Univerzitet u BeograduPoljoprivredni fakultt

Smer:

Seminarski rad iz Engleskog jezika

Tema:

Blueberry

Mentor: Student:Danijela Đorđević, МА Uroš Stanojević

ZO 150706

April, 2015.

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Contents1. Introduction..............................................................................................................32. Varieties....................................................................................................................3

2.1. Bluetta................................................................................................................32.2. Bluecrop............................................................................................................32.3. Blueray..............................................................................................................42.4. Berkley...............................................................................................................52.6. Duke...................................................................................................................6

3. Market for blueberries............................................................................................64.. Health Benefits.......................................................................................................61. Uvod..........................................................................................................................72. Sorte..........................................................................................................................7

2.1. Bluta (Bluetta)...................................................................................................72.2. Blukrop (Bluecrop)...........................................................................................72.3. Blurej (Blueray)................................................................................................72.4. Berkli (Berkley).................................................................................................72.5. Spartan..............................................................................................................72.6.Duke....................................................................................................................8

3. Tržište borovnice.....................................................................................................84. Uticaj na zdravlje.....................................................................................................8Termini:.........................................................................................................................8Literatura:......................................................................................................................8

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1. IntroductionBlueberries hold a special place in the foods of North America, since more species of blueberries are native to North America than any other continent. While lowbush berries are native to other parts of the world — including Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia — highbush berries were originally found almost exclusively in North America. Because of its special interest in lowbush blueberries, the state of Maine is actually the largest lowbush blueberry producer in the world.

European colonists learned about blueberries thanks to these Native American traditions and brought blueberry species back to Europe. Yet commercial cultivation of blueberries in Europe has been a relatively recent phenomenon limited to the 20th and 21st centuries. Thanks to increasing cultivation in the Southern Hemisphere — including South American countries such as Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay as well South Africa, New Zealand and Australia — fresh blueberries are now enjoyed throughout the year on many of the world's continents (The world’s healthiest foods).

2. VarietiesBlueberry is characterized by several varieties, which grow in different soils, and therefore have different characteristics. The most common varieties of blueberries are explained below, there are also some other varieties, early New Zealand River and late varieties Nelson, Elizabeth and Eliot.

2.1. Bluetta Bluetta is best early season variety with very good hardiness and very good productivity. Bluetta plants grow vigorously to approx 5 ft high. The berries are large, dark blue, firm and have very good flavour. A desirable variety for its earliness and for pollinating other varieties of blueberries (http://www.greenbarnnursery.ca/products/bluetta-blueberry). This variety is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Bluetta. Source: http://www.chrisbowers.co.uk/product/blueberries-bluetta/

2.2. BluecropA great blueberry plant for colder climates. Produces big clusters of large, all-purpose berries — perfect in salads or pies, or served with cream. Developed in 1934, introduced in 1941. Cold-hardy. Ripens in July. Self-pollinating, but will yield larger crops if pollinated with Jersey or Earliblue (http://www.starkbros.com/products/berry-plants/blueberry-plants/bluecrop-blueberry). This variety is shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2: Bluecrop. Source : http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=260

2.3. BluerayExtra-large berries with extra-sweet taste. This abundant, mid-season producer will give you buckets of delicious, aromatic, light-blue berries that won’t crack. Pink blooms in spring. Scarlet foliage in fall. This variety is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Blueray. Source: http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=261

Also an ideal pollinator for most other varieties. Introduced in 1941., ripens in July. Self-pollinating.(http://www.starkbros.com/products/berryplants/blueberryplants/ blueray-blueberry).

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2.4. BerkleyBlueberry Berkeley, Vaccinium 'Berkeley', is a late midseason blueberry and carries attractive powder blue fruit with a pleasing light flavor and good dessert quality. 'Berkeley' is the most popular home garden varieties. Blueberries are extremely nutritious and have a high vitamin content. Excellent in pies and makes delicious jams and preserves. The plants are resistant to stem blight disease. Fruit size is consistently medium to mostly large and very attractive. The fruit is great eaten fresh with fine flavor, firmness and appearance. It also exhibits a long shelf life for storage ( http://www.naturehills.com/blueberry-berkeley). This variety is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Berkley

2.5. SpartanExceptionally attractive and tasty fruit is often larger than a quarter in size with a tangy sweet flavor; ripens mid-July. Large, glossy-green foliage becomes orange and yellow in fall. Small white, bell-shaped flowers proceed the berries. Deciduous. This variety is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Spartan. Source: http://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/1294/spartan-early-season-blueberry/

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2.6. DukeProductive and decorative! A handsome bush with three seasons of interest: white, pink-tinged spring flowers; large, light blue summer fruit; and vibrant orange and yellow fall foliage. The large berries, often reaching the size of quarters, are produced in great abundance and have a delicious, tangy-sweet flavor. Blooms late to avoid spring frosts. Also makes a very attractive and decorative hedge! Originates from Beltsville, Maryland, introduced in 1985. Cold-hardy. Ripens late May. Self-pollinating (http://www.starkbros.com/products/berry-plants/blueberry-plants/duke-blueberry). This variety is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Duke

3. Market for blueberriesAt the moment, 90% of blueberries consumed in Europe come from Argentina/Uruguay and the other 10% are Chilean or South African. Southern Europe is a market where the average consumer is familiar with a wide range of fruits; however, berries, and blueberries in particular, are not very popular in Spain, Portugal, France or southern Italy (http://www.freshplaza.com/article/103762/Huge-growth-potential-for-blueberries-market-in-southern-Europe).

4.. Health BenefitsMost health research on blueberries involves their phytonutrient content. Anthocyanins - the colorful antioxidant pigments that give many foods their wonderful shades of blue, purple, and red - are usually the first phytonutrients to be mentioned in descriptions of blueberries and their amazing health-supportive properties. While it is true anthocyanins are pretty spectacular when it comes to blueberries and their support of our body systems, there are actually a wide variety of health support phytonutrients found in blueberries (The world’s healthiest foods).

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1. UvodBorovnice su imale značjno mesto u ishrani u Severnoj Americi, pošto se više vrsta Borovnica smatra domaćim u Severnoj Americi nego na bilo kom drugom kontinentu. Dok su se nisko žbunaste borovnice smatrale “domaćim sortama”, u drugim delovima sveta – uključujući i Evropu, visoko žbunaste borovnice su izvorno pronađene samo u Severnoj Americi. Zbog posebnog interesovanja za nisko žbunaste borovnice, država Maine je ustvari najveći proizvđjač nisko žbunastih borovnica u svetu.

Evropski kolonijalisti su naučili o borovnicama zahvaljujući tradicijama američkih domorodaca: Evropski kolonisti su doneli borovnicu kao sortu u Evropu. Ali, kultivisani uzgoj borovnice je krenuo u 20. i 21. veku. Zahvaljjući povećanoj kultivaciji uzgoja borovnica na severnoj hemisferi,-uključujući zemlje Južne Amerike, kao što je Čile, Argentina i Urugvaj kao i Južna Afrika, Novi Zeland i Australia, u ukusu svežih borovnice se može uživati u toku cele godine na najvećem broju kontinenanata. (Najzdravija hrana u svetu).

2. SorteBoravnicu karakteriše više sorti, koje uspevaju na različitim zemljištima, a samim tim imaju i različite karakteristike. Neke od najzastupljenih sorti borovnica objašnjene su u nastavku, pored njih postoje još i rana novozelandska sorta Reka, kao i pozne sorte Nelson, Elizabeta i Eliot.

2.1. Bluta (Bluetta)Bluta je naša najbolja rana sorta sa jako dobrom čvrstoćom i sa veoma dobrim prinosima. Biljke Bluta rastu do otprilike 1.7m visine. Plodovi su krupni, tamno plave boje, čvrsti i imaju veoma lep ukus. Poželjna je sorta zbog ranog sazrevanja plodova i oprašivanja drugih sorta borovnica.

2.2. Blukrop (Bluecrop)Odlična biljka borovnice za hladnije predele. Rađa u grozdovima, krupne borovnice za sve upotrebe (odlična za salate ili pite, ili polsuženje sa slagom). Razvijena je 1934 godine, a u upotrebi je od 1941. Sazreva u julu. Samo oprašujuća biljka, ali bi proizvela krupnije plodove ako bi se oprašivanje desilo sa sortom Jersey ili Earliblue.

2.3. Blurej (Blueray)Ekstra krupni plodovi sa izuzetno slatkim ukusom. Ova sorta sazreva sredinom sezone i daje veliki rod ukusnih, aromatičnih, svetlo-plavih plodova, koji neće pucati. Karakterišu je ruzičasti cvetovi u proleće i grimizna boja lišća u jesen. Odličan oprašivač za većinu drugih sorti, uveden je u proizvodnju u 1941 godini. Samo-oprašivajuća biljka.

2.4. Berkli (Berkley)Borovnica Berkli, 'Berkeley', je sorta koja stiže na kraju sezone sa plodovima praškasto plave boje, sa prijatnim ukusom i dobrog kvaliteta za poslasticu (dezert). Berkley je najrasprostranjenija sorta za uzgoj u baštama. Borovnice su izuzetno hranjive i imaju jako veliki sadržaj vitamina. Odlićne su za pite, džemove i slatko. Biljke su otporne na plamenjacu stabljike biljke. Veličina plodova je od srednje veličine do uglavnom krupnih plodova koji su veoma privlačni (lepi). Imaju i dug vek trajanja za skladištenje.

2.5. SpartanIzuzetno atraktivan i ukusan plod je često i oštrog slatkog ukusa, koji sazreva sredinom jula. Veliki, sjajno zeleni listovi postaju narandzasto žute boje u jesen. Mali beli cvetovi u obliku zvona sazrevaju do plodova – listopadna biljka.

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2.6.DukeProduktivna i dekorativna. Lep žbun za 3 sezone, sa cvetom belo ružičaste boje, krupni svetlo plavi plodovi, treperavo narandžasto-žute boje lišća u jesen. Krupni plodovi veličine (novčića od 25 centi) se proizvode u velikim količinama i imaju slatkast ukus. Kasnije cveta kako bi izbegao prolećne mrazeve. Takođe, čini veoma atraktivnu i dekorativnu živu ogradu. Potiče iz Beltsvila, Merilend uveden je 1985. godine. Sazreva kasno u maju i samo-oprasujuća je biljka.

3. Tržište borovniceU ovom trenutku, 90% borovnice koje se konzumiraju u Evropi, dolazi iz Argentine / Urugvaj dok ostalih 10% su iz Čilea ili iz Južne Afrike. Južna Evropa je tržište kod koga je prosečan potrošač upoznat sa širokim spektrom voća. Međutim, bobičavo voće, i borovnice posebno, nisu baš popularni u Španiji, Portugalu, Francuskoj ili Južnoj Italiji.

4. Uticaj na zdravljeVećina zdravstvenih istraživanja borovnice pokazuju da sadrži fitonutrijente. Antocijanini - raznobojni antioksidantni pigment koji daje mnogim namirnicama nijanse plave, ljubičaste i crvene boje – obično su prvi fitonutrijenti koji se pominju kada se govori o borovnicama i njihovom neverovatnom značaju za zdravlje čoveka. Pored antocijanina koji odlično deluju na čoveka, u borovnici postoji veliki broj različitih fitonutrijenata koji su takođe značajno hranljivi.

Termini:Blueberry (Borovnica) - A small sweet blue-black edible berry.Varieties (Sorte) - category that ranks below subspecies (where present) or species, its members differing from others of the same subspecies or species in minor but permanent or heritable characteristics. Varieties are more often recognized in botany.Pollinate (Oprašivanje) - Convey pollen to or deposit pollen on (flower or plant) and so allow fertilization.Self-pollination (Samooprašivanje) - The pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or from another flower on the same plant.Bloom (Cvetanje) - The state or period of flowering.Flower - The seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of reproductive organs (Cvet).Frost (Mraz) - A deposit of small white ice crystals formed on the ground or other surfaces when the temperature falls below freezing.Blight (Biljne bolesti) - A plant disease.Crops (Usevi) - A cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable.Phytonutrients ( Fitonutrijenti) - A substance found in certain plants which is believed to be beneficial to human health and help prevent various diseases.

Literatura:The world’s healthiest foods.. http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodsp

ice&dbid=8http://www.greenbarnnursery.ca/products/bluetta-blueberryhttp://www.chrisbowers.co.uk/product/blueberries-bluetta/http://www.starkbros.com/products/berry-plants/blueberry-plants/bluecrop-blueberryhttp://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=260http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=261http://www.starkbros.com/products/berry-plants/blueberry-plants/blueray-blueberryhttp://www.naturehills.com/blueberry-berkeleyhttp://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/1294/spartan-early-season-blueberry/http://www.starkbros.com/products/berry-plants/blueberry-plants/duke-blueberry

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http://www.freshplaza.com/article/103762/Huge-growth-potential-for-blueberries-market-in-southern-Europe

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