhf;fpy; njhopw;rhiyfis ikakhff; nfhz;L

njhopyhsu; mikg;Gf;fs;> njhopw; rq;f eltbf;iffs;> tptrhapfs;

,af;fq;fs;> ,isQu; ,af;fq;fs;> ngz;fs; tpLjiy mikg;Gf;fs;

vd;gd tsu;r;rpaile;jd. nfhkpA+dprj;Jf;F vjpuhd nfhs;ifAilatu;fs;>

rPdhtpy; Njrpa munrhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gp mjid murpay;> nghUshjhu

uPjpapy; gyg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd;

MNyhrfu;fs; Rd; - aj; - nrd; kw;Wk; mtupd; Mjuthsu;fSf;Fk;

rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jdu;. Nfhkpq;lhq;

fl;rp u\;ahtpd; nfhkpA+dprf; fl;rpiag; Nghy fl;bnaOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;W ikf;fy; nghNuhbd; vDk; u\;a MNyhrfu; $wpdhu;. vdNt

Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rpapd; gpurhu eltbf;iffspd; NghJ fPo;tUk; tplaq;fspy;

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

v ,uhZt Ml;rpia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.

v [dehafthj> Neh;ikahd murpay; thjpfis epakdQ; nra;jy;.

v MAj ghtidiaf; iftply;.


jkJ Nehf;fq;fis Rtnuhl;bfs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;

%yk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gug;gpdu;.

1925 mstpy; nfd;ld; muR rpwpajhdhYk; gpugykhdjhf tpsq;fpaJ.

,q;F tup mwtply;> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs;> vd;gtw;Wld; etPd ,uhZt

mikg;nghd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; mjw;F Nkw;F ehLfspd; ,uhZtj;

jiytu;fspd; fPo; gapw;rpAk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. nfd;ld; muR

nfhkpAdprk; my;yhj xU Nrhtpaj; u\;a Kiwahfj; jd;idg;

gpugy;ag;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l NghjpYk; mNefkhd ehLfs; rPdhtpd;

murhq;fkhf mjid mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy. Nrhtpaj; u\;ah 1924 ,y;

gPfpq; murhq;fj;ij mq;fPfupj;jpUe;j NghjpYk; gPfpq; murhq;fj;ij

ftpo;g;gjw;F Rd; - aj; - nrd;Df;F cjtp toq;fpaJ. jdJ nraw;ghLfspd;

t pisTfisf; fhz;gjw ;F Rd; - ahj ; - nrd; capUld;

,Uf;ftpy;iyahapDk;> mtuJ Nehf;fq;fs; fl;rpapd; kughf epiyj;J

epd;wJ. fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd;Dila vOj;jhf;fq;fis Nfhkpq;lhq;

nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp jdJ gpur;rhu eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lJ. mtuJ jj;Jtq;fs; “Rd; - kpd; - R” vDk; ngaupy;

ntspaplg;gl;lJld; mJ Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rpapd; Ntj E}yhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

Nfhkpq;lhd; fl;rpapd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; %d;Wk; tUkhW :

Njrpa thjk;

Njrpathjk; vd;gJ rPdhit ntspehl;L rf;jpfsplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk;

ngwr; nra;jy;> kf;fs; murhq;fj;Jf;F cWJizahf ,Uj;jy;

vd;gjhFk;.

[dehafk;

gpugykhd ,k;Kiwapdhy; kf;fs; ,iwikAldhd gpujpepjpj;Jt

Ml;rp Kiwnahd;iw njhlh;jy;.

ciog;G

,jdhy; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ vd;dntdpy; ngdjpf tsq;fspd;

tsu;r;rpAld; r%fj;ij khw;wpaikf;fyhk;. khf;rpaj;ij epuhfupj;j

Rd;- aj;- nrd; ,t;tplj;jpy; gaDs;s Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw Kd;itf;f

jtwpAs;shu;.


fyhepjp Rd;- aj; - nrd;Dila fUj;Jg;gb Gul;rpfukhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;

%d;whFk;.

1. Aj;j re;ju;g;gk; :-

ehl;bd; rl;lj;ij epiy ehl;Ltjw;fhf mjpfhuj;ijg;

gpuNahfpj;jy;.

2. nghWg;Ngw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; :-

kf;fSf;Fg; gapw ;rp mspj;jy;> Gul;rpj ; jiyikf;F

nfsutkspj;jy;.

3. ahg;nghd;iw cUthf;Fk; re;jh;g;gk; :-

gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiwf;fhd murpay; ahg;gpidj; jahupj;jy;.

jiyikj;Jtj;jpYk;> nfhs;if uPjpapYk; fyhepjp Rd; - aj;-

nrd;dplk; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; mtu; ~~Gul;rpapd; je;ij||

vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; kuzpj;j 1924Mk; Mz;by; tl rPdhtpy;

Nghu;j; jiytu;fs; %tupilNa Vw;gl;bUe;j gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf

mq;F nrd;wpUe;jhu;. mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mthpd; cly; epiy Nkhrkhfg;

ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtUila nfhs;iffs; mtu; epidahj msTf;F

nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jd. mtUila Mjuthsu;fs; kj;jpapy;

mtu; xU tPuGU\uhf tpsq;fpdhu;. cyfk; KOtJkpUe;j rPdu;fs;

$l;lhl;rp ahg;gpd; %yk; Gjpa murhq;fk; xd;W cUthFk; ed;dhis

vjpu;ghu;j;j tz;zkpUe;jdu;. rPdhtpy; fhzg;gl;l gioa fUj;Jf;fisg;

Gjpa tpQ;Qhdf; fUj;Jf;fSld; fye;J etPd murpay; rpe;jidnahd;iw

cUthf;Fjy; fyhepjp Rd; - aj; - nrd;Dila Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

1926Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ nfd;ld; murhq;fk; tlrPdhtpy;

Ml;rpapypUe;j ,uhZtj; jiytu;fSf;F rthy; tpLkstpw;F rf;jp

ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jJ. Njrpathjk; Gul;rpnahd;Wf;fhd kl;lk; tiu tsu;e;jJ.

Nfhkpd;lhq; mzpapdUf;Fj; jiyikj;Jtk; toq;Ftjw;F rpaq;fha;

\f; vDk; ,staJ n[duy; xUtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; Kjd;Kjypy;

aq;]p gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ,uhZtj; jiytu;fisj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;jhu;.

mjd;gpd;du; elhj;jpa njhlu; jhf;Fjy;fshy; gy khfhzq;fspdJk;

mjpfhuk; kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;njhlu; jhf;Fjy; “jz;lid

toq;Fk; nraw;ghL” vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Nfhkpd;lhq;fl;rpapd; kuG topf; nfhs;if cilath;fs; nfhkpA+dpr

tpNuhjpfshff; fhzg;gl;lJld;> nfhkpA+dprthjpfisj; jkJ fl;rpapypUe;J

Juj;jptpLtijNa mtu;fs; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;> Mdhy;

nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; tptrhapfisAk;. njhopyhsu;fisAk;> ,izj;Jf;

nfhz;L fl;rpiag; gykilar; nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;jdu;. ,jw;fpilapy;

\q;fha; efupy; Cu;tykhfr; nrd;w nfhkpA+dpr Mjuthsu;fs; kPJ rpaq;fha;

N\f;Fila gilapdu; Jg;ghf;fpg; gpuNahfk; elj;jpa fhuzj;jhy; rpyu;


,wf;f Neupl;lJ. rPdhtpd; murpay; epiyik KOtJkhf khw;wkile;jJ.

ikf;fy; nghNuhbd; Kjypa Nrhtpaj; MNyhrfu;fs; ehl;il tpl;L

ntspNawptpl;ldu;. FbauRthjpfs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fj; jiyth;fs;

fl;rpapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;ldu;. NkYk; gy fl;rpapd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; u\;ahTf;Fr;

nrd;W milf;fyk; Nfhupdu;.

Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapypUe;j FbauRthjpfis ePf;fpa gpd;du; rpnaq; -

fha; - n\f; rPdh KOtJk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. md;wpypUe;J mtu; fl;rpapd; jd;dpfupy;yhj; jiytuhf

tpsq;fpdhu;. kuG uPjpahd nfhs;ifAilatu;fs; Nfhkpq;lhq; fl;rpf;Fj;

jkJ Mjuit toq;fpdu;. rpaq; - fha; - Nrf;fpd; kidtpahd Rd; - aj;

- ypd; vd;gth; Rd; - aj; - rd;dpd; rNfhjupahthu;. mtu; mnkupf;fg;

gy;fiyf;fofk; xd;wpy; fy;tp fw;wtuhthu;. ,uhZtj; jiyth;fspd;

Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fSf;$lhfj; jkJ gilfis efu;j;jpa Nfhkpd;lhq;

fl;rpapdu; rpukkpy;yhky; 1928 ,y; gPfpq; efiuf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;.

rpaq; - fha; - Nrf;fpd; gilapdu; ned;fpd; efiuf; ifg;gw;wp mjidj;

jkJ jiy efuhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.

Nfhk pd ;lhq ; mzpapduhy ; ehl ;bd ; gy ghfq ;fs ;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lhYk; njhlu;e;Jk; mjpfhuj;ij jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ

rpukkhdJ vd;gij rpaq; - fha; - nrf; czh;e;jhu;. Njrpaj;ijf;

fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;ba ghupa nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;j ,th;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf;

ifg;gw;Wtjw;F Kd;dpUe;j epiy mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa gpwF

khw;wKw;wJ. ,d;Dk; rPdhtpy; ,uhZt Ml;rpapd; vr;rq;fisf;

fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapd; mjpfhuKk; ,uhZt

gyj;jpNyNa jq;fpapUe;jikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Nfhkpq;lhq; Njrpathjpfs; ehq;fpq; efupy; mjpfhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;L rpwg;ghd rpy Nritfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

gpd;dh; rPdhtpd; ngUk;gFjpia If;fpag;gLj;jpa Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf;

nfhz;L elj;Jtjw;F rpaq; - fha; - nrf;fpdhy; khj;jpuNk Kbe;jJ.

mjdhy; rPdhtpd; Gfo; vq;Fk; gutpaJld; Njrpathjpfis ru;tNjrk;

Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJld; gy ehLfSld; ntspehl;Lj; J}Jtuhya

cwTfisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fh> rPdh

kPJ tpjpj;jpUe;j tu;j;jfj; jilia tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s KbT nra;jJ.

20 tUlq;fshf Ml;rpajpfhuj;jpypUe;j Njrpathjpfshd Nfhkpd;lhq;

fl;rp tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. ,jw;F 3 fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd.

mitahtd :

01. rPd r%fg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F Kbahkw; Nghdik.

02. rPdhtpd; nfhkpA+dprthjpfspd; fLikahd vjpu;g;G

03. 1937 ,y; [g;ghd; rPdhit Mf;fpukpj;jik.


kh X NrJq;fpd; jiyikapy; fk;A+dp];Lf;fspd; vOr;rp

Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rp mjpfhuj;jpypUe;j NghJ nfhkpA+dprthjpfis

xopj;Jf;fl;Lk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,t;tpU fl;rpapdUf;F

kpilapy; fUj;J Nkhjy;fs; jPtpukilAk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nfhkpA+dpr

thjpfs; jiykiwthfpdu;. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspYk;> efug;Gwq;fspYk; Fwpg;ghf

kj;jpa rPdhtpYk; njd; rPdhtpYk; jkJ eltbf;iffis nfhkpA+dpr

thjpfs; ,yFthfj; njhlu;e;jdu;. mJ khj;jpuky;yhJ Njrpa thjpfspd;

Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Nghd;w Xu; murhq;fj;ij fpaq;rp

khfhzj;jpy; nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; cUthf;fpdu;.

njhlu;e;Jk; Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapdh; nfhkpA+dpr kj;jpa epiyaq;fs;

kPJ jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. vdNt jkJ capiug; gzak;

itj;J mtu;fSf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;ba epiy nfhkpA+dpr

thjpfSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt mtu;fs; tWikf;Fk; Jd;gj;Jf;Fk; Mshd

tptrhapfSf;F nfupy;yh Kiwapyhd Nghu;g;gapw;rpia mspj;jdu;. mJ

khj;jpuky;yhJ murpay; uPjpahfTk; tptrhapfis mzp jpusr; nra;Ak;

eltbf;iffisAk; nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,e;

eltbf;iffspd; gpd;dzpapy; epd;W nraw;gl;ltu; kh - X - NrJq;

Mthu;.

kh - X - NrJq; kj;jpa juj;jpyhd tptrhaf;

FLk;gk; xd;wpy; gpwe;jtuhthu;. ,tu; ,sk;

guhae;njhl;Nl epyr; Rthe;ju;fSf;Fk; mur

tk;rq;fspd; Nkhrkhd Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf

nraw;gl;ltuhthu;. 1921 ,y; rPd nfhkpA+dp];l;

fl;rpia Muk;gpj;j xU rpyUs; kh - X - NrJq;Fk;

xUtuhthu;. mtu; gbg;gbahf fl;rpapd; kj;jpa

epu;thff; FOtpy; Xu; mq;fj;jtuhdhu;.

mtupd; nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

01. fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; $l;LwT Kiwia Muk;gpj;jy;

02. nfhûkhd gpuGj;Jt tFg;gpdiug; gaKWj;jYk; mtu;fs;kPJ

jhf;Fjy; Nkw;nfhs;SjYk;.

rPdg; Gul;rpf;fhd gpd;dzp cUthFk; NghJ kh - X - NrJq;fpd;

vOj;Jf;fspy; fhzg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; rpytw;iwg; ghu;g;Nghk;.

kh - X - NrJq;

glk; 1.10


v “Gul;rp vd;gJ kf;fis ,uT tpUe;njhd;Wf;F miof;Fk;

nray; my;y”.

v “fpuhkpag; Gul;rp vd;gJ khdpa epyq;fspd; cupikahsu;fshd

gzk; gilj;j tFg;gpduplk; fhzg;gLk; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf;

ftpo;j;J tpLk; nraw;ghlhFk;”.

v “,yl;rf; fzf;fhNdhh; Gul;rpapyPLgLk; NghJ mJ xU

GayhfNth #whtspahfNth khwyhk;”.

v “rPdhtpy; ntw;wpfukhd Gul;rpahsu;fs; tptrhapfNs”.

,q;F ,Wjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fUj;ij Nrhtpaj; u\;aj; jiytu;fs;

tpUk;gtpy;iy. u\;ahtpy; njhopw;rhiy Copau;fNs Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdu;.

vd;whYk; u\;ahitg; Nghy; rPdhtpy; gyk; tha;e;j njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu;

fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gij kh - X - NrJq; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;.

ePz;l eilg;gazk; (ghj ahj;jpiu)

rpaq; - fha; - nrf;Fila gyk; tha;e;j gil njhlu;e;Jk;

nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpapdUf;F ,ilQ;ry; tpistpj;jikahy; kh - X -

NrJq; kpf ePz;l eilg; gazk; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr;

nra;jhu;. 1934 xf;Nlhgu; khjk; fpaq;]p efupy; Muk;gpj;j ,g;ghj ahj;jpiu

1935 xf;Nlhgu; khjk; nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpapd; kj;jpa epiyak; mike;jpUe;j

nadhd; efupy; KbTw;wJ. ,e; eilg;gazk; 6000 iky;fs; nfhz;ljha;

mike;jJld; gazj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; 90>000 Ngu; fye;J nfhz;lNghjpYk;

Kbtpy; 20>000 NgNu vQ;rpapUe;jdu;. ,th;fNs rpwe;j nfhkpA+dpr thjpfs;

vd;gij mstpLtjw;F NtW msTNfhy; NjitapUf;ftpy;iy. mJ

khj;jpuky;yhky; kdijupak;> mu;g;gzpg;G> Kjypa Fzhk;rq;fisAila

rpwe;j nfhkpA+dpr thjpfshf ,tu;fisf; Fwpg;gplKbAk;. ,g;ghj ahj;jpiu

%yk; kh - X - NrJq; rPd nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpapd; jd;dpfupy;yhj

jiytuhdhu;. NkYk; ghjahj;jpiuapd; Kbtpy; nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpf;Fg;

ghupa kf;fs; MjuT fpilj;jJ. MapDk; gpujhd efuq;fSk; nghUshjhu

tsq;fSk; vjpupfspd; iffspNyNa fhzg;gl;ld.

rpwpJ fhyQ; nry;y tlNky; rPd khepyk; RahjPdkhd nfhkpAdpr

khepykhf khwpaJ. mq;F murpay;> fl;likg;G kw;Wk; ,uhZt myF

vd;gd nfhkpA+dpr mbg;gilapy; xOq;fike;J nraw;gl;lNghJ nghJ

kf;fs; mjd;ghy; <u;f;fg;gl;ldu;.

nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp tptrhapfspd; fhzpg; gpur;rpidia tpiutpy;

jPu;f;Fk; Kfkhf tprhykhd mstpy; epyq;fisj; Jz;Lfshfg; gpupj;J

mtw;iwf; fhzpaw;w tptrhapfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspj;jJ. NkYk; tupr;


RikfisAk; Fiwj;jJ. kf;fSf;Ff; fhzpfisg; gpupj;J toq;Ftjw;fhf

fhzp tq;fp xd;iwAk; epWtpaJ. mj;Jld; ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs;>

$l;LwTKiw mgptpUj;jp> etPd gapu;r; nra;if Kiw> gapu;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;

Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; tptrhapfSf;F mwpKfk; nra;jJ.

,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; [g;ghd; rPdhit Mf;fpukpj;j fhuzj;jhy;

nfhkpA+dprthjpfSf;F fl;lha ,uhZtg; gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;lJ. nfhkpA+dpr

thjpfisg; NghyNt Nfhkpd;lhq; fl;rpapdJk; nghJ vjpupahf [g;ghd;

tpsq;fpaJ. ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp ,t;tpU fl;rpfisAk; If;fpag;gLj;Jtjw;F

vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpaile;Jtpl;ld.

1939 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; Muk;gkhdJ. mjw;F

40 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;jij tpl ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; rPdh gyk; nghUe;jpa

ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ. [g;ghdpau; jkJ ghupa ,uhZtj;jpd; %yk; gy

efuq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. [g;ghdpag; gilfshy; rPdh

KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. If;fpa mnkupf;fh [g;ghDf;F

vjpuhfg; Nghupy; gq;nfLj;j fhuzj;jhy; rPdhTf;F Aj;j cjtpfis

toq;fpaJ.

[g;ghdpa Aj;jk; KbtilAk; NghJ Njrpathjpfs; rpy efuq;fspy;

khj;jpuk; mnkupf;fhtpd; cjtpAld; mjpfhuj;ijj; jf;f itj;Jf;

nfhz;ldu;. nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij

epiyehl;bf; nfhz;ldu;. [g;ghdpag; gilfspd; mjpfsthd MAjq;fs;

nfhkpA+dprthjpfspd; iftrkhdJ [g;ghdpag; gilfs; Njhy;tpaile;J

ruzile;jijj; njhlu;e;J rPdhtpd; cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;rpid xU rptpy;

Aj;jkhf khwpaJ.

nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rpf;Fk; Njrpathjf; fl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w

Aj;jj;jpy; Njrpathjf; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;jth;fs; ngUe;njhifahNdhu;

nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. vdNt rpaq; - fha; - nrf; jdJ cjtpahsh;fSld;

jha;thDf;Fj; jg;gpNahb mq;Nf jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lhu;.

gapw;rp

Nfhkpd;lhq;fSf;Fk; nfhk;A+dp]thjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa

fUj;J NtWghLfis tpsf;Ff.

nfhk;A+dp] Ml;rp

Njrpathjpfspd; gil Njhy;tp mile;jijj; njhlu;e;J nfhkpA+dp];l;

fl ;r p r Pdhtpd; ghu pa epyg ;gug ;g py ; jkJ Ml;r pajpfhuj ;ij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. 1949 Mk; Mz;L

xf;Nlhgu; khjk; rPd kf;fs; $l;lhl;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJld; rPdhtpd;


jiyefu; gPfpq; (gP[pq;) vd;Wk; cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1954 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; rPdhtpd; murpay; ahg;G ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mjd;

Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; tUkhW ,J Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; ahg;ig xj;jjhff;

fhzg;gl;lJ. nfhk;A+dprf; nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;wjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l

“mfpy rPd kf;fs; fhq;fpu];” vDk; kj;jpa epUthf mikg;gplk; mjpfhuq;fs;

Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;ld. jdpegu; Rje;jpuk;> Mz; ngz; rkj;Jtk;> 18 taJf;F

Nkw;gl;NlhUf;F thf;Fupik> nrhj;Jupik vd;gd toq;fg;gl;ld.

v nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;j gpd;du; nghUshjhu> r%f>

fyhrhu khw;wq;fs; gyTk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. nfhkpA+dprg; Gul;rp rPd

tuyhw;wpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd fl;lkhFk;. fhu;y;khf;]pd; murpay;

Nfhl;ghLfis mtu; rPdhtpd; kuGfSf;Nfw;g mZfp KbTfz;l gpd;du;

jdJ Nehf;fq;fis milAk; tifapy; mtw;iw nraw;gLj;jpdhu;. mr;

nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikAld; nraw;gl;lJld; nfhs;iffis

eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpakhdjhfTk;

Mf;fG+u;tkhdjhfTk; mikAk; tifapy; nraw;gl;lhu;. rPdhtpd; rpNu\;l

tuyhw;W kuGupikfis kjpj;j kh - X - NrJq; “ntw;wpaile;j Gul;rp

kuG” fisAk; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. Rd; - aj; - nrd; Nky; kjpg;G

itj;jpUe;j kh - X - NrJq; mtupd; tpjit kidtpapd; rNfhjup xUtiu

kf;fs; rPdf; $l;lhl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; cgjiytuhf epakpj;jhu;.

v kh - X - NrJq; khu;f;]pd; kf;fs; fpsu;r;rp gw;wpa fUj;ij Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lJld; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; rPdhtpy; ,lk; ngw;w ijg;gpq;

tptrhapfspd; fpsu;r;rp Vd; Njhy;tpaile;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpa Ma;TfisAk;

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. cyfpy; tptrhapfspd; cjtpAld; ghupa Gul;rpnahd;iw

Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; egu; kh - X - NrJq; Mthu;.

v tptrhapfspd; kj;jpapy; Njhd;wpa tptrhapfspd; jiytdhd mtuhy;

ntw;wpfukhd xU Gul;rpia Nehf;fp tptrhapfis top elj;j Kbe;jJ.

,J nydpd;> ];lhypd; MfpNahupd; Nfhl;ghLfSld; nghUe;jtpy;iy.

rPdhtpd; r%f mikg;G u\;ahtpd; r%f mikg;ig tpl tpj;jpahr

khdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

v rPdhtpd; nfhkpA+dpr Ml;rpapd; ntw;wpf;fhf tptrhapfs;>

njhopyhspfs;> rpW mstpy; gzk; gilj;Njhu;> kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; vd;W

rfy jug;gpduJ cjtpiaAk; kh - X - NrJq; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.

gzf;fhuu;fspdJk; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupdJk; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ

khf;]pathjj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghd nrayhFk;. MapDk; mt;tpU

tFg;ghupilNa fhzg;gl;l nghUshjhu gyk;> ifj;njhopy; mwpT

vd;gtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;J nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpiaf; fhz KbahJ vd;gij

kh - X - NrJq; ed;F tpsq;fpapUe;jhu;.


v cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;Fk; kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;Fk; jhk; tpUk;Gk; gl;rj;jpy;

Gjpa murhq;fj;Jld; ,ize;J gzpahw;w Kbe;jJ. mjw;fhf mtu;fspd;

nrhj;Jf;fis jw;fhypfkhf murhq;fj;jplk; xg;gilj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

,t;thW ,ize;J gzpahw;Wgtu;fs; kpfj;jPtpukhff; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;.

1956 ,y; kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; cupik xopf;fg;gl;lJ. kh - X - NrJq;

cs;spl;l kj;jpa epu;thff; FO murhq;ff; nfhs;iffis tFj;jJld;

mur ,ae;jpuj;ij ,af;Fk; jpwTNfhy; kh - X NrJq; trkhdJ. ,q;F

[dehafj; jd;ik tha;e ;j fl;lis gpwg;gpf ;Fk; nraw;ghL

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Kd;Ndhf;fpa ngUk; gha;r;ry;

1949f;Fg; gpd;du; rPdhtpd; gpd;dilT gbg;gbahf kiwe;J NghdJ

ifj;njhopw;WiwAld; tptrhaj; JiwapYk; rPdh Jupj tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.

tptrhaj;Jld; ,ize;j tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l r%fKk;

khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; epyr; Rthe;ju;fspd; epy cupik

,y;yhkyhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid vjpu;j;j epy cupikahsu;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;l

re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L. epy cupikahsu;fshd Gjpa tptrha r%fk;

$l;LwT mbg;gilapy; cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd murhq;fk;

Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lJ. ,k;KiwahdJ 1955 - 1957 fhyg;gFjpapy; Jupj

Ntfj;Jld; Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lJ. 90% tpisr;ry; $l;LwT mbg;gilapy;

xd;W jpul;lg;gl;lJ. rPd tptrhapfs; nrhe;j tpUg;gpd; Ngupy; $l;LwTj;

Jiwapy; ,ize;J nraw;gl;ldu;.

1959 Mk; Mz;L tptrhaj;Jiwapy; tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

“Kd;Ndhf;fpa ngUk; gha;r;ry;” vDk; Ntiyj;jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

$l;LwT tptrhag; gz;izfs; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L ghupa nfhkpA+d;

mikg;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. tptrhag; gz;izfs; xU nfhkpA+Df;F

khj;jpukd;wp KO rPd r%fj;jpdJk; nrhj;jhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. nfhkpA+d;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;ljd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; tptrha> ifj;njhopy;Jiwapy;

cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;J nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp Ntfj;ij mjpfupj;jyhFk;.

MapDk;> gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; “Kd;Ndhf;fpa ngUk;gha;r;ry;”

Ntiyj;jpl;lk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.

“Kd;Ndhf;fpa ngUk; gha;r;ry;” Njhy;tpaile;jikahy; kh - X -

NrJq;fpd; murpay; epiy rw;Wj; jsu;tile;jJ. 1959 ,y; Ml;rpj;

jiyikg; gjtpiaf; iftpl;l mtu;> fl;rpj; jiyikg; gjtpia tfpg;gjd;

Clhf fl;rpf;Fs; jdJ nry;thf;ifj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

,uhZtj;jpd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

gpd;du; jdJ vjpupfs; jdf;nfjpuhfr; nraw;gLtjw;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fhj

tifapy; Gul;rpia Ntfg;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf fyhrhug; Gul;rp xd;iw

epfo;j;Jtjw;fhf Kaw;rp nra;jhu;.


fyhrhug; Gul;rp

tu;f;fj;jpy; fyhrhug; Gul;rpf;fhd gpd;dzp kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ.

RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tjhdhy; mJ Ml;rpj; Jiwapd; jiytuhd ypNah -

\h -X- rp mtu;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa kpj thjpfSf;Fk; kh - X

- NrJq;ifg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mjpfhug;

Nghuhl;lkhFk;.

1965 fyhrhug; Gul;rp Vw;gLk; tiu ntspj; Njhw;wj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;j

,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; $ba murhq;fkhfNt rPdh tpsq;fpaJ. fyhrhug;

Gul;rp Muk;gkhFk; NghJ murhq;f mjpfhupfs; gy;NtW Fw;wr;

rhl;Lfspd;Nghpy; ifJnra;ag;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,d;Dk; rpyu; gjtpapwf;fk;

nra;ag;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,jw;F nfhkpA+dprthjpfs; Kd; itj;j

Fw;wr;rhl;LfSs; kWrPuikg;G thjk;> fl;rp tpNuhj nraw;ghL>

Kjyhspj;Jtg; ghijapyhd gazk; Kjypad mlq;Fk;. fyhrhug; Gul;rpapd;

Kftu;fshd nrk;ghJfhg;Gg;gilapdUf;F kf;fs; rPdhtpd; [dhjpgjpahd

ypahx - \hX - rPAk; ,yf;fhdhu;. kh - X - NrJq;fpd; gpd;du; mg;gjtpf;F

ypahxtpd; ngaNu Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. fyhrhug; Gul;rpf;Ff; fLikahd

vjpu;g;Gf; fpsk;gpa NghJ kh - X ,isQh;fisj; jd;gf;fk; jpUg;gpf;

nfhz;lhu;.

“Gul;rpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. Gul;rpia Gul;rp nra;tjd; Clhff;

fw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;”. vd;W mtu; ,isQh;fSf;Ff; $wpdhu;. mj;Jld;

ehl;bYs;s ghlrhiyfs; midj;ijAk; %btpl;L khztu;fisf; nfhz;L

“nrk;ghJfhg;Gg;gil” ia cUthf;fpdhu;. 1966 Mf];l; khjk; gPfpq; efupy;

Kjy; “nrk;ghJfhg;Gg;gil” cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jkJ rf;jpiaAk;

ijupaj;ijAk; cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;jp Gul;rpapd; vjpupfis

mopj;njhopf;FkhW mth;fsplk; kh - X Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. “nrk;ghJfhg;Gg;

gil”apd; ,isQu;fs; rPdh KOtJk; fyhrhug; Gul;rp vDk; ngaupy;

fyfk; tpistpj;jdu;.

Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,g;

Nghuhl;lj;jhy; ehL muh[fj; jd;ikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. Kf;fpakhd

njhopw;rhiyfspy; Ntiy epWj;jq;fs; ,lk; ngw;wd. Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; JiwAk;

rpf;fy; epiwe;jjhf khwpaJ. murpay; uPjpahf rPdh cyfpy; jdpj;J

tplg;gl;lJ. nghJTilikf; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbf;Fk; ,lJrhup ehLfs;

$l rPdhTld; J}Jtuhyaj; njhlu;Gfis itj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. “nrk;

ghJfhg;Gg; gil” Ak;> “Gul;rpfu fpsh;r;rpahsu;” fSk; 1968 ,y; rPdhtpy;

rpy ,lq;fspy; rptpy; Aj;j epiynahd;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;jpUe;jdu;. vdNt

“kf;fs; tpLjiy ,uhZtk;” %yk; ehl;by; mikjpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F


kh - X - NrJq; kw;Wk; # - vd; - yha; ,UtUk; eltbf;if vLj;jdu;.

mjd; gpd;dh; fl;rpapypUe;j mjpjPtputhjf; nfhs;ifAilath;fs; fl;rpapypUe;J

ePf;fg;gl;ldu;. fyhrhug; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa MAjkhd ypd; - gpah - X

vd;gtu ; kh - X - NrJq;fpd; gpd;du ; mg;gjtpf ;Fg ; ngau ;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhu;. MapDk; mtu; fyhrhug; Gul;rpapd; Fw;wthspahff;

fhzg;gl;lhu;. vdNt mtu; u\;ahTf;Fj; jg;gpr; nry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gl;l

tpkhd tpgj;Jf; fhuzkhf capupoe;jhu;.

fyhrhug; Gul;rpapd; gyhgyd;fs;

gy E}w;whz;Lfshf murpay; cWjp ,y;yhjpUe;j rPd r%fk;

fyhrhug; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd;du; khw;wKw;wJ. Jupjfjpapy; mjpfupj;JtUk;

rdj;njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gytpjkhd cjtpg; gzq;fSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.

tptrha> ifj;njhopw;Wiw tsu;r;rp mjpfupj;jikahy; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;

juKk; cau;e;jJ. ngz;fSf;Fk; Mz;fisg; Nghy rkTupik fpilj;jJ.

etPd cyFf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; fy;tpj; JiwAk; ghupa

khw;wq;fisf; fz;lJ. rPdhtpd; mupr;Rtb kpfTk; rpf;fyhff; fhzg;gl;l-

ikahy; ,yFthd rPd mupr;Rtb xd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j rPdh> Nrhtpaj; u\;ah> If;fpa mnkupf;fh> If;fpa

,uhr;rpak; Kjypa ,d;Dk; gy ehLfSld; J}jufr; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lJ. rfy JiwfspYk; tsu;r;rp fz;l rPdh ,d;W cyfpy; gyk;

tha;e;j ehLfSs; xd;whfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy;> rPdh epue;ju cWg;G ehlhf tpsq;Ffpd;wikia

vLj;Jf; fhl;lhff; $wyhk;.

nraw;ghL :

1. ePz;l ghjahj;jpiu rk;ge;jkhd glq;fis Nrfupf;fTk;.

2. rPdhtpd; Gtpapay; mikg;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; tiuglk; xd;iw

tiuaTk;

3. Rd; aj; nrd;> Nfhkpq;lhq;> rpahq;fha; N\f; - kh - X

NrJq;> nfhk;A+dp]thjpfs;> fyhrhug;Gul;rp vDk; jiyg;Gfspy;

rpW E}y; xd;iw Mf;Ff.

4. rPdg; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fisAk; mjdhy; Vw;gll

murpay; khw;wq;fisAk; gl;bay; gLj;Jf

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