Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

PRINCIPLES OF SOLAR CONTROL

Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof. Dr.-Ing.Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof. Dr.-Ing.Green Building Research & DevelopmentDüsseldorf, Germanywww.greenbuilding-rd.com

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Survey

1. Objrectives

2. Fixed Systems2. Fixed Systems

3. Movable Systems

4. Photovoltaic shading systems

5. Literature

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

1. Objectives

Thermal solar control

• Comfort: Max. room temperature, e.g. 26°C

• Cooling loads: Reduction of energy consuption• Cooling loads: Reduction of energy consuption

Glare control

• Direct glare

• Contrasts

• Max. luminance for surrounding of monitors

Devices for thermal solar and glare control need no t be identical

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

750

1000

Stu

nden

/Jah

r

t-air Arcade LW = 4 Sonnensch. Außen

t-air Arcade LW = 7 Sonnensch. Außen

t-air Arcade LW = 12 Sonnensch. Außen

t-air Arcade LW = 7 Sonnensch. Innen

t-air Arcade LW = 12 Sonnensch. Innen

Evaluation of thermal comfort

Example office room: Hours per year exceeding comfo rt temperatures

Simulation by TRNSYS

0

250

500

>22 >23 >24 >25 >26 >27 >28 >29 >30 >31 >32 >33 >34 >35

Temperaturüberschreitung [°C]

Stu

nden

/Jah

r

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Influences on solar control

Solar heat gain coefficient of glazing (g) } g

Efficiency of shading device:

shading coefficient (Fc)

Window / facade ratio

Frame / glass ratio

AF

AR

AG

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

2. Fixed systems

• Solar protective glass

• Fixed shading facility

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Solar protective glass

• Absorbing glass

• Reflecting glass

• Selectively reflecting glass• Selectively reflecting glass

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Intensity ditribution of solar spectrum

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Absorbing glass

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Reflecting glass

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Selektively reflecting glassRatio: Light transmission / Solar heat gain coefficient

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Reflecting glass

Hongkong

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Reflecting glassBank of China, Hongkong (Architekt: I.M. Pei)

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Selektively reflecting glassSparkasse Düsseldorf

(Architekt: Ingenhoven)

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Fixed shading

Position and tilt according to geographical latitud e and orientation:

South orientation: Horizontal position

East- / west orietation: Vertical postion

Flat roof: Grid (Eggcrate)

Adbvantages CostsDisadvantages View out, daylighting, transition times

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Definition of shading angle

• Solar diagramme

• Shading diagramme

• Scale model under artificial or real sky

• CAD shading programmes for certain solar positions

• Light simulation programmes with raytracer (Radianc e)

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Comparison of systems in solar diagramme

Solar protective glass Horizonally fixed lamella

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Verschattungsdiagramm

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Shading diagramme

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Fixed shadingFH Wismar, south facade

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Fixed shadingFH Wismar, south facade

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Fixed shadingFH Wismar, roof lights

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

3. Changeable, movable systems

• switchable glass

• Movable shading devices

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Switchable glass

Types

• electrochrom, gasochrom

(arbitrary switching)

• thermochrom

(temperature depending)

• thermotrop• thermotrop

(look through / light scattering)

Advantages

• slim

• weather resistant

Disadvantages

• Costs

• additional glare protection

• Poor coulor reproduction?

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Movable shading systems

Types

• Louvers

• Large lamellas (rotating)

• Rollerblind, Markises

Orientation

• South horizontal Systems• South horizontal Systems

• East/West vertikal lamellas, roller blinds

• Flat roof horizontal Roller blinds, Lamellas

Position

• external

• gap of double glass unit (louvers, Roller blind)

• inside (unefficient)

Material

• opaque / partly transparent

• wood, metal, glass, synthetic, fabric

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Advanteges• Adaption to climate and light conditions

Disadvanteges• costs

• not weather resistant in external position

Movable shading systems

• not weather resistant in external position

• limited view outside

• unefficient solar control inside

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Jalousie (raff- und drehbare)

External shading systems

Markise (tilted)

Großlamellen (drehbare)

Louvers

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Gliederung

Aufgaben

Veränderbare SystemeJalousien

Aufgaben

Unveränderbare Systeme

Veränderbare Systeme

Beleuchtung bei Sonnen- und Blendschutz

Literatur

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Louvers in gap of glazing

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Internal shading devices

• unefficient solar control (Fc < 0,50)

• glare control in combination with additional solar control system

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Internal shading combined with solar protective gla ssExample Vancouver

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

4. Photovoltaik shading systems

Lehrter Bahnhof, BerlinArchitect: Gerkan, Marg und Partner

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Forschungszentrum Jülich

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Stadtwerke AachenErste Integrierte PV-Fassade (ca. 1993)

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

Brundtland Center, Toftlund (DK)Architekt: KHR AS Arkitekter

Principles of Solar Control, 19.06.2012Helmut F.O. Müller, Prof.- Dr.- Ing., Green Building R esearch & Development, Düsseldorf

5. LITERATURE

[1] Müller, H.F.O; Nolte, C.; Pasquay, T.Die Mittel aktiv zu seinin: Die Klimaaktive FassadeVerlag Alexander Koch, Leinfelden (1999)

[2] Heusler, W.; Müller, H.F.O.Solarstrahlung und Tageslichtin: Doppelfassaden

[5] Koenigsberger, Ingersoll, Mayhew, SzokolayManual of Tropical Housing and BuildingPart 1 Climatic DesignLongman Group Ltd, London (1973)

[6] Eggenstein, FrankSimulation des optischen Verhaltensin: Doppelfassaden

Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin (2001)

[3] Kischkoweit-Lopin, M.; Müller, H.F.O.Architektur auf der SonnenspurHEW Hamburgische Electricitätswerke AG (1997)

[4] Müller, H.F.O.Bedeutung der Tageslichtbeleuchtung fürdas Raumklima und den Energieverbrauchin: Bauphysik, Berichte aus Forschung und PraxisFraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart (1998)

von TageslichtlenksystemenDiplomarbeit Universität Dortmund (2002)