marTalia, aRniSnulis miuxedavad, xsenebul sasamarTloebs yvelgan msgavsi sta-tusi, kompetencia, saxelwodeba Tu srulad garantirebuli damoukidebloba ar
8 Eirik Hoølmøyvik, “Why did the Norwegian Constitution of 1814 Become a Part of Positive Law in the Nineteenth Century?”, blogit.hel-sinki.fi/Holmoyvik-paper-Tartu.doc; Katim M. Bruzelius, “Judicial Review within a Unified Country”, www.venice.coe.int/WCCJ/Papers/.9 rumineTis sakasacio sasamarTlo, 1912 wlis 16 marti, #261; ix. Gérard Conac, “Une antériorité Roumaine: le contrôle juridictionnel de la constitutionnalité des lois », Mélangers Slobodan Milacic, Démocratie et liberté : tension, dialogue, confrontation, Bruylant, Belgique, 2007.
6
didie mo
aqvT, sakonstitucio sasamarTloTa regionuli da enobrivi jgufebis Seqmna sakmari-sia zemoxsenebuli ganviTarebis dasadastureblad10. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs winamdebare statiis mTavar TemasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi Sedegi: yvelaze ax-algazrda sasamarTloebs axasiaTebT yvelaze Zvel sasamarTloebTan urTierTobis damyarebisa da maTTan dialogisken swrafvis tendencia. aRniSnuli erTsa da imave dros exeba TviT sasamarTlo instituts (mis mowyobas, kompetenciebs, samarTalwar-moebis wesebs...) da aseve, saWiroebisamebr, misi praqtikis gacnobasac.
aseve SesaZlebelia, adgili hqondes Sereul dialogs, rodesac, magaliTad, im qveynis sasamarTlo, romelic transnacionalur gaerTianebaSi ar Sedis, interes-deba am ukanasknelis sasamarTlo praqtikiT, mis mier Camoyalibebuli midgomebisa da gamotanili gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis mizniT. aRniSnul SemTxvevas adgili hqonda maSin, rodesac kanadis an samxreT afrikis uzenaesma sa-samarTloebma, romlebic mosamarTleTa dialogisa da sxva qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyenebisadmi did interess iCenen, rogorc minimum, dokumenturi saxiT gamoiyenes adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika.
22 aRniSnuli gamoTqma bevrad sjobs termins ̀ gansxvavebuli azri”, im TvalsazrisiT, rom xSirad, mosamarTlee-bi, romlebic umravlesobaSi imyofebian, iseTive siZlieriTa da interesiT gamoxataven TavianT azrs, rogorc umciresobaSi myofi mosamarTleebi. bevri avtoris Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli mosazrebebi mosamarTleTa dialogis ukeT gagebis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens.23 keip Taunis (samxreT afrika) da regionuli, enobrivi gaerTianebebis konferenciebi amis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens.
11
ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyeneba da dialogi sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs Soris
arsebobs survili imisa, rom mxolod horizontaluri dialogis ganxilvas davjerdeT, magram maSinac ki, Tu es ukanaskneli yvelaze mniSvnelovania, dialogis danarCeni ori formis ignorirebis araviTari mizezi ar arsebobs.
I. regularuli dialogi
sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi, maTi statusisa da muSaobis formis miuxedavad, erTmaneTsa da erTmaneTis sasamarTlo praqtikas Soris namdvil dialogs awar-moeben. aRniSnulze mravali faqtori metyvelebs, iqneba es zogierTi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi ucxo qveynis sasamarTlo precedentebis moyvana Tu zogierTi mosamarTlis individualuri azrebi gadawyvetilebebis Tanmxleb dokumentebsa Tu doqtrinalur komentarebSi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, arsebobs dialogis namd-vili legitimuroba: saWiroa misi Taviseburebebis ganxilva.
a. dialogis legitimuroba
iSviaTia konstituciebi, romlebic, samxreT afrikis konstituciis msgavsad, iT-valiswineben, rom sasamarTloebi da a fortiori sakonstitucio sasamarTlo gadawyvety-ilebis miRebis procesSi unda daeyrdnon ucxo qveynebis samarTalsa da sasamarTlo praqtikas24. ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyenebis teqstobriv mowo-debasTan mimarTebaSi konstituciuri nacionalizmis upiratesoba aSkarad saxezea da kidev didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iqneba25. amis miuxedavad, msgavsi saxis kvlevebis legitimuroba, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi Semdgomi gamoyeneba, saerTod aRar war-moadgens kamaTis sagans.
erovnuli Tu transnacionaluri sasamarTloebisa da mosamarTleebis umravle-soba, sxva qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis kvlevasa da Seswavlas praqtikulad ms-gavsi argumentebiT asabuTebs. rodesac sasamarTlo dgeba seriozuli iuridiuli problemis winaSe, mas sakuTar praqtikaSi saWiro precedentebi ar gaaCnia da kon-stituciuri normebi, romelTa interpretaciac unda moxdes, SedarebiT bundovania,
24 samxreT afrikis konstituciis 39§ 1 muxli: « uflebaTa bilis interpretacia. 1. uflebaTa bilis inter-pretaciis dros sasamarTlom, tribunalma an sxva sasamarTlo instanciam a. wina planze unda daayenos is faseulobebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs Ria da demokratiul sazogadoebas, emyareba adamianuri Rirsebis pativiscemas, Tanasworobasa da Tavisuflebas; b. gaiTvaliswinos saerTaSoriso samarTali; g. SeuZlia gaiT-valiswinos sxva qveynebis samarTali».25 samxreT afrikis konstituciasTan SedarebiT nakleb mkveTri formulirebiT, espaneTis 1978 wlis konstitu-cia Seicavs 10§ 2 muxls, romelic adgens kavSirs erovnul da sxva qveynebis samarTals Soris: «konstituciiT aRiarebul ZiriTad uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTan dakavSirebuli normebis interpretacia xorcieldeba adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis, aseve espaneTis mier ratificirebuli Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad».
12
didie mo
inteleqtualuri da samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu ra saxis msjelobasa da gamosavals mimarTes sxva sasamarTloebma analogiur situa-ciaSi. am SemTxvevaSi, inteleqtualuri cnobismoyvareobis elementi wminda doku-menturi interesis Tanmxlebia.
cxadia, aRniSnuli precedentebis kvlevis legitimuroba, rogori saxisac ar unda iyos is, araerT faqtorzea damokidebuli. saerTo samarTlis sistemis sasamarT-loTa qceva, sadac precedentebis kvleva da gamoyeneba sabaziso kulturas warmoad-gens, gansxvavebulia kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebisagan, sadac piriqiT, erovnu-li identuroba yovelTvis ufro mZlavr faqtorad iTvleboda. xSirad xdeba im faqtis xazgasma, rom enobrivi msgavseba, gansakuTrebiT inglisurenovani qveynebi-sTvis, sasamarTlo praqtikis gavlenis metad Zlier faqtors warmoadgens. zogadad, precedentebis kvlevis legitimuroba gamarTlebulia an kulturuli siaxloviT, an gamosayenebeli teqstebis msgavsebiT, an kidev, ubralod, erTi sasamarTlos meoreze ufro xangrZlivi arsebobiT26.
mosamarTle skalias garda, romelic miiCnevs, rom aSS-is konstituciis interp-retireba misi miRebis droisaTvis (1787) arsebuli standartebis gamoyenebiT unda moxdes da rom, Sesabamisad, mxolod manamde arsebuli saerTo samarTlis preceden-tebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, individualurad, mxolod mosamarTleTa mcire ra-odenoba uaryofs im qmedebas, romelic mosamarTle skalias kolegis, mosamarTle breieris azriT, sruliad bunebrivia27. cxadia, yvela, vinc gamoxatavs sakuTar mo-sazrebas ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi an vinc dakavebulia precedentebis Ses-wavliT, aqcents akeTebs moqmedebis personalur xasiaTsa da sifrTxilis im zome-bze, romlebic ucxo qveynis sasamarTlo precedentis gamoyenebisas miRebul unda iqnes magram, amave dros, yvela Tanxmdeba, rom arsebobs garkveuli iuridiuli sargebeli imaSi, rom gamokvleul iqnas Tu ra saxis msjeloba da midgoma Camoaya-libes erTi da imave saxis kompetenturma sasamarTloebma analogiur situaciebSi. horizontaluri dialogis aRniSnuli dasabuTeba kidev ufro myardeba, rodesac arsebobs vertikaluri dialogi da sasamarTloebma, iqnebian isini sakonstitucio Tu ara, ician, rom isini, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, valdebuli arian, rom maTi gadawyvetilebebi winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides kompetenturi transnacionaluri sa-samarTlos praqtikasTan.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi am mxriv saukeTeso magaliTia, erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier strasburgis sasamarTlos praqtikis gamoyeneba gamomdinareobs principidan Pacta sunt servanda, romelsac, sa-samarTlo praqtikis mkveTri gansxvavebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, unda daematos ev-rosasamarTlos mier SezRudvis riski.
26 ix. magaliTad, germanuli sasamarTlo praqtikis roli ungruli sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebaSi.27 ix. bibliografia.
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ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyeneba da dialogi sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs Soris
evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis, precedentebis kvlevis legitimuroba arc ki warmoadgens davis sagans, vinaidan aRniSnuli maT evrokavSiris samarTlebriv sistemaSi maTi samarTlebrivi sistemebis integraciidan gamomdinare evalebaT. sx-vaTa Soris, aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, safrangeTis saxelmwifo sabWos erT-erTma TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma, ocdaaTi wlis win gamoiyena termini: `mosamarTleTa dialogi”, raTa ganesxvavebina is, erTi mxriv, `mosamarTleTa batonobisa” da, meore mxriv, `mosamarTleTa omisagan”28.
b. dialogis elementebi
TavisTavad, ar arsebobs araviTari avtomaturi meqanizmi, romelic areguli-rebs ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis kvlevas da adgens mosamarTleTa dia-logs. TiToeul sasamarTlos an mosamarTles gaaCia muSaobis sakuTari meTodi, misi reglamentisa da Sesabamisi pirovnebebis survilebidan gamomdinare. amasTanave, TiToeuli maTgani Tanxmdeba imaze, rom, TavisTavad, SeuZlebelia yvela saWiro precedentis Tavmoyra, Sesabamisi dokumentebis xelmiuwvdomlobisa Tu enobrivi barieris gamo. Tumca am mimarTebiT ramdenime aspeqtis xazgasma aucilebelia.
upirveles yovlisa, arsebobs yvelaze Zvel an geografiuli da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT daaxloebul sasamarTloTa29 udavo upiratesoba. swored amitomaa, rom aravis gaukvirdeba, Tu precedentebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, arsebul xelmisawvdom statistikur da sxva saxis elementebSi, aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo xSirad figurirebs. is sargeblobs absoluturi winamorbedis statusiT, man mra-valferovani sasamarTlo praqtika Camoayaliba, romelic liberalurad aris miC-neuli da misi mosamarTleebis mravalricxovani individualuri azrebi mis mier Camoyalibebuli midgomebis ukeT gagebis saSualebas iZleva30.
explicit citation to foreign constitutional decisions in the collected decisins of the German Constitutional Court, but one can identify the influence of other courts nonetheless. This is specially true of the United States Supreme Court...”) (ix. bibliografia).32 Claire L’Heureux-Dubé. ix. bibliografia.33 S. v. Makawanyane, 1995 wlis 6 ivnisi, saqme # CCT/3/94 (www.constitutionalcourt.org.za/).34 ix. bibliografia.35 ix. bibliografia.36 ix. akiko jimas moxseneba iaponiis Sesaxeb (bibliografia).
15
ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyeneba da dialogi sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs Soris
amerikeli mosamarTlis, stefan breieris magaliTs Tu davubrundebiT, franguli enis srulyofilad floba mas udavod uadvilebs safrangeTis sakonstitucio sab-Wos praqtikis TaviseburebaTa gagebas.
sayovelTaod cnobili sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic ukavSirdeba erovnul sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebebis srulyofil Targmans, misasalmebelia im sasamarT-loebis Zalisxmeva, romlebic gamotanisTanave an garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, yvelaze mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs erT-erT saerTaSoriso enaze aqveyneben37. kerZod, mkiTxvelma yuradReba unda miaqcios im faqts, rom iuridiul Targmans uamravi barieri eRobeba win da rom gadawyvetileba gasagebi xdeba ara mxolod mis originalze, aramed, agreTve erovnul samarTlebriv konteqstze miTiTebiTac. TargmanSi daSvebuli mZime Secdomebi da Semdgom misi gamoyeneba zemoaRniSnuli sifrTxilis zomebis gauTvaliswineblobis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos.
bolo elementi ukavSirdeba sauniversiteto doqtrinis mniSvnelobas. udavoa, rom didi iuridiuli Jurnalebi, kerZod isini, romlebic gamoicema farTo gamoy-enebis enebze, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs precedentebis kvlevasa da mosamarTle-Ta dialogSi. avtorebi, sifrTxilis aucilebeli zomebis dacviT, cdiloben gamot-anili gadawyvetilebebis Sedarebasa da msgavseba da gansxvavebebis gamovlenas.
ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo precedentebis gamoyenebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqti miznad isaxavs imis garkvevas, Tu rogor iyeneben maT sasamarTloebi da mosamarTleebi gadawyvetilebebis gamotanis procesSi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saWiroa precedentebis marTebulobisa da efeqtis ganxilva.
37 germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Tavis veb-gverdze (http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de) mraval gadawyvetilebas aqveynebs inglisur da frangul enebze. safrangeTis sakonstitucio sabWo (www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/) imaves akeTebs germanul, inglisur da, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, espanur enebze. aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is uzenaes sasamarTlos mxolod inglisurenovani veb-gverdi aqvs.38 ix. frangulad da inglisurad konstituciuli samarTalwarmoebisa da monacemTa bankis biuleteni CODIGES (www.venise.coe.int/).
16
didie mo
a. precedentebis marTebuloba
yvela arsebuli analizi xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom davis ganxilvis procesSi erTi sasamarTlo nebismieri sasamarTlos praqtikas ver gamoiyenebs. Sesabamisad, saWiroa precedentebis marTebulobis im kriteriumebis gansazRvra, romlebic maTi ganxilvisa da gamoyenebis dros mxedvelobaSi iqneba miRebuli.
konstituciuri sasamarTloebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic transnacionaluri sa-samarTlos iurisdiqciisadmi daqvemdebarebuli gaerTianebis nawils warmoadgenen, marTebulobis gansazRvra SedarebiT martivia. pirdapir gamoyenebadi xelSekrule-bidan gamomdinare, garkveuli iuridiuli gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnileba ipso facto marTebulobis gonivrul pirobebs qmnis. evrokavSiris wevrebi da aseve adamianis uflebaTa evropuli da amerikuli konvenciebis xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi aRi-areben garkveuli raodenobis saerTo politikur da samarTlebriv Rirebulebebs. amgvarad, evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis preambula (1992 weli) adasturebs: `(wevr saxelmwifoTa) erTgulebas Tavisuflebis, demokratiis, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principebisadmi”, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis preambulaSi saubaria xelmomwer (evropul) saxelm-wifoebze, `romelTac aqvT politikuri tradiciebis, idealebis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlis uzenaesobis saerTo memkvidreoba” da adamianis uflebaTa interameriku-li konvenciis preambula azustebs, rom `winamdebare konvenciis xelmomweri ameri-kuli saxlmwifoebi adastureben sakuTar midgomas, am kontinentze, demokratiuli institutebis farglebSi, gaaZlieron adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis pativiscemaze damyarebuli individualuri Tavisuflebisa da socialuri samarTlianobis reJimi”. Sesabamisad, araviTari eWvi ar arsebobs im RirebulebaTa erTobliobis konsti-tuciuri mniSvnelobis Taobaze, romelTa pativiscemasac aRniSnuli sasamarTloebi uzrunvelyofen.
rodesac kompetenturi transnacionaluri an romelime erovnuli sakonstitucio sasamarTlo axdens saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis an erovnuli konstituciis debulebis ganmartebas, marTebulobis sakiTxi TavisTavad dgeba dRis wesrigSi. marTalia, es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom is savaldebulo Zalas iZens, magram, am mo-mentSi, aravis ar SeuZlia uaryos im faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi motivebis gaT-valiswinebis aucilebloba, romlebic safuZvlad daedo Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas.
rodesac erovnuli konstituciebi pirdapir iTvaliswineben ganmartebas sayov-elTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisad, marTebulobis uaryo-fa SeuZlebelia. ZiriTad uflebaTa Sesaxeb erovnuli da saerTaSoriso teqstebis ubralo Sedareba cxadyofs, rom yvelaze axali erovnuli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso teqstebisadmi mibaZvis garkveuli tendencia SesamCnevia. SesaZloa, adgili hqondes TviT sxva saerTaSoriso konvenciis teqstze (adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia) miTiTebasac ki, rogorc es fundamentur uflebaTa qartiaSia mocemuli, imis miuxedavad, rom mas jerjerobiT ar gaaCnia pozitiur-samarTlebri-
17
ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyeneba da dialogi sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs Soris
vi Rirebuleba da, Sesabamisad, saxezea sxva teqstis ganmartebis mizniT, romelime sasamarTlos precedentebis gamoyenebis dadasturebuli marTebuloba39.
horizontalur dialogSi, marTebulobis kriteriumebis Sefaseba unda moxdes ara mxolod erTobliv, aramed aseve gansaxilvel SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli elementebis konteqstSic. TavisTavad cxadia, rom unda daisvas kiTx-va gamosayenebeli teqstebis redaqciisa da im erovnuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac isini Seicavs. mniSvnelovania aseve imis ganxilva, gamoyenebuli ucxo qveynis sasamarTlo precedentebi Seesabameba konkretulad saqmes, Tu principul situaciebs. es sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom uaryofil unda iqnes alternativis erTi an meore aspeqti, aramed imas, rom pragmatul gadawyvetas an abstraqtul msj-elobas ar mieniWos erTi da igive doqtrinaluri Rirebuleba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoSi xSirad xdeba, rom erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier SedarebiT msgavs teqstebze dayrdnobiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia imisaTvis, rom garkveuli `saerTo samarTali” Camoyalibdes40. aRniSnuli verafers aklebs winamdebare statiaSi mocemuli analizis mimarT arsebul interess, piriqiT, is iZleva imis ukeT gagebis saSualebas, Tu ratom udebs msgavsi debulebebi saT-aves gansxvavebul gadawyvetilebebs da aqedan gamomdinare, is aadvilebs Sesabamisi sasamarTlos msjelobas.
unda aRiniSnos ganxiluli Tematikis erTi gansakuTrebuli aspeqti ̀ mosamarTleTa dialogSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis uzenaesi sasamarTloebis monawileobis kompleq-surobis” Sesaxeb, profesor Jan de godusonis gamoTqmis mixedviT41. `CrdiloeTi/samxreTis” dialogTan erTad, saqme exeba `samxreTi/samxreTis” dialogis adekva-turobas an araadekvaturobasa da saerTosamarTlebrivi memkvidreobis gavlenas, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi ̀ erTi da imave ZiriTadi istoriuli modelis” memkvidres warmoadgens.
Tuki ZiriTad uflebebTan mimarTebaSi marTebulobis kriteriumebis gansazRvra SedarebiT advilia, saqme sul sxvagvaradaa, rodesac sasamarTloebma unda gamoi-tanon gadawyvetileba erovnuli konstituciuri institutebis funqcionirebis Taobaze. magaliTad, rodesac saqme exeba federalur donesa da federaciis subi-eqtebs Soris kompetenciaTa gadanawilebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis gamotanas,
39 fundamentur uflebaTa qartiis redaqciaSi, romelic emyareba evroparlamentis mier 2007 wlis 29 noem-bers damtkicebul lisabonis xelSekrulebas, erTi mxriv dazustebulia (52-e muxlis me-3 da me-4 punqtebi), rom, `vinaidan winamdebare qartia Seicavs adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebis msgavs ZiriTad uflebebs, maTi mniSvneloba da Sedegi igivea, rasac maT konvencia aniWebs. aRniSnuli debuleba dabrkolebas ar uqmnis evrokavSiris samarTals,, rom dacvis ufro farTo ga-rantia gaiTvaliswinos”, xolo meore mxriv, `imdenad, ramdenadac winamdebare qartia aRiarebs ZiriTad ufle-bebs im saxiT, ra saxiTac isini gamomdinareobs wevr saxelmwifoTa saerTo-konstituciuri tradiciebidan, am uflebaTa ganmarteba aRniSnul tradiciebTan SesabamisobaSi unda moxdes”.40 ix. Constitution et éthique biomédicale (Noëlle Lenoir, Bertrand Mathieu et Didier Maus, dir.), La Documentation Française, France, 1998.41 ix. bibliografia.
18
didie mo
SesaZloa, arsebobdes amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos an germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikis gamoyenebis survili, xsenebul or dones Soris kompetenciaTa gadanawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli erovnuli konstituciuri normebis jerovnad gaTvaliswinebis pirobiT da ar moxdes araswori ganmarteba avtonomiasTan da federaciis subieqtebis kontrolTan dakavSirebiT. cota ar iyos paradoqsulad, kanadis uzenaesma sasamarTlom farTod gamoiyena britanu-li sasamarTlo praqtika 1867 wlis konstituciuri kanonis debulebebis Semdgomi ganmartebis mizniT42.
mesame mosazreba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo preceden-tebs namdvili `gadawyvetilebis Zala” gaaCnia. es niSnavs imas, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs ar SeuZliaT aRniSnuli faqtisTvis gverdis avla da, Tu isini mas gverds auvlian, moxvdebian SezRudvis riskis qveS. aRniSnuli hipoTeza, ra Tqma unda, mxolod maSin arsebobs, rodesac erovnuli sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, mag-aliTad, federaciis subieqtis sakonstitucio an uzenaesi sasamarTlos msgavsad, ar aris srulad suverenuli da is eqvemdebareba savaraudo SezRudvas an evro-paSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosa da evrogaerTianebis marTlm-sajulebis sasamarTlos mxridan52, an kidev britaneTis Tanamegobrobis zogierTi saxelmwifosTvis, dedoflis saidumlo sabWos sasamarTlo komitetis mxridan53.
49 `es sasamarTlo mudmivad acxadebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom konstituciuri sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi misTvis udavod sasargeblo iqneba amerikisa da sxva sasamarTloebis gamocdileba, aRniSnul sasamarTlo praqtikas misTvis savaldebulo Zala ar gaaCnia”. Lavigne v. Ontario Public Service Employees Union, (1991. 2 SCR 2001).50 ix.zoltan szentis moxseneba (bibliografia).51 andoris sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, 2009 wlis 12 ianvari, saqme 2008-26-RE.52 italiisTvis, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, 2007 wlis 24 oqtomberi, saqme 349/2007; sakonstitucio sabWo (safrangeTi), 2004 wlis 1 ivlisi, saqme 2004-497 DC; ix. P. boni et D. Maus, bibliografia, # 92-101.53 sasamarTlo komiteti (Judicial Committee) kompetenturia Semdeg damoukidebel saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi: trinidadi da tobago, dominika, kiribati da mavriki. ix. Kenneth Keith, “The Interplay with the Judicial Committee of the
22
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garkveulwilad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo eqvemdebareba zemdgomi sasamarTlos interpretacias. misTvis gverdis avlam SesaZloa aRniSnuli zemdgomi sasamarTlo miiyvanos axali midgomebis Camoyalibebamde da praqtikis Secvlamdec ki, magram am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, rom msjeloba, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis mniS-vnelovani precedentebisTvis miniWebul gadawyvetilebis ZalasTan, iyos gansa-kuTrebiT argumentirebuli da scildebodes elementaruli uaryofiTi reaqciis farglebs. xSirad xdeba imis aRniSvnac, rom im qveynebSi, romelTaTvisac adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebs, erovnuli sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi sul ufro metad iTvaliswineben stras-burgis sasamarTlos praqtikas, iqneba es, magaliTad, safrangeTSi sakanonmdeblo procesebi Tu CexeTis respublikaSi sakuTrebis uflebis interpretacia.
daskvna
ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyeneba da sakonstitucio sasamarT-loebs Soris dialogis ganviTareba warmoadgens ara mxolod sakonstitucio sa-samarTloebis ganzogadebis, aramed, agreTve saerTo konstituciuri faseulobebis gafarToebis saukeTeso maCvenebels. yvela grZnobs, rom TviT yvelaze Zveli sa-samarTloebisTvis, romlebic srulad arian integrirebulni metad myar, erovnul konstitucur identurobaSi, sasamarTlo praqtikis urTierTgaziarebis mizniT, ko-munikacia da moqmedeba farTod gaxsnil xasiaTs atarebs. misi bunebrivi sazRvrebi, saboloo jamSi, damokidebulia politikuri gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare Ri-rebulebebze. dialogi da precedentebis gamoyeneba ki mxolod erTi gaerTianebis SigniT arsebobs.
aRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda, xels ar uSlis diskusiis, dialogis pirveli etapis dawyebas maT Soris, vinc iziarebs msgavs miswrafebebs erTmaneTis ukeT gacnobisa da urTierTgagebis mizniT.
bibliografia54
I. konstituciuri samarTlis saerTaSoriso asociacia, samuSao jgufi – `sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis mier ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo precedentebis
Privy Concil”, in Louis Blom-Cooper QC, Brice Dickson et Gavin Drewry, The Judicial House of Lords, 1876-2009, Oxford University Press, 2009.54 CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi.
23
ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyeneba da dialogi sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs Soris
gamoyeneba” (xelmZRvanelebi - tania groppi – sienas universitetis profesori55 da mari-kler pontoro – monteskies saxelobis bordo IV-is universitetis profesori56).
da SedarebiTi sajaro samarTlis kvleviTi centris mier (DIPEC, sienas universi-teti), Seicavs 300-ze met naSroms inglisur, frangul, italiur da germanul enebze. zogadad, analizebi Sedgenilia inglisur enaze.
2008 wlis 15 noembris londonis Sekrebaze warmodgenili Sualeduri moxsenebebi
- Ejima Akiko, Enigmatic attitude of the Supreme Court of Japan towqrds Foreign Precedents.- Fombad Charles Manga, A Study on the Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges in Bo-
tswana.- Fornaro Stefania, Use of Foreign Precedents by the Constitutional Court of South Africa.- Gentili Gianluca, Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges – Canada.- Navot Suzie, Israeli Report (draft).- Pinto Bestos Luiz Magnon & Bunn Alini, Constitutional Dialogue ad extra: the Discursive Practice of the
Federal Supreme Court (Brazil) of the Use of “Argument of Comparative Law.- Scotti Valentina Rita, Use of Foreign Court’s Decisions by the Supreme Court of India.- Spingo Irene, Use of Foreign Precedents in the Namibian Supreme Court Jurisprudence.- Szente Zoltan, The Impacts of Foreign Precedents on the Jurisprudence of the Huongarian Constitu-
tional Court.- Wen-Chen-Chang & Jiunn-Rong Yeh, The Use of Foreign Precedents by the Constitutional Court of
Taiwan.57
55 [email protected][email protected] ix. amave avtorebis “The emergence of transnational constitutionalism:its features, challenges and solutions”, http://works.be-press.com/wen–chen–chang/1.
24
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II. zogadi bibliografia
Bois de Gaudusson (du) Jean, « La complexité de la participation des cours suprêmes des pays en voie de développement au dialogue des juges », Les Petites Affiches (France), 4 juin 2008.
Bon Pierre & Maus Didier (dir.), Les grandes décisions de Cours constitutionnelles européennes, Dalloz, France, 2008.
Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence & Ubeda de Torres Amaya, Les grandes décisions de la Cour interaméri-caine des droits de l’homme, Bruylant, Gelgique, 2008.
Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence, « De l’internationalisation du dialogue des juges », Melanges en l’hon-neur du président Genevois, Dalloz, France, 2008.
Carpentier Elise, « La résolution juridictionnelle des conflits entre organes constitutionnels. Proncipaux apports d’une étude comparée » Revue internationale de droit comparé, 2007, №4.
Choudry Sujit, « The Lochner Erea and Comparative Constitutionalism », International Journal of Con-stitutional Law, vol. 2, №1.
Dorsen Noman, Scalia Antonin & Breyer Stephen, « A Conversation Between US Supreme Court Jus-tices. The relevance of foreign legal materials in US constitutional cases », International Journal of Con-stitutional Law, vol. 3, №4.
Dutheillet de Lamothe Olivier, « Le constitutionnallisme comparative dans la pratique du Conseil constitutionnel », 16 janvier 2004, Conseil constitutionnel.58
Iliopoulos-Strangas Julia (dir.) « Cours suprêmes nationales et Cours européennes : concurrence ou collaboration ? » (in memoriam Louis Favoreu), Ant.N. Sakkoulas (Grèce), Bruylant (Belgique), 2007.
Irvine de Lairg (Lord), « Le législateur, la liberté et le droit : le système britannique et le système fran-çais », Recueuil Dalloz, 2003, №31.
Jacquelot Fanny, « Le juge constitutionnel et le droit comparé », Les Petites Affiches (france), 16 jan-vier 2007.
L’Heureux-Dubé Claire, « Realizing Equality in the Twentieth Century : the Role of the Supreme Court of Canada in Comparative Perspective », International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 1, №1.
Malaurie Philippe, « Les precedents et le droit », Revue internationale de droit compare, 2006, №2.Neuborne Burt, « Annals of Constitutional Courts, The Supreme Court of India », International Journal
of Constitutional Law, vol. 1, №3.Pezant Jean-Louis, « Les rapports entre le conseil constitutionnel et les autres institutions juridiction-
nelles », 20 septembre 2005, Conseil constitutionnel.59
Ponthoreau Marie-Claire, « Le recours à l’argument de droit comparé par le juge constitutionnel. Que-leus problèmes théoriques et techniques », L’interprétation constitutionnelle, Mélin-Sucramanien Ferdi-nand (dir.), Dalloz, France, 2005.
ucxo qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyeneba da dialogi sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs Soris
Rosenfels Michel, « Constitutionnal Adjudication in Europe and the United States: Paradoxes and Con-trasts », International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 2, №4.
Scofoni Guy, « La légitimité du juge constitutionnel en droit compare: les enseignements de l’expé-rience américaine », Revue internationale de droit compare, 1999, №2.
Varii Auctores
- « Comparative Constitutionalism in Practice », Table ronde de VI Congrès mondial de droit constitutionnel, 2004, with Jean Colombo Campeli (Chili), Olivier Dutheiller de Lamothe (France), Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem (Allemegne), N. Santosh Hegde (India), Luis Lopez Guerra (Espagne), International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 3, №4.
- Liber Amicorum Antonio La Pergola, Commission de Venise, 2008.- Liber Amicorum Luzius Wildhaber, N.P. Engel, Publisher, Allemagne, 2007.- Melanges en l’honneur du président Genevois – Le dialogue des juges, Dalloz, France, 2008.
saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikis analizis Sedegad aseve aRmoCnda gadawyvetileba, romelSic, marTalia, gamoyenebul iqna adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli konvencia, magram imis gamo, rom saerTo sasamarTlom ar gamoiyena evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, man konvencia ar ganmarta im mniSvnelobiT, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom.
saqme exeba marneulis raionul sasamarTloSi raionis gamgeblisa da adgilobrivi policiis ramdenime maRali Tanamdebobis piris winaaRmdeg erT-erTi religiuri
11 H. Schermers, The European Community and the European Convention on Human Rights: Their Effect on National Law, in: The Gradual Convergence: Foreign Ideas, Foreign Influences and English Law on the Even of the 21st Century, B.Markesinis (Ed.), 1994, 171. 12 SedarebisaTvis ix. Second Report, Committee on International Law in National Courts, International Law Association, 1996, 18. 13 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palata, ganCineba (gonivrul vadaSi saqmis ganxilvis uflebis Sesaxeb), 2001 wlis 17 ivlisi; ix. `adamianis uflebaTa dacvis samagaliTo gadawyvetile-bebi~ (2001 weli), Tbilisi, 2002 weli, gv. 16-19. 14 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palata, ganCineba (gamoTqmuli Sexedule-bebisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis Sesaxeb), 2000 wlis 12 dekemberi; ix. `adamianis uflebaTa dacvis samagaliTo gadawyvetilebebi~ (2001 weli), Tbilisi, 2002 weli, gv. 20-24.
mimdinareobis mimdevrebis mier Setanil sarCels, romelSic isini amtkicebdnen, rom maT ar miecaT ufleba, daswrebodnen am religiuri mimdinareobis momxreTa Sexve-dras15. amis mizezad isini asaxelebdnen, rom religiur niadagze maTTan dapirispi-rebulma mxarem daarbia es Sexvedra, maT miayenes materialuri ziani da moraluri Seuracxyofa.
mosarCeleebi aseve amtkicebdnen, rom policiis TanamSromlebma ar daicves maTi uflebebi, ris gamoc mowinaaRmdegeebma SeZles Sexvedris CaSla da maTi uflebe-bis xelyofa. sayuradReboa raionis Sinagan saqmeTa ganyofilebis ufrosis Cveneba, romlis Tanaxmad, `policiis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis sxvadasxva religiuri mimdina-reobis wevrebis dacva, amisaTvis arsebobs dacvis policia~.
mopasuxeebma sarCeli usafuZvlod CaTvales imis gamo, rom raionis policiis TanamSromlebs mosarCeleebisaTvis ar miuyenebiaT arc sityvieri an fizikuri Seu-racxyofa da arc moraluri Tu materialuri ziani. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros warmomadgenelma aRniSna, rom mis marwmuneblebs ar daurbeviaT Sexve-dra da rom arc erT mosarCeles ar dausaxelebia policiis TanamSromeli, romel-mac maT miayena Seuracxyofa an daexmara maTTan dapirispirebul mxares religiuri Sexvedris darbevaSi.
sasamarTlom mosarCeleTa moTxovna usafuZvlod CaTvala da ar daakmayofila. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom policia xels ar uSlida religiuri mimdinareobis momxreebs religiur Sexvedraze dasaswrebad. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom mo-sarCeleebs Seuracxyofa da materialuri ziani miayena maTTan dapirispirebulma mxarem, raSic policiis TanamSromlebs xeli ar SeuwyviaT. sasamarTlom aseve miu-TiTa, rom videomasalebiT ar dadasturda policiis TanamSromelTa Careva reli-giuri Sexvedris darbevaSi.
sasamarTlom ar gaiziara mosarCele mxaris pozicia, romlis Tanaxmad, policiam daarRvia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8, me-9, me-10, me-11, me-13 da me-14 muxlebi. konvenciis am muxlebis Sinaarsis dasadgenad raionulma sasamarTlom ar moiSvelia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali (maT Soris saqme – platforma `eqimebi sicocxlisaTvis~ avstriis winaaRmdeg16 (Platt-form “Ärtzte für das Leben” v. Austria)), rac, savaraudod, daexmareboda mas konvenciis swor ganmartebasa da gamoyenebaSi. amgvarad, sakmarisi safuZvelia imis mtkicebisaTvis, rom evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi mar-neulis raionuli sasamarTlo gansxvavebulad Seafasebda mis winaSe arsebul saqmes da, Sesabamisad, miiRebda gansxvavebul gadawyvetilebas.
15 ix. marneulis raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, N3/9-2002, 2002 wlis 13 maisi; aseve ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis ganCineba, N3/413, 2000 wlis 24 marti; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani, nawili I, N8, 2000 weli, gv. 373-376.16 platforma `eqimebi sicocxlisaTvis~ avstriis winaaRmdeg (Plattform “Ärtzte für das Leben” v. Austria), 1988 weli, Series A, no. 139.
32
konstantine korkelia
1. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mier evropuli standartebis gamoyenebis formebi
saqarTvelos sasamarTloTa im gadawyvetilebebis analizis Sedegad, rom leb Sic gamoyenebulia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi, ikveTeba ramdenime ten-dencia maTi gamoyenebis formasTan dakavSirebiT.
a) sxva evropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebis msgavsad, saqarTvelos sa sa mar-Tloebi yvelaze xSirad evropul standartebs iyeneben rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoe-brivi normatiuli aqtis swori ganmartebis saSualebas17. saqarTvelos sasamarT-loebi sadavo sakiTxs ixilaven saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtisa da evropuli standartebis safuZvelze, magram es standartebi gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom uzrunvelyos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi norma-tiuli aqtis (mag., kanonis) swori ganmarteba.
sasamarTlo procesebi misi TxovniT daxurulad Catarda, amitom piradi cxovrebis pativiscemisa da sazogadoebriv wesrigs Soris balansi individualuri uflebebis sasargeblod unda gadawyvetiliyo~.
sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom publikacias am interesTan dapirispirebisas sa-kiTxi dazaralebulis uflebebis – piradi cxovrebis dacvis – sasargeblod unda gadaewyvita da dazaralebulis saxeli misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod ar unda moexsenie-bina sagazeTo publikaciaSi.
sabolood, uzenaesma sasamarTlom kanonmdeblobisa da evropuli standarte-bis safuZvelze daadgina, rom `piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba marto maSin ki ar dairRveva, roca misi gamavrcelebeli piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis Semcvel si-namdvilesTan Seusabamo cnobebs gaavrcelebs, aramed maSinac, roca piri am ufle-bis matareblis nebarTvis gareSe gaavrcelebs iseT cnobebs, romlebic sinamdviles Seefereba, magram am uflebiT daculi piris nebis sawinaaRmdegod warmoaCens Seu-racxmyofel, saCoTiro, arasasurvel epizodebs~.
es gadawyvetileba udavod erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino da samagaliToa da adasturebs Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebTan erTad adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis gamoyenebis upiratesobas swori sasamarTlo gadawyveti-lebis miRebaSi.
b) rac Seexeba evropuli standartebis gamoyenebis meore formas – maT gamoyenebas Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan koliziisas, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi iSviaTia aseTi SemTxveva, Tumca SeiZleba ori magaliTis moSvelieba.
pasiuri roli eniWeba, man mainc unda gamoiyenos evropuli konvencia da evro-puli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, Tu Tvlis, rom maTi gamoyeneba xels Seuwyobs saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenas.
im sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa umravlesobaSi, romlebSic gamoyenebulia ada-mianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi, sasamarTloebi TavianTi iniciativiT iye-neben maT.34 sxva sityvebiT, am sasamarTlo saqmeebSi sasamarTloebi iyeneben evropul standartebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom procesis mxare Tavisi poziciis dasasabuTeblad ar iSveliebs maT35.
misasalmebelia saqarTvelos sasamarTloTa aqtiuri roli samoqalaqo/adminis-traciul saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am kategoriis saqmeebze sasamarTlos SedarebiT pasiuri roli eniWeba, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebi mainc iyeneben evropul standartebs.
an ar iyenebs igi am normebs saqmis gadasawyvetad, anu eTanxmeba Tu ara igi mxaris mier evropul standartebze damyarebul argumentebs. Tu sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba aseT argumentebs, man unda daasabuTos is mizezebi, romelTa gamoc igi ar eTanxmeba mxaris pozicias. sasamarTlom SeiZleba miuTiTos, rom konvenciis es muxli ar ga-moiyeneba am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, radgan misi regulirebis sfero gansxvavdeba, an – rom mxare arasworad ganmartavs evropuli konvenciis konkretuli muxlis Si-naarss. analogiurad unda daasabuTon sasamarTloebma TavianTi pozicia, Tu mxare iSveliebs evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals40.
Soris warmoSobil sasamarTlo davas. mosarCelis mtkiceba, rom mopasuxis satele-vizio da sagazeTo gancxadebebiT Seilaxa misi pativi, Rirseba da saqmiani reputa-cia, sasamarTlom ganixila kanonisa da evropuli standartebis safuZvelze da ar daakmayofila sarCeli im motiviT, rom mosarCeles, rogorc sajaro moxelesTan gaTanabrebul pirs, unda etvirTa kritikis Tmenis valdebuleba42.
am gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, rom uze-naesma sasamarTlom gamoiyena adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos preceden-tuli samarTali. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo daeyrdno evropuli sasamarT-los gadawyvetilebas saqmeze kastelsi espaneTis winaaRmdeg (Castells v. Spain), romlis Tanaxmad, `azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs iseTi gancxadebebisa da ga-moTqmis uflebasac, romelic Seuracxmyofeli, aRmaSfoTebeli da Semawuxebelia~. am precedentis moSveliebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadastura, rom piris, maT Soris Jurnalistis, mier gamoxatuli azri SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod pozitiuri, aramed negatiuri. negatiuri Sefaseba SeiZleba iyos Seuracxmyofeli, aRmaSfoTebeli da Semawuxebelic ki.
magram uzenaesi sasamarTlosaTvis ar iyo sakmarisi imis dadastureba, rom gamoxa-tuli azri SeiZleba iyos rogorc negatiuri, ise pozitiuri. sasamarTlos unda gae-ca pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu sad unda gaivlos zRvari, erTi mxriv, kritikis dasaSveb far-glebsa da, meore mxriv, pativis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis xelyofas Soris.
cnobili me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti adgens, rom `sisxlis sa marTlebrivi bral-debis gansazRvrisas... yvelas aqvs ufleba misi saqmis samarTlian da Ria mosmenaze kanonis mier Seqmnili damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli tribunalis mier drois gansazRvrul vadaSi...~ Tavdapirvelad `samarTliani sasamarTlos~ standartis Ca-moyalibeba efuZneboda `saerTaSoriso samarTalSi iuridiulad dasabuTebuli te-qstis SemuSavebis ideas [vinaidan], adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia2 moklebuli iyo sizustes... da arsebobda teqstis daxvewis saWiroeba, romelic iu-riduli TvalsazrisiT mavaldebulebeli iqneboda~3. Tumca, rogorc vxedavT, es Ta-vidanve ararealisturi idea ar ganxorcielda da evropul sasamarTlos sakmarisi sivrce darCa iuridiuli SemoqmedebisTvis standartis Sesaqmnelad da misi mniS-vnelobis kidev ufro dasaxvewad. SeiZleba vinmem mxolod ivaraudos, rom konven-ciis Semqmnelebs Tavdapirvelad swored es mizani amoZravebdaT, radgan konvenciis mosamzadebel samuSao masalaSi naTlad ar Cans, Tu ra motivaciiT iqna formulire-buli me-6 muxlis zemoT naxsenebi teqsti dRevandeli saxiT.
2 ix. amasTan dakavSirebiT, samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, 1996(999 UNTS 171, 6 ILM 383 (1967)). amboben, rom am or debulebas Soris didi gansxvavebaa.3 ianis, qei da bredli. European Human Rights Law: Text and Materials. OUP, 1990, gv. 13.
albaT mizezTagan yvelaze savaraudo is iyo, rom am normiT, rogorc konvenciis bevri sxva arsebiTi normiTac, Seqmniliyo standarti, romelsac moqnilad gamoiye-nebda sasamarTlo da amgvarad, mis gansazRvrasa da mniSvnelobis ganviTarebasac SeZlebda sasamarTlo praqtikiT. aRsaniSnavia meore SesaZlebeli mizezic. albaT es muxli garkveulwilad warmoadgenda kompromiss, romelzec konvenciis Semoqmedebi SeTanxmdnen da romelic maT gansxvavebul midgomebs asaxavda sisxlis samarTlis sa-qmeTa gadawyvetasTan mimarTebiT, rac saTaves kontinenturi da saerTo samarTlis tradiciebidan iRebs4. aseve kompromisi iqna miRweuli imasTan dakavSirebiTac, Tu ra aris samarTliani da ra ara sxvadasxva evropuli qveynis tradiciebze dafuZne-buli sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis konteqstSi.
unda vaRiaroT, rom calke aRebuli `samarTlianobis~ cnebis gansazRvra ioli saqme ar aris. mas Zalze farTo, SeiZleba iTqvas, Rrma filosofiuri da Teoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs TavisTavad da uamravi ganmarteba SeiZleba mieces. magaliTad, gan-martebiTi leqsikoni sasamarTlosTan dakavSirebiT samarTlianis aseT ganmartebas iZleva: `miukerZoebeli da patiosani, Tavisufali winaswari ganwyobis, favoritiz-misa da sakuTari interesebisgan; agreTve – obieqturi; da Tanaswori konfliqtur interesebs Soris~5.
samarTlianoba samarTlis konteqstSi xSirad ukavSirdeba socialur samar-Tals, xolo britaneTSi kanonebis samarTlian sistemas. samarTlianobis cneba aseve xSirad ganixileba bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis konteqstSi im faqtis gamo, rom am cnebis interpretaciaze didi gavlenis umetes nawils bunebiTi sa-marTlis Teoriul safuZvlebamde mivyavarT6. Tumca `samarTlianoba~ namdvilad iZens iuridiul mniSvnelobas, roca is marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis konte-qstSi, ufro konkretulad ki sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebisas gamoiyeneba. am konteqstSi samarTlianobis gansazRvris da misTvis proceduruli mniSvnelobis dadgenis ramdenime mcdelobas hqonda adgili7, rac ufro Teoriul da filosofiur xasiaTs atarebda da umetesad SejibrebiTo-bis sistemis msoflmxedvelobidan momdinareobda8. magaliTad, marTlmsajule-bis ganxorcielebis Tanamedrove sistemisadmi ideologiurad dapirispirebuli socialisturi qveynebi am cnebas sakuTari miznebisTvis iyenebdnen, ganmarta-vdnen ra samarTlianobas rogorc sasamarTlo sxdomis monawileebis socialur Tanasworobas9. Tumca es momdinareobda klasikuri sabWouri midgomidan, rome-
4 d. j. harisi, m. o’boili, s. uorbriki. The Law of the European Convention on Human Rights. London, Dublin, Edinbourg: But-terworths. 1995 , gv. 164; d. j. harisi, m. o’boili, e. p. beitsi, s. m. baqli. Law of the European Convention on Human Rights. OUP, meore gamocema, 2009, gv. 203.5 Black’s Law Dictionary, me-6 gamocema (sentpol, minesota: West Publishing Co), 1990.6 jeri maheri. Natural Justice as Fairness. In The Legal Mind. Essays for Tony Honore. Ed. Neil MacCormick and Peter Birks. (Claredon Press: Oxford). (1986). Ggv. 103-121.7 ix. magaliTad, jon roulsi. Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.) (1972). gv. 83-89 (meore gamocema).8 sTiven TreCseli. Why must trials be fair? Israel Law Review. Vol. 31. 1997,gv. 98.9 m.s. strogoviCi On Adversariness and Procedural Functions in the Soviet Criminal Procedure. //Pravovedeniye. 1962. -№ 2,gv. 106-114.
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis konteqstSi `samarTlianobis~ cnebis ganxilvi-sas unda davsvaT kiTxva, pirvel rigSi, `arsebiT samarTlianobaze~/~sasamarTlo sa-qmiswarmoebis Sedegis samarTlianobaze~ (anu Sedegis samarTlianobaze) vsaubrobT Tu procedurul samarTlianobaze. cxadia, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmis war-moebis Sedegi yovelTvis `samarTliani~ ar iqneba (gansakuTrebiT ki sasamarTlo sxdomis zogierTi monawilisTvis, magaliTad, braldebulisTvis, romelic Civis usa-marTlo Sedegze – mis damnaSved cnobaze, an samoqalaqo mosarCelisTvis, romelsac sasamarTlos mier gansazRvruli kompensaciis raodenoba arasakmarisad miaCnia). ase rom, samarTlianoba SesaZloa filosofiur an zneobriv Rirebulebad aRiqmebodes11. aqedan gamomdinare, xazs gavusvamT, rom, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, `sisxlissamarT-lebrivi braldebis~ nebismieri saxis dadgenisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes sa-marTlianobis orive aspeqti – arsebiTic da procedurulic.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom proceduruli samarTlianobis cneba Semdeg elementebs mo icavs:
Tavad arsebuli proceduris `samarTlianobas~, romelic eyrdnoba im mosazre-bas, rom procedura swored mxareebisTvis iqmneba da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime proceduris gamoyenebiT erT-erT mxares eniWeba upiratesoba ueWvelad mivdivarT usamarTlo gadawyvetilebamde;
- `mTliani sistemis samarTlianobas~, rac saxelmwifos mier sisxlis samarT-lis marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis safuZvlad kanonis uzenaesobis principis farTo gaazrebas gulisxmobs da rac moicavs, inter alia, sisxlis samarTlis mocemuli proceduruli kanonmdeblobis xarisxs da mis `samarTlian~ gamoyenebas praqtikaSi samarTaldamcavebisa da sasamarTloebis mier12.
magram zemoT CamoTvlili Teoriuli safuZvlebi konvenciis me-6 muxliT gaTva-liswinebul samarTlianobis konceftualuri moqmedebis sferos ar akmayofilebs, vinaidan samarTlianobam sakuTari gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina am konte-qstSi da iqca im Rirebulebad, rac saerToa evropuli qveynebis zneobrivi, eTikuri da samarTlebrivi memkvidreobisTvis. es midgoma, romelic xazs usvams samarTlian sasamarTloze uflebis mniSvnelobas, asaxulia sasamarTlos cnobil, 80-iani wle-bis precedentul samarTalSi, sadac sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom uflebas marTlmsajulebis samarTlian ganxorcielebaze iseTi TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, rom is ar SeiZleba marTebulobas Seewiros. gaumarT-lebelia, agreTve, am uflebis darRvevis gamarTleba saSiSi borotmoqmedebis winaaR-
10 foinicki. i.a. The Course of Criminal Procedure. 1912, meoTxe gamocema gv. 4.11 sTiven TreCseli. Supra gv. 95.12 niko iorgi. Are inquisitorial and adversarial systems converging? In Harding, Fennel and Jorg. Criminal Justice in Europe. A Compara-tive Study. (Clairdon Press). (1995). gv. 42-43.
mdeg brZolisa Tu sazogadoebisTvis safrTxis Semcveli mZime danaSaulis gaxsnis aucileblobiT, ise, rom mtkicebulebebis mopovebis kanonieri gzebi ugulebelvyoT.13
`rouvi da devisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg~ evropuli sasamarTlos erT-erTi bolo saqmea.14 aq sasamarTlos didma palatam isev daadastura adrindeli praq-tika da ganmeorebiT ganacxada, rom ufleba samarTlian sasamarTloze, `wakiTxuli mTlianobaSi, garantias aZlevs braldebuls, rom man efeqturi monawileoba miiRos sisxlis samarTlis saqmis sasamarTlo sxdomaze~. sasamarTlom ganacxada, agreTve, rom samarTlian sasamarTloze uflebis fundamenturi aspeqtia, rom sisxlissa-marTlebrivi saqmiswarmoeba, maT Soris iseTi elementebi, romlebic proceduras ukavSirdeba, SejibrebiTi bunebis iyos da braldebisa da dacvis mxareebs Soris Tanasworoba arsebobdes. dauSvebelia ganmcxadeblis Cayeneba iseT araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi braldebasTan SedarebiT, rom man ver Seiswavlos saqmis masalebi an maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs piris damnaSaved cnobis saqmeSi15.
magram miuTiTa ra sxva saqmeze, sasamarTlom gamoitana daskvna, im mizniT, rom sasamarTlom daadginos, dairRva Tu ara samarTlianobis principi sisxlissamarT-lebrivi saqmis warmoebisas, Seswavlili unda iqnes, samarTlianad warimarTa Tu ara saqmesTan dakavSirebuli yvela procedura mTlianobaSi, maT Soris saapelacio procedurebi da Cvenebis CamorTmeva, sabolood ki, sasamarTlos erTaderTi amo-cana darCeba Sesasrulebeli – daadginos, iyo Tu ara samarTlianad Catarebuli yvela procedura mTlianobaSi, maT Soris Cvenebis CamorTmeva.16
amgvarad, sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmis warmoebis konteqstSi `samarTlianoba~ moicavs Sem-deg aspeqtebs: mxareTa Tanasworobas, procesis SejibrebiTobis bunebas17, marTlmsa-julebis aRsrulebis sajaroobas, sisxlis samarTlis braleulobis damoukidebel da miukerZoebul Semowmebas, efeqtur monawileobas saqmis ganxilvaSi, maT Soris dacvis uflebis Sesabamis da marTebul ganxorcielebas, saqmis SeswavlisTvis ga-moyofil gonivrul dros da a.S.18
13 ix. `delkurti belgiis winaaRmdeg~; 1970 wlis 17 ianvris ganaCeni; seria `a~, #11; gv.15, § 25; `kostovski nid-erlandebis winaaRmdeg~, 20 noemberi, 1989; seria `a~, § 44; #166.14 ix. `rouvi da devisi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg~, № 28901/95, § 34, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo 2000-II.15 ix. `mirilaSvili ruseTis winaaRmdeg~, #6293/04; §§ 228 - 229; 2008 wlis 11 dekemberi (am ganaCenSi saubaria sxvadasxva saxis mtkicebulebaTa mtkicebulebiT Rirebulebaze, maT Soris satelefono saubris CaweriT mop-ovebul mtkicebulebaze da eqspertis Cvenebis interpretaciaze).16 ix. `edvardsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg~, 1992 wlis 16 dekemberi, § 34, seria ~a~, 247-B.17 sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmis warmoebis revoluciamdel (1917 wlamde) TeoriaSi procesis SejibrebiToba niSnavda sisxlissamarTlebrivi proceduris sam funqciad dayofas – sabraldebo, dacvisa da sasamarTlo funqciebad, romlebic Teoriulad ar unda damTxveodnen erTmaneTs. am Teoriis momxreebi iyvnen kievis wm. vladimiris universitetis profesori d.g. talbergi (1889) da i. i. foinicki. sabWoTa periodSic igive midgo-mas iziarebdnen, Tumca mxolod Teoriul nawilSi.18 karen reidi. A Practitioner’s Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights. London: Sweet and Maxwell. 1998, gv. 51; karen reidi. A Practitioner’s Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights. London, 2008; mesame gamocema, gv. 66.
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SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom zogadi midgoma precedentul samarTalSi mdgoma re obs imaSi, rom sasamarTlo ufro imis Sefasebas akeTebs, Tu ra aris arasamarTliani, vidre gansazRvravs, Tu ras unda hgavdes samarTliani procesi19. Tumca imisTvis, rom zemoT dadgenili principebis gamoyeneba moxdes, saWiro iq neba im gansakuTre-buli garemoebebis Sefaseba, romlebSic sasamarTlos dadgenileba gamoaqvs sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis romelime proceduris arasamarTlianad cnobis Sesaxeb. amaze dayrdnobiT SevadaroT samarTlianobis ze moT ganxiluli principebi garkveul ma-galiTebs sasamarTlo praqtikidan imas Tan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor afasebs sasa-marTlo sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, romlebSic saCivrebia darTuli mtkicebulebis arakanonierad mopovebis Sesaxeb.
magram zemoT mocemuli zogadi midgomis miuxedavad, romelic sasamarTlos mud-miv precedentul samarTals eyrdnoba, evropuli sasamarTlo Tavis praqtikaSi mka-fiod acxadebs, is Seiswavlis, Tu rogor iqna mtkicebuleba mopovebuli, miT umetes, Tu mtkicebuleba iseTi gziT iqna mopovebuli, romelzec amtkiceben, rom ukanono iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tu mas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda piris braleulad cnobis saqmeSi. sasamarTlo sifrTxiliT ekideba agreTve gaurkvevel viTarebaSi mopovebul mainkriminirebel mtkicebulebas, romelic erTaderTi samxilia piris gasamarTlebis dasasabuTeblad.
sasamarTlos praqtikas rom mivubrundeT, rogorc wesi, precedentuli samarTali adgens, rom ufleba samarTlian sasamarTloze gulisxmobs, rom nebismieri saxis mtkicebuleba warmodgenili unda iqnes sajaro mosmenaze braldebulis Tandaswre-biT, sawinaaRmdego argumentebis mosmenis mizniT; gansasjels unda mieces Sesabamisi da saTanado SesaZlebloba, rom daupirispirdes mis winaaRmdeg gamosul mowmes da dakiTxos is roca gancxadebebi keTdeba, an mogviano etapze. me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis garantiebTan SesabamisobaSi rom iyos, gasamarTleba mxolod an Zireulad im mowmis Cvenebebis imedze ar unda iyos, romlis dakiTxvis saSualebac gansasjels ar hqonia, an ufro zogadad, mxolod im mtkicebulebas ar unda eyrdnobodes, ro-melic ar Seswavlila gamoZiebis an sasamarTlo procesis dros. aq Sedis agent-provokatorebisa22 da anonimi mowmeebis23 mier warmodgenil masalaze dafuZnebuli mtkicebulebebic, rac ar Sedioda sasamarTlos mier gansaxilvel sakiTxebSi.
amgvari SemTxvevebi gamovlinda evropuli sasamarTlos ramdenime bolodro-indel saqmeSi im qveynebidan, sadac kontinenturi da inkviziciuri sisxlis samarT-lis iusticiis tradiciebi aqvT.
magaliTad, erT-erT saqmeSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, romelic evropul sasamarTloSi vladimer romanovma24 aRZra, ganmcxadeblis gasamarTleba efuZneboda im msxverplis Cvenebas, romelic sasamarTloSi ar gamocxadebula. es imas niSnavs, rom ganmcxa-debels saSualeba ar hqonia, kiTxvis qveS daeyenebina msxverplis gancxadebebi, romlebsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda misi damnaSaved cnobisTvis. am faqtebis safuZvelze sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom ganmcxadeblis sasamarTlo procesi arasa-marTliani iyo. amave saqmeze sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom vinaidan Tanabraldebulebis mier bralis aRiarebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli gancxadebebi mogvianebiT, saqmis sasa-marTloSi gadacemis Semdeg, ukan iqna waRebuli maT mier, radgan, rogorc isini amt-kicebdnen, gamomZieblis mxridan maT iZulebas hqonda adgili, es gancxadebebi mtki-cebulebad ar unda yofiliyo miRebuli ganmcxadeblis procesze da maT ar gaaCndaT
22 ix. `Teixeira de kastro portugaliis winaaRmdeg~, 9 ivnisi, 1998, gadawyvetilebebisa da ganaCenebis angariSi 1998-IV (damatebiTi ganxilvebisTvis ixileT am saqmeze darTuli gansxvavebuli azri).23 ix. `Taqskveti belgiis winaaRmdeg~, # 926/05, § 68, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, 2009... (saqme gadaeca did palatas).24 ix. `vladimer romanovi ruseTis winaaRmdeg~, # 41461/02, 24 ivlisi, 2008.
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imdenad didi mtkicebulebiTi Rirebuleba, rac sakmarisi iqneboda ganmcxadeblis damnaSaved cnobisaTvis25. rac Seexeba Tanabraldebulis mier bralis aRiarebas, sa-samarTlom aRniSna, rom amgvari gancxadeba bralis aRiarebis Sesaxeb dasaSvebia mxolod am Tanabraldebulis mier danaSaulis Cadenis faqtis dasadgenad, vinaidan mis mier bralis aRiareba TavisTavad ar amtkicebs, rom ganmcxadebelic gareuli iyo danaSaulSi.
kidev erTi sakiTxia fizikuri iZulebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba Zi-riTad samxilad ganmcxadeblis damnaSaved cnobisTvis. evropuli sasamarTlos erT-erT uaxles saqmeSi germaniis winaaRmdeg, kerZod, `jelohi germaniis winaaRmdeg~,26 sasamarTlos didma palatam daadgina konvenciis me-6 muxlis darRveva da ganacxada, rom saqmiswarmoeba mTlianobaSi iyo arasamarTliani. sasamarTlo daeyrdno ganmcxa-deblis saCivars, romelSic is amtkicebda, rom mas ZaliT miaRebines gulis asarevi wamali da am gziT mopovebuli mtkicebu leba (mis mier gadaylapuli preparati) – misi azriT, ukanonod mopovebuli – gamoyenebuli iqna mis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom oficialurma pirebma ganmcxadebeli misi survilis sawi-naaRmdegod dauqvemdebares mZime fizikur da fsiqologiur zewolas da aiZules, guli aeria ara samkurnalo mizniT, aramed mtkicebulebis misaRebad, rasac isedac moipovebdnen naklebad Semawuxebeli meTodebiT. es ki winaaRmdegobaSi modioda konvenciis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul cudi mopyrobis srulad akrZalvasTan. amgvarad, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom mtkicebuleba mopovebuli iyo iseTi gziT, rac arRvevda konvenciis umTavres akrZalvas da es mopovebuli mtkicebuleba ga-damwyveti iyo ganmcxadeblis damnaSaved cnobisTvis. Sesabamisad, im mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba, romelic miRebuli iqna ganmcxadeblisTvis gulis asarevi wamlis iZule-biTi daleviT, ewinaaRmdegeboda sazogadoebriv interess da misi procesi mTliano-baSi arasamarTlianad iqna cnobili.
zemoT ganxiluli sastiki/cudi mopyrobis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebulebis daSvebis msgavsi da albaT ufro pirdapiri SemTxveva iyo Seswavlili saqmeSi `ole-qsandr ieremenko ukrainis winaaRmdeg~27. ieremenko daapatimres eWvis safuZvelze, rom is ramdenime mkvlelobaSi iyo gareuli. ganmcxadebeli Cioda, rom winaswar pa-timrobaSi mas policielebi sastikad moeqcnen da oficialurma pirebma saTanadod ar Seiswavles mis mier wamoyenebuli braldebebi sastik mopyrobasTan dakavSire-biT. man dakavebaSi yofnisas ramdenjerme Tqva uari damcvelze da aRiara danaSauli, roca brali wauyenes. magram mogvianebiT, mas Semdeg, rac ganmcxadebels iuridiu-li daxmareba aRmouCines, sasamarTlos mimdinareobisas man uaryo danaSaulSi mo-nawileoba. Semdeg, roca mis damcvels gamomZieblis gadawyvetilebiT acileba misces
sasamarTlo procesze, man isev aRiara danaSauli. ganmcxadeblis saqmis Seswavlisas sasamarTlom usafuZvlod cno mis mier danaSaulis aRiarebis ramdenjerme uaryo-fa da bral debebi misdami sastiki mopyrobis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma ar Caatares misdami, rogorc Tavad amtkicebda, sastiki mopyrobis faqtebis efeqturi da damoukidebeli gamoZieba, rac me-3 muxlis darRvevaa. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom gamomZiebelma ganmcxadeblis damcvels diskvalifikacia mas Semdeg misca, rac am ukanasknelma Tavis klients urCia, dumili daecva da Tavis sawinaaRmdego Cveneba ar mieca. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom arsebobda seriozuli safuZveli imis savaraudod, rom ganmcxadeblis mier xelmowe-rili gancxadeba misi survilis sawinaaRmde god iqna mopovebuli28. imis gaTvaliswi-nebiT, rom ganmcxadeblis braldeba, romelSic is amtkicebda, rom mas danaSauli arakanonierad aRiarebines, saTanadod ar iqna Seswavlili, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom danaSaulis aRiarebis Sesaxeb misi gancxadebis gamoyeneba sasamarTloze arRve-vda mis uflebas dumilze, aseve uflebas, ar mieca Tavis sawinaaRmdego Cveneba, rac me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis darRvevas warmoadgenda. sasamarTlom agreTve daad-gina rom ieremenkos SemTxvevaSi darRveuli iqna konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis `g~ qvepunqtiT garantirebuli ufleba, rac gulisxmobs, rom piri SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos damcvelis mier, romelsac Tavad airCevs.
msgavsi gadawyvetileba miiRo sasamarTlom saqmiswarmoebis samarTlianoba ze moTxovnis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT saqmeSi `haruTuniani somxeTis wi na aRmdeg~29, romelSic sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis ufleba, ar mieca Tavis sawi-naaRmdego mainkriminirebeli Cveneba da ufleba samarTlian sasamarTloze, dairR-va misi wamebis Sedegad da mis sawinaaRmdegod gamoyvanili ori mowmisgan miRe-buli gancxadebebis gamoyenebiT sasamarTlo procesze. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadebeli da mowmeebi iZulebuli gaxades, miecaT aRi arebiTi Cvenebebi da rom es faqti damtkicebuli iqna adgilobrivi sasamarTloebis mier, roca maT patimroba miusajes policielebs sastiki mopyrobis gamo.
zemoT motanili precedentebis mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom nebismieri ukanonod mopovebuli mtkicebuleba konvenciis me-6 muxlis darRvevas iwvevs. magram es ase ar aris. sasamarTlo Tavis praqtikaSi mkafiod acxadebs, rom rogorc ukanonod mopovebuli garkveuli mtkicebuleba SeiZleba dasaSvebi iyos, Tu saqme mTlianobaSi samarTlianad warimarTa. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos daainte-resebs, daculi iqna Tu ara dacvis uflebebi, ufro konkretulad ki, mieca Tu ara ganmcxadebels SesaZlebloba, gaeprotestebina mtkicebulebis mopovebis meTodebi da winaaRmdegi iyo Tu ara ganmcxadebeli, es mtkicebuleba gamoyenebuli yofiliyo
hyavdes Tarjimani, raTa SeZlos misTvis wayenebuli braldebis gageba da gaerkves, Tu ra SeiZleba mohyves gancxadebas bralis aRiarebis Sesaxeb40. yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropuli sasamarTlos mudmivi precedentuli praqtika aRiarebs, rom nebismieri saxis aRiareba unda iyos zusti, faqtobrivad da iuridiulad sando (romelic eyrd-noba Sesabamis faqtebsa da adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobiT saTanadod klasifici-rebul danaSauls), nebayoflobiTi da gansasjels ar unda CamoerTvas aucilebel iuridiul daxmarebaze ufleba41. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom im saqmeebSi, romelSic bralis aRiareba mtkicebis centraluri elementia, Sidasaxel-mwifoebrivi organoebi am gancxadebas gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda moekidon da Seamowmon, Seesabameba Tu ara is sasamarTlos praqtikiT garantirebul moTxov-nebs samarTlianobaze, rasac me-6 muxli iTvaliswinebs. es moicavs danaSaulis aRia-rebis gancxadebis Sesaxeb informaciis, samarTlebrivi da faqtobrivi safuZvlebis arsebobas da gancxadebis nebayoflobiT xasiaTs.
am TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo iqneboda mosamarTle zagrebelskis mier meftahis saqmeze42 gamoTqmuli gansakuTrebuli mosazrebis ramdenime nawyvetis gacnoba:
`aucilebelia, kidev erTxel, ganvacxadoT, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Sekvecili procedura ar gvTavazobs me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul yvela garantias, konven-ciis darRveva namdvilad ar iqneba, Tuki ganmcxadeblisTvis sistemaSi arsebobs proceduris romelime sxva forma, romelic srul SesabamisobaSia samarTliani sa-samarTlos moTxovnebTan, da Tu ganmcxadebels saSualeba aqvs, informirebuli da Tavisufali arCevani gaakeTos am or formas Soris. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, yoveli alternatiuli procedurisTvis me-6 muxlis yvela moTxovnis dakmayofileba rom iyos saWiro, proceduris iseTi gamartivebuli formebi, rogorebicaa italiuri sumaruli ganaCeni (giudizio abbreviato) an a fortiori, danaSaulis aRiarebis procedura, unda migveCnia konvenciis darRvevad. Sedegad procedurebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs marTlmsajulebis aRsasruleblad, veRar gamoiye-neboda. magram sasamarTlos dadgenili hqonda, rom sumaruli ganaCenis procedura italiaSi Seesabameboda konvenciis me-6 muxls... da komisiamac msgavsi daskvna ga-moitana danaSaulis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebul proceduraze [romelic arsebobs gaerTianebul samefoSi]... am mizezebis gamo, me gamomaqvs daskvna, rom darRevas ar hqonia adgili arc erTi saCivris SemTxvevaSi~.
5 Ronald Dworkin, The Right to Ridicule, N.Y. Rev. Books, 2006 wlis 23 marti, gv. 44.6 John Rawls, A Theory of Justice 217 (1971).7 Dworkin, supra SeniSvna 3.
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ma miiRo. warmoidgineT, rom Seuwynarebel Zalebs saprotesto aqciebis nacvlad daniaSi saxelmwifo ZalauflebisTvis mebrZoli politikuri partia SeeqmnaT, raTa xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg daniur sazogadoebaSi mkrexelobis yovelgvari kva-lis aRmosafxvrelad sityvis Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli kodeqsebi da sxva saxis represiuli kanonmdebloba SemoeRoT. aseTi kvali ki, eWvsgareSea, daniaSi sakma-risadaa. am scenaris Semdeg mkiTxvelma warmoidginos, rom daniis saxelmwifo pa-suxad iRebs gadawyvetilebas saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gamoyenebiT SezRudos po-litikur saqmianobaSi monawileoba ise, rom arCevnebma liberalur demokratiuli sazogadoebaze Tavdamsxmel Zalebs gza ar gauxsnas.
es ar aris ganyenebuli Tema. hitleris xelisuflebaSi sabolood miyvana vaimaris demokratiuli procesebis meSveobiT moxda. aman iozef gebelss iqednurad aTqmevi-na: „es yovelTvis demokratiis saukeTeso xumroba iqneba, rom man Tavis sasikvdilo mters misca yvela saSualeba, romliTac igi ganadgurda~8. nacisturi moZraoba uka-naskneli antidemokratiuli Zala ar yofila, romelsac cixe Signidan – saarCevno procesis meSveobiT gaetexos9.
eqstremizmis unari, gza gaikvalos liberalur-demokratiuli wyobis TavdacviT napralebSi, warmoSobs „militaristul~10 an „Seuwynarebel~11 demokratias, anu demo-kratiuli institutebis mobilizacias antidemokratiuli Zalebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es demokratiu-li institutebi araliberaluri demokratiis aRviriT SeboWilebi aRmoCndebian12.
demokratiuli Seuwynareblobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Rr-mad „dabzarul sazogadoebaSi~13, sadac saarCevno asparezi SeiZleba parlaments ga-reT mobilizaciebis paralelur an Tundac meorad frontad gamodges. magaliTad, axlo aRmosavleTis mimdinare konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT profesori noe feld-meni kargad aRwers im varaudis uniaTobas, rom demokratiuli politika brZolis erTaderTi an Tundac ZiriTadi adgilia: „islamuri organizaciebis modeli, ro-melic aerTianebs saarCevno politikas saparlamento taqtikasTan, swrafad xdeba
8 Fox & Nolte, supra SeniSvna 1 (citirebulia Karl Dietrich Bracher et al., Introduction to Nationalsozialistische Diktatur 16 (Karl Dietrich Bracher et al. eds., 1983)).9 antidemokratiuli Zalebis mier alJirSi farTo saarCevno asparezis dapyrobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix. id. gv-bi 6–9. alJirSi Zalaufleba xelSi aiRes samxedroebma, raTa SeeCerebinaT arCeuli islamisturi partiis mier xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba da mravalpartiuli demokratiis daSla. saintereso bolodroindeli SemTxvevaa iranis prezidentis mahmud ahmadinejadis werili jorj buSisadmi. iranis prezidenti, ro-melic, savaraudod arCeuli iyo legitimur arCevnebSi wers jorj buSs, rom aSS-is mier mcire aziaSi da sxvagan bolos ganxorcielebuli sagareo politika Zalze moikoWlebda „liberalur da dasavluri tipis demokratiaSi~. mahmud ahmadinejadis werili jorj buSisadmi (maisi, 2006), xelmisawvdomia Semdeg misamarTze: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/09–05–06ahmadinejadletter.pdf.10 Karl Loewenstein, Militant Democracy and Fundamental Rights (Tavebi. 1 & 2), 31 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 417, 638 (1937).11 Fox & Nolte, supra SeniSvna 1, gv. 6.12 Fareed Zakaria, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad 17 (2003).13 Samuel Issacharoff, Constitutionalizing Democracy in Fractured Societies, 82 Tex. L. Rev. 1861, 1863 (2004) (asaxulia religi-uri an eTnikuri SuRliT daqsaqsuli sazogadoebebi, sadac politikuri ganlageba umeteswilad asaxavs ama Tu im niSniT monaTesave winapolitikur aliansebs).
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arabuli demokratizaciis savizito baraTi~14. profesori feldmanisTvis „is faqti, rom hamasi da hezbola saxelmwifos SigniT demokratiul legitimacias misdeven da imavdroulad Zaladobas mimarTaven, axlo aRmosavleTis politikaSi wyalgamyofs warmoadgens”15.
25 ix.zogadad Samuel Issacharoff, Pamela S. Karlan & Richard H. Pildes, The Law of Democracy (me-2 gamocema, 2001).26 Rawls, me-4 SeniSvna zemoT.27 Id.28 Id. gv. 219.29 Id.30 klasikuri Sejameba ix. Alexander Meiklejohn, Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government (1948).31 ix. Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 374–77 (1927) (Brandeis, J., concurring); Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 627, 630 (1919) (Holmes, J., gansxvavebuli azri).
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sjobs sityvas mivmarToT, vidre iZulebiT dumils”32. meore argumenti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sabolood adamianis xsna misi wili xvedrisgan SeuZlebelia. es fata-lizmi Cans ara marto mosamarTle holmsis SexedulebebSi, rom konstituciis sa-samarTlo Sefardebam xeli ar unda SeuSalos sazogadoebis gacxadebul survils, aramed Tavad Seufardos konstitucia33. fatalizmi agreTve Cans freimeris ufro masStabur gancxadebaSi, rom demokratiis ZiriTadi struqturis kontroli demo-kratiuli uflebamosilebis prerogativaa. amitomac aleqsandre hamiltonma mgz-nebared daaskvna, rom „respublikuri saxelmwifos fuZemdebluri principi~ xalxs unarCunebs uflebas, Secvalon an gaauqmon konstitucia, roca miiCneven, rom igi maT bednierebas xels uSlis”34.
Zalze Tu ar CavuRrmavdebiT iuridiuli mecnierebis sferos, araferi miuTiTebs imaze, rom araSemwynarebeli jgufebis mier dayenebuli safrTxe bolodroindeli liberaluri Teoriis mTavari Tema ar yofila. Tanamedrove liberaluri Teoria Tavis macocxlebel ideebs adamianis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobidan iRebs, upi-ratesad uflebaze orientirebuli argumentiT, romelic individma saxelmwifo xe-lisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba moiyvanos35 da amas garda samarTlianobis ideaze apelirebiT, rom individs SeuZlia moiTxovos mTlianad sazogadoebisgan mopyroba, romelic mis Rirsebas ar akninebs36. cxadia, konfliqtebi Tavs iCenen, roca indivi-debis uflebis ZaliT moTxovnebi sxvebs tvirTad awveba37. esec saxelmwifos winaaR-mdeg individis uflebis Zalis moTxovnebis SezRudvaa da zogadad, saxelmwifos valdebulebebad ar iwodeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi integraciis aRsrulebadi pirobebi liberaluri TeoriisTvis ucnobia. profesori jeremi uoldroni, magaliTad, xelsayrelad miiCnevs RirsebasTan SemxeblobaSi zogierTi ZiriTadi uflebis „sazogadoebriv sikeTed~ monaTvlas da askvnis, rom „maTi, ro-gorc adamianis uflebebis gamoxatva aranair sirTulesTan ar unda iyos dakavSire-
32 Whitney, 274 U.S.gv. 377 (Brandeis, J., Tanmxvedri azri).33 klasikuri gamonaTqvami ix. mosamarTle holmsis gansxvavebul azrSi Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925): ~saboloo jamSi proletariatis diqtaturis dros gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi gaziarebuli iqneba sazogadoe-bis dominanturi Zalebis mier da sityvis Tavisuflebis erTaderTi mniSvneloba aris is, rom maT unda mieceT gamoTqmis SesaZlebloba,” Id. gv. 673 (mosamarTle holmsis gansxvavebuli azri). rogorc mosamarTle holmsi acxadebs, sasamarTlos funqcia ar aris saxalxo sentimentebs win aRudges, „Tu Cems Tanamoqalaqeebs surT jojoxeTSi wasvla, me maT mivexmarebi. es aris Cemi saqme“. oliver vendel holmsis werili harold laskis (4 marti, 1920 w.), 1 Holmes-Laski Letters 249 (Mark DeWolfe Howe ed., 1953).34 ix., The Federalist No. 78, gv. 468 (Alexander Hamilton) (Clinton Rossiter ed., 1961).35 profesori ronald dvorkinis cnobili gamonaTqvamis Tanaxmad, uflebebi „pirTa politikuri sayviria, xolo am „pirebs SeuZliaT iqonion uflebebi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, romlebic pozitiuri kanonmdeblobiT Seqmnil uflebebze upiratesia.” Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously xi (1977). da marTlac, umetes SemTxvevaSi liberaluri Sexedulebebi „is memkvidreobaa, romelic ajildoebs indvidualurobas”. Jeremy Waldron, Liberal Rights 1 (1993). ufro detalurad uflebebis, rogorc sayviris rolze liberalur TeoriaSi ix. azrTa ur-TierTgacvla Semdeg avtorebs Soris: Richard H. Pildes, Dworkin’s Two Conceptions of Rights, 29 J. Legal Stud. 309 (2000), da Jeremy Waldron, Pildes on Dworkin’s Theory of Rights, 29 J. Legal Stud. 301 (2000).36 ix.,Rawls, me-4 SeniSvna zemoT, gv. 75–83; ix.agreTve Frank I. Michelman, The Supreme Court, 1968 Term—Foreword: On Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment, 83 Harv. L. Rev. 7 (1969).37 ix., mag., Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom 203 (1986) (`rTulia, damajerebeli argumenti koleqtiuri sikeTis uzrunvelyofis valdebulebis dakisrebaze im safuZvliT, rom aRniSnuli erTi indvidis interesebSi iqneba”).
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buli da isini uproblemod ergebian ufro metad samecniero diskusiis Tematikas”38.
ubralod, es, saxelmwifosa da piris Sepirispireba moqmedebis adgilas xdeba. amas garda, cxadia, rom adamianis uflebaTa enam TandaTanobiT demokratiul procesebSi monawileobis individualuri ufleba moicva da amiT individi kvlav saxelmwifos pirispir aRmoCnda demokratiuli faseulobebis TvalsazrisiT39.
cxadia, arsebobs sferoebi, romlebSic liberaluri Teoretikosebi mzad arian daeTanxmon saxelmwifos mier demokratiuli Tavisuflebebis SezRudvas demokra-tiuli erTianobis upiratesi mniSvnelobis principebis Sesasruleblad. gansakuTre-bulad mkafio magaliTi SeerTebul StatebSi aris kampaniis finansebis regulireba. aRniSnuli sfero farTo mxardaWeriT sargeblobs liberaluri kuTxiT rogorc Sewirulobebis, ise xarjebis TvalsazrisiT. magram aRniSnul sferoSi, tolobis meore mxarisTvis pirveli nabiji unda iyos uflebebze uaris Tqma, rogorc mosa-marTle skeli raiTma ganacxada: „Tavad fuli sityva araa~40. mxolod amis mere moi-Txoveba, rom saxelmwifom gaakontrolos politikuri procesis xelmisawvdomoba. rTulia Seadaro saarCevno sferoSi politikur procesSi monawileobis SezRud-vebi. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu ramdenad SezRudulia piris Sexedulebebi uflebebis dacvaze. ar arsebobs imaze ufro mniSvnelovani arena gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dasacavad, vidre politikis sferoa da vidre sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb ideebis gamoTqma da am ideebis erTguli kandidatebis saxiT saxalxod msjeloba41.
Tu arCevnebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc politikuri konkurenciis bazari da, Tu saxelmwifos ar aqvs sakmarisi ndoba mosaxleobis mxridan, rom uzrunvelyos
38 Waldron, 33-e SeniSvna zemoT, gv. 354. profesori uoldroni amtkicebs, rom saerTo sikeTe ar unda iyos gamoxatuli rogorc individualur uflebebi, magram upasuxod tovebs kiTxvas, aRniSnuli gamoxatuli unda iyos rogorc sazogadoebis, Tu xelisuflebis uflebebi.39 ix., mag, Thomas M. Franck, The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance, 86 Am. J. Int’l L. 46, 88 (1992) (`saxelmwifoebis araagresiuloba… damokidebulia Sida demokratiaze”).40 J. Skelly Wright, Politics and the Constitution: Is Money Speech?, 85 Yale L.J. 1001, 1019 (1976). am uflebis ZaliT, moTxov-nebis uaryofis argumentebis magaliTebi, ix. Owen M. Fiss, The Irony of Free Speech 5–26 (1996); Cass R. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech 93–119 (1993); da Ronald Dworkin, The Curse of American Politics, N.Y. Rev. Books, 17 oqtomberi 1996, gv. 19, 23.41 ix., mag., Robert H. Bork, Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems, 47 Ind. L.J. 1, 26–28 (1971) (gansazRvravs TviTmmarTvelobis ideaze pirveli SesworebiT moculi uflebebis SezRudul CarCos).42 ix., mag, Samuel Issacharoff, Gerrymandering and Political Cartels, 116 Harv. L. Rev. 593 (2002); Samuel Issacharoff & Richard H. Pildes, Politics as Markets: Partisan Lockups of the Democratic Process, 50 Stan. L. Rev. 643 (1998).
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moqalaqeebis mier xelisuflebis arCeva, kritikuli kiTxva iCens Tavs, Tu ra saxis SezRudvebi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli demokratiuli konkurenciis cxo-velmyofobis dasacavad? agreTve, ra saproceso da materialuri dacva unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili am SezRudvebiT gamowveuli TviTnebobis sawinaaRmdegod. Sesa-bamisad, Cemi sazrunavi am nawilSi aris institucionaluri mosazrebebi, romle-bic unda awesrigebdnen an ara politikur procesebSi monawileobis SezRudvebs. gansakuTrebiT, yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iqneba Tu rogor sasamarTloebis mier kontrolze.
Tavdapirvelad, kargi iqneba, Tu CamovayalibebT oTx SekiTxvas, romlebsac sasa-marTloebi da sakanonmdeblo organoebi am kiTxvebs eWidebian demokratiul pro-cesSi monawileobis parametris sakiTxis gadawyvetisas. es SekiTxvebi yvelaze zoga-didan yvelaze instituciurad konkretulamde Semdegnairad SeiZleba CamovweroT:
(1) SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos zRvari Semoavlos demokratiuli procesis ir-gvliv ise, rom gamoricxos monawileobis ufleba maTTvis, vinc zRvris miRma aRmoC-ndebian?
(2) dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, sad gadis zRvari? igi emyareba garicxuli mo-nawileebis ideologiur pozicias Tu im safrTxis gardauvalobas, rasac isini war-moadgenen?
(3) Tu aRniSnuli dadginda, arsebobs Tu ara sazRvris sakanonmdeblo reglamen-taciis saWiroeba?
(4) Tu kanonmdeblobam daadgina demokratiul procesSi monawileobis sazRvrebi, unda arsebobdes Tu ara damoukidebeli uwyeba, romelic am procesebidan garicxvas ganaxorcielebda?
mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad winamdebare statia pirvelad ganixilavs im funqciuri demokratiebis faqtobriv gamocdilebas, romlebsac Sidasaxelmwifoe-brivi antidemokratiuli gamowvevebi aqvT. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilav aSkara da mi-mdinare safrTxis tests, romelic aprobirebulia amerikul samarTalSi. am testis ritorikuli Zala imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, uwinares yovlisa, amerikuli samarTali rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise gareT avtoritetulia. amasTan, aRniSnuli testis ZaliT, xelisufleba valdebulia, rom gaamarTlos is SezRudvebi, romlebic dawesebulia saarCevno saqmianobaze. es gamarTleba unda moxdes daaxloebiT imdagvari skrupu-lozurobiT, rogorc es sisxlissamarTalwarmoebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. ami-tomac pirveli nawili aCvenebs im gansxvavebul konteqsts, romelSic amerikuli saxelmwifo doqtrina warmoiSva da misi ganzogadebis dauSveblobas sxva, ufro meti safrTxis qveS myof demokratiul sazogadoebebTan mimarTebi. meore TavSi ganxilu-lia Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze arsebuli sxvadasxva scenari imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor icaven demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Tavs da esa Tu is safrTxe, romelsac antidemokratiuli dajgufeba warmoSobs. samecniero literaturaSi saocrad mcire
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yuradReba eTmoba politikur saqmianobaze dawesebuli SezRudvebis formebsa Tu im konkretul safrTxes, romlis wyaroc separatizmis, amboxebisa, Tu klerikaluri weswyobilebis mqadagebeli dajgufebaa. dabolos, mesame TavSi statia mimoixilavs im materialur da saproceso garantiebs, rac aucilebelia imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom antidemokratiuli elementebis CaxSoba politikuri warmomavlobis CaxSobas ar gauTanaswordes. sabolood statiaSi keTdeba daskvna, rom im safrTxis CaxSobis mizani, romelic demokratiuli sa zogadoebis arsebobas eWvqveS ayenebs, unda em-saxurebodes demokratiis ganaxlebis imedebis ganxorcielebas ise, rom moqalaqeTa ufleba, uaryon TavianTi mmarTvelebi, SenarCunebulia.
I. garicxva amerikulad
winamdebare statia eqstremistuli jgufebidan momdinare safrTxis sapasuxo de-mokratiuli saxelmwifoebis reaqcias mimoixilavs da SeZlebisdagvarad ganaviTa-rebs antidemokratiuli mobilizaciebis CaxSobis saWiroebis Sefasebis garkveul normatiul principebs. qvemoT moyvanili msjelobidan mravali ram amerikul samar-TalSi pirveli Sesworebis principebs ar Seesabameba da, savaraudod, amerikuli sa-samarTloebi qvemoT SemoTavazebuli da rekomendebuli RonisZiebebis umetesobas an SeiZleba arc erT maTgans ar gaiTvaliswineben. amerikul samarTalSi Sefasebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementia aSkara da mimdinare safrTxis testi, romelic warmoiSva amerikul samarTalSive da asaxavs, Tu ras moimoqmedeben demokratiu-li sazogadoebebi imis sapasuxod, rac maT arsebobas safrTxes uqadis (magaliTad, SeiaraRebuli amboxebulebi, militaristuli fraqciebi). marTalia, terminologia SeiZleba msgavsi iyos, umniSvnelovanesia im paralelebis sazRvrebis gacnobiereba, romlebic gadis, erTi mxriv, aSS-Si da, meore mxriv, sxva qveynebSi demokratias da-muqrebul safrTxeebs Soris.
doqtrinalurad, amerikuli samarTali, romelic Tavisuflad azris gamomxatvel antidemokratiul jgufebze dawesebul SezRudvebs aregulirebs, mosamarTleebis – holmsisa da brendaisis gansxvavebul da Tanmxvedr azrebSi Ca moyalibebuli aSkara da mimdinare safrTxis testidan ganviTarda43. es aris testi, romelic yvelaze sru-lyofili redaqciiT brandenburgi ohaios winaaRmdeg saqmeze Camoyalibda44. Tavis per curiam mosazrebaSi brandenburgis saqmeze sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxelm-wifom ar SeiZleba „ar dauSvas an akrZalos Zalis gamoyenebis an kanonisadmi dau-morCileblobis mowodeba, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca aseTi mowodeba mimarTulia
43 ix., Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 374–76 (1927) (Brandeis, J., Tanmxvedri azri); Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 627, 630 (1919) (mosamarTle holmsis gansxvavebuli azri).44 395 U.S. 444 (1969) (per curiam).
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gardauvali kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebis wasaqezeblad da, savaraudod, waaqezebs an warmoSobs aseT qmedebas~45
49 Stone, ix. 44-e SeniSvna zemoT, gv. 410.50 Martin H. Redish, The Logic of Persecution: Free Expression and the McCarthy Era 97 (2005) (Peter L. Steinberg, The Great “Red Menace”: United States Prosecution of American Communists, 1947–1952, gv. 157 (1984)).51 Id. gv. 100.
rodesac regulaciebi „ar iRebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi akrZalvis saxes sasamarT-loebma ar unda gamoiyenon doqtrinebi, romlebic regulaciis mocemuli konteqs-tiT ar moiazreba”57.
meore rigSi, marginaluri antidemokratiuli jgufebis qmedebaze amerikuli reaq-cia struqturuli ganzomilebebiT xasiaTdeba, romelic awon-dawonvas saWiroebs. wlebis ganmavlobaSi vuZaliandebodi primitiul mosazrebas, rom proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistema organulad arastabiluria da SeiZleba faSizmis aRzeve-baze pasuxismgebelic iyos58. am mosazrebam gza gaikvala uzenaesi sasamarTlos gan-xilvebamdec ki iseT zRvramde, rom ori ZiriTadi partia SeiZleba saarCevno konku-renciisgan daculi iqnes59. cxadia, amerikuli demokratiis praqtikis sagamonakliso maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba garkveuli sifrTxilis dacvas saWiroebdnen maTi upirate-si mniSvnelobis aRiarebamde, rom araferi vTqvaT, maTi gamoyenebis prioritetu-lobaze. Bbols da bolos, saubno saparlamento da gancalkevebuli saprezidento arCevnebis amerikuli sistema demokratiul sazogadoebebSi norma araa. Aarc erT bolodroindel demokratiul reJims, romelic sabWoTa imperiis damxobis Semdeg
52 403 U.S. 15 (1971).53 376 U.S. 254 (1964).54 Frederick Schauer & Richard H. Pildes, Electoral Exceptionalism and the First Amendment, 77 Tex. L. Rev. 1803, 1832–33 (1999); ix. New York Times, 376 U.S. gv. 277.55 Schauer & Pildes, supra note 52, gv. 1833.56 Id.57 Id.58 am sakiTxze msjeloba ix. Richard H. Pildes, Democracy and Disorder, 68 U. Chi. L. Rev. 695, 716–17 (2001). ix. agreTve id. gv. 717 n.83 (citing sources).59 ix., mag., Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party, 520 U.S. 351, 367 (1997) (“konstitucia nebas rTavs minesotas sakanonm-deblo organos, gadawyvitos, rom politikuri stabiluroba ukeTesad garantirebulia jansaRi orpartiuli sistemiT”.
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warmoiSva, ar hqonia mcdeloba, amerikuli stilis mmarTveloba gadaeRo. arc aSS-s ucdia misi sistemis Tavs moxveva, roca demokratiul mmarTvelobas amkvidrebda mis samxedro kontrols daqvemdebarebul regionebSi: germaniaSi, iaponiasa da eraySi.
miuxedavad Cemi WoWmanisa, zemoaRniSnul argumentTan dakavSirebiT, mainc mive-di daskvnamde, rom, marTlac aris raRac arasaparlamento, araproporciul war-momadgenlobiT sistemaSi iseTi, romelic antidemokratiuli ZalebisTvis bufe-ris daniSnulebas asrulebs. albaT, aRniSnuli xsnis, Tu ratom upirispirdeba ase ukompromisod amerikuli samarTali marginalur qcevas, romelic SeiZleba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi gadaizardos. harold hotelingma60 entoni daunsma61 da mo-ris diuvergerma62 politikur TeoriaSi farTo asparezi misces diskusias Temaze, Tu ratom aqvs midrekileba erT Tanamdebobaze warmoebul arCevnebs, romelSic erTi gamarjvebulia, warmoSvas mxolod ori, SedarebiT stabiluri da SedarebiT centristuli partia. mesame partiebi, eqstremistuli partiebis CaTvliT, rogorc wesi, saswors maTgan yvelaze Sorsmdgomi partiis sasargeblod gadawonian xolme ise, rom ZiriTadi partiebis momxreebs azradac ar mouvaT maTi mxardaWera. war-moidgineT ros peroti 1992 wels da ralf naderi 2002 welSi.
vinaidan saubno arCevnebi savaraudo mmarTvel koaliciebs arCevnebamde formire-bas da politikur partiebad SekavSirebas aiZulebs, eqstremisti kandidatebis Car-Tva mTlian gaerTianebas Cirqs scxebs da aseTi kandidatebic TandaTanobiT ganapir-debian. amis Sedegad, eqstremist kandidatebs mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba eRobebaT sakanonmdeblo organoSi mosaxvedrad. es, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs, rom maT iolad ar SeuZliaT moipovon imuniteti Zaladobis mowodebis faqtze sisxlis samarTlis de-vnisgan, vinaidan imuniteti parlamentis wevrobis paketSi Sedis. maT ar miuwvdebaT xeli saxelmwifo saxsrebze, raTa daafinanson TavianTi politikuri laSqrobebi da ZiriTadad gza moWrili aqvT saxelisuflebo kandidatebis Sesaxeb politikur debatebSi monawileobis misaRebad. ramdenadac eqstremistuli partiebi cdiloben saarCevno asparezis gamoyenebas, imdenad igeba instituciuri barierebi maT gasana-pireblad. maTi wvlili sajaro debatebSi iwyeba adgilobriv sadiskusio ubnebSi (an maT Tanamedrove Semcvlel naklebad popularul politikur blokebSi), sadac isini saeTero droisTvis ebrZvian SeTqmulebis ideiT Sepyrobil mokamaTeebs, romlebic ganuwyvetliv davoben wyliT mommaragebeli arxebis ganzrax dabinZurebaze, kenedis mkvlelobis bolodroindel versiasa Tu „mtkicebulebebze~, rom 11 seqtembris te-raqti Signidan iyo mowyobili.
60 Harold Hotelling, Stability in Competition, 39 Econ. J. 41 (1929) (Semoaqvs “sivrcobrivi bazris” Teoria imaze, Tu rogor uweven konkurencias erTmaneTs iuridiuli firmebi centrSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad).61 Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy 115–22 (1957).62 Maurice Duverger, Political Parties 217–28 (Barbara North & Robert North trans., rev. ed., Methuen 1964) (1951) (Semoaqvs „duvergeris kanoni~).
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mis mier mmarTvelobis moSlis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia. sakanonmdeblo orga-noSi warmodgenili marginaluri partiebi saprezidento mmarTvelobis dros ver SeZleben parlamentSi xmebis im raodenobiT mogrovebas, rom wyalSemdgari koali-ciuri mTavroba daamxon undoblobis votumiT an sxva saparlamento meqanizmebis meSveobiT. amrigad, germaniaSi nacional-socialistebisgan gansxvavebiT, marginalu-ri politikuri jgufebi, rogorc wesi, ver axerxeben parlamentSi destruqciuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT mTavrobis daSlas. amas garda, gansxvavebiT eqstremistuli partiebisgan bevr proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemaSi, ris umTavres maga-liTsac israeli warmoadgens63, maT ar SeuZliaT, parlamentSi TavianTi mciredi ricxovnobiT, sajaro politikaze mniSvnelovani zegavlenis ganxorcieleba. sapre-zidento mmarTveloba saxelmwifos meTauris arCevas erovnul eleqtorats andobs da ara fraqciebad dayofil saparlamento partiebs. Zalze bevri mizezi arsebobs imisTvis, rom moveridoT saprezidento mmarTvelobas64, magram, rac marTalia mar-Talia, igi buferul zonas qmnis marginaluri partiebis winaaRmdeg da ar aZlevs maT saSualebas, adgili daimkvidron parlamentSi da Signidan moarRvion saxelmwif o.
mesame da bolo sakiTxs rac Seexeba, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, udavod, Zalze stabiluri politikaa, romlis gamoc, SesaZloa, amerikelebi saTanadod ver afase-ben msoflios sxva kuTxeSi demokratiuli procesebis realuri safrTxisgan dacvis saWiroebas, Tundac es safrTxe demokratiul arCevnebSi SeniRbuli monawileebis-gan momdinareobdes.
amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis me-20 saukunem mSfoTvared Caiara – ori mso-flio omi, sul cota ori adgilobrivi omi, droSi gawelili daZabuli urTierTo-bebi ZiriTad ucxour xelisuflebasTan, oTxi prezidenti, romelic uflebamosi-lebis vadis amowurvamde gardaicvala (maTan erTi mokluli iqna) administraciul mowyobaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, Tavisi mZime imedgacruebiT, rasobriv ur-TierTobebSi mSfoTvare periodebi da mainc saTaveSi ori wamyvani politikuri partia darCa. miuxedavad mZime brZolebisa arCevnebSi da perioduli socialuri uwesrigobisa, saxelmwifo meqanizmSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi mxolod damx-mare iyo da saarCevno sistema yvela droSi ucvleli darCa. da marTlac, demokra-tiul saxelmwifoebSi aSS SeiZleba CaiTvalos im unikalur SemTxvevad, rodesac arCevnebi regularulad da gegmis mixedviT tardeboda samoqalaqo omis drosac ki. aSS gansakuTrebiT stabiluri politikuri sistema iyo rekonstruqciis Semdeg.
63 ix., Steven G. Calabresi, The Virtues of Presidential Government: Why Professor Ackerman is Wrong to Prefer the German to the U.S. Constitution, 18 Const. Comment. 51, 60–61 (2001).64 ix., Matthew Soberg Shugart & Scott Mainwaring, Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America: Rethinking the Terms of the Debate, in Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America 12 (Scott Mainwaring & Matthew Soberg Shugart eds., 1997). Juan J. Linz, Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make A Difference?, in The Failure of Presidential Democracy 3 (Juan J. Linz & Arturo Valenzuela eds., 1994). Bruce Ackerman, The New Separation of Powers, 113 Harv. L. Rev. 633, 643–44 (2000).
aSkara da myisieri safrTxis testi kargad afiqsirebs, Tu ra interesebi figu-rirebs organizaciebze sisxlis samarTlis akrZalvis gavrcelebisas. igulisxmeba, rom am orgnizaciebis miznebi Zireulad demokratiis sazianoa da amis gamo moce-mul organizaciebs bralad edeba faqtobrivad danaSaulis Cadena. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, ganapirebuli jgufebis sisxlis samarTlebrivi qmedebidan momdinare safrTxe mxolod moicavs demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis winaSe arsebuli safTxis mxolod nawils, es gansakuTrebiT exeba naklebad stabiluri garemos mqone qveynebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, samwuxarod, safrTxis myisierebaze aqcentireba ar aris sakmarisi safrTxis simZimis Sesafaseblad.
II. akrZalvebis kategoriebi
antidemokratiul jgufebze dawesebuli SezRudvebis irgvliv msjeloba umetes SemTxvevaSi iwyeba (da xSirad mTavrdeba) SekiTxviT, aqvs Tu ara demokratiul saxelmwifos ufleba, daawesos Sinaarsobrivi farglebi eqstremistul disidentur Sexedulebebze. magaliTad, profesorebi gregori foqsi da jorj nolti, uwinare-sad yuradRebas amaxvileben politikur saqmianobaze SezRudvebis dawesebis Se-saZleblobis saerTaSoriso samarTalTan Sesabamisobaze. aq ZiriTadad igulisxmeba 1966 wlis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis ga-rantiebi65. profesorebis foqsisa da noltis Sexedulebaze sxva mecnierebi pasuxis gacemisas kiTxvis qveS ar ayeneben mosazrebebis analitikur CarCoebs. amis nacvlad, isini ubralod davoben nebismieri sazogadoebis SesaZleblobaze, rom daicvan iseTi bundovani koncefciis sazRvrebi, rogoric „demokratiaa~66 da svamen kiTxvas, Rirs Tu ara darCenili produqti igive saxelwodebas atarebdes:
65 Fox & Nolte, supra note 1.66 ix., Brad R. Roth, Response, Democratic Intolerance: Observations on Fox and Nolte, 37 Harv. Int’l L.J. 235, 236 (1996) (“demokra-tia bolodroindel diskusiaSi politikur sikeTeTa saunjed iqca... am gaurkvevlobis Sedegia is, rom „demo-kratia~ identificirebulia yvelaferTan, rac Cvens dadebiT emociebs iwvevs~).
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Tuki is, rasac xalxs eubnebian, aris faqtobrivad Semdegi: „demokratiis Zireuli principi gulisxmobs, rom Tqven gyavdeT nebismieri mTavroba garda imisa, romelic Tqvens umetesobas unda~, demokratias ufro damajerebeli argumenti unda hqondes. arasasurvel arCevans Soris saukeTesos arCeva raime gansakuTrebuli RirebulebiT ar xasiaTdeba67.
Tumca kritikosebi ukan ixeven im argumentze, rom CaxSobas efeqti ar aqvs68. yvela es argumenti erTiandeba da qmnis savaraudo pasuxebs.
imis magivrad, rom jer gavce pasuxi SekiTxvas, daiSveba Tu ara antidemokra-tiuli Zalebis akrZalva, mirCevnia jer vikiTxo, Tu ra saxis SezRudvebzea saubari. am SemTxvevaSi me mniSvnelovnad vcildebi amerikul precedentul samarTals, ro-melic ibneva am SekiTxvaze. winamdebare Tavi ixilavs politikuri SezRudvis for-mebs, romlebic moqmedebs sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis farglebs gareT. Cemi SekiTxva exeba im standartebs, romlebic amarTleben izolirebas da SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos arCevnebSi monawileobis akrZalvis gasamarTleblad. martivad rom vTqvaT, arsebobs Tu ara antidemokratiuli politikuri mobilizaciebis CaxSobis meTodebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian sisxlis samarTlis akrZalvebisgan da SeiZleba Tu ara es meTodebi gamarTldes, Tu Cven ar varT Semwynareblebi antidemokratiu-li Sexedulebebis mqoneTa izolirebis mimar
uxeSad rom vTqvaT, Cven unda ganvixiloT saarCevno asparezze antidemokratiuli mobilizaciebisadmi sami sxvadasxva midgoma. es midgoma gansxvavdeba sisxlis sa-marTlis devnisgan. pirveli, saarCevno kodeqsi, romelic aregulirebs politikuri mowodebebis Sinaarss; meore, im politikuri partiebis akrZalva, romlebic ar izia-reben socialuri weswyobilebis safuZvlebs da mesame, rigiTi politikuri par-tiebisTvis arCevnebSi monawileobis akrZalva, Tundac maT nebadarTuli hqondeT organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis SenarCuneba. pirveli ori midgoma asaxavs an-tidemokratiuli mRelvarebis pasuxad farTod gavrcelebuli reaqciis zogad far-glebs – saarCevno moqmedebebis regulaciebiT dawyebuli, politikuri partiebis formirebis akrZalviT damTavrebuli. mesame SesaZleboba naklebad gavrcelebuli meTodia. da mainc, regulirebis es Sualeduri froma saintereso, naklebad SemzRu-dveli meTodebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, raTa mogvardes antidemokratiuli mobi-lizaciebis unikaluri problemebi saarCevno moqmedebebis meSveobiT.
67 Id. gv. 237.68 Edip Yuksel, Cannibal Democracies, Theocratic Secularism: The Turkish Version, 7 Cardozo J. Int’l & Comp. L. 423, 458 (1999).
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a. sityvis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsobrivi SezRudva
hinduizmi Zlevamosil gamarjvebas moipovebs am arCevnebSi da Cven am gamarjvebiT vizeimebT, davicavT hinduizms yovelgvari safrTxisgan. airCieT rame prabu, rom SeuerTdes jagan bujbals, romelic ukve arCeulia. Tqven ipoviT hindus taZrebs yvela meCeTis qveS, Tu maT gamoTxriT. yvela, vinc hinduizmis winaaRmdegia, fex-sacmelebi unda mieyaros. kandidati prabus arCevnebSi gamarjvebis gzas religiis saxeliT ikvalavs69.
es eqstremistuli indoeli nacionaluri agitatoris bal Takerais tipuri sity-vaa, romelic man eqstremistuli Siv senas partiis adgilobrivi kandidatis saxeliT warmoTqva. warmodgenili ideebi rom xistia, eWvgareSea, Tundac kulturuli da-tvirTvis mqone fexsacmelebis miyra SeiZleba yvela erma advilad ver aRiqvas Seu-racxyofad. Takerai sakmaod cnobili politikuri figuraa bombeiSi, romlisTvis xelaxla mumbais darqmevaSi man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula70. mis politikur STa-gonebebs Soris cnobilia adolf hitleri, romelsac man uwoda „mxatvari, romlesac undoda germania korufciisgan Tavisufali yofiliyo71.
69 Prabhoo v. Kunte, A.I.R. 1996 S.C. 1113, 1118–19 (xazi avtorisaa).70 Christopher Beam, Mumbai? What About Bombay?: How the City Got Renamed, Slate, 12 ivlisi, 2006 w., http://www.slate.com/id/2145650/.71 Larissa MacFarquhar, The Strongman: Where is Hindu-Nationalist Violence Leading?, New Yorker, 26 maisi, 2003, gv. 50, 50 (mohyavs bal Tekereis citata).72 Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, The Permeability of Constitutional Borders, 82 Tex. L. Rev. 1763, 1798 & n.169 (2004); Daniel Pipes, The Temple Mount’s Indian Counterpart, Jerusalem Post, 17 ianvari, 2001, gv. 8.73 Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, The Wheel of Law: India’s Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context 129 (2003).
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partiidan premier ministri airCeva aTi wlis Semdeg. is, rom Takerais 1987 wlis gamosvlas Zaladobis msgavsi talRa ar mohyolia, mxolod damTxveva iyo, Torem eTnikuri vnebebi sakmarisad daZabuli iyo. 1992 wels Takerai da Siv sena kvlavac gamoCndnen asparezze da wa aqezes Zaladobrivi aqtebi bombeiSi, rac aiodiaSi Seta-kebis mere yvelaze sis xlismRvreli iyo74.
indoeTis istoriaSi xSiradaa imis magaliTebi, rom saarCevno mRelvarebas sisxliani Sedegi mosdevs. kiTxva mdgomareobs SemdegSi – ra nabijebi SeiZleba ga-daidgas marTlzomieri, Tumc ugemevno Sexedulebebis dasaSvebad ise, rom daculi iqnes sazogadoebrivi wesrigi75. doqtrinalurad, nebismieri SezRudva unda gawo-naswordes gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis konstituciiT garantirebuli garantiiT76 da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dasacavad daculi konstituciuri sagamonakliso ufle-bamosilebiT77.
93 batasunas daSla dafuZnebuli iyo partiis uarze, daegmo ETA-s saqmianoba. Thomas Ayres, Batasuna Banned: The Dis-solution of Political Parties Under the European Convention of Human Rights, 27 B.C. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 99, 109 (2004).94 Edward Luce, Appeal on Indian Election Ruling, Fin. Times, Aug. 19, 2002, gv. 6 (mocemulia saarCevno komisiis gadawyveti-lebis detalebi gadavadebis da Sesabamisi saCivrebis Sesaxeb).95 S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, A.I.R. 1994 S.C. 1918. am gadawyvetilebebis politikuri da eTnikuri ganzomilebis detalebi ix.Jacobsohn, supra note 71, gv. 126–32.96 Ismail Faruqui v. Union of India, A.I.R. 1995 S.C. 605, 630. sasamarTlo moxseniebuli iqna, rogorc „qaRaldi kanonze pluralistur sazogadoebaSi~ m.n. venkataCalias mier, Id.97 Id. gv. 630–31. es abzacic citirebulia venkataCaliadan. Id. gv. 630.
religiis, kulturis Tu mrwamsis dacvis sababiT, ar SeiZleba piradi Tavdasxma saarCevno gamarjvebebis uzrunvelsayofad... Cveni demokratia mxolod maSin SeiZle-ba gadarCes, Tu isini, vinc iRvwian, iqnebian xalxis warmomadgenlebi da liderebi iqnebian gamsWvalulni sekularuli demokratiis suliskveTebiT. es ganwyoba daaxa-siaTa monteskiem didi xnis wlebis win, rogorc „saTnoeba~... imisTvis, raTa aseTma suliskveTebam izeimos. arCevnebis dros kandidatebi unda ecadon amomrCevlebis darwmunebas imiT, rom aCvenon naTeli goneba da ara aRagznon maTi brma da daman-greveli gancdebi. eretikosebze nadirobis propaganda da kandidatis kritika misi religiis gamo SeiZleba TeokratiaSi daSvebuli iyos, magram ara Cvens sekularul respublikaSi99.
sityvis Tavisuflebis regulireba sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia, vinaidan faqtobri-vad ufleba izRudeba, raTa eleqtorati dacul iqnes safrTxisgan, ar damorCildes ZiriTad instinqtebs mgznebare saarCevno debatebis dros. Tundac ase rom iyos, Temuri mZvinvarebis speqtri, romelic arcTu iSviaTad Tavs iCens xolme indoeTSi politikuri Serkinebis dros, eqvemdebareba sakonstitucio dabalansebas samoqa-laqo uflebebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis interesebs Soris. rTulia im faqtis ugulebelyofa, rom ufro naklebia msxverpli politikosebze mozomi-li SezRudvebis dawesebisas, rom araferi vTqvaT maT, Tanamdebobidan daTxovnaze. agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom BJP-s mas Semdeg, rac aodiaSi meCeTis darbevis kampania aagora, saarCevno qmedunarianobis SesanarCuneblad ritorikis Seneleba mouwia. ufro mozomili kampaniis meSveobiT partiam SeZlo erovnul arCevnebSi upirateso-bis mopoveba da myife samTavrobo koaliciis SeduRabeba, Tumca Semdgom arCevnebSi damarcxda, ris Sedegadac arCeuli iqna indoeTis pirveli sikhi premier ministri100.
98 The Federalist No. 10 (James Madison), supra note 32, gv. 73–75; ix. agreTve The Federalist No. 49 (James Madison), supra note 32, gv. 314 (gamoTqmulia azri, rom msgavsi gznebebi „mTavrobis mier unda kontroldebodes da regulir-debodes~).99 Bukhari v. Mehra, (1975) Supp. S.C.R. 281, 288, 296.100 David Gardner, Power Leaks to the Regions, Fin. Times, 19 noemberi, 1999, gv. 2 (asaxavs BJP gamarjvebas 1999 wlis erov-nul arCevnebSi); Editorial, Massaging the Temple: Not Enough to Cure BJP’s Headache, Statesman (Calcutta), 2 noemberi, 2004, gv. 8 (ixilavs partiis amao mcdelobebs); S.M. Hali, Advani’s Volte-Face!, Nation (Pakistan), 21 ivnisi, 2005, LEXIS, News Library, NTNPK file (asaxavs partiis 2004 wlis moulodneli damarcxebis Semdgom periods); Soutik Biswas, India’s Ar-chitect of Reforms, BBC News, 14 oqtomberi,2005,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south–asia/3725357.stm (asaxavs manmona singis, indoeTis pirveli sikhi premier-ministris aRzevebas).
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b. partiis mimarT dawesebuli akrZalvebi
yvela konstitucia maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemisTvis garkveul SezRudvebs iTvaliswinebs. es SezRudvebi gansxvavdeba Sesabamisi normebis ̀ sijiutis” xarisxiT101. zogierTi maTgani uSvebs xmaTa umetesobiT ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs, zogi ki moiTxovs, rom Sedegebi damtkicdes garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi102. zogi siste-ma ucvlel normebs iTvaliswinebs, romlebic sazogadoebis formas ganusazRvreli periodiT adgenen da ar eqvemdebarebian gadasinjvas Tavad sazogadoebis Zireul Secvlamde. magaliTad, ucvleli normebi mocemulia germaniis konstituciaSi da, savaraudod, aSS-is konstituciis me-5 muxlSi. sxva konstituciebi saxelmwifo wyo-bilebasa da marTva-gamgeobas toveben ucvlelad. magaliTad, italiis konstituciis 139-e muxli adgens, rom italiis saxelmwifo respublikaa, dauSvebelia misi Secvla. aseve norvegiis konstituciis 112-e muxli krZlavs cvlilebebs, romlebic „konsti-tuciaSi asaxul principebs ewinaaRmdegeba~103.
is normebi, romlebic konstituciebSi urRvevad aris aRiarebuli, zogadad, miuTiTebs mocemuli sazogadoebis damkvidrebis mtkivneul istoriaze104. aSS-is konstitucia monobis mraval akrZalvsas iTvaliswinebs, omis Semdgomi germaniis konstitucia mtkivneul nacistur periods moixseniebs, xolo yvela es debuleba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis im sust mxareebs asaxavs, romlebic ar SeiZleba poli-tikuri debatebis uSualo sagani gaxdes. imavdroulad, bevri qveyana krZalavs im partiebis mier politikur aqtivobas, romlebic konstituciuri wyobis ZiriTad miznebs ar iziareben. amrigad, araa gasakviri dasavleT germaniis konstituciaSi Canaweri nacisturi da komunisturi partiebis memkvidre partiebis akrZalvis Tao-baze105, an kidev komunisturi partiis amkrZalveli normebi ukrainaSi106 da sxva yofil socialistur respublikebSi. Cexoslovakiis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 1992 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi qveynis lustraciis kanonis konstituciurobis Taobaze daadgina, rom `demokratiul saxelmwifos ara mxolod ufleba aqvs, aramed valdebulebac, raTa daicvas is principebi, romlebsac igi efuZneba”107.
101 Lawrence G. Sager, Justice In Plainclothes: A Theory Of American Constitutional Practice 81–82 (2004).102 fineTis konstituciis muxli 73; 1958 wlis safrangeTis konstituciis muxli 89.103 Jacobsohn, supra note 71, gv. 138 (uTiTebs italiis konstituciis 139-e muxls; norvegiis konstituciis 112-e muxls). ufro sruli diskusia konstituciebis Sesaxeb ix., Samuel Issacharoff, The Enabling Role of Democratic Consti-tutionalism: Fixed Rules and Some Implications for Contested Presidential Elections, 81 Tex. L. Rev. 1985 (2003).104 es Sexeduleba axali ar aris. idea, rom konstitucia aris dokumenti, romelic sazogadoebis politi-kur realobazea mimarTuli, sadac is aRmocenda, sul mcire, aristoteles ekuTvnis. ix., Aristotle, Politics § 1296b10, reprinted in Aristotle, The Politics and The Constitution of Athens 9, 109 (Stephen Everson ed. 1996) (amtkicebs, rom konstituciebi unda Sefasdes arsebuli garemoebebis WrilSi).105 socialisturi raixis partiis saqme, federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, 23 oqtomberi, 1952, 2 Entsche-idungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts [BVerfGE] 1 (F.R.G.), Targmnilia nawilobriv, Donald P. Kommers, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany 218 (2d ed. 1997); komunisturi partiis saqme, federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, 17 agvisto, 1956, 5 BVerfGE 85, Targmnilia nawilobriv Walter F. Murphy & Joseph Tanenhaus, Comparative Constitutional Law 621 (1977).106 ix., infra gv. 1435–36.107 3 Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes 346, 350 (Neil J. Kritz ed., 1995) (iTva-liswinebs Cexoslovakiis respublikis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas gamoxSirvis Sesaxeb kanonze, Targmani, 26 noemberi, 1992). lustraciis Sesaxeb sakiTxebze diskusia ix. Gábor Halmai & Kim Lane Scheppele, Living Well Is the Best Revenge: The Hungarian Approach to Judging the Past, in Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies 155, 171–78 (A. James McAdams ed., 1997).
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba politikuri partiebis samarTlebrivi statusis damcvel normebs iTvaliswinebs. aRniSnuli dacva gulisxmobs demokra-tiuli politikis daSvebuli farglebis konstituciur ganmartebas da agreTve po-litikuri partiis formirebis uflebis moculobis dadgenas. magaliTad, germaniis (yofili dasavleT germania) sakonstitucio samarTali uzrunvelyofs mniSvnelo-van dacvas politikuri partiebisTvis, raTa Camoyalibdnen da efeqtianad imoR-vaweon saarCevno asparezze109. Tumca dacva eniWebaT molod im partiebs, romlebsac aqvT samarTlebrivi statusi da romlebic demokratiuli sazogadoebis jerova-ni monawileebi arian. germaniis konstituciis muxli 21(2) adgens, rom „partiebi, romlebic maTi miznebisa Tu maTi momxreebis qmedebis gamo miiswrafvian Tavisu-fali demokratiuli konstituciuri wyobis gasauqmeblad an germaniis federaluri respublikis arsebobas emuqrebian, arakonstituciurad CaiTvlebian~. federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas maTi arakonstituciurobis Tao-baze110. sasamarTlom Tavisi saqmianobis adreul xanebSi orjer gamoiyena 21-e muxliT miniWebuli uflebamosileba da partiebi arakonstituciurad gamoacxada: 1952 wels socialisturi raixis partiis saqmeze111, sasamarTlom neo nacisturi partia arakonstituciurad gamoacxada da 1956 wels komunisturi partiis saqmeze112 daad-gina, rom germaniis komunisturi partia (KPD) arakonstituciuri iyo. TiToeul am saqmeze partiebis mier eleqtoratisTvis SeTavazebul sakiTxebze konstituciuri SezRudviT ganisazRvra agreTve kanonieri politikuri partiis formirebis far-glebi.
108 Dicle Kogacioglu, Dissolution of Political Parties by the Constitutional Court in Turkey: Judicial Delimitation of the Political Domain, 18 Int’l Soc. 258 (2003).109 Party Finance Case III, BVerfG 19 ivlisi, 1966, 20 BVerfGE 56, Targmnilia nawilobriv, Kommers, supra note 103, gv. 204; Party Finance Case II, BVerfG 24 ivnisi, 1958, 8 BVerfGE 51, Targmnilia nawilobriv, Kommers, supra note 103, gv. 201.110 ZiriTadi kanonis muxli 21(2), Targmnilia nawilobriv, Kommers, supra note 103, gv. 507, 511; ix.agreTve id. mux-li 9(2), Targmnilia nawilobriv, Kommers, supra note 103, gv. 507, 509 (krZalavs „gaerTianebebs, romelTa miznebi an saqmianoba... mimarTulia konstituciuri weswyobilebis winaaRmdeg”,id. muxli 5(3), Targmnilia nawilobriv, Kommers, supra note 103, gv. 507, 508 (acxadebs, rom swavleba „ar aTavisuflebs pirs konstituciis erTgulebis valdebulebisagan”).111 BVerfG 23 oqtomberi, 1952, 2 BVerfGE 1, Targmnilia nawilobriv, Kommers, supra note 103, gv. 218.112 BVerfG 17 agvisto, 1956, 5 BVerfGE 85, Targmnilia nawilobriv, Murphy & Tanenhaus, supra note 103, gv. 621. saqmis zogadi mimoxilva ix. Kommers, supra note 103, gv. 222–24.
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marTalia, arsebobs implementaciis sxvadasxva formebi, magram is ZiriTadi idea, razedac partiis akrZalvebia damyarebuli aris is, rom partiebi an xvdebian an ar xvdebian demokratiuli prcesis SigniT113. Tu maTi miznebi sakmarisad ewinaaRmde-geba demokratiul principebs, isini SeiZleba aikrZalon. akrZalvebis umetesoba momdinareobs Tavad konstituciidan. am kuTxiT safrangeTi gamonaklisia imiT, rom misi 1936 wlis kanoni aregulirebs kerZo SeiraRebuli dajgufebebis arsebobas114. zogierTi konstituciuri akrZalva sakmaod farTod aris formulirebuli, rogorc magaliTad, italiis konstituciis 49-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi, romelic ukrZalavs par-tiebs `demokratiuli meTodis” darRvevas115. akrZalvebis umetesoba ufro konkre-tulia, rogorc magaliTad, germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis 21-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi, romelic iTvaliswinebs politikuri partiebis Tavisufali formirebis uflebas, magram moiTxovs, rom maTi „Sida mowyoba Seesabamebodes demokratiul principebs” da kategoriulad krZalavs partiebs, romlebic `miiswrafvian Tavisufali demokra-tiuli wyobilebis gauqmebisken an germaniis federaluri respublikas arsebobas ayeneben safrTxis qveS”116. da mainc, medlis meore mxarea is, rom Tu partiebi ar arian akrZaluli, isini gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT sargebloben. germaniis sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, `konstitucia iTmens im safrTxes, romelic organuladaa damaxasiaTebeli politikuri partiis saqmianobisTvis, vidre aRniSnuli partia arakonstituciurad ar gamocxaddeba~.117
partiis akrZalva yovelTvis romelime mosazrebiT xdeba. TiToeuli maTgani Se-iZleba garkveul SeSfoTebas iwvevdes. pirvel rigSi, arsebobs akrZalvebi, rom-lebic SeiZleba kanonieri iyos imdenad, ramdenadac aRkveTs im teroristu li da amboxebuli jgufebis propagandas, romlebic TavisTavad sisxlis sa mar T liT ikr-Zaleba an iwvevs TavdaccviT SeiaraRebul reagirebas. meore rigSi, arsebobs akr-Zalvebi partiebze, romlebic regionuli damoukideblobis ZalebTanaa SekavSire-buli da rogorc wesi, religiuri an eTqnikuri niSniT gansazRvruli. aseT partiebs ukaviaT politikuri pozicia, romelic qveynis teritoriul mTlianobasTan winaaR-mdegobaSi modis. dabolos, partiebi SeiZleba daeqvemdebaron SezRudvobs, Tu isini liberaluri demokratiis Zireul safuZvlebs emuqrebian, magram romelTa mizanic, ama Tu im doziT, aris xelisuflebaSi mosvla amomrCevelTa xmebis umravlesobiT.
ar aris aucilebeli CamoTvlili kategoriebi eqskluziuri iyos. magaliTad, li-banSi hezbolas platforma samive elements moicavs. TurqeTis mTavrobam qurTu-
113 Paul Franz, Unconstitutional and Outlawed Political Parties: A German-American Comparison, 5 B.C. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 51, 63 (1982) (aRniSnavs, rom germanuli samarTliT, partiebi „Tavisufalni arian saxelmwifos mxridan diskrimina-ciis da Carevisgan, Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar daudgenia partiis arakonstituciuroba”).114 Yigal Mersel, The Dissolution of Political Parties: The Problem of Internal Democracy, 4 Int’l J. Const. L. 84, 92 n.41 (2006) (adarebs safrangeTis xelisuflebas xorvatiis, italiis, poloneTis da espaneTis magaliTebs.115 Niesen, supra note 15, gv. 19 (uTiTebs italiis konstituciis 49-e muxls).116 ZiriTadi kanonis muxli 21(1), (2), Targmnilia nawilobriv, Kommers, supra note 103, gv. 507, 511.117 Radical Groups Case, BVerfG 14 Tebervali, 1978, 47 BVerfGE 198, Targmnilia nawilobriv, RS, supra note 103, gv. 224, 227.
124 Alexei Trochev, Ukraine: Constitutional Court Invalidates Ban on Communist Party, 1 Int’l J. Const. L. 534, 535 (2003).125 id. gv. 536–39, ukrainis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, No. 20-RP/2001, 27 dekemberi, 2001, Visnyk Konstytutsijnogo Sudu Ukrainy, 2001, No. 6, gv. 39–45 [amis Semdeg moixsenieba, rogorc gadawyvetileba No. 20-RP/2001]).126 Id. gv. 538 (uTiTebs gadawyvetilebas No. 20-RP/2001, gv. 7).127 Id.128 Yuri Feofanov, The Establishment of the Constitutional Court in Russia and the Communist Party Case, 19 Rev. Cent. & E. Eur. L. 623 (1993).129 Shlomit Wallerstein, Criminalizing Remote Harm and the Case of Anti-democratic Activity, 28 Cardozo L. Rev. (2007) (ikvlevs sisxlis samarTlis principebis gamoyenebas antidemokratiuli waqezebis mimarT).
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igive mizans, rasac aSkara qmedebis arsebobis moTxovna danaSaulebrivi SeTqmulebis maregulirebel samarTalSi. smitis saqmeebi swored am gziT ganviTarda – sisxlis samarTlebrivi mokvlevis Sedegad. da mainc, Tu davubrundebiT amerikul konte-qsts, zustad es SemaSfoTebeli aspeqti SeiZleba gamoiyos denisis saqmeze. is, rac sabWoTa SpionaJis faqtebze daiwyo, rogorc winaswari gamoZieba130, denisis drois-Tvis ukve Camoyalibda rogorc sisxlis samarTlis devna xelisuflebis ZaladobiT damxobis mowodebaSi Tanamonawileobis faqtze131. braldebis Canasaxovani bunebis gamo denisi naklebad hfens Suqs, Tu safrTxis ra doza SeiZleba Sewynarebul iqnes demokratiuli saxelmwifos mier, vidre gadawyvetdes, rom saxalxo arCevanis mi-marT aRebuli valdebuleba SeiZleba ver Seasrulos. sakmaod rTuli SekiTxvaa, romelsac abstraqtulad pasuxi ver gaecema. denisis saqmeze braldebis bunebam Se-saZlebloba misca sasamarTlos, CaRrmaveboda ideebs da ara imas, Tu ra zRvramde warmoadgenda seriozul samxedro safrTxes komunisturi partia aSS-isTvis.
Tumca, gansxvavebiT amboxebuli partiebisgan, romlebic ucxoeTis saxelmwifos-Tan arian SekavSirebuli an Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze kriminaluri elementebis-gan arian Semdgari, separatistuli partiebi yovelTvis sargebloben mxardaWeriT imdenad, ramdenadac ewinaaRmdegebian ama Tu im mosaxleobis regionuli an eTnikuri nawilis savaraudo Cagvras. uWeren ra saxelmwifoSi ama Tu im umciresobas mxars, aRniSnuli separatistuli partiebi sakmaod xSirad daZabul da konfliqtur ur-TierTobebs amyareben igive ideisTvis mebrZol SeiaraRebul dajgufebebTan. amas garda, meamboxe partiebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini rogorc wesi, ar iRvwian Zalaufle-bis mosapoveblad saarCevno, gasamxedroebuli Tu sxva saSualebebiT. ufro metad isini cdiloben xeli SeuSalon umravlesobas Tavis iurisdiqciis qveS yavdes esa Tu
130 Stone, supra note gv. 367.131 Id. gv. 396.
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is regioni. aRniSnuli partiebi acxadeben, rom isini gamoxataven sadavo regionis moqalaqeTa umravlesobis nebas TviTgamorkvevaze132. maTi mizani damoukideblobis mopovebaa da ara mTeli saxelmwifos dapyroba. isini xSirad iyeneben TviTgamorkve-vis enas, raTa daasabuTon maTi ufleba saxelmwifosgan ama Tu im regionis gamoyo-fis Sesaxeb mowodebaze133.
separatistuli partiebi xSirad arian saarCevno asparezidan garicxvis samizne ori gamorCeuli mizezis gamo. pirvel rigSi, imis gamo, rom amboxebuli partiebis msgavsad, isini SeiZleba niRbavdnen saxelmwifo meqanizmze Zaladobriv Tavdasxmas TavianTi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT. ase moxda espaneTSi batasunas da masTan SekavSirebuli partiis „TanamoqalaqeTa siis~ SemTxvevaSi, romelic cdilob-da igive platformis wardgenas evrpuli saparlamento arCevnebis dros134. sxvadasxva qurTuli nacionalisturi partiebi TurqeTSi, Sin feini CrdiloeT irlandiaSi da sxva mravali magaliTi SeiZleba iqnes moyvanili. meore rigSi, nebismieri saxel-mwifo, iqneba es safrangeTi, TurqeTi, eraqyi, israeli, Tu espaneTi, iZleva mza magaliTs, rom maT SeuZliaT ganacxadon, teritoriuli sazRvrebi politikuri de-batebis sagani ar aris.
zustad imitom, rom regionuli umciresobebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini enobrivi, religiuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT arian gamorCeuli, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis bevr sferoSi SeiZleba gansxvavebuli mopyrobis sagani Seiqnen (rom araferi vTqvaT aS-kara policiur represiebze, TviT SedarebiT Semwynarebel demokratiul sazoga-doebebSi) da saxelmwifos mxridan aramarTlzomieri qmedeba savsebiT realuria. amerikis konstituciaSi am SemTxvevaSi sasurveli iqneboda skrupulozuli sasa-marTlo garantiebi yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli. am dros gansakuTrebuli riskia, rom sruliad aRkveTili iqnes umciresobebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb yovelgvari politikuri gamosvla. aqedan gamomdinare, iseve, rogorc amboxebuli partiebis SemTxvevaSi, kvlavac SegviZlia davubrundeT aSkara da myisieri safrTxis tests, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia mTavrobis moqmedebis gakontroleba daCagruli umciresobebisTvis politikuri xmis uflebis CamorTmevisas.
sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis Semdeg damoukidebeli latviis SemTxveva ukidures magaliTs iZleva. Tavisi axlad mopovebuli Tavisuflebis nawili iyo, rom latviam latviuri saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada da yvela saxelmwifo moxeles misi codnis
132 arsebobs gamonaklisebi, romlebic mdgomareobas arTulebs. israelis arabul partiebs ar surT daemor-Cilon konstituciis moTxovnebs, rac iwvevs msgavsi partiebis akrZalvas. amas sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba, Tu ar arsebobs aSkara kavSiri palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciasTan an terorizmTan. arabuli partiebis adreuli akrZalvebis Taobaze, ix.Ron Harris, A Case Study in the Banning of Political Parties: The Pan-Arab Movement El Ard and the Israeli Supreme Court (Aug. 22, 2004) (gamouqveynebeli xelnaweri, xelmisawvdomia harvardis samarTlis skolis biblioTekaSi).133 saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebsa da TviTgamorkvevis gancxadebebs Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb ix. Macklem, supra note 21, gv.. 504–10 (aRwers evropuli samarTlis farglebSi warmoebul debatebs, TviTgamorkvevis ufle-bas, rogorc Zireuli demokratiuli uflebis Sesaxeb).134 ix., Ayres, supra note 91.
TurqeTis sasamarTlos midgoma mogvianebiT evropulma sasamarTlom ar gaiziara. strasburgis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom partiis daSla gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis darRvevaa da jarima daakisra TurqeTs149. Tumca es bolo gadawyvetileba ar yo-fila aRniSnul sakiTxze. TurqeTis sasamarTlom kvlavac dauWira mxari qurTuli partiebis Cagvras im safuZvliT, rom maT mier qurTi eris moTxovnebis propaganda da miznebis mxardaWera TurqeTis saxelmwifos teritoriul mTlianobas arRvevda an warmoadgenda demokratiaze uaris Tqmas. 1999 da 2002 wlebSi aRniSnul sakiTxe-bze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi evropuli sasamarTlos mier ar iqna gaziarebuli150.
2002 wels saqme iazari (Yazar) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg kvlav TurqeTis saxalxo Sro-mis partias Seexeboda151. am SemTxvevaSi ufro mZime Carevas hqonda adgili. TurqeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom partiis akrZalva kanonieri iyo im sa-fuZvelze, rom misi platforma Zirs uTxrida saxelmwifos mTlianobas „imiT, rom miznad isaxavda Turquli eris orad gaxleCas Turqebad da qurTebad da calke saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas~152. organizacia uars ambobda, rom daegmo qurTuli mSro-melTa partiis, Turqul obieqtebze teroristuli aqtebiT cnobili meamboxe par-
„verc-erTi saqmianoba ver isargeblebs dacviT aTaTurqis im reformebisa da gan-xorcielebuli modernizaciis sazianod..., rac moiTxoveba [sekularizmis] princi-pebiT, wmidaTawmida religiuri grZnobebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda ereodes saxelmwifo saqmeebsa da politikaSi160.
efuZneba ra TurqeTis saxelmwifos qemaliseul xedvas, rogorc „demokratiuli, [sekularuli]... saxelmwifosi“161 konstitucia krZalavs politikuri partiebis Carevas „demokratiul da [saero] respublikaSi“. agreTve igi adgens, rom par-tiebs ar SeuZliaT „miznad isaxavdnen klasis diqtaturis an raime saxis jgufis diqtaturas da ar SeuZliaT danaSaulis Cadenis waqezeba“162.
159 TurqeTis konstituciis preambula, Targmnilia 18 Constitutions of the World: Turkey, supra note 136, gv. 1 (`wmi-daTawmida religiuri grZnobebi ar SeiZleba ereodes saxelmwifo saqmeebsa da politikaSi.160 Id., Targmnilia 18 Constitutions of the World: Turkey, supra note 136, gv. 1. konstituciaSi gaTvaliswinebulia msgavsi da ufro detaluri debulebebi. ix., mag., id. muxli 14, Targmnilia 18 Constitutions of the World: Tur-key, supra note 136, gv. 4 (`konstituciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebu-li iqnes ... [sekularuli] respublikis arsebobisTvis safrTxis Semqmneli qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad. . . ”).161 Id. mux. 2, Targmnilia 18 Constitutions of the World: Turkey, supra note 136, gv. 2.162 Id. muxli 68, Targmnilia 18 Constitutions of the World: Turkey, supra note 136, gv. 22.
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tikosebis da masebze orientirebuli islamisturi partiebis aRzeveba, sasamarTlo da samxedro Zala iyo is ori instituti, romelmac SeaCera islamisturi poli-tikuri mobilizacia. es istoria moicavs samxedro Carevebs, rogorc aSkaras ise faruls, opoziciis liderebis dapatimrebas da demokratiuli Semwynareblobis-Tvis warmoudgenel RonisZiebebs163. magram mas Semdeg, rac TurqeTma evrokavSirSi integraciis survili gamoTqva, islamisturi partiebis Sekavebis meTodebi ufro kanonieri gaxda.
TurqeTis wamyvani magaliTia keTildReobis partiis saqme. xsenebuli partia masebze orientirebuli islamisturi organizaciaa, romelic ara mxolod yvelaze didi partia gaxda TurqeTis parlamentSi, aramed 1996 wels koaliciuri mTavro-bac Camoayaliba, sadac mTavari wamyvani Zala Tavad iyo164. miuxedavad partiis saxalxo mxardaWerisa da momdevno arCevnebSi adgilebis mopovebis realuri Se-saZleblobisa, partias bralad daedo „sekularizmis principebis sawinaaRmdego saqmianoba“165. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom brZaneba gasca partiis daSlaze, misi qonebis saxelmwifosTvis gadacemaze, misi wevrebis parlamentidan daTxovnisa da liderebis arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis dakavebis akrZalvaze xuTi wlis vadiT166.
im droisTvis, roca keTildReobis partiis sakiTxma evropul sasamarTlos miaRwia, islamisturi politika Turqul politikaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobda. uaxlesi istoria daiwyo 1970 wels, roca profesorma nejmeTin erbakanma ero-vnuli wesrigis partia Seqmna. es partia pirveli iyo maT Soris, vinc ama Tu im doziT TurqeTSi islamuri samarTlisTvis imperatiuli xasiaTis miniWebas uWerda mxars. es exeboda ZiriTadad musulmanebs, magram sajaro cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. partiis ZiriTadi platforma qveynis sulieri gardaqmna iyo, romelic sajaro Rv-Tismsaxurebas rTavda nebas da yvela saero garTobas krZalavda167. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSnuli CaTvala, rom „revoluciuri religiis“ SemoRebas uWerda mxars da amiT konstitucias ewinaaRmdegeboda, ris gamoc partia daSala168. momde-vno partia – erovnuli xsnis partia - aseve profesori erbakanis mier Seiqmna169
da masac igive bedi ewvia, oRond am SemTxvevaSi samxedro reJimisgan, romelic sa-TaveSi 1980 wels movida, daSala yvela partia da islamisturi partiis liderebi samarTals gadasca170.
163 islamisturi partiebis uflebebis dacvis mimoxilvis Sesaxeb ix. Noah Feldman, After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy 105–11 (2003).164 Refah Partisi (keTildReobis partia) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 2003-II Eur. Ct. H.R. 267, 269.165 Id. gv. 275–76.166 sasamarTlos argumentacia ufro detaluradaa mocemuli adrindel gadawyvetilebaSi: Refah Partisi (keTild-Reobis partia) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 35 Eur. H.R. Rep. 56, 63–73 (2002).167 Susanna Dokupil, The Separation of Mosque and State: Islam and Democracy in Modern Turkey, 105 W. Va. L. Rev. 53, 83 (2002).168 Id. gv. 84.169 id.170 Talip Kucukcan, State, Islam, and Religious Liberty in Modern Turkey: Reconfiguration of Religion in the Public Sphere, 2003 BYU L. Rev. 475, 492.
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roca aRdga samoqalaqo reJimi, movlenebi igive scenariT ganviTarda. profe-sorma erbakanma Camoayaliba keTildReobis partia, romelic misi winamorbedebisgan didad ar gansxvavdeboda. igi yvelaze Zlier saparlamento partiad ganviTarda da Seqmna mTavroba, romelic ori ufro momcro da ufro centristuli partiebisgan Sedgeboda. roca movida dro, rom keTildReobis partias koaliciuri SeTanxmebis mixedviT kontroli aeRo mTavrobaze, misi koaliciuri partniorebi ganze gadnen da sakonstitucio sasamarTlom partia daSala im safuZvelze, rom „igi sekulariz-mis principebis sawinaaRmdego saqmianobis „centri“ Seiqna“171. Tumca sakonstitucio sasamarTlom garkveuli mtkicebuleba aRmoaCina, rom sajaro wesrigs safrTxe em-uqreboda, radgan keTildReobis partia Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSi jihads ixse-niebda172, strasburgis sasamarTlos eTxova, daedgina, iyo Tu ara partiis Sexedule-bebi liberalur demokratiasTan SesabamisobaSi. sadavo sakiTxi, rasac partia mxars uWreda, iyo is, rom TiToeul religiur Tems unda exelmZRvanela misi aRmsare-blobis religiuri normebiT, rac otomanTa imperiaSi iyo miRebuli. meore sadavo sakiTxi iyo SariaTi, rogorc yvela sferoSi samarTlis wyaro.
saxelmwifos ar SeiZleba moeTxovebodes, icados da ar Caerios, vidre politiku-ri partia xelisuflebas ar moipovebs da konvenciisa da demokratiis Seusabamo politikas ar gaatarebs, Tu aseTi politikis safrTxe sakmarisad dadgenili da gardauvalia... rodesac aseTi safrTxe dadgindeba erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier da guldasmiT Semowmdeba evropuli zedamxedvelobis meqanizmebiT, saxelmwifos SeuZlia gonivrulad aRkveTos msgavsi politikis aRsruleba... vidre adgili eqneba konkretuli zomebiT samoqalaqo mSvidobisa da qveynis demokratiuli reJimis Se-saZlo dazianebis mcdelobas...176
171 Lance S. Lehnhof, Note, Freedom of Religious Association: The Right of Religious Organizations To Obtain Legal Entity Status Under the European Convention, 2002 BYU L. Rev. 561, 578 (uTiTebs saqmeze Refah Partisi (keTildReobis partia) TurqeTis wi-naaRmdeg, 2003-II Eur. Ct. H.R. 267, 276).172 Refah Partisi (keTildReobis partia) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 35 Eur. H.R. Rep. 56, 68 (2002).173 Refah Partisi, 2003-II Eur. Ct. H.R. gv. 302.174 Id. gv. 310.175 Id. gv. 312.176 Id. gv. 305 (uTiTebs Refah Partisi, 35 Eur. H.R. Rep. gv. 91).
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evropulma sasamarTlom Tavis msjelobaSi arc erTxel ar moiTxova konkretuli mtkicebulebebis arseboba. sasamarTlom SeniSna, rom „partias aqvs xelisuflebis mopovebis realuri potenciali, Tumca es iyo ara partiis principebis realizebiT gamowveuli safrTxis gardauvalobis, aramed im faqtis mtkicebuleba, rom muqara SeiZleba ganxorcielebuliyo177. ar yofila gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom partiis wesdeba sakmarisad „aSkara da myisieri“ iyo, rom gamoiwvia pirdapiri safrTxe. Mma-gram, rac mTavaria, TurqeTSi adgili ar hqonia partiis liderebis sisxlis samarT-lebriv devnas, maT aekrZalaT politikuri partiis organizeba, romelic arCevnebSi miiRebda monawileobas da, sasamarTloebis azriT, aramarTlzomier ideebs gauwe-vda propagandas.
Sedegi iyo is, rom zomieri frTa, romelsac stambulis yofili meri erdogani – profesor erbakanis yofili proteJe – gamoeyo partias da Camoayaliba samarT-lianobisa da ganviTarebis partia, ufro zomieri suliskveTebiT, vidre fundamen-talisturi partia. 2002 wels erdogani premier ministri gaxda, roca misma par-tiam parlamentSi yvelaze mravalricxovani bloki Seqmna. misi TaosnobiT, TurqeTma ganaxorciela RonisZiebebi evrokavSirSi integraciisTvis da zomierebis bastioni darCa mcire aziaSi178. islamisturi partiebis suliskveTeba, iyvnen arCeuli mo-saxleobis mier kvlavac realuria. rogorc profesori nensi rozenbaumi amtkicebs,
177 Id. gv. 307.178 Thomas Patrick Carroll, Turkey’s Justice and Development Party: A Model for Democratic Islam?, 6 Middle E. Intelligence Bull. No. 6–7 (2004), http://www.meib.org/articles/0407–t1.htm.
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demokratiuli integraciis SesaZlebloba „ufro SesaZlebelia zomieri RonisZiebe-biT, vidre mudmivi winaaRmdegobiT da albaT, rac mTavaria, arCevnebisa da poli-tikuri swavlebis urTierTmonacvleobiT”179. eWvsgareSea, Widili sekularizmis da-sacavad nakisr konstituciur valdebulebasa da islamisturi politikis sagrZnob saxalxo mxardaWeras Soris jer ar damTavrebula, magram mocemul viTarebaSi sxva Sedegis warmodgena rTulia.
g. partiis gaZeveba saarCevno asparezidan
bevr qveyanaSi, saarCevno asparezi partiebze meti dacviT sargeblobs. magali-Tad germaniis federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom radikaluri jgufebis saqmeze180 memarcxene partiebisTvis televiziasa da radioSi sareklamo saeTero droze uaris Tqma gaauqma im safuZvliT, rom, radganac politikuri reklama ar-Cevnebs ukavSirdeboda, „radio-televiziis sadgurebs ar hqondaT mauwyeblobaze [partiisTvis] uaris Tqma mxolod im safuZvliT, rom partiebis saarCevno rekla-ma arakonstituciur ideebs Seicavda“181. aq Tavs iCens kontrolis idea – is, rac amerikul samarTals axasiaTebs – rom demokratiul qveynebs esaWiroebaT Ria da mkveTri politikuri debatebi da arsad ise mniSvnelovani ar aris gamoxatvis Ta-visufleba, rogorc TviTmmarTvelobis sferoSi182. es principi momdinareobs po-litikuri partiebis kanonieri statiusis regulirebis midgomidan da imaT aniWebs farTo dacvas saxelmwifos mxridan Carevaze, vinc kanonis Tanaxmad politikuri partiis formirebaze uflebamosilia.
faSisturi moZraobis“ saxelwodeba moipova183. kahane mouwodebda gatarebuliyo politika „terori teroris winaaRmdeg“, anu mudmivmoqmed ebraul jgufebs esar-geblaT saxelmwifos aqtiuri mxardaWeriT184. marTalia, kaCi mxolod politikuri saqmianobiT Semoifargleboda, misi mimdevrebi antiarabul TavdasxmebSi erTve-bodnen185. amis garda, kaCi ara mxolod iwonebda antiarabuli Zaladobis calkeul aqtebs, romlebsac kaCis mimdevrebis garda sxva ebraelebic sCadiodnen, aramed maT kaCis sapatio wevrobas aniWebda da maTi iuridiuli momsaxurebisTvis xarjebs gamoyofda186.
kaCis partiis akrZalvis pirveli mcdeloba centraluri saarCevno komisiis cal-mxrivi iniciativa iyo. komisia aris administraciuli uwyeba, romelic israelSi Ca-tarebul arCevnebs uwevs zedamxedvelobas, politikuri partiebis mier arCevnebis-Tvis moTxovnili standartebis dakmayofilebis Semowmebis CaTvliT. komisiam kaCis partiis da masTan erTi mcirericxovani arabuli partiis „progresuli sia mSvido-bisaTvis“ diskvalifikacia moaxdina im safuZvliT, rom maTi platforma antidemo-kratiuli iyo da rasizms uWerda mxars. saqmeze neimani me-11 qneseTis arCevnebis centraluri saarCevno komitetis Tavmjdomaris winaaRmdeg187 israelis uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma saarCevno komisiis zemoaRniSnuli damoukidebeli moqmedebebi im safuZvelze, rom komisiis kanoniT gansazRvruli uflebamosileba vrceldeboda mxolod xelmowerebis Semowmebis teqnikur Semowmebaze, aseve partiebis sxva teq-nikuri monacemebis dadasturebaze da ar moicavda partiis platformis politikur Sefasebas. sasamarTlom ar gaiziara mosamarTle aaron barakis Sexeduleba, rome-lic calke daerTo gadawyvetilebas, rom komisias SeeZlo politikuri partiis Ta-vad akrZalva faqtis Semdgomi jerovani sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad188. da mainc, sasamarTlo daeTanxma, rom partia, romelmac uaryo israelis saxelmwifos arseboba Tu misi demokratiuli buneba, unda akrZaluliyo. magram Semdeg mosazrebebi gaiyo imis Taobaze, partiidan momdinare safrTxe arsebiTad unda ganxorcielebuliyo, rasac sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris Samgaris CaTvliT, sasamarTlos nawili uWerda mxars189, Tu amas mxolod gonivruli SesaZleblobis saxe hqonoda. am meore mosazre-bas sxvebTan erTad mosamarTle barakic iziarebda190.
183 Ehud Sprinzak, Kach and Meir Kahane: The Emergence of Jewish Quasi-Fascism I: Origins and Development, Patterns of Prejudice, ivlisi 1985, gv. gv. 15, 16, xelmisawvdomia http://www.geocities.com/alabasters–archive/kach–and–kahane.html; ix., Ehud Sprinzak, The Ascendance of Israel’s Radical Right 80–87 (1991).184 Ehud Sprinzak, Kach and Meir Kahane: The Emergence of Jewish Quasi-Fascism II: Ideology and Politics, Patterns of Prejudice, ivlisi, 1985, gv. 3, 8, xelmisawvdomia http://www.geocities.com/alabasters–archive/kach–and–kahane.html.185 Sprinzak, supra note 181, gv. 18–19.186 Ehud Sprinzak, Extremism and Violence in Israel: The Crisis of Messianic Politics, 555 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 114, 121 (1998).187 EA 2/84, 3/84 [1985] IsrSC 39(2) 225.188 id. gv. 304–05.189 id. gv.275.190 id. gv.315–16. mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb dava aSkara da myisieri safrTxis tests emsgavseba: aSS denisis winaaRmdeg, 183 F.2d 201, 212.
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neimanis Semdeg israelma cvlileba-damatebebi Seitana konstituciaSic, qneseTSi arCevis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis da mimdinare kanonmdeblobaSic, politikuri partiebis registraciis moTxovnebis Sesaxebac. amis dauyovnebeli Sedegi iyo is, rom kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul iqna partiebis akrZalvis kargi iuridiuli safuZveli da SesaZlebeli gaxda kaCis moZraobis akrZalvac 1988 da 1992 wlebSi. agreTve aikrZala masTan dakavSirebuli gaerTianeba „kaane cocxalia“ 1992 wels191. rac gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, aris ara axali kanonis gamoyeneba kaCis dajgufe-bis winaaRmdeg. qneseTze ZiriTadi kanonis Secvlili 7a Tavis Tanaxmad, arc erT partias ar SeuZlias waradginos sia arCeviT Tanamdebobaze, Tu igi misi „miznebisa da qmedebebis“ sami pirobidan erTs akmayofilebs192. 2002 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad, es sami piroba aris Semdegi: „israelis saxelmwifos, rogorc ebrauli da demokratiuli saxelmwifos arsebobis uaryofa“, “rasizmis waqezeba“,da israelis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg saomari operaciebis mxardaWera, iqneba es mtru-li saxelmwifos Tu teroristuli organizaciis mier warmoebuli193.
partiebis registraciis Sesaxeb kanoni, amatebs damatebis aucilebel pirobas: Tu „misi miznebi an qmedebebi pirdapir Tu arapirdapir Seicavs gonivrul safuZvels daskvnisTvis, rom partia ukanono qmedebebis SesaniRbad iqneba gamoyenebuli“194. Teoriulad mainc qneseTSi Sesvlis akrZalva iseTi drakonuli ar aris, rogorc mTliani partiis akrZalva. amitom pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri kavSiris aspeqtze miTiTebiT, sasamarTloebs evalebaT ufro mkacri standartebis gamoyeneba, vidre partias mTlianad gaauqmebdnen da, Sesabamisad,isini naklebad mkacr tests iyeneben, roca partiis ukve arCeuli wevrebi ubralod diskvalificirebuli arian qneseTida n.
rogorc mecnierebi, ise israelis uzenaesi sasamarTlo formulirebis xsenebul msubuq gansxvavebebs yuradRebas aqceven. sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT vlindeba partiebis Sesaxeb kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul gonivrul safuZvelSi, romliTac partiis kavSiri dgindeba ukanono saqmianobasTan da, imavdroulad, aseTi partiisTvis qneseTSi war-momadgenlobis uflebis CamorTmevaSi. marTalia, jer ar yofila saqme, romelSic gasaCivrdeboda gansxvaveba politikuri partiis formirebasa da parlamentSi kan-didaturis wayenebas Soris, magram Tavmjdomare barakis mier sasamarTlosTvis iasinis saqmeze195 wardgenil mosazrebaSi politikuri saqmianobis es ori forma gansxvavebulia, rac profesori koen almagoris mier Sejamda Semdegnairad:
Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi Tavmjdomare barakma axsna, rom partiis Sesaxeb kanons safuZvlad wonasworobis idea udevs. saWiroa wonasworobis dacva or sawinaaRm-dego interess Soris. erTi mxriv daculi unda iqnes TiToeuli individis ufleba,
191 Raphael Cohen-Almagor, Disqualification of Political Parties in Israel: 1988–1996, 11 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 67, 67 (1997).192 Basic Law: The Knesset § 7A, Targmnilia Israel’s Written Constitution (me-5 gamocema, 2006 w.).193 Id. madlobas vuxdi profesor barak medinas israelis kanonmdeblobis TargmnisTvis.194 Cohen-Almagor, supra note 189, gv. 92 (1992, S.H. 190).195 PCA 7504/95, 7793/95 [1996] IsrSC 50(2) 45.
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gaerTiandes sxvebTan erTad, romlis meSveobiTac isini TavianT politikur da so-cialur miznebs ganaxorcieleben. meore mxriv, daculi unda iqnes israelis, rogorc ebrauli demokratiuli saxelmwifos buneba, romelic rasizmisgan SemWidroebas ga-nicdis. Tavmjdomare baraki xazs usvams, rom pasiuri da aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba fuZemdebluria da aRniSnavs, rom demokratia uflebamosilia, daicvas Tavi, maTgan, vinc mis arsebobas safrTxes uqmnis. es aris aucilebeli demokratiuli mogeriebis uflebis arsi196.
amrigad, SeiZleba arsebobdnen partiebi, romlebic funqcionireben partiis saxiT da iyvanen wevrebs, magram garicxuli arian saarCevno asparezidan da zogjer maT wevrebs saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dakavebac ar SeuZliaT. Sedegad, kiTxva SeuZliaT Tu ara demokratiul saxelmwifoebs politikuri asparezis regulireba sityvis, gaerTianebisa da Sekrebebis Tavisuflebis regulirebis safuZvlisgan gansxvave-bul safuZvelze, naklebad unda gvaRelvebdes, Tu ara gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, roca amerikuli konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis Tanaxmad, magaliTad, mTavroba ufardebs administraciuli pasuxismgeblobis zomas imiT, rom ukrZalavs arCeviTi Tanamdebobis dakavebas, Tu, roca mTavroba iyenebs sisxlis samarTlis sanqcias gamomsvlelis winaaRmdeg? vafasebT Tu ara sazogadoebas sxvanairad, roca mTavroba antidemokratiuli Zalebis wevrebs ki ar apatimreben, magram mainc gzas uRobaven saarCevno asparezisken, raTa ar gamoiyenos igi demokratiis sawinaaRm-dego agitaciisTvis197?
cxadia, qveynis konteqstSi TvalnaTeli magaliTis gareSe mxolod hipoTeturi Sem Txvevebis SeTxzva Tu dagvrCenia, Tu ras unda niSnavdes, partias nebadarTul i hqondes arseboba, magram ar SeeZlos arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba. Tumca TurqeTi s keTildReobis partiisa da indoeTSi BJP partiis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom Tavad mZlavri religiuri da nacionalisturi partiebic qmnian koaliciebs da maT zomier wevrebs (an ufro arCevnebis TvalsazrisiT ambiciur liderebs) ufro SeuZliaT am partiebis idealebis Secvla da demokratiuli cxovrebis moTxovnebze morgeba198.
cxadia, naklebad warmosadgenia, rom arCevnebSi monawileobam masobrivi antide-mokratiuli cieb-cxeleba sabolood SeaCeros. rogorc alJiris magaliTi aCvenebs, roca politikaSi aminds ukve is partia qmnis, romelic mowodebulia samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi da arCevnebi gaauqmos, mdgomareobis gamosworebis imedi nakleba-daa199. demokratiuli saxelmwifo Sesabamisi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis gareSe ver
196 Cohen-Almagor, supra note 189, gv. 96. Yassin & Rochley inglisuri Targmani ar arsebobs. 197 ix. Comella, supra note 20, gv.138–39, sadac avtori daobs partiis gauqmebis standartebze.198 ix. Michael S. Kang, The Hydraulics and Politics of Party Regulation, 91 IOWA L. REV. 131 (2005) (reglamentaciis gan-sxvavebuli formebi).199 1990 wlis ivnisSi axlad formirebulma partiam Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) alJirSi xmebis umravlesoba moipova adgilobriv arCevnebSi. partia islamisturi midrekilebis iyo da uzarmazari mxardaWera moi-pova, rogorc sust postdamoukidebel mmarTvelTa the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) alternativam. magram partia demokratiasTan mwyralad iyo, misi rangiT meore lideri, ali belaji kargad iyo cnobili Ta-visi SexedulebebiT, rom mravalpartiuli demokratia SariaTisTvis umTavresi safrTxe da problemaa.
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gadarCeba. imavdroulad, alJiris magaliTi gvaiZulebs, sifrTxile gvmarTebdes im SemTxvevebSi, roca mmarTvel Zalas Soris demokratiuli erTianoba ar arsebobs. am dros represiebi da calsaxad antidemokratiuli elementebi Tavs iCenen, ramdena-dac saxelmwifo ver SeZlebs SeinarCunos xelmocaruli mmarTveli elita200. magram xrwnadi reJimebis aseTi xelmocarva ar niSnavs imas, rom mZlavr demokratiul sa-zogadoebas ar SeuZlia gamoscados partiebis antidemokratiuli mdgradoba imiT, rom imedi gaucruos arCevnebSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT. am dros SesaZloa, ufro zomieri elementebi moZlierdnen da saarCevno asparezi antidemokratiuli miznebisTvis aRar gamoiyenon.
III. demokratiis garantiebi
eqstremistuli dajgufebebi demokratiisTvis safrTxes warmoadgenen im Tvalsa-zrisiT, Tu ras moimoqmedeben arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg da agreTve, Tu demokratiuli xelisuflebis ra qmedebebi SeiZleba gamoiwvion am uka-nasknelis mier safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad. safrTxe savsebiT realuria orive mimarTebiT. arian dajgufebebi, romlebic iswrafian saxelisuflo Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad, raTa Semdeg Ziri gamouTxaron Semwynarebel, pluralistur demokra-tiul sazogadoebas, rac axali movlena ar aris. siaxle imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es dajgufebebi klerikalurad arian ganwyobilni, imis magivrad, rom komunizmisa Tu faSizmis mesianuri xilvebi amoZravebdeT. magram arsebobs Sesabamisi safrTxe, rom aRniSnulis Sedegad, demokratiuli msjelobis farglebi SeiZleba daviwrovdes da safrTxe, rac socialur wesrigs emuqreba, warmatebiT iqneba gamoyenebuli gansxva-vebuli Sexedulebebis CasaxSobad.
partiam 188 adgili moipova 430 adgilidan erovnuli arCevnebis pirvel raundSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia moiTxovda xmis micemis meore raunds, alJiris samxedroebma saxelmwifo gadatriale-ba moaxdines da dagegmili arCevnebi CaSales. gamarjvebuli partiis liderebi daapatimres da partia formalurad daSales. ufro zomieri mimdevrebi mTavrobas SeuerTdnen, magram partiis umravlesoba calke dajgufebad Camoyalibda da samoqalaqo omi gaaCaRa, romelSic 100 000-mde adamiani daiRupa. ix., zogadad, Michael Willis, The Islamist Challenge in Algeria 107–392 (1996); Lise Garon, The Press and Democratic Transition in Arab Societies: The Algerian Case, in I Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World 149 (Rex Brynen et al. eds., 1995).200 sakonstitucio kontrolis Taobaze ix. Ran Hirschl, Towards Juristocracy 214 (2004).201 Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217.
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magram kanada mTeli msoflio ar aris da SedarebiTi civiluroba da toleran-toba, samwuxarod, ufro iSviaTobaa, vidre norma. aserom, ismis Semdegi SekiTxva: ra wina pirobebi unda arsebobdes imisTvis, rom aikrZalos partiebi an SeizRudos politikuri gamoxatva saarCevno asparezze. aqedan SeiZleba amboxebulebTan an regionul samxedro ZalebTan savaraudod SekavSirebuli partiebis gamoricxva. maTTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom organizaciuli kavSiri aramarTlzomier saqmianobasTan da SesaZlo zianis myisiereba Teoriulad mainc pasuxs iZleva ar-sebuli problemebis gadasaWrelad. amrigad, sawyisi wertili yvela msjelobisa politikuri partiebis akrZalvaze, politikur saqmianobaSi monawileobaze, Tu politikur gamosvlebze, unda iyos prezumfcia politikuri gamoxatvisa da gaer-Tianebis sasargeblod, rogorc es mocemulia veneciis komisiis mier dadgenil politikuri partiebis akrZalvisa da analogiuri zomebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebSi:
politikuri partiis akrZalva an daSla demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sagamo-nakliso RonisZiebaa. Tu esa Tu is saxelmwifo uwyeba iRebs gadawyvetilebas, mimarTos sasamarTlos politikuri partiis gauqmebis Taobaze, mas unda hqondes sakmarisi mtkicebuleba, rom realuri safrTxe emuqreba konstituciiT dadge-nil wyobas an moqalaqeTa ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs202.
ufro didi sirTule warmoiSoba im partiebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic danamdvi-lebiT dainteresebuli arian saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis TanamdebobebiT da umra-vlesobis statusiT, raTa Ziri gamouTxaron demokratiul sazogadoebas. advili warmosadgenia, Tu ra SeiZleba gamoiwvios partiebis akrZalvebma. cenzuris dawese-ba da politikuri opoziciis CaxSoba SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes pirTa saarCevno asparezidan izolaciisTvis an umravlesobis mier politikur dialogze sakuTari pirobebis dawesebis sababad. Mmagram, Tu istorias vendobiT, gadametebuli Semwy-nareblobac aseve saSiSia. SesaZlebelia dasaSvebi RonisZiebebis amplituda iqnes gamocdili, Tu gamoviyenebT akrZaluli qmedebis saproceso SezRudvebis nacnob kategoriebs da am qmedebis gansazRvrebas materialur samarTalSi.
Tumca arsebobs ori teqnikuri daTqma. pirvelia is, rom demokratiuli CaxSoba araefeqtiania: igi saboloo jamSi gamoiwvevs kidev ufro did antidemorkatiul mobilizacias, vidre Sexedulebebis ufro metad gacxrilva. aRniSnuli mtkicdeba empiriuli argumentiT, Tu ra muSaobs. aSS-is ufro stabilur konteqstSi SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom politikuri saqmianobisgan izolaciis mizniT ganxorcielebuli Ro-nisZiebebi gadametebuli da zedmeti iyos. Tumca naklebad var darwmunebuli, rom es msoflios masStabiTac igive scenariT ganmeordes. aviRoT indoeTis magaliTi – qveyana, romelmac gamoiara ZmaTamkvlel religiur konfliqtSi, cdilobs, arCe-
202 veneciis komisia, Guidelines on Prohibition and Dissolution of Political Parties and Analogous Measures, muxli III, § V, 14 (10 ianvari, 2000) [amis Semdgom moixsenieba, rogorc Democracy Through Law Guidelines], xelmisawvdomia http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2000/CDL-INF(2000)001-e.asp.
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vnebis dros Temur Zaladobaze gakeTebuli provokaciuli mowodebebi CaaxSos da rogorc davinaxeT, es aucilebelia kidec, rom gakeTdes. TurqeTis mier islamistu-ri eqstremizmis CaxSoba, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi daRvinda da kompetenturi samTavrobo koaliciis Seqmnis madac gauCnda, aseve vnaxeT, rom brZnuli gadawy-vetileba iyo da Sedegic moitana203. yvelaze ukidures SemTxvevaSic ki, romelsac, magaliTad, alJiris samxedro intervenciis dros hqonda adgili parlamentis mier demokratiuli reJimis Canacvlebis aRsakveTad, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT rigi Ronis-Ziebebisa samxedro dapirispirebis miuxedavad.
meore daTqma imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saarCevno akrZalvebi, rogorc wesi, uqmdeba xolme maTi bundovanebis an daSvebuli farglebis gadametebis gamo. es ufro praq-tikuli sakiTxia. magram Tu davuSvebT, rom miuRebeli Sexedulebebis aRsakveTad yvela Zalisxmeva gadametebuli an kidev bundovania, es imas ar niSnavs, rom antide-mokratiuli opoziciis CaxSobis yvela RonisZieba yovelTvis scdeba marTlzomier farglebs. saarCevno akrZalvebis kritika SeiZleba dasabuTebuli iyos Teoriulad, ara konkretul SemTxvevaSi.
pirveli da erTmniSvnelovnad umniSvnelovanesi saproceso garantia aris xelisu-flebis koncentracia. yvela am SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos aqtebi mTavrobis gancxade-bis an prokuroris braldebis safuZvelze miiReba204, magram igi moqmedebs rogorc damoukidebeli arbitri da amdagvarad afasebs mTavrobis saWiroebas, aRkveTos antidemokratiuli safrTxe.
203 Tumca sakiTxi winamdebare statiisTvis Zalze farToa, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom politikuri partie-bis kompleqsuri buneba is faqtoria, romelic maT saqmianobasa Tu gamoxatvis garkveul saxeebze SezRudvebis dawesebas ukavSirdeba. politikuri partiebi uciloblad asaxaven im Rrma daZabulobas masebs, arCeul Tanam-debobis pirebsa da Sida meqanizmebs Soris. es aris ZiriTadi msjeloba aSS-Si ganviTarebuli politikuri par-tiebis Sesaxeb, V.O. Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, & Pressure Groups (5th ed. 1964). ix., Nathaniel Persily & Bruce E. Cain, The Legal Status of Political Parties: A Reassessment of Competing Paradigms, 100 Colum. L. Rev. 775 (2000). ufro farTo msjeloba, Tu rogor pasuxoben partiebi kanonmdeblis mier SeTavazebul waxalisebebs, ix. Kang, supra note 196.204 “sasamarTlos roli umniSvnelovanesia politikuri partiebis akrZalvisa Tu daSlis saqmeebze... SeiZleba sxvadasxva sasamarTlo iyos kompetenturi am sferoSi. zogan es sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciaa, zogan ki saerTo sasamarTloebis” Democracy Through Law Guidelines, supra note 200, mux. III, § VI, 18.
205 ix., mag., Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 126 S. Ct. 2749 (2006). uzenaesi sasamarTlos rolis Sesaxeb, ix. Samuel Issacharoff & Richard H. Pildes, Between Civil Libertarianism and Executive Unilateralism: An Institutional Process Approach to Rights During Wartime, 5 Theoretical Inquiries L. 1 (2004), xelimisawvdomia http://www.bepress.com/til/default/vol5/iss1/art1.206 Bruce Ackerman & Susan Rose-Ackerman, Op-Ed., Britain Needs a New Agency To Fight Corruption, Fin. Times, 2 Tebervali, 2007, gv. 13.
227 Pub. L. No. 107-155, 116 Stat. 81 (ZiriTadad kodificirebulia calkeul TavebSi (2 da 47) U.S.C.).228 2 U.S.C. § 434(f)(3) (Supp. III 2003). “saarCevno komunikaciebi“ ganimarteba BCRA mixedviT. Tu wina pirobebi dak-mayofilebulia, amuSavdeba specialuri wesebi saerTo arCevnebamde 6 dRis da arCevnebis Semdeg 30 dRis. Id. § 434(f)(3)(A)(i).229 540 U.S. 93 (2003).
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biTi mniSvnelobis principebis dadgena am konteqstSi antidemokratiuli safrTxis gansasazRvrad.
socialisturi raixis partiis saqme saintereso magaliTia imis dasamtkiceblad, Tu rogor rTulia gansazRvro antidemokratiuli partiis buneba. aRniSnuli par-tia demokratiul wyobas emuqreba imdenad, ramdenadac es SeuZlia partiam gaake-Tos. igi calsaxad nostalgiiT iyo ganwyobili qveynis uaxlesi nacisturi warsulis mimarT230. misi liderebi yofili SS da mesame raixis sxva msgavsi organizaciebis we-vrebi iyvnen, romlebsac „Zvel mebrZolebad“ moixseniebdnen da maTi dasaqmeba imiT aixsneboda, rom „100 procentiT“ saimedod miiCneodnen231. damarcxebuli germaniis uaxlesi warsulis fonze partia cdilobda, vaimaris dros misi winamorbedi nacio-naluri socialisturi partiis msgavsad, mosaxleobaSi ukmayofilebis da siZulvi-lis sentimentebi gaeRviZebina232.
miuxedavad partiis aSkara kavSirisa nacistur ideologiasTan, partiis asakrZa-lad, sasamarTlos sWirdeboda, daedgina demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gadagdebis gardauvali SesaZebloba, sul mcire am miznis realizebis konkretuli ganzraxva. sasamarTlom ganixila partiis platforma da daadgina, rom „igi savsea kliSeebiT, adgens zogad principebs, rac axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela partias da iTvaliswinebs bundovan, utopiur da araTanmimdevrul dapirebebs“233. mkiTxvels SeuZlia war-moidginos, Tu rogor ganixilavda sasamarTlo Semdeg mowodebebs: „jer amerika“ an „avagoT 21-e saukunesTan makavSirebeli xidi“ da Tanamedrove amerikul saarCevno kampaniebSi dominirebul sxva, zogjer azrs moklebul devizebs.
kidev ufro saintereso midgomaa SemuSavebuli germaniis konstituciis sa-fuZvelze. konstitucia moiTxovs, rom partiebis Sida struqtura demokratiisadmi erTgulebis principze iyos dafuZnebuli234. sasamarTlom aRniSnuli debuleba gan-marta ise, rom politikuri partia „unda agebuli iyos safuZvlidan mis saTavemde ise, rom wevrebi ar iyvnen CamoSorebulni gadawyvetilebis miRebis process da rom garantirebuli iyos yvela wevrisTvis Tanasworoba, amasTan partiaSi gaerTianebis da misi datovebis Tavisufleba”235. marTalia, es principi emyareba germaniis konsti-tucias, rTulia saxelmwifos interesis dadgena ase mkacrad politikuri partiis Sida mmarTvelobis gakontrolebaSi.
germanulma sasamarTlom SeniSna socialisturi raixis partiis saqmeze, erT-erTi yvelaze TvalSisacemi aspeqti partiis programaSi iyo is, rom mas sakuTari or-ganizaciuli struqtura qveynisTvis moexvia Tavs236. da marTlac, es ambicia me-20 saukunis totalitarul reJimebsac ki axasiaTebs. TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi es regresuli partiebi TavianTi partiis disciplinebul struqturas saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis safuZvlad moiazreben da cdiloben, partiasa da saxelmwifos Soris kedlis dangrevas. ase magaliTad. Teoretikosebi politikur partiaTa rols saxel-mwifos formirebaSi mniSvnelovnad miiCneven da amtkiceben, rom Tavad partiebi unda aCvenebdnen TavianTi Sida mowyobiT demokratiuli principebis erTgulebas, rac avtoritarul reJimebSi kategoriulad aris ignorirebuli237. merseli kidev ufro ganavrcobs aRniSnul msjelobas da acxadebs, rom vinaidan politikuri par-tiebis gareSe Tanamedrove demokratia ar arsebobs, isini demokratiuli sazoga-doebis fuZemdebluri principebis mixedviT unda moqmedebdnen238.
is, rom saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba, arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT politikuri partiis Sida mowyobaSi Caerios, mZlavr berkets aniWebs saxelmwifos. erT-erTi mizezi, rac problemurs xdis politikuri partiebis akrZalvas, aris zustad is, rom partiebi arian is mniSvnelovani Suamavli organizaciebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian yu-radsaReb saxalxo mobilizacias saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gareT da mis winaaR-mdeg. swored am mizezis gamoa, rom Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmSi partiebis Camoyalibebisa da funqcionirebis ufleba wamyvani mniSvnelobisaa239. magram demo-kratiuli sazogadoebis pluralistuli Sexedulebebis yvela politikuri partiis Sida organizaciuli mowyobisTvis Tavsmoxveva, savaraudod, saxifaToa partiebis politikuri xelSeuxeblobisa da saxelmwifosgan organizaciuli damoukideblobis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, amerikuli saxelmwifo samarTlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo unda icavdes da uzrunvelyofdes neitralitets religiis sakiTxebze da igive damokidebulebaa bevr, magram ara yvela demokratiul saxelmwifoSi240. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom qristian-demokratiuli partia unda aikrZalos imis gamo, rom saxelmwifos neitralitetis dacvis valdebulebas arRvevs? cxadia, ara, magram es magaliTi aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos da partiebis mimarT
236 Id., Targmnilia nawilobriv Murphy & Tanenhaus, supra note 103, gv. 602, 604.237 Mersel, supra note 112, gv. 97 (amtkicebs, rom „Sida demokratiis nakleboba garegani demokratiis mtkicebule-baa“; James A. Gardner, Can Party Politics Be Virtuous?, 100 Colum. L. Rev. 667, 683–85 (2000) (amtkicebs, rom „bevris momcveli Sida samarTalwarmoeba SeiZleba aqarwylebdes partiis liderebis kontrolsa da kandidatebis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul SeSfoTebas).238 Mersel, supra note 112, gv. 96–98 (claiming, as one of several justifications for requiring internal party democracy, that because individuals in a democratic state enjoy rights to equality and liberty, and because political parties are important components of a demo-cratic regime, individuals should enjoy the same rights within the parties).239 ix. argumenti, rom aSS-is konstitucia moZvelebulia politikur partiebTan mimarTebiT Issacharoff & Pildes, su-pra note 40, gv. 712–16. marTlac, igulisxmeba, rom konstitucias unda Seeqmna partiebis gareSe politikuri struqtura, id. gv.713–14 — es idea 1800 wlis arCevnebSi damarcxda. John Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson (2004); Daryl J. Levinson & Richard H. Pildes, Separation of Parties, Not Powers, 119 Harv. L. Rev. 2311 (2006).240 demokratiuli sazogadoebebis Sesadareblad, romelTac aqvT an ar aqvT gamorCeuli statusis mqone ekle-sia, ix., Richard Albert, American Separationism and Liberal Democracy: The Establishment Clause in Historical and Comparative Perspective, 88 Marq. L. Rev. 867, 901–23 (2005).
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gansxvavebuli standartebis Sefardeba, Tundac es partiebi xelisuflebaSi adgi-lis damkvidrebas lamobdnen.
problema ufro Rrmaa, vidre demokratiuli saxelmwifos ideologiuri valde-bulebebi. politikuri partiebi wamyvan rols asruleben informirebuli mosaxleo-bisTvis demokratiul procesebSi monawileobis miRebis uzrvelsayofad, zustad im mizezis gamo, rom isini saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad arian formirebulni. ara mxolod Tanamedrove konstituciebis umetesoba aniWebs uflebebis mniSvnelovan pa-kets politikur partiebis241, TviT aSS-Sic ki saxelmwifo samarTli iTvaliswinebs politikuri partiebis saxelmwifosgan dacvis da maTi damoukideblobis uamrav normas. ase magaliTad, uzenaesma sasamarTlom pirveli SesworebiT gaTvaliswine-buli gaerTianebis uflebis darRveva arakonstituciurad gamoacxada. kerZod, moi-Txoveboda, rom yvela amomrCevels SeZleboda partiis wevrad aerCia kandidati, miuxedavad partiisa da misi wesdebis mimarT am kandidaturis warsulSi erTgule-bisa242. ufro metic, aseTi moTxovnis gauqmeba kiTxvis qveS ayenebs im moTxovnis konstituciurobas, rom partiebma TavianTi kandidatebi airCion rigiTi wevrebis da ara aRamasrulebeli komitetis mier. msgavsi moTxovna SedarebiT mokrZalebu-lad SeiZleba CaiTvalos243.
nebismieri moTxovna, rom partiebs hqondeT Ria da demokratiuli Sida struqtu-ra, safrTxes qmnis ideologiuri da religiuri partiebisTvis, romlebic SeiZleba garkveuli fiqsirebuli principebis mixedviT iyvnen organizebulni. aseve SeiZleba problema Seiqnas popularuli liderebis garSemo gaerTianebuli partiebisTvis, romlebic SeiZleba verc ganviTardnen mravalricxovan organizaciebad. amis isto-riuli magaliTebia peronizmi argentinaSi da kadimas Seqmna israelSi maSindeli premier-ministris ariel Saronis avtoritetis gamoisobiT. zustad im mizezis gamo, rom partiebi saxelmwifosTan ar arian gaigivebuli, wevrobidan gasvla an arCev-nebSi damarcxeba aris is Sesabamisi reaqcia, rac unda mohyves uRirsi centraluri kadris mier xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebas244. ufro metic, vinaidan partia da saxel-mwifo erTi da igive araa, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi pluralisturi konkuren-tobis saWiroeba aucileblad ar moiTxovs igive pluralistul SejibrebiTobas me-toqe partiebs Soris. analogiiT, SeiZleba sakmarisad gansxvavebuli meniu vixiloT qalaqis restornebSi, Tundac TiToeuli restorani mxolod erTi konkretuli sam-zareulos kerZebs amzadebdes. damajerebeli ar aris moTxovna, yvela partias erTi
241 Issacharoff, Karlan, & Pildes, supra note 23, gv. 346 note a; Issacharoff & Pildes, supra note 40, gv. 691; Richard H. Pildes, The Supreme Court, 2003 Term—Foreword: The Constitutionalization of Democratic Politics, 118 Harv. L. Rev. 28, 31–34 (2004).242 Cal. Democratic Party v. Jones, 530 U.S. 567 (2000). aRniSnul saqmeze „amomrCevlebs SeeZloT, Tavisuflad miecaT xma demokrat an respublikel kandidatebs Soris ise, rom, magaliTad, demokratebidan aerCiaT gubernatori da respublikelebisgan senatori, miuxedavad Tavdapirveli ganawilebisa da ama Tu im partiaSi gawevrianebisa. Id. gv. 570. amiT partiebs Soris da farTo amomrCevels partiidan standartuli kandidatebis amorCevis SesaZ-lebloba mieca... Id. gv. 581–82.243 ix.aRniSnuli argumenti ufro detalurad Samuel Issacharoff, Private Parties With Public Purposes: Political Parties, As-sociational Freedoms, and Partisan Competition, 101 Colum. L. Rev. 274 (2001).244 mTavari argumenti moyvanilia Semdegi wyarodan: The basic argument here draws from Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970).
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da igive Sida struqtura hqondes, vinaidan saboloo mizani aris amomrCevlis xma da politikosis Tanamdebobidan gawvevis SesaZlebloba, rasac mokled Sevexebi.
davubrundeT politikuri partiis akrZalvis yvelaze cnobil – socialisturi raixis partiis saqmes. sabolood, rac gadawyvita saqmis Sedegi, iyo, arc partiis Sida mowyobaSi demokratiuli principebis nakleboba da arc misi mowodebebis tri-vialuri paTetika. ZiriTadi aspeqti marTlac yvelaze TvalSisacemi sakiTxi iyo partiis pirdapiri kavSiri qveynis nacistur warsulTan. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom partiis uniforma axalgazrduli nacisturi moZraobis uniformis msgavsi iyo da „yofil nacistebs ekavaT partiis wamyvani Tanamdebobebi, isini gansazRvravdnen partiis politikur da inteleqtualur imijs da maT gareSe gadawyvetilebebi ver miiReboda”245. logikuri daskvna is iyo, rom partiis daSla jerovani RonisZieba iyo misi miznidan gamomdinare, „misi organizaciuli mowyoba, Tavs moexvia erisTvis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave da am gziT Ziri gamoeTxara konstituciiT ganmt-kicebuli misi Tavisufali demokratiuli marTlwesrigisTvis“246. saboloo jamSi dadginda martivi faqti, rom es iyo nacisturi partia Tavisi „raixis“ kultiTa da antisemitizmis mZime gamovlinebebiT da igi ar uaryofda hitleris mTavrobasTan kavSirs247, omis Semdgomi germaniis konteqstSi aRniSnulma garemobebma partia de-mokratiuli Semwynareblobis miRma datova.
SeiZleba Tamamd iTqvas, rom germaniis socialisturi raixis partia aris modeli partiisa, romelic unda aikrZalos. es iyo partia, romelic Sedgeboda yofili na-cisturi mebrZolebisgan, romlebic ar inaniebdnen nacisturi germaniis qmedebebs da kvlavac cdilobdnen meore msoflio omis Semdeg axladwamoCituli germanu-li demokratiuli saxelmwifos destabilizacias da nacistur relsebze dabrune-bas. safrTxe, romelsac fiureris da raixis kultis mxardamWeri partia qmnida, ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo ufro mkafiod gamoxatuli. magram faqti, rom germanul sasa-marTlos TviT aseT aSkara garemoebebis SemTxvevaSic ki gauWirda ganzogadebuli principebis SemuSaveba, metyvelebs imaze, Tu raoden didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs demokratiul procesebSi CarTvisTvis arsebiTi moTxovnebis gansazRvrisas.
251 es sadavo gancxadeba demokratiul legitimurobas mowinaaRmdege jgufebis konkurenciis safuZvlad mo-iazrebs da ukavSirdeba jozef Sumpeteris arguments, romelic demokratiis birTvs gansazRvravs, rogorc „institucionalur meqanizms politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, romliTac individebi moipoveben Za-lauflebas xalxis xmebisTvis brZolis gziT“, Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 269 (3d ed. 1950). konkurenciis idea demokratiuli legitimurobis Semadgenel nawilad moiazreba, ix., Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy, Pluralism, and Scale, 7 Scandinavian Pol. Stud. 225, 230 (1984) (gvTavazobs, rom demokratia gagebuli iqnes, rogorc “konkurenciis meSveobiT kontrolis sistema”), citirebulia Michael P. McDonald & John Samples, The Marketplace of Democracy: Normative and Empirical Issues, in The Marketplace of Democracy 1, 1 (Michael P. McDonald & John Samples eds., 2006).252 madlobas vuxdi bernard menins am formulirebaSi daxmarebisTvis.253 fraza „erTi individi, erTi xma, erTjeradad“ daamkvidra saxelmwifo mdivnis yofilma TanaSemwem da aSS-is elCma siriasa da egvipteSi edvard jaredianma, Ali Khan, A Theory of Universal Democracy, 16 Wis. Int’l L.J. 61, 106 n.130 (1997). fraza exeba bevr qveyanas, sadac koloniuri mmarTvelobis Semdeg pirveli arCevneb gaimarTa imis gadasawyvetad, Tu vin iqneboda xelisuflebaSi religiur Tu Temur mowinaaRmdegeebTan angariSis gasasworeblad. aseT SemTxvevaSi maravalpartiuli arCevnebi ukanasknelad imarTeboda. ix., Donald L. Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? 239–40 (1991) (aRniSnavs, rom xelisufleba afrikaSi 1967 da 1991 wlebSi mSvidobiani arCevnebis gziT ar Secvlila).
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sferodan CamoSoreba ase ar xdeba. Tu politikuri Zalaufleba ar aris angariS-valdebuli mosaxleobis didi nawilis mimarT, es Seqcevadobas ise abrkolebs, rom mimdinare demokratiul mmarTvelobas safrTxis qveS ayenebs.
demokratiuli angariSvaldebulebisadmi damuqrebuli im potenciuri safrTxis Sesafaseblad, rac demokratiul angariSvaldebulebas emuqreba, demokratiulma qveynebma unda gansazvron saarCevno politika ise, rom arc politikuri partiebis akrZalvas mimarTon da arc sisxlis samarTlebriv sanqciebs. Minimum, aseTi Suale-duri midgoma gulixsmobs arCevnebis administraciuli samarTlebrivi normebiT regulirebas, damoukidebeli uwyebis arsbebobas, romelsac SeuZlia politikuri SurisZiebis Taobaze Serisxuli partiis saCivarze reagireba moaxdinos254. unda arsebobdes gamoxatvis sakmarisi alternatiuli saSualebebi politikuri debate-bis Semcirebis Tavidan asacileblad. zogierT saxelmwifoSi, indoeTis CaTvliT, damoukidebeli administraciuli kontroli, romelsac sasamarTlo ganxilva mos-devs, warmatebulad xorcieldeba. meqsikac ki, romelmac erTpartiul mmarTve-lobas axlaxan daaRwia Tavi, prezidentis sadavo arCevnebs uwevs zedamxedvelo-bas, damoukideblobis da legitimurobis auras inarCunebs255 erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc aRniSnuli midgoma winaaRmdegobaSi modis amerikul tradiciasTan, aris arCevnebis neitraluri administrirebis Zalian mcire Tu saerTod aranairi ga-mocdileba. administraciuli kontroli an TiTqmis ar arsebobs, an, savalalod, gavleniani federaluri saarCevno komisiis saxiTaa warmodgenili. politikuri agitaciis gamoucdeloba demokratiuli wesrigis seriozuli safrTxea256. Tumca sayovelTao xasiaTi ar aqvs, aRniSnuli safrTxe msoflio asparezze mkafiod aris gamokveTili.
254 administraciuli kontrolis sxvadasxva formebis da maTi fardobiTi efeqtianobis Sesaxeb saintereso mimoxilva. ix, Christopher S. Elmendorf, Representation Reinforcement Through Advisory Commissions: The Case of Election Law, 80 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1366 (2005).255 ix. Julia Preston & Samuel Dillon, Opening Mexico 496–99 (2004); agreTve, Jamin Raskin, A Right-To-Vote Amendment for the U.S. Constitution: Confronting America’s Structural Democracy Deficit, 3 Election L.J. 559, 564 (2004) (aRwers damoukidebe-li saarCevno komisiis rols politikuri cvlilebis ganxorcielebaSi da mohyavs meqsikis komisiis magaliTi, rogorc warmatebuli SemTxveva).256 gamonaklisia Ex parte McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 506 (1869), sasamarTlom iurisdiqciis ararsebobis gamo uari Tqva provokaciuli statiebis avtoris mimarT habeus corpus samarTalwarmoebis dawyebaze.
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daskvna
dResdReobiT dadasturebulia, rom yvela sakonstitucio marTlwesrigi forma-lurad Tu araformalurad sagangebo uflebamosilebas inarCunebs. jasTin jeqsonis mkacri gafrTxileba, rom konstitucia „TviTmkvlelobis paqti“ ar aris257, ajamebs im mosazrebebs, rom TviT Semwynarebel demokratiul sazogadoebas unda SeeZlos Tavisi myife sazRvrebis dacva. winamdebare statia ZiriTadad emyareba argumentebs, romlebic amerikuli gamocdilebisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, bolo aswleulis praqti-kisgan Sors dgas. statiis dasawyisSive aRiniSna, rom zogierTi demokratiuli sazo-gadoeba amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan SedarebiT ufro myifea da maTi politiku-ri struqtura ufro met naprals Seicavs, romelic SeiZleba antidemorkatiulma elementebma gamoiyenon. msgavsi politikuri struqturidan gamomdinare, saxelm-wifo xelisuflebas unda SeeZlos, gaumklavdes im Zalebs, romlebmac SeiZleba de-mokratia daamarcxon. momdevno etapze SeiZleba warmovidginoT saarCevno politi-ka, romelic gaerTianebis, sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvisa da sityvis konstituciuri uflebebis maregulirebeli wesebisgan gansxvavdeba. gansxvavebuli politikuri gan-zomilebidan warmoSobili unikaluri safrTxis daregulirebisaTvis, myife demo-kratiebs unda SeeZloT saarCevno saqmiaobis mowesrigeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi an meamboxe qcevis myisieri safrTxis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad, rac politikuri gamoxatvis kriminalizaciis miRebuli standartia. dabolos, politikuri procesis damoukidebeli kontroli aucilebelia, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli saTaveSi myofi politikuri xelisuflebis mier Tavis gadasarCenad Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba.
ba daakavon – ̀ Tu arsebobs sxva monacemebi, romlebic safuZvels iZleva, danaSaulis Cadenis eWvi mitanil iqnes pirze. es piri SeiZleba daakavon mxolod im SemTxevaSi, roca igi gaqcevas cdilobda, an mas ara aqvs mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, an ar aris dadgenili misi vinaoba”.
142-e muxlis meore nawilis es norma maSin sadavo gaxda imis gamo, rom praq-tikaSi mas SeeZlo TviTnebobisa da adamianis uflebebis dar Rve visaTvis Seewyo xeli. sakonstitucio kolegia 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebaSi amis gamo sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom `saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis debulebebi unda iyos calsaxa da gasagebi, raTa ar iZleodes maTi orazrovani ganmartebis SesaZleblobas”. am sityvebis siswores adasturebs 142-e muxlis pir-veli nawili, romelSic zustad aris CamoTvlili is SemTxvevebi, roca danaSaulis CadenaSi eWmitanilis dakavebaa SesaZlebeli. es SemTxvevebia: `a) pirs waaswres dana-Saulis Cadenisas an CadenisTanave; b) TviTmxilvelebi, maT Soris dazaralebulebic, pirdapir miuTiTeben am pirze, rogorc danaSaulis Camdenze; g) pirze, masTan an mis tansacmelze aRmoCndeba Cadenili danaSaulis aSkara kvali; d) piri miimala dana-Saulis Cadenis Semdeg, magram Semdgom igi amoicno dazaralebulma; e) piris mimarT gamotanilia ganCineba (dadgenileba) Zebnis warmoebis Sesaxeb”.
erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT, ra azri hqonda kanonSi am zust CamonaTvals maSin, roca 142-e muxlis meore nawilSi gvxvdeboda iseTi bundovani cneba, rogoric iyo `Tu arsebobs sxva monacemebi...” es sityvebi xom praqtikaSi sruli TviTnebobis Se-saZleblobas qmnida da adamianis Tavisuflebis dacvis konstituciur ga rantias Zirs uTxrida?! swored amis gamo iyo, rom 142-e muxlis meore nawili sakonstitucio sa-samarTlos meore kolegiam 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebiT Zaladakargulad cno. am mxriv metad sagulisxmoa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiis 2009 wlis 6 aprilis gadawyvetileba, romelic amJamad Cveni ganxilvis ZiriTad sagans warmoadgens. masSi naTqvamia: `46. kolegiis mosazreba savsebiT Seesabameba saqar-Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier 2003 wlis 29 ianvris #2/3/182, 185, 191 gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebul sxva azrsac, rom `saqarTvelos konstitucia ar icnobs piris dakavebis SesaZleblobas `sxva monacemebis” safuZvelze. es monacemebi SesaZlebelia safuZvlad daedos eWvs da ara pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas (ix. 2009 wlis 6 aprilis gadawyvetileba, 22-e gv.)’’.
maSasadame, 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dros davis sa gans warmoadgenda sityvebi: adamianis dakaveba SeiZleboda ̀ sxva monaceme bis” safuZvelze, `roca igi gaqcevas cdilobda”. rac Seexeba 2006 wlis 6 ap ri lis gadawyvtilebas, aq davis sagani iyo sityvebi: `v”/ piri SeiZleba miimalos”.
Tu am sami sityvis `piri SeiZleba miimalos” Sinaarss gavizi a rebT, aS karad davi-naxavT, rom es sityvebi sagamoZiebo praqtikaSi TviTnebobis ga ci lebiT met SesaZle-blobas iZleva, vidre sityvebi `roca igi gaqcevas cdi lobda”. `gaqcevas cdilobda” ufro konkretuli azris gamomxatvelia, vid re sityvebi ̀ piri SeiZleba miimalos”. aq sityva `SeiZleba” srul Se saZ leblobas iZleva TviTnebobisaTvis. `SeiZleba” Zalian abstraqtuli cnebaa da sakiTxisadmi subieqturi midgomis gacilebiT met SesaZle-blobas qmnis.
aseTsave daskvnamde mivalT, Tuki sityvebs `piri SeiZleba miimalos” sxva ku T-xiTac SevadarebT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 29 ian vris gadawyveti-lebis ganxilvis sagans. mxedvelobaSi maqvs sityvebi `Tu arsebobs sxva monacemebi”. am sityvebSi nagulisxmevi azri iseTive far To da arakonkretulia, rogorc azri, romelic igulisxmeba sityvebSi `piri SesaZloa miimalos”. sityva `sxva” am Tvalsa-zrisiT arafriT ar gan s xvavdeba sityvisagan `SesaZloa”. amitom gaurkvevelia, ra mosazrebiT xel mZRvanelobda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegia, roca, erTi mxriv, aRiara, rom `kolegiis mosazreba savsebiT Seesabameba saqarTvelos sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos mier 2003 wlis 29 ianvris #2/3/182, 185, 191 ga da-wyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebul sxva azrsac, rom `saqarTvelos konstitu cia ar cnobs piris dakavebis SesaZleblobas ̀ sxva monacemebis” safuZvelze. es monacemebi SesaZle-belia safuZvlad daedos eWvs da ara pirovne bis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas”. xolo, meore mxriv, sityvebi `piri SeiZleba miimalos” antikonstituciurad ar miiCnia. Tuki adamianis dakaveba `sxva monacemebze” dayrdnobiT, `SesaZlebelia daedos sa-fuZvlad eWvs da ara pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas”, maSin ratom ar SeiZleba igive iTqvas sityvebze `piri SeiZleba miimalos”? ratom ar SeiZleba, rom es sity-vebic `daedos safuZvlad eWvs da ara pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas”? roca sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kolegia sisxlis samar T lis saproceso kodeqsis 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v” punqtis konsti tuciurobas afasebda, nuTu mas TvalSi ar moxvda 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis sxva punqtebi, sadac, rogorc ukve iTqva, zustad, araorazrovnad da yvelasaTvis gasagebad aris Camoyalibebuli eWvmitani-lis dakavebis safuZvlebi! rogor SeiZleba, rom adamians, romelic am muxlis pir-vel nawils waikiTxavs, mxedvelobidan gamorCes `v” punqtis aseTi mkveTri gansxva-veba sxva punqtebisagan?!
am sakiTxze sakonstitucio kolegias Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi pirdapiri, damaje-rebeli pasuxi ar gaucia. pirdapir ar cdilobs, daasabuTos, 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebis sagani arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda Tu ara misi ganxilvis sagnisagan. ufro metic, kolegia msjelobis dros aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, `kolegiis mosazreba savsebiT Seesabameba” saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebaSi gamoTqmul im mosazrebas, rom `saqarTvelos konstitucia ar icnobs piris dakavebis SesaZleblobas `sxva monaceme-bis” safuZvelze, es monacemebi SesaZloa safuZvlad daedos eWvs da ara pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas (ix. 2009 wlis 6 aprilis gadawyvetileba, 22-e gv.)’’. ro-gorc vxedavT, kolegia eTanxmeba 2003 wlis 29 ianvris sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, romliTac saproceso kodeqsis 142-e muxlis me-2 nawilis sityvebi `sxva monacemebi” konstituciis me-18 muxls ewinaaRmdegeboda, rom es `sxva monace-mebi” SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos mxolod eWvs.
magram ubralo eWvi ar SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad adamianis eWvmitanilis saxiT dakavebas. amitom sakonstitucio kolegiis azriT, amisaTvis `unda arsebobdes sa-fuZvliani da gonivruli eWvi”, rom adamianma Caidina danaSauli. am sakiTxSi kole-gia eTanxmeba sakonstitucio sarCels, romelSic araerTxel aris aRniSnuli, rom adamianis dakaveba ar SeiZleba, Tu ar aris dadgenili mis mier danaSaulis Cadenis `safuZvliani eWvi”. sadavo gadawyvetilebaSi naTqvamia: `eWvi adamianis subieqturi damokidebulebaa, magram piris TavisuflebaSi Careva ver moxdeba imgvari eWvis sa-fuZvelze, romelic emyareba mxolod subieqtur ganwyobas”. amitom `eWvi unda iyos safuZvliani (ix. gadawyvetileba, me-15 gv.)” - daaskvnis aqac kolegia.
axla vnaxoT, gadawyvetilebaSi rogor aris am mxriv Sefasebuli sadavo no rma, ese igi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v” punqti – `piri SesaZloa miimalos”. am normis Sefasebisas kolegia yovelnairad cdilobs, gverdi auaros sakiTxis arss. igi Tavisi msjelobis dros kmayofildeba mxolod zogadi frazebiT da erTi sityviTac ar ixilavs im sakiTxs, ramdenad uwyobs xels es norma `safuZvliani eWvis” dadgenas. `22. Tu piris dakavebas – vkiTxulobT ga-dawyvetilebaSi – sadavo norma dauSvebs im moTxovnebis darRveviT, razec zemoT gamaxvilda yuradReba, maSin is ar emsaxureba legitimur mizans, ar eqvemdebareba Tanazomierebis tests da xelyofs ZiriTadi uflebis xelSeuxebel arss” (me-16 gv.).
erTi SexedviT, am teqstidan ise Cans, TiTqos sadavo noma `piri SesaZloa miima-los” danaSaulis Cadenis `safuZvlian eWvs” qmnis. am normam ar unda dauSvas ada-mianis dakaveba `safuZvliani eWvis” ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es gadawyve-tilebaSia aRniSnuli. amas unda niSnavdes sityvebi: sadavo normam ar unda dauSvas adamianis dakaveba `im moTxovnebis darRveviT, razec zemoT gamaxvilda yuradReba”. zemoT ki swored `safuZvlian eWvze” iyo laparaki.
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magram cota qvemoT gadawyvetilebaSi amis sawinaaRmdegod naTqvamia, rom `ka-nonmdeblis SesaZleblobas aRemateba gonivruli eWvis warmoqmnis SemTxvevebisa da im monacemebis amomwuravi CamonaTvlis dadgena, romlebic SeiZleba daedos sa-fuZvlad eWvs. is, Tu ramdenad qmnis esa Tu is monacemi gonivruli eWvis safuZvels, konkretul SemTxvevaSi aris gasarkvevi. mTavaria, rom kanonmdebeli adgens zogad kriteriumebs, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba am konkretuli SemTxvevebis ganxilva da Sefaseba” (ix. gadawyvetileba, 22-e gv.).
rogorc aqedan Cans, raxan `gonivruli eWvis” SemTxvevaTa amomwuravi nusxis dadgena kanonmdeblis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, raxan kanonmdebeli adgens mxo-lod `zogad kriteriumebs”, maSin ise gamodis, rom `safuZvliani” eWvi unda daad-ginos policielma an sxva amisaTvis uflebamosilma muSakma. sxva azris gamotana kolegiis am mosazrebidan SeuZlebelia. ai, swored aq aris Camarxuli sadavo saki-Txis mTeli arsi. magram, Tu es asea, maSin ratom daeTanxma kolegia 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebas, romelmac Zaladakargulad cno sisxlis samarTlis sapro-ceso kodeqsis 142-e muxlis me-2 nawilis sityvebi `Tu arsebobs sxva monacemebi”. vinmes mimarT danaSaulis Cadenis eWvis misatanad. es sityvebi sakonstitucio sa-samarTlos kolegiam maSin xom imitom cno Zaladakargulad, rom maT sagamoZiebo praqtikaSi TviTnebobisa da adamianis konstituciuri uflebebis darRvevisaTvis xelis Sewyoba SeeZloT. Cven xom zeviT dawvrilebiT gavaanalizeT, rom araviTari arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs sadavo normasa `piri SeiZleba miimalos” da im normas Soris, romelic sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiam 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebiT Zaladakargulad cno.
modiT, davubrundeT isev gansaxilveli gadawyvetilebidan zemoT motanil sity-vebs: `kanonmdeblis SesaZleblobas aRemateba gonivruli eWvis warmoqmnis SemTxve-vebisa da im monacemebis amomwuravi CamonaTvalis dadgena, romlebic SeiZleba dae-dos safuZvlad eWvs”. am azrs kolegia gadawyvetilebaSi sxva adgilasac imeorebs. me-19 gverdze vkiTxulobT: `kolegia ar iziarebs mosazrebas, rom sisxlis samarT-lis saproceso kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs gonivruli eWvis gaCenis SemTxvevebis kon-kretul CamonaTvals da sxva SemTxvevebSi gonivruli da safuZvliani eWvis gaCena SeuZlebelia. `eWvi” ar aris kanonmdeblis mier amomwuravad gansazRvradi katego-ria da gaCndeba Tu ara is, es damokidebulia mTeli rigi obieqturi da subieqturi garemoebebis erTobliobaze konkretul SemTxvevaSi”.
rogorc Cans, kolegias unda, amiT dagvimtkicos, rom, erTi mxriv, is aRiarebs `safuZvliani eWvis” konstituciur princips, meore mxriv ki, mas viTom awuxebs is garemoeba, rom `safuZvliani eWvi” iseTi cxovrebiseuli garemoebaa, romelsac ka-nonmdebeli amomwuravad ver CamoTvlis kanonis teqstSi, TiTqos es SeuZlebeli da miuRweveli ramaa.
jer erTi, vin mosTxova kanonmdebels, rac ki cxovrebaSi `gonivruli eWvis” SemTxveva SeiZleba gaCndes, ginda Tu ara, yvela erTad moiZie da kodeqsSi Cawereo.
aseTi azri me jer arsad arc amomikiTxavs da arc momismenia. `amomwuravi CamonaTva-lis” cneba sul sxva rames gulisxmobs. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi mocemulia danaSaulebriv qmedebaTa amomwuravi CamonaTvali. amis mixed-viT, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad ar iTvleba arc erTi is qmedeba, romelic kode-qsSi ar aris Setanili. magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom cxovrebaSi xval ar SeiZleba aRmoCndes qmedeba, romlis kodeqsSi Setana da danaSaulad gamocxadeba aucilebeli iqneba. Tanamedrove teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi socialuri cxovreba ise swra-fad viTardeba, iseTi tempiT midis win, rom amis SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs.
aseve unda mivudgeT `gonivruli (safuZvliani) eWvis” SemTxvevebis sakiTxsac da daveTanxmoT im azrs, rom sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi am SemTxvevebis amomwuravi nusxa unda iyos mocemuli. Tumca es rodi niSnavs imas, rom `safuZvliani eWvis” zogierTi SemTxveva kanonmdebels gamorCes. magram momavalSi kanonmdebloba SeiZleba Seivsos da kidev uf ro srulyofili gaxdes. aseTi midgoma sakiTxisadmi pirovnebis Ta vi suflebis dacvis konstituciuri moTxovnebidan gamomdinareobs, Tu Cven sproceso kodeqsSi `gonivruli eWvis” SemTxvevebis amomwurav CamonaTvalze uars vityviT, amiT safrTxes SevuqmniT adamianis Tavisuflebis konstituciur princips. visa aqvs imis garantia, rom policieli an sagamoZiebo organos muSaki ar Secdeba da ubralo eWvs `safuZvlian eWvad” ar miiCnevs. arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom kanonSi `gonivruli eWvis” SemTxvevebis amomwuravi CamonaTvalis ararseboba borotad gamoiyenos sagamoZiebo organos muSakma. miT umetes, SeiZleba moxdes es saqarTveloSi, sadac samarTlebrivi cxovrebis done dReisaTvis sakmaod dabalia.
meorec, yvelafer zemoT Tqmulsac rom Tavi davaneboT, erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs minda mivaqcio aq mkiTxvelis yuradReba. sakonstitucio sarCelSi aRniSnulia, rom adamianis dakavebisaTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes danaSaulis Cadenis `safuZvliani eWvi”. sarCeli eyrdnoba adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropu-li konvenciis me-5 muxls, romelSic aseve aRniSnulia, rom adamianis `kanonieri dakaveba an dapatimreba uflebamosili sasamarTlo organos winaSe mis warsadge-nad” SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac arsebobs samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis `sa-fuZvliani eWvi”.
am azrs eTanxmeba TviTon sakonstitucio kolegiac. aq gansaxilvel ga da-wyvetilebaSi kolegia aRniSnavs, rom `eWvi unda iyos safuZvliani”, `unda arse-bobdes safuZvliani da gonivruli eWvi, rom pirma, romelic dakavebulia, Caidina aRniSnuli danaSauli” (ix. gadawyvetileba, me-15 gv.).
magram kolegia amave dros gadawyvetilebaSi kategoriulad amtki cebs: `kolegia ar iziarebs mosazrebas, rom sisxlis samarTlis sap ro ce so kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs gonivruli eWvis gaCenis SemTxvevebis konkretul CamonaTvals da sxva SemTxvevebSi gonivruli da safuZvliani eWvis gaCena SeuZlebelia” (ix. gadawyvetileba, me-19 gv.).
vebSi”. rogorc vxedavT, aq konstitucia gviTiTebs kanonze, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba adamianis dakaveba. aq, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba sisxlis samarTlis sa-proceso kodeqsis 142-e muxli. konstitucia sakiTxs saerTod zogadi mniSvnelobiT wyvets da yoveli sakiTxis dakonkreteba, mis siRrmeSi wvdoma, specialuri kanonm-deblobiT xdeba. konstitucia rom adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferos mTeli siRr-miT amomwuravad asaxavdes, maSin specialuri kanonmdebloba saWiro aRar iqneboda. am TvalsazrisiT, Tuki 142-e muxlSi ar iqneboda adamianis dakavebis SemTxvevebis amomwuravi CamonaTvali, romlebic konstituciis me-18 muxlSi ar aris mocemuli, maSin 142-e muxli azrs dakargavda da konstituciis me-18 muxlic sakmarisi iqnebo-da adamianis dakavebisaTvis. konstituciis me-18 muxli zogadad gviTiTebs kanonze da gvubneba, rom adamianis dakaveba SesaZlebelia `kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxveveb-Si”. maSasadame, kanonma, am SemTxvevaSi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 142-e muxlma, unda CamogviTvalos is SemTxvevebi, roca adamianis dakavebaa SesaZlebeli. magram im SemTxvevebis nusxa, romelTa dros adamianis dakavebaa SesaZlebeli, unda iyos amomwuravi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi konstituciis me-18 muxlis miTiTebas azri daekargeboda, rogorc es zemoT ukve vTqviT.
kidev erT arsebiT sakiTxs minda mivaqcio mkiTxvelis yuradReba. imisaTvis, rom kolegias sadavo normis konstituciuroba daemtkicebina, mas gadawyvetilebaSi, erTi mxriv, xazi unda gaesva da gamoevlina arsebiTi gansxvaveba am normasa da 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebiT Zaladakargul normas Soris (`sxva monacemebi”), xolo, meore mxriv ki, unda daedgina arsebiTi mniSvnelobis saerTo niSnebi sapro-ceso kodeqsis 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis sxva punqtebTan. Cven zemoT dawvrile-biT SevexeT im sakiTxs, rom sadavo normasa (`piri SesaZloa miimalos”) da im normas Soris, romelic Zaladakargulad cno sakonstitucio sasamarTlom (`Tu arsebobs sxva monacemebi”) araviTari arsebiTi sxvaoba ar arsebobs. amitom am sakiTxze aq msjelobas aRar gavagrZelebT. oriode sityviT Sevexebi mxolod im sakiTxs, Tu ra gansxvavebaa saproceso kodeqsis 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v” punqtsa da amave nawilis sxva punqtebs Soris.
`v” punqtis mixedviT, eWvmitanilis saxiT adamiani SeiZleba daakavon, Tu is `Se-saZloa miimalos”. axla SevadaroT es sityvebi 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `a” punqtis teqsts. aq naTqvamia: `pirs waaswres danaSaulis Cadenisas an CadenisTanave”. vis SeuZlia Tqvas, rom am teqstSi ar Cans `safuZvliani eWvi”, rom am kacma Caidina danaSauli? rasakvirvelia, amas veravin ityvis. magram amas ver vityviT `v” punqtis mimarT `piri Se saZ loa miimalos”. es teqsti Zalian abstraqtulia da moklebulia konkretu lobas. Cven ar viciT, ra gaakeTa man da ris gamo apirebs mimalvas. ufro metic, mimalvis ganzraxvac saeWvoa, ar Cans es teqstidan. is `SesaZloa” miimalos, magram riT aris dasabuTebuli, rom is mimalvas apirebs?
CavyveT qvemoT. igive suraTs vnaxavT, Tu Cven axla 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v” da `b” punqtebis teqstebs Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTs SevadarebT. magaliTad, `b” punqtis teqsti aseTi Sinaarsisaa: `TviTm xil velebi, maT Soris dazaralebulebic
amis Semdeg dasaxelebulia saproceso kodeqsis 141-e muxli, romlis pir veli nawili Turme `kidev ufro aviwroebs danaSaulTa wres da daka vebis gamoyenebas uSvebs im danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, romlisTvisac kanoni iTvaliswinebs sasjels Ta-visuflebis aRkveTis saxiT”. gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia agreTve saproceso ko-deqsis me-12 muxlis me-2 nawili, rome lic Turme ̀ imperatiulad moiTxovs, rom daka-vebuls dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos danaSaulis Taobaze, romlis CadenaSic is aris eWvmitanili”. Sem deg gadawyvetilebaSi dasaxelebulia 145-e muxli, romelSic aseve eWmita nilis ama Tu im uflebebzea laparaki. momdevno me-18 gverdze sakonstitucio kolegia kvlav imeorebs zemoT erTxel ukve naTqvams da guldasmiT gvixsnis, rom 141-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, dakavebis zogadi piroba Turme iseTi SemTxveva yo-fila, roca `arsebobs sakmao safuZveli eWvi miitanon pirze im danaSaulis CadenaSi, romlisTvisac kanoni iTvaliswinebs sasjels Tavisuflebis aRkveTis saxiT”. kole-gia yuradRebas amaxvilebs sa proceso kodeqsis 44-e muxlis 231 muxlze, romelSic `eWvmitanilis” terminia ganmartebuli. am ganmartebis mixedviT, eWvmitanilia is, vis mimarTac `arsebobs gonivruli eWvis safuZveli, rom man Caidina saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli”.
magram ra kavSiri aqvs am muxlebs sadavo normis konstituciurobasTan, amaze gadawyvetilebaSi erTi sityvac ar aris naTqvami. ase rom, sa bo lo od, kolegiis am msjelobidan iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom sadavo nor mis konstituciurobis dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia. Tumca dakavebas safu Z vlad unda daedos gonivruli, sa-fuZvliani eWvi. Mmagram, raxan gonivruli, anu safuZvliani eWvis amomwuravi Ca-monaTvali kanonmdeblobaSi mo cemuli ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos, rogorc amas
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kolegia gvim t ki cebs, eWvi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda gansazRvros poli-ciis mu Sa kma. amiT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 6 aprilis gadawyvetileba pir dapir ewinaaRmdegeba amave sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyve tilebas, razedac zemoT dawvrilebiT vilaparakeT. magram is garemoeba, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos es ori gadawyvetileba urTierTsawinaa R mdegoa, TavisTavad wamoWris erT axal sakiTxs, romelzedac sakonstitucio sarCelSi gamaxvilebulia yuradReba da amitom Cvenc mas gverds ver avuvliT.
dasaxelebul sarCelSi naTqvamia: saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos or-ganuli kanonis 25-e muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier samarTlebrivi aqtis an misi nawilis arakonstituciurad cnobis Semdeg ar SeiZleba iseTi samarTlebrivi aqtis miReba/gamocema, romelic Seicavs imave Si-naarsis normebs, romlebic arakonstituciurad iqna cnobili”. organuli kanonis swored es norma daarRvia saqarTvelos parlamentma, roca 2006 wlis 29 dekembris kanoniT cvlileba Seitana saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi da 142-e muxlis pirvel nawils daumata `v” punqti `piri SesaZloa miimalos”. saqarTve-los parlamentis praqtikaSi, samwuxarod, aseTi dar Rveva gamonaklisi rodia. da-vasaxeleb kidev erT SemTxvevas, romelic Cveni parlamentis bolo wlebSi muSaobis damaxasiaTebelia. 1997 wlis 21 ivlisis saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, Zaladakargulad gamocxadda saqarTvelos 1960 wlis sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis 34-e muxli, romliTac damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT gaTvaliswine-buli iyo `qonebis konfiskacia”. magram 2005 wlis 25 dekembris kanoniT sasjelTa sistemas daemata sasjelis axali saxeoba `qonebis CamorTmeva” (ix. ss kodeqsis me-40 m., `i” p.). amiT parlamentma faqtobrivad aRadgina saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 34-e muxli, romelic sakons ti tucio sasamarTlom jer kidev 1997 wels Zaladakargulad cno. sul male es cvlileba moqalaqeTa erTma jgufma sakonsti-tucio sasamarTloSi gaasaCivra. magram sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2007 wlis 2 ivlisis gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli ar daakmayofila. kanonis ZaliT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolooa da misi gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba. parlamen-tic aseve SezRudulia kanoniT da ufleba ara aqvs, aRadginos is norma, romelic sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Zaladakargulad cno. ro gorc vxedavT, kanonSi sxva weria, cxovrebaSi ki sxvagvarad xdeba. we re da ikiTxeo, zustad amazea naTqvami. magram marto amis Tqma saqmes ver uSvelis. saWiroa meti dafiqreba, Tu rogor ga-movideT am mankieri wridan.
`sxva (gadaumowmebeli) monacemebis~ safuZvelze, ganxorcielebuliyo piris dakaveba mxolod im formaluri motiviT, rom misi pirovneba ar iyo dadgenili an mas ar qonda mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili. normis iuridiuli teqnikis mxriv gaumarTao-baze miuTiTebda aseve mopasuxis, saqarTvelos parlamentis warmomadgeneli.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebaSi imsjela, ramdenad iyos konstituciuri, piris dakavebas safuZvlad dadeboda `sxva monace-mebi, romlebic safuZvels iZleva, danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvi iqnes mitanili pirze~. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom `...saqarTvelos konstitucia ar icnobs piris dakavebis SesaZleblobas `sxva monacemebis~ safuZvelze, es monacemebi SeiZle-ba safuZvlad daedos eWvs da ara pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas~. sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila aseve im sakiTxze, rom fraza `...danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvi iqnes mitanili pirze...~, iyo orazrovani da gaugebari, iyo am SemTxe-vaSi ras gulisxmobda kanonmdebeli, ukve Cadenil danaSauls Tu danaSaulis Cadenis SesaZleblobasac, maSin roca amave muxlis pirveli nawili am sakiTxs wyvetda mka-fiod. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aseve xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom sssk-is 142-e muxlSi mocemuli formulireba `... ara aqvs mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, an ar aris dadgenili misi vinaoba~ ver CaiTvleboda im miznebis Sesabamisad, ra miznebi-Tac SeiZleba motivirebuli iyos piris dakaveba. amasTanave, sasamarTlom Seafasa is samarTlebrivi sivrce, romelSic norma arsebobda. kerZod, man sssk-is 142-e muxli ganixila `im muxlebTan erToblivad, romlebic ZiriTadad Seexeba piris dakavebis 12 saaTian vadas, am drois ganmavlobaSi dakavebuli piris statussa da mis ufle-briv mdgomareobas~. ramdenad konstituciuri iqneboda danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmi-tanili piris dakaveba im SemTxvevaSi `roca igi gaqcevas cdilobda~, arc mxareebsa da arc sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, yuradReba ar gaumaxvilebiaT.
dakavebis SesaZleblobaze, romelic danaSaulis CadenaSia eWvmitanili. rogorc vxe-davT, aRniSnuli normatiuli regulirebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da swored am sakiTxis gadawyveta warmoadgenda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagans. kanonmdebels, rom ar SemoeRo axali termini `piri SeiZleba miimalos~ da daetove-bina Zveli termini `piri gaqcevas cdilobda~, arakonstituciurad cnobili norma da sadavo norma mainc gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis matareblebi iqnebodnen, vinaidan isini gansxvavebuli normatiul regulirebas adgenen.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan naTlad Cans, saoqmo CanawerSi Tu rogor detalu-rad iqna sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxi ganxiluli da gadawyvetili. amasTan, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlom saTanado yuradReba ar dauTmo aRniSnul sakiTxs gadawyvetilebaSi, usafuZvloa. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi, romliTac saqmes wyvets arsebiTad, ganmeorebiT ar imsjelebs im sakiTxze, romelic warmoadgens ganmwesrigebel sxdo-maze gadasawyvet sakiTxs da romelic mas ukve gadawyvetili aqvs ganmwesrigebel sxdomasTan dakavSirebuli dokumentiT (saoqmo CanaweriT).
rac Seexeba sadavo normiT gaTvaliswinebul regulirebas, mosarCeles, sa-qarTvelos saxalxo damcvels miaCnda, rom piris dakavebis SemTxvevaSi unda ar-sebobdes eWvis gansazRvruli xarisxi. Ees, dakavebuli piris wardgenis Semdeg, sasamarTlos miscems imis SesaZleblobas, rom gadawyvitos Sesabamisi aRkveTis Ro-nisZiebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi. gonivruli eWvis standarti dakavebaze uflebamosil pirs ar miscemda TviTnebobis SesaZleblobas. mas miaCnda, rom sa davo norma, iyo ra dakavebis safuZveli, TviTon unda iyos safuZvliani eWvis warmoSobis wyaro, rom pirma Caidina danaSauli. sssk-is 142-e muxlis pir veli nawilis sxva qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli dakavebis safuZvlebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, rom pirs waaswres danaSaulis Cadenisas, TviTmxilveli an dazaralebuli miuTiTebs masze, saxalxo damcvelis azriT, axdendnen safuZvliani eWvis generirebas. sadavo normiT gansa-zRvruli safuZveli ki, rom piri SeiZleba miimalos, araTu neitralur damkvirve-belze, aramed dainteresebuli piris Sem TxvevaSic ki ar badebs piris mier danaSau-lis Cadenis eWvs. is garemoeba, rom 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis formulirebaSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli, rom igi gansazRvravs `danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmitanili piris dakavebis~ da ara nebismier piris dakavebis safuZvlebs, saxalxo damcveli ukavSirebda kanonmdeblis sur vils, erTmaneTisgan gaemijna `eWvmitanilisa~ da `braldebulis~ dakaveba. mi si azriT, miuxedavad am Canawerisa, dakavebaze ufleba-mosili piri ar aris val debuli, piris dakavebisas gaaCndes am ukanasknelis mier danaSaulis Cadenis eWvi. xolo aseTi eWvis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, piris dakaveba dausabuTebeli da arakonstituciuria.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier saqarTvelos uzenaesi sa sa-marTlodan gamoTxovili iqna statistikuri monacemebi, sadavo normis sa fuZvelze ganxorcielebuli ramdeni dakaveba iqna gasaCivrebuli dakavebuli pirebis mier da aRniSnul saCivrebze sasamarTloebis mier ra gadawyvetilebebi iqna gamotanili.
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aRniSnuli saintereso iyo imdenad, Tu rogor iyo gagebuli sadavo norma samar-TalgamoyenebiT praqtikaSi da marTlac xom ar xedavda maSi samarTalSemfardebeli resurss, moexdina piris dakaveba ise, rom mis mimarT ar yofiliyo danaSaulis Cadenis eWvi da saxeze yofiliyo mxolod misi mimalvis safrTxe. uzenaesi sasa-marTlodan mowodebuli statistikis mixedviT gairkva, rom saerTo sasamarTloe-bis mier, araTu dausabuTebeli dakavebis faqti ar dadgenila, aRniSnuli sakiTxi saerTod ar gamxdara saerTo sasamarTloebis msjelobis sagani, vinaidan sadavo normis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli arc erTi dakaveba, dakavebuli pirebis mier ar gasaCivrebula. aRniSnuli garemoeba saxalxo damcvelma axsna imiT, rom gasaCi-vrebis procedurebi imdenad rTuli da araefeturia, miuxedavad imisa, rom iZleva ukanonod da dausabuTeblad ganxorcielebuli dakavebiT miyenebuli zianis sruli anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas, pirs ar uRirs gaasaCivros dakavebis kanoniereba da dasabuTebuloba.
miuxedavad Tavisuflebis uflebis aRmatebul xarisxSi ganxilvisa, sasa mar Tlom igi ar miiCnia absolutur da SeuzRudav uflebad da ganacxada, rom mkacri konsti-tuciur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, masSi Careva SesaZlebelia. amasTan, sasamarTlos azriT, miT ufro mkacri unda gaxdes konstituciur-samarT-lebrivi moTxovnebi, rac ufro intensiurad xdeba uflebaSi Careva, vinaidan misi yvelaze intensiuri forma – Tavisuflebis aRkveTa mkveTrad aferxebs, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi saerTod gamoricxavs adamianis mier sxva konstituciuri uflebebiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas.
faqtebi da garemoebebi,... romlis Taobazec samarTaldamcav pirs gaaCnia gonivru-lad sarwmuno informacia, arian TavisTavad sakmarisi, raTa gonivrulad windaxe-dulma adamianma daijeros, rom danaSauli iqna Cadenili an sCadian...”.
sasamarTlom ar gaiziara mosarCelis msjeloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom dakave-bis safuZveli aucileblad TviTon unda warmoSobdes gonivrul eWvs. sasamarTlos azriT, SesaZlebelia dakavebis romelime safuZvelma damoukideblad warmoSvas go-nivruli eWvi, magaram es ar gamoricxavs, gonivruli eWvis warmoSoba moxdes sxva monacemebis safuZvelze, romelic win uswrebs dakavebis safuZvlis warmoSobas. sa-samarTlo am nawilSi daeyrdno sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyvetilebaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, `sxva monacemebi SesaZloa safuZvlad dae-dos eWvs da ara pirovnebis dakavebas~.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsma piris dakavebisaTvis daad-gina ufro maRali standarti, vidre aris gonivruli eWvis warmoSoba, rom pirma Caidina danaSauli, daawesa dakavebis safuZvlebi, romlebic gonivrul eWvTan er-Tad kumulaciur kavSirSi kravs im mocemulobas, ra drosac SesaZlebelia piris dakaveba. sasamarTlos azriT, sadavo normiT gansazRvruli piris `mimalva ar unda iqnes gagebuli rogorc mxolod piris adgilsamyoflis cvlileba. mimalva, rogorc amas mosarCele mxarec iziarebs, gulisxmobs momaval safrTxes, rom piri Tavs aa-ridebs gamoZiebas da sasamarTlos. mimalva Tavis TavSi aseve moicavs safrTxes, rom piri gaagrZelebs danaSaulebriv saqmianobas, Caidens danaSauls Tundac imisa-Tvis, rom xelSi ar Cauvardes sagamoZiebo organoebs, gaanadgurebs mtkicebulebebs, Tu miecema amis saSualeba. saboloo jamSi, ukiduresad garTuldeba, Tu saerTod SeuZlebeli ar gaxdeba Sesabamisi piris mimarT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba~.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom sa davo norma Seesabameboda rogorc gansazRvrulobis, aseve Tanabarzomierebis konsti-tuciur principebs, masSi mocemuli SezRudva aucilebeli iyo legitimuri miz-nis, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisaTvis da igi ar akisrebda pirs gadametebul tvirTs. Sesabamisad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiam aRniSnuli sarCe-li ar daakmayofila da konstituciurad cno sadavod gamxdari sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 142-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v~ qvepunqti.
profesorma o. gamyreliZem sasamarTlos mier sakiTxis amgvarad gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT, gamoTqva kritikuli mosazreba. igi Tvlis, rom kanonSi amomwuravad unda iyos CamoTvlili is SemTxvevebi, ra drosac SeiZleba warmoiSvas `go nivruli eWvi~. Tu kanonmdebeli ver moaxerxebs amgvari SemTxvevebis amomwuravi Camona-Tvlis gakeTebas, mas SesaZlebloba aqvs, momavalSi Seavsos kanonmdebloba aseTi SemTxvevebiT. Tuki kanonmdeblis mier aseTi CamonaTvali ar iqneba ga keTebuli, es TviTnebobis saSualebas miscems policiels an sagamoZiebo organos TanamSromels, romelic axorcielebs piris dakavebas. profesor o. gamyreliZes miaCnia, rom sadavo normiT gansazRvruli safuZveli, `piri SeiZleba miimalos~ TviTon, damoukideblad
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unda warmoSobdes gonivrul eWvs, rom pirma Caidina danaSauli. magaliTad, rogorc amgvar eWvs warmoSobs dakavebis sxva iseTi safuZveli, rogoricaa dazaralebulis an TviTmxilvelis miTiTeba danaSaulis Camden pirze. Tu dakavebis safuZveli ar warmoSobs gonivrul eWvs, mis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli dakaveba, professor o. gamyreliZis azriT, arakonstituciuri iqneba.
profesor o. gamyreliZis zemoaRniSnul mosazrebebs ver daveTanxmebiT. `goni-vruli eWvis~ gamomwvevi faqtorebi ar aris is samarTlebrivi garemoebebi, romlis amomwuravad kanonSi aRwera SesaZlebeli iyos. esa Tu is garemoeba, erT konkretul situaciaSi SeiZleba marTebulad axdendes gonivruli eWvis formirebas da sru-liad gamousadegari iyos sxva konkretuli situaciisaTvis. vinaidan, samwuxarod, ara gvaqvs SesaZlebloba, mimovixiloT saqarTvelos sa samarTloebis gadawyveti-lebebi (praqtikis ararsebobis gamo), Tu rogor ganmartaven isini gonivruli eW-vis standarts piris dakavebisas, movitan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas saqmeze `brinegari amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg~. sasamarTlom aRniSnul saqmeSi ganacxada: “roca Cven vsaubrobT sa-fuZvlian eWvze, Cven saqme gvaqvs SesaZleblobebTan. es aris ara teqnikuri, aramed faqtobrivi da praqtikuli, cxovrebiseuli mosazrebebi, romlis safuZvelzec, go-nieri da windaxeduli adamianebi da ara samarTalmcodneebi moqmedeben. mtkicebis standarti am SemTxvevaSi korelatiuria imisa, rac unda dadgindes. safuZvliani eWvis ganmarteba aris gonivruli safuZveli bralis dajerebisTvis, ...is aRniSnavs mets vidre mxolod eWvs: safuZvliani eWvi saxezea maSin, rodesac faqtebi da ga-remoebebi, romlebic cnobilia oficrisTvis da romlis Taobazec samarTaldamcav pirs gaaCnia gonivrulad sarwmuno informacia, aris TavisTavad sakmarisi raTa gonivrulad windaxedulma adamianma daijeros rom danaSauli iqna Cadenili an sCa-dian... imis gamo, rom bevri situacia, romelic xvdeba oficers Tavisi mo valeobebis Sesrulebisas didwilad bundovania, sivrce unda darCes maT mier garkveuli Sec-domebis daSvebisTvis. magram es Secdomebi unda iyos gonieri adamianis Secdomebi, romlebic moqmedeben faqtebis safuZvelze da es faqtebi gonivrulad qmnian Se-saZleblobasTan dakavSirebuli daskvnis gakeTebis sa Sualebas. safuZvliani eWvis wesi aris praqtikuli, arateqnikuri koncefcia, ro melic yvelaze kargi kompromi-sis saSualebas iZleva samarTlis dacvisa da moqalaqeebis TviTnebobisgan dacvis konfliqtur interesebs Soris~. msgavsi midgoma aqvs ganviTarebuli saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlosac zemoT naxseneb gadawyvetilebaSi: `sxva monacemebi safuZvlad SeiZleba daedos eWvs~. sasamarTlom aRniSnuli midgomiT daadastura, rom monacemebi, romlebic safuZvlad SeiZleba daedos eWvs, amouwuravia. swored aRniSnuli midgoma gaiziara sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiam 2009 wlis 6 aprilis gadawyvetilebaSi.
buli moTxovna, rom maT aucileblad unda moaxdinon gonivruli eWvis formireba, vinaidan zogadad maTi arsebobis mizans ar warmoadgens gonivruli eWvis warmoSo-bis konkretuli SemTxvevebis gansazRvra.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ram de nime mo-menti, romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli konstituciuri marTl msajulebis ganviTarebisaTvis: saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxliT daculi piris Tavi-suflebis uflebis ganmarteba; `gonivruli eWvis~ standartis dadgena piris daka-vebisas, rasac didi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba eqneba; sakonstitucio sasamarTlos midgomis Camoyalibeba, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos axlad miRebuli norma arakonstituciuri normis Sinaarsis analogiuri Sinaarsis mqone normad. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba erTi mxriv, iZleva imis saSualebas, rom xeli ar SeeSalos efeqtur brZolas damnaSaveobasTan, xolo meore mxriv ki, maqsimalu-rad iqnes daculi adamianis uflebebi da ar ganxorcieldes piris TviTneburi da usafuZvlo dakaveba.
`kanons, romelic auqmebs qmedebis dasjadobas an amsubuqebs sasjels, aqvs uku-qceviTi Zala, ese igi vrceldeba im qmedebazec, romelic Cadenilia mis gamocemamde.
kanons, romelic awesebs qmedebis dasjadobas an aZlierebs sasjels, ukuqceviTi Zala ara aqvs~.
amrigad, samarTlebrivad sruliad logikuria davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 nawili exeba mxolod im samarTlebriv normebs, romlebic gansazRvraven pasuxismgeblobis sferos im gagebiT, rom isini ama Tu im saxis samarTaldarRvevis CadenisaTvis aweseben pasuxismgeblobas, aTavisufle-ben misgan anda amsubuqeben an amkacreben pasuxismgeblobas. amrigad, konstituciis aRniSnuli norma mTlianobaSi ganmartebul unda iqnes ufro viwrod, vidre misi sityva sityviTi teqsti, amitom, sruliad kanonzomierad, unda vaRiaroT, rom misi moqmedeba vrceldeba sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis im normebze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebze, zomebsa da farglebze, aseve sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebaze, anda aseTi pasuxismgeblobis gamkacrebaze an Semsubuqebaze.
navs, rom piri nebismier SemTxvevaSi dazRveulia sisxlissamarTlebrivi represii-sagan aradasjadi qmedebisaTvis rogorc konstituciis xsenebuli normiT, ise misi Sesabamisi sisxlissamarTlebrivi normiT.
axla ganvixiloT, sadao sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma uzrunvelyofs Tu ara zemoaRniSnuli konstituciuri normiT garantirebul uflebas – piri ar iqnes dasjili ufro mkacrad, vidre amas iTvaliswinebda is sisxlis samarTlis kanoni, romelic moqmedebda piris mier qmedebis Cadenis dros. aseTi ufleba namdvilad daculia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winada-debiT, romelic pirdapir adgens: kanons, romelic amkacrebs sasjels, ukuZala ara aqvs. amiT gamoiricxeba piris mimarT kanoniT winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli ufro mZime sisxlissamarTlebrivi represiis gamoyeneba nebismieri iseTi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, romlis Sedegad sasjeli mkacrdeba, anu izrdeba mosaxdeli sasjelis zoma, ufro msubuqi sasjelis saxe icvleba ufro mkacriT, mZimdeba da-niSnuli sasjelis moxdis pirobebi da sxva. pirs legitimuri molodini SeiZleba hqondes mxolod amgvari represiisagan dacvis uzrunvelmyofi imunitetis Taobaze, magram es imuniteti ver iqneba iseTi farTo masStabisa da sayovelTao xasiaTisa, rogorc es warmoudgeniaT zemoxsenebul saqmeSi monawile mxareTa warmomadgen-lebs, aseve saqmeze mowveul specialistsa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos zemox-senebul gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebis av-torebs, romlebic, axdenen ra konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtSi moxseniebuli terminis – „pasuxismgeblobis“ interpretacias, mas aniWeben ufro met datvirTvas, vidre SeiZleba hqondes, misi realuri daniSnulebidan gamomdinare. misi realuri daniSnuleba ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom konstituciis aRniSnuli sagarantio nor-miT moculi iyos samarTlis yvela dargSi dadgenili iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebi, zomebi da farglebi da ara mxolod sisxlis samarTalSi gamoyenebuli iseTi kategoriebi, rogorebicaa „qmedebis danaSaulebrioba“, „dasjadoba“ da „sasje-li“. ra Tqma unda, miTiTebul konstituciur normaSi naxsenebi termini „pasuxismge-bloba“ sisxlis samarTalTan mimarTebaSi, garda konkretuli sasjelebis saxeebisa da zomebisa, moicavs sisxlissamarTlebriv dasjadobasTan dakavSirebul sxva sa-kiTxebsac, magaliTad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan anda daniSnuli sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. amave dros, am ukanasknel-Ta mouxseniebloba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirvel nawilSi da am nawilis meore winadadebaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom amiT viwrovdeba sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis moqmedebis areali. saqme isaa, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis Sinaarsi ver ganixile-ba kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilisagan izolirebulad, isini erTobliobaSi unda iqnes wakiTxuli da gaazrebuli, xolo me-2 muxlis pirvel nawilSi moxmobili termini „dasjadoba“ moicavs sisxlis samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobasa da sasjel-Tan dakavSirebul yvela im sakiTxs, romelTac SeiZleba Seexebodes saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqti da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawili, oRond saWiroa imis sworad gansazRvra, Tu ra sakiTxebs exeba aR-
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niSnuli samarTlebrivi normebi da ras ara, anda dasaxelebul ama Tu im sakiTxs ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Seexos da ra SemTxvevaSi ara.
aRniSnuli poziciis meti sicxadisaTvis movitan Semdeg magaliTebs: saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis me-6 nawili 2001 wlis 19 ivnisis redaq-ciiT adgenda, rom jarima, rogorc damatebiTi sasjeli, SeiZleboda daniSnuliyo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilis Sesabamisi muxlis sanqciiT. 42-e muxlis amJamad moqmedi redaqciis mixedviT ki jarima, rogorc damatebiTi sasjeli, SeiZleba dainiSnos maSinac, roca igi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris kodeqsis kerZo nawilis muxlis sanqciiT. udavoa, rom am ukanasknelis moqmedeba ar SeiZleba gavrceldes im piris mimarT, vinc danaSauli Caidina 42-e muxlis axali redaqciis amoqmedebamde, vinaidan aseTi midgoma pir-dapir ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtsac da sa-dao sisxlissamarTlebriv normasac. axla aviRoT sxva magaliTi: sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 72-e muxli gansazRvravs daniSnuli sasjelis Semdgomi moxdisagan vadaze adre gaTavisuflebis pirobebs, romlis mixedviT saamisod aucilebelia sasamarT-lom miiCnios, rom msjavrdebulis gamosworebisaTvis saWiro aRar aris daniSnuli sasjelis mTlianad moxda, amasTan, pirs ukve moxdili unda hqondes daniSnuli sas-jelis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli nawili, rac naklebad mZime danaSaulis SemTxveva-Si Seadgens daniSnuli sasjelis vadis aranakleb naxevars. davuSvaT, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis Sedegad es vada gaizarda mosaxdeli sasjelis vadis sam mexuTamde, rac pirobebis damZimeba iqneba. miecema Tu ara ukuZala axal pirobas im msjavrdebulis mimarT, vinc danaSanuli Caidina xsenebul sakanonmdeblo cvlilebamde? am kiTxvaze pasuxi aseTia: erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mieces ukuZala, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi – ara. kerZod, Tuki msjavrdebuli axali kanonis miRebamde ukve gaTavisuflebuli iyo vadamde pirobiT da imyofeboda gamosacdeli vadis periodSi, mis mimarT axali damZimebuli pirobis moqmedeba ver gavrceldeba. magram, Tu msjavrdebuli axali kanonis amoqmedebisas, jer kidev realurad ixdida sasjels Tavisuflebis aRkve-Tis adgilebSi, mis mimarT axali kanonis moqmedeba, romelic sasjelisagan vadamde gaTavisuflebisaTvis awesebs ufro mZime pirobas, vidre manamde iyo, gavrceldeba, radgan mocemul SemTxvevaSi pirs ar gaaCnda kanoniT winaswar dadgenili gardau-vali ufleba daniSnuli sasjelis gansazRvruli vadis moxdis Semdeg sasjelisagan vadamde aucilebeli da upirobo gaTavisuflebisa, rameTu aseTi uflebis mopoveba mTlianad iyo damokidebuli sxvadasxva garemoebebis erTobliobaze da maT Soris sasamarTlos Sexedulebaze – miiCnevda Tu ara igi, rom pirovneba gamosworda da sasjelis mizani miRweulia.
analogiurad unda mivudgeT kanonis ukuZalas im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac gadasawy-vetia sakiTxi – danaSaulis Camdeni piris mimarT unda gavrceldes Tu ara axali kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli xandazmulobis gazrdili vada, anda pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro ufro mkacri da SemzRudveli pirobebi, vidre manamde iyo. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piris mimarT wina kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli xandazmu-lobis vada ukve gasuli iyo da amiT pirs ukve realurad hqonda mopovebuli pa-
suxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis kanoniT garantirebuli ufleba, aseve, rodesac piris mimarT ukve gamoyenebul iqna pirobiTi msjavri wina kanoniT gaTvalisiwine-buli ufro SeRavaTiani pirobebis safuZvelze, aseTi pirebis mimarT axali kanonis moqmedebis gavrceleba da maTi mdgomareobis sauaresod Sebruneba ar daiSveba. da piriqiT, Tuki axali kanoniT xandazmulobis vadis gazrda da pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis damZimeba danaSaulis Camdeni piris mimarT moxda maSin, rodesac jer kidev ar iyo gasuli wina kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli xandazmu-lobis ufro mcire vada, anda aseT pirs jer kidev ar hqonda Sefardebuli pirobiTi msjavri winandeli SeRavaTiani pirobebis safuZvelze, maT mimarT gavrceldeba axa-li kanoniT dadgenili pirobebi. amgvari ram ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos kanonis namd-vil ukuZalad, misgan dacvis garantias ar adgens arc konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqti da arc sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawili, vinaidan orive es norma, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, pirisaTvis adgenen da uzrunvelyofen mxolod dacvis savaldebulo minimalur standarts, romlis qvemoT daSveba aRar SeiZleba. mxolod aseTi standartis uryeobis garantias iZlevian isini nebismieri sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo es minimaluri da garantirebuli stan-darti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom: a) piri ar daisjeba iseTi qmedebisaTvis, romelic kanoniT danaSaulad ar iTvleboda misi Cadenisas; b) piri ar daisjeba imaze ufro mkacrad, vidre es gaTvaliswinebuli iyo danaSaulis Cadenisas moqmedi kanoniT.
SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva: aseTi pozicia xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirvel nawilSi dadgenil debulebas, romlis mixe-dviT qmedebis danaSaulebrioba da dasjadoba ganisazRvreba kanoniT, romelic moq-medebda qmedebis Cadenisas? Tuki aRniSnul debulebas ganvmartavT sityva sityviTi mniSvnelobiT, maSin xsenebul winaaRmdegobaSi marTlac aRmovCndebiT, magram es iqneba normis araswori gageba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi Setanil, pirisaTvis sasikeTo cvlilebas ver gavavrcelebT ukuZaliT, Tuki igi ar iqneba gamoxatuli uSualod qmedebis dasjadobis gauqmebaSi an sasjelis Semcire-baSi. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom amis Taobaze pirdapiri miTiTeba sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirvel nawilSi ar arsebobs, piris sasikeTod kanonSi Setanil cvlilebas eZleva ukuZala. aseTi midgoma aRiarebuli da damkvidrebulia sasamarTlo praqtikaSi da igi araviTar gaugebrobasa da davas ar iwvevs, radgan sruliad naTelia, rom aravis ar SeuZlia pirs SeuzRudos im sikeTiT sargeblobis ufleba, romelic mas saxelmwifom Tavisi keTili nebiT uboZa, rogorc misi aucile-beli da gardauvali ufleba.
marTalia, saxelmwifo konstituciiT da kanoniT SeboWilia pirovnebis uflebe-bisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvis mimarTebiT, magram aseTi SezRudva ar SeiZleba iyos gaumarTlebeli da gadaWarbebuli. swored amitom konstitucia saxelmwifos uwesebs mxolod im aucilebel zRvars, romlis iqiT gadabijebis ufleba, pirovnebis interesebis sazianod, mas ara aqvs. materialuri sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi aseTi zRvari dadebulia konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtiTa da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romelTa sworad ganmartebisa da gaazrebis,
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agreTve maTi urTierTmimarTebis sworad garkvevis SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris winaaRm-degobas adgili ver eqneba. amitom vfiqrob, rom sadaod gamxdari sisxlissamarTle-brivi normis arakonstituciurad cnobis safuZveli ar arsebobs da sakonstitucio sasamarTlom swori gadawyvetileba miiRo.
sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sarCelebis ganxilvis zogierTi monawilis mier gamoiTqva mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kode-qsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tavdapirveli redaqciiT, garda amJamad gaTva-liswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, kanons ukuZala eniWeboda maSinac, Tu igi sxvagvarad aumjobesebda damnaSavis mdgomareobas, xolo kanonis ukuZala ikrZaleboda, Tu igi sxvagvarad auaresebda damnaSavis mdgomareobas. aseTi redaqciis SenarCunebiT da SemdgomSi aseTi redaqciiT sadao normis moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi TiTqosda Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli is problemebi, rac, maTi azriT, amJamad axlavs sasamarTlo praqtikaSi mis gamoyenebas da romelTa gamo sasamarTloebi iReben araswor gadawy-vetilebebs axali damamZimebeli kano nisaTvis ukuZalis miniWebiT.
aRniSnul mosazrebebs ver daveTanxmebi, radgan isini ar iTvaliswineben im gare-moebas, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirvel nawils Tavdapirveli redaqciiT arasdros umoqmedia, radgan zemoxsenebuli frazebi `damnaSavis mdgoma-reobis sxvagvarad gaumjobesebisa da gauaresebis~ Sesaxeb sadao normis aRniSnuli redaqciidan amoRebul iqna jer kidev saqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTlis kode-qsis amoqmedebamde – 2000 wlis 1 ivnisamde. garda amisa mimaCnia, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tavdapirveli redaqciiT moqmedebis SemTxvevaSic, misi daniSnulebisa da funqciebis, agreTve saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtTan misi mimarTebis sworad garkvevisa da gaa-zrebis Sedegad sasamarTloebs, zemoT ganxiluli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, igive gadawyvetilebebi unda mieRoT xandazmulobisa da pirobiTi msjavris Sesaxeb moqmedi axali normebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa gamoc mosarCeleebma sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimarTes.
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ver gaviziareb sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirveli kolegiis zemoaRniSnul gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebis avtorTa poziciebs sadao normis arakonstituciurobis Tao-baze, agreTve imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTloebis mier sadao normis sworad ganmarte-bis SemTxvevaSi ar iqneboda miRebuli is sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, romlebmac eWvqveS daayenes damamZimebeli kanonisaTvis ukuZalis miniWebis akrZalvis Seuqceva-doba, ramac SeiZleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis „ukvdavebac“ ki gamoiwvios, rad-gan aseTi daskvnebisaTvis realurad ar arsebobs marTlzomieri safuZveli. sayura-dReboa, rom sarCelebis ganxilvaSi monawile specialistis, o. gamyreliZis azriT sasamarTloebma sadao norma ganmartes misi moqmedi redaqciis namdvil azrTan zust SesabamisobaSi, Tumca misive azriT, aRniSnuli normis redaqcia sisxlissamarTle-briv sferoSi aviwroebs konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis moqmedebis areals, riTac igi ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias. am ukanasknel mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebi
im garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa Taobaze zemoT ukve visaubre da aq xe-laxla aRar gavimeoreb.
rac Seexeba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirveli kolegiis mier sarCelebis Tao-baze miRebul gadawyvetilebas, mis samotivacio nawilSi gvxvdeba iseTi mosazrebe-bic, romlebic wminda sisxlissamarTlebrivi dogmatikis poziciidan SesaZloa sadao iyos, magram, vinaidan isini arsebiTad gavlenas ar axdenen sabolood miRebul swor gadawyvetilebaze, maT calke aRar Sevexebi.
bolos mkiTxvelis yuradRebas mivapyrob Semdeg garemoebaze: sakiTxebi, romlebic mocemul SemTxvevaSi davis sagani gaxda, sinamdvileSi warmoadgenen ara sisxlis sa-marTlis normis konstituciurobis sakiTxebs, aramed sisxlis samarTlis politikis sakiTxebs, romelTa ama Tu im saxiT gadawyveta ukavSirdeba mocemul etapze qveynis cxovrebis mraval faqtors, romlebic pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdenen samarTlebriv sistemasa da mis funqcionirebaze, rac mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli gare faqtorebzec, saerTaSoriso sa marTlebriv aqtebTan SeerTebis Sedegad saqar-Tvelos saxelmwifos mier na kisr valdebulebebze da a.S. iseve rogorc saxelmwifo, sisxlis samarTlis politikac SeboWilia konstituciiT pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi, magram es boWva ver gascdeba Sesasruleblad savaldebulo minimums, sayovelTaod aRiarebul da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebiT miRebul standartebs. amitom, Tuki saxelmwifo, garkveuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT ar adgens da amis gamo sasamarTloc marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas danaSaulis Camden pirs ar aniWebs imaze met SeRavaTsa Tu sxva uflebriv privilegias, rasac konstituciis ganxilul normebSi Cadebuli savaldebulo minimumi iTvaliswinebs, es imas ar niSnavs, rom amiT sasamarTlo arRvevs konstitucias, radgan realurad SeuZlebelia ararsebuli uflebisa da valdebulebis darRveva.
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mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d. sulaqveliZis komentarze
qeTevan eremaZe
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevri,
samarTlis doqtori.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis iuridiuli Zalis Si-naarssa da farglebs gansazRvravs saqarTvelos konstitucia (89-e muxlis me-2 punq-ti) da kanonmdebloba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb(“saqarTvelos sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 25-e muxlis pirveli punqti, 43-e muxlis me-8 punqti). Tumca praqtikulad gadawyvetileba moqmedebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misi aRsrulebis Sedegebi gadawyvetilebis Sinaar-sis adekvaturia. am TvalsazrisiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis efeqturi qmediTobisTvis, pirvel rigSi, mniSvnelovania misi sworad wakiTxva, mxo-lod amis Semdeg SeiZleba fiqri mis adekvatur aRsrulebaze. am sakiTxis gadawy-veta, bunebrivia, ar aris damokidebuli mxolod aRsrulebis adresatebis unarsa da SesaZleblobaze. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, Tavad gadawyvetileba ramdenad iZleva misi sworad aRqmis SesaZleblobas. nebismieri gadawyvetileba Rirebulia ori TvalsazrisiT – ra Tqma unda, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs sasamarTlos pozi-ciis marTebulobas (normis konstituciurobis sakiTxis sworad gadawyvetas), Tumca aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs sasamarTlos poziciis safuZvlianobis adekvatur da-sabuTebas. gadawyvetilebaSi moyvanili pozicia da Sesabamisi argumentacia unda iyos cxadi, araorazrovani, ganWvretadi, masSi unda iyos Zalian mkafio gzavnilebi normis arakonstituciurobis Tu konstituciurobis mizezebisa da safuZvlebis Taobaze.
ramdenad aris TiToeuli gadawyvetileba aseTi da, Sesabamisad, realurad qme-diTi, amis Sefasebas da codnas sasamarTlosTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. pirvel rigSi, Tavad sakostitucio sasamarTlos unda hqondes unari, survili da SesaZlebloba, dainaxos, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, gadawyvetilebiTve gamowveuli misi aRsrulebis problemebi, raTa samomavlod SeZlos maTi prognozireba da daZleva.
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mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d. sulaqveliZis komentarze
Tuki sasamarTloSi ar iqneba mzaoba, moisminos sakuTar gadawyvetilebaze arsebuli mosazrebebi, maT Siris, pirvel rigSi, kritikuli damokidebuleba, is ver SeZlebs ganviTarebas da verc samarTlis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels.
bis sakiTxebs, aramed sisxlis samarTlis politikis sakiTxebs, romelTa ama Tu im saxiT gadawyveta ukavSirdeba mocemul etapze qveynis cxovrebis mraval faqtors, romlebic pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdenen samarTlebriv sistemasa da mis funqcionirebaze...”.
maSasadame, d. sulaqveliZis azriT, sisxlis samarTlis politikis rigi sakTxebis, maT Soris, xandazmulobis vadisa da pirobiTi msjavris, normatiuli regulireba, kerZod ki, am sferoSi kanonmdeblobis cvla da misi droSi moqmedebis sakiTxi ar aris Sefasebadi konstituciurobis TvalsazrisiT. aseTi mosazreba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs aRniSnul saqmeze sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis marTebulobas, radgan misi gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos aRniSnul saqmeze konstituciuri sarCelebi saerTod ar unda mieRo arsebiTad gansaxilvelad.
ver gaviziareb batoni sulaqveliZis am midgomas. politikuri xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ama Tu im sferoSi misi konkretuli politikis ganxor-cielebis gamoxatulebaa. nebismieri mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos politika (sisxlis samarTlis Tu samarTlis sxva nebismier dargSi, ekonomikuri, safinanso, socialuri politika da sxva) uamravi Sida Tu gare faqtoriT, istoriuli kanonzomierebebiT, xSirad mizanSewonilobiT aris ganpirobebuli (nakarnaxevi). Sesabamisad, am gadawy-vetilebebis ukan dgas konkretuli saWiroeba, aucilebloba, motivacia. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom romelime sferoSi, maT Soris sisxlis samarTalSi saxelmwifos politika SeiZleba gascdes konstituciis farglebs. rogorc ki amis SesaZleblobas davuSvebT, gaCndeba cduneba, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom romelime sferoSi, maT Soris sisxlis samarTalSi saxelmwifos politika SeiZleba gascdes konstituciis farglebs. zedmeti da uxerxulia am mosazrebis usafuZvlobis mtkiceba. rogorc ki amis SesaZleblobas davuSvebT, gaCndeba cduneba, politikuri mizanSewonilebisa da aucileblobis motiviT, uamravi sakiTxi gavides konstituciiT daculi sferodan, rac kanonzomierad warmoSobs adamianis uflebebis damrRvevi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis albaTobas.
bunebrivia, moqmedebs xelisuflebis keTilsindisierebisa da konstituciis Sesa-bamisad qmedebis prezumfcia, magram TavisTavad konstituciuri kontrolis insti-tutis arseboba xom, pirvel rigSi, zustad imis aRiarebaa, rom nebismierma xeli-suflebam SesaZloa daarRvios konstitucia. es instituti zustad aseTi uneblie Secdomebisa Tu xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis cdunebis Tavidan acilebisa da gamosworebisaTvis aris Seqmnili.
bunebrivia, imavdroulad, sasamarTlos mier ama Tu im sferoSi gadawyvetilebis miReba ar niSnavs da ar unda iwvevdes mis politikaSi CarTvas (Carevas). sasamarTlo
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mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d. sulaqveliZis komentarze
ar unda iRebdes politikurad motivirebul gadawyvetilebebs, ar unda arRvevdes xelisuflebis danawilebis princips.
udavoa, rom gansaxilveli sakiTxebi warmoadgens sisxlis samarTlis politikis sakiTxebs, Tumca isic udavoa, rom es sakiTxebi imavdroulad konstituciiT dacul sferos ganekuTvneba. sxvaTa Soris, amas arc statiis avtori uaryofs. saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis ganmartebisas, is xandazmulobis vadebisa da pirobiTi msjavris momwesrigebeli normebis droSi moqmedebis sakiTxs xedavs konstituciiT dacul sferoSi. garda amisa, mTeli statia zustad am sakiTxebis konstituciurobis problemis Sefasebas, metic - konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis mt-kicebas exeba. aseT fonze gaugebaria, ras efuZneba b-ni sulaqveliZis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom es sisxlis samarTlis politikis is sakiTxebia, romlebic konstitu-ciurobis TvalsazrisiT ar aris Sefasebadi, misi statia xom zustad am mosazrebis uaryofis mtkicebulebaa.
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mtkicebas ar unda saWiroebdes, rom xelisuflebis nebismieri qmedebis, maT So-ris, politikurad yvelaze gamarTlebuli, momgebiani da efeqturi qmedebis gan-xorcielebis drosac ki, aucilebelia samarTalze apelireba, konstituciiTa da kanoniT TviTSezRudva. am moTxovnis sistematurad da upirobod dacva kanonzo-mierad iwvevs xelisuflebaSi stabilurobis, sazogadoebaSi ki samarTlianobisa da xelisuflebisadmi ndobis gancdas.
2. batoni sulaqveliZis azriT, gansxvavebul azrs, romelic exeba normis arakonsti-tuciurad cnobas, safuZveli ara aqvs. mimaCnia, rom ama Tu im mosazrebis (poziciis) usafuZvlobis mtkicebisTvis aucilebelia am poziciis gamamyarebeli ZiriTadi ar-gumentebis gaanalizeba da maTi Sesabamisi kontrargumentebiT gabaTileba, rac, Cemi azriT, statiaSi gakeTebuli ar aris.
amisTvis ganvmarte cnebebis «danaSauli», «danaSaulebrioba», «danaSaulebriobis daweseba», «sasjeli», «dasjadoba», «pirobiTi msjavri», «pasuxismgebloba» Sinaarsi da Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo normebze dayrdnobiT warmovaCineT kanonmdeblis arao-razrovani neba danaSaulisa da danaSaulebriobis, sasjelisa da pasuxismgeblobis, sasjelisa da pirobiTi msjavris araidenturobis Taobaze.
niSandoblivia, rom statiis avtors, ar aqvs arc erTi argumenti imasTan dakavSi-rebiT, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba da ar unda ganimartebodes es cnebebi da institutebi ise, rogrc es gansxvavebul azrSia SemoTavazebuli.
Cemi azriT, kanonSi gaTvaliswinebul termins Tu cnebas konkretuli datvirTva da damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs. kanonis ganWvretadobis moTxovnis farglebSi dauSvebelia erTsa da imave kanonSi identuri urTierTobebis Tu institutebis mowesrigebisTvis gansxvavebuli terminebi da cnebebi gamoiyenebodes an piriqiT, gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis urTierTobebi da institutebi erTi terminiT an cnebiT moixseniebodes. SesaZloa, sxvadasxva terminebiT an cnebebiT moazrebuli urTier-Tobebi Tu institutebi Sinaarsobrivad moicavdnen an avsebdnen erTmaneTs, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris gansxvavebis ararsebobisas, gansxvavebuli saxelwo-debebis SemoRebas, ubralod, azri ara aqvs.
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mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d. sulaqveliZis komentarze
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mimaCnia, rom Zalze safrTxiloa sxvadasxva ter-minebis da cnebebis identurobis mtkiceba. Tuki davuSvebT aseT SesaZleblobas, es xels Seuwyobs erTgvari terminologiuri qaosis damkvidrebas, rac daabnevs ro-gorc pirebs, romelTa mimarTac unda moxdes aseTi normebis gamoyeneba, ise samar-TalSemfardebels, Seqmnis safuZvels gansxvavebuli samarTalgamoyenebisTvis. aseT dros ki Secdomis daSvebis riski yovelTvis arsebobs.
garda amisa, terminebis da cnebebis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba gulisxmobs ra maT mier mowesrigebuli urTierTobebis da institutebis absoluturad gaigivebas, amis daSveba kanonzomierad gamoiwvevs Tavad institutebis Sinaarsis rRvevas, eWvqveS daayenebs cnebebis tradiciuli mniSvnelobis sandoobas. yovelive es Seqmnis kidev ufro met problemas kanonis ganWvretadobasTan dakavSirebiT.
terminTa ganmartebam momca safuZveli, ar davTanxmebodi sasamarTlos pozi-cias imis Taobaze, rom sadavo norma misi ganmartebis Sedegad, konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis identur Sinaarss iZens. Cemi azriT, sadavo noma samarTal-Semfardeblis mier misi mxolod aseTi ganmartebis da gamoyenebis valdebulebas namdvilad ver warmoSobs. amaze, pirvel rigSi, Tavad normis teqsti ar miuTiTebs erTmniSvnelovnad, metic, mis srulyofil ganmartebas sawinaaRmdego daskvnebamde mivyavarT.
2.2. statiis avtoris azriT, “konkretuli terminebis mouxseniebloba sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirvel nawilSi da am nawilis meore winadadebaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom amiT viwrovdeba sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtis moqmedebis areali”. is, gadawyvetilebaze arsebuli gansxva-vebuli azris avtoris sayuradRebod, aRniSnavs, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis Sinaarsi ver ganixileba amave kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilisagan izolirebulad, isini erTobliobaSi unda iqnes wakiTxuli da gaazrebuli, rac, misi azriT, mTlianad xsnis problemas, radgan me-2 muxlis pirvel nawilSi moxmobili termini „dasjadoba“ moicavs sisxlis samarTlebriv pasuxismge-blobasa da sasjelTan dakavSirebul yvela im sakiTxs, romelTac SeiZleba Seexe-bodes saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqti da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawili.
statiis avtori namdvilad ar cdeba imaSi, rom ssk-is me-2 da me-3 muxlebi er-Toblivad unda iqnes wakiTxuli, magram zustad am normebis erToblivi wakiTxva warmoaCens met problemas sadavo normis ganWvretadobasTan dakavSirebiT.
mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d. sulaqveliZis komentarze
radgan pasuxi gacemulia orive kiTxvaze – rodis unda hqondes kanons ukuZala da rodis ara.
am normatiul wesrigs arRvevs me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis me-2 winadadeba. aq kanonmdebeli akonkretebs or SemTxvevas, rodesac kanons ar SeiZleba hqondes uku-Zala, kerZod: Tu kanoni awesebs qmedebis danaSaulebriobas an amkacrebs sasjels. maSasadame, es norma pirdapir miuTiTebs ara ukuZalis daSvebis SesaZleblobe-bze, rogorc amas me-3 muxlis saxelwodeba moiTxovs, aramed ukuZalis akrZalvis SemTxvevebze. amasTan, mas kanonis ukuZalis akrZalvis zogadi wesisTvis Semoaqvs ukuZalis akrZalvis specialuri, konkretuli SemTxvevebi. normis aseTi formuli-reba, bunebrivia, avtomaturad ar iZleva imis erTmniSvnelovnad mtkicebis SesaZle-blobas, rom am ori SemTxvevis garda, kanons ukuZala aqvs. Tumca normis sistemuri analizi amas ara Tu gamoricxavs, aramed piriqiT, zustad aseTi ganmartebisTvis iZleva gonivrul safuZvels.
me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis me-2 winadadebaSi mocemul SemTxvevebSi kanonisTvis ukuZalis akrZalva isedac aris gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-2 muxliT da me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli winadadebiT, im sxvaobiT, rom me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis me-2 winadadebaSi akrZalvis wre daviwroebulia. is exeba mxolod qmedebis danaSaulebriobis dawesebas da sasjelis gamkacrebas. Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli sxva kanonebisTvis, maT Soris xandazmulobis vadis gazrdis Tu pirobiTi msjavris gamkacrebis Taobaze kanonebisTvis ukuZalis akr-Zalvas is ar moicavs.
erTi SexedviT, TavisTavad, is rac am winadadebaSi weria, konstitucias ar ewi-naaRmdegeba, radgan konstituciac krZalavs sasjelis damamZimebeli da danaSaule-briobis damdgeni kanonisTvis ukuZalis miniWebas. TiTqos problema arc is unda iyos, rom sadavo norma arasrulad aregulirebs konstituciiT daculi kanonis ukuZalis akrZalvis farglebs, radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli kanonisTvis ukuZalis akrZalvas (maT Soris, xandazmulobis vadebisa da pirobiTi msjavris damamZimebeli kanonebisTvis) moicavs ssk me-2 muxli da me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis pirveli winadadeba. Sesabamisad, am sakiTxebis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis me-2 winadadebaSi srulad gameorebis aucileblobis gareSec, konstituciiT daculi sferos adekvaturi regulacia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT isedac gaTvaliswinebulia.
magram aseT fonze absoluturad gaugebari xdeba meore winadadebis SemoRebis motivacia. Tu is axals arafers ambobs da mxolod nawilobriv imeorebs imas, rac isedac mowesrigebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, maSin misi arseboba azrs mo-klebuli xdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gamodis rom ukuZalis miniWeba-arminiWebis saki-Txis gadawyvetisas samarTalSemfardebeli misi farglebiT SeboWili ar aris. es viTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom am normis erTaderTi daniSnuleba zustad imaSia, rom
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is aviwroebs sisxlis samarTlis kanonis ukuZalis akrZalvis sferos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mis arsebobas, miT ufro wesidan gamonaklisebis damdgen normaSi, ara-nairi datvirTva ara aqvs.
« rodesac zogadi wesidan gamonaklisebis dadgena xdeba, maTze zogadi wesis ga-vrcelebisTvis adgili aRar rCeba. Tu gamonaklis urTierTobebze moxdeba zogadi wesis gavrceleba, es gamonaklisi aRar iqneba. amitom logikuria, rom, rodesac kanonmdebels Semoaqvs gamonaklisebi, es, imavdroulad, niSnavs mis mier im nebis ga-moxatvasac, rom zogadma wesma am SemTxvevebze aRar unda imoqmedos, gamonaklisebis farglebSi zogadi wesi Zalas kargavs » (saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrisQqeTevan eremaZis gansxvavebuli azri saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarT-los pirveli kolegiis 2009 wlis 13 maisis #1/1/428, 447, 459 gadawyvetilebaze).
maSasadame, zustad is faqti, rom ukuZalis akrZalva daukavSirda or konkretul SemTxvevas, iZleva SesaZleblobas, norma gonivrulad ganimartos rogorc kanonmde-blis nebis gamoxatuleba, uari eTqva sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi ukuZalis akrZal-vis konstituciiT dadgenil farglebze. yovel SemTxvevaSi, samarTalSemfardebels me-3 muxlis konstruqcia, daniSnuleba, saxelwodeba aZlevs sakmaris safuZvels ase-Ti ganmartebisaTvis. amis Sedegi aris is, rom xandazmulobis vadebis gazrdisa da pirobiTi msjavris damZimebis Sesaxeb kanonebs SeiZleba mieniWos ukuZala. normis aseTi wakiTxva ki ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias.
aseT fonze, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar arsebobs kanonmdeblis calsaxa neba sisxlis samarTlis kanonis ukuZalis akrZalvis farglebTan dakavSirebiT. samarTalSem-fardebels ara aqvs erTmniSvnelovani miTiTeba, rogor unda moiqces. Tu samar-
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mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d. sulaqveliZis komentarze
TalSemfardebeli miiCnevs, rom meore winadadeba mxolod imeorebs me-2 muxls da mas damoukidebeli mniSvneloba ara aqvs, maSin pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli arc erTi kanoni ar unda gamoiyenos ukuZaliT. xolo Tu miiCnevs, rom me-3 muxlis pir-veli nawilis me-2 winadadebas damoukidebeli da specialuri datvirTva aqvs (aseTi logikis safuZvlianoba zemoT davasabuTeT), maSin, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, samar-TalSemfardebels aqvs SesaZlebloba, norma konstituciis sawinaaRmdego versiiT waikiTxos, gamoiyenos da misi aseTi ganmarteba kanonis (sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi) Sesabamisi iqneba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom SesaZloa es argumentebi batoni sulaqveliZisaTvis myife, aradamajerebeli da arasworic iyos, magram maTi naklovanebis mtkicebisTvis, ro-gorc minimum, am argumentebis gamabaTilebeli, ufro sarwmuno, damajerebeli ar-gumentebi unda iyos moyvanili. statiaSi ki am argumentaciis sapirwoned avtori ubralod mtkicebiT formaSi wers, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilisa da me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis erToblivi wakiTxvis Sedegad sisxlis samarTlis kanons ukuZala ar mieniWeba zustad im farglebSi, rasac adgens saqarTvelos konstitucia. Tumca statiaSi ar aris pasuxi mTavar kiTxvaze – ratom da rogor miiRweva es? ra iZleva safuZvels am normebis mxolod konstituciis Se-sabamisi SinaasiT wakiTxvisTvis? ratom gamoiricxeba maTi iseTi wakiTxvis SesaZle-bloba, rogoric mocemulia gansxvavebul azrSi?
niSandoblivia, rom statiis avtori dasaxelebuli poziciis marTebulobas asa-buTebs konkretuli magaliTebiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom es magaliTebi namdvilad ver gamodgeba imis samtkiceblad, risTvisac avtors isini mohyavs, radgan isini mxo-lod imis demonstrirebas axdenen, rom rogorc konstitucia, ise sadavo norma exeba da icavs namdvili ukuZalis sakiTxebs da ver moawesrigebs aranamdvil ukuZalas, rasac Cvenc ar uarvyofT.
3. d.sulaqveliZis azriT, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis momwesrigebeli kanonis ukuZalasTan dakavSirebiT konstituciuri garantiebi SeiZleba Seexebodes mxolod da mxolod kanoniT pirdapir, calsaxad gansazRvrul da realurad arsebul dasjadobas, am ukanasknelis zomebsa da farglebs, agreTve dasjadobasTan dakavSi-rebul SeRavaTebsa Tu sxva privilegiebs, romlebic danaSaulis Cadenisas moqmedi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo rogorc danaSaulis Camdeni piris gardauvali, auc-deneli ufleba da ara rogorc iseTi savaraudo (samomavlo) ufleba, romlis mopo-veba da momavalSi realurad arseboba damokidebulia mraval sxvadasxva, winaswar gauTvaliswinebel faqtorsa Tu garemoebaze, romelTa gamoc aRniSnuli ufleba piris sasargeblod SeiZleba warmoiSvas da SeiZleba arc warmoiSvas. amasTan, Tuki danaSaulis Camdenma pirma kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli rigi pirobebis ganxorciele-bis Sedegad ukve realurad SeiZina kanoniT samomavlod gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba raime SeRavaTze an sxvagvar samarTlebriv privilegiaze, am mimarTebiT SemdgomSi misTvis sauareso sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi ukve mopovebuli SeRava-TiTa Tu privilegiiT sargeblobis ufleba pirs ver SeezRudeba.
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zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sulaqveliZe miiCnevs, rom, Tuki axali kanoniT xandazmulobis vadis gazrda da pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro piro-bebis damZimeba danaSaulis Camdeni piris mimarT moxda maSin, rodesac jer kidev ar iyo gasuli wina kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli xandazmulobis ufro mcire vada, anda aseT pirs jer kidev ar hqonda Sefardebuli pirobiTi msjavri winandeli SeRa-vaTiani pirobebis safuZvelze, maT mimarT gavrceldeba axali kanoniT dadgenili pirobebi. misi azriT, amgvari ram ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos kanonis namdvil ukuZalad, misgan dacvis garantias ar adgens arc konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqti da arc sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, iseve rogorc Cemi gansxvavebuli azri, pirvel rigSi, araorazrovnad miuTiTebs, rom konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-5 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli garantia exeba mxolod pasuxismgeblo-bis momwesrigebeli normebis namdvili ukuZalis sakiTxebs. aranamdvili ukuZala ar aris konstituciis dacvis obieqti da, Sesabamisad, misi konstituciurobis Se-fasebac ver moxdeba. am TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs namdvili da ara-namdvili ukuZalis sakiTxebis sworad gamijvnas, raTa xelovnurad ar gafarTovdes an ar Seviwrovdes konstituciis dacvis sfero. es sakiTxi vrclad aris ganxiluli sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadaywvetilebaSi, rasac me srulad viziareb, amitom am sakiTxze damatebiT aRar vimsjeleb. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mxolod Semdeg garemoebaze: Cveni azriT, am TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis vadebisa da pirobiTi msjavris sakiTxebisadmi erTnairi midgoma (rogorc es sulaqveliZis statiaSia mo-cemuli) ar iqneboda swori.
xandazmulobis institutis arseboba, “erTi mxriv, imis aRiarebaa, rom obieqturi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba da samarTliani sasamarTlos Catareba garkveuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg arapraqtikulia, vinaidan saamisod aucilebel garemoebebTan erTad ikargeba mtkicebulebebi da mowmeebis Cvenebebi aRar aris myari. misi mizania imisi samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa, rom sasamarTlo ar iyos valdebuli, gamoita-nos gadawyvetileba im mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic vadis gasvlis gamo iTvlebian arasrulyofilad. amiT kanonmdebeli uars ambobs saeWvo marTlmsajule-baze, piris sasargeblod wyvets sakiTxs da aTavisuflebs mas pasuxismgeblobisagan. mas Sedegad mosdevs piris ufleba, ar iqnes micemuli sisxlis samarTlebriv pa-suxismgeblobaSi xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis gamo. es ki imisi aRiarebaa, rom da-naSaulebrivma qmedebam dakarga Sefasebisunarianobis is Tviseba, rac aucilebeli iqneboda pirze pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad da meorec, sisxlissamarTlebrivi qmedeba, romelic danaSaulad kvalificirdeba ara rogorc faqtobrivi sinamdvilis,
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mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d. sulaqveliZis komentarze
aramed rogorc iuridiuli sinamdvilis faqti, kargavs Tavis Tvisobriobas kon-kretuli piris mimarT. Tu ara es garemoebani, ise xandazmulobis gamo pasuxismge-blobisagan gaTavisuflebas azri daekargeboda. sadac sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba qarwyldeba, ar SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi subieqtis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi momxdari cvlileba ar CaiTvalos mis uflebad. aseT SemTxvevaSi namdvili ukuZalis gavrceleba pasuxismgeblobisagan ukve gaTavisu-flebul pirze iwvevs kanonis ganWvretadobis da sandoobis ugulebelyofas da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, aseTi kanoni kiTxvis qveS ayenebs kanonis Sesabamisad damdgar Sedegs – sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebuli piri gasa-marTldes da daisajos”. meore mxriv, “roca kanonmdebeli ise zrdis xandazmulobis vadebs, rodesac jer ar amowurula Zveli kanoniT dadgenili xandazmuloba, es SemTxveva ar SeiZleba miviCnioT konstituciis darRvevad... marTalia, am SemTxve-vaSic piris uflebrivi sfero ganicdis garkveul uaryofiT zemoqmedebas imiT, rom mis mimarT xangrZlivdeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, magram es normatiuli si-namdvile marTldeba samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebiT. kanonmdebeli amiT xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi Zveli kanoniT dadgenili vadebi. vinaidan samarTliani marTlmsajuleba moiTxovs xandazmulobis gansazRvrul vadebs, SeuZlebelia piris pasuxismgeblo-bisagan gaTavisufleba martooden im safuZvliT, rom Zveli kanoniT sxva vada iyo dadgenili. vidre ar dasrulebula xandazmulobis vada, manam sisxlissamarTle-brivi devnis subieqts ar warmoeSoba pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis mate-rialuri ufleba. pirs ver eqneba imisi kanonieri molodini, rom saxelmwifo ar an ver ganaxorcielebs sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas xandazmulobis vadis farglebSi. xandazmulobis vadis amowurvamde, pirs ver eqneba legitimuri molodini, rom is gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisgan. vadis amowurvamde, xandazmulobis gagrZele-ba ar xelyofs piris SesaZleblobas winaswar ganWvritos misi qmedebis samarTle-brivi Sedegi. qmedebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis prognozirebis mxriv, mdgomareoba xandazmulobis gagrZelebamde da gagrZelebis Semdeg identuria. Sesabamisad, xan-dazmulobis vadis amowurvamde, misi gagrZeleba ver Selaxavs piris legitimur mo-lodinebs” (saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 13 maisis #1/1/428, 447, 459 gadawyvetileba).
rac Seexeba pirobiT msjavrs, miuxedavad imisa, rom sadavo normiT misi konsti-tuciis Sesabamisad gadawyvetis sakiTxTan dakavSkrebiT Cemi da sasamarTlos mosa-zrebebi gansxvavebulia, Cveni poziciebi Tanxvedria im TvalsazrisiT, rom pirobiTi msjavri gavlenas axdens piris dasjadobaze, sasjelis yofierebaze. pirobiTi msja-vris arseboba iZleva imis garantias, rom SeiZleba ar moxdes sasjelis gamoyeneba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli formiT. roca pirovnebas sasjelis moxdis nacvlad pirobiTi msjavri ekisreba, es, arapirdapiri gagebiT, sasjelis Semsubuqe-baze ufro meti SeRavaTis maCvenebelia.Kkanonmdebeli am normatiuli danawesiT da-naSaulis subieqts aZlevs SesaZleblobas, Tavidan aicdinos sasjeli. Amitom, “roca pirovnebas sasjelis dakisrebisas espoba am sasjelis Semsubuqebis is SesaZleblo-
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bebi, rac mas hqonda danaSaulis Cadenis dros, es unda CaiTvalos sasjelis gam-kacrebad, miuxedavad imisa, rom calke, ganyenebulad aRebuli sasjeli, rogorc normatiuli mocemuloba, SeiZleba igive darCes” (saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos 2009 wlis 13 maisis #1/1/428, 447, 459 gadawyvetileba).
magaliTad, Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatis 2006 wlis 11 seqtembris ganaCenSi vkiTxulobT, rom yazbegis raionul sasamarTlos pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebis ufleba ar qonda: “usafuZvloa mosamarTlis msjelo-ba ssk 63-64-e muxlebisTvis ukuZalis miniWebis Sesaxeb, radgan aRniSnuli normebi arian zogadi xasiaTis, ssk me-3-e muxli ki exeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo samarTlis nawilis normebs, romlebic amsubuqeben an amkacreben sasjels”. saqar-Tvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSnul saqmeze miiRo dauSveblad cnobis gadawy-vetileba. mis ganCinebaSi vkiTxulobT: «rac Seexeba msjavrdebulTaTvis daniSnul sasjels, igi samarTliania da sakasacio palata am nawilSic iziarebs saapelacio sasamarTlos mosazrebebsa da daskvnebs» (saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 14 ianvris ganCineba #1013ap). TavisTavad, saqmis dauSveblad cnobis faqtiT, uzenaesma sasamarTlom moaxdina imis deklarireba, rom saapelacio sasamarTlos pozicia, maT Soris pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebTan dakavSirebiT, sakasacio instanciis mier damkvidrebul praqtikas Seesabameboda.
Cemi azriT, pirobiTi msjavris gamoyeneba piris mimarT iseTive xarisxiT al-baTobiTia, rogorc sasjelis konkretuli saxis misja (magaliTad, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis ama Tu im odenobisa) an pasuxismgeblobisagan saerTod gaTavisufleba. pirs sasjelis ama Tu im zomisa Tu pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebis mimarT aqvs Tana-bari molodini. vinaidan pirobiTi msjavri sasjelis moxdis formaa, arsebiTi (praq-tikuli) mniSvneloba ara aqvs kanoniT sasjelis odenoba Semsubuqdeba (gamkacrdeba) Tu misi moxdis forma, radgan es ukanaskneli sabolood sasjelis moxdis konkre-tul Sinaarss ganapirobebs. am logikiT, ufleba sasjelis damamZimebeli kanonis ukuZaliT gamoyenebis akrZalvis Taobaze uTanabrdeba uflebas pirobiTi msjavris damamZimebeli kanonis ukuZaliT gamoyenebis akrZalvis Taobaze. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebamde misi pirobebis damamZimebeli kanonis ukuZaliT gamoyeneba warmoadgens namdvil ukuZalas da ewinaaRmdegeba konstitu-cias.
5. statiis avtori aseve ar eTanxmeba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-baSi da Cems gansxvavebul azrSi gamoTqmul pozicias sadavo normis gamoyenebis saer-To sasamarTloebis praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebuli azris mixedviT, arsebuli praqtika damatebiT miuTiTebs sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-sis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis bundovanebasa da mis arakonstituciurobaze, xolo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, marTalia, norma konstitu-ciuria, magram saerTo sasamarTloebis mier misi sworad ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi ar iqneboda miRebuli is gadawyvetilebebi, romlebmac eWvqveS daayenes damamZimebeli kanonisaTvis ukuZalis miniWebis akrZalvis Seuqcevadoba, saerTo midgoma, razec me
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mosazrebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb – pasuxi d. sulaqveliZis komentarze
da Cemi kolegiis wevrebi vTanxmdebiT, aris is, rom principulad arasworia pozicia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawilis mxolod sisxlis samarT-lis kodeqsis kerZo nawilze gavrcelebis Taobaze. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarT-loebis midgoma ki zustad aseTia. maT gadawyvetilebebSi araorazrovnad aris da-fiqsirebuli, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawiliT dacul sferos warmoadgens mxolod sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawili da, Sesabami-sad, pirobiTi msjavrisa da xandazmulobis vadebis momwesrigebeli normebi rCeba am muxliT regulirebis farglebs gareT. Cemi azriT, damafiqrebelia, rom aseTia saka-sacio instanciis pozicia. es niSnavs momavalSi praqtikis zustad ase ganviTarebis garduvalobas. niSandoblivia, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos es praqtika exeba zogad sakiTxs. saqme gvaqvs zogadi wesis gamoyenebis, misi ganmartebis farglebis Taobaze saerTo midgomis CamoyalibebasTan, rac ganapirobebs normis erTgvarovan gamoye-nebas yvela analogiur SemTxvevaSi. maSasadame, sasamarTloebi gamoricxaven sadavo normis farTod ganmartebas (rogorc es gakeTebulia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi da rasac d. sulaqveliZec iziarebs). rogorc Cans, isini am dros arc ssk-is me-2 muxlis gamoyenebas miiCneven SesaZleblad, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenebdnen ara pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel axal kanons, aramed danaSaulis Cadenis dros moqmed msubuq kanons, rac maT ar gaukeTebiaT.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gaugebaria, raze dayrdnobiT amarTlebs sula-qveliZe arsebul praqtikas. rodesac is statiaSi, principSi, ar eTanxmeba saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikulad erTaderT arguments da araTu SesaZleblad, aramed aucilebladac miiCnevs ukuZalis momwesrigebeli normebis gavrcelebas sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis zogad nawilzec (im erTi garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu sa-qme gvaqvs kanonis namdvil ukuZalasTan), ubralod safuZveli ecleba mis pozicias am sakiTxze sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisa da gansxvavebuli azris usafuZvlobis Taobaze.
garda amisa, Tu statiis avtori saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikas amarTlebs imaze dayrdnobiT, rom konkretuli mosarCeleebis SemTxvevaSi saqme ar gvqonda namdvil ukuZalasTan, rac niSnavs, rom sasamarTloebis mier saqmis ganxilvis dros moqmedi kanoni unda gamoyenebuliyo, maSin riT axsnis is im garemoebas, rom am kon-kretul gadawyvetilebebs sasamarTloebi me-3 muxlze miTiTebiT iRebdnen ? Tu sa-qme ara gvaqvs namdvil ukuZalasTan, ssk-is arc me-2 da arc me-3 muxlebze miTiTebas azri ar aqvs.
davo normis azrs moklebul debulebad gamocxadebasa da im kanonisaTvis ukuZalis miniWebas Soris, romlisTvisac ukuZalis miniWeba akrZalulia konstituciiT.
mimaCnia, rom iseTi sakanonmdeblo regulacia, romelic samarTalgamoyenebisas iwvevs uflebis darRvevis risks, ewinaaRmdegeba kanonis sizustisa da gamWvirvalo-bis moTxovnas.
«rodesac norma sxvadasxvagvari (maT Soris, rogorc konstituciis Sesabamisi, ise misi sawinaaRmdego SinaarsiT) ganmartebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, samarTal-Semfardebelma SesaZloa miagnos misi ganmartebis yvela an romelime gzas. Tu is erTdroulad xedavs normis konstituciis Sesabamisi da misi sawinaaRmdego Sinaar-siT wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas, bunebrivia, rom norma unda ganmartos konstituciis Sesabamisad. Tumca normis bundovaneba zustad imaSi gamoixateba, rom is iZleva go-nivrul safuZvels sxvadasxva mosamarTlem is sxvadasxva versiiT waikiTxos. ra Tqma unda, Tu samarTalSemfardebeli normis gamoyenebisas miiCnevs, rom misi konsti-tuciuroba saeWvoa, man unda ixelmZRvanelos uSualod konstituciiT, magram es garemoeba normis konstituciurobis problemas ver moxsnis.
udavoa, rom samarTalSemfardebels aqvs konstituciis Sesabamisad moqmedebis valdebuleba, romlis darRvevac iwvevs Sesabamis Sedegebs, magram aseTi valde-bulebis arseboba ver abaTilebs normis arakonstituciurobas da ver amarTlebs arakonstituciuri normebis ZalaSi datovebas. normis konstituciurobis saeWvoo-bisas, uSualod konstituciis gamoyeneba sakmarisi garantia rom iyos, normatiuli aqtebis konstituciuri kontrolis funqcia azrs dakargavda.
Tu bundovani norma iZleva gonivrul safuZvels misi konstituciis sawinaaR-mdego SinaarsiT wakiTxvisTvis, is ganWvretadobis moTxovnebs ver pasuxobs da arakonstituciurad unda iqnes cnobili. aseT dros verc samarTalSemfardeblis valdebuleba - norma ganmartos konstituciis Sesabamisad da verc mxolod konsti-tuciis Sesabamisi praqtikis arseboba ver uzrunvelyofs normis konstituciuro-bas » (saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris qeTevan eremaZis gansxvave-buli azri saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirveli kolegiis 2009 wlis 13 maisis #1/1/428, 447, 459 gadawyvetilebaze).
8. mosamarTle uflebamosilia, ar daamtkicos saproceso SeTanxmeba.
b. mcdaria mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom “saproceso SeTanxmebis ganxilvisas mosamarTle ar Sedis bralisa da mtkicebulebebis ganxilvaSi, anu udanaSauloc SesaZloa daisajos”
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 6794 muxlis Tanaxmad, sapro-ceso SeTanxmebis damtkicebisas, sasamarTlo amowmebs, Tu ramdenad dasabuTebulia braldeba, kanonieria Tu ara SuamdgomlobaSi miTiTebuli sasjeli da ramdenad ne-bayoflobiT moxda bralis aRiareba. Sesabamisad, Tuki sasamarTlo, zemoT aRniSnul kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT, miiCnevs rom ar arsebobs braldebis damadasturebeli sakmarisi mtkicebulebani, is ar amtkicebs Suamdgomlobas da saqmes ubrunebs pro-kuraturas sabraldebo daskvnis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad.
aseve, msjavrdebuls aqvs ufleba, gaasaCivros sasamarTlos ganaCeni, romliTac damtkicda saproceso SeTanxmeba, Tu igi Tvlis, rom SeTanxmeba daido motyuebiT an muqaris, Zaladobis gamoyenebiT, mas SeezRuda dacvis ufleba an sasamarTlom arse-biTad daarRvia kanonis moTxovnebi.
saqarTveloSi saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis efeqtianobas amyarebs agreTve misi gamoyenebis statistikuri maCveneblebic. Tu 2005 wels es instituti gamoiyene-boda s/s saqmeTa mxolod 7%-ze, 2006 wlisaTvis es maCvenebeli gaizarda 44.1%-mde.
g. mcdaria mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom “yvelaferze ar SeiZleba saproceso SeTanxmebis dadeba”
aRsaniSnavia, rom es Tezisi pirdapir ukavSirdeba qvemoT gansaxilvel kidev erT mcdar mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom “saproceso SeTanxmebis dadeba xdeba mxolod fulis gadaxdis sanacvlod” da, Sesabamisad, saproceso SeTanxmeba SesaZlebelia daidos mxolod naklebad mZime kategoriis danaSaulebze.
Tumca es mosazreba mcdaria ramdenime mizezis gamo:
a) saproceso SeTanxmeba SeiZleba daidos ara mxolod jarimis gadaxdaze, aramed nebismier sxva sasjelzec;
b) Tuki saproceso SeTanxmeba ideba realur sasjelze (vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa) da braldebulis TanamSromlobis Sedegad xels uwyobs gamoZiebas, gaxsnas sxva danaSauli an sxvagvarad TanamSromlobs gamoZiebasTan, am institutis gamoye-neba SesaZlebelia praqtikulad yvela danaSaulze;
am uflebis umniSvnelovanesi xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs is gancxadeba, romelic evropis sasamarTlom gaakeTa saqmeze delkurti belgiis winaaRmdeg (Delcourt v. Bel-gium). saqmeze sasamarTlom daadgina, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi marTlmsa-julebis samarTliani ganxorcielebis uflebas imdenad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-ba gaaCnia, rom me-6(1) muxlis SezRuduli interpretacia iqneboda Seusabamo am muxlis mizansa da mniSvnelobasTan.
evrosasamarTlom niumaisteris saqmeze daadgina (Neumeister v. Austria), rom samar-Talwarmoebis TiToeul mxares unda hqondes Tanabari SesaZlebloba Tavisi saqmis warmosadgenad da arc erT mxares ar unda gaaCndes raime arsebiTi upiratesoba meore mxareze.
saqarTvelos praqtikis SemTxvevaSi, prokurors, romelic warmoadgens mxares sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi, “saproceso SeTanxmebis” ZaliT “ufleba aqvs, moiTxo-vos braldebulisaTvis sasjelis Semcireba an danaSaulTa erTobliobisas miiRos gadawyvetileba misTvis braldebis Semsubuqebis an nawilobrivi moxsnis Taobaze”. sasamarTlom saqmeze borgersi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Borgers v. Austria) daadgina 6(1) muxlis darRveva saSualebaTa Tansworobis principidan mimarTebaSi imis gamo, rom prokurori aZlevda sasamarTlos rekomendaciebs, mieRoT Tu ara mosarCelis ape-lacia da monawileobas iRebda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi prokurors unda daecva saSualebaTa Tanasworobis principi.
marTalia, am ori uflebis Sesaxeb pirdapir ar miuTiTebs evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli, magram evropis sasamarTlom am uflebebTan mimarTebaSi, saqmeze miurei gaerTianebuli samefos (Murrey v. united kingdom) winaaRmdeg ganacxada, ”miuxedavad imisa, rom amis Sesaxeb pirdapir ar miuTiTebs konvenciis me-6 muxli, eWvgareSea, rom dumilis ufleba policiis mier dakiTxvis dros da ufleba, ar misce Cveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg, warmoadgenen sayovelTaod aRiarebul saerTaSoriso standartebs, romlebic me-6 muxliT aRiarebuli samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis Suagulad iTvleba.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, ,,saproceso SeTanxmebis’’ mizania swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa. aseve am institutis maregulirebeli normebidan irkveva, rom mis damatebiT mizans braldebulis mxridan gamoZiebasTan TanamSromlobis waxaliseba da axali danaSaulis an Tanamdebobis piris mier Cadenili danaSaulis gaxsnisaTvis xelis Sewyoba warmoadgens. zogadad mizansac, rasac saerTod saproceso SeTan-xmebis msgavsi sistemebis SemoReba emsaxureba, sasamarTloSi Sesul gansaxilvel saqmeTa raodenobis Semcireba da sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionirebis SedarebiT gantvirTva warmoadgens.
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saproceso SeTanxmeba – SedarebiTi mimoxilva
saqmeze langobergeri SvedeTis winaaRmdeg ( Langoborger v. Sweden) sasamarTlom ga-nacxada, rom “im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki pirebi teqnikurad kvalificiurni arian, ga-nixilon konkretuli sakiTxi da, Tuki arc maT keTilsindisierebaSi eWvis Setanis safuZveli arsebobs, mainc mniSvnelovania dacul iqnes miukerZoeblobisa da damou-kideblobis obieqturi
moTxovnebi”. aqedan gamomdinare, raoden kompetenturic ar unda iyos prokurori, igi mainc bralmdebelia, saqmis erT-erTi mxarea da ar aris sasurveli, man gansa-zRvros braldebulis brali, sasjeli da amis damtkicebis Sesaxeb SuamdgomlobiT mimarTos sasamarTlos.
saqmeze piersaki belgiis winaaRmdeg (Piersack v. Belgium) sasamarTlom daadgina, rom “sajaro bralmdeblis rolSi myof yofil moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT gamovidnen mosamarTleebad im saqmeze, romelic gamoZiebuli iyo maTi uwyebis mier, Tundac aRniSnuli saqme arasodes yofiliyo maT pirad warmoebaSi”. garda aRniSnuli sa-samarTlo saqmeebisa, evropis sasamarTlos kidev bevri gadawyvetilebis moZieba SeiZleba, sadac naTlad gamoCnda Tu raoden mniSvnelovania 6(1) muxliT gaTva-liswinebuli damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli tribunalis mier saqmis ganxilvis uflebis uzrunvelsayofad sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba sagamoZiebo Tu sabraldebo uwyebebisagan.
mesame garemoeba exeba dazaralebuls. Tu saxezea dazaralebulis procesSi mo-nawileobis problema, igi SeiZleba martivad gadaiWras Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebiT, rogorc es gaakeTes, magaliTad, estonelebma. aRniSnuli dazarale-buls nebas rTavs, saproceso SeTanxmebaSi gaaCndes aqtiuri roli. magram zogjer es SeiZleba warmoadgendes problemasac. istoriulad, gaerTianebul samefosa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dazaralebulis roli saproceso SeTanxmebaSi Za-lian minimaluria da mas ufleba aqvs iyos mxolod informirebuli, Tu ra xdeba saqmeSi, igi ver miiRebs monawileobas saproceso SeTanxmebis dadebaSi. bevr sxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris evropul saxelmwifoebSi, dazaralebuli gvevlineba sapro-ceso SeTanxmebis monawiled, romelsac ufleba aqvs, warmomadgenili iyos procesze da gaasaCivros SeTanxmebis Taobaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba, garda gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa. aRniSnulma saxelmwifoebma ganaviTares saproceso SeTanxmebis war-matebuli sistemebi, romelic moicavda dazaralebulsac. ase rom, problemas ar unda warmoadgendes dazaralebulis saproceso SeTanxmebaSi monawileoba, magram zogjer aris iseTi kategoriis saqmeebi, rac moicavs intimur detalebs, magaliTad, seqsualuri Zaladobis saqmeebi, gansakuTrebiT rodesac es exeba bavSvebs. maTi sa-samarTlos winaSe wardgena Cvenebis misacemad aris sakmao fsiqologiuri travmis matarebeli, xolo dazaralebuli SeiZleba gaxdes “ganmeorebiTi msxverpli”. bevri dazaralebuli aRwers sasamarTloSi Cvenebis micemas, rogorc maT mimarT ganxor-cielebuli Zaladobis ganmeorebas. ase rom, saproceso SeTanxmebis sistema, rome-lic exeba bralis aRiarebas, icavs danaSaulis msxverpls sasamarTloSi Cvenebis micemisgan, rac warmoadgens aRniSnuli sistemis erT-erT upiratesobas, rasac aRia-reben kidec dazaralebuli pirebi.
Cemi meoTxe argumenti aris is rom saproceso SeTanxmeba xels uwyobs e.w. media-ciis da Serigebis marTlmsajulebis ganviTarebas. am procesSi CarTulia dazarale-bulic da ufro metic, dazaralebuli mTavari moqmedi figuraa am dros.
saproceso SeTanxmebis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSic, rom bralze da sasjelze SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofs sasjelis samarTlianobas. msjavrdebulebis mxridan sak-
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irakli kotetiSvili
maod xSiria gancxadebebi, rom sasamarTlom imoqmeda maT winaaRmdeg, vinaidan isini warmoadgenen garkveul umciresobas, rom mTeli procesi iyo usamarTlo da, rom isini, ubralod, arian sistemis msxverplni. xolo bralis saproceso SeTanxmebis dros pirs eZleva saSualeba, aRiaros brali, sajarod ganacxados, rom igi aris dam-naSave da unda sakuTari danaSaulis gamosyidva sazogadoebis winaSe. xolo bralis sajarod aRiarebasa da saproceso SeTanxmebaze daTanxmebis Semdeg Zalian Znelia momavalSi braldebulma zemoT xsenebuli raime mizezi daasaxelos gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gasaprotesteblad.
samoqalaqo winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva mouwia mosamarTle tostis. igi ramden-jerme iqna dajarimebuli da administraciuli patimrobac ki miesaja imis gamo, rom uars ambobda administraciul SenobaSi Sesvlaze, Tu iq qristianuli simboloebi iyo gamofenili.
”me mivedi skolaSi da vnaxe, rom yvela klasSi jvari ekida yvelaze gamosaCen adgilebSi. es siaxled sulac ar momeCvena. sabavSvo baRSi sami jvari ekida erT kedelze. italiaSi kaTolicizmi yovel nabijze gvxvdeba da zogjer Zalian damTr-gunvelia, Tu aTeistad Cndebi sazogadoebaSi”. - acxadebs qalbatoni luci.
”CemTvis es saqme ara fuladi kompensaciis, aramed moraluri Rirebulebis mqone iyo. italia sakuTar Tavs saero saxelmwifos uwodebs da unda icavdes kidec am Rirebulebas”.
Tumca Riad darCa sxva kanonebis sakiTxi, romelic religiuri mniSvnelobis sa-kiTxebs awesrigebda. swored am iuridiulma vakuumma ganapiroba is samarTlebrivi kazusi, romelmac lucis saqmeSi iCina Tavi. erovnulma sasamarTloebma miiCnies, rom zemoaRniSnuli debulebebi religiuri simbolikis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda da gamoyenebadi iyo lucis davasTan mimarTebaSi.
mxareTa mier evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTloSi warmodgenili argumentebi
saaxelmwifom saintereso pozicia warmoadgina Tavisi argumentebisTvis Zalis mi-sacemad. pirvel rigSi, man scada jvrisTvis ara mxolod religiuri, aramed Rire-bulebiTi mniSvneloba mieniWebina:
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giorgi melaZe
”jvars udavod gaaCnia religiuri datvirTva, Tumca mas sxva mniSvnelobebic aqvs, kerZod, eTikuri datvirTva . . . cxadia, Rirebulebebi, romlebsac Tanamedrove de-mokratiuli sazogadoeba emyareba, safuZvels aseve povebs araqristian an qristia-nobasTan dapirispirebul avtorTa SromebSi. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, maTi naazrevi qristianuli filosofiiT sazrdoobda im aRzrdidan da saganmanaTleblo garemo-dan gamomdinare, romelSic isini ganswavlul iqnen da cxovroben. daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove demokratiuli Rirebulebebis fesvebi Soreuli warsulidan, saxarebis periodidan iRebs saTaves. Sesabamisad, jvari humanisturi simboloa, romlis ganmarteba misi religiuri mniSvnelobisagan damoukidebladac SeiZleba da romelic Sedgeba principebisa da Rirebulebebisagan, romlebic Cveni demokratiebis fundaments warmoadgens.
jvari, aqvs ra zemoaRniSnuli datvirTva, sruliad SeTavsebadia saeroobis prin-cipTan da misaRebia qristianebisa da araqristianebisTvis, romlebsac SeuZliaT misi miReba im TvalsazrisiT, rom is gulisxmobs am principebisa da Rirebulebebis Soreul dasabams. saboloo jamSi, jvris simbolos aRqma religiuri datvirTvis gareSec aris SesaZlebeli da misi gamofena sazogadoebriv adgilebSi ver iqneba konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis Selaxva”.
Tavis dazRvevis mizniT warmodgenil am arguments saxelmwifom daumata sxvebic
1. evrosasamarTlo, damkvidrebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, uflebebis darRvevas uwodebs iseT SemTxvevebs, romelSic bevrad ufro agresiuli moqmedebebi xorciel-deba, vidre es religiuri simbolikis ubralo gamofenaa (Folgerø et autres v. Norway, [GC], no 15472/02, CEDH 2007-VIII).
2. jvarcmis gamosaxuleba aris saklaso oTaxebSi, magram arc moswavleebsa da arc maswavleblebs ar moeTxovebaT mis mimarT Tundac minimaluri Tayvaniscemis gamoxa-tva, an kidev klasSi locvebis kiTxva. ufro metic, maT jvarcmis gamosaxulebisadmi minimaluri yuradRebis miqcevac ki ar evalebaT.
1. miuxedavad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebisa, jvarcmas religiuri datvirTva gaaCnia da is faqti, rom mas “sxvadasxva interpretacia” aqvs, ar iwvevs misi umTavre-si, religiuri daniSnulebis ukana planze gadasvlas.
2. erTi religiis simboloebis gamofena, moswavleebSi tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom saxelmwifo gansazRvrul religiur mrwamss emxroba, maSin, rodesac samarTlebriv saxelwifoSi aravin ar unda aRiqvamdes saxelmwifos sxva religiebTan SedarebiT erT religiasTan ufro metad axlos myofad, miT ufro arasrulwlovanebi, romle-bic gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni arian maTi mcirewlovanebis gamo.
3. klasebSi jvarcmis gamosaxulebis gamofenis ”faqtobrivi savaldebuloobiT”, saxelmwifo kaTolikur religias ayenebs upirates mdgomareobaSi sxva religiebTan SedarebiT da adgili aqvs saxelmwifos Carevas ganmcxadeblisa da misi Svilebis azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebasa da ganmcxadeblis uflebaSi, aRzardos Svilebi sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da mrwamsis Sesabamisad. aseve adgili aqvs dis-kriminacias ara-kaTolikeTa mimarT.
4. saxelmwifos mxridan udavod adgili aqvs mcirewlovnebze zewolas, es tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom saxelmwifo daSorebulia im adamianebisgan, romlebic am reli-gias ar aRiareben.
man aseve miiCnia, rom jvarcmis gamosaxuleba skolebSi istoriul Tu sxva konte-qstSi ar iyo aRqmuli da, upirveles yovlisa, mas religiuri datvirTva hqonda. am arguments sasamarTlos azriT, vatikanis poziciac aZlierebda, romelic oficialu-rad acxadebda, rom qristianuli simbolikis gamofeniT italia sakuTar qristia-nul warmoSobas usvamda xazs.
Sesabamisad sasamarTlom dainaxa uflebis darRvevis safuZveli da saqmeSi lucis pozicias dauWira mxari.
ramdenime saqmes mimovixilavT evropuli praqtikidan, raTa zogadi warmodgena Seiqmnas mkiTxvelma, Tu ra wina pirobebi uZRoda win lucis saqmes da rogor mivida sasamarTlo am gadawyvetilebamde.
asocirebuli profesori da asocirebuli dekani (kvlevis dargSi).
(religiuro samosisa da simboloebis tareba Zlieri samarTlebrivi da politiku-ri davebis wyaro gaxda. winamdebare statiaSi gaanalizebulia Tu rogor gadawy-vita adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ori qalbatonis (maswavleblisa da studentis) sarCeli, romelTac saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Tavsaburave-bis tarebis ufleba ar misces, aseve, Tu rogor ganixila sasamarTlom am saqmeeb-Si wamoWrili 3 mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: prozelitizmi, genderuli Tanasworoba da aratolerantuloba da sekularizmi. statiaSi gakritikebulia sasamarTlos mier stereotipebze dayrdnoba, muslimani qalebis da saerTod islamis mimarT ganzoga-debuli midgoma da Tu rogor iRebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs ori urTierT-sawinaaRmdego muslimani qalis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT)
I. Sesavali
erTi SexedviT pirbade metad Riad gveCveneba, magram rogorc ki muslimani qali Tavsaburavs daixuravs, uamravi adamianisaTvis – Jurnalistidan dawyebuli poli-tikosebiT, akademikosebiT da radio-ToqSouebis monawile msmenelebiT damTavre-buli – sruliad gasagebi xdeba, Tu vin aris da ras warmoadgens is3. im faqtis
raa, rom SeuZlebelia kanonSi srulyofilad iyos mocemuli maswavlebelTaTvis saWiro qcevebi da garkveuli Tavisuflebis saSualebas iZleva im garemoebebSi, roca “Cveulebrivi moqalaqis mier mocemuli qceva umniSvnelod SeiZleba iyosa aRqmuli”53. aq naxsenebi ar aris, Tu vin aris Cveulebrivi moqalaqe, anda is rac mas SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad miaCndes im kulturis Sedegia, romelSic religiuri samo-sis tareba axla periferiulad miiCneva. uflebebis sakiTxebis gadawyveta, umravle-sobis mier ama Tu im sakiTxis mniSvnelobis mtkicebaze dayrdnobiT, seriozul zega-vlenas axdens religiis Tavisuflebaze, romelic am gadawyvetilebebSi sakmarisad ar aris ganxiluli.
Sveicaruli sasamarTlo acxadebda, “rTulad warmosadgeni” iyo, rom SeiZlebo-da skolebSi (rogorc adre)54 jvrebis gamofena aekrZalaT, magram amis miuxedavad, maswavleblisaTvis religiuri tansacmlis tarebis nebarTvis micema moeTxovebo-daT. sasamarTlo acxadebda, rom is faqti, rom maswavleblebs ufleba aqvT, ataron religiuri simboloebi, rogoricaa “mcire zomis samkauli” Semdgom ganxilvas aRar saWiroebda55, albaT ufro imitom, rom nebismieri Semdgomi ganxilva gamoavlenda, rom amgvari mcire zomis samkauli TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi iyo jvari, romelic ukamaToa, rom sul sxva poziciaSia rodesac is romelime qristian maswavlebels hkidia yelze, gansxvavebiT imisgan Tuki is kedelze aris Camokidebuli rogorc mT-lianad skolis Rirebulebebis gamoxatva.
evropul sasamarTloSi es saqme iurisdiqciulad iqna aRZruli. Sveicaria amt-kicebda, rom saqmeSi sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi ar arsebobda da misi Semdeg fazaze ganxilva saWiro ar iyo. sasamarTlo am argumentacias daeTanxma56. qalbatoni, ro-melsac muSaobis Seulaxavi gamocdileba hqonda da romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi islamur tanisamoss atarebda samsaxurSi, romelsac aravin ewinaaRmdegeboda, re-ligiis gamo samsaxuridan gaanTavisufles. magram saqme imdenad naTeli iyo, rom is sasamarTlos mxridan srulyofil da marTebul ganxilvasac ki ar imsaxurebda.
b. saini TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
meore saqme saini TurqeTis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlos mxridan ufro seriozuli ganxilvis sagani gaxda da gadawyvetilebisas did palataSi xmebi gaiyo57. leila saini samedicino fakultetis mexuTe kursis studenti iyo. 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi is TurqeTSi, bursas universitetSi swavlobda, Semdeg ki stambulis universitetSi ga-davida. is amtkicebs, rom bursas universitetSi 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi TavsaburaviT
Sesabamisi periodis ganmavlobaSi ar yofila aranairi protesti mosar-Celis mier Catarebuli swavlebis Sinaarssa Tu xarisxTan mimarTebaSi, ro-melic, rogorc Cans, ar cdilobda Tavisi religiuri mrwamsis garegnuli gamovlinebidan raime upiratesobis mopovebas63.
sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom Zalian Znelia im zegavlenis Sefaseba, romelic SeiZleba moaxdinos patara bavSvebis sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebaze iseTma Zlierma gareganma simbolom, rogoricaa Tavsaburavis tareba. mosar-Celis moswavleebis asaki 4-dan 8 wlamde iyo. es is asakia, rodesac bavSvebs bevri ram ainteresebT da ufro advilad eqcevian zegavlenis qveS, vidre ufrosi asakis moswavleebi. ar SeiZleba imis pirdapir uaryofa, rom im ga-remoebebSi, Tavsaburavis tarebas SeiZleba gamoewvia mis sarwmunoebaze mo-qcevis garkveuli saxis zegavlena, radganac, yuranis mcnebis Tanaxmad, misi tareba qalebis valdebulebaa da federaluri sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, Znelia amis genderuli Tanasworobis principTan Sesabameba. Sesabamisad, Znelia muslimanuri Tavsaburavis tarebis tolerantobis misiasTan, sxvaTa pativiscemisa da gansakuTrebiT, Tanasworobasa da aradiskriminaciasTan Se-sabamisobaSi moyvana, rac demokratiul sazogadoebaSi yvela maswavlebelma unda aswavlos Tavis moswavleebs64.
es msjeloba 3 ZiriTadi elementisagan Sedgeba. pirveli is, rom Tavsaburavis tarebas SeiZleba Tavis sarwmunoebaze moqcevis zegavlena hqondes; meore is, rom is ar Seesabameba genderul Tanasworobas da mesame, is ar Seesabameba tolerantobasa da sxvebis pativiscemas.
62 konkurentuli faseulobebis ufro konkretuli Sefasebis/awonvis magaliTisaTvis ix. bahia tahzib-lai, “disidenti qali, religia an rwmena da saxelmwifo: Tanamedrove gamowvevebi, romlebic yuradRebas moiTxovs” Tour lindholmSi, qoul durhami da bahia tahzib-lai, religiis an rwmenis Tavisuflebis xelSewyoba: sa-magido wigni (2004) 455, 473-83. 63 yuradReba miaqcieT “rogorc Cans” sityvebis farul mniSvnelobas da imis miniSnebas, rom igi SesaZloa cdilobda, raRac daukonkreteblis, magram arakanonieris mopovebas. am erT winadadebaSic ki, romelSic sa-samarTlo aRniSnavs, rom q-ni dalabi kargi maswavlebeli Cans da kargad aswavlida Tavis studentebso, es ugulebelyofs azrs faruli da ucnobi zianis Sesaxeb, rac dakonkretebas ar saWiroebs da risganac Tavis dacva mas ar SeuZlia. 64 dalabi (2001) adamianis uflebaTa evrop. sasamarTlos winaaRmdeg, 449, 463.
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qerolain evansi
sainis saqmeSi, sxva sarwmunoebaze moqcevis sakiTxi gansjis sagani naklebadaa, is sanacvlod eyrdnoba genderul Tanasworobasa da religiur tolerantobas (rogorc es Sefasebis zRvriT aris aRqmuli), rogorc misi daskvnis mniSvnelovani safuZveli. miuxedavad imisa, rom sainis saqmeSi ganxilvis ZiriTad sagans warmoadgens sxva studentebze zegavlena, misi proselitizmis (sxva sarwmunoebaze moqceva) konte-qstSi ganxilva mainc ar xdeba. es ise aRiqmeba, rom TiTqos studentebis umetesoba gaiziarebs Tavsaburavis matarebeli qalis religias, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca maT am sarwmunoebis moTxovnebis Sesaxeb sxvagvari Sexeduleba aqvT. samagierod, is gan-xilulia ufro sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis konteqstSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sainis saqmeze didma palatam imsjela da sakiTxebi cota ufro detalurad ganixila, genderul Tanasworobasa da tolerantobasTan mimar-TebaSi igi nawilobriv daeyrdno dalabze gadawyvetilebas da misi daskvnebis da-sabuTebisTvis citirebad mohyavs zemoaRniSnuli citirebis Sesabamisi nawili65. es epizodi, Sesabamisad warmoadgens Semdegi analizis safuZvels.
a. sxva sarwmunoebaze moqceva (proselitizmi)
dalabis saqmeSi moxseniebuli zianis pirveli formaa sxva sarwmunoebaze miqce-va. pirvel rigSi unda iyos aRiarebuli, rom q-ni dalabis mier vinmes sxva sarw-munoebaze moqcevis pirdapiri mcdelobis mtkicebuleba ar arsebobda. rogorc faqtebi gviCvenebs, mas Tavisi studentebisaTvis arc ki uTqvams, rom igi muslimani iyo, miTumetes rom mas arc sityvierad mouwodebia maTTvis sxva sarwmunoebaze gadasvla.
arapirdapiri proselitizmis Taobaze mtkicebulebac aseve Zalian susti iyo da mis safuZvels erTianobaSi warmoadgenda muslimanuri Tavsaburavis tareba. sasa-marTlo aRiarebs, rom zianTan dakavSirebuli pretenziebis gasamyareblad, empi-riuli/faqtobrivi mtkicebulebis mopoveba problematuria. gadawyvetilebaSi naTqvamia, rom “Znelia Seafaso Tu ra gavlena iqonia” amgvari tansacmlis tare-bam66. is proselitizmTan dakavSirebul pretenziaze axdens kvalificirebas – “imis uaryofa SeuZlebelia” (vidre, simarTlea), rom “SesaZlebelia” yofiliyo “raRac saxiT” proselitizmis gavlena67. am formulirebaSi arapirdapiri gziTaa naTqvami, rom sasamarTloSi ar yofila wardgenili aranairi mtkicebuleba raime saxis zia-nis an proselitizmis gavlenis arsebobis Sesaxeb, garda mTavrobis mxridan mtki-cebisa proselitizmis gavlenis arsebobis Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi, ramdenime wlis
misi religiis msaxureba iyo. Znelad gasagebia, es rogor unda niSnavdes bavSvebze zegavlenis moxdenas religiasTan dakavSirebiT.
ufro metic, sasamarTlos miTiTebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom skolaSi dawye-biT klasebSi bavSvebi cnobismoyvareebi arian da daucvelni, kidev sxva saxis Se-kiTxvebs badebs. maSin rodesac sasamarTlo aqcents akeTebs am sakiTxze rogorc mtkicebulebaze, rom konkretuli tansacmlis tarebam SesaZloa gavlena iqonios sxva sarwmunoebaze moqcevis saxiT, Sesabamisad Cndeba kiTxva, ra uTxres cnobismoy-vare da daucvel bavSvebs, rodesac maTi maswavlebli gaanTavisufles samsaxuridan muslimanuri tansacmlis tarebis gamo. am bavSvebs SesaZloa ekiTxaT, sad wavida maTi maswavlebeli da ra daaSava man. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi naTlad Cans, rom skolaSi muslimani bavSvebi swavlobdnen, romelTac tradiciuli muslimanuri tansacmeli ecvaT da isinic SeiZleba dainteresebuliyvnen, maTi Cacmuloba an maTi mSoblebis Cacmuloba ratom aris iseTi saSineli, rom amis gamo sxva mxriv yvelanai-rad karg maswavlebels aZeveben skolidan74. garda amisa, im bavSvebisaTvis, romle-bic ganwyobili arian undoblobis, religiuri siZulvilisa Tu rasobrivi diskrimi-naciisken, yovelive es SeiZleba iyos imis maCvenebeli, rom maTi SiSi gamarTlebulia da maTi stereotipebi namdvili. iqidan gamomdinare, rom sasamarTlo mtkiced eyrd-noba im mosazrebas, rom muslimani qalebi sxvebs axveven TavianT Sexedulebebs da bavSvebs sWirdebaT dacva aratolerantuli da diskriminaciuli Cveulebebisagan, sasamarTlos etyoba, rom masze moqmedebs saxelmwifos mxridan Careva da igi Riaa nebismieri saxis davalebisaTvis, rac dakavSirebulia aratolerantobasa da diskri-minaciasTan75.
b. genderuli Tanasworoba
zianis Semdegi tipia genderuli uTanasworoba. es seriozuli sakiTxia, rac swor ganxilvas moiTxovs, magram arc erT saqmeSi sasamarTlos mier misi ganxilva ar momxdara. orive saqmeSi sasamarTlom daamtkica, rom Tavsaburavis tareba Seu-Tavsebelia genderul TanasworobasTan, magram arc erT saqmeSi sasamarTlos ar daukonkretebia es mosazreba, garda imisa, rac man ganacxada, rom “amas qalebs is mcneba avaldebulebs, romelic yuranSi weria”76. is forma, ra formiTac gamoyene-bulia sityva “avaldebulebs” Taviseburad datvirTulia. raRac doziT, religiuri valdebulebebis umetesoba “savaldebuloa” misi mimdevrebisaTvis da sasamarTlo
sasamarTlos ZiriTadi argumenti genderul TanasworobasTan dakavSirebiT ufro gasagebi unda iyos – rom Tavsaburavi genderuli uTanasworobis pirdapir gamoxatuli simboloa. sasamarTlos logikis mixedviT, igi aseT pozicias misdevs: ara aqvs mniSvneloba ra mtkicebulebebi warmoadgines qalbatonebma saqmeSi (da si-namdvileSi, TavianTi motivaciis rogor WeSmaritadac, magram SecdomiTac ar unda sjerodeT)80, isini vinc Tavsaburavs atarebs, eTanxmebian genderul uTanasworobas da (SesaZloa) cdiloben es uTanasworoba samudamod daamkvidron sazogadoebaSi81. sasamarTlos argumentacia arapirdapiria, da amitom gaurkvevelicaa, aris Tu ara es is ori safuZveli, razec sasamarTlo miuTiTebs. Tumca, gadawyvetilebis am nawi-lisaTvis isini yvelaze Zlier safuZvels warmoadgenen da Sesabamisad, warmoadgenen winamdebare msjelobis ZiriTad nawils.
rc erT saqmeSi sasamarTlo ar ganavrcobs Tavis argumentacias, ubralod acxa-debs, rom “rTulia erTmaneTs Seusabamo”82 Tavsaburavis tareba da genderuli Ta-nasworoba. gaugebaria, raSia amis sirTule. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs feministuri ar-gumentaciebi muslimanebisganac da aramuslimanebisganac, rom Tavsaburavis tareba despoturia qalebisaTvis83. aseve, arian mwerlebic islamis SigniTac da islamis gareTac, romlebic ganixilaven, Tu ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs muslimani qa-lebisaTvis Tavsaburavis tarebas da feministur argumentebs akeTeben muslimanuri tansacmlis sasargeblod84. sasamarTlom am rTuli kamaTis mogvareba ver SeZlo.
sainis saqmeSi, mis Tamam gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic sasamarTlo kolegiis wevre-bis umravlesobisagan gansxvavdeba, mosamarTle tulkensi akritikebs umravlesobis paternalizms, romelic uars ambobs, neba darTos axalgazrda qals moiqces saku-Tari pirovnuli arCevanis Sesabamisad, im mizeziT, rom amgvari qceva sqesTa Soris uTanasworobas Seuwyobda xels85. Semdeg igi detalurad ganixilavs umravlesobis argumentacias im daSvebis Sesaxeb, rom Tavsaburavebis akrZalva genderul Tanaswo-robas gaaumjobesebs.
80 zogierT qals (magram ara am or mosarCeles, aRniSnul saqmeebSi) SesaZloa arc SeuZlia srulad da dazuste-biT axsnas, ratom acviaT gansxvavebuli religiuri tansacmeli – “xSirad xalxi ise simbolurad iqceva, arc aqvT gaTviTcnobierebuli, Tu ras akeTeben isini”: linda arturi, ‘Sesavali: tansacmeli da sxeulis social-uri kontroli linda arturis mixedviT, religia, tansacmeli da sxeuli (1999) 1, 4. 81 SesaZloa im Sexedulebis myisieri gaziareba, rom Tavsaburavis tareba despoturia qalisTvis da funda-mentalizmis simboloa, ganpirobebulia media saSualebebis mier gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT. ix. lidermani, zemoT 2, 111.82 dalabi (2001) adamianis uflebaTa evrop. sasamarTlos winaaRmdeg, 449, 463.83 islamSi amis Taobaze debatebi siaxle ar aris. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi muslimani feministisa da Tavsaburavis oponentis zin al-dinis statiebis mimoxilvisTvis ix. bousaina Saabani, “Tarjimani qalebis daxSuli xmebi” mahnaz afxamis mixedviT, rwmena da Tavisufleba: qalebis adamianTa uflebebi muslimanur samyaroSi (1995) 61, 68-72. 84 Tavsaburavze safrangeTis kanonenebTan dakavSirebiT musliman qalTa sxvadasxvagvari reagirebebis Sesaxeb ix. kiliani, zemoT 73. sxvadasxva swavlulebis Sexedulebebis gasacnobad ix. Couki el hameli, “muslimanuri diaspora dasavleT evropaSi: islamuri Tavsaburavi (hijabi), media da muslimanTa integracia safrangeTSi” (2002) 6 moqalaqeobis Seswavla, 293, 301-4. 85 saini, sarCeli No 44774/98 (adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo, didi palata, 10 noemberi, 2005) [12] (mosamarTle tulkensis gansxvavebuli mosazreba).
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mainc, realurad, ra kavSiria akrZalvasa da sqesTa Tanasworobas Soris? [umravlesobis] gadawyvetileba amaze arafers ambobs. da marTlac, raze mia-niSnebs Tavsaburavis tareba? rogorc germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarT-lom 2003 wlis 24 seqtembris gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, Tavsaburavis ta-rebas moxlod erTi calkeuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs. Tavsaburavis tareba warmoadgens Cveulebas, romelsac sxvadasxva mizezis gamo mimarTaven. is ar niSnavs, aucileblad, qalis mamakacisadmi daqvemdebarebas da arian adamia-nebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom, garkveul SemTxvevaSi, Tavsaburavi qalis emansipirebis saSualebac ki SeiZleba iyos. am debatebs qalebis azri aklia, im qalebisa, romlebic Tavsaburavs atareben da aseve imaTi, romlebmac mis gareSe siaruli gadawyvites86.
am nawyvetis daskvniT winadadebaSi, mosamarTle tulkensi, mniSvnelovan SeniS-vnas gamoTqvams imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlo, romelSic mamakacebi dominireben (am SemTxvevaSi 12 mamakaci mosamarTle da xuTi qali mosamarTle, romelTagan erT-erTs gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs), ubralod, iRebs genderuli uTanasworobis mtkicebulebebs mTavrobisagan, rom mamakacebi dominireben da nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs qalTa Sexedulebebs87.
sasamarTlo kolegiis umravlesoba SecdomaSi Sedis, uars ambobs ra gaiTavisos muslim qalTa cxovrebiseuli realoba da is kompleqsuri da mravalricxovani mizezebi, romelTa gamoc sxavadsxva qali pirbadis tarebas irCevs. es midgoma – ro-melic uSvebs, rom gareSe Tvali Tavsaburavis simbolur mniSvnelobas im qalebis gagebis gareSe wvdeba, romlebic am Tavsaburavs atareben – gaanalizebul iqna homa hudfaris mier Tavisi kvlevis perspeqtividan, romelic kanadis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebsa da Sromis bazarze axalgazrda muslimi qalebis gamocdilebas exe-ba. es qalebi gamoxataven TavianT imedgacruebas
im mosazrebis gamo, rom pirbade uwignurobisa da Cagvris ekvivalentia [rac] imas niSnavs, rom axalgazrda muslim qalebs didi Zalisxmevis daxarjva uwevT, raTa Tavi daimkvidron, rogorc moazrovne, racionalurma, ganaTlebulma studentebma/pirovnebebma, rogorc saklaso oTaxSi, aseve mis gareT88.
is akritikebs pirbadis bunebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul am mosazrebas, Tvlis, rom is rasistuli da kolonisturia da amtkicebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,dasavlelebisTvis [pirbadis] mniSvneloba statikuri da ucvlelia, muslimur kulturebSi pirbadis funqciebi da socialuri mniSvneloba saocrad cvalebadia, gansakuTrebiT, swrafi
86 iqve (citatebi gamotovebulia). 87 rodesac muslim qalebs am sakiTxze ekiTxebian, saxelmwifos mxridan marTebuli sapasuxo qmedebis Sesaxeb maTi Sexedulebebic gansxvavdeba. ixileT, kiliani, zemoT n 73, 575–86. 88 homa hudfari, ,,pirbade maT fiqrebSi da Cvens Tavze: pirbadis tarebis Cveuleba da muslimi qalebi’’ mox-senebulia lisa louissa da devid loidTan (red), kulturis politika kapitalis CrdilSi (1997) 248, 249 (xazgasmulia, rogorc originalSi).
socialuri Zvrebis periodSi”89. am dakvirvebas unikalurobasa an radikalurobamde bevri uklia, rogorc mosamarTle tulkensi aRniSnavs, TviT germaniis sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlom aRiara, rom pirbades sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca Sainis saqmeSi debatebis kompleqsurobis sakiTxs sasamarTlo ar exeba.
debatebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis xdeba religiuri Cacmuloba genderuli uTa-nasworobis warmomSobi, kompleqsuria. arsebobs garemoebebi, romlebSic mTavro-bam SesaZloa miiRos legitimuri gadawyvetileba religiuri Cacmulobis zogierTi formis SezRudvis an akrZalvis Sesaxeb, im mizniT, rom ganamtkicos genderuli Tanasworoba90. aseTi nabiji gansakuTrebiT gamarTlebuli SeiZleba iyos iseT vi-TarebaSi (rogorc Sainis saqmeSi), rodesac arsebobs: imis mtkicebuleba, rom sxva qalebi aRmoCndebodnen zewolis qveS sakuTari survilis sawinaaRmdegod damorCi-lebodnen religiuri Cacmis stils91; Zaladoba im qalebis mimarT, romlebic uars amboben pirbadis tarebaze92; an im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qalebis Cacmulobis po-litikuri miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba xdeba, qalTa uflebebis sawinaaRdegod93. da mainc, aseT SemTxvevebSic ki, qalebis garicxva iseTi mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebidan, rogoricaa skolebi da universitetebi, genderuli Tanasworo-bis misaRwevad, marTlac rom, Taviseburi gzaa da Tavis TavSi genderuli Tanaswo-robis saxeliT qalTa saganmanaTleblo da SromiTi uflebebisaTvis zianis miyenebis saSiSroebas itevs94. safrangeTSi adre, 1990-iani wlebis Sua naxevarSi gatarebuli zomebis farglebSi, romlebic moswavle gogonebisaTvis pirbadis tarebis SezRud-
89 iqve. ixileT aseve, feReh Sirazi, “islamuri religia da qalTa Cacmis wesi: iranis islamuri respublika’’, moxsenebulia linda arTurTan (red), religiis ganZarcva: erTguleba da moqceva kros-kulturuli perspeq-tividan (2000) 113, 118–19; josef Satemfli, ‘‘pirbadiT da mis gareSe: malael qalTa identobis rekonstru-ireba singapurSi’’ moxseniebulia linda arTurTan (red), religiis ganZarcva: erTguleba da moqceva kultura-TaSorisi perspeqtividan (2000) 169, 169-82; sebastian pulteri, ”muslimuri Tavsaburavi skolebSi: inglissa da safrangeTSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi midgomebis Sedareba’’ (1997) 17 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 43, 71. 90 Tumca es garemoebebi, warmoCenili unda iyos aSkara mtkicebulebebiT. rogorc es kvebekis adamianis ufle-baTa komitetma Camoayaliba, ,,unda vivaraudoT, rom hijabis matarebelni sakuTar religiur mosazrebebs war-moaCenen da hijabi mxolod maSin unda aikrZalos, rodesac aSkaraa – da ara mxolod varaudis doneze – rom sazogadoebrivi wesrigi an sqesTa Soris Tanasworoba safrTxeSia’’: citirebulia sintia de bula beinsTan ”Tavsburavebis saqme — diskriminacia Tu sekularuli sajaro ganaTlebis sistemis fasi’’? (1996) 29 The Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 303, 324. 91 diskusiisaTvis im problemebis Sesaxeb, romlebic qalebze saxelmwifos mier religiuri tansacmlis Tavs moxvevas exeba, ixileT Tahbiz-li, zemoT n 60, 483–7. skolebis konteqstSi, sebastian pulteri saintereso mo-sazrebas ayenebs imis Sesaxeb, rom advili saqme Sesabamisi Cacmulobis Sesaxeb mSoblebsa da mozrdilebs Soris Cveulebriv debatsa da patriarqalur kontrols Soris gamyofi xazis gavlebac ar aris: pulteri, zemoT n 87, 72–3. Tumca es dakvirveba ar aris mzad gamoyenebadi im qalebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic samuSao Zalis nawili arian an universitetebSi moRvaweoben. 92 gavrcelebuli socialuri Zaladobis magaliTisaTvis, romelic qalebisaTvis religiuri Cacmulobis Tavs mosaxvevad gamoiyeneba, ixileT alJiruli diskusia karima benunTan, ‘‘SOS alJiri: qalTa adamianis uflebebi tyveobaSia’’ mahnaz afxamisTan (red), rwmena da Tavisufleba: qalTa adamianis uflebebi muslimur samyaroSi (1995) 184, 187–8.93samarTlebrivi an socialuri saSualebebiT religiuri Cacmulobis mkacrad dacva SesaZloa konservatiuli, patriarqaluri sazogadoebrivi wyobis gamoxatuleba iyos. rogorc linda arTuri aRniSnavs, ‘‘yvelaze metad konservatiul jgufTa umetesobaSi. . . Cacmis wesi genderul normad gamoiyeneba, romelic Zalauflebis arse-bul sistemas amyarebs’’: linda arTuri, ‘Sesavali: tansacmeli da sxeulis sazogadoebrivi kontroli’ linda arTurTan (red), religia, tansacmeli da sxeuli (1999) 1, 1. 94 imis saintereso aRwerisaTvis, Tu rogor SezRuda pirbadis savaldebulo moxsnam mravali qalis socialuri Tavisufleba da ekonomikuri damoukidebloba iranSi, ixileT hudfari, zemoT, n 86, 259–67.
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qerolain evansi
vas isaxavda miznad, 100-ze meti muslimi gogona iqna gaZevebuli skolidan imis gamo, rom am akrZalvas ar daemorCilnen95. es gviCvenebs, rom saqme religiuri Cacmulo-bis ubralod akrZlvaSi da, Sesabamisad, imis uzrunvelyofaSi rodia, rom pirbade yvela gogonam moixsnas da farTod gauRos kari sqesTa Tanasworobis dasavlur gagebas, realoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom zogierTi qali veRar SeZlebs miiRos ganaTleba an aiwyos kariera sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi. Tuki am sakiTxis fe-ministuri analizi gakeTdeba, am qalebisaTvis miyenebuli ziani, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.
g. aratolerantoba da sekularizmi
Tavsaburavis akrZalvis gasamarTleblad saboloo elementi is aris, rom Tavsa-buravi SeuTavsebelia tolerantul, sekularul sazogadoebasTan, romelic sxvebis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs pativs scems. da kvlav, mosarCeleTa pirdapiri arato-lerantobis mtkicebuleba minimaluria. q-ni dahlabs ar mouxdenia Tavisi studente-bis iZuleba CaecvaT, moqceuliyvnen an erwmunaT iseve, rogorc mas. mas ar gauZvebia studentebi an mSoblebi saklaso oTaxidan. mas ar Seuracxuyvia sxvebis rwmena an warmouCenia sakuTari Sexedulebebis aRmatebuloba, garda imisa rom iqceoda ise, rogorc unda moiqces yvela sxva, vinc sakuTar rwmenas seriozulad udgeba - icxo-vros am rwmenis dacviT. aseve, ar arsebobs damamtkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom q-ni Saini aratolerantuli iyo sxvaTa Sexedulebebis mimarT. mas ar miumarTavs iseTi qcevisaTvis, rac moicavda sxvebze sakuTari Sexdulebebis Tavs moxvevis mcdelobas. is ar yofila braleuli universitetSi raime administraciul gadacdomaSi, garda im darRvevebisa, rac Cacmas ukavSirdeba da is ar miekuTvneboda TurqeTSi arsebul romelime fundamentalistur dajgufebas. garkveul doneze, sasamarTlo, rogorc sCans, ambobs, rom nebismieri, vinc sakmarisad seriozulad udgeba im faqtis warmo-Cenas, rom muslimia, Tvisobrivad da aucileblad, ara-tolerantia. ra Tqma unda, sasamarTlo am mosazrebas aSkarad ar axmovanebs, magram islamis aratolerantobas-Tan (da muslim qalTa – CagrulobasTan) gaigiveba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis naguslixmev ganwyobas gascems.
bel organizators da ganacxada, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aRniS-nuli roli sazogadoebriv wesrigs, religiur harmoniasa da tolerantobas emsaxureba. sasamarTlo aseve fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifos movaleoba, iyos neitraluri da miukerZoebeli, SeuTavsebelia nebismier uflbamosilebas-Tan, saxelmwifos mxridan Seafasos religiuri Sexedulebebis legitimuro-ba an is formebi, romelSic gamoixateba es Sexedulebebi da es movaleoba, saxelmwifosagan dapirispirebul jgufebs Soris urTierTtolerantobis uzrunvelyofas iTxovs96.
iTvleba, rom saxelmwifo sekularizmi araproblemuria da is aris imis uz-runvelyofis meTodi, rom yvela religia da religiuri Sexeduleba samarTlian da Tanaswor pirobebSi iyos. sasamarTlos am myife mosazrebasTan Sedarebisas, profe-sori jeremi gani laicizmisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis rols safrangeTsa da, Sesa-bamisad, aSS-Si, afasebs rogorc Tvisobrivad konfliqturs.
magram sayovelTao Sexedulebis miuxedavad, rom laicizmi da rwmenis Tavisu-fleba fundamenturi principebia, romlebic Sesabamisi qveynebis moqalaqeebs aer-TianebT, realurad, maTi moqmedeba miTebis Seqmnas ufro waagavs. Tuki Cven maT istoriul safuZvlebs gamoviklevT, aSkara xdeba, rom arc erTi doqtrina ar aRmo-cenebula, rogorc gamaerTianebeli an fundamenturi principi. aramed, TiToeuli maTgani iseT periodebSi warmoiSva, romelTa drosac adgili hqonda konfronta-cias, aratolerantobasa da, xSirad, Zaladobas maT mimarT, visac gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi hqonda. ufro metic, religiisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Tanamedrove debatebSi, sadac am doqtrinebs, viTomda konfliqtebis mogvarebis mizniT moixmo-ben, maTi gamoyeneba kvlavac iseTi formiT xdeba, rac moqalaqeebis maTi Sexedule-bebis safuZvelze dayofas iwvevs da akninebs maT, visi Sexedulebebic sayovelTao preferenciebs ar emorCileba97 .
laicizmis rolis am ufro guldasmiT analizSi (msgavsi mosazreba SeiZleba ga-moiTqvas sekularizmze kvlevis orive SemTxvevaSi) ar ivaraudeba, rom sekularuli saxelmwifo umciresobaTa uflebebis udavo garantoria98. TurqeTis SemTxvevaSi, ozlem denli, rogorc qemalizmiT gamowveuli da aseve, samxedro ZaliT gamyare-buli sekularizmis anti-demokratiulobis kompleqsuri sakiTxis miseuli analizis Sedegad askvnis, rom sekularizmi ar warmoadgens neitralur pozicias, romelic aTanabrebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela gansxvavebas. amis sapirispirod, is “di-reqtivis mimcemi normatiuli modelia, romelic Tanamedrove religiis zogierT
deba mxolod da mxolod politikuri pretenziaa, romlis mogvarebac racionalur asparezze SesaZlebelia, imis miuxedavad, Tu ramdenad araracionaluria Tavad es gancxadeba. aseTi debati, SeiZleba, ubralod uunaro Jestad iqnes miRebuli, romlis mimarTac dominanti kultura, nawilobriv, Semwynareblobas iCens sekularizmisa da modernizmis siZlieris gamo. magram qalebze kontroli warmatebis aRmniSvnelia am sazogadoebebSi gamarTul kulturul omSi sekularul mTavrobasa da muslimur subkulturebs Soris. am SemTxvevaSi, qalebi aRar arian individebi sakuTari piro-vnebebiT, istoriebiTa da wuxilebiT. amis magivrad, isini warmosaxviT dasavleTsa (sekularuli, racionaluri, egalitaruli, adamianis uflebaTa damcveli) da war-mosaxviT islams (religiuri fundamentalisti, araracionaluri, diskriminaciuli da adamianis uflebaTa damrRvevi) Soris dapirispirebis simboloebi xdebian. aseTi msoflmxedvelobis aRiarebis Semdeg, ra gasakviria, rom sasamarTlom dasavleTis mxare daiWira.
V. islami da muslimi qali sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi
am SemTxvevaSi, argumentacia asaxavs muslimi gogonebisa da qalebis - maTi Cacmu-lobis Sesaxeb mimdinare mTliani debatebis nawils. debati asaxavs or msgavsad sa-pirispiro mosazrebas muslimi qalebisa da gogonebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo muslimi qalebis Sesaxeb arsebul orive stereotips iyenebs Cagvras, ise, rom mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs maT Soris arsebul Tvisobriv winaaRmdegobas da imas, rom momCivnebTan an ufro zogadad, muslim qalebTan mimarTebaSi romelime stereotipis sizustis dasadastureblad cota samxili Tu arsebobs.
pirveli msxverplis stereotipia genderuli, religiuri msxverplis, romel-sac mCagvreli, moZalade mamakaci naTesavebisgan dacva sWirdeba da romelic pa-siuri, uunaroa, Tavad daexmaros Tavs kulturaSi, sadac mamakacebi dominireben. es Sexeduleba asaxulia im gancxadebebSi, romlebic sasamarTlom orive saqmis SemTxvevaSi gaakeTa imis Sesaxeb, rom Tavsaburavis genderul TanasworobasTan Sexameba rTulia104. am arguments aseve bevri mTavroba iyenebs, romelTa mizansac Tavsaburavis ara-religiuri mizezebiT akrZalvis gamarTleba warmoadgens105. rodesac am argumentebs sajaro debatebis dros iSvelieben, Cveulebriv, isini exeba istoriebs im muslimi gogonebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mamakaci naTesavebi muqa-ras an Zaladobas maTTvis arasasurveli religiuri tansacmlis Tavze moxvevisa-
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