Chemistry of Life

Soňa Melušová

by

Time Line of AchievementTime Line of Achievement

time line of achievement = cesta k úspechu

Respiration and photosynthesisRespiration and photosynthesis

respiration = dýchanie combustion = horenie, spaľovanie

photosynthesis = fotosyntéza reverse = opačný, obrátený

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794)

respiration was an oxidation process analogous to combustion

Jan Ingenhousz (1730–1799)

photosynthesis is the reverse process of respiration Drawing of Lavoisier‘s laboratory

made by his wife

Organic synthesisOrganic synthesis

Friedrich Wöhler

Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882)

synthesized urea completely from inorganic materials

a "life force" was necessary to create the diverse compounds found in living things

In more recent times synthesis of natural products has helped make expensive plant drugs more widely available.

Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975) and Josef Pikl

synthesized the glaucoma drug physostigmine, making it inexpensive and widely available

Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979)

synthesized many natural products, among them chlorophyll in 1960 and vitamin B12 in 1971

plant drug = rastlinný liek glaucoma = zelený zákal

VirusesViruses

Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)

discovered the tobacco mosaic virus, and first described viruses as being distinct from other microbes

distinct = odlišný govern = ovládať, riadiť

polio vaccines = očkovacia látka proti detskej obrne

The processes of life are in fact chemical and physical processes, governed by the same laws that hold sway in the nonliving world.

Alfred Day Hershey (1908-1997) and Martha Cowles Chase

with using bacteriophages established that DNA is the carrier of genetic information

Jonas Salk (1914-1995) and Albert Bruce Sabin (1906-1993)

the development of polio vaccines

Hormones: adrenaline, insulin, and "the Hormones: adrenaline, insulin, and "the pill"pill"

pill = tabletka contraceptive = antikoncepcia

O

O

O

N

HH

H

H

H H

H

HH

H

HH

H

Trick with adrenaline

Jokichi Takamine (1854–1931)

isolated adrenaline – first isolation of a hormone

John James Rickard McLeod (1876–1935)

isolated insulin

identified its deficiency as the cause of diabetes

Gregory Pincus (1903–1967) and John Rock (1890–1984) developed the hormone progesterone into an oral

contraceptive

Vitamins from A to KVitamins from A to K

scurvy = skorbut cattle = dobytok

rotten = zhnitý, skazený hay = seno

André and Marguerite Lwoff

all organism use the same vitamins and coenzymes

Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986)

absorbic acid = vitamin C is the vital compound in citrus fruits that stops scurvy

Robert R. Williams (1886–1965)

in 1925 discovered vitamin B1 – its deficiency causes beriberi

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodking (1910–1994)

determined the molecular structure of vitamin B12 using X-ray crystallography

Vitamin K – disovered in 1930s following an outbreak of fatal bleeding among cattle that were fed on rotten sweet-clover hay

... compaunds that the body needs only in small amounts but that are very important to good health.

AntibioticsAntibiotics

Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)

in 1928 discovered penicillin

challenged = obmedzený resistant = odolný

Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain

development of the first useful antibiotic drug

In recent time, pharmaceutical science has been challenged by the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Proteins and diseaseProteins and diseaseProteins are long, chainlike molecules made by joining together a precise sequence of many small molecules called amino acids.

Emil Fischer (1852–1919)

in 1907 shows that proteins are made of amino acids

Leonor Michaelis and Maud Leonora Menten

in 1913 determined the kinetics of enzyme catalysis

James Batcheller Sumner and John Howard Northrop

1920s – 1930s enzymes are proteinsLinus Pauling in 1987

Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994) a protein defect was the cause of sickle-cell anemia

Vernon Ingram in 1956 shows the nature of sickle-cell anemia to be

achange in a single amino acid in the protein hemoglobin

sickle-cell anemia = chronická vrodená anémia

Study of early life and prebiotic evolutionStudy of early life and prebiotic evolution

The experiment of S. L. Miller

prevalent = bežný, rozšírený subject = vystavený spark = iskra

in 1953 an experiment – creates a mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water = prevalent compounds on Earth before life developed

the mixture subjected to electrical sparks – producing amino acids

Stanley L. Miller (1852–1919) first investigation into how life

could have arisen from nonliving materials

DNA and geneticsDNA and genetics

examination =skúšanie deciphering = dešifrovanie, rozlúštenie

James Watson and Francis Crick

in 1953 determined that the DNA molecule is shaped like a double helix

Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)

examination of X-ray crysatllographic data obtained by research of DNA molecul

Alfred Day Hershey (1908–1997) and Martha Cowles Chase (1930– )

discovered that DNA carries genetic information

Complementing these two discoveries was the deciphering of DNA‘s genetic code between 1961 and 1966, which was the work of numerous scientists.

DNA seguencing and genetic biotechDNA seguencing and genetic biotech

sequence = poradie forensic = súdny

insight = preniknutie do postaty veci, pochopenie

in 1977 developed separate methods of rapid DNA sequencing = rapid methods for determining the sequence of base pairs in sample of DNA

Walter Gilbert (1932– ) and Frederick Sanger (1918– )

Rapid sequencing of DNA has led to many developments in genetic biotechnology, from forensic DNA analysis to the Human Genome Project.

Investigation of DNA provide insight into the genetic causes of diseases.

W. Gilbert and F.Sanger at the reception oh the Nobel Foundation

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention