熊本大学学術リポジトリ
Kumamoto University Repository System
Title Change in I-E Scores During T-Group
Author(s) Yoshida, Michio
Citation 鹿児島女子短期大学紀要, 15: 287-295
Issue date 1980-03-01
Type Departmental Bulletin Paper
URL http://hdl.handle.net/2298/29342
Right
BulletinofKagoshimaWomen，sJuniorCollegel980，Vol､15,Ｐ､287～295
Changeinl-EScoresDuringT-Group
MichioYOshida
ＡＢＳｒＲＡＣＴ
ThepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatelheeffectsofT､Groupexperlencesonthemem・
bers，I-Escores・WehypoUlesizedthatthosememberswhoparticipatedinT-Groupwould
changetheirl､Escoresmoretointemalorientation．Weusedassubjects41femalestudents
ofanursingschooLTheyweredividedintotwogroupsbandsixsessionswereheldduringa
3･daypeIiod、I-EtestswelegjvenbefbreandafterlheT,Group、Theresultssupportedandverifiedtheabovehypothesis．
Ｔ・Group,firststartedbyLewin,ｅｔ.a１.inthel940's,hasbeencarriedoutfireqUentlyas
anewteChni叩efbrimpIovingthecomplexhumanrelationsinmodemsociety・
IntheUnitedStates,wheretheconceptofTLGroupwasBrstconceivedofanddevelP
oped,Ｔ､GroupisculrentlyinfUⅡflourishinmanyolganizationsineducational,socialwork，
medicalandindustrialcilcles,wherehumanIelationsconstituteasimportantconsideration・TheseactivitiesrevolvearoundtheNationalTrainingLaboratories・
InJapan,T-Grouphasbeencarriedoutmainlybyindustrialorganizations,butinrecent
yearsitisgainingincreasmgacceptanceinthemedicalcommunitywherelhｅｙｕｓｅｔｈｅｔｅｃｈ．
､iqlefbrthetrainingofnuIses・
WhatinthewoddaIethepulposesofT-Group,then？ReseaIchersaledjvidedonthe
叩eStion,butletusmentionthefbUowingsevenpurposesaspointedoutbyBenne,Ｋ､，.,ｅｔ・
al.(1964)．
１．Onehopedfbroutcomefbrtheparticipantisincreasedawarenessofandsensitivity
toemotionalreactionsandexplessionsinhimselfandinothers、
２.Anotherdesiredobjectiveisgreaterabilitytoperceiveandtoleamfromtheconse・
quencesofhisactionsthroughattentionto企elings,hisownanｄothers１
３．ThestaffalsoattemptstostimulatetheclarificationanddevelOpmentofPersonal
valuesandgoalsconsonantwithademocraticandscientificapproachtoproblemsofsocialandpersonaldecisionandaction、
４.AnotherobjectiveisthedevelOpmentofconceptsandtheoreticalinsi沙tswhich
willserveastoolsin1linkingpersonalvalues,goals,andintentionstoactionsconsistentwith
theseinnerfactorsandwiththereqUlrementsofthesituation、
５．AlllaboratoryprogramsfbstertheachievementofbehavioraleffectivenessintransPactionswithone，senvironments、
６.Anotherobjectivegrowsoutofrecoglitionthatcontinuingopportunitiestoapply
-287-
MichioYbshida．
newleamingswilloccurinbackhomesituations,thoughremovedfromthe皿pportiveenv1P
ronmentofthelaboratoIy、
７.AfinalobjectiveundedyingmostlaboratoIyeducationis"leaminghowtoleam？
Asindicatedabove,itisregardedasthemostimportantpurposeofT-Grouptoaccu・ratelypeIceivetheｅ縦cts(result9oflheirownbehavioronolhermembersandbetter
understandothermembers'behayior、Inolherwords,iftheparticipantshavehei2iltenedtheirsensitivityinperceivingtheresultsoftheirownbehaviorandtheresponsesofother
membersbysubjectivelyIelatingthemtotheirownbehavior,thentheTGroupcanbecalledsuccessfUL
Inthispaper,wewilldiscusswhetheranychangewiUtakeplacethroughT-Group
expenencesintheparticipants，sensitivity(orintheiroutlookonthosephenomenawhich
ariseintheirsocialenvironmen0fromthepointofviewofwhethertheyperceivethingson
thebasisoftheirownstandpointoronlhebasisofolhers，orextemalstandpoint、Forthispurpose,weusedthel､EscalepreparedbyRotter,』.B､（1966)．Now,letus
exPlainwhattheI-Escaleisallabout・Oncesomeonestartsaction,itnamrallypIoducesIesults・SometimestheIesultscanbedesirableandsometimestheresultscanbeundesirable
fromhispointofview・Thefbrmerincludesthingslikereceivingapnze,andthelatterthingslikebeingpunished，AIewardandpunishmentcanmakeadiffbrenceinhisfUturebehaviorb
However，theeffbctsofrewardorpunishmentcanvaIydependingonwhetherhepeIceivestheIBwardorpunishmentIcsultingdirectlyfromhisownbehaｖｉｏｒｏｒｈｅｐｅＩｃｅｉｖｅｓｉｔａｓａｍａｔｔｅｒｏｆfbrtuneoraccident・Asoneaccumulatesexperlenceorgrowsolder,ｈｅcreatesgeneralizedexpectanciesbetweenhisbehaviorandtheideaofrewardorpunishmentandthegener副izedexpectanciesbecomeapersonalconditionwhichdeteImineshissocialbehavior・
Rotterrefbrredtothosepeoplewhobelieveinacause､and・effectrelationshipbetween
theirbehavioranditsresultsasintemalcontrolorientedpersonsandthosewhoperceivetheIesultsoftheirbehaviordependingonextemalpIessure，fbrtuneoraccidentasextemal
control･oIientedpersons･Thus,hewoIkedoutaqpestionnairecomprizing29items・ThisiscalledI-Escale・
Ｎｏｗ,ｌｅｔｕｓｅｘｐｌａｉｎｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｓｗｈｙｔｈｅｌ－Ｅｓｃａｌｅｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｍｅａ釦rechangesinT・
Groupsbintroducingsomeofthosestudiesintheprocess･
Ｆｉｒｓｔｏｆａｌｌ,whateverismeasuredbythisscalemustbechangeable・Whateverisdeter‐
minedonlybyindivi血副person，sattributesoranythingpertainingthegeneticinheIitanceis
notchangeable・ＴｏｂｅｓｕＩｅ,theinternalorexternalorientationisaqualitypertainingtoa、
individual,andinthatsense,itisapersonalityvariable・But,asmentionedbefbre,whatfblms
itisgeneralizedexpectanciesvisPaPvisthecause-and､effbctrelationshipofthingscreated
throughanindividual'sexperiences・Inotherwords,itisamatterof．howoneloOksat
things?ortowhatheattributesthosephenomenawhichoccuraroundhjmatalltimes(the
resultsofhisbehavior)．Thelefbre,ashisnewexpenenceaccumulates,“howhelooksat
thingS”ｃａｎchange,eitherreinfbrced,orconverselyweakened・
Hayamizu(1973)fbundthatpeoplebecome‘‘intemaloriented"astheygrowold,and
thatwhilenosexualvariationscanbefbundUntiltheyaIeintheir3０，s,ｍｅｎｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅ
"intemaloriemed”thanwomenaftertheyareoverfbrtyyearsold・
Wealsofbundthatfirstline皿pervisorsinindustrialorganizationsbecomemore“inteIら
-288-
ＭＥＴＨＯＤ
ChangeinI-EScoresDuringT-Group
naloriented"thancouegestudents(1973)．Thismeanslhatthediffbrencewascausedbythe
factthatwhilecoUegestudentsareusuallyinapositiontoenjoythefreedomofaction,those
firstPlinesupervlsoIsofindustrialorganizationsareburdenedwithresponsibilitiesandpowers
andarelookeduponwithsomespecificexpectations・Ａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ,thisalsoindicates
that蟹howonelookatthings”canundelgochangedependingo、environment,ageandaccu・
mulatedexperience・
Incidentally,wewouldliketoaddalittlefbotnotetotheeffectthatunlikeHayamizu，s
observationsconcemmgsexualVariations,itwasfbundthatthereweresexualvaIiationseven
amongyoungstudents，namely，malestudentsweremore“intemaloriented'，thanfemalestudents・
Thesecondreasonwhythel-Escalewasusedwasbec鋤seitwasthoughtthatwhat
wastobemeasuredwassocloselyrelatedtothepuIposeandprocessoftheT､Group・As
mentionedbefbre,thepuIposeofT,Groupistohei8htenone，ssensitivityinawaythathe
cantakeacloselookatolherpersonsandhimselfwhenthosepeoplelivinginasocietyinflu・
enceoneanother,andthusaccuratelygrasphowhisbehaviorisinfluencingotherpeopleand
whatkindsofmotivesotherpeoplehavebehindtheirbehavior・Inolherwords,thepurpose
ofT-GroupistoconvincｅｈｉｍｔｈａｔＷｈｅｎｈｅａｓｓｕｍｅｓｓｏｍｅｋｉｎｄｏfbehavior,1hereexistsa
pIofbundcause･andPeffbctrelationshipbetweenｈｉｍａｎｄｈｉｓｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｎｄｌｈａｔｉｔｄｏｅｓnot
occurbyaccident・Onecangoastepfimherbysayingthatitisaprocessofestablishingthe
participants，subjectivitybyassummgaggressivebehayiorinthecourseoftheirgivingsocial
innuencestoothermembers・Inthissense,Ｔ,Groupistomakethemattributetheresultsof
lheirbehaviortothemselves・The1.EscaleistomeasuIethis"wayoflookingatthings，：
ＴｈｅａｂｏｖｅｔｗｏｔｈingsarethereasonsWhyweusedthel・EscaleinT-Group・According
totheseIcasons,thehypothesiswhichwillbetestedinUlissmdyisasfbⅡCWS・HyPOZ漣EgZg
ThroughT-Groupexpenences,theparticipantswillattribute,morethanever,theresultsof
theirbehaviortothemselves・ＩｎｔｅＩｍｓｏｆｌｈｅＩ－Ｅｓｃale,theywilltakeanintemaloriented
approachmorethanever．
Undertheabovehypothesisbwedecidedtointroducethel-EscaleintoaT-Gmupheld
fbrth記edaysinthelatterpartofApril,1976atahi8jlernursingschoolinFukuOka､UsedastraineesweIefbmalestudentsofthesameschool・WiththeexceptionofastudentswhOｗａｓ
ｂｏｍｉｎｌ９５０,allthetraineeswerebomi、1955．TheyweredividedintotwogroUpS,one
compIizing21andtheother20(callfbImerGroupAandthelatterGroupB).Tjoinedeachofthetwogroups・Entriesintothel-Escaleweremadetwice,duIingtheorientaPtiongivenpIiortothebeginningoftheT,Groupandalsouponthecompletionofthesame6
BefbreexaminingtheresultsoftheT-Groups,letusdiscusstheqUeStionnaire:ntemscompnzingthel,Escaleandhowwerated・
Tablelshowsthe29bitemquestionnairedesignedtomeasurel.E・ThoseitemsmaEkedFarecalled"Filler"itemsusedasaedecoy"desigledtokeeptheSubjectsfromknowingwhat
isgoingtobemeasuIed,andtherefbretheseitemsarenotratedon・Sincelhreare6“Fmef，
-289-
MichioYbghidH
ｍ４ＢＬＥ１
Ｔｈｅｌ､ＥＳｃａｌｅ
Ｆ１・ａ・Child妃ngetintotroublebecausetheirpaｪcntspunishthemtoomuch．
ｂ・Thetroublewithmostchildrennowadaysisthattheirparentsarctooeaｓｙｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｍ、
２．，．Manyoftheunhappythingsinpeople'slivesaｴepartlyduetobadluck．ｂ・People，smisfortunesresultfrOmthemistakestheymake、
３．ａ・Ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｒｅａｓｏｎｓｗｈｙｗｅｈａｖｅｗarisbecausepeopledon'ttakeenoughinterestinpolitics．
⑥、Therewillalwaysbewars,nomatterhowhardpeopletrytopreventthem、４．ａ・Inthelongrunpeoplegettherespecttheydeserveinthisworld．⑥、Unfortunately,anindividual'sworthoftenpassesunreco四izednomatterhowhard
hetries、
５．ａ・mleideathatteachersareunfairtostudentsisnonsense．
⑥、Moststudentsdon'trealizetheextenttowhichtheirgradesareinfluencedbyaccidentalhappenmgs、
６.＠．Withouttherightbreakesonecannotbeaneffectiveleader．ｂ・Capablepeoplｅｗｈｏｆａｉｌｔｏｂｅｃｏｍｅｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈａｖｅｎｏｔtakenadvantageoftheir
opportunities，
７.＠．Nomatterhowhardyoutrysomepeoplejustdon'tlikeyou．ｂ・Peoplewhocan,ｔｇｅｔｏｔｈｅｒｓｔｏｌｉｋｅｔｈｅｍｄＯｎ，tunderstandhowtogetalongwith
others．
Ｆ８．ａ・Heredityplaysthemajorroleindeterminingone，spersonality．ｂ・Ｉtisone,sexpenencesinlifewhichdeterminewhattheyarBlike、
９．，．IhaveoftenfOundthatwhatisgoingtohappenwillhappen．ｂ・TrustingtOfatehasInevertumedoｕｔａｓｗｅＵｆｂｒｍｅａｓｍａｋｉｎｇａｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎtotakea
definitecouI8eOfaction、
１０．ａ・Inthecaseoftheweupreparedstudentthercisrarelyifeversｕｃｈａｔｈｉｎｇａｓａｎｕｎ値irtest．
⑥、Manytimesexamquestionstendtobesounrelatedtocourseworkthatstudyingisreallyuseless、
１１．ａ・Ｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇasuccesslsamatterofhardwork,luckhaslittleornothingtodowithｉｔ．
⑥．Gettingagoodjobdependsmainlyonbeingintherightplaceattherighttime、１２．ａ・Ｔｈeaveragecitizencanhaveaninfluenceingovemmentdecisions．
⑥、Thisworldisrunbythefewpeopleinpower,andthereisnotmuchthelittleguycandoaboutit、
１３．ａ・WhenImakeplans,Iamalmostcertainthatlcanmakethemwork．
⑥．ＩtisnotalwayswisetoplantoofaraheadbecausemanythingStumouttobeamatterofgoodorbadfOrtuneanyhｏｗ・
F14．ａ・TherearBcertainpeoplewhoarejustnogood．ｂ・Thercissomegoodineverybody、
１５．ａ・InmycasegettingwhatIwanthaslittleornothingtodowithluck．
⑥、Manytimeswemightjustaswendecidewhattodobyflippingacom、１６.＠．Whogetstobethebossoftendependsonwhowasluckyenoughtobeintheright
placefirst．
ｂ・Gettingpeopletodotherightthingdependsuponability,luckhaslittleornothingtodowithit・
Ｎｏｔｅ・一ScaleusedinthisstudywastranslatedintoJapanesebyShirakashi,Ｓ､,SeinanGakuin
University．
-290-
ChangeinI-EScoresDuringT-Group
ｍＯＬＢＬＥ１－Ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ
Ａｓｆａｒａｓｗｏｒｌdaffairsareconcemed，ｍｏｓｔｏｆｕｓａＩＢｔｈｅｖｉｃｔｉｍｓｏｆｆｏｒｃｅswecan
neitherunderstand,norcontrol・
Bytakinganactivepartinpoliticalandsocialaffairsthepeoplecancontrolworldevents・
MOstpeopledon，trealizetheextenttowhichtheirlivesarecontroUedbyacclPdentalhappenings・
TherereaUyisnosuchthingas“luck？
Oneshouldalwaysbewillingtoadmitmistakes・
Itisusuallybesttocoverone，smistakes・
Itishardtoknowwhetherornotapersonreallylikesyou・
Howmanyfriendsyouhavedependsupｏｎｈｏｗｎｉｃｅａｐｅｒｓｏｎｙｏｕａｒｅ・Inthelongrunthebadthingsthathappentousarebalancedbythegoodones、MostmisfOrtunesaretheresultoflackofability,ignorance,laziness,orallthree・Withenougheffectwecanwlpeoutpoliticalcorruption・
ItisdifficultforpeopletohavemuchcontroloverthethingspoliticiansdOinoffice・
SometimesIcan，tunderstandhowteachersarriveatthegradestheygive・Thereisadirectconnectionbetweeｎｈｏｗｈａｒｄｌｓｔｕｄｙａｎｄｔｈｅｇｒａｄｅｓｌｇｅｔ・AgOodleaderexpectspeopletodecideforthemselveswhattheyshouldｄｏ・Agoodleadermakesitcleartoeverybodywhattheirjobsare・Manytimeslfeelthatlhavelittleinfluenceoverthethingsthathappentome・
ItisimpossiblefbrmetobelievethatchanceOrluckplaysanimportantroleinmylife・
PeoplearelOnelybecausetheydon，ttrytobefriendly・
Thercisnotmuchuseintryingtoohardtopleasepeople,iftheylikeyou,theylikeyOu・
ThereistoomuchemphasisOnathleticsinhighschool・
ＴｅａｍｓｐＯｒｔｓａｒｅａｎｅｘｃｅｎｅｎｔｗａｙｔｏbuildcharacter・
ＷｈａｔｈａｐｐｅｎｓｔｏｍｅｉｓｍｙｏｗｎｄＯｉｎｇ・
ＳｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓｌｆｅｅｌｔｈａｔＩｄＯｎ'thaveenoughcontroloverthedirectionmylifeistaking・
ＭｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｉｍｅＩｃａｎ，tunderstandwhypoliticiansbehavethewaytheydo・
InthelongrunthepeopleareresponsiblefbrbadgovemmentonanationalaswenasOnalocallevel．
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items,23outofthe29itemsonthel､Escaleareactuallyratedon・Thesubjectsarerequired
tocheckofflheproperIesponseafterreadingthetwochoices(a・andb.)listedfbreachitem
Thoseitemswitｈａｏｒｂｅｎｃｉｒｃｌｅｄｗｉｔｈ‘‘○”ａｒｅ“extemal-oriented'２Ratingisdoneby
addingupthose“○”encircleditemswhicharecheckedo鉱TheIefbre,eachsubject，sl-E
scoIerangesfromOto23・Thelowerhisscore,theｍｏｒｅ‘‘intemal､oriented”ｈｅis,andthe
hi2herhisscore,themoIe"extemal､oriented刃ｈｅis・Inourstudy(Ybshida,Ｍ､＆Shirakashi，
S・'975),however,twoitems(5,21)wereexcludedfromratingbecausetheywerefbundtobe
‘‘inappropriateitems':andthusthehighestscoIewas21・陸tusproceedtoexaminethe
resultsoftheseratings．
26．ａ．
⑥．
Ｆ27．ａ．
ｂ、
２８．ａ．
⑥．
29.＠．ｂ、
-291-
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哩 亜ｇ 】 】 『 》 記
ChangeinI-EScoresDuringT-Group
themselves・Ｎｏｗ,letuscheckandseewhichitemsparticuladyunderwentchanges・Table
showsthenumberofintemal-orientedchoicesthemembersofGroupAandBtookinregard
toeachofthe29items(notincludinglhe“Fmer"itemsandItem5and21whichwere
consideredtobeinappropriateitemsｳ．Table3indicatesthatintemalresponsesincreaSedin
someitems,andconverselyextemalresponsesincreasedinotheritems・Also,insomeitemS
manymembersrespondedtointemalchoices､WhichmeanslhatwecannotjudgeftoｍＴａｂｌｅ
３alonepreciselyhowthechangestookplace・Table4showstherateofchanges・Therateof
changecanbeobtainedbythefbllowingfbrmula・GostT-Groupscores-Pre-T-Group
scoresｳ÷Pre-T,Groupscores，ThesefiguresIepresentincreases(decreasesinthecaseof
minus)inintemalresponses・ThoseitemswithmuchintemalIesponsesfromthestartshowrathersmallfi邸reseveniflheirintemalresponseshaveincreasedafterT-Group,andthose
itemswhichhaveundergonesubstantialchangeshowrelativelylargefiglres・so,thismakes
iteasiertofindoutabouｔｔｈｅｄｅ厚eeofchanges、Ｉｎｗｈａｔｆｂｎｏｗｓ，ｗｅｗｉｌｌｅｘａｍｉｎｅｔｈｅ
responsesindetailaccordingtoTaｂｌｅ４．
First,letustakealookatthefiveitems
withthelargestrateofchanges・ＩｎＧｒｏｕｐＡ，
Item7showsthelargestfigure,fbllowedby
ltems2,１１，１８，and6intheordermentioned・
ＩｎＧｒｏｕｐＢ，Item7isalsothelargest，fbl戸
ｌｏｗｅｄｂｙＩｔｅｍｓｌ８,12,15,6and9inthator‐
der・ＣＯｍｍｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｌｈｅｔｗｏｇｍｕｐｓａｒｅｒ
ｔｅｍｓ７，１8,and６.Item7comesoutontopin
bdhgroups・Itscontentsare;"Nomatterhow
hardyoutrysomepeoplejustdon，tlikeyou”
(extemal),andTeoplewhocan，tgetotherstolikethemdon，tunderstandhowtoget
alongwithothers”（intemal)．Theabove
showsthatmembers，w2ysofthinkinghaye
gottencloserｔｏｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒｖｉｅｗ・Ｉｎｌｔｅｍｌ８，
theviewthat･Mostpeopledon'trealizethe
extenttowhichtheirlivesarecontrouedby
accidentalhappenings"(extemal)haschanged
totheviewthat"Therereallyisnosuchthingasluck'”(intemal)．ＩｎＩｔｅｍ６,theviewthat
‘Withouttheri2jltbleakeSonecannotbean
effectiveleader”（extemal）haschangedlhe
viewthat“Capablepeoplewhofailedtobe・
comeleadershavenottakenadvantageof
lheiropportunitieS"(internal)．Inthecourse
ofTdGroups，membersexposethemselves，
deepenlheirinsigjltintoolhers，behaviorand
ｎ４ＢＬＥ４．
RateofChangetothelntemalPOrientedltemsfromPretoPostI､ＥＴｅｓｔ
Group
（
可ｊ
ｒｌｌ
ｒ１
Ｌ」 ＩⅡ】
【Ⅱ】
Ｐ１
ＬＪ
ＩＩＬ
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【】_１４
rl
L」
theirowninnerselves,andsometimesgolhrou2hinnerconflict,therebypavingthewayfbr
theirgrowth・TheIeasonwhyltem7conceminglikeｓａｎｄｄｉｓｌｉｋｅｓｍｍｅｄ“intemal”ｗａｓ
MichioYbshida
probablybecausethefbelingdevelopedthroughtheseexpenencesthattheparticipantcouldundeIstandandtrustotherpersonsifhetriedenoughtodoso,Throu酌inteIplaywithother
persons,hebecamedefinitelyawareofhisownexistenceinthegroup，theIebyestablishinghis"subjecthood？ThiscausedtheItem6concemingleadertotum‘‘intemal"andalsomadetheIteml8conceminglifeingeneralchangeinthe“intemal”djrection・
Somuchfbrthat・Ｎｏｗ,letustakealookatthoseitemswhichunderwentchangem
GroupAandB・ＩｎＧｒｏｕｐＡ，theItem2concemingunhappythingsinpeople，slivesandthe
Itemllconcemmgsuccesschangedsothattheparticipantscametoattributethesethingsto
theirownconduct・Thesetwoitemsshowthattheparticipantschangedtheirviewinsucha
waythattheynowtriedtorecognizetheirroleinsociety・Thissuggeststhat,ｌｉｋｅｌｔｅｍｌ８，
thesubjectswereestablishingtheir必subjecthood"intheirdailylivesandintheiroutlookon
life・ＩｎＧｒｏｕｐＢ,Ｉｔｅｍｓ９，１２２mdl5underwentchange・Item9concemsmakingadecision
totakedefinitecourseofaction,Iteml2concemsparticipationinpoliticalaffairsandItem
l5concemsfmfIllmentofhishopeordesiIe・ＡｓｉｎＧｒｏｕｐＡ，theseitemsshowlhatthe
participant'ｓ“intemal”wayofthinkingwastranslatedintoeventsthathappeninhisdailylife・
SincethemainpuIposeofthispaperistoshowlhat“waysoflookingatthingsthatcan
bemeasuredbymeansoftheI-EscaleundergochangeslhroughT-Groupexpenences,we
onlymentionedthoseitemswhichdrasticallychangedandweprobablywilldiscusslhedetails
ofwhytheychangedonsomeolherfiltuIeoccasions・Also,asshowninTable3and4,there
aresomeitemsinwhichextemalIesponsesmcreased・Itseemsnecessarytoexaminethese，
butwedecidednottoanalyzethematthispointfbrlackofdataotherthanthel-Escale・
TheseproblemsmustbefUrtherscrutinizedinthefUmre，AtwhichpointI・Esurveymustbe
conductedinanotherproblemthatIequiresafUrtherexamination・Inthepaststudiesonthe
effectsofT-Group,someeffectswererecognizedatthetimeT-Groupended,butnostudieshasevershedenou8hlightonwhetherornotalastingchange配sultsfromT-Group，SomereportsindicatedthatsomeparticipantsretumedtothePreT-Groupstateafterlhelapseof
suxmonthｓｏｒａｙｅａｒ・ItisdeemednecessaIytomakeafbllowbupsurveyafteralapseofsometime･
Ｌｅｔｍｅｃｌｏｓｅｂystatingmypointofviewthathasdevelopedwhileanalyzingthesedata・
Asmentionedbefbre,datashowthatl,Emmsintemalasexpenenceaccumulatesand
apersongrowsolder・Ourdata(1975)showsthatsupervisorsinindustrialorganizationsaIe
moIeintemalthancollegestudents・However，ｔｈｅｄａｔａfromourlaststudyshowthatthe
participant'ｓ“wayoflookingatthingS”tumsmoreintemalthroughT､Groupexpenence・
ThisprobablymeansthatT-Groupmayhavetheeffectofprovidingtheparticipantwith
manysocialexpenences(somethjngwhichpeoplecanac叩ireonlybygoingthroughdaily
liveSCVeralongperiodoftimeincondensedfbrm)．
ItisoftenthoughtthatthepuIposeofT,Groupistomakea"suprememan"outofthe
participant，True,someofthosecarefUlly・prepaIedT､Grouppro厚amsconductedintheU.S・
ａｎｄEuropeoveralongperiodoftimemayhaveaccomplishedsuchapuIpose・Admittedly，
thatiswhatweshouldaspiIetoinpursuinｇＴ､Groupprograms・However,thatstrikesmeas
averydifficultattempttocreatesomethingthatdoesnotexist・Ｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｕｒｓｅｏｆｍｙｗｏｒｋｏｆ
ａｎ副yzingthedata,IhavebeguntofeelthatthereisnothingwrongwiththinkingofT-Group
-294-
1５，１，４５－５５．
ChangeinI-EScoresDuringT-Group
assomethingthataccelerateschanges,Which，givenenoughtimeandexpenence,would
naturallyoccur,bysubjectinglheparticipanttoalotofexpenenceswithinalimitedperiodoftime．
RＥＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＳ
Benne,Ｋ､，.,et・al・l964TheLaboratoryMethod・InBradford,L.P.,ｅｔ､８１.(Eds.),TLGrOupTheoryandLaboratoryMethod・NewYbrk：JohnWiley・
Rotter，』.Ｂ・l966GeneralizedExpectanciesfbrIntemalvs・ExtemalControlofReinfmce
ment・児qychojL〃o"oｇ80,.1,1-28．
Hayamizu,Ｔ・’973APreliminaryExaminationontheConstructValidityofthel-EScale．Ｒ“Ｂ別凪Ｅﾋｆu､児SychojL,死c・ＥｔｉⅡ.,jVbgqyau,20,77-91．
Ybshida，Ｍ､，Shirakashi，Ｓ・l975TheEffectsofSuccessvs・FailureandMember，ｓＩｎｔｅｍａｌ
ExtemalControlOnthePerceptionofMembers，Behavior・血p､Ｊ:唾ｐＳｏｃ・ESycholL，
295
