sMGrsL dy sO vrHy - WordPress.com...jQybMdIaF dy mYNbrF aqy Kfs krky AunHF dy pRqIinDF vloN byhwd...

sMGrsL dy sO vrHy: knyzf ivwc pMjfbI pRgqIsLIl lihr sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl

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s MGrsL d y s O vr H y knyzf iv wc p MjfbI p RgqIs L Il lihr

(izjItl aYzIs Ln)

knyzf ivwc pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry dy sO sflF dy ieiqhfs ivwc agFhvDU lokF aqy ivcfrDfrf vloN pfey Xogdfn nUM irkfrz krn leI ilKI ieh ikqfb pihlI vfrI sMn 2000 ivwc zYmokrYitk pIpljL afrgynfeIjysLn, sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn, pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg, eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto aqy vYnkUvr swQ leI cyqnf pRkfsLn, luiDafxf ny CfpI sI. ies ikqfb nUM jI afieaF afKidaF pMjfb dy pRiswD ivdvfn zf: hrIsL purI ny iliKaf sI: smfjk iensfP aqy vwKrIaF vwKrIaF jQybMdIaF rfhIN qrwkI leI 100 sflF dI lgfqfr jwdojihd pMjfbI knyzIanF df iek amIr ivrsf hY. ieh jwdojihd ijhnF msilaF duafly kyNdirq hoeI, AunHF ivwc sLfml sn- iemIgrYNtF aqy mjLdUrF dy hwk, nslvfd df ivroD, ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI, nvIN DrqI AuWqy hflqF df suDfr, ilMgk ivqkrf aqy iensfP Bry nvyN ‘vrlz afrzr’ leI sMGrsL. pr ies jwdojihd bfry bhuiqaF nMU igafn nhIN. ieh pusqk pihlI vfr ies pRgqIsLIl lihr df Koj AuWqy afDfirq irkfrz pysL krdI hY. ies pusqk ivwc idwqI jfxkfrI purfxy lIzrF aqy kfrkMunF nfl lMbIaF mulfkfqF aqy ies lihr nfl sMbMDq ‘afrkfeIvl irkfrz’ ivwcoN leI geI hY. pRmuwK jQybMdIaF dy sMKyp ryKf-icwqr ies pusqk df mhwqvpUrn ihwsf hn. ies gwl nUM XkInI bxfAux leI ik Cpx dy do dhfikaF bfad vI ieh ikqfb vwD qoN vwD lokF nUM AuplBD ho sky, asIN ies df izjItl aYzIsLn Cfp rhy hF. afs hY pfTk sfzy ies Xqn nUM hF-pwKI huMgfrf dyxgy. – sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl.


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sMGrsL d y s O vr H y : knyzf iv wc p MjfbI p RgqIs L Il lihr

sfD U ibin Mg s uKv Mq h u Mdl

p Rkfs Lk: vqn (afnlfeIn p MjfbI m Ygj L In) www.watanpunjabi.ca

julfeI 2017

lyKkF d y s Mprk: sfD U ibin Mg, Portland Street, Burnaby, B.C., Canada, V5J 2N5

Email: [email protected] s uKv Mq h u Mdl, 13286-‐55 A Ave., Surrey, B.C., Canada, V3X 3B3

Email: [email protected]


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ieh ikqfb smrpq hY AunHF sfry agFhvDU ivcfrF vfly pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF nUM

ijnHF ny vIhvIN sdI dOrfn knyzf ivwc sMGrsL kr ky sfzy BfeIcfry nUM

mfxmwqf jIvn jIx Xog bxfieaf.


5

qqkrf

nM: rcnf df nF sPf 1[ muwKbMD 7 2[ ihwsf pihlf 10 knyzf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc agFhvDU isafsI cyqnqf pYdf krn ivwc sosLilstF df rol - sohx isMG pUMnI 1 jfx-pCfx 11 lyK 12 3[ ihwsf dUjf pMjfbIaF df 1940ivaF dOrfn mjLdUr lihr ivwc Xogdfn: drsLn isMG knyzIan dy knyzf ivwc ds vrHy 33 jfx-pCfx 34 lyK 35 4[ ihwsf qIjf awTvyN aqy nOvyN dhfky (1970-1990) dOrfn knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dI pRgqIsLIl lihr 50 jfx-pCfx 51 lyK 52 5[ ihwsf cOQf ryKf-icwqr 78 jfx-pCfx 79 iek eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto 84 do ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ien nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf) 89 iqMn eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn afP knyzf 97 cfr pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn, aYzmMtn 101 sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn 103 pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn, aYzmMtn 105 pMj pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr sBf, ivnIpYWg 107


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Cy ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn 112 swq knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan 116 awT nslvfd ivruwD bI sI sMGrsL sMmqI, bI sI E aYWP afr 126 nON smfnqf 132 ds pMjfbI lyKk mMc 135 igafrF lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI 139 kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf 141 bfrF vYnkUvr swQ 143 6[ ihwsf pMjvF sfr 150 7[ aMiqkf 156


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m u wKb MD knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF* nUM vsidaF sO vrHy qoN AuWpr ho igaf hY. ies smyN ieh BfeIcfrf hr pwKoN knyzIan smfj df ihwsf bx cuwikaf hY. pMjfbI hux afriQk, isafsI qy siBafcfrk afid vwK vwK KyqrF ivwc sQfpq hn aqy smfj ivwc afpxf Xogdfn pf rhy hn. ies siQqI AuWqy phuMcx vfsqy ies BfeIcfry nUM lMmI aqy lgfqfr jwdojihd krnI peI hY. smyN smyN ieh jwdojihd keI msilaF aqy muwidaF duafly kyNdirq huMdI rhI hY. muwZ qoN hI ieh msly do qrHF dy rhy hn: ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI jF KusLhflI: knyzf ivwc iemIgrysLn aqy sQfpqI. pihlF ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI qy Pyr Aus dI KusLhflI dy msly knyzf vsx vfly pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF dy iPkrF df sdf ihwsf rhy hn aqy hux vI hn. nfl hI knyzf ivwc nslvfd, iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMn, mjLdUrI df sLosLx, aOrqF dy hwk, siBafcfr nfl sMbMDq msly afid hmysLF AunHF dy iPkr aqy sMGrsL df aMg rhy hn. ies lMmI jwdojihd AuWqy njLr mfiraF ieh gwl AuWBrky sfhmxy afAuNdI hY ik ies ivwc agFhvDU lokF aqy ivcfrF ny sdf mhwqvpUrn rol inBfieaf hY. pr aPsos dI gwl ieh hY ik knyzf dy pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF bfry hux qwk aMgryjLI aqy pMjfbI ivwc ilKI ieiqhfsk aqy hor smwgrI ivwc ies gwl df bhuq Gwt ijLkr afAuNdf hY. ipCly dsF pMdrF sflF dOrfn ilKy gey ieiqhfs ivwc ieh gwl ivsLysL qOr AuWqy sfzf iDafn iKwcdI hY. ies df iek kfrn ieh hY ik ies ieiqhfs nUM bhuqI vfr Dfrimk pihlU qoN hI dyiKaf igaf hY. Audfhrn leI, kfmfgftfmfrU dI Gtnf bfry ieiqhfskfr ihAU jfhnsn dI ilKI bhu-cricq ikqfb, jo aMgryjLI aqy pMjfbI ivwc AuplBD hY, nUM dyiKaf jf skdf hY. ies ikqfb dy nF ivwc hI ieh scfeI sfP njLr afAuNdI hY: ‘kfmfgftfmfrU df sPr: iswKF dI kYnyzf dy nslvfd nUM cuxOqI”. kfmfgftfmfrU AuWpr, BfvyN Gwt igxqI ivwc hI shI, ihMdU aqy muslmfn pMjfbI vI mOjUd sn. iesy qrHF knyzf ivwcoN Aus smyN jwdojihd krn vfly lokF ivwc vI iswKF qoN ibnF dUjy lok sLfml sn. sfzy iKafl ivwc knyzf dy pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF dI sO sfl lMmI jwdojihd nUM shI sMdrB ivwc smJx leI jLrUrI hY ik asIN ieh jfxIey ik ies nUM clfAux vfly lokF dI soc iks qrHF dI sI. kI ieh jwdojihd isrP iswK ivcfrDfrf nUM afDfr bxf ky kIqI geI jF Aus ivwc kuwJ hor vI sLfml sI? sfzf ivcfr hY ik iswK Dfrimk ivrsy ivwcoN imlI sUJ aqy sLkqI dy nfl nfl knyzIan pMjfbI/BfrqI lokF ny agFhvDU, mfnvvfdI aqy smfjvfdI ivcfrF nUM vI afpxI jwdojihd df ihwsf bxfieaf. sgoN kihxf qF ieh cfhIdf hY ik ieh nvyN ivcfr hI sn ijnHF dy afDfr `qy AunHF ny nvINaF siQqIaF nUM shI sMdrB ivwc smiJaf aqy afpxy hwkF leI sMGrsL kIqy. agFhvDU aqy mfnvvfdI sUJ sfrI mnuwKqf nUM klfvy ivwc lYNdI hY. ieh mnuwKqf drimafn KVHy kIqy DrmF, nslF, jfqF, ielfikaF afid dy sOVy vwKryivNaF ivwc nhIN pYNdI. ies sUJ sdkf sfzy BfeIcfry dy srgrm lokF ny isrP afpxy hwkF vfsqy hI jwdojihd nhIN kIqI sgoN dUjy lokF dy GolF ivwc vI ihwsf ilaf. nqIjy vjoN AunHF isrP knyzf dy pMjfbIaF dIaF

* ies smyN knyzf dy BfrqI BfeIcfry ivwc Bfrq dy swB ihwisaF aqy dunIaf dy keI hor QFvF qoN afey hoey lok sLfml hn. ieh BfeIcfrf hux dwKxI eysLIafeI (sfAUQ eysLIan) BfeIcfry dy qOr `qy jfixaf jFdf hY. ies ivsLfl BfeIcfry ivwc pMjfbIaF dI ajy vI bhu-igxqI hY. pihlIaF ivwc afey lok qF qkrIbn sO PIsdI pMjfbI sn. ies leI sfzI ies ikqfb ivwc bhuqI gwl AuhnF sgrmIaF dI kIqI geI hY ijhVIaF pMjfbIaF nfl sMbMDq hn aqy pMjfbIaF vloN kIqIaF geIaF hn. pr pMjfb qoN bfhrly lok vI ies df ihwsf rhy hn. so AunHF lokF df vI ijLkr hY ijnHF ny knyzf dy pMjfbI lokF nfl rl ky kMm kIqf. iewQy rih rhy pMjfbIaF dI vwzI igxqI afpxy afp nUM pMjfbI smJx dy nfl BfrqI vI smJdI hY. ies leI asIN keI QF pMjfbI vriqaf hY, keI QF BfrqI jF ihMdusqfnI aqy keI QF pMjfbI/BfrqI vriqaf hY. sfnUM afs hY ik sfzf ieh PYslf pfTkF leI iksy iksm dI aspsLtqf pYdf nhIN krygf.


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siQqIaF nUM ibhqr nhIN bxfieaf sgoN smuwcy knyzIan smfj nUM iek brfbrqf aqy iensfP Biraf smfj bxfAux ivwc vI Xogdfn pfieaf hY. ies leI jLrUrI hY ik knyzIan pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF dy ieiqhfs ivwc agFhvDU lokF vloN pfey Xogdfn nUM Aus df bxdf sQfn idwqf jfvy. aijhf krn nfl ies ieiqhfs dI qsvIr sMpUrn hovygI. ies ikqfb ivwc asIN ieh hI krn dI koisLsL kIqI hY. iewQy sfzf mksd pihlF kIqy kMm nUM iksy qrHF vI GtfAuxf jF nkfrnf nhIN sgoN Aus ivwc vfDf krnf hY qF ik ieh ieiqhfs afpxy smuwcy amIr rUp ivwc sfzy sfhmxy rUpmfn hovy aqy sfrIaF iDrF nUM AunHF df bxdf sQfn aqy siqkfr imly. sfzf muwK insLfnf knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF/ BfrqIaF dy sO sfl dy ieiqhfs ivclI agFhvDU ivcfrDfrk inrMqrqf nUM sfhmxy ilafAuxf hY. asIN ies ikqfb nUM pMj ihwisaF ivwc vMizaf hY. pihly ihwsy ivwc sLurU dy sflF dOrfn kIqIaF jwdojihdF AuWpr rOsLnI pfeI geI hY. ies smyN bfry lyK sfzy dosq sohx isMG pUMnI ny iliKaf hY. ies lyK ivwc pysL kIqy qwQ aqy ivcfr sfzI ikqfb dy kyNdrI nukqy nUM hI AuBfrdy hn ik Aus smyN dy srgrm lokF ny iks qrHF smfjvfdI ivcfrDfrf nfl afpxy sMbMD kfiem kIqf, ies nUM smiJaf aqy apxfieaf. dUjf ihwsf drsLn isMG knyzIan dy knyzf ivcly ds virHaF dy isafsI kMmF AuWpr rOsLnI pfAuNdf hY. drsLn isMG iewQoN dI kimAUinst pfrtI df srgrm mYNbr hI nhIN sI sgoN muwZly afgUaF ivwc sLfml sI. bI sI dI lwkV dI snaq ivwc 1940ivaF dOrfn XUnIan jQybMd krn ivwc Aus ny iek aihm rol inBfieaf. drsLn isMG ny vIhvIN sdI dy pihly zyZ-do dhfikaF dOrfn husYn rhIm aqy Aus dy sfQIaF duafrf vwzI kimAUintI nfl sQfpq kIqy sMbMDF nUM iek nvIN bulMdI AuWqy phuMcfieaf. knyzf qoN vfps ihMdusqfn prqx qoN bfad drsLn isMG ny ijLMdgI Br ihMdusqfnI isafsq ivwc srgrmI nfl kMm kIqf pr sfzy vfsqy Aus vloN knyzf ivwc pfieaf Xogdfn ivsLysL iDafn dI mMg krdf hY qF ik Aus vloN knyzf ivwc kIqy kMm dI kdr pfeI jf sky jo ajy qwk pfeI nhIN geI. ikqfb df qIjf ihwsf swqrivaF dy sLurU qoN lY ky mOjUdf smyN qwk dIaF srgrmIaF nUM pfTkF awgy ilafAuNdf hY. ies lyK ivwc ieh drsfAux dI koisLsL kIqI geI hY ik ies smyN dOrfn agFhvDU soc dy DfrnI lokF ny drpysL siQqIaF nUM iks qrHF pirBfsLq kIqf aqy AunHF pirBfsLfvF dy afDfr AuWqy iks qrHF vwKo vwKry msilaF leI jwdojihd kIqI. ikqfb dy cOQy ihwsy ivwc swqrivaF qoN lY ky mOjUdf smyN qwk pMjfbI BfeIcfry aMdr srgrm agFhvDU jQybMdIaF dy ryKf-icwqr idwqy gey hn. ienHF sMsQFvF aqy ienHF ivwc kMm krn vfly lokF dy kMmF nUM bhuq hI sMKyp rUp ivwc pysL kIqf igaf hY. ieh ryKf-icwqr iksy qrHF vI ienHF sMsQFvF dy kMmF qy ienHF vloN pfey Xogdfn nfl iensfP nhIN krdy. asIN mihsUs krdy hF ik ienHF sMsQFvF dy kMmF bfry ivsQfr ivwc iliKaf jfxf cfhIdf hY. pr Pyr vI ijMnI ku jfxkfrI asIN iekwqr kr sky hF Auh sfzy ies hQly mksd nUM kuwJ hwd qwk jLrUr pUrf krdI hY. ienHF ryKf-icwqrF rfhIN sfzy sfhmxy iek bwJvIN qsvIr pysL huMdI hY. ieh qsvIr ivwc muwZly smyN qoN lY ky hux qwk hoieaf BfeIcfry df ivkfs aqy ies dIaF jwdojihdF ivclI inrMqrqf Aujfgr huMdI hY. aKIrly ihwsy ivwc ipCly sO sflF dOrfn aqy Kfs krky ipCly qIh sflF ivwc hoeIaF agFhvDU srgrmIaF df smuwcf muwlFkx krn df Xqn kIqf igaf hY aqy kwuJ iswty kwZy gey hn. iewQy AunHF sFJy sUqrF dI insLfndyhI krn dI koisLsL kIqI geI hY jo ipCly sO virHaF dOrfn kIqy sMGrsLF ivwc njLr afAuNdy hn.


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DMnvfd ies ikqfb leI smwgrI iekwqr krn smyN sfnUM vYnkUvr aqy knyzf dy dUjy sLihrF ivwc kMm krdIaF jQybMdIaF dy mYNbrF aqy Kfs krky AunHF dy pRqIinDF vloN byhwd sihXog imilaf. iewQy AunHF sB dy nF dyxy sfzy leI sMBv nhIN hn pr asIN sB df qihidloN DMnvfd krnf cfhuMdy hF. ienHF jQybMdIaF dy mOjUdf aqy rih cuwky mYNbrF nfl ieMtrivAU krn leI asIN 1997 dIaF grmIaF ivwc trFto, ivnIpYWg, aYzmMtn aqy kYlgrI gey ijwQy sfzy dosqF aqy AunHF dy pirvfrF vloN sfnUM inwGf ipafr imilaf. iewQy AunHF swB dosqF aqy pirvfrF dy mYNbrF dy nF dyxy musLikl hn pr asIN swB df qihidloN DMnvfd krdy hF. asIN zYmokrYitk pIpljL afrgynfeIjysLn, sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn, aYzmMtn; pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr sBf, ivnIpYWg; eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn, trFto; aqy vYnkUvr swQ df vI DMnvfd krdy hF ijnHF ny ies ikqfb dI CpfeI leI loVINdy vsIilaF df pRbMD krn dI ijLMmyvfrI leI hY. asIN AunHF sfry dosqF df (nF ijLafdf hox kfrn ilKxy sMBv nhIN) DMnvfd krdy hF ijnHF ny vwK vwK qrIky nfl vwK vwK smyN sfzI ies koisLsL ivwc sfnUM byhwd sihXog idwqf hY. aMq ivwc mYN (sfDU ibinMg) afpxI jIvn sfQx jgdIsL ibinMg, afpxy puwqr pRIq aqy DI pRIaf df DMnvfdI hF ijnHF dy sihXog ibnF myry vfsqy ilKx pVHn dIaF srgrmIaF keI vI sMBv nhIN ho skdIaF. mYN (suKvMq huMdl) afpxI sfQx aMjU huMdl df sLukrgujLfr hF ijs df sfQ myry ilKx dy kMm leI AuqsLfh aqy sLkqI pRdfn krdf hY. sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl vYnkUvr, bI sI PrvrI 2000


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ih wsf pihlf

knyzf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc agFhvDU isafsI cyqnqf

pYdf krn ivwc sosLilstF df rol

s ohx is MG p U MnI ( ies lyK qoN ibnF ies ikqfb dI bfkI smwgrI dy lyKk sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl hn.)


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jfx-pCfx ies ikqfb ivwc sB qoN pihlF asIN sohx isMG pUMnI horF df lyK ‘knyzf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc agFhvDU isafsI cyqnqf pYdf krn ivwc sosLilstF df rol’ dyx dI KusLI lY rhy hF. pMUnI horF df ieh lyK sfzy ies ivcfr dI pusLtI krdf hY ik knyzf dy pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry dy agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf vfly lok sLurU qoN hI jwdojihdF nUM nvINaF siQqIaF ivwc syD idMdy rhy hn. ies lyK ivwc idwqy ivsQfr aqy ivakqIaF dy ryKf-icwqr iek lVI dI isrjxf krdy hn ijs nfl mgroN afAux vfly lok juVdy rhy. nvINaF siQqIaF nfl nijwTx vfsqy ijwQy AunHF ny afpxy ipCokV qoN sLkqI leI AuWQy AunHF ny nvyN ivcfrF qoN syD leI. ieh nvyN ivcfr AunHF nUM smfjvfdI ivcfrDfrf dy lokF qoN imly jo smuwcI mnuwKqf nUM iek kr ky dyKdy sn. ienHF dy afDfr `qy Auh smwisafvF nUM AunHF dy shI rUp ivwc smJx ivwc kfmXfb hoey aqy ies dy PlsrUp AunHF ny jwdojihd dy nvyN rUp aKiqafr kIqy. ies aml ivwc AunHF ny knyzIan BfeIcfry ivcly agFhvDU lokF nfl nyVy df irsLqf kfiem kIqf. ies qrHF afpxI sUJ, ihMmq qy svYmfx nUM afDfr bxf ky nvINaF aqy aiq aOKIaF siQqIaF ivwc drpysL msilaF nfl nijwTx vfsqy ijhVI syD aqy mfpdMz sLurU ivwc ienHF lokF vloN sQfpq kIqy gey AunHF AuWqy pihrf dyx vfsqy bfad dy simaF ivwc vI lok ies Dfrf nfl juVdy rhy. sohx isMG pUMnI iswK ieiqhfs dy gMBIr ividafrQI hn. ies lyK ivwc pysL jfxkfrI AunHF vloN kIqI lMbI Koj df iswtf hY. ieh lyK ilKx vfsqy AunHF ny anykF ikqfbF aqy hor dsqfvyjLF df aiDan kIqf aqy pRfpq smwgrI nUM dUjy ivcfrvfnF nfl lgfqfr sFiJaf kIqf. nqIjy vwjoN ies bfry ieh iek pRmfxk ilKq hY. pUMnI horF vloN kIqI imhnq aqy ies lyK leI lfey smyN aqy sLkqI leI asIN AunHF dy qih idloN DMnvfdI hF.

- sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl


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knyzf dI ih Md usqfnI kimAU intI iv wc agFhvDU isafsI c yqnqf p Ydf krn iv wc

s os L ilstF df r ol

s ohx is MG p U MnI

( ies lyK qoN ibnF ies ikqfb dI bfkI smwgrI dy lyKk sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl hn.) knyzf ivwc ihMdusqfnI avfsI vIhvIN sdI dy afrMB ivwc afAux sLurU hoey. ienHF ivwcoN QoVHy ijMinaF nUM Cwz ky bfkI sfry dy sfry iswDy-sfdy pMjfbI sn jo KyqF ivwc kMm krdy jF ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj dIaF nOkrIaF krdy afey sn. sLurU ivwc ienHF ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF ivwc isafsI sUJ bhuq hI Gwt sI aqy Auh ihMdusqfn ivwc aMgryjLI rfj nUM mfVf nhIN sI smJdy. knyzf puwj ky ienHF aMdr rfjnIqk jfgrUkqf bVI qyjLI nfl afeI. QoVHy sflF ivwc hI ieh ihMdU, iswK, muslmfn jF pMjfbI, bMgflI, gujrfqI afid dy vwKryivaF nUM Bulf ky afpxy afp nUM isrP ihMdusqfnI smJx lwgy. Auh ieh gwl vI smJx lwgy ik knyzf ivwc AunHF dI durdsLf dI ijLMmyvfr isrP knyzf dI nslvfdI srkfr hI nhIN sgoN ies dI mUl jVH ieMglYNz dI sfmrfjI srkfr hY jo ihMdusqfn nUM gulfm bxfeI bYTI hY. ies nvIN imlI isafsI cyqnqf kfrn AunHF ny nf isrP knyzf ivwc iekwiTaF ho ky afpxy hwkF leI Gol lVy sgoN ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI dI lVfeI ivwc vI vwzI pwDr AuWqy ihwsf pfieaf. jdoN AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc gdr pfrtI bxI qF knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI vI afpxIaF jfiedfdF qy kMmF kfrF nUM iqafg ky brqfnvI sfmrfj ivruwD ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI ivwZI jMg ivwc kuwd pey. knyzf afey ihMdusqfnIaF ivwc isafsI cyqnqf pYdf krn sB qoN ijLafdf kMm sosLilstF vloN kIqf igaf. pr hYrfnI dI gwl hY ik hux qwk sosLilstF dy ies kMm bfry bhuq hI Gwt iliKaf igaf hY. jy ikwDry iliKaf vI igaf hY, Auh iKlrvyN rUp ivwc hY, jo sosLilstF dy kMm dI shI qsvIr nhIN idKfAuNdf. ies hQly lyK df muwK mksd vIhvIN sdI dy pihly zyZ dhfky dOrfn sosLilstF vloN knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF ivwc rfjnIqk jfgrUkqf pYdf krn aqy AunHF dy isafsI GolF ivwc inBfey rol df lyKf joKf krnf hY. aijhf krn qoN pihlF Aus smyN dIaF hflqF aqy ipCokV bfry jfx lYxf mddgfr hovygf. ipC okV vIhvIN sdI sLurU qoN lY ky 1908 qwk pMj hjLfr qoN ijLafdf ihMdusqfnI knyzf puwj cuwky sn. ienHF ivwcoN QoVHy ijMinaF nUM Cwz ky bfkI sfry dy sfry pMjfbI sn. pMjfbIaF ny aMgryjL sfmrfjIaF dI bVI syvf kIqI sI. Auh 1857 dy gdr vyly aMgryjLF leI lVy sn. idwlI AunHF dI mdd nfl hI ijwqI jf skI sI. Auh aMgryjLF leI iqwbq, cIn, brmf, ierfn, aPgfinsqfn aqy imsr afid dysLF ivwc jf ky lVy sn. aMgryjLF leI kIqIaF POjI iKdmqF aqy sfmrfjI jMgF ivwc mfrIaF qygF kfrn Auh afpxy afp nUM aMgryjLI slqnq dy lfzly puwqr smJdy sn. knyzf afey ihMdusqfnI avfsI ieh smJdy sn ik knyzf aMgryjL sfmrfjIaF dI hI iek bsqI hY. Auh afpxy bfdsLfh dI DrqI afpxI DrqI smJdy sn. mlkf ivktorIaf ny vI 1857 dy gdr qoN bfad ieh aYlfn kr rwiKaf sI ik Auh brqfnvI slqnq dy sfry bisLMidaF nUM iek ingHf nfl vyKygI ijs ivwc ihMdusqfnI vI sLfml hoxgy. nqIjy vjoN ihMdusqfnI knyzf ivwc dfKl hox, iewQy rih skx qy kMm kr skx nUM afpxf hwk smJdy sn.


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pr ienHF ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF nUM knyzf af ky bVIaF qlK hkIkqF df sfhmxf krnf ipaf. AunHF nUM nslI ivqkry df isLkfr hoxf ipaf. afm pbilk aqy srkfr vloN AunHF nfl jQybMdk ZMg nfl ivqkrf kIqf igaf. avfsIaF pRqI lokF dy mnF ivwc jLihr Brn ivwc mIzIey ny afpxf pUrf ihwsf pfieaf. aKbfrF ny ‘ihMdU kvr zYWz bfzIjL ivwd btr’ vrgIaF nPrq PYlfAuNdIaF surKIaF lfeIaF. (1) lokl isafsqdfnF ny votF dy lflc ivwc AunHF ivruwD jLihr Augilaf. sfl 1907 mMdvfVy df vrHf sI. mMdvfVy aqy nslvfd kfrn knyzf dy mjLdUr gYr-icwty iemIgrYNt mjLdUrF nUM afpxI rojLI leI Kqrf smJdy sn aqy AunHF dI afmd df ivroD krdy sn. vYnkUvr dI tryz aYNz lybr kONsl ny ‘eysLIafeIaF nUM bfhr rwKx dI lIg (eYsLIaftk aYksklUjLn lIg’ nF dI jQybMdI bxfeI. sqMbr 1907 ivwc ies jQybMdI ny vYnkUvr ivwc cIinaF aqy jfpfnIaF ivruwD nslI Psfd krvfey. knyzIan srkfr ny 1908 dy sLurU ivwc ieMglYNz aqy ihMdusqfn dI srkfr nfl slfh krky ihMdusqfnIaF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly nUM rokx leI iemIgrysLn dy nvyN kfnMUn bxfAux bfry soicaf. mfrc 1908 ivwc knyzf df izptI minstr afP lybr mkYNjI ikMg ieMpIrIal srkfr nfl slfh msLvrf krn leI ieMglYNz igaf. BivwK dI iemIgrysLn pflsI AulIkx bfry mkYNjLI ikMg ny 2 meI 1908 nUM afpxI irport knyzIan srkfr pfs pysL kIqI ijs dy afDfr `qy do nvyN kfnUMn bxfey gey. sqfeI meI 1908 dy pihly afrzr ien kONsl muqfbk “eysLIan mUl dy iksy vI iemIgrYNt nUM knyzf ivwc dfKl hox dI iejfjLq nhIN hovygI jy Auh afpxy jnm jF nfgirkqf vfly dysL qoN iswDf sPr krky nf afieaf hovy aqy ieh vI jLrUrI hY ik Aus ny ieh itkt vI afpxy dysL ivwc hI KRIidaf hovy.” iqMn jUn 1908 dy dUsry afrzr ien kONsl muqfbk, “eysLIan mUl dy iksy vI iemIgrYNt nUM knyzf ivwc dfKl hox dI iejfjLq nhIN hovygI jy Aus kol do sO zflr nf hox.” bysLwk ies kfnUMn ivwc “eysLIan” mUl dy iemIgrYNt AuWqy rok lfAux dI gwl kIqI geI sI pr ieh donoN kfnUMn cIn jF jfpfn afid dysLF qoN afAux vfly iemIgrYNtF AuWqy lfgU nhIN sn huMdy ikAuNik jfpfn dI srkfr nfl iemIgrysLn dy mfmly bfry knyzf srkfr df iek Kfs smJOqf ho cuwkf sI aqy cIinaF leI iemIgrysLn dy vwKry kfnUMn sn. asl ivwc ienHF donF kfnUMnF df iewko iewk mksd ihMdusqfnIaF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly nUM rokxf sI. pr knyzIan srkfr ny ieMglYNz aqy ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI srkfr dI slfh mMnidaF ieh gwl XkInI kr leI sI ik ienHF afrzrjL ien kONsl dI BfsLf ies qrHF dI hovy ijs qoN ihMdusqfnI ieh nf afK skx ik AunHF nfl ivqkrf kIqf igaf hY. aijhI gwl nUM ihMdusqfnI nYsLnilst afpxy mksd leI vrq skdy sn. ies leI ienHF donF kfnUMnF dI BfsLf bVI sLYqfnI nfl ilKI geI sI ijs ivwc ikwDry vI iswDy qOr `qy ‘eIst ieMzIan’, ‘ihMdU’, jF ‘iswK’ afid iksy vI sLbd dI vrqoN nhIN sI kIqI geI. (2) pr ikAuNik Aus vkq iksy vI stIm kMpnI df koeI vI jhfjL ihMdusqfn qoN cwl ky iswDf knyzf nhIN sI afAuNdf ies leI spsLt sI ik ieh kfnUMn bxfAux vfilaF df aslI qy iewko iewk mksd isrP ihMdusqfnIaF dy knyzf afAux AuWqy pfbMdI lfAuxf hI sI. ienHF kfnUMnF dy bxn nfl 1908 qoN bfad ihMdusqfnIaF df knyzf afAuxf qkrIbn bMd hI ho igaf. ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF dy knyzf afAux AuWqy pfbMdIaF lfAux df jLfhrf kfrn nslvfd jfpdf hY. Aus vyly dIaF aKbfrF qoN vI ieh hI pRBfv pYNdf hY ik knyzf dy bhuigxqI lok aqy srkfr nslvfdI sn jo knyzf nUM ‘isrP icwty lokF df mulk’ rwKxf cfhuMdy sn. pr ihMdusqfnIaF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly nUM rokx df kfrn isrP ieh nslvfd hI nhIN sI. ies pflsI ipwCy asl qy muwK kfrn rfjnIqk sn. ieh swB kuJ ieMglYNz, ihMdusqfn aqy knyzf dIaF srkfrF dy afpsI sihXog aqy igxI imwQI sfijsL dy aDIn ho irhf sI. knyzf vrgy afjLfd mulk ivwc rihx nfl ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF nUM afpxI gulfmI df bVI isLwdq nfl aihsfs huMdf sI. gory kfimaF nfl iekwTy kMm kridaF ihMdusqfnI avfsI mihsUs krn lwgdy sn ik gory lok ihMdusqfnIaF nfloN vDIaf nhIN aqy nqIjy vjoN AunHF dy mnF ivwc goiraF leI bixaf rvfieqI siqkfr Gwtdf sI. ihMdusqfnIaF dy mnF ivwc goiraF df ‘siqkfr’ aqy ‘vkfr’ Gtxf rfjnIqk qOr `qy Kqrnfk gwl sI ikAuNik ies ‘siqkfr’ aqy ‘vkfr’ dy afsry hI qF gory


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ihMdusqfn nUM gulfm rwK rhy sn. ies qoN ibnF knyzf, amrIkf ivwc rih rhy pMjfb aqy bMgfl dy ienklfbIaF ny afpxIaF aKbfrF kwZxIaF sLurU kr leIaF sn. ienHF aKbfrF rfhIN Auh knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF nUM rfjnIqk qOr `qy jfigRq krdy sn aqy ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI sMGrsL krn leI pRyrdy sn. BfvyN srkfrI irportF ivwc ienHF rfjnIqk kfrnF df ijLkr krno guryjL kIqf igaf hY pr GoKvIN njLr nfl vyiKaF ienHF irportF ivwc aijhy sMkyq iml jFdy hn jo ieh sfbq krdy hn ik ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly nUM rokx dy asl qy muwK kfrn rfjnIqk sn. imsfl dy qOr `qy do meI 1908 nUM mkYNjLI ikMg vloN pysL kIqI irport ivwc iliKaf igaf sI, “knyzf pUrbI lokF dI iemIgrysLn AuWqy pfbMdI lfvy, ieh suBfvk hY aqy knyzf ‘icwty lokF df dysL’ rwiKaf jfvy. ies dI isrP smfjk aqy afrQk kfrnF krky hI loV nhIN sgoN ieh rfjnIqk aqy kOmI afDfr `qy vI bhuq jLrUrI hY.” (3) ies hI irport ivwc awgy jf ky iliKaf sI, “bI sI ivwc rihMdy kuJ ivakqI ijnHF ivwc iek do bRfhmx hn afpxy dysL vfsIaF nUM ‘vriqaf’ cfhuMdy hn.”(4) iewQy ‘vrqx’ qoN Bfv ienklfbI kMmF leI jQybMd krn qoN sI aqy iesLfrf qfrknfQ dfs aqy Aus dy dUsry sfQIaF vwl sI jo vYnkUvr aqy Aus dy afly-duafly vsdy ihMdusqfnI afvfsIaF nUM rfjnIqk qOr `qy jfgrUk kr rhy sn. iesy qrHF lMzn ivcly kflonIal afiPs vloN ihMdusqfn aqy knyzf dIaF srkfrF nUM AunHF muwK rfjnIqk kfrnF bfry iliKaf igaf ijnHF krky AunHF nUM ihMdusqfnIaF df knyzf puwjxf bMd krnf cfhIdf hY. ienHF ivwcoN pihly kfrn ivwc ieh ikhf igaf sI ik “ihMdusqfn qlvfr nfl nhIN sgoN ‘vkfr’ nfl gulfm rwiKaf jf irhf hY aqy knyzf ivwc ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF df gory kfimaF nfl iekwTy kMm krnf ies aMgryjLI vkfr nUM GtfAuNdf hY.” (5) dUsry kfrn ivwc ieh ikhf igaf sI, “vYnkUvr ivwc sosLilst pRfpygMzF jLorF `qy hY, nqIjy vjoN ihMdusqfnIaF dy sosLilst ivcfrDfrf qoN pRBfivq hox df Kqrf hY.” (6) ies qrHF asIN vyKdy hF ik rfjnIqk kfrnF krky “knyzIan srkfr dI ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF nUM knyzf qoN bfhr rwKx dI pflsI vwl ibRitsL srkfr ny nf isrP awKF mItI rwKIaF sgoN ies pflsI dy bxfAux aqy ies nUM lfgU krn ivwc bVI srgrmI nfl ihwsf ilaf. ieh sn Auh hflfq ijnHF df sfhmxf knyzf afAux vfly pihly ihMdusqfnIaF nUM krnf ipaf. ienHF hflqF nUM TIk qrHF smJx aqy ienHF df shI ZMg nfl sfhmxf krn leI ieh jLrUrI sI ik ienHF nUM brqfnvI sfmrfj dy vwzy pRsMg ivwc rwK ky dyiKaf jFdf aqy knyzf afey ihMdusqfnIaF ny ies qrHF hI kIqf. AunHF vloN aijhf krn ipwCy iewQy afey sosLilst ivcfrF dy ihMdusqfnIaF aqy AunHF dy gory sosLilst imwqrF df vwzf hwQ sI. lyK dy agly ihwsy ivwc vIhvIN sdI dy pihly zyZ dhfky dOrfn knyzf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc srgrm sosLilst ivcfrF vfly ivakqIaF aqy sMsQFvF df ijLkr krFgy aqy iPr ies smyN dOrfn ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI vloN lVy GolF ivwc ienHF ivakqIaF aqy sMsQFvF dy rol nUM dyKFgy. s os L ilst ivcfrF vfl y ivakqI aqy A un H F d y k Mm rfmnfQ p urI: AuWqrI amrIkf dy pwCmI qwt AuWqy rihMdy ihMdusqfnIaF nUM isafsI qOr `qy jfgrUk aqy jQybMd krn df kMm swB qoN pihlF rfmnfQ purI ny sLurU kIqf. Auh pMjfb ivwc Kymkrn, ijlHf lfhOr (hux aMimRqsr) df rihx vflf sI. Auh 1906 ivwc amrIkf afieaf. Aus ny 1907 dy sLurU ivwc amrIkf dy sLihr sfnPrFissko ivwc ‘ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn’ nF dI jQybMdI bxfeI. ies dIaF bRFcF astorIaf aqy knyzf dy sLihr vYnkUvr ivwc sn. (8) ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbrF leI jLrUrI sI ik Auh jfq, nsl, rMg jF Drm afid dy vwKryivaF ivwc XkIn nhIN rwKxgy. ies jQybMdI dy pRogrfm ivwc ihMdusqfnIaF nUM isafsI qOr `qy jfigRq krnf, AunHF nUM hiQafrF dI isKlfeI dyxI aqy knyzf amrIkf


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dy lokF dI ihMdusqfnIaF dy sMGrsL leI hmdrdI ijwqxf sI. (9) rfmnfQ purI ny AurdU ivwc ‘srkUlr -ie-ajLfdI’ nF df srkUlr sLurU kIqf. ies rfhIN ihMdusqfnIaF nUM aMgryjLF vloN ihMdusqfn dI kIqI jf rhI luwt-Ksuwt qoN jfxU krvfieaf jFdf sI. ‘srkUlr-ie-ajLfdI’ ihMdusqfnI lokF nUM aMgryjL srkfr ivruwD hiQafrbMd sMGrsL leI pRyrdf sI. PrvrI 1907 dy pihly hPqy pMjfb dIaF POjI CfAuxIaF ivwc ieh srkUlr vMizaf igaf. ies ivwc ihMdusqfnI POjIaF nUM aMgryjL srkfr dI nOkrI krn leI lfhnqF pfeIaF geIaF sn aqy AunHF nUM nOkrI Cwzx leI apIl kIqI geI sI. (10) ‘srkUlr-ie-ajLfdI’ dy 1908 dy iek aMk ivwc iliKaf igaf sI, “asIN bfdsLfh nUM rwb df Byijaf numfieMdf nhIN mMndy. sfnUM ies gwl df igafn ho igaf hY ik bfdsLfh nUM qKq AuWqy ibTfAux jF lfhux df hwk lokF kol hY.” (11) ies qrHF rfmnfQ purI ny ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn aqy ‘srkUlr-ie-ajLfdI’ rfhIN knyzf aqy amrIkf dy ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF ivwc isafsI cyqnqf pYdf krn leI Xqn kIqy. pYsy dI Gft kfrn srkUlr-ie-ajLfdI 1908 ivwc bMd ho igaf. qfrknfQ dfs: qfrknfQ dfs iek ienklfbI bMgflI nOjvfn sI. AuWnI sfl dI Aumr ivwc klkwqy XUnIvristI ivwc pVHidaF Aus ny ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI hiQafrbMd ienklfbI srgrmIaF ivwc vwzf rol adf kIqf sI. Auh Zfkf anuisln sMmqI nF dI gupq ienklfbI jQybMdI (1905-1906) bxfAux vfilaF ivwc mUhrI sI. pulIs df dbfAu pYx AuWqy Auh jfpfnf rfhIN huMdf hoieaf 1906 dy aKIr ivwc amrIkf puwj igaf aqy 1907 dy aMq `qy Auh sIaftl qoN vYnkUvr amrIkn iemIgrysLn izpfrtmYNt ivwc nOkrI krn afieaf. qfrknfQ dfs df vYnkUvr afAux df asl mksd ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI kMm krnf sI. Aus dI awK ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj dy iswK ispfhIaF AuWqy sI, ijnHF nUM Auh ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI srkfr dy ivruwD krnf cfhuMdf sI. (12) ies leI vYnkUvr dy iswK iemIgrYNtF ivwc isafsI prcfr nUM Auh Kfs aihmIaq idMdf sI ikAuNik AunHF dy Brf, irsLqydfr aqy imwqr ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj ivwc nOkrIaF krdy sn. AunHF rfhIN Auh ihMdusqfn dy iswK ispfhIaF qwk phuMc krnf cfhuMdf sI. qfrknfQ dfs df ieh ivsLvfs sI ik 1857 ivwc gdr dy PylH hox df vwzf kfrn ieh sI ik iswK POjIaF ny aMgryjLF df sfQ idwqf sI. Auh ieh gwl XkInI krnf cfhuMdf sI ik ies vfr jd ihMdusqfn ivwc ienklfb sLurU hovy qF iswK POjF aMgryjL ivruwD ienklfbIaF df sfQ dyx. qfrknfQ dfs df XkIn sI “ihMdusqfn nUM luwtx aqy Aus dy lokF nUM gulfm bxfeI rwKx leI brqfnvI srkfr dI pflsI sI ik ihMdusqfnIaF nUM anpVH aqy aigafnI rwiKaf jfvy.” (13) Auh mihsUs krdf sI ik isrP ividaf hI ihMdusqfnIaF dI hflq bdl skdI hY. ies leI AunHF ivwc pVHfeI nUM Auh bhuq mhwqqf idMdf sI. pVHfeI dI ies mhwqqf nUM smJidaF Aus ny vYnkUvr aqy ies dy afly duafly dy ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF leI jnvrI 1908 ivwc vYnkUvr nyVly sLihr inAU vYstimnstr ivwc imwlsfeIz AuWqy iek skUl KoilHaf.(14) ies skUl ivwc ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF nUM ienklfbI rfjnIqk ividaf idwqI jFdI sI aqy AunHF nUM ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI dy sMGrsL leI iqafr kIqf jFdf sI. aMgryjLF vloN ihMdusqfn dI kIqI jf rhI luwt-Ksuwt, ihMdusqfnIaF dI durdsLf aqy ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI afid ivisLaF AuWqy bVy josLIly BfsLn idwqy jFdy sn aqy ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf jFdf sI. qfrknfQ dfs ny 22 mfrc, 1908 nUM vYnkUvr ivwc iek vwzI pbilk mIitMg swdI. ieh mIitMg knyzf aqy ihMdusqfn dIaF srkfrF vloN AunHF nfl kIqy jf rhy BYVy vrqfE ivruwD pRotYWst krn leI bulfeI geI sI. ies mIitMg ivwc knyzIan srkfr dIaF nslvfdI pflsIaF dI inKyDI kIqI geI. ihMdusqfnIaF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly AuWqy lgfeIaF jf rhIaF pfbMdIaF aqy zIportysLnF ivruwD mIitMg ivwc mqy pfs kIqy gey aqy agly idn lfrz mfrly nUM ies bfry iek qfr ByjI geI. knyzIan srkfr ny qfrknfQ dfs dIaF brqfnIaF ivroDI srgrmIaF bfry amrIkn srkfr pfs isLkfieq kIqI. knyzIan srkfr dy dbfAu Qwly qfrknfQ dfs nUM apRYl 1908 ivwc amrIkn iemIgrysLn izpfrtmYNt ivclI nOkrI qoN htf idwqf igaf.


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nOkrI qoN htfey jfx dy kuJ idn pihlF qfrknfQ dfs ny vYnkUvr qoN aMgryjLI ivwc ‘PRI ihMdusqfn’ nF df aKbfr kwiZaf. awT siPaF df ‘PRI ihMdusqfn’ knyzf dI DrqI AuWqy Cpx vflf pihlf ihMdusqfnI aKbfr sI. ieh iek inrol rfjnIqk aKbfr sI ijs dI ivcfrDfrf sosLilst aqy ienklfbI sI. ‘PRI ihMdusqfn’ AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc rihMdy jOrj PRImYn vrgy AunHF afiersL sosLilstF dy sihXog nfl pbilsL huMdf sI jo Kud afierlYNz dI ajLfdI leI lV rhy sn. (15) ies aKbfr df mksd knyzf amrIkf ivwc rih rhy ihMdusqfnIaF nUM isafsI qOr `qy jfigRq krnf aqy ihMdusqfn nUM ajLfd krfAux leI aMgryjLF ivrwuD sMGrsL leI iqafr krnf sI. ies prcy df dUsrf vwzf mksd knyzf amrIkf dy lokF nUM aMgryjLF vloN ihMdusqfn dI kIqI jf rhI luwt-Ksuwt bfry jfxU krvfAuxf aqy ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI AunHF dI hmdrdI ijwqxf sI. brqfnIaf srkfr rfjnIqk kfrnF krky ihMdusqfnIaF nUM knyzf, amrIkf qoN bfhr rwKxf cfhuMdI sI. ies leI amrIkf dI rfjDfnI visLMgtn ivcly ibRitsL aMbYszr lfrz brfeIs ny 1907-1908 ivwc amrIkf dI srkfr nUM ieh slfh idwqI ik Auh ihMdusqfnIaF nUM amrIkf qoN bfhr rwKy. pr amrIkn srkfr ny ieh slfh nf mMnI. ‘PRI ihMdusqfn’ dy apRYl 1908 dy pihly aMk ivwc qfrknfQ dfs ny ibRitsL aMbYszr vloN idwqy ies mUrKqf Bry suJfa dI inKyDI kIqI aqy amrIkn srkfr df DMnvfd kIqf. ihMdusqfnIaF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly nUM rokx leI aMgryjL srkfr vloN knyzIan srkfr nfl rl ky kIqIaF jf rhIaF sfijsLF nUM ‘PRI ihMdusqfn’ dy pihly aMk ivwc nMgf kIqf igaf sI. qfrknfQ dfs df kihxf sI ik “aMgryjL srkfr PIjI nUM qF ihMdusqfnIaF dy jhfjLF dy jhfjL Br ky Byj rhI hY pr knyzf amrIkf ivwc AunHF dy dfKly AuWqy rokF lgvfeIaF cfhuMdI hY ikAuNik aMgryjL srkfr nUM zr hY ik knyzf amrIkf vrgy ajLfd dysLF ivwc rih ky ihMdusqfnI ajLfdI aqy brfbrqf dIaF gwlF iswKxgy.” (16) afpxy aKbfr dy pihly aMk ivwc hI qfrknfQ dfs ny brqfnIaf srkfr nUM sKq qfVnf kIqI sI ik “jy ihMdusqfn icwtIaF ibRitsL klonIaF ivwc nhIN jf skdy qF aMgryjLF nUM vI ihMdusqfn ivwcoN bfhr kwiZaf jfvygf aqy jy ieh byiensfPI jfrI rhI qF aijhf qUPfn AuWTygf jo aMgryjLI sfmrfj dy toty toty kr dyvygf.” (17) qfrknfQ dfs dysL dI ajLfdI leI ihMsf dI vrqoN nUM burf nhIN sI smJdf pr Auh XrkfAU nIqIaF dy hwk ivwc nhIN sI. Aus ny spsLt kIqf “bMb, rIvflvr jF dUsry hiQafrF dI vrqoN df KusLI nfl svfgq kIqf jFdf hY, jy ieh kOmI jfigRqI dI insLfnI hY. pr ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI iewkf-duwkf ibRitsL aPsrF dy kqlF nfl nhIN imlxI. ies leI jQybMd ienklfb jLrUrI hY. ijs vfsqy sfry ihMdusqfn ivwc ienklfbI jQybMdIaF dI loV hY.”(18) ihMdusqfn ivwc jQybMd ienklfb leI qfrknfQ dfs iswKF aqy Kfs qOr AuWqy POj nfl sMbMDq iswKF ivwc prcfr nUM bhuq aihmIaq idMdf sI. Aus ny knyzf dy iswK iemIgrYNtF nUM ibRitsL ieMzIan afrmI dy iswK POjIaF ivwc isafsI prcfr krn leI afiKaf. ‘PRI ihMdusqfn’ aKbfr ivwc iswK POjIaF nUM sMbMDq iek Kwq ivwc iliKaf igaf sI, “[[[ iswKF nUM ivdysLI hfkmF dy gulfm bxfAux leI ijhVf iswK vI aMgryjLI rfj dI mdd krdf hY Auh iswKF aqy iswK Drm df gdfr hY. hr swcy iswK df PrjL hY ik Auh dysL nUM aijhI gulfmI qoN ajLfd krvfAux leI lVfeI lVy.” (19) ilAU tflstfey aqy ibRitsL sosLilst ihMzmYn ny vI qfrknfQ dfs dIaF ienHF ilKqF ivwc idlcspI idKfeI. (20) qfrknfQ dfs vloN vYnkUvr dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc kIqIaF jf rhIaF rfjnIqk srgrmIaF CyqI hI knyzf, ieMglYNz aqy ihMdusqfn dIaF srkfrF dIaF njLrF ivwc afAuxIaF sLurU ho geIaF. nqIjy vjoN, 1908 dI bsMq ruwqy klkwqy df sfbkf puils ienspYktr ivlIam hfpiknsn jo ik aYNglo ieMzIan sI, vYnkUvr puwjf. Auh knyzf, ieMglYNz aqy ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjL srkfr leI kMm krdf sI. Aus df muwK kMm knyzf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI dIaF isafsI srgrmIaF dI jfsUsI krnf aqy AunHF nUM rokxf sI. Aus ny knyzIan srkfr nUM ies iksm dIaF irportF ByjIaF ik vYnkUvr dy ihMdusqfnI


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bMb bxfAux dy qrIikaF bfry sfihq Cpvf ky ieMzIaf Byjx leI pYsy iekwTy kr rhy hn. hfpiknsn ny ibRitsL aqy knyzIan aKbfrF ivwc qfrknfQ dfs dIaF srgrmIaF bfry KbrF CpvfeIaF ik ihMdusqfn ivwc cwl rhI ienklfbI lihr AuWqrI amrIkf dy pYsyiPk qwt qoN clfeI jf rhI hY aqy vYnkUvr nyVly sLihr inAU vYstimnstr ivclf imwl-sfeIz vflf skUl ienHF rfjsI srgrmIaF df sYNtr hY. hfpiknsn vloN ByjIaF ienHF irportF dy aDfr `qy knyzIan srkfr ny qfrknfQ dfs ivruwD aYksLn ilaf. Aus df imwl-sfeIz vflf skUl bMd krvf idwqf igaf. knyzIan srkfr dy dbfAu Qwly 1908 dy awD duafly qfrknfQ dfs nUM vYnkUvr Cwzxf ipaf aqy Auh knyzf dI srhwd lfgy pYNdy amrIkf dy sLihr sIaftl clf igaf. qfrknfQ dfs ny sIaftl jf ky vI ibRitsL kolMbIaf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI nfloN afpxy sMbMD nf qoVy. (21) Aus ny afpxIaF isafsI srgrmIaF sIaftl qoN jfrI rwKIaF. qfrknfQ dfs ny ‘PRI ihMdusqfn’ sIaftl qoN pbilsL krnf sLurU kr idwqf. sIaftl ivwc AunHF XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf hfAUs bxfieaf ijwQy hr sincrvfr ihMdusqfnI avfsI iekwTy huMdy sn. iewQy qfrknfQ dfs aqy dUsry bMgflI ividafrQI isafsI lYkcr krdy sn. vYnkUvr dI Kflsf dIvfn susfietI aqy ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn qoN bfad bxI XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg, dy lIzr isafsI mfmilaF ivwc qfrknfQ dfs pfsoN slfh-msLvrf lYx leI sIaftl afAuNdy jFdy rihMdy sn. kfmfgftfmfrU dy idnF ivwc vYnkUvr dy ienklfbIaF df sIaftl dy ienklfbI sYNtr nfl lgfqfr rfbqf bixaf hoieaf sI. sqfrF julfeI 1914 vfly idn vYnkUvr dy ienklfbI lIzr, Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy pRDfn BfeI Bfg isMG, gurdvfry dy gRMQI BfeI blvMq isMG, BfeI myvf isMG aqy hrnfm isMG sfhrI srhwd AuWqy amrIkf vfly pfisEN kfmfgftfmfrU leI hiQafr aqy aslf ilafAuNdy PVy gey sn. ieh sfry hiQafr aqy aslf Auh qfrknfQ dfs pfsoN lY ky af rhy sn. (22) ies qrHF kfmfgftfmfrU dy sMGrsL ivwc qfrknfQ dfs amrIkf vfly pfisEN pUrI srgrmI nfl ihwsf lY irhf sI. gdr pfrtI ivwc Aus dIaF srgrmIaF kfrn qfrknfQ dfs nUM 1917 dy sfnPrFissko sfjLs kys ivwc 18 mhIny dI kYd hoeI. pihly sMsfr XuwD qoN bfad vI qfrknfQ dfs, ny bI sI dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI nfl afpxf sMprk bxfeI rwiKaf. bI sI dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc qfrknfQ dfs vloN kIqy isafsI kMmF nUM vyKidaF kysr isMG nfvilst ny TIk hI iliKaf hY “qfrknfQ dfs iek mhfn ienklfbI sI. vYnkUvr dI isafsI lihr df Auh aslI pIr sI.” (23) jI zI k umfr aqy hrnfm is MG sfhrI: gurFidwqf kumfr jo ik jI zI kumfr krky jfixaf jFdf sI, ihMdusqfn dy nfrQ-vYst PrMtIar sUby dy sLihr bMnU df rihx vflf sI. bMnU qoN Auh klkwqy clf igaf sI ijwQy Aus ny bMgflI nYsLnl kflj ivwc QoVHI dyr leI ihMdI aqy AurdU pVHfieaf. iewQy Auh mrfTf lOj nF dy borizMg hfAUs ivwc rihMdf sI jo bMgflI ienklfbIaF dIaF srgrmIaF df awzf sI. iewQy Aus dI qfrknfQ dfs nfl vfkPI hoeI sI. akqUbr 1907 ivwc jI zI kumfr bI sI dy sLihr ivktorIaf puwjf. Aus dy nfl hI huisLafrpur ijlHy dy ipMz sfhrI df rihx vflf bfbU hrnfm isMG vI ivktorIaf puwjf. bfbU hrnfm isMG sfhrI ny kuwJ smF ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj ivwc GoVsvfr dI nOkrI kIqI sI aqy 1904 ivwc Auh POj dI nOkrI Cwz ky hFgkFg clf igaf sI. vYnkUvr puwj ky ienHF qfrknfQ dfs nfl rl ky bI sI dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc afpxIaF isafsI srgrmIaF sLurU kr idwqIaF. jdoN qfrknfQ dfs nUM vYnkUvr Cwz ky sIaftl jfxf ipaf qF vYnkUvr ivclIaF isafsI srgrmIaF dI ijLMmyvfrI jI zI kumfr AuWqy af peI. Aus ny 1909 dy aKIr ivwc ‘ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn’ nF dI sosLilst ivcfrDfrf vflI isafsI jQybMdI bxfeI. ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn df Auh hI pRogrfm sI jo qfrknfQ dfs prcfrdf sI. ihMdusqfn leI pUrn ajLfdI ies jQybMdI df muwK insLfnf sI. kOmI ividaf, ihMdusqfnI snaqF, vpfr aqy KyqIbfVI dI AunqI aqy ivdysLI luwt-Ksuwt qoN Cutkfrf ies dy hor AudysL sn. (24) jI zI kumfr aqy hrnfm isMG sfhrI ny isLafm jI ikRsLn vrmf dy lMzn ivcly ieMzIaf hfAUs dI lIh `qy dsMbr 1909 nUM vYnkUvr ivwc svdysL syvk hom bxfieaf. svdysL syvk hom kihx nUM qF


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ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF leI aMgryjLI isKfAux vflf nfeIt-skUl sI pr asl ivwc ieh sosLilst ienklfbIaF df sYNtr sI ijwQy ihMdusqfn iemIgrYNtF nUM isafsI ivwidaf idwqI jFdI sI. (25) ihMdusqfn ivwc aMgryjLI rfj nUM AultfAux leI iewQy AunHF nUM hiQafrbMd ienklfb leI iqafr kIqf jFdf sI. XUrp qoN pbilsL huMdy ienklfbI ivcfrF vfly aKbfr ‘qlvfr’ aqy mYzm kfmHf df ‘bMdy mfqrm’ vI svdysL syvk hom ivwcoN iml skdy sn. (26) jI zI kumfr aqy hrnfm isMG sfhrI ny jnvrI 1910 ivwc vYnkUvr qoN ‘svdysL syvk’ nF df mfisk aKbfr kwZxf sLurU kIqf. knyzf ivwc inklx vflf pMjfbI df ieh pihlf aKbfr sI. ies aKbfr rfhIN ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF nUM smJfieaf jFdf sI ik AunHF dI durdsLf df asl kfrn ihMdusqfn df gulfm hoxf sI. AunHF nUM dwisaf jFdf sI ik srkfr icwty lokF dy mukfbly AunHF nfl ivqkrf ikAuN krdI sI. ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF nUM knyzf ivwc vot df hwk nf hox dy svfl aqy kfrnF bfry iliKaf jFdf sI. ‘svdysL syvk’ dy iek aMk ivwc iliKaf sI ik “dUsrI ibRitsL prjf nUM vot df hwk Cy mhIny bfad iml jFdf hY pr ihMdusqfnIaF nUM nhIN. ies qrHF df koeI vI ihMdusqfnIaF ivroDI ivqkrf amrIkf, jrmnI jF jfpfn ivwc nhIN imldf. knyzf dy kfnUMn df nqIjf ieh hY ik ihMdusqfnIaF nUM bVy aPsos nfl kihxf pY irhf hY ik ibRitsL rfj dy mukfbly ivdysLF ivwc AunHF nfl cMgf slUk huMdf hY.” (27) ‘svydsL syvk’ ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj dy iswK ispfhIaF nUM aMgryjL srkfr ivruwD bgfvq leI vMgfrdf sI aqy vwzI igxqI ivwc ihMdusqfn nUM vI Byijaf jFdf sI. ihMdusqfn dI sI afeI zI dy vwzy aMgryjL aPsrF vloN bfad ivwc ‘svdysL syvk’ bfry ieh itwpxI kIqI geI, “hOlI hOlI ies dI sur vwD qoN vwD ieqrfjL Xog huMdI geI aqy ikAuNik ieh pypr ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj dy iswK ispfhIaF nUM AunHF dI afpxI jLbfn ivwc sMboiDq huMdf sI aqy kfPI igxqI ivwc ihMdusqfn nUM Byijaf jFdf sI, ies leI mfrc 1911 nUM ies dy ihMdusqfn ivwc dfKly AuWqy pfbMdI lgf idwqI geI.” (28) ienHF srgrmIaF dy nfl nfl vYnkUvr rihMidaF bfbU hrnfm isMG sfhrI ny bMb bxfAux dI iswKlfeI hfsl kIqI. ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF ivwc Auh bMb bxfAux df swB qoN ijLafdf kfrIgr sI. kfmfgftfmfrU dy idnF ivwc Aus ny aslf iekwTF krn dy Xqn kIqy qF jo jhfjL dy ihMdusqfn nUM vfps muV rhy musfPrF nUM ihMdusqfn dy ienklfb leI hiQafrbMd kIqf jf sky. ies qrHF jI zI kumfr aqy hrnfm isMG sfhrI ny ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn aqy ‘svdysL syvk’ rfhIN ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF ivwc isafsI cyqnf pYdf krn aqy AunHF nUM dysL dI ajLfdI leI hiQafrbMd ienklfb dy rfh pfAux ivwc aihm BUimkf inBfeI. h us Yn rhIm aqy X UnfeIitz ie MzIaf lIg husYn rhIm df aslI nF Cgn KYrfjL vrmf sI. ihMdusqfn ivwc Auh porbMdr (gujrfq) df rihx vflf sI. kuwJ dyr jfpfn rihx qoN bfad Auh jnvrI 1910 nUM muslmfn nF Qwly iek ivjLtr dy qOr `qy vYnkUvr puwjf. Auh sosLilst iKaflF vflF iek vwzf ienklfbI sI jo jldI hI ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn dy lIzrF ivwc igixaf jfx lwgf. iemIgrysLn izpfrtmYNt vfilaF do vfr Aus nUM knyzf qoN izport krn dI koisLsL kIqI pr husYn rhIm donoN vfr kys ijwq igaf. ies qoN bfad Aus ny iemIgrysLn dy mfmilaF ivwc dUsry ihMdusqfnIaF dI mdd krnI sLurU kr idwqI. iemIgrysLn izpfrtmYNt vfly ies gwl qoN bVf icVHdy sn. bI sI dI kMjLrvyitv srkfr ny mfrc 1907 ivwc ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF koloN vot df aiDkfr Koh ilaf sI. husYn rhIm ies nUM ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF nfl Dwkf smJdf sI. ies byiensfPI ivruwD avfjL AuTfAux leI husYn rhIm ny iksy qrHF afpxI vot rijstr krvf leI. mfrc 1912 ivwc hoeIaF bI sI dIaF sUbfeI coxF ivwc Aus ny vot pfeI aqy sosLilst pfrtI leI skrUtnIar df kMm vI kIqf. vot pfAux dy ieljLfm ivwc hsYn rhIm nUM igRPqfr kr ilaf igaf. Aus dy Gr dI qlfsLI lYx `qy pulIs nUM Aus df sosLilst pfrtI dI mYNbrisLwp df kfrz, sosLilst ivcfrF vflIaF bhuq sfrIaF ikqfbF aqy Aus vloN ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwcoN sosLilst pfrtI leI iekwTy kIqy PMz dIaF rsId buwkF imlIaF. (29) sosLilst pfrtI leI iekwTy kIqy PMz dIaF ienHF rsId buwkF qoN pqf lwgdf sI ik ihMdusqfnI


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kimAUintI ivwc sosLilst pfrtI df pRBfv bhuq hI ijLafdf sI. husYn rhIm AuWqy mukwdmf clfieaf igaf pr Auh brI ho igaf. husYn rhIm XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg nF dI jQybMdI df lIzr sI. XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg sosLilst iKaflF vflI iek isafsI jQybMdI sI. XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg dI QF pihlF ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn huMdI sI, ijs df pRDfn jI zI kumfr sI. Aus nUM 1911 ivwc vYnkUvr Cwz ky sIaftl jfxf ipaf ijs kfrn ieh jQybMdI tuwt geI. husYn rhIm dI agvfeI Qwly sosLilst iKaflF vfly ihMdusqfnIaF ny ies Gfty nUM jldI hI pUrf kr ilaf. AunHF 15 dsMbr 1911 nUM XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg bxf leI. husYn rhIm ies dy pRDfn aqy rfjf isMG bfVIaF ies dy skwqr sn. gdr pfrtI df inDVk ispfhI aqy mhfn kimAUinst ienklfbI rqn isMG rfiepur zwbf vI ies df mYNbr sI. ies jQybMdI dy muwK AudysL knyzf ivwc ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF dy hwkF leI aqy ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI sMGrsL krnf sI. ies jQybMdI ny ihMdusqfn dIaF aOrqF dy hwkF dI vI gwl kIqI. XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg gory lokF dIaF sosLilst ivcfrDfrf vflIaF mjLdUr jQybMdIaF aqy knyzf dI sosLilst pfrtI nfl iml rl ky kMm krdI sI. (30) ieMzstRIal vrkrjL afP df vrlz (afeI zbilAU zbilAU) nF dI sosLilst ivcfrDfrf vflI mjLdUr jQybMdI dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc husYn rhIm aqy Aus dy dUsry ihMdusqfnI sfQI KuwlH ky ihwsf lYNdy sn. hVqflF ivwc PVy gey gory mjLdUrF dIaF ieh keI vfr jLmfnqF vI idMdy sn. jnvrI 1914 ivwc XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg vloN husYn rhIm dI rihnumfeI Qwly aMgryjLI ivwc ‘ihMdusqfnI’ nF df aKbfr kwiZaf igaf. ieh sosLilst ivcfrF vflf iek rfjnIqk aKbfr sI. ies ivwc kfrl mfrks, eyNgljL aqy rfbrt Evn vrgy mjLdUr jmfq dy ilKfrIaF dIaF ilKqF CfpIaF jFdIaF sn. ‘ihMdusqfnI’ dy jnvrI 1914 dy pihly aMk ivwc hI aKbfr aqy jQybMdI dI sosLilst ivcfrDfrf nUM drsfAuNdf kfrl mfrks df jgq pRiswD kQn idwqf igaf sI: “dnIaf Br dy mjLdUro! iek ho jfE. quhfzf afpxIaF jMjLIrF qoN ibnF, hor kuwJ nhIN gvfcxf.” (31) XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg ny amrIkf, PrFs, jfpfn, imsr aqy ntfl afid dysLF ivwc rihx vfly dysL Bgq ihMdusqfnIaF nfl afpxy sMbMD kfiem kIqy hoey sn. ieh jQybMdI AunHF dIaF aKbfrF iewQy mMgvfAuNdI aqy afpxIaF aKbfrF AunHF nUM ByjdI sI. Kflsf dIvfn s usf ietI: bI sI dy iswKF ny 1907 ivwc Kflsf dIvfn susfietI bxfeI. ieh BfvyN iswKF dI iek Dfrimk jQybMdI sI pr ies ny rfjnIqk mfmilaF ivwc vI bVf srgrm rol inBfieaf. ies dy bhuqy mYNbr agFhvDU ivcfrF vfly bx cuwky sn. sosLilstF dy prcfr sdkf ies jQybMdI dy lIzrF dI isafsI ivcfrDfrf sosLilst bx cuwkI sI. Auh gurU sfihbfn dy swcy-suwcy iswK sn jo BfeI lflo dy kYNp ivwc KVHy sn. Auh iswK Drm dy ‘srbq df Blf’, ‘ikrq krnf vMz Ckxf’, aqy ‘brfbrqf aqy sFJIvflqf’ dy asUlF `qy cwlx vfly vDIaf iswK sn. Auh iswK-ivcfrDfrf aqy sosLilst iPlfsPI ivwc koeI Prk nhIN sn smJdy. iesy leI Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy bhuq sfry mYNbr sosLilst ivcfrDfrf vflI ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn dy vI mYNbr sn. Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy ahudydfr BfeI Bfg isMG ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn dy pRDfn aqy vYnkUvr gurdvfry dy gRMQI blvMq isMG ies aYsosIeysLn dy KjLfncI sn. (32) ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn dy 1911 ivwc tuwtx qoN bfad husYn rhIm ny ies dI QF XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg bxf leI sI. Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy skwqr BfeI imwq isMG pMzorI, pRDfn BfeI Bfg isMG iBKIivMz aqy vYnkUvr gurdvfry dy gRMQI blvMq isMG KurdpurI sosLilst ivcfrF vflI XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg dI aYgjLYkitv dy pRmuwK mYNbr sn. (33) Kflsf dIvfn susfietI aqy XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg dy bhuq sfry jlsy iekwTy huMdy sn ijwQy gory sosLilst vI af ky boldy sn. ienHF jlisaF ivwc lfl JMzf Julfieaf jFdf sI. (34) drasl Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dI aYgjLYkitv kmytI dy ahudydfr knyzf dI sosLilst pfrtI dy mYNbr sn. ibRitsL kolMbIaf dI sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI ivwc ihstrI dy pRoPYsr


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zfktr ihAU jfhnsn ny knyzIan srkfr dy KuPIaf mihkmy dIaF irportF dy afDfr `qy iliKaf hY ik, “Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy pRDfn BfeI Bfg isMG aqy aYgjLYkitv dy dUsry ahudydfrF ny husYn rhIm aqy jI zI kumfr vrgy sosLilstF nfl rl ky vYnkUvr ivwc sosLilst pfrtI afP knyzf dI iek spYsLn bRFc iqafr kIqI sI.” (35) ih Md usqfnI kimAU intI vl o N lV y mh wqvp Urn G olF aqy A un H F iv wc ‘s os L ilstF’ df r ol hFz Urs B yj y jfx d y ivr u wD G ol: knyzIan srkfr ny ihMdusqfnIaF dI knyzf ivwc afmd rokx leI 1908 ivwc iemIgrysLn dy nvyN kfnUMn bxfey sn. akqUbr 1908 ivwc knyzIan srkfr ny knyzf ivwc rih rhy ihMdusqfnIaF nUM vI knyzf qoN bfhr kwZx dI koisLsL kIqI. AunHF ny ihMdusqfnIaF nUM knyzf ivwcoN kwZ ky hFzUrs Byjx dI sfijLsL rcI. ieh sfrf kuwJ brqfnvI srkfr dI slfh nfl kIqf jf irhf sI. drasl ihMdusqfnIaF nUM knyzf ivwcoN kwZ ky hFzUrs Byjy jfx df svfl AudoN hI lMzn ivwc ivcfr ilaf igaf sI jdoN mfrc 1908 nUM mkYNjLI ikMg ieMglYNz dI srkfr nfl ihMdusqfnIaF dI iemIgrysLn dy msly `qy ivcfr krn igaf sI. (36) knyzIan srkfr dy vwzy aPsr do ihMdusqfnI numfieMidaF nUM nfl lY ky hFzUrs gey. vfpsI AuWqy ihMdusqfnI numfieMidaF ny nFh-pwKI irport idwqI. knyzIan srkfr ny bVf jLor pfieaf prMqU ihMdusqfnIaF ny knyzf Cwz ky hFzUrs jfx qoN sfP ienkfr idwqf. knyzf ivwc afpxy hwkF leI ihMdusqfnIaF vloN iekwTy ho ky ieh pihlf vwzf Gol sI ijs ivwc AunHF ny ijwq pRfpq kIqI. hFzUrs dy Gol vyly knyzf dy sosLilstF ny ihMdusqfnIaF dI bhuq mdd kIqI. knyzf dy sosLilst Aus vyly amrIkn sosLilstF qoN agvfeI lYNdy sn. hFzUrs dy Gol dy idnF ivwc amrIkf dI msLhUr sosLilst lIzr aYmf golzmYn keI vyrF vYnkUvr afeI aqy Aus ny ihMdusqfnIaF dy jlisaF ivwc mjLdUr eykqf aqy ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI dy hwk ivwc qkrIrF kIqIaF.(37) ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI nUM knyzf amrIkf dy gory sosLilstF dI ieh hmfieq qfrknfQ dfs vrgy ienklfbIaF dy XqnF sdkf hI sMBv ho skI sI. m YzlF aqy vrdIaF dI l ohVI: qfrknfQ dfs aqy jI zI kumfr vrgy sosLilstF dy isafsI pRcfr df iswtf sI ik bI sI dy ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNt, aMgryjL srkfr aqy knyzIan srkfr dI aslIaq smJx lwgy. iewQy vsdy ihMdusqfnIaF ivwc iek vwzI igxqI AunHF iswK POjIaF dI vI sI jo ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjL POj ivwc nOkrIaF krdy afey sn. aMgryjL sfmrfjIaF leI kIqIaF afpxIaF syvfvF `qy AunHF nUM bVf mfx sI. AunHF kol POjI vrdIaF, qgmy, aMgryjL aPsrF vloN imly afnrybl izscfrj srtIiPkyt aqy hor dsqfvyjL sn. Auh afpxIaF vrdIaF pf ky, ihwkF `qy mYzl sjf ky aqy jybF ivwc aMgryjL aPsrF vloN idwqy isPfrsLI Kwq pf ky bfhr inkldy sn qF ju goiraF nUM dws skx ik Auh aMgryjLI rfj dy Kfs vPfdfr bMdy sn. (38) pr AunHF nUM jldI hI pqf lwg igaf ik knyzIan srkfr jF knyzIan goiraF nUM ies gwl dI koeI prvfh nhIN. qfrknfQ dfs aqy jI zI kumfr vrgy agFhvDU sosLilst ienklfbIaF dy XqnF sdkf afeI isafsI sUJ kfrn Auh mihsUs krn lwgy ik ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj ivwc AunHF df rol gurU goibMd isMG dy AunHF iswKF vflf nhIN sI, ijnHF ihMdusqfn dy lokF dIaF DIaF BYxF dI iewjLq afpxy GoiVaF dy suMmF Qwly ilqfVn vfly pTfxF dy GoiVaF dIaF nf isrP vfgF nUM hwQ pf ilaf sI sgoN AunHF jrvfixaF dy mUMh pUrb qoN pwCm vwl Gumf AunHF nUM dwrf KYbr qoN pfr Dwk idwqf sI. ienHF sfbkf POjIaF ny sLrm mihsUs kIqI ik ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj ivwc AunHF df rol qF BfVy dy AunHF twtUaF (mrsnrI soljIarjL) vflf sI ijnHF ny nf isrP ihMdusqfn nUM gulfm bxfeI rwKx ivwc aMgryjL dI mdd kIqI sI sgoN AuhdI gulfmI ihMdusqfn qoN bfhr dUsry mulkF vwl vI ZoeI sI. sosLilstF vloN imlI isafsI


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cyqnqf kfrn AunHF nUM afpxIaF vrdIaF, qgimaF aqy srtIiPkytF qoN sLrm afAux lwgI. ienHF asrF aDIn 3 akqUbr 1909 nUM vYnkUvr dy gurduafry ivwc iek bhuq hI mhwqvpUrn Gtnf vfprI. BfeI nwQf isMG jo bhuq hI vDIaf iswK aqy sosLilst ivcfrDfrf vflI rfjnIqk jQybMdI ihMdusqfn aYsosIeysLn df srgrm mYNbr sI, sMgq sfhmxy KVHf hoieaf. Aus ny ihMdusqfn, dunIaf dy dUsry ihwisaF aqy Kfs qOr `qy ibRitsL klonIaF ivwc ihMdusqfnIaF dI BYVI hflq bfry viKafn idwqf. Aus ny dlIl idwqI ik, “jo mYzl Auh lgfeI iPrdy hn AunHF qoN isrP ieh hI pqf lwgdf hY ik Auh BfVy dy POjI hn jo aMgryjLF leI afpxy dysL vfsIaF aqy dUsry ajLfd lokF dy ivruwD lVy. aMgryjLI POj leI lVfeIaF lV ky ley mYzl bhfdrI dy nhIN sgoN gulfmI dy mYzl khy jfxy cfhIdy hn.” (39) ies qoN bfad Aus ny mqf rwiKaf ik “gurduafry dI aYgjLYkitv kmytI df koeI vI mYNbr koeI aijhf qgmf, btn, vrdI jF ienisgnIaF nhIN pihnygf ijs qoN ieh pqf lwgy ik ies nUM pihnx vflf aMgryjLF dy iek gulfm qoN vwD kuJ nhIN.” (40) jYkfiraF dI gUMj ivwc mqf srb-sMmqI nfl pfs hoieaf. Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy AuWp-pRDfn, cOdvIN iswK rjmYNt dy sfbkf POjI, BfeI grIb isMG ny cIn ivwc bfksr ivdroh vyly ivKfeI bhfdrI kfrn imilaf qgmf lfh idwqf aqy skwqr BfeI Bfg isMG, ijnHF ny dsvIN bMgfl lYNsr rjmYNt ivwc pMj sfl nOkrI kIqI sI, ny afpxI vrdI qy afnrybl izscfrj srtIiPkyt nUM awg lf idwqI. bhuq sfry hor POjIaF ny vI afpxy mYzl, vrdIaF, PotoaF aqy srtIiPkyt agn ByNt kr idwqy. ies Gtnf AuWpr KusLI jLfhr kridaF qfrknfQ dfs ny afpxy aKbfr ‘PRI ihMdusqfn’ ivwc iliKaf, “iswK POj ieMzIaf ivclI brqfnvI slqnq dI rIVH dI hwzI smJI jFdI hY. ieh jfx ky KusLI huMdI hY ik iswK jfgrUk ho rhy hn qy AunHF nUM ieh gwlF smJ afAux lwgIaF hn ik Auh gulfmF qoN vwD kuJ vI nhIN aqy Auh ihMdusqfn nUM gulfm bxfeI rwKx ivwc aMgryjL srkfr dI mdd kr rhy hn.” (41) mYzl, vrdIaF sfVn vflI ieh Gtnf koeI sfDfrn Gtnf nhIN sI. ieh Auh smF sI jdoN pMjfb dy afm lok Guk suwqy pey sn. iswK rfjy, srdfr, jgIrdfr aqy cIP Kflsf dIvfn vfly aMgryjL-pRsq bxI bYTy sn. hrmMdr sfihb dy aMgryjL pRsq pujfrIaF ny qF akfl qKq qoN huknfmf kwZ ky 1914-15 ivwc vI knyzf, amrIkf qoN gey gdrI bfibaF nUM gdfr aqy zfkU grdfn idwqf sI. (42) jilHaFvfly bfg dy kfql jnrl zfier nUM akfl qKq `qy swd ky sropf idwqf sI aqy Aus nUM isMG sjfAux df bysLrm nftk kIqf sI. (43) pr akqUbr 1909 nUM vYnkUvr dy gurdvfry ivwc aMgryjL dI gulfmI dy icMn - vrdIaF, qgmy aqy srtIiPkyt - sfVn vflI ies Gtnf df vfpr jfxf koeI sbwbI nhIN sI. vYnkUvr dy iswKF dI soc ivwc ieh ienklfbI qbdIlI aYvyN nhIN sI afeI. ieh qfrknfQ dfs, jI zI kumfr, hrnfm isMG sfhrI, BfeI blvMq isMG aqy BfeI Bfg isMG vrgy agFhvDU, ienklfbI sosLilstF vloN kIqy pRcfr df iswtf sI. bfdsL fh jfrj p Mjv y N dI qfjp os L I d y js Ln: sosLilstF vloN kIqy prcfr sdkf bI sI dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc afeI isafsI cyqnqf nUM drsfAuNdI iek hor vwzI Gtnf sqMbr 1912 ivwc vfprI. bfdsLfh jfrj pMjvyN dI qfjposLI dy jsLn mnfey jf rhy sn. knyzf df gvrnr jnrl bI sI dy dOry `qy sI. vYnkUvr ivwc 19 sqMbr nUM hox vfly jsLn df Aus ny muwK mihmfn hoxf sI. vYnkUvr dy myar vloN Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy pRDfn BfeI Bfg isMG nUM sfbkf iswK POjIaF smyq ies jsLn aqy POjI pryz ivwc sLfml hox leI swdf pwqr Byijaf igaf. (44) prMqU BfeI Bfg isMG ny husYn rhIm aqy dUsry sosLilst sfQIaF nfl slfh krky ieh swdf pwqr kbUl krno nFh kr idwqI. BfeI Bfg isMG ny vYnkUvr dy myar nUM Kwq iliKaf ik ibRitsL ieMzIan afrmI dy sfbkf iswK POjI ies svfgqI jsLn aqy POjI pryz ivwc “bhuq sfry AunHF kfrnF krky sLfml nhIN ho skdy ijnHF nUM sLihr dy srkfrI aPsr aqy iemIgrysLn izpfrtmYNt vfly pihlF hI jfxdy hn.” BfeI Bfg isMG df ieh Kwq iek msLhUr klonIal sosLilst vloN 9 sqMbr 1912 nUM


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myar nUM idwqf igaf. (45) Kflsf dIvfn susfietI vloN ieh swdf-pwqr kbUl nf krnf koeI sfDfrn Gtnf nhIN sI aqy nf hI ieh sbwbI vfprI sI. akqUbr 1909 ivwc vrdIaF, qgmy sfVn vflI Gtnf vFg ieh vI kimAUintI ivwc afeI Aus isafsI cyqnqf dI hI insLfnI sI ijhVI ik sosLilstF dy XqnF sdkf afeI sI. pirvfrF n U M kn yzf m MgvfA ux df G ol: ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF vloN afpxy pirvfr knyzf ilaf skx leI lVy Gol ivwc vI sosLilstF ny aihm rol inBfieaf. knyzIan srkfr vloN 1908 ivwc iemIgrysLn dy bxfey gYr-mnuwKI kfnUMnF kfrn ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNt afpxIaF pqnIaF aqy bwcy vI knyzf nhIN sn mMgvf skdy. ienHF kfnUMnF ivruwD knyzIan srkfr kol Pirafd krn leI nvMbr 1911 ivwc ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ny sMq qyjf isMG dI agvfeI Qwly iek cfr mYNbrI zYpUtysLn aOtvf nUM Byijaf. sMq qyjf isMG koeI vI gwl nf mMnvf sikaf. ies byiensfPI ivruwD, ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF ivwc bVf Bfrf roh sI. husYn rhIm vrgy sosLilst kfrkuMn ihMdusqfnIaF dy ies roh nUM ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI dy sMGrsL ivwc qbdIl krn leI XqnsLIl sn. hux XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg aqy Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ny ieMzIaf nUM zYpUtysLn Byjx df PYslf kIqf. AunHF df asl mksd afpxy nfl ho rhy ivqkiraF bfry ieMzIaf dy lokF nUM jfxU krvfAuxf, AunHF nUM isafsI qOr `qy jfgrUk krnf aqy ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI dy sMGrsL leI iqafr krnf sI. sMq qyjf isMG vrgy nrm-dlIey df nF ies zYpUtysLn leI prvfn nf kIqf igaf. (46) BfeI blvMq isMG dI agvfeI Qwly iqMn mYNbrI zYpUtysLn jUn 1913 nUM ieMzIaf puwjf. qfrknfQ dfs, jI zI kumfr aqy husYn rhIm vrgy sosLilstF dy sfQ sdkf BfeI blvMq isMG jI dI isafsI sUJ prpwk ho cuwkI sI. BfeI blvMq isMG jI ny ieMzIaf ivwc kIqy afpxy BfsLnF dOrfn knyzf ivwc ihMdusqfnIaF dI durdsLf leI lMzn aqy idwlI dIaF srkfrF nUM ijLMmyvfr Tihrfieaf. lfhOr ivwc idwqy iek BfsLn dOrfn BfeI blvMq isMG ny lokF nUM sMboDq huMidaF afiKaf, “ aMgryjLI sfmrfj quhfnUM swp dI qrHF kuMzl mfrI bYTf hY. ies qoN Cutkfry leI jLrUrI hY ik ies df isr kMizaF `qy rgiVaf jfvy.” (47) ieh zYpUtysLn pMjfb dy lYPtInYNt gvrnr mfeIkl Auzvfier aqy bfad ivwc ihMdusqfn dy vfiesrfey lfzr hfrizMg nUM vI imilaf. Auzvfier nfl mulfkfq vyly BfeI blvMq isMG jI isr AuTf ky aqy Auzvfier dI awK ivwc awK pf ky gwl krdy sn. Auzvfier nUM BfeI blvMq isMG qoN zr lwigaf sI. ies bfry Auzvfier ilKdf hY, “[[[ aqy ies qIsry bMdy dy qOr qrIky iek Kqrnfk ienklfbI vrgy jfpdy sn. Auh vfiesrfey nUM imlxf cfhuMdy sn. AunHF nUM vfiesrfey kol ByjidaF mYN vfiesrfey nUM ies qIsry bMdy qoN Kfs qOr `qy sfvDfn rihx leI afiKaf hY.” (48) ieMzIaf gey ies zYpUtysLn nUM pirvfr mMgvfAux dy Gol ivwc ihMd srkfr vloN koeI mdd nf imlI pr mIzIey, isafsI jQybMdIaF aqy lokF vloN BrvF huMgfrf imilaf. knyzf puwjx `qy vYnkUvr hoey jlsy ivwc BfeI blvMq isMG jI ny qkrIr kridaF afiKaf ik ihMdusqfn dy lok aMgryjL ivroDI gdr ivwc sLfml hox leI iqafr bYTy hn. dUsry pfsy ihMdusqfn dI srkfr nUM zr sI ik “ienHF zYlIgytF dI skIm pMjfb dIaF POjI CfAuxIaF ivwc jf ky prcfr krn dI sI.” (49) Auzvfier ienHF zYlIgytF bfry ilKdf hY, “[[[ BfvyN sfnUM Aus vkq nhIN sI pqf, pr Auh gdr pfrtI dy aYzvFs eyjMt sn.” (50) kfmfgftfmfr U df G ol: kfmfgftfmfrU dy Gol ivwc vI sosLilstF ny mhwqvpUrn rol inBfieaf. kfmfgftfmfrU afpxy 376 ihMdusqfnI musfPrF nfl 23 meI 1914 nUM vYnkUvr puwjf. iemIgrysLn izpfrtmYNt ny musfPrF nUM AuWqrn nf idwqf. jhfjL nUM hiQafrbMd pihry aDIn smuMdr ivwc KVHf kr idwqf igaf. musfPrF dI mdd leI XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg aqy Kflsf dIvfn susfietI ny rl ky kMm kIqf. donF jQybMdIaF ny 31


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meI 1914 nUM iek sFJI mIitMg bulfeI. ieh mIitMg vYnkUvr istI sYNtr ivwc ikrfey AuWqy ley iek hfl ivwc kIqI geI. ihMdusqfnIaF dI ies mIitMg ivwc sosLilst gory afpxIaF pqnIaF smyq sLfml hoey. (51) sosLilst husYn rhIm dI pRDfngI Qwly hoeI ies mIitMg ivwc kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF leI pMj hjLfr zflr nkd iekwTf hoieaf aqy iCafhT hjLfr zflr dyx dIaF lokF ny shuMaF cuwkIaF. jhfjL dI aglI iksLq igafrF jUn qwk qfrnI jLrUrI sI. iemIgrysLn aiDkfrIaF nUM ies gwl dI bVI afs sI ik ihMdusqfnI smyN isr jhfjL dI iksLq nhIN qfr skxgy aqy nqIjy vjoN jfpfnI afpxy jhfjL ivwc ies dy musfPrF nUM vfps lY jfxgy. AunHF bVy dfE-pyc vrqy qF ju ihMdusqfnI mOky isr jhfjL dI iksLq nf qfr skx. pr sosLilst ivcfrDfrf ny ihMdusqfnIaF nUM mjLhbI mwq-Byd Bulf ky iekwTy ho ky sMGrsL krn dI jfc isKf idwqI sI. ies leI XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg dy pRDfn husYn rhIm aqy Kflsf dIvfn susfietI pRDfn BfeI Bfg isMG ny sFJy qOr `qy ihMdIaF nUM mfiek shfieqf leI iekwTy ho ky sMGrsL krn leI apIl krdI iek vwzI icwTI (pYNPilt) kwZI. ies icwTI ivwc iliKaf sI, “BrfE iek Auh vkq sI ik ihMdusqfnI kOmF afpxy Drm asqfnF qoN lVdIaF sn ar nPrq nfl dUr dUr rYNhdIaF sn. awj eyh vkq hY ik kfmfgftfmfrU jhfjL ivwc iek qRP gurdvfrf qy iek qrP msIq hY. [[[ ihMdusqfnI BrfE quhfzf PrjL hY ik qyqI kroV ihMdusqfnIaF dI iksmq df PYslf krn leI gPLlq dI nINd qoN jfgo.” (52) ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNtF ny kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF leI idl KolH ky mfiek shfieqf idwqI. husYn rhIm ny ds jUn nUM igafrF hjLfr zflr df cYWk dy ky iksLq qfr idwqI aqy knyzIan srkfr dIaF kfmfgftfmfrU nUM vfps Byjx dIaF skImF `qy pfxI Pyr idwqf. ihMdusqfnIaF ny iekwTy ho ky vIh jUn qwk aTfrF hjLfr zflr hor iekwTf kr ilaf aqy bkfiedf pYsy dy ky jhfjL df ptf jhfjL ilafAux vfly guridwq isMG qoN bdl ky vYnkUvr dy do sosLilstF husYn rhIm aqy Bfg isMG dy nF krvf ilaf. husYn rhIm aqy Aus dy dosqF ny kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF leI jo vkIl kIqf Auh iek vcnbwD sosLilst sI. ies sosLilst vkIl df nF jy[ aYzvrz brz sI. Auh ihMdusqfnIaF df iek bhuq hI vDIaf dosq sI. ihMdusqfnIaF, nyitv ieMzIanF aqy hor dwby-kucly lokF dy hwkF leI sMGrsL krnf brz df jIvn mksd sI. Aus vkq mIzIey ny goiraF dy mnF ivwc ihMdusqfnIaF pRqI bVI nPrq Br rwKI sI. aijhy mfhOl ivwc iksy gory vkIl vloN ihMdusqnIaF df kys lVnf bVy hOsly dI gwl sI. kfmfgftfmfrU df kys lVn nfl imstr brz df bVf nuksfn hoieaf. Aus nUM vkflq ivwc bVf Gftf AuTfAuxf ipaf. brz nUM nslI goiraF vloN icwTIaF rfhIN DmkIaF idwqIaF geIaF ik jy Aus ny kfmfgftfmfrU df kys liVaf qF Aus nUM golI mfr idwqI jfvygI. ieMsLorYNs kMpnI vloN imstr brz AuWqy ‘jfx-buwJ ky afpxI jfn nUM Kqry ivwc pfAux” df ieljLfm lgf ky Aus dI ieMsLorYNs pflsI kYNisl kr idwqI geI. (53) aijhy hflfq ivwc iek afm vkIl vloN kfmfgftfmfrU df kys lVnf sMBv nhIN sI. pr dwby-kucly lokF dy ies sosLilst imwqr ny kfmfgftfmfrU df kys bVy hOsly aqy inzrqf nfl liVaf. Auh ieh swB kuwJ qF hI kr sikaf ikAuNik sosLilst ivcfrDfrf ny Aus nUM lokF leI hr kurbfnI dy ky sMGrsL krnf isKfieaf sI. kfmfgftfmfrU dI pJwqrvIN vrHy gMZ AuWqy imstr jy[ aYzvrz dy poqry ircrz brz (zMkn, bI sI ivwc vkIl) ny ‘vYnkUvr sMn’ dI irportr ikm boln nUM ieMtrivAU idMidaF swc hI afiKaf sI ik “ Aus dy dfdy ny ihMdusqfnIaF df anpfpUlr kys ies krky liVaf ikAuNik Auh iek vcnbwD sosLilst aqy byiensfPI ivruwD lVn vflf iensfn sI.” (54) sosLilst pfrtI afP knyzf vloN kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF dI mdd leI bhuq kuwJ kIqf igaf. Aus smyN knyzf dIaF dUsrIaF isafsI pfrtIaF - ilbrl aqy torI- afid ihMdusqfnIaF ivruwD nslvfdI nIqIaF nUM sLryafm apxf rhIaF sn. isafsqdfn gorIaF votF dy lflc kfrn pUrI qrHF nslvfdI bxy bYTy sn aqy kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF dI ivroDqf kr rhy sn. Aus vkq, jdoN ik sB lok ihMdusqfnIaF dy dusLmx bxI bYTy sn, isrP sosLilst pfrtI afP knyzf ny ihMdusqfnIaF df sfQ idwqf. ikAuNik sosLilst ivcfrDfrf ‘brfbrqf aqy sFJIvflqf’ dI gwl krdI hY aqy mnuwK hwQoN huMdI mnuwK dI luwt-Ksuwt dI ivroDqf krdI hY, ies leI sosLilst pfrtI afP knyzf ny goiraF dIaF votF


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dI prvfh nf kridaF ihMdusqfnIaF nfl ho rhI byiensfPI ivruwD stYNz ilaf. sosLilst pfrtI ny jUn 1914 dy awD ivwc mqf pfs kIqf ik “jmfqI suBfa vflI knyzIan srkfr kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF nfl byiensfPI kr rhI hY aqy sosLilst pfrtI knyzIan srkfr dy ies byiensfPI vfly aqy nslvfdI rvweIey dI inKyDI krdI hY aqy mMg krdI hY ik kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF nUM iensfP idwqf jfvy.” (55) XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg aqy Kflsf dIvfn susfietI vloN 21 jUn 1914 nUM vYnkUvr dy zumInIan hfl ivwc kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF dy hwk ivwc iek hor vwzI mIitMg kIqI geI. ies ivwc 800 ihMdusqfnI aqy lgBg 200 gory sLfml hoey. ies mIitMg ivwc sLfml sfry dy sfry goro sosLilst pfrtI afP knyzf dy mYNbr sn. (56) mIitMg df mfhOl bhuq hI josL aqy roh Biraf sI. sfrf hfl vwzy vwzy lfl JMizaF nfl sjfieaf hoieaf sI. lokF ny Coty Coty lfl JMzy hwQF ivwc PVy hoey sn. bulfiraF dy BfsLnF ivckfr lok jLor jLor nfl qfVIaF mfr rhy sn aqy hwQF ivwc PVy JMizaF nMU lihrfAuNdIaF hoieaF ‘srmfeydfrI murdfbfd’ dy nfhry lf rhy sn. (57) ies ieiqhfsk mIitMg df muwK bulfrf kfmfgftfmfrU df kys lV irhf, sosLilst vkIl aYzvrz brz sI. knyzf - amrIkf df msLhUr sosLilst, bI sI dI sosLilst pfrtI df lIzr iPtjYLrlz vI styj `qy hfjLr sI. mIitMg dy pRDfn husYn rhIm ny bulfiraF df quafrP krvfAuNidaF afiKaf, “[[[ sfzy ivckfr imstr jy[ aYzvrz brz vI hfjLr hY, jo ik hmysLF mjLdUrF df dosq irhf hY. [[[ sfzy ivckfr kfmryz iPtjLYrlz vI hfjLr hY[[[.” mIitMg dy muwK bulfry imstr brz ny knyzIan srkfr dIaF nslvfdI nIqIaF dI aflocnf kIqI. Aus ny iemIgrysLn aiDkfrIaF dy afp-huwdry rvweIey dI inKyDI kIqI. Aus ny aKbfrF vloN ihMdusqfnIaF ivruwD kIqy jf rhy pRfpygMzy aqy sosLilstF ivruwD lfey jFdy ieljLfmF df jvfb idMidaF afiKaf, “mYN aijhIaF gwlF suxIaF hn ik ieh bMdy anfrikst hn, sfry dy sfry BYVy hn aqy sosLilst hn. mYnUM mfx hY ik mYN Kud keIaF sflF qoN knyzf dI sosLilst pfrtI df mYNbr hF aqy mYN kdy koeI aijhf sosLilst nhIN vyiKaf jo cMgf bMdf nf hovy. Prk isrP ieqnf hY ik iek sosLilst afpxIaF smwisafvF bfry shI ZMg nfl socdf hY, afpxy BivwK bfry shI inrxy krdf hY aqy iek afm afdmI afpxy vwzy vzyiraF vloN Drm qy rfjnIqI bfry clfeIaF rvfieqF qy hI qurdf hY.” (58) imstr brz qoN bfad bI sI dI sosLilst pfrtI dy lIzr iPtjLYrlz ny afpxy BfsLn dOrfn brqfnvI hkUmq vloN ihMdusqfn dI kIqI jf rhI luwt-Ksuwt dI inMidaf kIqI. afpxy BfsLn dy aKIr `qy Aus ny ihMdusqfnIaF nUM sMboDn kridaF ikhf, “[[[ jy ihMdusqfn ivwc iewQy nfloN ijLafdf BuwKmrI hY qF Xfd rwKo ik ieho ijhIaF hflqF ivwc ienklfb pYdf huMdy hn. ienklfbI jjLbfqF nfl Bry hoey afpxy dysL muVo, AuWQoN dy lokF nUM nfl lvo aqy AunHF ivruwD lVo ijnHF ivruwD asIN AuWqrI amrIkf dy sosLilst lV rhy hF.” (59) sfrf hfl srmfeydfrI murdfbfd dy nfhiraF nfl gUMj irhf sI. mIitMg qoN agly idn ‘sMn’ aKbfr ny mIitMg bfry surKI lfeI, “ihMdUaF vloN mIitMg-bgfvq df prcfr.” (60) nslI gory isafsqdfnF vloN 23 jUn dI sLfm nUM Ausy zumInIan hfl ivwc ihMdusqfnIaF ivruwD iek vwzI mIitMg swdI geI. do hjLfr nslI goiraF nfl hfl Biraf ipaf sI. keI hjLfr nslI goiraF nUM hfl qoN bfhr KVHnf pY irhf sI. husYn rhIm aqy bI sI dI sosLilst pfrtI df pRDfn iPtjLYrlz ihMdusqfnIaF df pwK dwsx dy ierfdy nfl hfl ivwc puwjy hoey sn. jdoN husYn rhIm ny bflkonI ivwc KVHy ho ky kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF df pwK dwsxf cfihaf qF pulIs vfilaF ny Aus nUM bflkonI qoN Qwly suwt idwqf. sosLilst pfrtI dy lIzr iPtjLYrlz nUM vI bolx nf idwqf igaf. nslI guMizaF ny Aus dI topI lfh ky vgfh mfrI aqy Aus nUM ht ht ky muwky aqy Tuwzy mfry. (61) ies qrHF sosLilstF dI agvfeI Qwly ihMdusqfnIaF ny kfmfgftfmfrU df mhfn sMGrsL liVaf. AunHF musfPrF nUM iewQy rwKx leI bhuq Xqn kIqy. pr knyzIan srkfr ny 23 julfeI 1914 nUM kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF nUM izport kr idwqf. gdr lihr iv wc ih wsf:


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amrIkf dy pwCmI pfsy dIaF visLMgtn, aOrygn aqy kYlyPornIaF stytF ivwc rihMdy ihMdusqfnI vI ies smyN rfjnIqk qOr AuWqy jfgrUk ho rhy sn. AunHF 21 apRYl 1913 dy idn aOrgyn styt dy sLihr astorIaf ivwc gdr pfrtI dI sQfpnf kIqI. gdr pfrtI agFhvDU ivcfrF vflI jQybMdI sI ijs df muwK insLfnf ihMdusqfn nUM hiQafrbMd ienklfb rfhIN aMgryjLF dI gulfmI qoN ajLfd krvfky AuWQy ajLfdI, brfbrqf aqy Drm inrpwKqf AuWqy afDfirq zYmokrYitk rIpbilk dI sQfpnf krnf sI. (62) ies zYmokrYitk rIpbilk dI vfgzor ikrqI iksfnF dy hwQ hoxI sI. knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI pihlF hI aijhy rfj dI dI sQfpnf leI hiQafrbMd ienklfb ivwc PYslf krI bYTy sn. knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI vI DVf-DV gdr pfrtI dy mYNbr bxn lwgy. AunHF ny QF QF jf ky gdr pfrtI leI PMz iekwTf kIqf. bhuq sfiraF ny afpxI sfrI Aumr dI kmfeI pfrtI PMz ivwc dy idwqI. ienHF ivwc rfm isMG Dulyqf vrgf DnI gdrI vI sI ijs dI smuwcI jfiedfd iek lwK pcfsI hjLfr zflr sI. gdr pfrtI dy lIzrF nUM sMsfr jMg lwgx bfry BfvyN pUrf XkIn sI pr AunHF df aMdfjLf sI ik ieh jMg awT-dws sfl qwk lwgygI. AunHF ny afpxy sfry plYn ies muqfbk hI bxfey sn. pr sMsfr jMg 4 agsq 1914 nUM sLurU ho geI. sfnPrFissko ivwc gdr pfrtI dy hYWz-kuafrtr XugFqr afsLrm ivwc gdrI lIzrF dI mIitMg bulfeI geI. knyzf qoN BfeI blvMq isMG, bfbU hrnfm isMG sfhrI, sLyr isMG vyNeI poeIN, Bfg isMG AuWpl aqy hor gdrI lIzr ies mIitMg ivwc sLfml hoey. (63) gdrI lIzr jfxdy sn ik gdr pfrtI hfly hiQafrbMd ienklfb leI iqafr nhIN pr Auh aMgryjLI hkUmq dy sMsfr jMg ivwc Psy hox dy sunihrI mOky nUM vI ajfeIN hwQoN nhIN sI gvfAuxf cfhuMdy. gdr pfrtI ny aMgryjLI hkUmq ivurwD jMg df aYlfn kr idwqf. gdr pfrtI dy swdy AuWqy knyzf qoN sYNkVy gdrI afpxIaF jfiedfdF aqy nOkrIaF nUM iqafg ky ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI ivwZI jMg ivwc kuwd pey. knyzf dy gdrIaF nULM lY ky sB qoN pihlF jhfjL 22 agsq 1914 nUM vYnkUvr qoN rvfnf hoieaf. ies ivwc 26 gdrI sn. huisLafrpur ijLlHy dy BfeI jvMd isMG nMgl klF, bIr isMG bfhovfl aqy jlMDr ijLlHy dy hrI isMG sUMZ vrgy msLhUr gdrI ienHF ivwc sn. jldI hI do hor jhfjL gdrIaF nUM lY ky vYnkUvr qoN rvfnf hoey. pihly jhfjL dy gdrIaF df lIzr BfeI sLyr isMG vyeIN poeIN aqy dUsry df BfeI swjx isMG bIlHf sI. bfad ivwc hor jhfjLF AuWpr sYNkVy knyzIan gdrI ihMdusqfn phuMcy. knyzf dy mhfn gdrI pMizq sohx lfl pfTk (pwtI) aqy bfbU hrnfm isMG sfhrI dI dUr-pUrb dy dysLF ivwc gdr leI izAUtI lwgI. ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI srkfr nUM AunHF dy sUihaF ny gdrIaF dy afAux dIaF irportF pihlF hI Byj idwqIaF sn. nqIjy vjoN bhuq sfry gdrI lIzr jhfjLoN AuWqrdy klkwqy hI igRPqfr kr ley gey. pr iPr vI bhuq sfry gdrI pMjfb phuMcx ivwc kfmXfb ho gey. kuwJ gdrI mdrfs aqy kolMbo (lMkf) rfhIN ihMdusqfn puwjx ivwc kfmXfb ho gey. gdrIaF ny pMjfb dy lokF ivwc gdr pfrtI leI prcfr krnf sLurU kr idwqf. ijlLHf jlMDr dy ipMz sMGvfl, huisLafrpur ijLlHy dy ipMz pMzorI lwDf isMG, aMimRqsr ijLlHy dy ipMz surisMG aqy iProjLpur (hux mogf) ijLlHy dy ipMz ZuwzIky dy prcfr sYNtrF ivwc knyzf dy gdrIaF ny bhuq mhwqvpUrn rol inBfieaf. (64) gdr pfrtI ny pMjfb aqy pMjfb qoN bfhr dIaF POjI CfAuxIaF ivwc prcfr krky bhuq sfry POjIaF nUM bgfvq krn leI rjLfmMd kr ilaf. bgfvq dI qrIk 21 PrvrI 1915 imwQI geI. puils muKbr ikrpfl isMG ny ies qrIk bfry srkfr nUM sUicq kr idwqf. gdrIaF bgfvq dI qrIk 21 dI QF 19 PrvrI kr idwqI. srkfr nUM ies qrIk df vI pqf lwg igaf. bgfvq dy smyN qoN kuC dyr pihlF sLwkI pltnF dy hiQafr rKvf ley gey gey. ikrpfl isMG dI gdfrI kfrn gdr dI skIm PylH ho geI. bhuq sfry gdrI igRPqfr kr ley gey. knyzf df msLhUr gdrI jgq isMG surisMG mfrc 1915 nUM krqfr isMG srfBy dy nfl igRPqfr kr ilaf igaf. apRYl 1915 nUM lfhOr sYNtrl jylH ivwc 61 gdrIaF AuWqy lfhOr sfijLsL nfm df mukwdmf clfieaf igaf. sqMbr 1915 nUM 24 gdrIaF nUM PFsI dI sjLf, 27 nUM Aumr kYd kfly pfxI aqy bfkIaF nUM Aumr kYd qoN kuwJ Gwt sjLfvF hoeIaF. ihMdusqfn dy vfiesrfey lfrz hfrizMg ny afp dKl dy ky 17 gdrIaF dI PFsI dI sjLf Aumr kYd ivwc


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bdl idwqI. BfeI jgq isMG surisMG nMU Kqrnfk smJidaF aMgryjLI srkfr ny 17 nvMbr, 1915 nUM PFsI dy ky sLhId kr idwqf. PrvrI 1915 dy gdr dI asPlqf qoN bfad bfhr bcy gdrIaF ny pfrtI dy kMm nUM nvyN isry qoN jQybMd krnf sLurU kIqf. AunHF nvIN lfeIn apxfeI ijs anusfr gdr pfrtI dI qfkq bxfAux leI pYsy aqy hiQafr pRfpq kIqy jfxy sn aqy srkfr dI qfkq GtfAux leI JolI cuwkF df sPfieaf kIqf jfxf sI. gdrIaF nUM ivdysLF ivwc pYsy dI kdI kmI nhIN sI afeI pr ihMdusqfn ivwc pfrtI nUM hiQafrF aqy pYsy dI bhuq Gft sI. PMz dI Gft nUM pUrf krn leI mjLbUrI vs pfrtI nUM isafsI zfky mfrny pey. ienHF zfikaF ivwc knyzf qoN prqy BfeI jvMd isMG nMgl klF, BfeI bIr isMG bfhovfl, BfeI jgq isMG surisMG, AuWqm isMG hFs, inrMjx isMG pMzorI, lwDf isMG aqy eIsLr isMG ZuwzIky vrgy drjnF gdrIaF ny ihwsf ilaf. kpUrQly df aslfKfnf luwtx dI plYn bxfeI geI ijs leI bMdUkF dI loV sI. knyzIan gdrI BfeI bIr isMG bfhovfl aqy jvMd isMG nMgl klF dI izAUtI lwgI ik Auh aMimRqsr ijLlHy ivwc ‘vwly’ nihr dy pwul AuWqy lwgI gfrd dIaF bMdUkF Kohx. donoN knyzIan gdrIaF ny afpxy sfQIaF dI tolI lY ky rfq vyly sMqrI mfr idwqy aqy AunHF dIaF bMdUkF Koh leIaF. puils mgr lwg qurI. gdrIaF ny 36 GMty pulIs df mukfblf kIqf. knyzIan gdrI BfeI bIr isMG bfhovfl icwtI ipMz qoN pkVy gey. (65) AunHF nUM mfrc 1916 nUM dUsry lfhOr sfijsL kys ivwc PFsI dI sjLf idwqI geI. pfrtI vloN JolI cuwkF nUM soDx dy hukm anusfr knyzIan gdrIaF ny bhuq sfry JolI cuwkF df sPfieaf kIqf. nMgl klF (huisLafrpur) dy jLYldfr cMdf isMG ny knyzf qoN prqy gdrI ipafrf isMG lMgyrI nUM 12 apRYl, 1915 nUM PVf idwqf. BfeI sfihb dy sfQI knyzIan gdrIaF, BfeI jvMd isMG nMgl klF aqy AuWqm isMG hFs (luiDafxf) ny amrIkf qoN prqy gdrI bMqf isMG sMGvfl nfl rl ky 25 apRYl nUM jLYldfr cMdf isMG df kql kr idwqf. bMqf isMG sMGvfl pkVy jfx qoN bfad 12 agsq 1915 nUM PFsI lfey gey. BfeI jvMd isMG nMgl puils dy hwQ nf afey aqy Auh mPLrUr krfr idwqy gey. AunHF ny qkrIbn sfry hI gdrI mukfbilaF ivwc ihwsf ilaf sI. Auh bfad ivwc 28 mfrc 1917 nUM igRPqfr kIqy gey. AunHF nUM pMjvyN lfhOr sfijsL kys ivwc 26 meI 1917 nUM PFsI aqy Gr-Gft jLbq dI sjLf idwqI geI. knyzf ivwc ihMdusqfnIaF dI ienklfbI lihr dy pRmuwK nyqf BfeI blvMq isMG jI KurdpurI nUM bYNkfk hspqfl ivwcoN igRPqfr kr ilaf igaf. isafmI srkfr ny AunHF nUM isMGfpur dI pulIs dy hvfly kr idwqf ijs ny BfeI jI AuWqy byqhfsLf qsLwdd kIqf. AunHF nUM lfhOr ilaf ky qIsry sfijsL kys ivwc sLfml kr ilaf igaf. BfeI blvMq isMG jI nfl knyzf qoN afey krqfr isMG nvF cMd (mogf) nUM vI ies kys ivwc sLfml kr ilaf. (krqfr isMG BfeI jI dy bwicaF nUM Kurdpur Cwzx igaf sI.) knyzf qoN afey huisLafrpur ijLlHy dy ipMz PiqhgVH dy hrnfm isMG sYxI aqy bfbU rfm nUM vI qIsry lfhOr sfijsL kys ivwc sLfml kr ilaf igaf. bfbU rfm AuWqy mMzI irafsq dy rfjy dy BqIjy Tfkr jvfhr isMG nUM gdr pfrtI nfl joVn df ieljLfm sI. ienHF sBnF nUM PFsI dI sjLf suxfeI geI. krqfr isMG nvF cMd dI PFsI dI sjLf bfad ivwc vfiesrfey vloN Aumr kYd ivwc bdl idwqI geI. prMqU BfeI blvMq isMG KurdpurI, hrnfm isMG sYxI aqy bfbU rfm knyzIan gdrIaF nUM 16 mfrc 1917 nUM PFsI dI sjLf idwqI geI. hor keI kysF ivwc bhuq sfry knyzIan gdrIaF nUM Aumr kYdF, Aumr kYd qoN Gwt kYdF jF ipMzF ivwc njLrbMdIaF hoeIaF. dUr-pUrb dy dysLF vfly PrMt AuWqy vI knyzf amrIkf ivwcoN bhuq sfry gdrI puwjy. AunHF df muwK kMm AuWQy vsdy ihMdusqfnI lokF aqy AunHF dysLF ivwc ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI POj dy ihMdusqfnI POjIaF ivwc gdr df prcfr krnf aqy AunHF nUM gdr leI jQybMd krnf sI. ienHF ivwc vYnkUvr qoN gey sUrbIr gdrI pMizq sohx lfl pfTk (pwtI) aqy bfbU hrnfm isMG sfhrI (huisLafrpur) dy nF Kfs qOr `qy vrnxXog hn. brmf dI mXfboeI dI POjI CfAuxI ivwc pMizq sohx lfl pfTk ny kfPI asr rsUK pYdf


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kr ilaf sI. pr sfry POjIaF ivwc hfly rfjsI cyqnqf nhIN sI afeI. agsq 1915 dy iewk idn 23 nvMbr nUM qopKfny dy pMjfbI POjIaF nUM imlx gey pMizq sohx lfl pfTk nUM ienHF POjIaF ny pkV ky aMgryjLI puils hvfly kr idwqf. (66) pMizq sohx lfl pfTk AuWqy aMgryjLI srkfr ny bVf qsLwdd kIqf pr AunHF koeI Byd nf dwisaf. zIPYNs afP ieMzIaf aYkt aDIn AunHF AuWqy mFzly sYsLn jwj dI kcihrI ivwc mukwdmf clfieaf igaf aqy AunHF nUM PFsI dI sjLf suxfeI geI. ds PrvrI 1916 nUM pMjfb dy ies mhfn spuwqr, knyzf dy sUrbIr gdrI nUM mFzly jylH ivwc PFsI dy ky sLhId kr idwqf igaf. bfbU hrnfm isMG sfhrI dI izAUtI brmf dy pUMgI bfgIaF ivwc kMm krn dI sI. Aus ny AunHF ivwc kfPI asr rsUK pYdf kr ilaf sI. pr Auh isafm-brmf srhwd AuWpr igRPqfr kr ley gey. knyzf dy ies bhfdr gdrI nUM pihly mFzly sfijLsL kys (1919) ivwc PFsI dI sjLf idwqI geI. knyzf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI dIaF ienklfbI rfjnIqk srgrmIaF AuWqy njLr rwKx leI ihMdusqfn dI aMgryjLI srkfr ny 1908 ivwc ivlIam hfpiknsn nF df iek aYNglo ieMzIan pulIs ienspYktr vYnkUvr Byijaf sI. Aus ny bylf isMG ijafn vrgy srkfr pRsq afpxy nfl joVy hoey sn. Auh knyzf-amrIkf dI gdr pfrtI nUM Kqm krn dIaF koisLsLF kr rhy sn. pMj sqMbr 1914 vfly idn bylf isMG ijafn ny gurdvfry golI clf ky knyzf dI gdr lihr dy mohrI BfeI Bfg isMG aqy BfeI bdl isMG nUM sLhId kr idwqf aqy hor bhuq sfiraF nUM PwtV kr idwqf. bylf isMG dy hwk ivwc gvfhI dyx gey hfpiknsn nUM 21 akqUbr 1914 vfly idn BfeI myvf isMG ny golI mfr ky mfr idwqf. BfeI myvf isMG 21 jnvrI 1915 nUM inAU vYstimnstr jyhl ivwc PFsI dy ky sLhId kr idwqy gey. ies qrHF knyzf dy ihMdusqfnIaF ny knyzf ivwc vI sLhIdIaF pfeIaF. ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI lVI lVfeI ivwc knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF vloN pfey Xogdfn bfry zfktr sfDU isMG DfmI ny afpxy nfvl ‘mlUkf’ ivwc TIk hI iliKaf hY, “ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI Auh gwlF bfqF nfl hI nhIN blik hwQF ivwc hiQafr PVH ky KVHy hoey. AunHF Aus vkq ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI XuwD kIqf jdoN sfry df sfrf ihMdusqfn gulfmI dIaF jMjLIrF nUM CfqI nfl lfeI GUk suwqf ipaf sI aqy Aus dy nyqf inwky inwky suDfrF leI aMgryjL qoN BIK mMgdy iPrdy sn.” (67) dysL dI ajLfdI leI lVn vflI gdr lihr nUM knyzf dy ihMdusqfnIaF ny nf isrP BfeI blvMq isMG KurdpurI, jgq isMG surisMG, jvMd isMG nMgl, bIr isMG bfhovfl, AuWqm isMG hFs, hrnfm isMG PiqhgVH, bfbU rfm PiqhgVH, hrnfm isMG sfhrI, eIsLr isMG ZuwzIky, BfeI myvf isMG aqy BfeI Bfg isMG vrgy sLhIdIaF pfAux vfly gdrI hI idwqy, nf isrP sLyr isMG vyeIN poeIN, ipafrf isMG lMgyrI, kpUr isMG mohI, AuDm isMG ksyl, hridwq isMG jwtpurf aqy krqfr isMG nvF cMd vrgy jylHF ivwc Aumrf kwtx vfly XoDy, nf isrP rqn isMG rfeypur zwbf aqy inrMjn isMG pMzorI vrgy sulJy lIzr hI idwqy sgoN sYNkVy axQwk vrkr vI idwqy ijnHF ihMdusqfn jf ky dysL dI afjLfdI leI jfn hIlvyN kMm kIqy. gdr BfvyN PylH ho igaf pr gdrIaF vloN jgfeI sLmHf jgmgfAuNdI rhI. gdr lihr ny pMjfb dy lokF nUM gulfmI ivruwD jfgrUk kIqf aqy Auh dysL dI ajLfdI leI jUJx lwgy. gurdvfrf suDfr lihr cwlI. vYnkUvr qoN BfeI Bgvfn isMG dusFJ jQf lY ky dysL puwjy. akfl qKq qoN hukmnfmf kwZ ky gdrIaF nUM “gdfr” aqy “dysL DRohI” grdfnx vfly aMgryjL pRsqF qoN gurdvfry ajLfd krvf ley gey. dysL dI ajLfdI leI duafby ivwc bwbr AuWTy. bwbr akflI lihr iswDy qOr `qy gdr lihr dI Aupj sI. knyzf dy ihMdusqfnIaF ies lihr nUM sLhId krm isMG dOlqpur, krm isMG iJMgV aqy hrI isMG sUMZ vrgy inDVk bwbr idwqy. agFhvDU iKaflF vflI ikrqI pfrtI ivwc gdrIaF aihm BUimkf inBfeI. sLhId Bgq isMG gdr lihr qoN hI pRBfivq hoieaf sI. pihly sMsfr XuwD qoN bfad rUs dy ienklfb qoN pRBfivq ho gdr pfrtI ny jdoN mfrksvfd apxfieaf qF pfrtI dy swdy AuWqy knyzf dy gdrI mfrksvfd dI pVHfeI leI mfsko gey.


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kimAU intI iv wc o N c ux OqIaF iewQy ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik Aus smyN knyzf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc iqMn DVy kMm krdy sn. pihlf DVf agFhvDU aqy ienklfbI lokF df sI ijnHF dIaF srgrmIaF bfry AuWpr gwl kIqI geI hY. dUsrf DVf nrm iKaflIey jF suDfrvfdI iswKF df aqy qIsrf DVf srkfr pRsqF df sI. nqIjy vjoN dysL BgqF aqy agFhvDU ivcfrF vfly lokF nUM ijwQy knyzf, brqfnIaf aqy ihMdusqfn dIaF srkfrF dy ivroD df sfhmxf krnf ipaf, Aus dy nfl hI AunHF nUM knyzf ivclI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI dy nrm iKaflIey aqy srkfr pRsq DiVaF dy ivroD df vI sfhmxf krnf ipaf. nrm iKaflIey jF suDfrvfdI iswK Auh sn jo imMnqF-qrilaF, arjLIaF jF zYpUtysLnF dI nIqI ivwc XkIn rwKdy sn. (68) suDfrvfdI kimAUintI df Blf qF cfhuMdy sn pr Auh XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg aqy Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dIaF ihMdusqfn nUM ajLfd krvfAux dIaF srgrmIaF qoN afpxy afp nUM dUr rwKdy sn. ies gruwp dy muwK lIzr sMq qyjf isMG, zfktr suMdr isMG, krqfr isMG huMdl aqy BfeI hIrf isMG afid sn. sMq qyjf isMG iek piVHaf iliKaf iswK sI jo 1908 ivwc vYnkUvr puwjf. Auh gurduafry bxfAux aqy aMimRq CkfAux ivwc ijLafdf idlcspI rwKdf sI. ihMdusqfnIaF vloN pirvfr mMgvf skx leI lVy jf rhy sMGrsL sMbMDI qyjf isMG iek cfr mYNbrI zYpUtysLn lY ky aOtvf nUM igaf sI. kimAUintI df pYsf brbfd krn qoN isvfey ies df koeI iswtf nhIN sI inkilaf. qfrknfQ dfs, jI zI kumfr aqy husYn rhIm vrgy sosLilstF vloN kIqy prcfr sdkf ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI ivwc bhuigxqI dI soc kOmI aqy bgfvqI huMdI geI. ihMdusqfnI iemIgrYNt ijvyN ijvyN jfgrUk huMdy gey iqvyN iqvyN nrm iKaflIey DVy df asr rsUK Kqm huMdf igaf. kimAUintI dI bhuigxqI qyjf isMG dI imMnqF/qrilaF vflI pflsI qoN awk cuwkI sI. nqIjy vjoN jd 1913 ivwc ihMdusqfn nUM zYpUtysLn Byjx df svfl AuWiTaf qF qyjf isMG dy nF dI bVI ivroDqf hoeI. Aus df nF srb-sMmqI nfl pfs nf ho sikaf. ieh zYpUtysLn BfeI blvMq isMG dI agvfeI Qwly ihMdusqfn nUM Byijaf igaf. sMq qyjf isMG ny kimAUintI ivwc afpxf asr rsUK Kqm hoieaf dyiKaf qF Auh mfrc 1913 ivwc vYnkUvr nUM Cwz ky ihMdusqfn nUM cwilaf igaf. sMq qyjf isMG asl ivwc suMdr isMG mjITIey vrgy srkfr-pRsq iswKF dI jQybMdI cIP Kflsf dIvfn susfietI nfl sMbMDq sI. ieh hI kfrn sI ik 1914-15 ivwc jdoN knyzf amrIkf dy gdrI gdr krn leI ihMdusqfn puwjy aqy PFsIaF qy cfVHy gey qF sMq qyjf isMG AunHF dy hwk ivwc kuwJ vI nf bol sky. BfeI blvMq isMG jI vrgy iswK ijnHF sMq qyjf isMG nUM knyzf-amrIkf ivwc plkF `qy ibTfieaf sI, jdoN Auh PFsI cfVHy gey qF sMq qyjf isMG AunHF dy hwk ivwc iek vI sLbd ilK jF bol nf sky. Auh puils dy zroN, sMq aqr isMG msqUafxy vfilaF dI slfh nfl, msqUafxy dy gurdvfry dI surwiKaq cfrdIvfrI ivwc bYTy bws kIrqn krI gey. (69) Auh gurU sfihbfn dy aslI iswK sfbq nf hoey. vYnkUvr ivwc hsYn rhIm ny sMq qyjf isMG bfry TIk hI ikhf sI ik “Auh AunHF mfieafvfdIaF ivwcoN iek hY ijhVy afpxI dunIaf goiraF leI iqafg ky, mukqI lwBdy iPrdy hn.” (70) mfrc 1913 ivwc sMq qyjf isMG dy vYnkUvr Cwz jfx qoN bfad suDfrvfdI DVy dI vfgzor suMdr isMG aqy krqfr isMG huMdl dy hwQ afeI. zfktr suMdr isMG ny 1911 ivwc “afrIan” nF df aMgryjLI aKbfr kwiZaf sI. bfad ivwc Aus ny krqfr isMG huMdl nfl rl ky ‘sMsfr’ nF df aKbfr kwiZaf. aKbfr leI bhuqy cMdy aqy mfiek shfieqf iswKF vloN imldI sI. jUn 1913 ivwc vYnkUvr puwjy ienklfbI kvI BfeI Bgvfn isMG ny sMsfr aKbfr dI ivcfrDfrf df ivroD kIqf. Aus ny gurdvfry dy dIvfn ivwc sMgq nUM bynqI kIqI ik sMsfr aKbfr ikAuNik kimAUintI dI ivcfrDfrf dI pRqIinDqf nhIN krdI ies leI Aus dI mfiek shfieqf bMd krnI cfhIdI hY. sMsfr dy agly aMk ivwc Kflsf dIvfn susfietI aqy gurU nfnk mfeIinMg aYNz trwst kMpnI dy pRbMDkF qy sKq hmlf kIqf igaf. BfeI Bgvfn isMG dIaF ienklfbI srgrmIaF kfrn hfpiknsn - bylf juMzlI pihlF hI Aus dI dusLmx


29

sI. zfktr suMdr isMG aqy krqfr isMG huMdl ny hfpiknsn aqy bylf isMG nfl rl ky nvMbr 1913 ivwc BfeI Bgvfn isMG nUM zIport krvf idwqf. zfktr suMdr isMG aqy krqfr isMG huMdl ny XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg aqy Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy mukfbly `qy XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf aYsosIeysLn bxf leI. (71) kfmfgftfmfrU dy sMGrsL ivwc ienHF suDfrvfdIaF dIaF hmdrdIaF BfvyN kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF nfl sn pr kimAUintI dI bhuigxqI AunHF dIaF nrm iKaflF vflIaF nIqIaF psMd nhIN sI krdI. Auh kimAUintI ivwc afpxf rsUK guaf bYTy sn. kfmfgftfmfrU dy sMGrsL qoN bfad Auh vYnkUvr Cwz ky trFto vfly pfsy cly gey. dUsrf DVf ijs nfl dysL BgqF nUM twkr lYxI peI Auh sI srkfr pRsq DVf. ies DVy df sB qoN vwzf lIzr ivlIam hfpiknsn nF df iek aYNglo-ieMzIan sI. bylf isMG ijafn aqy bfbU isMG ilwqrF Aus dy vwzy shfiek sn. AunHF kimAUintI ivwcoN bhuq sfry bMdy afpxy nfl joVy hoey sn. ivlIam hfpiknsn ieMzIaf df jMm-pl sI aqy 1908 dI bsMq ruwqy vYnkUvr puwjf sI. Auh ihMdusqfn, ieMglYNz, knyzf aqy amrIkf dIaF srkfrF leI jfsUsI krdf sI. (72) Aus df muwK kMm iewQoN dy dysL-Bgq ienklfbIaF dIaF srgrmIaF `qy njLr rwKxf aqy ienklfbI DVy nUM kmjLor krnf sI. hfpiknsn ny qfrknfQ dfs dIaF isafsI srgrmIaF ivruwD aKbfrF `c irportF CpvfeIaF aqy Aus nUM knyzf qoN izport krvfieaf. jfrj pMjvyN dI qfjposLI dy jsLn mnfAux leI sqMbr 1912 ivwc knyzf df gvrnr jnrl vYnkUvr afieaf hoieaf sI. Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy pRDfn Bfg isMG ny husYn rhIm vrgy sosLilst sfQIaF nfl slfh krky ienHF srkfrI smfgmF df bfeIkft kIqf hoieaf sI. pr srkfr pRsq DVy ny Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy adysLF dI prvfh nf kridaF bhuq sfry iswK POjIaF nUM nfl lY ky inAU vYstimnstr ivwc gvrnr jnrl nUM snmfn pwqr ByNt kIqf. (73) kfmfgftfmfrU dy sMGrsL vyly vI ies DVy ny srkfr leI kMm kIqf. jd 1913-14 vyly gdr pfrtI dy ienklfbI ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI jQybMd ho rhy sn ieh DVf kimAUintI ivwc Puwt pfAux dI koisLsL kr irhf sI. srkfr pRsq DVy dIaF sfijLsLF kfrn kimAUintI ivwc kqlo-gfrq hoeI. pMj sqMbr 1914 nUM bylf isMG ijafn ny gurdvfry golI clf ky BfeI Bfg isMG jI aqy BfeI bdn isMG nUM mfr idwqf aqy hor bhuq sfry ienklfbIaF nUM PwtV kr idwqf. bylf isMG dy hwk ivwc gvfhI dyx gey hfpiknsn nUM 21 akqUbr 1914 nUM BfeI myvf isMG ny golI mfr ky mfr idwqf. BfeI myvf isMG nUM 11 jnvrI 1915 nUM PFsI lfieaf igaf. bylf isMG ijafn nUM kql dy mukwdmy ivwcoN brI kr idwqf igaf aqy 1916 ivwc Aus nUM ihMdusqfn Byj idwqf igaf. bylf isMG ijafn ny ihMdusqfn jf ky afpxIaF dysL DRohI aqy srkfr pRsq srgrmIaF jfrI rwKIaF. blvMq isMG jI KurdpurI dy mukwdmy ivwc Aus ny afpxy Brf jvflf isMG nUM blvMq isMG jI dy ivruwD gvfh vjoN pysL kIqf. jdoN 1922-23 ivwc duafby ivwc bwbr akflI lihr sLurU hoeI qF bylf isMG ny iPr aMgryjLI srkfr dI mdd kIqI. bfad ivwc knyzf qoN gey bwbr hrI isMG sUMZ ny afpxy sfQIaF nfl rl ky 1933 ivwc bylf isMG nUM kql kr idwqf. sfr AuWpr kIqI crcf qoN spsLt hY ik vIhvIN sdI dy pihly zyZ dhfky dOrfn knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF nUM isafsI qOr `qy jfigRq krn aqy AunHF vloN afpxy hwkF leI lVy GolF ivwc sosLilst ivcfrDfrf vfly lokF ny bhuq hI mhwqvpUrn rol inBfieaf. sosLilst ivcfrDfrf ‘iensfP, brfbrqf aqy sFJIvflqf’ dI gwl krdI hY aqy mnuwK hwQoN huMdI mnuwK dI luwt-Ksuwt dI ivroDqf krdI hY. ieh ivcfrDfrf sfrI mnuwKqf nUM afpxy klfvy ivwc lYNdI hY aqy DrmF, nslF, dysLF jF hor vKryivaF dy afDfr `qy mnuwKqf `c pfeIaF vMzIaF dI ivroDqf krdI hY. ies ivcfrDfrf nUM apxfey sosLilst kfrkuMnF dy pRcfr aqy srgrmIaF ny knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI avfsIaF ivwc agFhvDU isafsI cyqnqf pYdf kIqI aqy AunHF nUM ielfky, jfq-pfq aqy mjLhvI mwq-Byd Bulf ky iekwTy ho ky sMGrsL krn dI jfc isKfeI. ies nvIN imlI isafsI cyqnqf sdkf AunHF ny afpxy hwkF leI imMnqF-qrilaF, arjLIaF, zYpUtysLnF df rfh Cwz


30

ky svYmfx Bry sMGrsL df rfh apxfieaf. sosLilst ivcfrDfrf ny AunHF nUM iekwTy ho ky hwk-swc leI KVHnf, lVnf aqy mrnf isKfieaf. sosLilstF vloN imlI ies isafsI cyqnqf sdkf knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI afpxy nfl huMdIaF vDIkIaF aqy ivqkiraF nUM ihMdusqfn dI gulfmI dy vwzy svfl nfl joV ky vyKx lwgy. Auh XkIn krn lwgy ik ieh ivqkry aqy vDIkIaF AuqnI dyr Kqm nhIN hoxgIaF ijMnf icr ihMdusqfn ajLfd nhIN huMdf. ies leI AunHF ihMdusqfn dI pUrn ajLfdI afpxf pihlf aqy muwK AudysL bxfieaf. ies AudysL dI pUrqI leI Auh afpxf swB kuwJ vfrn leI iqafr sn. AunHF nUM ies gwl df vI aihsfs sI ik ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI imMnqF-qrilaF nfl nhIN imlxI sgoN hiQafrbMd ienklfb nfl ijwqxI pYxI hY. ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI qoN AunHF df Bfv gory sfihbF koloN qfkq Koh ky kfly sfihbF dy hwQ PVf dyxI nhIN sI sgoN Auh qF iek ieho ijhf smfj isrjxf cfhuMdy sn ijwQy hr ihMdusqfnI nUM ajLfdI, brfbrqf aqy iensfP iml sky. iewQy ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik AunHF Aus smyN ihMdusqfn dI pUrn ajLfdI dI gwl kIqI jdoN ihMdusqfn dy bhuigxqI lokF nUM ajy ies glw dI koeI sUJ nhIN sI aqy Aus dy nyqf aMgryjLF kolo isrP CotIaF CotIaF irafieqF mMgx qoN awgy soc nhIN sn skdy. sosLilst ivcfrF nUM apxfey jF sosLilst ivcfrF nfl hmdrdI rwKx vfly kfrkuMnF sdkf Aus smyN dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI df cirwqr bfhrmuKI sI. ies cirwqr sdkf knyzf dy ihMdusqfnI knyzf ivcly afpxy GolF aqy ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI qoN bfhrly lokF, Kfs krky sosLilst lokF, dI mdd lYx ivwc kfmXfb hoey aqy dunIaf dy dUjy dysLF ivwc ajLfdI leI jwdojihd kr rhIaF lihrF vwl hmdrdI aqy snyhBrI Bfvnf rwKx lwgy. smuwcy rUp ivwc ieh ikhf jf skdf hY ik vIhvIN sdI dy pihly zyZ dhfky dOrfn knyzf dI ihMdusqfnI kimAUintI dI isafsq ivwc sosLilstF ny muwK rol inBfieaf aqy kimAUintI nUM aijhI isafsI ivcfrDfrf idwqI jo sfnUM byiensfPI ivruwD lVnf, imMnqF-qrly krn dI QF jLflm nUM cuxOqI dyxf, afpxy sQfnk msilaF nUM sMsfr pwDr dy msilaF nfl joV ky dyKxf aqy lwut df isLkfr dUjy lokF nfl BrfqrI sFJ pYdf krnf isKfAuNdI hY. hvfl y aqy it wpxIaF 1. The Vancouver Daily Province, 20 October 1906. 2. Robie L Reid, ‘The Inside Story of the Komagata Maru’, in B.C. Historical Quarterly, Jan. 1941. p. 3. 3. Mackenzie King. Commission report. Ottawa, 1908. 4. Ibid. 5. Secretary of State for India to Home Department India. 6. Ibid. 7. Harish K. Puri, Ghadar Movement: Idelogy, Organization and Strategy. Guru Nanak Dev University Press, 1983, p. 32. 8. J.C. Kerr, Political Trouble in India, 1907-‐1917, Oriental Publishers, Delhi, 1973. p. 228. 9. Ibid. 10. gurcrn isMG sYNsrf, gdr pfrtI df ieiqhfs, pihlf ihwsf, 1912-1917, dysL Bgq Xfdgfr kmytI, jlMDr, 1969, sPf 36[ 11. Quoted by Harish K. Puri. p. 41. 12. J.C. Kerr, p. 229. 13. Free Hindustan, July, 1908.


31

14. Hugh Johnson, The Voyage of the Komagata Maru: The Sikh Challenge to Canada’s Colour Bar. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1979, p.7. 15. J.C. Kerr, p. 221 16. Free Hindustan, Vancouver, April 1908. 17. Ibid. 18. Free Hindustan, March-‐April, 1910 19. Free Hindustan, September, 1908. 20. Anil Baran Ganguly, Ghadar Revolution in America, Metropolitan Book Co., New Delhi, 1980, p. 41. 21. Col. E.J.E. Swayne (Governor of British Honduras), Confidential Memorandum on the Indian Community in British Columbia, Dec. 1908. 22. J.C. Kerr, p. 224. 23. Kesar Singh, Canadian Sikhs and Komagata Maru Massacre, Surrey, 1989. p. 11. 24. gurcrn isMG sYNsrf, sPf 74[ 25. Hugh Johnson, p. 8. 26. J.C. Kerr, p. 232. 27. svdysL syvk, vYnkUvr, meI 1910[ 28. J.C. Kerr, p. 230-‐231. 29. Gft (a), agsq, 1912, kfrvfeI nMbr: 13-15, gurcrn isMG sYNsrf vloN idwqf hvflf, sPf 80[ 30. gurcrn isMG sYNsrf, sPf 79[ 31.The Hindustanee, Vancouver, Jan. 1914. 32. gurcrn isMG sYNsrf, sPf 74[ 33. BfeI imwq isMG pMzorI df ilKqI ibafn, gMzf isMG vloN sMpfdq, ‘amRIkf ivwc ihMdusqfnI’, 1976[ sPf 134[ 34. gurcrn isMG sYNsrf, sPf 79[ 35. Hugh Johnson, p. 11. 36. Gft (A), meI 1909, kfrvfeI nMbr: 13, gurcrn isMG sYNsrf vloN idwqf hvflf, sPf 79[ 37. gurcrn isMG sYNsrf, sPf 52[ 38. Auprokq sPf 45[ 39. Free Hindustan, September-‐October, 1909. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. G.S. Deol, The Role of the Ghadar Party in the National Movement, Sterling Publishers, Delhi, 1969, p. 176. 43. Jan Colvin, The Story of General Dwyer, pp. 261. 44. J.C. Kerr, p. 233. 45. Ibid. 46. Sohan Singh Josh. Hindustan Gadar Party: A Short History, People’s Publishing House, New Delhi, 1977, p. 115. 47. Hugh Johnson, p. 33. 48. Michael Francis O’Dwyer, India As I Knew it. Constable and Co. London, 1925, p. 191.


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49. F.C. Isemonger and J. Slattery, An Account of Ghadar Conspiracy, 1913-‐15, Lahore, 1919, pp. 5-‐7. 50. Michael F. O’Dwyer, p. 191 51. Hugh Johnson, p. 41. 52. Kesar Singh, p. 146. 53. Memoirs of J. Edward Bird, Unpublished 54. The Vancouver Sun, 20 May 1989. bhuq sfry BfrqI ieiqhfskfrF vloN kfmfgftfmfrU bfry ilKidaF vkIl aYzvrz brz nfl bVI BfrI byiensfPI kIqI geI hY. kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF vloN adflq ivwc kys hfr jfx df kfrn dwsidaF gurcrn isMG sYNsry vloN afpxI ikqfb ‘gdr pfrtI df ieiqhfs’ dy sPf 141 AuWqy ieh ilKxf ik kfmfgftfmfrU dy kys ivwc ihMdIaF vloN kIqf “gorf vkIl hI bih igaf” druwsq nhIN hY. iesy qrHF zfktr jsvMq isMG jws vloN afpxI ikqfb ‘bfbf guridwq isMG’ dy sPf 76 AuWqy ieh ilKxf vI TIk nhIN hY ik “hfpiknsn ny munsLI isMG nF dy iek musfPr nUM lflc ivwc Psf ky Aus pfsoN knyzf Auqrn leI arjLI idvf idwqI aqy munsLI isMG pfsoN puwTy iswDy ibafn idvf idwqy ijs dy nqIjy vjoN adflq ny kfmfgftfmfrU dy musfPrF dy ivruwD PYslf dy idwqf.” ieh imstr brz nfl (munsLI isMG nfl vI) vDIkI hY. munsLI isMG dI cox leI imstr brz ny vI sihmqI idwqI sI. munsLI isMG dy ibafn vI mfVy nhIN sn. AunHF hflqF ivwc imstr brz ny, afpxI jfn nUM Kqry ivwc pf ky, ieh sfrf mukwdmf bVy sucwjy ZMg nfl liVaf sI. 55. Ted Ferguson, A White Man’s Country: An Exercise in Canadian Prejudice, Doubleday, Canada Ltd., Toronto, 1975, p. 46. 56. The Daily Sun, Vancouver, 22 June 1914. 57. Ted Ferguson, pp. 46-‐47. 58. aYzvrz brz, dI 21 jUn, 1914 nUM vYnkUvr dy zumInIan hfl ivwc spIc. 59. aYWc aYWm iPtjLYrlz dI 21 jUn 1914 nUM vYnkUvr dy zumInIan hfl ivwc kIqI spIc. 60. The Daily Sun, Vancouver, 22 June 1914. 61. Ted Ferguson, p. 51. 62. G.S. Deol, pp. 67 63. gurcrn isMG sYNsrf, sPf 166[ 64. Auprokq sPf 191-192[ 65. Bgq isMG iblgf, gdr lihr dy axPoly vrky, dysL Bgq Xfdgfr kmytI, jlMDr, 1989, sPf 74[ 66. Auprokq sPf 92[ 67. sfDU isMG DfmI, mlUkf. pMjfbI anuvfd: sfDU ibinMg, suKvMq huMdl, gurmyl rfey, blrfj sfhnI Xfdgfr pRkfsLn, aMimRqsr, 1988, sPf 46[ 68. Gft (a), apRYl 1913, kfrvfeI nMbr: 9-10, gurcrn isMG sYNsrf vloN idwqf hvflf, sPf 65[ 69. qyjf isMG , jIvn kQf sMq aqr isMG jI, BfsLf ivBfg pMjfb, pitaflf, pMjvF aYzIsLn, 1991, sPf 398-399[ 70. Hugh Johnson, p. 12. 71. Kesar Singh, p. 111. 72. ‘vqn’, kfmfgftfmfrU ivsLysL aMk, julfeI-agsq-sqMbr, 1989, sPf 48[ 73. J.C. Kerr, p. 233. 74. suMdr isMG bwbr, bwbr akflI lihr, isMG bRdrjL, aMimRqsr, qIsrI aYzIsLn, 1978, sPf 300-301[


33

ih wsf d Ujf

p MjfbIaF df 1940ivaF d Orfn mj Ld Ur lihr iv wc X ogdfn: drsLn is MG knyzIan

d y kn yzf iv wc ds vr H y


34

jfx-pCfx drsLn isMG knyzIan bfry ieh lyK knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dy ieiqhfs dI mhwqvpUrn kVI hY. ies ivwc Aus vloN pfey Xogdfn dy Auh pihlU sfhmxy ilaFdy gey hn jo eyQoN dy ieiqhfs ivwc Aus df aihm sQfn bxfAuNdy hn. drsLn isMG afKrI vfr 1985 ivwc knyzf afey sn. Aus smyN zfktr hrI sLrmf, sfDU ibinMg, suKvMq huMdl qy mwKx tuwt ny AunHF nfl 18 GMty dI gwlbfq typ kIqI sI. ies lyK ivclI bhuqI jfxkfrI Aus mulfkfq AuWqy afDfrq hY. ies qoN ibnF XUnIvristI afP ib®itsL kolMbIaf ivwc sFBIaF purfxIaF aKbfrF aqy qsvIrF qoN kfPI mhwqvpUrn jfxkfrI p®fpq hoeI hY. ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI zblXU ey) dy pyprF aqy PfeIlF ivwcoN vI kfPI shfieqf imlLI. ienHF soimaF qoN imlLI jfxkfrI ivwc aqy AunHF AuWqy afDfrq ies lyK ivwc kfPI kuJ ieho ijhf hY ijhVf pihlF pMjfbI ivwc AuplwbD nhIN sI. pr ijhVI gwl ies ilKq nUM swB qoN vwD aihmIaq idMdI hY Auh hY ies lyK vfsqy kIqI drsLn isMG dy kuJ AunHF sfQIaF nfl gwlbfq jo Ausdy nfl kMm krdy rhy hn aqy ijnHF dy mnF ivwc Aus vfsqy aQfh siqkfr qy moh hY. ienHF ivwcoN ivsLysL hn: mOirs rwsL, eymIl ibErnsn, monf morgn, kryg pirct, kuldIp bYNs, hYrI rYNikn qy roafie mfh. afeI zblXU ey dy mOjUdf smyN dy kfrkunF vloN, Kfs kr klya pYrI koloN vI drsLn isMG dy jIvn nfl sbMDq kfPI jfxkfrI p®fpq hoeI. ieh lyK ies ikqfb dy njLrIey qoN iliKaf igaf hY. ies ivwc pysL jfxkfrI drsLn isMG dy knyzf ivwc huMidaF pfey Xogdfn dI pUrI qsvIr pysL nhIN krdI. knyzf ivwc Ausdy ds vrHy df jIvn afpxy afp ivwc vwKrI ikqfb dI mMg krdf hY.


35

pMjfbIaF df 1940ivaF dOrfn mjLdUr lihr ivwc Xogdfn:

drsLn isMG knyzIan dy knyzf ivwc ds vrHy

knyzf dI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc 1920 qoN 1940 ivckfr vwzI pwDr dIaF aijhIaF srgrmIaF nhIN hoeIaF ijnHF ny kimAUintI AuWpr koeI sdIvI Cfp CwzI hovy. ies df iewk kfrn pwCmI mulkF, qy Kfs kr AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc 1929 ivwc ipaf ivsLfl afriQk mMdvfVf (izprYsLn) vI sI. cOQy dhfky (1930-1940) dy pihly kuJ sflF dOrfn eyQy nOkrIaF dI axhoNd kfrn kfPI pMjfbI vfps dysL cly gey sn. pr 1940ivaF dOrfn drsLn isMG knyzIan ny bI sI dI mjLdrU lihr aqy kimAUinst lihr ivwc bhuq hI inwgr aqy p®BfvsLflI kMm kIqf. Aus dy kMm df knyzf dI KwbI iDr dIaF srgrmIaF aqy pMjfbI kimAUintI dIaF smuwcIaF srgrmIaF ivwc iewk aihm QF bxdf hY. Aus dy kMm ny iewk pfsy iewQy vsdy pMjfbIaF dy jIvn dIaF hflqF nUM suDfrn leI Xogdfn pfieaf dUjy pfsy knyzf dy lokF, Kfs krky agFhvDU lokF, nfl sFJ pYdf krn ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. ies sFJ kfrn pMjfbIaF nUM ies mulk dI mjLdUr lihr ivwc iewk ivsLysL siqkfr aqy mfx imilaf aqy iewQy vDx Puwlx ivwc hmfieq hfsl hoeI. ies lyK ivwc asIN drsLn isMG knyzIan dy ies kMm nUM rIkfrz krn dI kosLsL krFgy. aijhf krn leI asIN knyzf ivwc Aus dI irhfiesL dy ds virHaF, 1937 qoN 1947 qwk, dy vwK vwK pVfvF AuWqy kIqy kMmF df ijLkr krFgy. kn yzf iv wc afmd d y pihl y vr H y drsLn isMG 1937 ivwc knyzf afieaf. Aus vyly Aus dI Aumr 19 virHaF dI sI. BfvyN Auh iewk ividafrQI dy qOr ’qy knyzf afieaf pr Aus dy eyDr nUM afAux dy kfrn afm pMjfbIaF vfly hI sn. Aus dy afpxy kihx muqfbk:

“myry iewQy afAux dy kfrn afm pMjfbIaF qoN koeI vwKry nhIN sn. Gr ivwc BuwK bhuq sI. iksy pfsy nUM inklxf hI sI. myrf bfp bhuq grIb iksfn sI. kuwl imlf ky cfr ku eykV jLmIn sI sfzI ipMz lMgyrI, qihsIl gVHsLMkr, ijLlHf huisLafrpur ivwc. Auh vI pMdrHF tukiVaF ivwc vMzI peI sI.” (1)

Aus vyly pMjfbIaF dI knyzf ivwc vsoN eynI ijLafdf nhIN sI. ienHF ivwcoN bhuqy iswK BfeIcfry nfl sMbMD rwKdy sn. ieh knyzf dy pwCmI qwt dy sUby ib®itsL kolMbIaf ivwc rih ky lwkV dIaF imwlF ivwc kMm krdy sn. drsLn isMG vI pMjfb dy ipMz ivwcoN aqy iswK prvfr ivwcoN afieaf hox krky ienHF lokF ivwc Gul imlL igaf.


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Aus ny pihlF hor pMjfbIaF vFg lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krnf sLurU kIqf. ies nfl Aus nUM imwlF aqy lfigMg kYNpF ivwc kMm dIaF afm hflqF aqy Kfs kr gYr-gory lokF nfl huMdy ivqkiraF nUM dyKx aqy smJx df mOkf imilaf. swB qoN pihlF Aus nUM vYnkUvr afeIlYNz AuWqy iewk pMjfbI imwl mflk kpUr isMG dI imwl ivwc kMm imilaf. Aus df cfcf ies imwl ivwc kMm krdf sI ijs dI isPfirsL AuWqy Aus nUM ieh nOkrI imlLI. pr ijs idn Auh kMm AuWqy lwgf, Aus idn hI Aus dy cfcy nUM kMm qoN htf idwqf igaf. ies Gtnf df ibafn drsLn isMG ienHF sLbdF ivwc krdf hY:

“ijwdx kpUr isMG ny mYnUM kMm AuWqy rwiKaf, cfcy nUM Ausy idn imwl coN CuwtI kr idwqI. cfcf kpUr isMG leI sLfied purfxf GoVf ho cuwkf sI. swT sfl df ibrD sI. Auh Auhny htf idwqf aqy AuhdI QF 20 sflF df nvF GoVf rwK ilaf.” (2)

Aus smyN imwlF ivwc gory kfimaF dy mukfbly gYr-gory kfimaF nUM qnKfh Gwt imldI sI. AunHF nUM nOkrI swB qoN mgroN idwqI jFdI aqy nOkrI qoN htfieaf swB qoN pihlF jFdf. imwlF ivwc gYr-gory lokF nUM kMm vI byhunrI mjLdUrI (ansiklz lybr) vfly hI idwqy jFdy. imwl ivwc iksy iksm dI msLInrI clfAux df kMm jF iksy iksm dI ijLMmyvfrI vflf kMm gYr-gory kfimaF nUM nhIN sI idwqf jFdf. iewQoN qwk ik ijhVIaF imwlF dy mflk Kud pMjfbI sn AunHF imwlF ivwc vI p®bMDkI (mYnyjmYNt) nOkrIaF aqy msLInrI clfAux vflIaF vwD qnKfh vflIaF nOkrIaF goiraF nUM hI idwqIaF jFdIaF sn. kuwJ smF imwlF aqy lfigMg kYNpF ivwc kMm krn AuprMq drsLn isMG ny vYnkUvr siQq XUnIvristI afP ib®itsL kolMbIaf (XU bI sI) jfxf sLurU kIqf. eyQy hI Aus df sMprk agFhvDU soc vfly ividafrQIaF nfl hoieaf aqy Auh XUnIvristI dI XMg kimAUinst lIg (vfeI sI aYl) df mYNbr bx igaf. drsLn isMG dy nfl isafsI kMm krn vfly Aus dy sfQI aqy dosq eyml ibErnsn dy dwsx anusfr, “drsLn isMG df swB qoN pihlF sMprk myry Brf ibwl ibErnsn nfl hoieaf jo Aus smyN XU bI sI ivwc ividafrQI sI aqy vfeI sI aYl (XMg kimAUinst lIg) df lIzr sI.” (3) ies smyN dOrfn drsLn isMG ny afpxI XUnIvristI dI pVHfeI nfloN vI vwD smF mfrksvfdI sfihq pVHn vwl lfieaf. Aus dy afpxy kihx anusfr AuhnUM XUnIvristI dy mjLmUnF dI eynI smJ nhIN sI pYNdI pr isafsI sfihq aqy Kfs kr mfrksvfdI sfihq pVHn aqy smJx ivwc Aus nUM kdI koeI musLkl nhIN sI pysL afAuNdI. XUnIvristI ivwc ijwQy Aus df sMprk agFhvDU lokF nfl lgfqfr vwD irhf sI AuQy Auh afpxy BfeIcfry dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc vI vwD cVH ky ihwsf lYNdf. vYnkUvr dy sYikMz aYvinAU vfly ieiqhfsk gurdvfry ivwc Auh aksr Bfrq dI ajLfdI nfl sbMDq msilaF AuWpr boldf. afpxy lokF ivwc Auh kfPI hrmn ipafrf ho irhf sI. iswty vjoN Auh srkfr dIaF njLrF ivwc rVkx lwgf aqy iemIgrysLn vfilaF Aus ivruwD jfxkfrI iekwqr krnI sLurU kr idwqI. iemIgrysLn vfilaF Aus nUM pVHfeI vfsqy cfhIdy pYisaF leI kMm krn dI iejfjLq nf idwqI. Aus ny vYnkUvr afeIlYNz AuWqy jf ky corIN kMm krn dI kosLsL kIqI pr imwlF vfilaF kol vI Aus bfry jfxkfrI phuMc cuwkI sI aqy Aus nUM kMm nf imilaf. Auh muV Pyr XUnIvristI vfps jfx lwg ipaf. pr kol pYsy nhIN sn so ies krky pVHfeI jLfrI rwKxI sMBv nhIN sI. kuJ dosqF dI slfh nfl drsLn aqy iewk hor dosq bI sI Cwz ky nfl dy sUby albrtf ivwc kMm dI Bfl krn cly gey. Aus dosq df nFa sohx isMG sI pr kMm krn dI iejfjLq nf hox kfrn Aus ny afpxf nFa lfB isMG rwK ilaf aqy drsLn isMG ny afpxf nFa rfm cMdr rwiKaf. Auh aYzmMtn dy AuWqr vwl koeI iqMn sO mIl qoN vI vwD Pfsly AuWqy ivnPIlz nF dy sLihr qoN cflI pMjfh mIl bfhr jMgl ivwc bxI hoeI mYkzUgl nFa dI imwl ivwc kMm krn lwg pey. AuWQy pihlF iewk hor pMjfbI vI kMm krdf sI ijs df nFa hjLfrf isMG grcf sI. Auh 1926 df knyzf afieaf hoieaf sI aqy Aus ny iewQoN aYm aYs sI kIqI hoeI sI pr nslI ivqkry kfrn Aus nUM koeI nOkrI nhIN sI imlI. ijwQy Auh rih rhy sn AuWQy brP bhuq pYNdI sI aqy kMm dIaF hflqF bhuq aOKIaF sn. drsLn isMG ny, jo afpxy dUjy


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do BfrqI sfQIaF nfl grIn cyn AuWpr rfq dI isLPt ivwc kMm krdf sI, Aus QF df cyqf kridaf ikhf, “bfkI QfhF dy tfkry AuWqy Aus QF nUM swcmuwc hI knyzf df nrk ikhf jf skdf hY.”(4) ies qoN bfad Aus ny bI sI dy AuWqrI ielfky dIaF kuJ hor imwlF ivwc kMm kIqf. ies smyN dOrfn jdoN Auh ipRMs jfrj nyVy ibMz nFa dy Coty ijhy tfAUn ivwc kMm kr irhf sI qF Aus nUM pqf lwgf ik vYnkUvr ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dy kuwJ afgUaF ny gYr-kfnUMnI BfrqIaF ivwcoN kuwJ iewk dy kysF vfsqy zfktr pFzIaf nF dy BfrqI ipCokV dy vkIl nUM kys dI pYrvfeI krn vfsqy awgy kIqf hY. bysLwk Aus smyN bI sI ivwc pMjfbIaF dI igxqI kfPI QoVHI sI pr Aus ivwcoN vI qkrIbn iqMn sO qoN AuWpr pMjfbI gYr-kfnUMnI rih rhy sn. zfktr pFzIey dIaF srgrmIaF bfry pqf lwgx AuWqy drsLn isMG aqy kuJ hor bMdy vYnkUvr af gey. vYnkUvr af ky AunHF ny afpxy vrgyy hor gYr-kfnUMnI BfrqIaF nfl sMprk kIqf. iPr iewk kmytI bxfeI geI ijs dy ijLMmy ies kys vfsqy pYs iekwTy krn df kMm lwgf. drsLn isMG anusfr, “asIN vYnkUvr afeIlYNz ivwc GuMm ky cfr sO zflr iekwTf krky zfktr pFzIey nUM idwqf.”(5) gYr-kfnUMnI BfrqIaF dy kysF nUM kimAUintI vloN iekwTy ho ky lVn nfl 1939 ivwc BfrqIaF dI iemIgrysLn dy kys ivwc ijwq hoeI aqy iqMn sO qoN vwD pMjfbI ieWQy kfnUMnI qOr AuWqy rihx Xog ho gey. j LbrI P OjI BrqI leI ic wTI drsLn isMG df iemIgrysLn df mslf hwl hox bfad Auh kpUr isMG dI imwl ivwc kMm krn lwg ipaf. pr ies smyN dUjI sMsfr jMg iCV cuwkI hox krky pMjfbI kimAUintI leI aqy drsLn isMG dy jIvn dI iewk hor aihm Gtnf GtI. Aus nUM kimAUintI ivwcoN swB qoN pihlF POj dI jLbrI BrqI (knskirpsLn) vfsqy icwTI af geI. Pyr iewk hor grIbU nFa dy pMjfbI nOjvfn nUM vI BrqI dI icwTI imlI. kimAUintI ivwc ies bfry kfPI BKvF ivvfd iCV ipaf. knyzf ivcly BfrqIaF df kihxf sI ik jy sfnUM ieh ies mulk ivwc pUry hwk nhIN dyxy cfhuMdy qF sfzy koloN lVn dI iks qrHF afs rwK skdy hn. Xfd rhy ik Aus vkq BfrqIaF nUM eyQy vot pfAux df hwk hfsl nhIN sI aqy ijs dy PlsrUp bfkI sLihrIaF vfly hwk vI p®fpq nhIN sn. vYnkUvr dI BfrqI kimAUintI ny ies sMbMDI gurdvfry ivwc mqf pfs kIqf ik jy sfnUM POj ivwc lY ky jfxf hY qF sfnUM brfbr dy hwk dyvo. pr drsLn isMG vfsqy Aus smyN POrI mslf ieh sI ik BrqI hoieaf jfvy jF Pyr Prfr ho ky BgOiVaF vflI lukx iCpx vflI ijLMdgI ibqfeI jfvy. Aus dy kihx muqfbk Aus ny kfPI lokF nfl ies sMbMDI slfh msLvrf kIqf aqy aKIr BrqI hox df PYslf kr ilaf. Ausdy nfl kMm krn vfly Aus dy dosq kuldIp bYNs dy dwsx anusfr: “mYN drsLn nUM ikhf, ieh afrmI tryinMg ivwcoN qUy kI Kwt lvyNgf? qF Aus df jvfb sI, “kI pqf jIvn ’c kdoN afrmI tryinMMg kMm af jfvy.” drsLn smJdf sI ik POjI isKlfeI Aus dy afpxy ienklfb dy kMm ivwc vI shfeI hovygI.”(6) ies qoN ieh gwl kfPI sfP ho jFdI hY ik CotI Aumr ivwc hI drsLn isMG knyzIan ny afpxy afp nUM smfijk qbdIlI vfsqy loVINdy ienklfb leI iqafr kr ilaf sI. POjI isKlfeI bI sI dy sLihr vrnn ivwc idwqI jfxI sI. drsLn isMG AuWQy cfr mhIny irhf. goiraF ivwc isKlfeI lYx vflf Auh iekwlf hI BfrqI sI. POjI isKlfeI dy afpxy idnF nUM drsLn isMG ies qrHF Xfd krdf hY:

“mYN `kwlf hI ihMdusqfnI sI bfkI sfry gory sn. AuWQy qF Pyr ijdF huMdf hI hY. ibgl vwjdy sI. AuWT ky mUMh Doxf aqy Bwj pYxf. iewDr p®yz, AuWDr p®yz, kdI pyt dy bwl clo, goizaF Bfr cwlo, bMdUk clfAuxI iswKo.[[[ goiraF dIaF sfrIaF gflHF mYN AudoN hI iswKIaF. qVky sfrjMt ny af ky dbkf mfrnf - hy XU bfstrzjL, sn afP ibcjLs, sitl lfieMg dyar, gYWt afp XU[[[” (7)


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Bfrq vfps jfx dI k o is Ls L POjI isKlfeI cfr mhIny dI sI aqy pwkI nOkrI vfsqy icwTI bfad ivwc afAuxI sI. drsLn isMG muV af ky imwl ivwc kMm krn lwg ipaf. Aus vfsqy ieh smF kfPI AulJn vflf sI. ies gwl nUM qF sfry BfrqI smJdy sn ik ieh lVfeI goiraF dI sI. drsLn isMG nUM ies gwl dI vI soJI af cuwkI sI ik sfmrfjvfd kI huMdf hY aqy gulfmI kI huMdI hY. Aus ivwc dysL BgqI df jjLbf vI pUrI qrHF jfg cuwikaf sI aqy Auh smJdf sI ik asl kMm qF goiraF nUM ihMdusqfn ivwcoN bfhr kwZx df hY. Aus vkq Aus ny PYslf kr ilaf ik goiraF dI POj ivwc mrn nfloN ikAuN nf afpxy dysL vfps jf ky ajLfdI dI lVfeI ivwc ihwsf ilaf jfvy. ies ierfdy nfl Auh jUn 1940 ivwc Bfrq nUM jfx leI jhfjL cVH igaf. rfh ivwc jdoN Aus df jhfjL tokIE, jfpfn Tihiraf qF AuWQy Auh kuJ idn iewk aBI cMdfnI nF dy isMDI BfrqI kol irhf. AuWQoN AuhnUM pqf lwgf ik kuJ isMDI aqy pMjfbI lok ijhVy kuJ dyr pihlF Bfrq vwl gey sn AunHF nUM goiraF ny hFgkFg ivwc PV ilaf sI aqy jylH ivwc bMd kr idwqf sI. ies gwl dy pqf lwgx AuWqy drsLn isMG tokIE qoN hI muV ky knyzf af igaf. vfps af ky Aus ny vYnkUvr dy afs pfs kMm Bflx dI kosLsL kIqI pr koeI kMm nf imilaf. Pyr AuhnUM ivktorIaf ivwc islkrk lMbr kMpnI, ijs df mflk iewk pMjfbI sI, ivwc kMm imlL igaf. agly pMj Cy sfl Aus ny ies imwl ivwc hI kMm kIqf. afpxy ies kMm dOrfn drsLn isMG nUM knyzf dI lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krdy mjLdUrF dy kMm dIaF hflqF, kMmF AuWpr gYr-gory lokF nfl huMdy ivqkry nUM jfxn df mOkf imilaf. kimAU inst pfrtI aqy tr yz X UnIan iv wc k Mm ijvyN pihlF ijLkr kIqf jf cuwkf hY ik XU bI sI ivwc afpxI pVHfeI dOrfn drsLn isMG XMg kimAUinst lIg nfl sbMDq dUjy ividafrQIaF dy sMprk ivwc afieaf. knyzf ivwc afpxI irhfiesL dy sfry smyN dOrfn Auh kimAUinst pfrtI nfl juiVaf irhf. Aus vloN mYNbr bxn ipwCy iewk kfrn ieh vI sI ik Aus smyN kimAUinst pfrtI knyzf ivwc BfrqI lokF dy hwkF df zwt ky smrQn krdI sI. afpxI sUJ aqy p®iqbwDqf nfl jldI hI Aus ny pfrtI ivwc iewk mhwqvpUrn QF bxf leI. pfrtI vloN drsLn isMG ny knyzf Br ivwc lYkcr tUr kIqy. ienHF lYkcrF ivwc ijwQy Auh pfrtI dy eyjMzy bfry gwl bfq krdf AuWQy nfl nfl Auh knyzIan mjLdUrF ivwc dUjIaF kimAUintIaF dy mjLdUrF p®qI pey BulyiKaF nUM dUr krdf. pfrtI ivwc afpxy leI mhwqvpUrn QF bxfAux ivwc kfmXfb hox df rfj ieh sI ik drsLn isMG iewk bhuq vDIaf bulfrf sI aqy Aus dy iKaflF ivwc spwsLtqf sI. sfrI Aumr tryz XUnIan ivwc srgrm rihx vfly aqy drsLn isMG nfl imlL ky kimAUinst pfrtI ivwc kMm krn vfly kryg pirct df kihxf hY:

“drsLn isMG ny pfrtI ivwc aqy XUnIan ivwc bhuq aihm rol inBfieaf. ies df muwK kfrn ieh sI ik Auh iewk bhuq vDIaf bulfrf sI. aMgryjLI jLbfn ivwc Aus nUM kmfl dI muhfrq hfsl sI. XUnIvristI piVHaf hox krky Auh afpxIaF ilKqF ivwc bVf spfsLt huMdf sI aqy hmysLF afpxI gwl kihx ivwc kfmXfb huMdf sI.” (8)

Aus vyly BfrqI kimAUintI ivwcoN drsLn isMG dy nfl kuldIp isMG bYNs aqy rqn isMG vI pfrtI dy mYNbr sn. drsLn isMG anusfr kimAUintI ivwc KwbI isafsq df eynf ijLafdf asr nhIN sI aqy Bfrq ivclI isafsq dy asr Qwly lok vMzy hoey sn. pr kimAUintI nUM drpysL bhuq sfry msilaF ijvyN ik nslI ivqkrf, brfbr dy hwk, Bfrq dI ajLfdI leI hmdrdI, mjLdUr vrg dI luwt Ksuwt aqy Gwt


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igxqI mjLdUrF dI ivsLysL luwt, afid msilaF AuWpr Kwby-pwKI lokF df stYNz bVf spwsLt sI. drsLn isMG aqy Aus dy sfQIaF vloN imwlF ivwc XUnIan jQybMd krn dy aml rfhIN hOlI hOlI Kwby pwKI isafsq dy ivcfr kimAUintI dy lokF qwk phuMcx lwgy aqy lokF dy rvweIey ivwc kuJ kuJ qbdIlI afAux lwgI. ies hI smyN dOrfn (1940 ivwc) lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm dIaF hflqF aqy qnKfhF dI dsLf suDfrn vfsqy mjLdUrF ivwc hOlI hOlI jfigRqI afAuxI sLurU ho geI. vYnkUvr dy afs pfs dy ielfikaF ivwc ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI zblXU ey) lwkV dIaF imwlF ivwc jQybMd hoxI sLurU ho geI. pr ajy ieh vYnkUvr afeIlYNz AuWpr afpxy pYr itkfAux ivwc kfmXfb nhIN sI hoeI. afeI zblXU ey amrIkf ivwc jMmI plI XUnIan sI. ieh Aus vyly amrIkf dy kimAUinstF vloN jQybMd kIqI geI sI aqy ies dI AuWprlI lIzrisLfp ivwc kimAUinst hI BfrU sn. knyzf ivwc vI ies nUM sQfpq krn vfly lok kimAUinst pfrtI dy hI kfmy sn. Aus vyly dIaF dUjIaF XUnIanF ijvyN KfxF, mYtl vrkjL, aqy isLwp Xfrz, lFgsLoarmYn, ivwc vI kimAUinstF df bhuq p®Bfv sI. Aus vyly dy msLhUr kimAUinst lIzr nfeIjl morgn aqy hYrlz pirct bI sI ivwc afeI zblXU ey nUM sQfpq krn vfsqy kMm kr rhy sn. drsLn isMG pfrtI df mYNbr hox krky pfrtI dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc pUrf ihwsf lYNdf sI aqy Aus df aksr ivktorIaf qoN vYnkUvr afAuxf jfxf rihMdf sI. aijhy hI iewk mOky jdoN Auh pfrtI dy iksy kMm vYnkUvr afieaf hoieaf sI aqy pYNzr strIt dy iewk ssqy ijhy hotl ivwc Tihiraf hoieaf sI qF pfrtI dy lIzr nfeIjl morgn ny Aus nfl ivsLysL mIitMg kIqI. nfeIjl morgn ny drsLn isMG nUM dwisaf ik pfrtI vloN lwkV dI snaq dy mjLdUrF nUM afeI zblXU ey ivwc jQybMd krn dI kosLsL iewk muihMm dy qOr AuWqy clfeI jf rhI hY. Aus ny ikhf ik ies kMm ivwc iewk ivsLysL musLkl AunHF nUM ieh af rhI hY ik Auh jpfnI, cIny aqy BfrqI mjLdUrF qwk nhIN phuMc pf rhy. Auhny ikhf ik jy asIN goiraF nUM jQybMd kr vI leIey qF vI gwl awD ivcfly hI rih jFdI hY. ies krky AunHF nUM drsLn isMG dI mdd dI Kfs qOr AuWqy jLrUrq sI. ies qrHF afeI zbilAU ey dy lIzr nfeIjl mOrgn ny drsLn isMG nUM XUnIan ivwc kMm krn df swdf idwqf. Aus ny ieh swdf svIkfr krky knyzf dI tryz XUnIan lihr ivwc afpxI srgrmI dI sLurUafq kIqI. agly ijMny vrHy Auh knyzf ivwc irhf srgrmI nfl pfrtI dy kMmF dy nfl nfl XUnIan df iewk srgrm jQybMdk irhf. X UnIan jQ yb MdI df k Mm drsLn isMG ny 1941 ivwc BfrqIaF ivwc XUnIan jQybMd krn df kMm sLurU kIqf. Aus smyN BfrqI lokF ivwc XUnIan df bhuqf p®Bfv nhIN sI. ies dy keI kfrn sn. BfrqI mjLdUr ipClIaF irsLqydfrIaF aqy ielfkybfjLIaF krky bhuq vfrI imwl mflkF nfl nyVqf rwKdy sn. bhuqy BfrqI mjLdUr ipMzF ivwcoN jF kuJ dyr POj ivwc nOkrI kr ky afey sn AunHF vfsqy XUnIan df ivcfr iewk nvIN gwl sI. dUjf jo kuJ AunHF ny XUnIan sMbMDI iewDr sux rwiKaf sI Auhdy nfl AunHF dy mnF aMdr XUnIan sMbMDI anykF iksmF dy zr vws gey sn. AuWqrI amrIkf dy bfkI ihwisaF vFg bI sI ivwc vI ies sdI dy pihly dhfikaF dOrfn snaq dy vwKry vwKry iKwiqaF ivwc mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn vfilaF AuWpr bVf qsLwdd huMdf irhf sI. imwl mflkF dy guMizaF vloN jF pulIs vloN mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn vfilaF nUM DmkIaF dyxIaF AunHF dI mfr kutfeI kr dyxI afm gwl sI. mflkF aqy pulIs vloN imlL ky XUnIan dy bMidaF nUM JUTy kysF ivwc Psf dyxf aqy sjfvF krvf dyxIaF aqy ijLafdf asr rsUK vfly XUnIan afrgynfeIjLrF dI hwiqaf krn qwk GtnfvF ho jFdIaF sn. XUnIan dy ies iksm dy qjrby dIaF khfxIaF BfrqI mjLdUrF ny vI suxIaF hoeIaF sn aqy AunHF dy mnF aMdr keI iksm dy zr aqy vihm vVy hoey sn. pr drsLn dy dwsx anusfr dUjI vwzI lVfeI dOrfn aqy ies qoN bfad hflfq eyny mfVy nhIN sn. ies df iewk vwzf kfrn ieh sI ik Aus vyly mjLdUrF dI kfPI Gft sI. pr iPr vI BfrqI lokF ivwc XUnIan


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jQybMd krn leI jLrUrI sI ik lokF dy mnF ivwcoN ies qrHF dy ivcfrF aqy sMisaF nUM kwiZaf jfvy. ienHF ivcfrF nUM dUr krn leI Aus ny BfrqI lokF nUM XUnIan dy PfieidaF aqy kMmF AuWqy gYr-gory lokF nfl huMdy ivqkiraF bfry jfxU krfAuxf sLurU kIqf. Aus ny pihlF vYnkUvr afeIlYNz dIaF imwlF ivwc, ijwQy ihMdusqfnI lok ijLafdf igxqI ivwc kMm krdy sn, jf ky jQybMdI df kMm sLurU kIqf. swB qoN pihlF Aus ny myE dI imwl ivwc mjLdUrF nfl qfl myl kIqf. ies imwl ivwc Aus vyly ZfeI ku sO bMdf kMm krdf sI. Aus ivwc cflI pMjfh gory sn jo sikwlz kMmF AuWpr sn ijvyN afry clfAux afid dy kMm aqy bfkI Pwty iKwcx vrgy kMmF AuWpr cIny aqy BfrqI kfmy sn. sLurU sLurU ivwc drsLn isrP jfxy pihcfxy agFhvDU soc rwKx vfly bMidaF nfl hI gwl bfq krdf. hOlI hOlI 1942-43 ivwc jf ky kuJ KuwlHIaF mIitMgF vgYrf krn qwk gwl phuMcI. mjLdUrF nfl XUnIan bfry gwlbfq krnI musLkl sI. vwzI musLkl sI ik ieh gwlbfq ikwQy kIqI jfvy. mjLdUr bMk hfAUsF ivwc rihMdy sn ijhVy aksr imwl dy njLdIk hI imwl mflk dI p®fprtI ivwc huMdy sn. AuWQy gwlbfq krnI sMBv nhIN sI huMdI. kimAUintI dI imlx vflI QF gurdvfry hI sn aqy Auh QF XUnIan dy kMmF vfsqy nhIN sI vrqI jf skdI ikAuNik gurdvfiraF ivwc imwl mflkF df ijLafdf asr rsUK huMdf sI. so XUnIan dI gwlbfq mjLdUrF nfl luk iCp ky krnI pYNdI sI. pr ijvyN ijvyN mjLdurF ivwc drsLn dy kMm df asr viDaf Auh kfPI vwzI pwDr AuWqy KuwlHIaF mIitMgF krn ivwc vI kfmXfb hox lwgf. sMn 1945 ivwc vfprI iewk Gtnf ies siQqI nUM drsfAux ivwc shfeI ho skdI hY. drsLn isMG vloN XUbo dy mjLdUrF nfl AunHF dy bMk hfAUs ivwc iewk mIitMg kIqI jf rhI sI. AuWproN imwl df suprzYNt af igaf. Aus ny mIitMg AuWqy ikMqU kIqf aqy drsLn nUM AuWQoN afpxI kfr ivwc ibTf ky kuJ dUr afpxy dPqr ivwc lY igaf. Auh drsLn nUM AuWQoN cly jfx nUM kih irhf sI. jdoN drsLn aqy suprzYNt bihs krdy dPqr ivwcoN bfhr inkly qF dyiKaf ik dPqr dy bfhr swT swqr mjLdUr vrdy mINh ivwc KVHy sn. mjLdUrF ny iewk afvfjL ivwc suprzYNt nUM ikhf ik jy drsLn eyQoN jfvygf qF asIN vI Auhdy nfl hI cly jfvFgy. ieh sux ky suprzYNt Gbrf igaf ikAuNik jy eyny sfry kfmy ieko smyN cly jfx qF dUjy idn imwl cwlxI sMBv nhIN sI. suprzYNt ny drsLn isMG nUM dobfrf kfr ivwc bYTf ky bMk hfAUs ivwc Cwz idwqf. BfrqI mjLdUrF dy idlF ivwc ies gwl df bhuq vDIaf asr ipaf. AunHF ny mihsUs kIqf ik AunHF ny koeI mhwqvpUrn ijwq ijwqI hY. ies Gtnf bfry afly duafly dIaF imwlF ivwc vI gwl PYl geI. hr pfsy BfrqI mjLdUrF ny iewk vwKrI iksm df afqm ivsLvfs mihsUs kIqf. (9) drsLn isMG df afeI zblXU ey ivwc kMm isrP pMjfbI mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn qwk hI sImq nhIN sI. ijvyN pihlF ikhf igaf hY ik Auh pMjfbI ivwc hI nhIN aMgryjLI ivwc vI bhuq vDIaf bulfrf sI. Auh ivktorIaf lokl df rIkfrizMg skwqr sI aqy izstirkt kfAUNsl df trwstI. Aus ny bI sI dI lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krn vfly sfry mjLdUrF nUM afpxI isafsI sUJ aqy spwsLt ivcfrF nfl p®Bfvq kIqf aqy AunHF nUM afpxy ivcly rMgF, nslF dy pey PrkF nUM imtf ky sFJy insLfny leI iewk lVI ivwc jQybMd hox leI p®yiraf. kryg pirct anusfr “afeI zblXU ny KwbI isafsq qoN imlI sUJ vrq ky mflkF dIaF AunHF cflF nUM ipCfiVaf ijnHF nfl Auh kfimaF nUM afps ivwc pfV ky rwKdy sn. aqy ies kMm ivwc ivsLysL qOr AuWqy ihwsf pfAux vfly sn drsLn isMG.”(10) bI sI dI afeI zblXU dy ieiqhfs ivwc 1946 ivwc hoeI hVqfl nUM PYslfkuMn hVqfl mMinaf jFdf hY. ieh hVqfl 15 meI, 1946 nUM sLurU hoeI aqy sYNqI idnF mgroN lwkV dI snaq dy kfimaF dI vwzI ijwq nfl Kqm hoeI. awT GMty dy idn df hwk, qnKfh ’c vfDf, nsl afDfrq nfbrfbrqf df Kfqmf aqy hor anykF mhwqvpUrn ijwqF ies hVqfl nfl p®fpq hoeIaF. ies hVqfl nfl bI sI ivwc afeI zblXU ey afpxy pwky pYrF AuWqy ho geI. ies hVqfl qwk XUnIan nUM iqafr krn ivwc drsLn isMG ny XUnIan


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dy moZI lIzrF ijvyN nfeIjl morgn, hYrlz pirct aqy arnI zflskOg afid nfl imlL ky mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. hVqfl Kqm hox AuWqy XUnIan vloN inAUvYst ivwc iewk vwzI mIitMg kIqI geI. Aus mIitMg ivwc cfr hjLfr XUnIan df mYNbr sLfml sI. drsLn isMG Aus mIitMg dy bulfiraF ivwcoN iewk muwK bulfrf sI. Aus ny hVqfl dOrfn ijwqIaF mhwqvpUrn ijwqF sMbMDI irport pysL kIqI. ies hI sfl (1946) dy sLurU ivwc knyzIan lybr kfAUNsl (sI aYl sI) df ajlfs trFto ivwc hoieaf. drsLn isMG ny Aus ivwc bI sI dy iewk zYlIgyt dy qOr AuWqy sLmUlIaq kIqI. knvYnsLn ivwc Aus ny knyzf Br ivwc tryz XUnIan dI eykqf bfry iewk mqf pysL kIqf jo Aus vyly afpxy afp ivwc iewk aihm mqf sI. drsLn isMG vloN pysL kIqy mqy dI sfzy vfsqy iewk vwKrI iksm dI mhwqqf hY. ieh qwQ sfnUM ies gwl df aihsfs krfAuNdf hY ik drsLn isMG ny mjLdUr lihr ivwc afpxf Xogdfn isrP bI sI pwDr AuWqy hI nhIN sgoN knyzf dI pwDr AuWqy vI pfieaf. ies hI qrHF hI sfl 1946 ivwc drsLn bI sI dy nfl lwgdy sUby albrtf ivwc afeI zbilAu ey df prcfr krn igaf. ies dOry qoN vfps af ky drsLn isMG ny XUnIan dI aKbfr ivwc afpxy ivcfr ilKy. Aus dy ieh ivcfr 4 nvMbr 1946 dy bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwcly Aus dy lyK, albrtf vrkrjL vYlkm afeI zblXU ey ivwc Cpy. (11) drsLn isMG Aus vyly afeI zblXU ey df ieMtrnYsLnl trwstI sI. ies lyK ivwc drsLn ny albrtf dI lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krn vfly kfimaF dI kMm dIaF hflqF, Gwt qnKfhF aqy kfimaF dy rihx vfly kYNpF ivwc mfVIaF hflqF df ijLkr kIqf hY. ies dy nfl hI Aus ny afs bJfeI hY ik afeI zbilAU ey CyqIN ienHF kfimaF nUM jQybMd krn ivwc kfmXfb ho jfvygI. Auh ilKdf hY, “ieh isrP QoVy smyN dI hI gwl hY ik albrtf dy hjLfrF kfmy afeI zbilAU ey ivwc sLfml ho jfxgy aqy (afpxy leI) cMgIaF qnKfhF, kMm dy Gwt GMty, kMm krn aqy rihx dIaF cMgIaF hflqF aqy nOkrI dI surwiKaf ijwqx ivwc kfmXfb ho jfxgy.” (12) ies lyK dy sLurU ivwc aKbfr dy aYzItr qy msLhUr kimAUinst lIzr nfeIjl morgn ny drsLn isMG bfry iewk Cotf ijhf sMpfdkI not iliKaf hY. ieh not albrtf ivwc afeI zbilAU ey leI drsLn dy kMm dI mhwqqf bfry cfnxf pfAuNdf hY. ies not ivwc Aus ny iliKaf hY: “brwdr drsLn isMG huxy ijhy pUrbI sUby albrtf dy tUr qoN vfps afieaf hY ijwQy Auh albrtf dy lwkV dI snaq dy kfimaF aqy afeI zblXU ey ivwc eykqf kfiem krn vfsqy p®BfvsLflI kMm krdf irhf hY.”(13) lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm kr rhy smuwcy mjLdUrF qwk phuMc kr skx dI Xogqf kfrn drsLn isMG ny afeI zbilAU ey ivwc iewk mhwqvpUrn QF bxf leI sI. Aus dy nfl kMm krn vfly sfQIaF dy ibafn ies gwl dI gvfhI Brdy hn. Audfhrn leI, cInI kimAUintI ivwcoN afeI zbilAU nfl Aus smyN XUnIan afrgynfeIjr df kMm kr cuwky imstr ruafey mfh ny ikhf ik Auhdy mukfbly AuWqy drsLn isMG df rol bhuq ijLafdf sI. AunHF df kihxf hY ik “mYN qF isrP iewk afrgynfeIjLr hI sF pr drsLn isMG keI vrHy izstrikt kfAUNsl df trwstI irhf sI aqy AuWprlI lIzrisLfp df ihwsf sI.” (14) eysy qrHF monf morgn aqy eymIl ibErnsn df kihxf hY ik drsLn isMG ny afpxI isafsI cyqnf nfl eyQoN dI mjLdUr lihr ivwc ijLkrXog Xogdfn pfieaf hY. afeI zbilAU ey dy mOjUdf rIjnl zfierYktr imstr klya pYrI df kihxf hY ik “drsLn isMG myrI XUnIan df isLMgfr sI, Auh mnuwKqf df isLMgfr sI.” (15) drsLn isMG dy sfQIaF vloN imlI ies jfxkfrI dI pusLtI krdIaF hn anykF Auh gruwp qsvIrF jo smyN smyN dI bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwc CpdIaF rhIaF hn. Audfhrn vjoN iewk qsvIr jo mfrc 8, 1943 dy lMbr vrkr dy muwK sPy AuWqy CpI hY, df ijLkr kIqf jf skdf hY. ies qsvIr ivwc bI sI dI pwDr dy afeI zblXU ey dy 3 mfrc, 1943 nUM cuxy gey ds ahudydfr bYTy hn ijnHF ivwc hornF dy nfl sLfml hn hYrlz pirct, arnI zflskOg, ihaflmr brgrn, nfeIjl morgn aqy drsLn isMG sMGf (knyzIan). qsvIrF dy nfl nfl Aus dy vwzmuwly Xogdfn dy sbUq vjoN Auh lyK dyKy jf skdy hn jo kimAUinst pfrtI dy aKbfr pYisiPk it®ibAUn aqy bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwc smyN smyN


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Cpdy rhy. ienHF lyKF ivwc Aus ny mjLdUr lihr dy msilaF dy nfl nfl aMqrrfsLtrI smwisafvF AuWpr aqy Bfrq dI ajLfdI AuWpr ivcfr pysL kIqy. Bfrq dI ajL fdI bfr y b olxf knyzf dI kimAUinst pfrtI aqy mjLdUr lihr ivwc afpxy kMm dOrfn drsLn isMG ny knyzf dy mjLdUrF aqy agFhvDU lokF nUM Bfrq dI ajLfdI dy GolL bfry jfxU krvf ky AunHF ivwc Bfrq dI ajLfdI leI cyqnf ilafAux df kMm vI kIqf. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1942 ivwc trFto ivKy hoeI kimAUinst pfrtI dI knvYnsLn ivwc knyzf Br ivwcoN 400 qoN AuWpr zYlIgyt afey hoey sn. drsLn isMG ny Bfrq dI ajLfdI dy hwk ivwc mqf rwiKaf ijs nUM smuwcI knvYnsLn ny bhuq hI AuqsLfh nfl KVHy ho ky p®vfngI idwqI. iesy qrHF vYnkUvr ivwc nvMbr 1944 ivwc hoeI afeI zblXU ey dI awTvIN ieMtrnYsLnl knvYnsLn ivwc Aus ny Bfrq dI ajLfdI dy hwk ivwc aijhf hI iewk hor mqf rwiKaf jo srbsmqI nfl pfs kIqf igaf. ies mqy bfry bI sI lMbr vrkr dy nvMbr 6, 1944 dy aMk ivwc muwK pMny AuWqy drsLn isMG dI qsvIr smyq Kbr CpI ijs df isrlyK sI: “drsLn isMG suport XUintI”. ies mqy AuWqy bolidaF drsLn isMG ny ikhf: “Bfrq nUM ajLfdI imlx qoN ibnF iksy iksm dI sLFqI sMBv nhIN. PfisLjLm aqy sfmrfjvfd do juVvyN Brf hn ijnHF nUM inKyiVaf nhIN jf skdf. [[[ asIN sfmrfjvfd nUM surwiKaq krn vfsqy nhIN lV rhy BfvyN ieh sfmrfjvfd zwc, PrFsIsI, amrIkn, brqfnIaf jF iksy vI hor df hovy.” (16) v ot d y h wk leI s MGrsL iv wc X ogdfn jdoN pihly pMjfbIaF ny knyzf dy sUby bI sI ivwc rihxf sLurU kIqf qF AunHF kol vot df hwk sI jo 1907 ivwc Koh ilaf igaf. afpxI ihMmq nfl aqy ibnF iksy bfhrlI iemdfd dy, knyzf ivwc vsdy pMjfbI lgfqfr ies hwk Kfqr jwdo-jihd krdy rhy. knyzf ivwc afpxI irhfiesL dOrfn drsLn isMG knyzIan ny ies jwdo-jihd ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dy dUsry lokF/lIzrF dy nfl nfl iewk mhwqvpUrn Xogdfn pfieaf. Auh BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vot dy hwk leI bI sI dI srkfr nUM imlx vfly bhuqy zYlIgysLnF df mYNbr irhf. vot dy hwk leI Aus df vwzf Xogdfn bI sI dI mjLdUr lihr, KwbI lihr aqy hor agFhvDU jQybMdIaF vloN BfrqI lokF dy ies sMGrsL leI hmfieq hfsl krnf sI. ieh iewk kfrn sI ik drsLn isMG knyzIan dI knyzf ivwc irhfiesL dOrfn vot dy hwk dI jwdo-jihd (1942-1947) afpxy isKr AuWqy sI. sfzf ieh ivcfr pysL krn qoN ieh Bfv nhIN ik ies msly sMbMDI kimAUintI dy dUjy lokF aqy jQybMdIaF vloN kIqIaF koisLsLF df ies ivwc koeI hwQ nhIN sI. Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy skwqr nigMdr isMG igwl ny vI bfhrlI kimAUintI nfl iewk nvIN pwDr AuWqy qflmyl pYdf krn ivwc vwzf ihwsf pfieaf sI. nfl hI zfktr pFzIaf jo ies jwdo-jihd ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI leI kMm kr irhf sI ny vI vwzf Xogdfn pfieaf. pr ijs kdr jQybMd mjLdUr aqy isafsI hlikaF ivwc aqy afm lok rfey nUM p®Bfvq krn ivwc drsLn isMG ny rol inBfieaf Auh afpxy afp ivwc vwKrI imsfl sI. ies smyN dOrfn BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vot dy hwk leI kIqy jf rhy sMGrsL ivwc pihlF nfloN iewk aMqr sI. ies vyly bI sI dI jQybMd mjLdUr jmfq BfrqI lokF dy hwk ivwc pUrI mjLbUqI nfl KVHI sI. ieQy ieh gwl cyqy rwKxI cfhIdI hY ik iewk smF sI jdoN knyzf dy mjLdUr hI BfrqI mjLdUrF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly dy ivroD ivwc sn ijvyN ik kfmfgftf mfrU dI Gtnf qoN sfP hY. pr hux siQqI bdl geI sI. hux mjLdUr XUnIanF, sosLilst jQybMdIaF, sI sI aYP pfrtI, lybr pRogrYisv pfrtI, crc, tIcrF dIaF jQybMdIaF afid BfrqIaF dy nfl KVIaF sn. (17) Audfhrn vjoN BfrqI kimAUintI df iewk zYlIgysLn 2 mfrc 1943 nUM bI sI dy p®ImIar jfhn hfrt nUM imilaf. ies zYlIgysLn ivwc afeI zblXU ey df p®YjLIzYNt hYrlz pirct vI sLfml sI. eyzy vwzy lIzr df zYlIgyt ivwc sLfml hoxf afpxy afp ivwc lokF df iDafn iKwcx vflI Gtnf sI ijs nfl BfrqI lokF dy GolL nUM mjLbUqI imlI.


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vot dy hwk dy GolL dOrfn 9 mfrc 1944 nUM Aus vyly dI bI sI dI ilbrl srkfr dy lybr minstr imstr jfrj pIarsn ny bI sI dI asMblI ivwc BfrqIaF dy iKlfP iewk nPrq Biraf ibafn idwqf. ijs nfl smuwcI kimAUintI ivwc guwsf BVk AuWiTaf. BfrqI kimAUintI vloN ies ivruwD ros p®gt krn leI 14 mfrc nUM iewk zYlIgysLn lybr minstr pIarsn nUM imilaf. ies zYlIgysLn ivwc kimAUintI dy dUjy afgUaF nigMdr isMG igwl, jYrI isMG huMdl aqy mihMdr isMG dy nfl drsLn isMG vI sLfml sI. (18) lybr minstr dy nslI ibafn ivruwD bfhrlI vwzI kimAUintI ivwc gwl lY ky jfx leI drsLn isMG dIaF koisLsLF nfl afeI zblXU ey vloN iewk mujLfhrf jQybMd kIqf igaf. mfrc 15, 1944 nUM afeI zblXU ey dy iewk aYgjLYikitv sYsLn ivwc XUnIan dy p®Dfn hYrlz pirct vloN lybr minstr dy BfrqIaF ivruwD idwqy gey ibafn dI inKyDI kIqI. (19) eysy qrHF aprYl 1945 ivwc jdoN bI sI dy atfrnI jnrl afr aYl mytlYNz ny vot dy hwk ivruwD iewk ibafn idwqf qF drsLn isMG ny ivktorIaf zylI tfiemjL ivwc iewk Kwq ilK ky ies dI inKyDI kIqI. Aus ny iliKaf:

imstr mytlYNz dfavf krdf hY ik eIst ieMzIanF nUM vot df hwk dyxf smuMdroN pfr gey nOjvfn mnjLUr nhIN krngy. Auh nOjvfn XUrp dy lokF nUM AuhI ajLfdI p®dfn krn leI afpxIaF jfnF vfr rhy hn ijhVI ajLfdI eIst ieMzIan eyQy mMgdy hn. dfn vFg hI, ajLfdI vI GroN sLurU huMdI hY. AunHF lokF, jo kfmnvYlQ df ihwsf hn, nUM lokqMqr dy aiDkfr dyx nfl knyzIan lokqMqr Gtygf nhIN sgoN vDygf hI. (20)

knyzf dy BfrqIaF vloN vot dy hwk leI cldy sMGrsL df ijwq Biraf aMq 2 ap®Yl 1947 nUM hoieaf. bI sI dI srkfr ny knyzf ivwc rih rhy BfrqIaF, cIinaF aqy jfpfnIaF nUM vot df hwk dyx df kfnUMn pfs kr idwqf. knyzf dy BfrqIaF dI ies ijwq df ishrf dUjy BfrqI lokF aqy nyqfvF dy nfl nfl drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr aqy agFhvDU isafsq ivwc kIqy kMm AuWpr vI bwJdf hY. “rfeIj L afP inA U e ys L Iaf” nF dI ikqfb ilKxf sfzy iKafl ivwc drsLn isMG vloN knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr aqy agFhvDU isafsq ivwc inwgr Xogdfn pf skx aqy ies lihr aqy isafsq ivwc mfxXog QF bxf skx ipwCy ijwQy Aus dI suihrdqf aqy p®qIbwDqf df hwQ sI, Aus dy nfl nfl Aus vloN afpxy afly duafly nUM cMgI qrHF smJx leI pVHn vwl ruicq hoxf vI sI. knyzf ivwc afpxI irhfiesL dOrfn jdoN Auh pUrI srgrmI nfl pfrtI df aqy XUnIan df kMm kr irhf sI, Auh hmysLF pVHdf rihMdf. aMqrrfsLtrI smwisafvF bfry Aus dI ivsLysL idlcspI huMdI. iesy idlcspI df nqIjf sI ik Aus ny smyN smyN Bfrq bfry hI nhIN dunIaF dy hor mulkF bfry jfxkfrI BrpUr lyK ilKy. aqy 1943 ivwc Aus ny “rfeIjL afP inAU eysLIaf” nFa dI ikqfb ilKI. (21) pr bdiksmqI nfl ieh ikqfb drsLn isMG dy Bfrq vfps cly jfx bfad 1948 ivwc jf ky p®kfsLq hoeI aqy eyml ibErnsn dy dwsx muqfbk drsLn ny Kud ies nUM keI dhfikaF bfad pihlI vfrI 1960ivaF ivwc afpxI knyzf dI iewk PyrI dOrfn dyiKaf. ies ikqfb ivwc drsLn isMG ny Bfrq, cIn, jfpfn AuWpr ilKy anykF lyKF dy nfl nfl korIaf, iPlIpn, ieMzo-cfeInf, ieMzonysLIaf, ierfn aqy qurkI afid bfry vI lyK sLfml kIqy. drsLn isMG dI mnuwKvfdI soc aqy sUJ df Jlkfrf ies gwl qoN vI pYNdf hY ik Aus ny afpxI ikqfb do AunHF sLKsIaqF nUM smrpwq kIqI ijnHF ny lokF dI BlfeI Kfqr afpxf jIvn insLfvr kIqf. ieh sLKsIaqF sn knyzf dy zfktr nOrmn biQAUn


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aqy BfrqI zfktr dvfrkfnfQ kotins, ijnHF ny cIn dy lokF dy sMGrsL ivwc afpxy jIvn dI afhUqI dy ky afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf sI. mj Ld Ur lihr d y ieiqhfskfrF vl o N drs Ln n U M nj Lr-aMdfj L krnf AuprlI gwlbfq qoN spsLt hY ik drsLn isMG knyzIan ny 1940ivaF dOrfn knyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI, knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr aqy Kfs krky afeI zbilAU ey nUM jQybMd krn ivwc aqy knyzf dI agFhvDU isafsq ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. pr ieh gwl Audfs aqy hYrfn krn vflI hY ik bI sI dI mjLdUr jmfq bfry iliKaf igaf ieiqhfs drsLn isMG dy pfey Xogdfn bfry kfPI hwd qwk cuwp hY. Audfhrn vjoN afeI zblXU ey sMbMDI sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI ivwc 1989 ivwc stIPn grya vloN ilKy gey iewk QIss nUM dyK skdy hF ijs ivwc drsLn isMG df nF qwk nhIN ilaf igaf. ieh QIss sfZy pMj sO sPy df hY. ies hI qrHF asIN kuJ iewk hor dsqfvyjL dyKy aqy AunHF ivwc vI drsLn isMG dy Xogdfn nUM awKoN Auhly kIqf igaf hY. aYl pfrikn dy “lybr aYNz itMbr” nFa dy ieiqhfsk dsqfvyjL ivwc vI jo 1946-47 ivwc iliKaf igaf sI aqy bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwc lVI vfr Cipaf sI, ivwc vI drsLn isMG dy iksy Xogdfn df ijLkr nhIN afieaf. (22) ieh gwl hYrfnI vflI ies krky hY ik ieho ijhy anykF sbUq aqy sMkyq hn ijhVy ieh iswD krdy hn ik drsLn isMG df Xogdfn vwzI pwDr AuWqy sI aqy sI vI dovF jQybMdIaF ivwc jfxI ik kimAUinst pfrtI aqy afeI zblXU ey ivwc. ikAuNik Aus smyN afeI zblXU ey dy sfry afgU kimAUinst sn aqy AunHF dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc iksy iksm df Prk dyK skxf sMBv nhIN jfpdf. drsLn isMG dy dosq aqy vYnkUvr dy msLhUr vkIl hYrI rYNikn anusfr “drsLn isMG KwbI isafsq ivwc srgrm sI pr Aus dI srgrmI df kyNdr tryz XUnIan mUvmYNt sI so ieh PYslf krnf musLkl hY ik drsLn isMG df Xogdfn ikhVI sMsQf ivwc vwD sI.” (23) vfps Bfrq jfx df P Yslf ieh sLfied drsLn isMG dI sLKsIaq df ihwsf sI jF Aus dy mn ivcly mnuwKI drd nfl Bry ihrdy dI vydnf ik Auh knyzf ivwc afpxy kMmF qoN pUrI qrHF sMqusLt nf ho sikaf. AuhnUM afpxy dysL dy k®oVF lokF dIaF smwisafvF ny knyzf ivwc itk ky rihx nf idwqf. ies ivwc koeI sLwk nhIN hY ik jy Auh cfhMudf qF Aus vyly eyQy rih ky Auh iewk vDIaf jIvn jI skdf sI. drsLn isMG dy knyzIan dosqF eyml ibErnsn, hYrI rYNikn, monf morgn aqy kryg pirct ny ieh gwl Aus dy sMbMD ivwc ivsLysL qOr AuWqy khI hY ik drsLn df Aus vyly knyzf Cwz ky jfxf afpxy afp ivwc iewk vwzI kurbfnI sI. ieh sMBv hY ik drsLn isMG Kud afpxy jfx nUM eyzI vwzI kurbfnI nf iKafldf hovy ikAuNik Aus awgy sYNkVy AunHF sUrbIrF dIaF AudfhrnF sn ijhVy gdr dI lihr dOrfn ihMdusqfn nUM ajLfd krfAux dy ierfdy nfl knyzf amrIkf ivwc iewk Aujly BivwK nUM alivdf kih gey sn. so drsLn isMG ny vI iewQoN dI suKflI ijLMdgI dy Ault Bfrq nUM muV jfx nUM qrjIh idwqI aqy gdr lihr dy lokF vloN pfeI iprq nUM awgy qoiraf. dysL jf ky Auh hr iksm dIaF musIbqF ivwc rih ky lokF leI lVdf irhf ijs bfry kfPI kuJ iliKaf imldf hY. sfzy vfsqy dyKx vflI gwl ieh hY ik Aus dy knyzf Cwz ky Bfrq nUM vfps jfx vrgy vwzy PYsly ipwCy iks iksm dI soc kMm krdI sI? kI ieh PYslf iewk BfrqI vloN jjLbfqI iksm df PYslf sI jF ies ipwCy kMm krdI koeI vwzI soc aqy qrk sI. ies gwl df spwsLt jvfb sfnUM drsLn isMG vloN ilKI Aus icwTI qoN imlL jFdf hY jo Aus ny 1947 ivwc knyzf qoN Bfrq rvfnf hox lwigaF XUnIan ivwc afpxI trwstI dI pujLIsLn qoN asqIPy vjoN ilKI. ies icwTI ivwcoN kuJ ihwsf bI sI lMbr vrkr dy dsMbr 15,


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1947 dy aMk ivwc Cfipaf igaf. ies ivwc drsLn isMG ny knyzIan mjLdUr lihr nfl kIqy afpxy kMm dI gwl kIqI aqy mjLdUr lihr dy afpxy sfQI kfimaF df DMnvfd kIqf. Aus ny ikhf: “mYnUM jfx lwigaF kuJ hwd qwk iewk sMqusLtI df aihsfs ho irhf hY pr nfl hI knyzf Cwzx df iewk zUMGf pCqfvf vI hY. myry pCqfvy df kfrn knyzIan mjLdUr lihr dy vwzmuwly dosqF aqy sfQIaF qoN ivCoVf aqy ivdfiegI hY. pr iewk qswlI vflI gwl ieh hY ik mYN Bfrq jf ky srgrmI nfl tryz XUnIan ivwc kMm krn df ierfdf rwKdf hF aqy mYnUM hmysLF ies gwl df aihsfs rhygf ik asIN iewk sFJy insLfny - mjLdUr jmfq dI ajLfdI - leI kMm kr rhy hF.” (bI sI lMbr vrkr ivwc Cpy drsLn isMG dy ies Kwq nUM anuvfd krky asIN ies lyK dy aKIr ivwc dy rhy hF qF ik pfTk drsLn isMG dI soc qoN pUrI qrHF jfxU ho skx.) sfr ijwQy ieh gwl sfzy sfiraF vfsqy mfx vflI hY ik drsLn isMG ny Bfrq ivwc jf ky Bfrq dy lokF dy jIvn nUM suDfrn aqy ishqmMd soc nUM lokF ivwc ijLMdf rwKx aqy vDfAux leI afpxf jIvn arpn kIqf AuWQy knyzIan BfrqIaF dy njLrIey qoN ieh Gfty vflI gwl vI jfpdI hY. jy Auh iewQy rihMdf qF sMBv hY ik Auh afpxI sUJ aqy ihMmq nfl sfzy BfeIcfry dI rUp ryKf nUM inKfrn ivwc afpxf hor vI Xogdfn pfAuNdf aqy sfzIaF aglIaF pIVHIaF Auhdy jIvn aqy kMmF qoN iswDy qOr AuWqy p®Bfvq huMdIaF. pr sfzy leI ieh gwl vI koeI Gwt mhwqqf vflI nhIN hY ik afpxy knyzf ivcly ds sfl dy smyN ivwc hI Aus ny sfzy vfsqy aijhI imsfl kfiem kIqI hY ik ijs qoN bhuq kuJ iswiKaf aqy syD leI jf skdI hY. knyzf ivwc ibqfey afpxy smyN dOrfn drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN pfieaf Xogdfn keI pwKF qoN aihm hY aqy iDafn dI mMg krdf hY. iewQy afAux qoN CyqI bfad Aus ny eyQoN dI agFhvDU lihr nfl juV ky smyN dIaF siQqIaF nUM shI sMdrB ivwc smiJaf aqy ieh smJ Aus ny pUrI p®iqbwDqf nfl dUjy BfrqIaF qwk phuMcfeI. dUjy sLbdF ivwc Aus ny iewQy vsdy BfrqIaF dI aqy Kfs kr ky lwkVI dI snaq ivwc kMm krdy BfrqI kfimaF dI bOiDk pwDr nUM AuWpr cuwikaf. nqIjy vjoN Auh dUjy kfimaF dy brfbr KVHn ivwc mfx mihsUs krn lwgy. ies dy nfl hI Aus ny knyzIan lokF aqy kfimaF ivwc BfrqIaF bfry pey anykF BulyiKaF aqy glq PihmIaF nUM dUr kIqf. ies nfl iewQoN dy afm lokF ivwc BfrqIaF ivruwD nPrq ivwc guxfqmk kmI afeI. BfrqIaF vloN vot dy hwk leI clfeI lMmI jwdo-jihd nUM dUjy lokF vloN, Kfs kr 1942 qoN 47 qwk, imlI ihmfieq iswDy qOr ’qy drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN pfey Xogdfn df iswtf sI. knyzf ivcly BfrqIaF aqy dUjy knyzIan lokF drimafn pulL bx ky drsLn isMG ny donHF BfeIcfiraF nUM iewk dUjy dy njLdIk ilaFdf. Aus df ieh Xogdfn Aus nUM sfry knyzIan lokF vfsqy vI AunF hI mhwqvpUrn bxf idMMdf hY ijMnf Auh BfrqIaF vfsqy hY. Aus vloN pfieaf Xogdfn shI sLbdF ivwc iewk knyzIan vloN pfieaf Xogdfn sI. pMjfb ivwc KfilsqfnIaF vloN drsLn isMG dy 25 sqMbr, 1986 ivwc hoey kql bfad Aus dy dosqF aqy hdmdrdF vloN Aus nUM sLrDFjlI ByNt krn vfsqy akqUbr 12, 1986 nUM vYnkUvr dy afeI zblXU ey dy hfl ivwc iewk vwzI iekwqrqf kIqI geI sI. ijwQy AuhnUM Auhdy dosqF, eyml ibErnsn, mOirs rwsL, hYrI rYNikMn, klya pYrI aqy hor anykF sfQIaF vloN snyh aqy mfxmwqy sLbdF ivwc sLrDFjlI ByNt kIqI geI sI. klya pYrI vloN Aus vyly khy gey sLbdF ivcly sunyhy nUM aslI jfmf pihnfAux dI loV hY. klya pYrI ny ikhf sI: “drsLn isMG nUM pMjfb ivwc knyzIan dy nF nfl jfixaF jFdf sI aqy eyQy knyzf ivwc asIN Aus nUM iewk pMjfbI dy qOr AuWqy jfxdy sF. pr sfnUM hux jo vI krnf pvy krnf cfhIdf hY aqy ies vwKryvyN nUM sdf vfsqy Kqm kr dyxf cfhIdf hY aqy Aus nUM sdf sdf vfsqy knyzIan kihxf cfhIdf hY. Aus ny hmysLF sMGrsL kIqf aqy Auh Aus BfvnfvF dI Audfhrn sI ijhVI aijhy


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vwKryivaF dIaF swB hwdF twp jFdI hY.”(24) sLrDFjlI dy ienHF sLbdF nUM aslI rUp dyx leI jLrUrI hY ik asIN drsLn isMG knyzIan dy knyzf ivcly kMmF nUM jfxIey, AusnUM knyzIan pMjfbI kimAUintI aqy knyzf dy ieiqhfs df aMg bxfAux leI XqnsLIl hoeIey.*** sMn 1947 ivwc knyzf qoN Bfrq rvfnf hox lwigaF XUnIan ivwc afpxI trwstI dI pujLIsLn qoN asqIPf dyx smyN drsLn isMG vloN ilKI geI icwTI. ieh icwTI bI sI lMbr vrkr dy dsMbr 15, 1947 dy aMk ivwc CpI. drsLn is MG afpx y Gr rvfnf BfrqI mj Ld Ur n yqf dI afeI zbilAU e y n U M alivdf (bI sI lMbr vrkr, dsMbr 15, 1947) (bI sI izstirkt afeI zbilAU ey-sI afeI E, dy trwstI sL®I drsLn isMG ny ipCly hPqy XUnIan nUM afpxf asqIPf dy idwqf hY. asqIPf Aus vloN Aus vyly idwqf igaf jdoN Auh knyzf ivwcoN afpxy jwdI dysL Bfrq leI rvfnf hox lwgf sI ijwQy jf ky Auh tryz XUnIan lihr ivwc afpxf kMm jLfrI rwKx df ierfdf rwKdf hY. ieh asqIPy vflf Kwq vIr (brwdr) isMG ny afpxy dysL nUM jfx leI mFtrIafl qoN smuMdrI jhfjL ivwc cVHn qoN pihlF iliKaf. ies ivwc Aus ny afpxy knyzf ivcly anykF dosqF aqy sihkfimaF df sLukrIaF adf kIqf hY aqy AunHF nUM alivdf khI hY. Aus ny ieh Kwq izstirkt sYkrytrI bI jy mYljLnyWs dy nFa Byijaf hY aqy ies df kuJ ihwsf ies qrHF hY- lMbr vrkr dy sMpfdk nfiejl mfrgn vloN iliKaf not[) mYnUM jfx lwigaF kuJ hwd qwk iewk sMqusLtI df aihsfs ho irhf hY pr nfl hI knyzf Cwzx df iewk zUMGf pCqfvf vI hY. myry pCqfvy df kfrn knyzIan mjLdUr lihr dy vwzmuwly dosqF aqy sfQIaF qoN ivCoVf aqy ivdfiegI hY. pr ies ivwc qswlI vflI gwl ieh hY ik mYN Bfrq jf ky srgrmI nfl tryz XUnIan ivwc kMm krn df ierfdf rwKdf hF aqy mYnUM hmysLF ies gwl df aihsfs rhygf ik asIN iewk sFJy insLfny - mjLdUr jmfq dI ajLfdI - leI kMm kr rhy hF. ds sfl pihlF mYN afpxI jvfnI dy sLurU ivwc knyzf afieaf sF. eyQy knyzf ivwc af ky mYN mjLdUr lihr df aMim®q Cikaf aqy mjLdUr jmfq dy GolLF df AUVf aYVf iswiKaf. mjLdUr lihr bfry hI nhIN jIvn bfry vI mYN jo kuJ iswiKaf hY Auh myry aMdr myry nfl imwlF aqy kYNpF ivwc kMm krn vfilaF ny aqy bfad ivwc ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf dy sfQIaF ny kuwt kuwt ky Biraf hY. ieh kihxf pUrI qrHF shI hY ik qusIN, knyzf dy mjLdUr lok, myry aiDafpk aqy pwQ-p®drsLk ho. knyzf nUM aqy knyzf dy mhfn lokF nUM mYN quhfzy rfhIN hI jfixaF hY. quhfzf sfiraF df DMnvfd kridaF myry leI sfiraF dy nFa lY skxf qF musLkl hovygf pr Pyr vI mYN ies mOky afeI zbilAU ey dIaF sfrIaF loklF aqy izstirkt aiDkfrIaF df DMnvfd krnf cfhuMdF ik qusIN hmysLF ikMnI KulH-idlI nfl sihj rUp myry kMmF ivwc myrI mdd kIqI, sihXog idwqf aqy syD idwqI. jdoN 1937 ivwc mYN pihlI vfrI ib®itsL kolMbIaf dy jMglF ivwc kMm krn igaf qF Aus vyly kMm dIaF hflqF gulfmI vrgIaF sn. Aus smyN Gwt qoN Gwt qnKfh df kfnUMn sI 40 sYNt p®qI GMtf, pr mYN ds GMty dI idhfVI aqy vIh sYNt p®qI GMtf AuWqy kMm krdf irhf hF, ikAuNik ies df bdl sI byrujLgfrI aqy BuwKmrI.


47

sfzI jQybMd krn dI muihMm bVI kiTnfeIaF BrI sI pr sFJIaF kosLsLF rfhIN mjLdUr jyqU hoey aqy AunHF ny knyzf Br ivwcoN swB qoN mhfn aqy juJfrU (imlItYNt) jQybMdI kfiem kIqI. afeI zbilAU ey dI swB qoN vwzI p®fpqI, sfry lwkV-kfimaF (vuwzvrkrjL) nUM - gory, ieMzIan, cIny, jpfnI - ibnF iksy nsl jF rMg dy vKryvyN dy swB nUM iewk lVI ivwc joVn dI sI. afeI zbilAU ey dy dUr aMdysLI vfly aqy juJfrU afgUaF dI imhrbfnI nfl 37,000 lwkV-kfmy hux mukfblqn cMgIaF qnKfhF aqy kMm dIaF hflqF df afnMd mfx rhy hn. keI qrHF nfl, Gwt igxqIaF dy lokF nUM, ijnHF nfl hmysLF ivqkrf aqy vDIkIaF huMdIaF rhIaF hn, kfPI ijLafdf Pfiedf hoieaf hY. ieh mhfn eykqf aqy Xog agvfeI, ijhny bI sI dy lwkV-kfimaF vfsqy ieMny ijLafdf hwk ijwqy hn, hr hflq ivwc kfiem rihxI cfhIdI hY aqy vDxI cfhIdI hY. mflk dy eyjMtF vloN aqy icVicVy suafrQI lokF vloN aMdrUnI qOr AuWqy aVcnF, aqy mflkF vloN aqy AunHF dy kTpuqly isafsI lokF vloN bfhroN hox vfly hmly bysLwk jLfrI rihxgy. pr qusIN, afeI zbilAU ey dy sfQIE, hmysLF iewkmuwT rihxf aqy mjLdUr jmfq dy sfry dusLmxF nUM hfr dyxI. isrP lgfqfr cOks rihx nfl aqy sMGrsL nfl hI afeI zbilAU ey aqy mjLdUr lihr bcfeI aqy vDfeI jf skdI hY. sfzf ieh hI nfhrf hoxf cfhIdf hY. afriQk muhfx AuWqy asIN kfPI mwlF mfrIaF hn pr ajy bhuq kuJ krn vflf ipaf hY aqy myrf ieh pwkf ivsLvfs hY ik afeI zbilAU ey nUM hor srgrmI nfl isafsq ivwc ihwsf lYxf cfhIdf hY. asIN sfP dyK skdy hF ik iks qrHF sfzIaF afriQk p®fpqIaF nUM ibwl 39 vrgy isafsI kfnUMnF nfl qbdIl kr ky sfQoN Koihaf jf skdf hY. ies mYdfn ivwc afeI zbilAU ey nUM kMm krky bI sI ivwc aqy knyzf ivwc mjLdUrF aqy iksfnF dy sFJy morcy vflI lok-srkfr kfiem krnI cfhIdI hY. awj amrIkn sfmrfjvfd dUjy lokF dIaF afjLfdIaF AuWpr afpxIaF cMm dIaF clf irhf hY. amrIkn sfmrfjI sfry XUrp nUM afpxI jyb ivwc pfAuxf cfhuMdy hn. Auh cIn dy lokF dy iKlfP qfnfsLfh icaFg-kfey-sLyk dI hmfieq kr rhy hn. sfAUQ eIst eysLIaf ivwc ib®itn, PrFs aqy hOlYNz (amrIkn mdd nfl) ieMzonysLIaf, vIaqnfm aqy ieMzocfeInf dIaF rIpbilkF nUM kuclx dIaF kosLsLF kr rhy hn. Bfrq ivwc ijwQy sfzy lokF ny brqfnvI bsqIvfdIaF koloN vwzIaF irafieqF ijwqIaF hn aqy 200 sfl dy ibgfny rfj bfad afpxI kOmI srkfr p®fpq kIqI hoeI hY pr ajy vI brqfnIaF vfly aiswDy qrIky nfl afriQk srdfrI, dysL vMz, aqy rjvfVf sLfhI aqy vwzy vpfrIaF nfl sFJ rwK ky dysL AuWpr afpxf kbjf kfiem rwKx dIaF kosLsLF kr rhy hn. ienHF sfry kysF ivwc knyzIan srkfr sQfnk lokF dy ajLfdI leI cwl rhy GolLF ivruwD sfmrfjvfdIaF dI hmfieq kr rhI hY. sMKyp ivwc, AuhI iejfrydfr qfkqF ijhVIaF knyzIan lokF dy rihx dy pwDr nUM nIvF rwKx dI kosLsL kr rhIaF hn, bsqIaF dy lokF nUM gulfm bxfeI rwKx leI qqpr hn. nqIjy vjoN, knyzIan mjLdUr jmfq df aqy myry dysL dy lokF df ieko iewk sFJf dusLmx hY dunIaF df sfmrfjvfd. jy sfzy dovF lokF ny ies jLihrIly dusLmx sfhmxy afpxI hoNd kfiem rwKxI hY qF sfnUM pwkI sFJ sQfpq krnI pvygI. sfmrfjvfd ivruwD sMGrsL dI ijwq ivwc ieh eykqf hI aslI kuMjI hY. mYN quhfzy nfl ies gwl df vfiedf krdf hF ik BfrqI tryz XUnIan dI lihr ivwc kMm krky mYN ienHF donHF lokF drimafn eykqf kfiem krn vfsqy afpxI vloN hr kosLsL krFgf. aqy mYnUM ies gwl df pUrn ivsLvfs hY ik qusIN, knyzIan mjLdUr lihr dy sfQI, myry lokF dI aqy dunIaF dy hor lokF dI bsqIvfdIaF koloN ajLfdI dI lVfeI dI mdd ivwc jo vI kr sky pUrI koisLsL nfl krogy. knyzf dy


48

mjLdUr kdy vI afpxI mukMml ajLfdI sQfpq nhIN kr skxgy ijMnf icr awDI dunIaF dy lok bsqIaF ivwc iswDy jF aiswDy qOr AuWqy iejfrydfr pUMjIvfd dy gulfm bxy rihxgy. mYN iewk vfrI Pyr afeI zbilAU ey dI smuwcI mYNbrisLfp aqy afgUaF df inwGf DMnvfd krnf cfhuMdf hF aqy swB nUM sLuwB ieCfvF Byjdf hF. ikrpf krky myry ies Kwq nUM myrf izstirkt trwstI dy aOhdy, ijs AuWpr mYN keI sfl irhf hF, qoN asqIPf smJxf. awgy afAux vfly sMGrsLF ivwc quhfnUM swB sfQIaF nUM hr ijwq dI kfmnf krdf hF. alivdf afeI zbilAU ey aqy alivdf kYnyzf. BrfqrI ipafr nfl drsLn isMG hvfl y aqy it wpxIaF 1[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg, zfktr hrI sLrmf, suKvMq huMdl aqy mwKx tuwt, mfrc, 1985, vYnkUvr bI sI. 2[ drsLn isMG knyzIan, ieMtrivAU. 3[ eyml ibErnsn ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, aprYl 2, 1997, vYnkUvr. 4[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU. 5[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU. 6[ kuldIp isMG bYNs ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, 30 akqUbr 1984, vYnkUvr. 7[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU. 8[ kryg pirct ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, 8 agsq 1997, vYnkUvr. 9[ drsLn isMG knyzIan ieMtrivAU. 10[ kryg pirct ieMtrivAU. 11[ albrtf vrkrjL vYlkm afeI zblXU, drsLn isMG knyzIan, bI sI lMbr vrkrjL, 4 nvMbr, 1946, vYnkUvr. 12[ AuhI. 13[ AuhI. 14[ imstr ruafey mfh nfl sfDU ibinMMMg dI aprYl, 1997 nUM Pon AuWpr kIqI gwlbfq AuWqy afDfrq, vYnkUvr. 15[ drsLn isMG knyzIan sLrDFjlI smfgm, 12 akqUbr 1986, vYnkUvr, smyN klya pYrI vloN kIqI spIc ivwcoN. 16[ “drsLn isMG suport XUintI”, bI sI lMbr vrkrjL, 6 nvMbr, 1944, sPf 1[ 17[ dyKo “BfrqIaF ny knyzf ivwc vot df hwk iks qrHF ilaf: pMjfhvIN vrHy gMZ smyN ivsLysL”, suKvMq huMdl aqy sfDU ibinMg, vYnkUvr swQ pblIkysLnjL, vYnkUvr, 1997, sPf 33-34.[ 18[ AuhI sPf 29[ 19[ AuhI sPf 48[ 20[ ivktorIaf zylI tfeImjL, aprYl 7, 1945, sPf 4[ 21[ drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN 1943 ivwc ilKI ikqfb jo 1948 ivwc p®kfisLq hoeI: df rfeIjL afP inAU eysLIaf, pROgrYWs pbilisLMg, trFto. 22[ ijvyN pihlF ijLkr kIqf igaf hY ik ieh lyK ilKx leI asIN drsLn isMG horF nfl kIqI afpxI lMbI

ieMtrivAU nUM kfPI hwd qwk afDfr bxfieaf hY. pr asIN afpxI vloN ies gwl dI vI pUrI kosLsL kIqI hY ik


49

dUjy soimaF koloN vI drsLn isMG dy jIvn aqy Xogdfn bfry jfxkfrI iekwqr krIey. ies mksd leI asIN afeI zblXU ey dy Aus smyN bfry ilKy gey ieiqhfsk dsqfvyjF nUM dyiKaf hY. nfl hI asIN kfPI sfry AunHF lokF nfl gwlbfq kIqI hY ijhVy drsLn isMG nUM inwjI qOr AuWqy jfxdy sn aqy Auhdy nfl kMm krdy rhy sn. ienHF ivwc sLfml hn: mOirs rsL jo bhuq lMbf smF kimAUinst pfrtI dy ahudydfr rhy aqy ies vyly vYnkUvr ivwc rih rhy hn. eymIl ibErnsn jo XUnIvristI dy smyN qoN drsLn isMG dy vfikP sn aqy AunHF nfl XMg kimAUinst lIg dy smyN qoN imlL ky srgrmIaF kIqIaF sn. monf morgn jo afeI zblXU ey ivwc iesqrIaF nUM jQybMd krn ivwc aqy XUnIan dI aKbfr lMbr vrkr ivwc lMbf smF kMm krdy rhy hn aqy AuWGy afgU nfeIjl morgn dy jIvn sfQI sn. hYrI rYNikMn ijnHF dI drsLn isMG dy knyzf ivcly aKIrly do sflF dOrfn Aus nfl kfPI nyVqf rhI sI. cInI kimAUintI dy XUnIan afrgynfeIjLr ruafey mfh jo cInI kimAUintI ivwc keI dhfky aKbfr clfAuNdy rhy hn. kryg pirct, jo hYrlz pirct dy spuwqr hn aqy afpxI CotI Aumr qoN hI agFhvDU srgrmIaF ivwc sLfml rhy hn. kuldIp isMG bYNs jo drsLn isMG dy nfl kimAUinst pfrtI dy mYNbr vI sn aqy XUnIan jQybMd krn ivwc vI srgrm sn. mfrgryt aYNzrUisaYk jo drsLn isMG nUM Aus dy srgrmI dy smyN qoN jfxdy sn. ies hI qrHF asIN afeI zblXU dy mOjUdf ahudydfr klya pYrI ijs ny drsLn isMG nfl dysL jf ky mulfkfqF kIqIaF hn, nfl vI drsLn isMG bfry ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf hY. ienHF sfiraF nfl ivcfr vtFdry bfad asIN ies iswty AuWqy phuMcy hF ik drsLn isMG dy pfey Xogdfn nUM Aus smyN df ieiqhfs ilKx vfilaF vloN njLr aMdfjL kIqf igaf hY.

23[ hYrI rYNikMn ieMtrivAU, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, aprYl 2, 1997, vYnkUvr. 24[ drsLn isMG knyzIan sLrDFjlI smfgm, 12 akqUbr 1986, vYnkUvr, smyN klya pYrI vloN kIqI spIc

ivwcoN.


50

ih wsf qIjf

a wTv y N aqy n Ov y N dhfk y (1970-1990) d Orfn knyzf d y p MjfbIaF dI

p RgqIs L Il lihr


51

jfx-pCfx ieh lyK vIhvIN sdI dy aKIrly do iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn knyzIan pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc hoeIaF agFhvDU srgrmIaF AuWqy rosLnI pfAuNdf hY. BfvyN iewQy dsvyN dhfky bfry vI kuJ nf kuJ kihx dI koisLsL hY pr muwK qOr `qy gwl awTvyN aqy nOvyN dhfky bfry hI kIqI geI hY. ies df vwzf kfrn iehI hY ik ieh srgrmIaF ijLafdf pihly do dhfikaF ivwc hI hoeIaF hn. ies smyN dOrfn ieh BfeIcfrf iek Coty ijhy byasr gruwp qoN AuWT ky knyzIan smfj df asrdfiek ihwsf bixaf hY. ieh swB kuJ afpxy afp nhIN vfpiraf sgoN bhuq sfry lokF vloN kIqIaF lMmIaF GflxfvF df nqIjf hY. pr AudfsI dI gwl ieh hY ik mOjUdf smyN dy sLor sLrfby ivwc ienHF GflxfvF nUM bhuq qyjLI nfl Bulfieaf jf irhf hY. dysoN afAux vfly nvyN lokF jF iewQy jMm pl rhy bwicaF nUM qF ies bfry kI jfxkfrI hoxI hY, ijhVy lok ipCly qIhF pYNqIaF sflF qoN iewQy rih rhy hn Auh vI vwKry vwKry kfrnF vws ieh ‘kwlH’ dIaF gwlF Buwl rhy hn. ies pwKoN ieh lyK ies ikqfb df aihm lyK hY. drasl ies ikqfb qoN vI pihlF ieh lyK sfzy ijLhn ivwc GuMm irhf sI. swqrivaF dy sLurU qoN lY ky awsIivaF dy awD qwk sfzy BfeIcfry ivwc Kwby-pwKI lihr jLorF AuWqy sI aqy vIhvIN sdI dy sLurU qoN cwlI afAuNdI Dfrf df ihwsf sI. swqrivaF dy sLurU ivwc afkfr ivwc vDI kimAUintI nUM iewQy sQfpq hox vfsqy anykF smwisafvF df sfhmxf krnf ipaf. iemIgrysLn, nslvfd, mjLdUrI qy siBafcfr nfl sMbMDq smwisafvF nUM hwl krn vfsqy cwlIaF lihrF muwK qOr `qy Kwby-pwKI lokF vloN clfeIaF geIaF. afpxI soc qy syD pwKoN ieh lok afpxIaF iewQoN dIaF jVHF nfl pUrI qrHF juVy hoey sn. pr hux Kwby-pwKI lok aqy ienHF dIaF srgrmIaF afm lokF dy dyKx suxn ivwc nhIN afAuNdIaF. kuJ lokF vloN ieh mihsUs kIqf jf irhf hY ik jy ies smyN kuJ nf kIqf igaf qF afAux vflIaF pIVHIaF sfzI kimAUintI dy ies amIr ivrsy nfloN sdf leI tuwt jfxgIaF. ies mksd nUM iDafn ivwc rwK ky asIN iewQy swqrivaF aqy awsIivaF dOrfn hoeIaF srgrmIaF nUM irkfrz krn dI koisLsL kIqI hY qF ik sfzy hwQF ivwc ilKqI rUp ivwc vI kuJ hfsl hovy.


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awTvy N aqy n Ov y N dhfk y (1970-1990) d Orfn knyzf d y p MjfbIaF dI

dI p RgqIs L Il lihr ipC okV (1950 qoN 1970 qwk) knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dy ivkfs ivwc 1950 qoN 1970 qwk bhuq DImI qOry quridaF afpxy afp nUM kfiem rwKx df smF sI. ies BfeIcfry dy do aihm msly 1947 ivwc hwl ho gey. ies sfl dy apRYl mhIny ivwc AunHF nUM cflI sflF dI jwdojihd bfad knyzf ivwc vot df hwk muV pRfpq ho igaf sI. (1) Aus hI sfl dy agsq ivwc Bfrq nUM brqfnvI sfmrfj qoN ajLfdI pRfpq ho geI sI. ieh vI iek vwzf mslf sI ijs bfry knyzf dy pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF ny muwZ qoN hI bhuq srgrmI ivKfeI sI. ienHF do msilaF qoN bfad BfrqIaF dy knyzf afAux AuWqy lwgIaF iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMnF dIaF pfbMdIaF nUM htfAuxf knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry vfsqy vwzf mslf sI. CyvyN dhfky (1950-1960) dOrfn ieh mslf vI do kfrnF krky POrI qOr `qy eynI ijLafdf aihmIaq nhIN sI rwKdf. iek qF Aus vyly dUjI sMsfr jMg kfrn XUrp ivwc hoeI qbfhI qoN bfad muV AusfrI sLurU ho cuwkI sI. bhuq sfry pMjfbI ieMglYNz afAuxy sLurU ho gey sn ijs nfl pMjfb dy lokF dI bfhr jfx dI loV kfPI hwd qwk pUrI ho rhI sI. dUjy pfsy knyzf ny vI afpxIaF nIqIaF ivwc kuJ nrmI idKfAuxI sLurU kr idwqI sI. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1951 ivwc knyzf aqy ihMdusqfn ivckfr iemIgrysLn bfry iek smJoqf kIqf igaf sI. ies smJOqy anusfr ihMdusqfn qoN knyzf afAux leI hr sfl 150 avfsIaF df kotf insLicq kr idwqf igaf sI. ies koty dI igxqI 1956 ivwc vDf ky 300 kr idwqI geI. Pyr Aus qoN agly sfl ieh vI KuwlH dy idwqI geI sI ik knyzf dy nfgirkF dy nfl nfl pwky visLMdy (rYjLIzYNs) afpxy ivafhuqf sfQIaF, nfbflg bwicaF, aqy bjLurg mfipaF dI arjLI Br ky knyzf mMgvf skdy hn. (2) dUjy sLbdF ivwc ihMdusqfnIaF nUM pwky qOr `qy bfhr rwKx vflI knyzf dI pihlI nIqI ivwc ies smyN QoVHI iZwl af geI sI. knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dI igxqI ivwc 1950 qoN 1967 qwk bhuq hOlI hOlI vfDf hoieaf aqy ies vyly muwK qOr `qy afey vI Auh lok jo iewQy rihx vfly pMjfbIaF dy nyVy dy irsLqydfr sn. nqIjy vjoN, nvyN afAux vfly lok pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc ibnF koeI KlblI pYdf krn dy smf gey aqy AunHF dI afmd df BfeIcfry dI aMdrUnI cfl AuWpr iksy iksm df asr nf ipaf. bysLwk ies smyN dOrfn BfrqIaF dy afAux leI slfnf kotf insLicq kIqf hoieaf sI, pr ajy vI AunHF nUM knyzf afAux leI dUjy dysLF, Kfs kr XUrp dy dysLF, qoN afAux vfly lokF dy brfbr dy aiDkfr nhIN sn. ies leI BfeIcfry vloN iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMnF nUM hor nrm krvfAux leI koisLsLF huMdIaF rhIaF BfvyN ik sMGrsL dy aml aqy qOr qrIikaF ivwc qbdIlI af geI sI. ijwQy pihlF afpxIaF mMgF vfsqy srkfr nfl twkr lYxI sMGrsL df muwK Durf huMdf sI AuWQy pMjfhivaF aqy swTivaF dOrfn srkfrI msLInrI nfl iml ky afpxIaF mMgF pysL krn df aml sfhmxy afieaf. ies dy keI kfrn sn. pihlf, pMjfbI lokF nUM iewQy vsidaF awDI sdI qoN vwD smF ho cuwkf sI aqy keI lok iewQy lwkV nfl sMbMDq jF KyqIbfVI dy ibjLnYWs ivwc cMgI qrHF sQfpq ho cuwky sn. BfeIcfry dI vfgzor ies smyN afriQk pwKoN sQfpq hoey ienHF lokF dy hwQ ivwc pwky qOr `qy af geI sI. ieh lok


53

iswDI twkr lYx dI QF srkfr nfl iml ky kMm krnf afpxy aqy BfeIcfry dy ihq ivwc smJdy sn. dUjf, ihMdusqfn nUM ajLfdI imlx nfl aqy pMjfbIaF nUM knyzf ivwc vot df hwk imlx nfl knyzIan isafsI lokF dy pMjfbIaF vlF njLrIey ivwc QoVHI ijhI qbdIlI vI af geI sI. BfvyN pMjfbIaF dI igxqI ajy vI eynI ijLafdf nhIN sI, iPr vI ienHF dIaF votF dI kImq pYxI sLurU ho geI sI. nqIjy vjoN, knyzIan lokF ny pMjfbIaF dIaF gwlF nUM QoVHy iDafn nfl suxnf sLurU kr idwqf sI. ies qrHF dIaF hflqF ivwc Aus smyN dI knyzIan pMjfbI lIzrisLwp ny afpxIaF loVF aqy ihqF anusfr vwKry aml apxf ky iemIgrysLn dy msly nUM hwl krn dy Xqn jfrI rwKy. AunHF dy ies bdly Kfsy - srkfr nfl iml ky kMm krn dy aml - kfrn ienHF do dhfikaF dOrfn kimAUnintI ivwcoN pihlIaF vflI aqy swTivaF qoN bfad vflI srkfrI ZFcy ivrwuD jwdo-jihd gfieb idsdI hY. ieh kihxf qF TIk nhIN ik ienHF dhfikaF dOrfn iemIgrysLn dy msly qoN ibnF kimAUintI vfsqy hor koeI mslf nhIN sI. pMjfbIaF aqy hor gYr-gory lokF ivruwD nslvfd iewQy hmysLF mOjUd irhf hY aqy Aus vyly vI mOjUd sI. pr ies vwKry Kfsy vflI lIzrisLwp ny nslvfd dy msly nUM ies dy shI rUp ivwc pRBfisLq krn dI QF afpxy nfl huMdy nslI ivqkry nMU kfPI hwd qwk prvfn kr ilaf sI. AunHF ny ies smfj ivwc afpxy drjy nUM mMn ilaf sI. jy aijhf nf huMdf qF ienHF do dhfikaF dOrfn BfeIcfry vloN nslvfd ivruwD sMGrsL jLrUr jfrI rihxf sI. iewQy cyqf rwKx vflI gwl ieh hY ik ieh Auh smF sI jdoN guaFZI dysL amrIkf ivwc kfly lokF vloN goiraF nfl brfbrI vfsqy clfeIaF isvl rfeIts vrgIaF lihrF pUry jLorF `qy sn. AuWqrI amrIkf dy afidvfsI vI ienHF sflF dOrfn afpxy hwkF vfsqy cyqn ho cuwky sn qy sMGrsL dy rfh pY cuwky sn. dunIaf Br dy lok afpxy hwkF leI sMGrsL kr rhy sn. pr pMjfbI BfeIcfry dI Aus smyN dI lIzrisLwp vloN afpxy nfl huMdy nslvfd nUM nslvfd kih ky ies ivruwD koeI muihMm nhIN lVI geI. bysLwk ies smyN (1950-1970) dOrfn BfeIcfry vloN koeI vwzI jwdojihd nhIN lVI geI pr muwK qOr `qy ieh Kwby-pwKI aqy agFhvDU isafsq vfly lokF dI lgfqfr ihmfieq krdy rhy. pMjfbIaF dI bhuigxqI bI sI dI KwbI isafsI pfrtI inAU zYmokrYitk pfrtI (aYn zI pI), tryz XUnIan lihr aqy hor KwbIaF pfrtIaF dI smrQk sI. ienHF sMsQFvF vloN pihly virHaF dOrfn pMjfbI BfeIcfry dI jo mdd kIqI geI sI Aus nUM Bulfieaf nhIN sI igaf. ies dy nfl hI ies smyN dOrfn knyzf vsdy pMjfbI ihMdusqfn ivclIaF KwbIaF pfrtIaF nUM vI lgfqfr huMgfrf idMdy rhy sn. ies ikqfb dy pihly do ihwisaF ivwc pihlIaF ivwc (1897 qoN 1950 qwk) knyzf af vsy pMjfbIaF dy sMGrsLF bfry crcf ho cuwkI hY. pihly lyK ivwc sohx isMG pUMnI ny 1920 qoN pihlF dy dOr dIaF agFhvDU srgrmIaF nUM rosLnI ivwc ilaFdf hY. drsLn isMG knyzIan vfly lyK ivwc asIN cOQy dhfky dy awD qoN lY ky cflIivaF dy aMq qwk hoeIaF gqIivDIaF dI crcf kr cuwky hF. ies hQly lyK ivwc asIN swqrivaF aqy awsIivaF dOrfn knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dI pRgqIsLIl lihr AuWpr iDafn kyNdirq krFgy. a wTvF aqy n OvF dhfkf (1970-1990) knyzf dy iemIgrysLn kfnUMnF ivwc hoeIaF qbdIlIaF dy afDfr AuWqy swqrivaF dy sLurU dy kuJ sflF dOrfn vwzI igxqI ivwc pMjfbI iewQy afey. ienHF dy iewQy afAux nfl do gwlF vfprIaF: pihlI, pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivclf lMmy smyN qoN sQfpq hoieaf ZFcf bhuq qyjLI nfl tuwtx lwgf. afAux vfilaF ivwc bhuigxqI afjLfd ihMdusqfn ivwc pYdf hoey, pVHy ilKy aqy nvIN isafsI cyqnf vfly lok sn. ienHF ny pihly pMjfbI knyzIanF vloN sQfpq kIqIaF kdrF kImqF nUM smJx aqy mMnx qoN ienkfr kr idwqf. dUjI, pMjfbI vYnkUvr qy ibRitsL kolMbIaf qoN inkl knyzf dy dUjy ihwisaF vl vDxy sLurU hoey aqy CyqI hI trFto, mFtrIal, ivnIpYWg, aYzmMtn qy kYlgrI afid sLihrF ivwc ienHF dI igxqI vDx lwgI. Kfs


54

kr ky trFto ivwc vYnkUvr vFg hI vwzI igxqI ivwc pMjfbI lokF ny rihxf sLurU kr idwqf. knyzf dI pMjfbI vsoN ivwc qyjLI nfl hoey vfDy aqy Aus vfDy kfrn hox vflIaF qbdIlIaF ny pMjfbI BfeIcfry vfsqy bhuq sfrIaF nvINaF smwisafvF KVHIaF kIqIaF. ieh smwisafvF aMdrUnI vI sn qy bfhrI vI. knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc, ijhdf kyNdr vYnkUvr sI, pihlF sQfpq sMsQFvF muwK rUp ivwc Dfrimk hI sn isvfey iek awD arD-Dfrimk sMsQf dy ijvyN ik eIst ieMzIanjL kYnyzIan istIjLnjL vYlPyar aYsosIeysLn dy. (3) ieh sMsQFvF nvyN afey lokF dIaF smwisafvF nUM smJx aqy nijwTx qoN asmrQ rhIaF. ienHF jQybMdIaF AuWqy Aus vyly afriQk aqy vpfrk pwKoN sQfpq lokF df kbjLf sI. ienHF ivwc pihly pMjfbIaF vloN kIqIaF jwdojihdF vflf jjLbf kuJ hwd qwk kfiem sI. pr srmfeydfrI smfj df ihwsf huMidaF ienHF ivwcoN bhuiqaF lokF ny hOlI hOlI srmfeydfrI soc qy ZMg apxfa ley sn. kimAUintI dy kMmF kfrF dy nfl nfl afpxy jfqI muPfd bfry socx ivwc ienHF nUM iksy iksm dI koeI ivroDqfeI njLr afAuxo hwt geI sI. afpxy jfqI ihqF vFg ieh kimAUintI dy kMmF nMU vI afriQk aqy vpfrk njLrIey qoN dyKdy sn. ies iksm dI soc dI vwzI imsfl ienHF vloN 1969 ivwc vyicaf vYnkUvr df Auh ieiqhfsk gurduafrf hY jo 1907 ivwc bxfieaf igaf sI. AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc bixaf ieh pihlf gurduafrf sI ijs nfl axigxq mhwqvpUrn ieiqhfsk GtnfvF juVIaF hoeIaF sn. so ienHF lokF dy njLrIey ivwc afeI qbdIlI dy nqIjy vjoN ieh swqrivaF dy sLurU smyN vwzI igxqI ivwc afey pMjfbIaF dIaF smwisafvF nUM smJx qoN asmrQ rhy. nvIaF smwisafvF nUM smJx qy sulJfAux vfsqy nvyN afey lokF dIaF afpxIaF koisLsLF nfl anykF iksm dIaF jQybMdIaF hoNd ivwc afAux lwgIaF. knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc sQfpq hoeIaF pMjfbIaF dIaF ienHF nvIaF jQybMdIaF nUM jnm dyx vflI aqy awgy qorn vflI sLkqI Auh msly sn ijnHF dI ienHF vloN insLfndyhI kIqI geI. vwKrIaF vwKrIaF jQybMdIaF vloN ienHF msilaF nUM vwKry vwKry qrIikaF nfl pRBfisLq kIqf igaf aqy Aus anusfr afpxI syD aqy kMm krn df ZMg apxfieaf igaf. ieh msly muwK qOr `qy do qrHF dy sn: (A) ihMdusqfn nfl sMbMDq msly; (a) knyzf ivwc sQfpqI dIaF smwisafvF nfl sMbMDq msly. (A) ih Md usqfn nfl s Mb MDq msly jdoN koeI ivakqI afpxf dysL Cwz nvyN dysL af ky vsdf hY qF afpxy pihly dysL nfl Aus df nfqf tuwtdf nhIN. sLurU ivwc Aus df afpxy pihly dysL nfl irsLqf bhuq qIbr huMdf hY. pr smF bIqx nfl Aus df nvyN dysL nfl sMbMD gUVHf huMdf jFdf hY aqy pihly dysL nfl mwDm. pr ieh sMbMD iblkul alop kdy vI nhIN huMdf. nqIjy vjoN, nvyN dysL af ky vI Auh pihly dysL bfry socdf rihMdf hY aqy Aus dI ibhqrI leI kuJ krnf locdf hY. swqrivaF ivwc knyzf afey pMjfbIaF dI vI ieh hI KfihsL sI. ijvyN pihlF ijLkr kIqI igaf hY ik nvyN afAux vfilaF ivwc bhuigxqI pVHy ilKy nOjvfnF dI sI ijnHF ivwcoN kuJ isafsI qOr `qy vI cyqn sn. Auh afjLfd ihMdusqfn ivwc jMmy ply sn. AuWQy rihMidaF AunHF ieh mihsUs kr ilaf sI ik ihMdusqfn dy lokF ny jo supny ley sn Auh Aus injLfm ivwc pUry nhIN ho skdy. ihMdusqfn df afriQk aqy isafsI ZFcf isrP Auqly qbky dy ihqF dI pUrqI krn leI hY, sfDfrn ihMdusqfnI nUM ies ivwcoN kuJ imlx vflf nhIN. ieh lok afpxI siQqI vfsqy vI Bfrq dy afriQk aqy isafsI ZFcy nUM ksUrvfr smJdy sn. ies smJdy sn ik pMjfb jF ihMdusqfn ivwc ienHF dI Xogqf anusfr nOkrIaF aqy vsIilaF dI Gft kfrn hI ienHF nUM afpxI jnm BoNie Cwz ky avfs Dfrnf ipaf sI. knyzf afAux AuprMq myjLbfn smfj vloN ienHF vl nslvfdI aqy byadbI vfly rvweIey leI vI ieh Bfrq dy Aus smyN dy ZFcy nUM hI ksUrvfr mMndy sn. ienHF ny Aus smyN dI afpxI siQqI nUM kuJ hwd qwk Ausy qrHF pRBfivq kIqf ijs qrHF pihlIaF ivwc afey pMjfbIaF ny kIqf sI: “dys pYx Dwky pRdys ZoeI nf/sfzf pRdysIaF df dys koeI nf.”


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ijvyN pihlIaF ivwc afey pMjfbI ihMdusqfn nUM brqfnvI sfmrfj qoN afjLfd krvf ky AuWQy inaF aqy brfbrqf vflf smfj isrjxf cfhuMdy sn, Ausy qrHF swqrivaF ivwc afey pMjfbI vI cfhuMdy sn ik AuWQy inaF aqy brfbrqf vflf smfj Ausry. AunHF df ivcfr sI ik AuWQy afriQk, isafsI aqy smfjk ienklfb dI loV hY. iswty vjoN, AunHF ny iewQy af ky ihMdusqfn dy ienklfb vfsqy kMm krnf jfrI rwiKaf. vYnkUvr, trFto, ivnIpYWg, aYzmMtn qy kYlgrI ivwc swqrivaF dy sLurU ivwc sQfpq hoeIaF bhuqIaF jQybMdIaF dy afisLaF ivwc ihMdusqfn dy lokF dI siQqI ivwc suDfr ilafAux df mslf sLfml sI. ienHF jQybMdIaF ivwc sLfml lokF dy ijnHF ijnHF pfrtIaF jF gruwpF nfl dysL ivwc sMbMD sn, Auh siQqI nUM Aus anusfr dyKdy aqy prcfrdy sn. Audfhrn vjoN, eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto (dyKo ryKf-icwqr sPf 84) dy muwZly afisLaF ivwc ihMdusqfn sMbMDI iPkr sLfml sI: “knyzf dy lokF nUM aqy Kfs krky afpxy mYNbrF nUM ihMdusqfn dIaF isafsI, afriQk aqy smfjk hflqF bfry jfxkfrI dyxf.” (4) ies hI qrHF vYnkUvr dI ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn (ryKf-icwqr, sPf 97) dy afisLaF ivwc vI ieh gwl sLfml sI: “afpxy mYNbrF aqy knyzf dy lokF nUM ihMdusqfn ivwc vfpr rhIaF isafsI, afriQk aqy smfjk gqI ivDIaF bfry jfxU krfAuxf qF ik ihMdusqfn ivwc lokqMqrI qfkqF nUM mjLbUq hox ivwc shfieqf iml sky.” ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ien nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf) (ryKf icwqr, sPf 89) df muwK insLfnf “BfrqI ienklfb leI nkslbfVI vloN cuxy rfh dI ihmfieq krnf sI.” pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn (ryKf-icwqr, sPf 101) nUM sQfpq krn vfly lokF ivwc bhuigxqI pMjfb dI nkslbfVI isafsq nfl sMbMD rwKx vfilaF dI sI qy ienHF dIaF mIitMgF ivwc “pMjfb dI isafsq nfl sMbMDq pMjfb qoN mMgvfey gey pricaF dI smwgrI ivcfrI jFdI aqy ienHF pricaF/gruwpF dI mdd krn bfry ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf jFdf.” lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI (ryKf-icwqr, sPf 139) dI syD ivwcoN vI sfnUM AunHF dy ihMdusqfn dy lokF nfl nfqf joVn dy AudysL idsdy hn: “sfzy gIqF ivwc sfzy imhnqI dysLvfsIaF dy drd dI cIs hoxI cfhIdI hY, AunHF dy muVHky dI mihk aqy lokF leI afpxIaF jfnF vfr gey Bgq isMG ijhy sLhIdF dy lhU dI rosLnI hoxI cfhIdI hY.” ihMdusqfn ivwc ienklfb dI mdd krn leI ienHF jQybMdIaF ny muwK rUp ivwc ies iksm dIaF srgrmIaF kIqIaF: iek) swB qoN pihlF qF ienHF AuWQy ienklfb leI kMm kr rhIaF AunHF jQybMdIaF aqy pfrtIaF dI mfiek shfieqf kIqI ijnHF nfl ieh afp juVy hoey sn jF sihmq sn. do) ihMdusqfn dI srkfr vloN lok ivroDI kdmF dy ivroD ivwc knyzf dI pMjfbI, ihMdusqfnI aqy smuwcI knyzIan kimAUintI ivwc mIitMgF, mujLfhry aqy rYlIaF kIqIaF. Audfhrn leI, jdoN 1975 ivwc ihMdusqfn ivwc Aus smyN dI pRDfn mMqrI ieMdrf gFDI ny aYmrjMsI lfeI qF keI jQybMdIaF ny ies dy ivroD ivwc mIitMgF kIqIaF. 3) ienHF ny Bfrq ivwc kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF dy kMmF bfry knyzf dy lokF ivwc prcfr kIqf. aijhf krn leI ienHF ny Bfrq ivwc kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF vloN Cfpy jFdy sfihq nUM ieQy mMgvf ky lokF ivwc vMizaf aqy AunHF dy kMmF df prcfr krn vfsqy AunHF dy lIzrF aqy kfrkuMnF nUM knyzf swidaf. ihMdusqfn dIaF hflqF aqy afm lokF dIaF jwdojihdF bfry bxIaF iPlmF nUM knyzf ivwc idKfAux df pRbMD kIqf. ienHF iPlmF ivwc aYmrjMsI dOrfn dy isafsI kYdIaF, JopV-pwtIaF ivwc rih rhy lokF aqy BUpfl kFz nfl sMbMDq iPlmF dIaF AudfhrnF idwqIaF jf skdIaF hn. ies qrHF asIN dyK skdy hF ik BfeIcfry ivclIaF ienHF muwZlIaF isafsI aqy siBafcfrk jQybMdIaF leI ihMdusqfn dy lokF dy msly byhwd mhwqqf rwKdy sn. pr knyzf ivwc hox kfrn ienHF jQybMdIaF dy kMmF df muwK Durf knyzf ivwc drpysL msly sn. bhuqIaF jQybMdIaF afpxy muwZly rUp ivwc ihMdusqfn dy msilaF aqy knyzf dy msilaF sMbMDI ieko smyN srgrmIaF krdIaF sn. pr ies sMbMD ivwc kuJ iek jQybMdIaF ny vwKrI phuMc vI apxfeI. Audfhrn vjoN, iepfnf vloN ihMudsqfn dy ienklfb nUM hI muwK insLfnf rwiKaf igaf aqy knyzf ivwc af rhy msilaF nUM nijwTx vfsqy ies vloN vwKrIaF vwKrIaF


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jQybMdIaF sQfpq kIqIaF geIaF. ieh jQybMdIaF sn bI sI E aYWP afr (ryKf-icwqr, sPf 126) qy knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan (ryKf-icwqr, sPf 116). a) kn yzf iv wc vs yv y dIaF sm w isafvF nfl s Mb MDq msly swqrivaF ivwc afey pMjfbIaF dI siQqI pihlIaF ivwc afey pMjfbIaF nfloN keI gwlF ivwc vwKrI sI. pihly lok ieQy ‘sPr’ lfAux afey sn qy AunHF dy mnF ivwc kdy nf kdy ‘kmfeI’ krky dysL vfps muV jfx df jIAuNdf jfgdf supnf sI. ies dy Ault jo lok swqrivaF ivwc afey AunHF aMdr ‘sPr’ lf ky jF ‘kmfeI’ krky vfps prqx dI KfihsL eynI sfP qy pRbl nhIN sI. dUjy pfsy mIjLbfn smfj ivwc vI kuJ aijhIaF qbdIlIaF vfprIaF jo lokF dy ‘sPr’ lfAux dy sMklp nUM bdlx ivwc shfeI hoeIaF. Audfhrn vjoN, knyzf ny afpxIaF nslvfdI nIqIaF ivwc srkfrI qOr `qy swTivaF dy awD qoN qbdIlIaF krnIaF sLurU kr idwqIaF sn aqy 1971 ivwc bhu-siBafcfrk nIqI nUM srkfrI qOr `qy apxfa ilaf sI. ies nfl nvyN afAux vfly lokF dy mnF ivwc acyq hI knyzf ivwc BivwK df supnf bxn lg ipaf. pr iksy vI supny nUM aslIaq qwk sPr krn leI keI pVfa qih krny pYNdy hn aqy keI qrHF dIaF rukfvtF df sfhmxf krnf pYNdf hY. nvyN afey pMjfbIaF vfsqy Aus smyN nslvfd vrgIaF vwzIaF rukfvtF sn. ies ivwc koeI sLwk nhIN ik aijhIaF rukfvtF pihlF qoN hI sn qy pMjfbI lok ienHF ivruwD lVdy vI rhy sn pr hux bdlIaF siQqIaF anusfr Auh ies ivrwuD iek vwKry pwDr `qy lV skdy sn. nqIjy vjoN swqrivaF dOrfn afAux vfly pMjfbIaF ny bdlIaF siQqIaF dy afDfr `qy knyzf dy hflqF nUM ijAuN df iqAuN mMnx jF Aus nfl smJOqf krn dI QF Aus nfl iswDI twkr lYx dy rfh nUM apxfieaf. ies rfh vfsqy jLrUrI sI ik Auh drpysL msilaF nUM afp pRBfisLq krdy. hyTF asIN AunHF msilaF bfry ivcfr vtFdrf kr rhy hF jo ienHF vloN AuTfey gey. 1[ iemIgrys Ln aqy vs yv y nfl s Mb MDq msly knyzf ivclI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI vfsqy iemIgrysLn dy msly dy do muwK pwK sn: pihlf pwK sI hor iemIgrysLn vfsqy knyzIan srkfr AuWqy dbfa pfAuxf qy kfnUMnF ivwc qbdIlIaF krvfAuxIaF; dUjf pwK sI ieQy phuMcy hoey lokF dI iemIgrysLn dy mfmly ivwc aqy ieQy rihx dy msilaF ivwc shfieqf krnf. ies msly dy pihly pwK leI kIqI jwdojihd dI mhwqqf smJx leI sfzy leI jLrUrI hY ik asIN iek dysL vjoN knyzf dy ivkfs ivwc iemIgrysLn dy sQfn nUM smJIey. knyzf nUM avfsIaF df dysL mMinaf jFdf hY. Pst nysLnjL jF nyitv (afidvfsI ijnHF nUM kolMbs dI glqI kfrn ieMzIan vI ikhf jFdf hY) lokF qoN ibnF knyzf dy sfry visLMdy afvfsI hn. iksy iek smUh dy lok kuJ vrHy pihlF af gey aqy iksy dUjy smUh dy lok kuJ vrHy bfad. KyqrPl dy ihsfb nfl knyzf dunIaf dy dysLF ivwc dUjy nMbr `qy afAuNdf hY. knyzf dy afriQk, smfjk aqy siBafcfrk ivkfs leI ies nUM sdf hI avfsIaF dI loV pYNdI afeI hY. ikhVy avfsIaF nUM afAux dyxf hY aqy ikhiVaF nUM nhIN, ies gwl df PYslf srkfr krdI hY. ieh PYslf krn ipwCy isafsI, afriQk, smfjI, nslvfdI aqy siBafcfrk kfrn kMm krdy hn. ieh kfrn iekwly knyzf dIaF hflqF nfl hI sMbMDq nhIN huMdy sgoN sMsfr pwDr dIaF hflqF nfl sMbMDq huMdy hn. ieh PYsly knyzf afAux vfly avfsIaF AuWpr hI asr nhIN krdy sgoN knyzf ivwc rih rhy lokF AuWpr vI vwzf asr pfAuNdy hn. Audfhrn leI, ies sdI dy pihly dhfky qoN lY ky pMjvyN dhfky dy aKIr qwk ihMdusqfnIaF dy knyzf afAux AuWpr pUrI pfbMdI sI. nqIjy vjoN pMjvyN dhfky qwk ieQy ienHF dI igxqI bhuq Gwt sI. igxqI Gwt hox kfrn, ienHF vfsqy afpxy afp nUM iek siBafcfrk smUh vjoN kfiem rwK skxf aqy ivkfs krnf kfPI musLikl sI. ies dy nfl hI iewQoN dy isafsI aqy afriQk jIvn ivwc bfkI lokF vFg brfbrqf nfl ihwsf lYxf vI bhuq aOKf sI. awj jdoN vwzI igxqI ivwc pMjfbI knyzf af cuwky hn qF ienHF nUM afpxy afp nUM siBafcfrk gurwp vjoN kfiem rwKxf vI sOKf hY aqy dUjy


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KyqrF ivwc vwD cVH ky ihwsf lYxf vI. ies dy nfl hI ijs smUh dy lokF AuWqy knyzf afAux AuWqy pfbMdI lfeI jF sKqI kIqI jFdI hY, aiswDy rUp ivwc Aus df ieh Bfv huMdf hY ik Aus smUh dI knyzf dy smfj ivwc bhuqI iewjLq nhIN. ies qoN agFh ijhVf jF ijhVy smUh iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMn bxfAux ivwc ihwsydfr huMdy hn jF ijhVy lok srkfr ivwc AuWc pwDr `qy sLfml huMdy hn, Auh smUh dUjy lokF dy smUhF dy lokF nUM knyzf qoN bfhr rwK ky knyzf dy isafsI, afriQk, siBafcfrk aqy smfjk vsIilaF AuWqy afpxI pkV kfiem rwKxf cfhuMdy hn. ies sdI df iqMn cOQfeI ihwsf knyzf dI srkfr ivwc AuWc pwDr AuWpr pwCmI XUrp qoN afey iemIgrYNtF df kMtrol irhf hY. ies leI knyzf dy iemIgrysLn kfnUMnF ivwc qbdIlI leI lVnf knyzf dy smfj AuWpr pwCmI XUrp qoN af ky knyzf vsy lokF dy glby ivruwD lVnf sI. awj dunIaf ivwc hr iensfn vloN afpxy pirvfr nfl rih skx nUM mnuwK dI mwuZlI loV mMinaf jFdf hY. jdoN knyzf dy iemIgrysLn kfnUMn knyzf ivwc rih rhy iksy smUh jF smUhF dy lokF dy pirvfr dy mYNbrF nUM knyzf ivwc afAux qoN rokdy hn jF ies bfry sKqI krdy hn qF Auh mnuwK dI muwZlI loV `qy hmlf krdy hn. knyzf jF snaqI dysLF ivwc afAux vfly bhuqy lok ieQy cMgy rujLgfr dI Bfl ivwc afAuNdy hn. afpxI smrQf aqy Xogqf muqfbk rujLgfr hfsl kr afpxI rotI kmfAuxf vI mnuwK dIaF muwZlIaF loVF ivwcoN iek hY. jdoN knyzf jF pwCmI snaqI dysLF dy iemIgrysLn kfnUMn ibnF iksy jfiejL kfrn dy iksy nUM bfhroN afAuxo rokdy hn qF Auh mnuwK dI rujLgfr kmfAux dI muwZlI loV awgy bMdsLF lfAuNdy jF rukfvtF KVHIaF krdy hn. ies gwl dI mhwqqf awj dy ivsLvIkrn (globlfeIjysLn) dy Xuwg ivwc hor vI vwD jFdI hY. awj iek pfsy qF amrIkf dI agvfeI ivwc dunIaf dy snaqI mulk srmfey nUM dunIaf dy iksy vI ihwsy ivwc ibnF rok tok dy lgf skx dI mMg kr rhy hn pr dUjy pfsy mjLdUrI nUM dunIaf dy iksy vI ihwsy ivwc ibnF iksy rok tok dy jfx dI KuwlH dyx nUM iqafr nhIN hn. ies leI iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMnF dIaF pfbMdIaF ivruwD lVfeI mnuwK dIaF muwZlIaF loVF dI lVfeI hY aqy srmfey aqy mjLdUrI ivckfr sdIaF qoN cwl rhI lVfeI df hI iek ihwsf hY. jy asIN knyzf dy iemIgrysLn kfnUMnF ivruwD BfrqIaF dI lVfeI nUM Auprly sMdrB ivwc dyKFgy qF ies lVfeI dI mhwqqf nUM TIk ZMg nfl smJ skFgy. knyzIan srkfr vloN swTivaF dy aKIr ivwc iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMnF ivwc kIqIaF qbdIlIaF anusfr Bfrq aqy hor gYr-XUrpIn dysLF qoN afAux vfly avfsIaF nfl vI XuUrpIn avfsIaF vrgf vrqfa kIqf jfxf sI. sfry afsvMd avfsIaF dIaF arjLIaF nUM AunHF dI Xogqf dy aDfr `qy priKaf jfxf sI nf ik AunHF dy rMg jF nsl dy afDfr `qy. nvIN iemIgrysLn nIqI ivwc ieh gwl vI sLfml sI ik knyzf ivwc sYr spfty vfsqy afAux vfly lok jy cfhux qF knyzf ivwc pwky qOr `qy rihx vfsqy arjLI kr skdy sn. ies nIqI df Pfiedf AuTf ky hjLfrF dI igxqI ivwc pMjfbI knyzf phuMc gey. Audfhrn leI, eysLIaf qoN knyzf afAux vfly afvfsIaF dI igxqI ivwc do-ZfeI guxF df vfDf hoieaf. ihMdusqfn qoN knyzf afAux vfly lokF dI igxqI ivwc vI ies qrHF df vfDf dyiKaf jf skdf hY. imsfl vjoN sMn 1968 ivwc ihMdusqfn qoN knyzf afAux vfilaF dI igxqI 3,912 sI, pr 1973 ivwc ieh igxqI 9,203 ho geI. jy asIN 1973 ivwc avfsIaF dy qOr `qy knyzf afAux vfly BfrqIaF dI igxqI df mukfblf 1952 ivwc afAux vfly BfrqI lokF dI igxqI nfl krIey qF ienHF do dhfikaF dOrfn knyzf ivwc afAux vfly BfrqIaF dI igxqI ivwc nftkI pwDr AuWqy hoey vfDy (ijs dI gwl pihlF kIqI jf cuwkI hY) df aihsfs bVI qIbrqf nfl huMdf hY. sMn 1952 ivwc isrP 172 BfrqI knyzf afey sn jdoN ik 1973 ivwc knyzf afAux vfly BfrqIaF dI igxqI 9203 sI. ieh igxqI 1952 dI igxqI nfloN 54 guxF vwD sI. (5) knyzf ivwc rih rhy keI lok afpxy ihqF kfrn gYr-XUrpIn dysLF qoN eyzI vwzI igxqI ivwc lokF dy afAux nUM sihx nhIN sn kr skdy aqy cfhuMdy sn ik ies qrHF dy avfsIaF AuWpr sKqI kIqI jfvy. nqIjy vjoN, knyzf dI srkfr ny 1974-1975 ivwc iemIgrysLn bfry iek grIn pypr pysL kIqf. ies


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ivwc gYr-XUrpIn dysLF qoN afAux vfly avfsIaF dy ivrwuD jFdIaF qjvIjLF df pMjfbIaF dIaF keI jQybMdIaF ny ivroD kIqf. trFto dI eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny ies pypr dy ivroD ivwc mujLfhrf kIqf aqy iek brIP pysL kIqf. iemIgrysLn dy msly AuWqy ies jQybMdI vloN lgfqfr kMm kIqf jFdf irhf. trFto dy ielfky ivwc 1980 dOrfn pMjfb qoN afey iswK riPAUjIaF df mslf vI ienHF vloN AuTfieaf igaf. Aus vyly zItYnsLn sYNtr ivwc bMd kIqy 150 riPAUjIaF ny ros vjoN BuwK hVqfl kr idwqI. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto ny BfeIcfry ivclIaF hor jQybMdIaF dy nfl iml ky ies msly ivwc riPAUjIaF dI hr pwKoN mdd kIqI. ieQy ieh gwl not krn vflI hY ik ieh jQybMdI iemIgrysLn dy msly nUM knyzIan smfj dy dUjy msilaF nfl joV ky dyKdI sI. ies gwl leI ies jQybMdI dy muwZly sMivDfn ivwc drj hyT ilKy sLbd dyKy jf skdy hn:

[[[ knyzf dI srkfr ivkfssLIl dysLF qoN knyzf afAux vfly lokF leI kfnUMnF nUM sKq kr rhI hY, nrm kr rhI hY aqy iPr sKq kr rhI hY. ijvyN ijvyN afriQk smwisafvF, mihMgfeI aqy byrujLgfrI dy rUp ivwc Aujfgr ho rhIaF hn, aqy rvfieqI ZMg nfl ienHF smwisafvF df hwl lwBxf musLkl ho irhf hY, qF ies sB leI “ivdysLIaF” nUM blI dy bwkry bxfieaf jf irhf hY.

iemIgrysLn nfl sMbMDq msly df dUsrf pwK ieQy af cuwky lokF dI iemIgrysLn styts lYx, rihx sihx qy kMm kfr Bflx ivwc mdd krn df sI. vYnkUvr ivwc kMm krdIaF pihlIaF do jQybMdIaF Kflsf dIvfn susfietI aqy eIst ieMzIanjL knyzIan istIjLnjL vYlPyar aYsosIeysLn ies kMm vfsqy jQybMdk qOr `qy iqafr nhIN sn. eynf hI nhIN, Aus smyN AunHF dy kMmF nUM dyKidaF ieh pRBfv pYNdf hY ik Auh vI knyzf dy bhuqy lokF vFg nvyN afey avfsIaF dy ivruwD sn aqy AunHF nUM afpxy leI Kqrf smJdy sn. ieh gwl smJx leI PrvrI 1974 ivwc eIst ieMzIan knyzIan istIjLnjL vYlPyar aYsosIeysLn vloN iemIgrysLn minstr awgy pysL kIqy brIP dIaF hyTF idwqIaF lfeInF nUM dyiKaf jf skdf hY:

iek mulk ivwcoN acfnk hI ijLafdf iemIgrYNt af lYx dyxf ax-iewiCq aml hY. dysL dy smfjk, afriQk aqy mfnvI KyqrF ivwc musLiklF pYdf krn dy nfl nfl ieh gwl srkfrI KjLfny AuWqy boJ vI pfAuNdI hY. (6)

pr vYnkUvr ivwc ikAuNik kimAUintI sdI dy sLurU qoN sQfpq sI qy nvyN afAux vfly lokF leI koeI nf koeI Tfhr huMdI sI. ies qrHF ieQy vsyby dy msly purfxI rvfieq nfl - irsLqydfrF, pyNzUaF jF jfx-pCfx vfly lokF dI shfieqf nfl - hwl huMdy rhy. nqIjy, vjoN vYnkUvr dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwcoN koeI ieho ijhI nvIN jQybMdI hoNd ivwc nhIN afeI jo isrP ienHF hI msilaF AuWqy iDafn kyNdirq krn vflI hovy. ies smyN bI sI dy bfkI keI sLihrF ijvyN ipRMs jOrj, ivlIamjLlyk, kunYl, klonf, kYmlUps, afid ivwc vI pMjfbIaF dI igxqI kfPI vDI. pr ienHF sLihrF ivwc gurdvfiraF dI sQfpqI qoN ibnF hor msilaF bfry koeI jQybMdIaF hoNd ivwc nhIN afeIaF. ies df kfrn ieh jfpdf hY ik iek qF ienHF QFvF AuWpr QoVHy QoVHy pMjfbI pihlF hI imwlF ivwc kMm krdy sn aqy AunHF dy iswDy vYnkUvr dI kimAUintI nfl sMbMD sn. Auh bfhr kMm krdy hoey vI afpxy sfry msilaF vfsqy vYnkUvr vsdy afpxy irsLqydfrF, dosqF aqy vwzy pwDr AuWqy vYnkUvr dI pMjfbI kimAUintI AuWqy hI inrBr krdy sn. ienHF sLihrF ivwc nvyN lokF dy afAux nfl vI ieh pihlF sQfpq hoieaf aml kMm krdf irhf. iewQy lokF nUM kMmF kfrF jF rihx sihx dy mfmilaF ivwc jy iksy iksm dIaF smwisafvF afAuNdIaF qF Auh afpxy irsLqydfrF, dosqF imwqrF dI mdd nfl hwl kr lYNdy. kdy kdy vwzy pwDr AuWqy pysL afAux vflIaF nslvfd vrgIaF smwisafvF leI Auh vYnkUvr dIaF jQybMdIaF koloN vI shfieqf lYNdy. kuJ hflqF ivwc vYnkUvr sQfpq jQybMdIaF dIaF sLfKfvF vI kuJ sLihrF ivwc sQfpq kIqIaF geIaF.


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ies smyN knyzf dy dUjy sLihrF Kfs kr trFto aqy EntyrIE dy bhuq sfry hor sLihrF, mFtrIal, ivnIpYWg, kYlgrI, aYzmMtn afid ivwc sQfpq ho rhy BfeIcfiraF df vYnkUvr nfl iswDf sMbMD kfiem nf rih sikaf. ies df kfrn BUgoilk sI. ieh sLihr vYnkUvr qoN bhuq dUr pYNdy sn. pr ies qoN vI vwzf kfrn jF ies qrHF ikhf jf skdf hY ik BUgoilk qwq AuWqy kfbU pfAux vfsqy vYnkUvr dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dIaF pihlIaF jQybMdIaF kol nf qF vsIly sn qy nf hI iek vwzI kOmI pwDr dI idRsLtI. nqIjy vjoN, ienHF sLihrF ivwc sQfpq hoey BfeIcfiraF nUM sLurU qoN hI afpxy msly afp hwl krnf df vsIlf krnf ipaf. ieQy vsx af rhy lokF dy msly bVy POrI sn qy AunHF dy hwl vI Aus smyN loVINdy sn. ijvyN pihlF ikhf igaf hY ik trFto ivwc eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn nF dI jQybMdI ny nvyN avfsIaF nUM afAuNdIaF musLiklF ivwc AunHF dI mdd krn dI koisLsL vI arMBI. ies jQybMdI dy nF qoN jLfhr huMdf hY ik ieh jQybMdI isrP iemIgrysLn dy msilaF nfl hI sMbMDq nhIN sI. ieh ieMglYNz ivwc qkrIbn iesy nF dI jQybMdI (ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn) dy mfzl AuWqy AusfrI geI sI. ies dy AudysLF ivwc ijwQy iemIgrysLn dy msilaF ivwc lokF dI shfieqf krnf sLfml sI, AuWQy nslvfd iKlfP, afriQk sLosLx iKlfP jwdojihd krnI aqy lokF nUM AunHF dy hwkF qoN cyqn krnf vI sLfml sI. ies qrHF ieh jQybMdI smyN dI loV anusfr jIvn dy vwKry vwKry KyqrF ivwc iek agFhvDU soc nfl lokF ivwc afpxf Xogdfn pfAux lwgI. ivnIpYWg, aYzmMtn qy kYlgrI afid ivwc vI pMjfbI BfeIcfry swqrivaF dy awD duafly hoNd ivwc afey. pr ienHF dy afkfr ivwc bhuq hOlI hOlI vfDf hoieaf aqy ieh kimAUintIaF kdy vI vYnkUvr jF trFto ijMnIaF vwzIaF nf hoeIaF. iemIgrysLn qy sQfpqI nfl sMbMDq msilaF nUM hwl krn vfsqy ieQy jQybMdk pwDr qwk gwl nhIN phuMcI. iek kfrn qF ieh sI ik muwZly ivakqI afpxy iemIgrysLn dy msly vYnkUvr jF trFto qoN hwl krky kMm kfr dI Bfl ivwc ienHF QFvF vl afey sn. qy iPr ienHF dI jfx pCfx vfly lok iswDy pMjfb qoN vI ienHF QFvF AuWqy afAuxy sLurU ho gey. pr iehnF dI igxqI sLurU ivwc eynI vwzI pwDr `qy nhIN phuMcI ik jQybMdI dI loV mihsUs huMdI. Gwt igxqI ivwc afAux vfly lokF dy dosq jF irsLqydfr jo pihlF hI ienHF QFvF AuWqy rihx lwg pey sn, AunHF dI mdd krdy. so nvyN afey avfsIaF dy iemIgrysLn styts lYx, rihx sihx qy kMm kfr Bflx ivwc mdd krn dy msly duafly muwK qOr `qy trFto dy ielfky ivwc hI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwcoN lok jQybMd hoey. 2[ nslvfd df mslf moty rUp ivwc nslvfd df arQ kuJ lokF vloN ieh mMnxf hY ik dunIaf dy lok vwKrIaF vwKrIaF nslF nfl sMbMD rwKdy hn aqy iksy iek nsl dy lok dUjIaF nslF dy lokF nfloN vDIaf hn. ies soc dy afDfr `qy aKOqI vDIaf nsl nfl sMbMD rwKx vfly lok dUjy lokF dI kfblIaq prKx smyN AunHF dy gux aqy Xogqf dyKx dI QF AunHF df rMg jF nYx nksL dyK ky PYslf kr idMdy hn ik Auh kfbl hn jF nhIN. AunHF dy ies qrHF dy PYsly nfl kuJ lokF nUM smfj ivwc nf-brfbrI aqy byiensfPI df sfhmxf krnf pYNdf hY pr aKOqI vDIaf nsl dy lok ies gwl nUM glq nhIN smJdy. ieMqhfeI sUrq ivwc aKOqI vDIaf nsl dy lok dUjy lokF nUM pUrn iensfn nhIN smJdy aqy AunHF nfl gYr-mnuwKI vrqfa krn nUM afpxf aiDkfr smJdy hn. Audfhrn leI, kfly lokF nUM XUrp aqy amrIkf dIaF mMzIaF ivwc vycxf, icwtI nsl nUM sB qoN vDIaf smJx vfilaF nUM kdy glq nhIN sI lwgf. nsl dy afDfr AuWqy ies ivqkry dy kI kfrn hn? iek soc anusfr jdoN vwKry iensfnF dy smUh iek dUsry nUM imldy hn qF AunHF nUM iek dUjy bfry jfxkfrI nhIN huMdI. nqIjy vjoN, Auh iek dUsry bfry glq-PihmIaF df isLkfr ho jFdy hn aqy iek dUsry nfl ivqkry Biraf vrqfa krdy hn. hOlI hOlI


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ienHF smUhF ivckfr afpsI adfn pRdfn vDx nfl Auh iek dUsry bfry jfxn lwgdy hn aqy AunHF ivwc ivqkrf Gtx lwg jFdf hY. ieh soc nslvfd dI ivafiKaf krn ivwc kuJ hwd qwk kfmXfb huMdI hY. ies soc dI sB qoN vwzI sImf ieh hY ik ieh do vwKry smUhF ivckfr qfkq (pfvr) dy sMbMDF nUM iDafn ivwc nhIN rwKdI. jdoN do asfvIN qfkq rwKx vfly smUh iek dUsry nUM imldy hn qF qfkqvr gruwp dUsry gruwp nfl jo ivqkrf krdf hY, kI Auh Aus gruwp dI Gwt qfkqvr grwup bfry aigafnqf krky hI huMdf hY jF Aus vloN kIqy jFdy ivqkry ipwCy Aus dy hor ihq huMdy hn? ies smJx leI sfnUM nslvfd bfry iek vwKry njLrIey dI mdd lYxI pvygI. ies soc muqfbk nslvfd df asl kfrn iek gruwp dI dUsry grwup bfry aigafnqf nhIN huMdf sgoN nslvfd nfl qfkqvr gruwp dy afriQk, isafsI, smfjk aqy siBafcfrk ihq bwJy huMdy hn. qfkqvr gruwp smfj ivwc afpxy glby nUM kfiem krn aqy iPr ies glby nUM jfiejL iswD krn leI nslvfd dI iek ivcfrDfrf vjoN vrqoN krdf hY. Audfhrn leI, jdoN pMdrvIN sdI dy aKIr ivwc XUrpIn lokF ny amrIkI mhFdIp vwl afAuxf sLurU kIqf qF AunHF ny afpxy bsqIvfd nUM jfiejL TihrfAux leI nslvfd dI ivcfrDfrf kfiem kIqI. ies ivcfrDfrf anusfr AunHF ny amrIkf mhFdIp AuWpr hjLfrF sflF qoN vsdy mUl visLMidaF nUM afpxy qoN GtIaf smiJaf. AunHF ny ieh dlIl idwqI ik amrIkf mhFdIp AuWpr pihlF qoN rihx vfly lok XUrpInF dy brfbr dy pUrn iensfn nhIN ies leI amrIkI mhFdIp ‘KflI DrqI’ hY aqy nqIjy vjoN ies DrqI AuWpr XurpInF df kbjLf nYiqk aqy kfnUMnI qOr AuWpr TIk hY. nslvfd dy AuWpr idwqy ivcfrF dy sMdrB ivwc ieh ikhf jf skdf hY ik knyzf dy afriQk, isafsI, smfijk aqy siBafcfrk KyqrF ivwc nslvfd dI hoNd sdf hI rhI hY. knyzf ivwc nslvfd pwCmI XUrpIn lokF vloN knyzf dy mUl vfsIaF nfl kIqy vrqfa qoN sLurU hoieaf aqy iPr vwK vwK simaF dOrfn vwK vwK dysLF (gYr-pwCmI XUrpIn) qoN afey avfsIaF nfl huMdy ivqkry Bry vrqfa dy rUp ivwc inrMqr jfrI irhf hY. knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dy ieiqhfs dOrfn AunHF ivruwD nslvfd hmysLF irhf hY BfvyN ies dI isLwdq ivwc smyN smyN Gftf jF vfDf huMdf irhf hY. swqrivaF dy sLurU ivwc vwzI igxqI afey pMjfbIaF ivruwD nslvfd iqwKy rUp ivwc pRgt hoieaf. ieh pRqIkrm keI QFvIN ihMsk rUp ivwc pRgt hoieaf. ieh nslvfd ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy vI sI aqy sMsQFvF dy pwDr AuWqy vI. ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy huMdy nslvfd ivwc ienHF gwlF nUM sLfml kIqf jf skdf hY: sVk AuWqy qury jFdy pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF nUM goiraF vloN gflH kwZ jfxf aqy afpxy dysL prq jfx nUM kihxf; bwsF-gwzIaF ivwc sPr kridaF goiraF vloN burI njLr nfl dyKxf aqy mMdf bolxf; rfq nUM GrF dy sLIisLaF AuWpr aFzy suwt jfxy jF pwQr mfr ky sLIsLy BMn dyxy; skUlF ivwc bwicaF dy gory bwicaF vloN nFa-kunF pfAuxy aqy keI hflqF ivwc kuwtxf mfrnf; rfq nUM iswK-gurdvfiraF dI hwd aMdr gory nOjvfnF vloN sLrfrq kr jfxf afid. keI hflqF ivwc ieh GtnfvF ihMsk aqy jfnlyvf rUp Dfrn kr jFdIaF. trFto ivwc kuJ iek GtnfvF aijhIaF vfprIaF sn ijnHF ivwc goiraF vloN mYtro ivwc sPr krdy BfrqI mUl dy musfPrF nUM cldI gwzI qoN hyTF suwtx dI koisLsLF kIqIaF geIaF sn. bI sI ivwc kuJ GrF ivwc goiraF vloN kfktyl bMb suwt ky awg lf idwqI geI sI. bI sI dy sLihr kunYl ivwc iek imwl ivwc kMm krn jfx vfilaF nUM iek pul AuWqoN lMG ky jfxf pYNdf sI. jdoN pMjfbI ies imwl ivwcoN kMm krky vfps prqdy qF nslvfdI gory AunHF nUM ies pul AuWpr Gyr lYNdy aqy AunHF dI kuwt mfr krdy. sMsQFvF dy pwDr AuWqy huMdy nslvfd nUM smJx leI asIN pMjfbIaF pRqI knyzf dI pulIs dy rvweIey nUM dyK skdy hF. vYnkUvr dI pulIs smJdI sI ik pMjfbI iek gruwp vjoN ihMsk lok hn. ies dy nfl hI vYnkUvr dy pulIs clfx krn leI jF igRPqfrI krn leI pMjfbIaF nUM iek sOKf insLfnf smJdI sI. AunHF nfl huMdIaF nslvfdI GtnfvF dy sMbMD ivwc pulIs AunHF nUM iksy vI qrHF dI surwiKaf pRdfn krn dy smrwQ nhIN sI jF iqafr nhIN sI. jdoN iksy pMjfbI dy Gr AuWqy aFzy jF pwQr vjdy sn qF iek


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rsmI irport ilKx (kuJ hflqF ivwc qF irport vI nhIN ilKI jFdI sI) qoN ibnF pulIs kuJ vI nf krdI. keI hflqF ivwc pulIs Aultf ienHF nUM hI dosLI TihrfAux df Xqn krdI. ies sMbMD ivwc joisP skYnln vloN idwqI ies Audfhrn nUM dyiKaf jf skdf hY: vYnkUvr ivwc iek pMjfbI pirvfr dy bwicaF nUM AunHF df guaFZI gorf itcrF kiraf krdf sI aqy AunHF nUM CyiVaf krdf sI. pMjfbI ny ies bfry pulIs kol isLkfieq kIqI. pulIs ny isLkfieq qF ilK leI pr kIqf kuJ nf. aKIr ivwc qMg af ky pMjfbI ny guaFZI gory nfl afp gwl kIqI aqy Aus nUM dbkf mfiraf ik “myry bwicaF df KihVf Cwz dy nhIN qF mYN qYnUM mfr dyAUN.” ies bfry guaFZI ny pulIs kol isLkfieq kr idwqI aqy pulIs Aus pMjfbI nUM cyqfvnI dyx af geI ik Auh ihMsf qoN dUr rhy. (7) trFto dy ielfky ivwc pulIs df vrqfr vYnkUvr vrgf hI sI. ies ielfky ivwc vsdI BfrqI kimAUintI mihsUs krdI sI ik pulIs AunHF nUM surwiKaf pRdfn krn leI iblkul shfeI nhIN ho rhI. jnvrI 1977 ivwc trFto dI kfAuNsl ny trFto dy ielfky ivwc nslvfd dI jFc krn leI vfltr ipwtmYn nUM inXUkq kIqf. afpxI irport ivwc vfltr ipwtmYn ny dwKxI eysLIafeI lokF vloN pulIs ivruwD kIqIaF ieh iqMn muwK isLkfieqF drj kIqIaF:

(1) pulIs nslvfdI hmilaF dIaF isLkfieqF dI pYrvI leI lMmF smF lf idMdI hY. bhuqI vfr pulIs nUM swdx leI vfr vfr Pon krny pYNdy hn. dUjy pfsy jy koeI gorf dwKxI eysLIafeI lokF ivruwD isLkfieq krdf hY qF pulIs Aus isLkfieq dI pYrvI iek dm krdI hY. (2) pulIs Auqnf icr hmlf krn vfilaF AuWqy dosL lfAux qoN ienkfr krdI hY ijMnf icr hmly df isLkfr ivakqI koeI ajLfd gvfh nf pysL kry. pr iksy AuWpr dosL iswD krn leI ies qrHF dI gvfhI dI sLrq nhIN hY. (3) jdoN dwKxI eysLIafeI afp dosL lf idMdy hn qF afm qOr `qy pulIs sMmn nhIN ByjdI, nqIjy vjoN hmlf krn vfilaF ivruwD koeI kdm nhIN cuwikaf jFdf. (8)

ies qrHF dy nslvfd nfl nijwTx leI BfeIcfry ivwc pihlF sQfpq hoeIaF jQybMdIaF kol loVINdI sUJ aqy jQybMdk qfkq nhIN sI. ijvyN pihlF vI ikhf igaf hY ik ienHF ny afpxy nfl huMdy nslvfd nUM kfPI hwd qwk svIkfr kIqf hoieaf sI aqy ies nUM iek msly dy qOr `qy AuBfiraf nhIN sI. AuNJ vI iewQy rihx vfly pMjfbIaF dI igxqI kfPI Gwt sI qy ipCly swTF sflF dOrfn Auh ieQoN dy mfhOl df ihwsf bx cuwky sn. nf AunHF dI hoNd goiraF nUM iksy qrHF rVkdI sI qy nf hI Auh afpxI hoNd jqfAux df hOslf krdy sn. ies leI swqrivaF ivwc nslvfd kfrn hox vflIaF GtnfvF leI purfxy sQfpq lokF ny nvyN afieaF nUM hI ksUrvfr Tihrfieaf. ienHF dy ivcfr ivwc nvyN afAux vfly lokF nUM knyzf dy qOr qrIky nf afAuxf nslvfd df kfrn sI. afpxy pwK ivwc Auh Audfhrn dy ky kihMdy “asIN iewQy eynI dyr dy rihMdy hF, sfnUM qF gory kuJ nhIN kihMdy.” siQqI ieh sI ik nvyN afey lokF nfl sVkF AuWqy, bwsF ivwc, dPqrI kMmF kfrF ivwc, nOkrIaF ivwc, skUlF kfljF ivwc hr pfsy nslI ivqkrf kIqf jf irhf sI pr AunHF dI bfq puwCx vflI koeI jQybMdI nhIN sI. nvyN afieaF kol ies siQqI nfl Kud nijwTx qoN ibnF koeI cfrf nhIN sI. AunHF ny afpxy nfl huMdy nslvfd qoN zrn jF pfsf prqx dI QF ies df ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy vI aqy jQybMd ho ky vI tfkrf kIqf. AunHF dy aijhf krn ipwCy iek kfrn AunHF dI qyjLI nfl vwD rhI igxqI sI ijs ny pMjfbI lokF nUM iek ivsLysL sLkqI aqy svY-surwiKaf df aihsfs krvfieaf. nslvfd df tfkrf krn vfsqy vYnkUvr ivwc 1973 ivwc eIst ieMzIan izPYNs kmytI nF dI jQybMdI hoNd ivwc afeI. (9) pulIs vloN nslvfd dIaF vD rhIaF ihMsk GtnfvF bfry kuJ nf kr skx nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF ies jQybMdI ny nfhrf idwqf: “sYlP izPYNs iejL dI afnlI vya jF svY-rwiKaf hI ieko iek rfh hY.” AunHF GrF AuWqy rfq nUM pihry lfAuxy sLurU kIqy gey ijnHF dy sLIsLy Bwjdy sn jF ijnHF dy sLIisLaF AuWqy aFzy vwjdy sn. sVkF AuWqy qury jFdy pMjfbIaF nUM gflHF kwZx vfly goiraF nUM cuxOqIaF idwqIaF geIaF. ies jQybMdI qoN ibnF


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vYnkUvr dI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc hor vI keI agFhvDU jQybMdIaF ies msly AuWqy kMm krdIaF sn. Auh vI nslvfd dI ijLMmyvfrI ivakqIgq lokF AuWpr suwtx dI QF knyzIan styt nUM ijLMmyvfr TihrfAuNdy sn. Audfhrn vjoN, iepfnf aqy eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn BfvyN isrP nslvfd dy msly nUM sMboDn krn vfsqy nhIN sn bxIaF pr ienHF ny lokF dIaF loVF nUM pCfxidaF nslvfd dy msly nUM hmysLF afpxIaF srgrmIaF df kyNdr bxfieaf. vYnkUvr ivwc swqrivaF dy awD qoN bfad nslvfd df mslf hor gMBIr hoxf sLurU ho igaf. nslvfd dI siQqI dI gMBIr avsQf ienHF AudfhrnF qoN jLfihr huMdI hY: vYnkUvr dy nfl lgdy sLihr inAU vYstimnstr ivwc 16 mfrc 1979 nUM iek 19 sflF dy nOjvfn nUM nslI goiraF vloN kuwitaf igaf ijs nfl Aus dI mOq ho geI. Aus smyN ies iksm dIaF GtnfvF afm vfpr rhIaF sn. mfhOl qoN Pfiedf AuTfAux vfsqy gory lokF dIaF kU klwks klYn (10) vrgIaF nslI jQybMdIaF ny vI bI sI ivwc afpxy afp nUM jQybMd krnf sLurU kr idwqf sI. ies siQqI nUM dyKidaF ieh loV mihsUs ho rhI sI ik vYnkUvr ivwc iek aijhI jQybMdI dI loV hY ijs df ieko iek mksd nslvfd nfl lVnf hovy. nslvfd df isLkfr isrP pMjfbI/BfrqI lok hI nhIN sn sgoN dUjy gYr-icwty lok vI sn. ies leI jLrUrI sI ik nslvfd dy isLkfr dUjy BfeIcfiraF dI ies ivwc sLmUlIaq hovy. vYnkUvr dy ielfky ivwc goiraF dIaF vI bhuq sfrIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF sn jo aijhIaF smwisafvF nfl nijwTx dI koisLsL kr rhIaF sn, AunHF dI sLmUlIaq vI ies jQybMdI ivwc jLrUrI sI. ies qrHF dI loV nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF nvMbr 1980 ivwc vYnkUvr dy smuwcy BfeIcfry ivclIaF agFhvDU sLkqIaF dy sihXog nfl ibRitsL kolMbIaf afrgynfeIjysLn tU PfeIt ryisjLm (bI sI E aYWP afr) nF dI jQybMdI hoNd ivwc afeI. ies jQybMdI ivwc afidvfsI lok, dUjy Gwt igxqI BfeIcfiraF ivwcoN lok, agFhvDU ivcfrF vfly Dfrimk iesfeI aqy AunHF dy adfry, vYnkUvr dI KwbI isafsq nfl juVIaF vwKry vwKry ivcfrF vflIaF jQybMdIaF, tryz XUnIanF, aOrqF dIaF jQybMdIaF, siBafcfrk jQybMdIaF aqy ividafrQIaF dIaF jQybMdIaF sLfml sn. Aus smyN nslvfdIaF df sB qoN vwzf insLfnf hox krky ies nUM jQybMdI krn vfilaF ivwc muwK BUimkf inBfAux vfly aqy ies nUM syD aqy lIzrisLwp dyx vfly lok pMjfbI/BfrqI sn. bI sI E aYWP afr anusfr nslvfd knyzf dy smfjk pRbMD df iek aMg hY aqy ies df pRgtfa ivakqIgq lokF aqy smfj ivwc kMm kr rhIaF vwK vwK srkfrI aqy gYr-srkfrI sMsQFvF (ieMstIitAUsLnjL) rfhIN huMdf hY. nvIN jQybMdI ieh vI smJdI sI ik nslvfd ivurwD lVn dI ijLMmyvfrI isrP ies df isLkfr lokF dI hI nhIN sgoN brfbrI aqy iensfP nfl lVn vfly sfry lokF dI hY. nslvfd ivruwD lVn leI bI sI E aYWP afr vloN jo srgrmIaF kIqIaF geIaF AunHF ivwc sLfml sn: lokF nUM nslvfd bfry iswiKaq krn leI kimAUintI ivwc mIitMgF krnIaF aqy vrksLfpF lfAuxIaF; nslvfd df isLkfr lokF dI mdd krn leI vwK vwK guaFZF ivwc shfrf gruwp sQfpq krny; nslvfdIaF nUM cuxOqIaF dyxIaF; knyzf df pRbMD clf rhIaF sMsQFvF AuWpr dbfa pfAux leI ipkt lfeInF lfAuxIaF, rYlIaF krnIaF aqy ros mujLfhry krny. ikAuNik ies jQybMdI df afDfr kfPI vwzf aqy moklf sI ies leI ies dy mujLfhiraF ivwc smfj dy vwK vwK KyqrF ivwcoN vwzI igxqI ivwc lok sLfml huMdy. afpxI sQfpqI dy kuwJ mhIinaF ivwc hI ieh jQybMdI iek smfjk lihr dy rUp ivwc sQfpq ho geI. ies dy vwzy afDfr df aMdfjLf lfAux leI ies vloN nslvfdI sMsQf kU klYks klYn ivruwD lVI muihMm nUM dyiKaf jf skdf hY. vDy nslvfd dy mfhOl qoN Pfiedf AuTfAux vfsqy klYn ny afpxf dPqr bI sI ivwc KolHx dy Xqn sLurU kr idwqy. nqIjy vjoN, bI sI E aYWP afr ny klYn dy dfKly ivrwuD rok lfAux leI srgrmI ivwZ idwqI. kuJ hI mhIinaF ivwc bI sI ivwc klYn nUM bYn krn leI sLurU kIqI ptIsLn AuWpr hjLfrF dsqKq krvf ky bI sI srkfr awgy pysL kIqy. bI sI E aYWP afr vloN pfey dbfa kfrn


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bI sI dI srkfr ny kU klYks klYn dIaF srgrmIaF dI pVqfl krn leI kimsLn ibTfieaf. ieh sB kuwJ hox nfl kU klYks klYn df hOslf nhIN ipaf ik Auh bI sI ivwc afpxf dPqr KolH sky. vYnkUvr dI qrHF knyzf dy dUjy sLihrF ivwc kMm krdIaF jQybMdIaF ny vI vwK vwK pwDr AuWqy ies msly bfry srgrmIaF kIqIaF. trFto dI eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny nslvfd dy msly nUM afpxIaF srgrmIaF df ihwsf bxfieaf. AunHF ny afpxy sMivDfn ivwc drj kIqf: “dUjIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky nsl, rMg, Drm jF ilMg dy afDfr `qy huMdy hr qrHF dy ivqkry ivruwD lVnf; aqy brfbrI BrpUr mnuwKI aiDkfrF, smfjk aqy afriQk mOikaF leI jwdo-jihd krnf.” sivMDfn ivwc drj afpxy insLfny AuWqy clidaF aYsosIeysLn ny trFto dI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI nUM jfxkfrI dyx leI mIitMgF kIqIaF. jQybMdI df ivcfr sI ivakqIgq pwDr dy nfl nfl nslvfd dI smwisaf knyzf dy smuwcy afriQk aqy isafsI pRbMD nfl bwJI hoeI hY. ies leI ies ivrwuD lVfeI smuwcI kimAUintI ivwc kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF dy nfl iml ky krnI cfhIdI hY. ies leI aYsosIeysLn ny trFto ivwc kMm krdI ‘nslvfd ivruwD aYksLn kmytI’ dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc vwD cwVH ky ihwsf ilaf. trFto ivwc nslvfd df sfhmxf krn leI 1976-77 ivwc sfAUQ eysLIanjL pIpljL aYsosIeysLn nF dI iek hor jQybMdI vI hoNd ivwc afeI. ies jQybMdI ivwc kfmy, ividafrQI aqy kuJ pysLfvr lok sLfml sn. ies dy mYNbrF df ipCokV BfrqI, bMglfdysLI aqy dwKxI aPrIkf qoN afey BfrqI sI. ieh jQybMdI bysLwk kimAUintI ivwc lMmF smF afpxI hoNd kfiem nf rwK skI pr ieh kimAUintI dy vwK vwK ihwisaF nUM nslvfd ivruwD lVfeI leI lfmbMd krn ivwc kfPI kfmXfb hoeI. ies jQybMdI df ivcfr sI ik srkfr aqy Aus dIaF eyjMsIaF AuWpr inrBr hox dI QF sfnUM iekwTy ho ky afpxy sFJy vsIilaF nfl nslvfd df mukfblf krnf cfhIdf hY. aYsosIeysLn df ieh vI ivcfr sI ik ijwQy sfnUM ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy huMdy ijsmfnI hmilaF iKlfP lVnf cfhIdf hY Aus dy nfl nfl sfnUM nslvfd dy soimaF - srkfr, adflq, pulIs, aqy kMm mflkF- ivruwD vI lVnf cfhIdf hY ikAuNik Auh nslvfdI hmilaF leI vfqfvrn pYdf krdy hn. (11) trFto dI qrHF ivnIpYWg, aYzmMtn aqy kYlgrI dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dy lokF ny vI ies msly AuWqy afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf. Audfhrn vjoN, pMjfbI sfihq ivnIpYWg (ryKf-icwqr, sPf 107) ny kMmF kfrF AuWqy huMdy nslvfd ivruwD lVn vflI jQybMdI vrkrjL afP klr suport nYWtvrk dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc mhwqvpUrn ZMg nfl ihwsf ilaf. vrkrjL afP klr jQybMdI df iek mksd kMmF kfrF AuWqy aqy jQybMd mjLdUr lihr dy aMdrly nslvfd nUM afm lokF dy sfhmxy ilafAuxf aqy Aus dy hwl leI Xqn krnf hY. ieh jQybMdI mjLdUrF nfl huMdy nslvfd nUM knyzf dy afriQk aqy isafsI pRbMD nfl hI nhIN sgoN globl pwDr AuWqy kMm krdy srmfeydfrI pRbMD nfl joV ky dyKdI hY. afpxy AudysLF nUM isry cfVHn leI vrkrjL afP klr suport nYWtvrk ny nwbyivaF dy sLurU ivwc knyzf dy nyitv lokF nfl kMmF AuWqy huMdy ivqkry aqy globl pwDr AuWqy nslvfdI ZMg nfl mjLdUrI dI vMz (aMqrrfsLtrI izvIjLn afP lybr) bfry vwzIaF kfnPrMsF kIqIaF. pMjfbI sfihq sBf ivnIpYWg ny ienHF kfnPrMsF dy pRbMD ivwc bxdf ihwsf pfieaf aqy BfrqI mjLdUrF aqy lokF nfl sMbMD joVn ivwc vrkrjL afp klr dI shfiek bxI. 3[ afriQk s L os Lx jF mjLd UrI nfl s Mb MDq msly knyzf afAux dy sLurU qoN hI pMjfbIaF nUM kMmF kfrF AuWqy ivqkry aqy sLosLx df isLkfr hoxf ipaf hY. pihly simaF ivwc kMm mflkF vloN kfimaF nUM AunHF dy rMg jF nsl dy afDfr `qy vwD Gwt qnKfhF idwqIaF jFdIaF sn. imwlF, PfrmF ivwc kMm kMm krn vfly goiraF nUM pMjfbIaF aqy hor rMgdfr jF gYr


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XUrpIn lokF (jfpfnIaF, cIinaF afid) dy mukfbly vwD qnKfh idwqI jFdI sI. rMgdfr lokF nUM kMm vI aOKy idwqy jFdy sn. jF Auh kMm idwqy jFdy sn ijhVy gory, Kud krnf psMd nf krdy hox. bysLwk pMjfbI lok kMmF AuWqy vrqI jFdI msLInrI clfAuxf jfxdy vI huMdy jF hor hunrI kMm kr skx dy kfbl vI huMdy qF vI AunHF nUM aijhy kMmF AuWqy nhIN lfieaf jFdf sI. AunHF nUM kMm AuWqy sB qoN mgroN rwiKaf jFdf sI aqy CFtI hox smyN sB qoN pihlF kwiZaf jFdf sI. sLurU ivwc pMjfbI lokF ny kMmF kfrF AuWqy huMdy nslI ivqkry nUM iswDI cuxOqI nhIN idwqI. ies smyN AunHF aOKy qoN aOKy kMm nUM hws ky kIqf qF ik Auh gory lokF dIaF awKF ivwc cMgy kfimaF dy qOr AuWqy sQfpq ho skx. goiraF ijMnf jF AunHF qoN vwD kMm krky vI imldI Gwt qnKfh qoN Auh duKI qF sn pr AunHF ies df koeI jQybMdk ivroD nhIN kIqf. aijhf kr skxf Aus smyN dIaF hflqF dy anukUl nhIN sI. dUjI gwl ieh vI sI ik Auh goiraF dI nPrq ipwCy vwzf kfrn ihMdusqfn dI gulfmI smJdy sn. ies krky Aus vyly AunHF df sB qoN vwzf iPkr ihMdusqfn dI ajLfdI leI kMm krnf sI. knyzIan iemIgrysLn kfnUMnF dIaF pfbMdIaF ivruwD jwdojihd vI AunHF df iDafn mwlI rwKdI sI. pr cflIivaF ivwc hflq bdlI njLr afAuNdI hY. ies smyN dOrfn ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI zbilAU ey) nF dI XUnIan vloN bI sI dI lwkV dI snaq nUM jQybMd krn leI muihMm clfeI jf rhI sI. knyzf dy bhuqy pMjfbI lwkV dI snaq ivwc kMm krdy sn. ijvyN ipCly kFz ivwc dwisaf igaf hY ik drsLn isMG knyzIan ny bI sI dI lwkV dI snaq ivwc XUnIan bxfAux ivwc srgrmI nfl ihwsf ilaf. drsLn isMG ny knyzf ivcly afpxy ds sfl dy sMGrsL smyN BfeIcfry nUM afriQk msilaF dI mhwqqf aqy mflkF vloN mjLdUrF dy huMdy sLosLx bfry cyqMn kIqf. Aus smyN pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc kfPI lok ies ivcfrDfrf nfl sihmq sn aqy sMGrsLF ivwc ihwsf lYNdy sn. ies smyN knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry dy sMbMD knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr nfl pihlF nfloN hor gUVHy ho gey. lwkV dI snaq ivwc XUnIan bxn nfl ies snaq ivwc pMjfbIaF aqy hor Gwt igxqIaF nfl huMdy keI qrHF dy ivqkry Kqm ho gey. Audfhrn leI, ieko qrHF dy kMm krn leI goiraF dy mukfbly imldI Gwt qnKfh dI iprq kfPI hwd qwk Kqm ho geI. swqrivaF ivwc afey pMjfbIaF nUM vI pihlF afieaF vFg kMmF kfrF AuWqy nslI ivqkry df sfhmxf krnf ipaf. dUjIaF Gwt igxqIaF vFg AunHF nUM kMmF AuWqy sB qoN mgroN rwiKaf jFdf aqy sB qoN pihlF kwiZaf jFdf. AunHF dI pVHfeI aqy Xogqf nUM mfnqf nhIN sI idwqI jFdI aqy nf hI Aus muqfbk kMm idwqy jFdy sn. keI hflqF ivwc pVHy ilKy lokF nUM kdI kMm ieh kih ky nhIN sI idwqy jFdy ik Auh Aus kMm nfloN vwD Xogqf rwKdy (EvrkuaflIPfeI) hn. Audfhrn vjoN, pMjfb qoN izgrI pRfpq bMdy nUM post afiPs vrgIaF QFvF ivwc ies krky nOkrI nhIN sI idwqI jFdI ik Auh vwD Xogqf rwKdy hn qy hor iksy pfsy AunHF dI Xogqf nUM mMinaf nhIN sI jFdf. nqIjy vjoN, knyzf dy hfeI skUl qoN vI Qwly dI ividaf vflf gorf post afiPs vrgI jgHf suKflf kMm kr irhf huMdf aqy aYm[ ey[ pfs piVHaf pMjfbI Aus iblizMg ivwc sPfeI df mukfblqn aOKf aqy Gwt qnKfh vflf kMm kr irhf huMdf. ies dy iswty vjoN keI hflqF ivwc pMjfb qoN bI ey, aYm ey krky afey nOjvfn kMm lwBx gey kMm dI arjLI `qy afpxI shI pVHfeI ilKx dI QF hfeI skUl pfs ilK idMdy sn. (12) ies qrHF dy ivqkry df mukfblf nvyN afey pMjfbIaF ny ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy vI aqy afpxy kMmF AuWpr sQfpq XUnIanF ivwc ihwsf lY ky krnf sLurU kr idwqf. Aus smyN kimAUintI ivwc nvIaF sQfpq ho rhIaF jQybMdIaF pMjfbIaF nfl kMmF AuWqy ho rhy ivqkry qoN pUrI qrHF sucyq sn. Auh srmfeydfr vloN mjLdUr dy sLosLx dy isDFqk pwK qoN pihlF hI BlIBFq jfxU sn. jdoN Auh ieQy dI mjLdUr jmfq ivwc sLfml hoey qF AunHF dy amlI qjrby ny AunHF nUM srmfeydfr vloN mjLdUr dy huMdy sLosLx nUM hor spsLtqf nfl smJx df mOkf idwqf. ies qrHF dIaF hflqF ivwc qkrIbn sfrIaF sMsQFvF ny mjLdUrF dy hwkF leI sMGrsL krnf afpxI srgrmI df muwK ihwsf bxfieaf. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto dy AudysLF ivwc iek AudysL “lokF nUM mjLdUrF dIaF


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XUnIanF ivwc sLfml hox, XUnIanF nfl imlky kMm krn aqy XUnIanF nUM sihXog dyx leI AuqsLfihq krnf” sLfml sI. ies hI qrHF iepfnf ny jUn 1976 ivwc afpxy soDy hoey rfjsI mqy ivwc ieh aYlfn kIqf ik iepfnf, “dunIaf dy kfimaF dy GolF dI mdd krn leI idRV hY.” eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn afP knyzf (vYnkUvr) dy imwQy hoey tIicaF ivwc sLfml hY: “dUjIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky mnuwKI aiDkfrF, smfjk aqy afriQk mOikaF leI jwdo-jihd krnf aqy knyzf dI mjLdUr jmfq nfl sMbMD bxfAuxf.” aYzmMtn dI sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn dy imwQy afisLaF ivwc iek afsLf: “mjLdUr lihrF aqy jmUhrI jwdo-jihdF dI mdd krnf” hY. afpxy ienHF afisLaF, AudysLF aqy tIicaF dI pUrqI leI ieh jQybMdIaF smyN smyN kimAUintI ivwc mjLdUrF dy msilaF sMbMDI rYlIaF, mIitMgF aqy ros mujLfhry jQybMd krdIaF rhIaF. ienHF jQybMdIaF dy mYNbr “dunIaf dy mjLdUro iek ho jfAu” dy nfhry qoN vI vfkP sn. ies leI AunHF nUM ies gwl dI pUrI smJ sI ik pMjfbI mjLdUrF dy ihq knyzf dy smuwcy mjLdUrF nfloN vwKry nhIN hn aqy ienHF dIaF jwdojihdF ivwc knyzf dy smuwcy mjLdUrF dI sLmUlIaq jLrUrI hY. ies soc AuWpr cwlidaF ieh jQybMdIaF knyzf dI smuwcI mjLdUr lihr ivwc vwD cVH ky ihwsf lYNdIaF aqy afpxy sMGrsLF ivwc knyzf dI smuwcI mjLdUr lihr nUM sLfml krn df Xqn krdIaF. kMm-kfrF AuWqy lukvyN rUp ivwc huMdy ivqkry kfrn hor Gwt igxqIaF vFg pMjfbIaF nUM vI aijhy kMm imldy jo knyzf dy gory krn nUM iqafr nhIN sn. nqIjy vjoN, kuJ iek ikwiqaF ivwc pMjfbIaF dI igxqI vDxI sLurU ho geI. PfrmF (KyqI bfVI) dy kMm, iemfrqF dI sPfeI dy kMm, tYksI clfAux df kMm afid kuJ ikwqy sn ijnHF ivwc pMjfbI aOrq-mjLdUrF dI igxqI vwzI pwDr `qy ho geI. ienHF kMmF ivwc lMmy GMty aqy ijsmfnI qOr AuWqy aOKf kMm krnf pYNdf sI pr qnKfh bhuq Gwt imldI sI. knyzIan afriQk ZFcy dI idlcspI vflI gwl ieh vI hY ik AuWpr ibafny ienHF kMmF ivwc pMjfbI mjLdUrF df sLosLx iswDy qOr `qy dUjy pMjfbIaF vloN hI kIqf jFdf sI. ienHF kMmF ivwcoN PfrmF dy kMm dI afpxI hI ivlwKxqf sI. bI sI dy KyqF ivwc kMm krn vfly mjLdUrF ivwcoN 80 pRqIsLwq mjLdUr pMjfbI mUl dy sn. ienHF nUM bI sI dI Gwto Gwt imwQI qnKfh qoN vI Gwt qnKfh imldI sI. kMm AuWqy iljfx vfly TykydfrF aqy KyqF dy mflkF vloN kfimaF dI qnKfh mfr lYxI iek afm gwl sI. srkfr vloN mjLdUrF vfsqy bxfey kfnUMn jo dUjIaF snaqF ivwc lfgU sn, Auh PfrmF ivwc lfgU nhIN sn huMdy. nqIjy vjoN Kyq mjLdUrF df bI sI ivwc sB qoN vwD sLosLx ho irhf sI. Kyq mjLdUrF dI luwt krn vfilaF ivwc vI pMjfbI vwzI pwDr AuWqy PfrmF dy mflkF aqy TykydfrF dy rUp ivwc sLfml sn. pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc ies sLosLx dy iKlfP swqrivaF dy sLurU qoN hI gwlbfq cwlx lwg peI sI. sQfnk aMgryjLI mIzIey aqy pMjfbI aKbfrF ivwc mjLdUrF dI lwut sMbMDI KbrF qy crcf CpdI. bI sI dI srkfr vloN 1973 ivwc iek islYkt stYNizMg kmytI kfiem kIqI geI. ies ivwc pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwcoN vI lokF ny pUrf ihwsf ilaf. Audfhrn vjoN, akqUbr 1974 nUM Kyq mjLdUrF sMbMDI iek brIP pysL kIqI geI. (14) ies hI qrHF 1978 ivwc bI sI lfa XUnIan vloN Kyq mjLdUrF aqy GrF ivwc kMm krn vfly kfimaF dI mdd leI iek jQybMdI kfiem kIqI geI ijs ivwc pMjfbI lokF dI pUrI sLmUlIaq sI. pr kimAUintI ivwc kMm krdy kuJ lokF df iKafl sI ik Kyq mjLdUrF dI smwisaf df hwl qF hI ho skdf hY jy Kyq mjLdUrF dI afpxI jQybMdI hovy, AunHF dI afpxI XUnIan hovy. pr knyzf dI tryz XUnIan lihr ies sYktr nUM jQybMd krn leI ajy iqafr nhIN sI. ies df iek kfrn ieh vI sI ik knyzf amrIkf ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn dIaF bhuqIaF koisLsLF nfkfmXfb rhIaF sn. pr swqrivaF dOrfn vwzf kfrn sI ies sYktr ivwc nvyN afey pMjfbIaF dI bhuigxqI hoxf. ieh mjLdUr tryz XUnIan lihr qoN nfvfikP sn aqy afpxy msilaF vfsqy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivclIaF afpxIaF siBafcfrk kdrF kImqF AuWqy hI tyk rwKdy sn. knyzf dI tryz XUnIan lihr nUM pqf nhIN sI lwg irhf ik ies sYktr vwl iks qrHF phuMc kIqI jfvy.


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ies Kyqr ivwc pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI vloN agvfeI dI loV sI. ies cuxOqI nUM svIkfr kridaF kuJ lokF ny Kyq mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn df bIVf cuwikaf aqy PrvrI 1979 ivwc Pfrm vrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI dI sQfpnf kIqI. agly vrHy dOrfn ies kmytI ny ies msly dy vwKry vwKry pihlUaF nUM AuBfiraf aqy knyzf Br ivwc ies nUM iek msly vjoN pysL kIqf. kmytI dy kMmF dy nqIjy vjoN apRYl 1980 ivwc knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan (sI aYWP XU) sQfpq kIqI geI. sI aYWP XU ny Kyq mjLdUrF dy hwkF dI lVfeI nUM do nukiqaF `qy liVaf. pihlf, Kyq mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krky mflkF aqy TykydfrF AuWpr hwkF leI dbfa pfAuxf. dUsrf, bI sI aqy knyzf dIaF srkfrF AuWpr dbfa pfAuxf ik Auh PfrmF ivwc Auh hI kfnUMn lfgU kry jo bfkI dIaF snaqF AuWpr lfgU huMdy hn. sI aYWP XU dy sQfpq hox bfad hOlI hOlI ies nUM knyzf dI smuwcI tryz XUnIan lihr dy vwzy ihwsy vloN ihmfieq hfsl hoeI. pr sLurU smyN bhuqI mdd pMjfbI kimAUintI dIaF agFhvDU iDrF vloN imlI. sI aYWP XU nUM sQfpq krn ivwc iepfnf ny muZlf rol inBfieaf. ies nUM lihr dy qOr `qy mjLbUq krn ivwc vYnkUvr dy afs pfs dIaF sfrIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF ny ihwsf pfieaf. knyzf dy dUjy sLihrF aYzmMtn, trFto, ivnIpYWg afid ivclIaF agFhvDU pMjfbI jQybMdIaF vI smyN smyN XUnIan dI shfieqf leI srgrmIaF krdIaF. XUnIan afpxf sunyhf pMjfbI Kyq mjLdUrF qwk phuMcfAux leI KyqF ivwc aqy kimAUintI ivwc mIitMgF, rYlIaF, mujLfhiraF aqy siBafcfrk pRogrfmF df pRbMD krdI. dUjIaF jQybMdIaF vloN afXoijq kIqy jFdy smfgmF ivwc vI XUnIan afpxf sunyhf lY ky jFdI. Kyq mjLdUrF dy hwkF leI kIqIaF hVqflF aqy mujLfhiraF ivwc dUjIaF jQybMdIaF dy vrkr sLfml huMdy aqy Auh ihMmq anusfr XUnIan dI hr pwKoN shfieqf krdy. iewQy ieh gwl not krn vflI hY ik vYnkUvr dy gurdvfiraF ivwc XUnIan nUM mjLdUrF dy hwkF dI gwl krn dI iejfjLq nhIN sI. kihx nUM qF pRbMDk ieh kihMdy sn ik Auh gurdvfiraF ivwc isafsI gwlbfq nhIN hox dyxf cfhuMdy pr asl kfrn gurdvfiraF dIaF pRbMDk kmytIaF ivwc Pfrm mflkF aqy TykydfrF df asr rsUK sI. knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan ny Kyq mjLdUrF dy kMm dIaF mfVIaF hflqF nUM smuwcy knyzIan BfeIcfry sfhmxy ilaFdf aqy vwzI pwDr AuWqy hmdrdI aqy hmfieq hfsl kIqI. XUnIan afpxIaF koisLsLF nfl mjLdUrF dI siQqI ivwc keI suDfr krvfAux ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. kuJ iek kysF ivwc XUnIan ny vwzy pwDr AuWqy dbfa pf ky Pfrm mflkF aqy TykydfrF vloN Kyq mjLdUrF dy mfry hjLfrF zflr vfps idvfey. PryjLr vYlI dy ielfky dIaF kuJ nrsrIaF aqy mwsLrUm PfrmF ivwc XUnIan srtIiPkysLn hfsl kr ky kfimaF dI numfieMdf (bfrgyinMg eyjMt) bxn ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. ienHF QFvF AuWqy hoey pihly sFJy smJOiqaF (kulYkitv aYgrImYNts) rfhIN Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF kMm dIaF hflqF ivwc hF-pwKI qbdIlIaF krvfAux ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. kfnUMnI pwDr AuWqy XUnIan ny sUbfeI aqy PYzrl srkfrF AuWqy dbfa pf ky Kyq mjLdUrF nfl ivqkrf krdy kfnUMnF ivwc qbdIlIaF krvfeIaF. XUnIan sQfpq hox dy aml dOrfn Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol dy Kfsy ivwc qbdIlI af geI. ijwQy Pfrm vrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI smyN aqy XUnIan dy pihly sflF dOrfn Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol df Kfsf iek smfjk lihr vflf sI, bfad ivwc ieh Kfsf ies sMsQfpk (ieMstIitAUsLnlfeIjLz) tryz XUnIan vflf ho igaf. XUnIan afpxy afp ivwc iek sMsQf bx geI. ies bdly Kfsy kfrn XUnIan nUM mjLdUrF dy msilaF nUM nijwTx vfsqy vwKry qOr qrIky apnfAuxy pey. XUnIan dIaF srgrmIaF hOlI hOlI ies dy mYNbrF dIaF POrI smwisafvF qwk sImq ho ky rih geIaF. smuwcI kimAUintI nfl XUnIan dy sMbMDF ivwc kmjLorI afAuxI sLurU ho geI aqy ies df pihlf smfjk lihr vflf sQfn kfiem nf rih sikaf. vwzy pwDr AuWqy kIqI jwdo-jihd dy bfvjUd sI aYWP XU Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF hflqF ivwc bhuqy sQfeI suDfr nf ilaf skI. awj vI Kyq mjLdUrF nUM QoVHy bhuqy Prk nfl Aus qrHF dIaF hflqF ivwc hI kMm krnf pY


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irhf hY ijs qrHF dIaF hflqF ivwc 20 sfl pihlF krnf pYNdf sI. ies dy keI kfrn lwBy jf skdy hn pr sfzy vfsqy ieQy dyKx ivcfrn vflI gwl ieh hY ik bfvjUd sImq kfmXfbI dy knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan dy qjrby dI knyzIan pRgqIsLIl lihr ivwc byhwd mhwqqf hY. sB qoN pihlF qF sfnUM ieh Xfd rwKxf cfhIdf hY ik knyzf ivwc kimAUintI dy sO sflf ieiqhfs ivwc ieh pihlf mOkf sI jdoN mjLdUrF dy iek sYktr nUM tryz XUnIan ivwc jQybMd krn leI cldy sMGrsL dI agvfeI pMjfbI kimAUintI dy hwQ ivwc sI. KyqI dI snaq ivwc mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn dy hoey qjribaF dy afDfr AuWqy ieh gwl afm mMnI jFdI hY ik KyqI dy sYktr nUM jQybMd krnf bhuq aOKf kMm hY. ies leI pMjfbIaF vloN ies aOKy kMm nUM isry cfVHn leI PYslf lYxf aqy Xqn krnf afpxy afp ivwc mfx vflI gwl hY. XUnIan dIaF koisLsLF sdkf Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF smwisafvF smuwcy knyzIan lokF dy iPkrF df ihwsf bxIaF. ipCly vIh sflF dOrfn ies sYktr ivwc bhuq sfry kfnUMnF ivwc qbdIlIaF afeIaF hn. XUnIan jQybMd krn df aml pMjfbIaF dI agvfeI iek vwzy pwDr dI smfjk lihr dy rUp ivwc pRgt hoieaf ijs nfl pMjfbI BfeIcfry df smuwcy knyzIan lokF ivwc iek vwKrI iksm df mfx vflf ibMb bixaf. knyzf hI nhIN amrIkf dI mjLdUr lihr nfl vI nyVy df nfqf kfiem kIqf igaf. kYlyPornIaf dy Kyq mjLdUrF dy hwkF leI lVn vfly msLhUr nyqf sIjLr sLfvyjL do vfrI sI aYWP XU dy swdy AuWqy vYnkUvr afey. aqy AunHF ny sI aYWP XU dy pRDfn rfj cOhfn nUM kYlyPornIaf swidaf. ieh gwlF afpxy afp ivwc vwzI ieiqhfsk mhwqqf rwKdIaF hn. swqrivaF awsIivaF dOrfn pMjfbIaF dI ies lihr ny drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN qorI rIq nUM keI kdm awgy vwl vDfieaf hY. bysLwk kMm dy dUjy KyqrF ivwc sI aYWP XU vrgf qjrbf nhIN hoieaf, iPr vI kimAUintI dIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF afpxy afpxy ZMg nfl nfn-XUnIan KyqrF ivwc kMm krdy lokF dI loV smyN mdd krn dI koisLsL krdIaF rhIaF sn. jy kimAUintI ivwcoN koeI ivakqI afpxy kMm dI koeI isLkfieq lY ky ienHF jQybMdIaF qwk phuMc krdf qF Auh Aus ivakqI nUM srkfr dy ieMplfeymYNt stYzrzjL bRFc (nfn-XUnIan sYktr dy kfimaF leI imwQy gey Gwto Gwt mfpF dI surwiKaf leI kMm krdy mihkmy) bfry jfxkfrI idMdy. jy loV pYNdI qF ienHF jQybMdIaF df koeI mYNbr Aus ivakqI dy nfl jf ky ies bRFc kol isLkfieq krn ivwc vI mdd krdf hY. keI hflqF ivwc jdoN pMjfbI kfmy afpxy mflkF ivruwD koeI jnqk kdm cuwkdy qF ieh jQybMdIaF AunHF dy nfl KVHdIaF. vYnkUvr ivwc awsIivaF dy sLurU ivwc bMby pYlys rYstorYNt aqy rfgf rYstorYNt dy kfimaF vloN afpxy hwk lYx leI kIqIaF hVqflF ivwc iepfnf vwloN kIqy kMm aqy 1982-83 ivwc trFto dI iek plfsitk PYktrI aqy iek pIjLf rYstorYNt ivwc kMm krdy kfimaF vloN afpxy hwkF leI kIqIaF hVqflF dOrfn trFto dI iepfnf XUint dy kMm nUM ies dI Audfhrn dy qOr `qy dyiKaf jf skdf hY. ieh agFhvDU jQybMdIaF afpxIaF mIitMgF, rYlIaF dOrfn aqy afpxy pYNPiltF, aKbfrF aqy rsfilaF rfhIN mjLdUrF nUM afpxy hwkF bfry cyqn krdIaF. ienHF ivwc bhuqIaF jQybMdIaF dy mYNbr kimAUintI dy aKbfrF ivwc mjLdUrF dI lwut, mjLdUrF dy hwkF aqy mjLdUrF dIaF jwdojihdF bfry lyK aqy irportF ilKdy. nqIjy vjoN mjLdUrF dy msly hmysLF hI kimAUintI ivwc cldI gwlbfq df ihwsf rihMdy. 4[ a Orq mrd d y irs Lq y nfl s Mb MDq msly dunIaf dy hor bhuqy smfjF vFg pMjfbI smfj vI iek mrd pRDfn smfj hY. nqIjy vjoN smfj ivwc aOrq dI hsqI iek ajLfd ivakqI dI nhIN sgoN mrd dI iek shfiek aqy amlI qOr `qy keI vfr shfiek qoN vI Qwly dI hY. (15) aOrq dI ies siQqI leI bysLwk smfjk aqy siBafcfrk kfrn vI afpxf rol inBfAuNdy hn pr vwzI ijLMmyvfrI afriQk kfrnF dI hY. pMjfb dy KyqI pRDfn smfj ivwc jLmIn dI mlkIaq mrd dy hwQ hY, ies leI Aus df smfj ruqbf pihly nMbr AuWqy hY aqy aOrq df dUjy nMbr `qy. KyqI pRDfn smfj ivwc aOrq aqy mrd ivckfr kMm dI vMz bVI spsLt huMdI hY. mrd Gr qoN bfhr dy kMmF leI ijLMmyvfr huMdf hY aqy aOrq Gr dy aMdrly kMmF leI. nqIjy vjoN, Gr dy


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bfhrly kMmF ivwc aOrq dI puwC pRqIq bhuq ingUxI huMdI hY. Gr dy kMmF nUM krn dI ijLMmyvfrI aOrq dI huMdI hY pr ies nfl mrd dI Gr ivwc puwC pRqIq Gwt nhIN huMdI ikAuNik Aus nUM Gr nUM clfAux leI loVINdy afriQk vsIly muhweIaf krn vflf smiJaf jFdf hY. iewQy ieh gwl not kr lYxI cfhIdI hY ik mrd bfry aijhf pRBfv bxn ipwCy iek kfrn qF ieh hY ik prvfr dy afriQk vsIilaF (jLmIn vgYrf) dI mlkIaq mrd kol huMdI hY jF Auh afpxI mjLdUrI bfhr vyc ky Gr nUM clfAux leI pYsy kmfAuNdf hY. aglf kfrn ieh hY ik aOrq vloN Gr ivwc kIqy kMm dI pYsy nfl kImq nhIN pfeI jFdI. jy aOrq dy Gr ivwc kIqy kMm dI kImq pfeI jfvy qF asIN dyKFgy ik aOrq Gr dI afriQkqf clfAux ivwc jy mrd qoN vwD ihwsf nhIN pfAuNdI qF mrd ijMnf ihwsf qF jLrUr pfAuNdI hY. siBafcfr, smfjk aqy Dfrimk soc vI Gr ivwc mrd dI pRBUsqf nUM brkrfr rwKx ivwc afpxf rol inBfAuNdI hY. pr ijAuN ijAuN bdldIaF siQqIaF ivwc Gr qoN bfhr imldy kMmkfrF kfrn aOrq afriQk qOr `qy ajLfd hoeI jFdI hY, iqAuN iqAuN mrd dI srdfrI nUM cuxOqI imlxI sLurU ho jFdI hY. ijMnI qyjLI nfl aOrq afriQk `qy afpxy afp AuWpr inrBr hovygI, AunI qyjLI nfl mrd dI srdfrI nUM swt lwgygI aqy mrd aqy aOrq dy afpsI irsLqy ivwc qxfa pYdf hovygf. ies qrHF df hI kuJ knyzf afey pMjfbI pirvfrF nfl vfpiraf. knyzf afeIaF pMjfbI aOrqF dy rol ivwc qyjLI nfl qbdIlI afeI. pirvfrF ivwc Auh isrP Gr sMBflx qwk hI sImq nf rhIaF sgoN GroN bfhr kMm krky mrd dy nfl Gr dI afriQkqf ivwc ihwsf pfAuxf vI AunHF dI ijLMmyvfrI bx geI. ies qbdIlI nfl ijwQy iek pfsy aOrq afriQk qOr `qy pMjfbI mrd AuWqy inrBr nf rhI AuWQy Aus dy AuWpr ijLMmyvfrIaF df Bfr duwgxf ho igaf. bfhr kMm krn dy nfl Gr dy kMmF dI smuwcI ijLMmyvfrI vI aOrq dy isr AuWpr hI rhI. hOlI hOlI Aus ny pMjfbI mrd qoN mMg jF afs krnI sLurU kr idwqI ik Auh vI Gr dy kMmkfr dI kuwJ ijLMmyvfrI sMBfly. aOrq bfhr kMm krky mrd vFg hI Gr dI afriQkqf ivwc ihwsf pfAux lwgI aqy ieh afs vI krn lwgI ik pirvfr ivwc Aus df rol iek shfiek df nhIN sgoN brfbr dy BfeIvfl df hovy. pr mrd pRDfn smfj ivwc pl ky vwzf hoieaf pMjfbI mrd aijhf krn leI iqafr nhIN sI. ies qoN agFh Gr qoN bfhr kMm krn nfl aOrq dy jfqI ivkfs ivwc vfDf hoieaf aqy Auh afpxy afp nUM iek ajLfd hsqI mihsUs krn lwgI aqy mrd dI pRBUsqf nUM cuxOqI dyx lwgI. ienHF sfrIaF gwlF kfrn pirvfrF ivwc qxfa pYdf hoxf aqy vDxf sLurU ho igaf. keI pirvfrF ivwc ieh qxfa mrd vloN aOrqF ivruwD ihMsf df rUp Dfrn krn lwgf aqy keI aiq, dIaF hflqF ivwc gwl aOrq dI mfr kuwt qoN vwD ky kqlF qwk phuMc geI. ies qoN vI vwD duwK dI gwl ieh sI ik smuwcy rUp ivwc vDIkI dI isLkfr aOrq nUM hI ies msly keI ksUrvfr smiJaf jFdf sI. Aus smyN pMjfbI kimAUintI dI afm soJI (kfmn sYNs) anusfr ieh ikhf jFdf sI ik “pMjfbI aOrq nUM knyzf lwg igaf hY. Auh afpxI hwd twp rhI hY. Auh mrd bxnf cfhuMdI hY. aqy ies sB kuJ nfl pirvfrF ivwc qxfa vwD irhf hY.” ies vyly loV sI ik kimAUintI ivwc koeI aijhI jQybMdI hovy ijs df inrol mksd ies msly nMU nijwTxf hovy. ies loV nUM pUrf krn vfsqy vYnkUvr ivwc 1972 ivwc hI ieMizaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn (afeI aYWm ey) (ryKf icwqr, sPf 112) dI nINh rwKI geI. afeI aYWm ey ieh smJdI sI ik pMjfbI smfj iek mrd pRDfn aqy jgIrdfrI kdrF kImqF vflf smfj hY ijs ivwc aOrq nUM mrd dy brfbr aiDkfr nhIN hn. ies soc aDIn ies sMsQF ny afpxf insLfnf imwiQaf: “aOrqF nUM AunHF dy hwkF df aihsfs krvf ky AunHF dy hwkF nUM pRfpq krn leI jwdojihd krky smfj ivwc aOrq dy drjy nUM AuWcf AuTfAuxf.” ies vwzy afsLy nUM pUrf krn leI mihlf aYsosIeysLn ny iqMn pwDr AuWqy kMm kIqf. pihlI pwDr AuWqy pMjfbI aOrqF nUM nvyN dysL ivwc af ky vsx ivwc shfieqf krnf aqy afAux vflIaF smwisaFvF dy hwl lwBx dy Xqn krnf sLfml sI. AunHF nUM gujLfry jogI aMgryjLI isKfAux, kMm lwBx ivwc mdd krn, hunrI iswiKaf lYx bfry jfxkfrI muhweIaf krn aqy Gr dI cfr dIvfrI ivwc rih ky iekwlfpn mihsUs kr rhIaF aOrqF leI dUjIaF aOrqF nfl myl imlfp dy mOky pYdf krn vrgy kMm kIqy. nvIaF afeIaF aOrqF nUM ies iksm dI shfieqf dI bhuq jLrUrq sI. aYsosIeysLn vloN dUsrI


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pwDr AuWqy kIqy kMmF ivwc sLfml sI aOrqF dy msilaF sMbMDI cyqnf ilafAux leI kIqIaF srgrmIaF. ienHF msilaF sMbMDI mIitMgF aqy rYlIaF krnf aqy mIzIey ivwc ienHF bfry gwl krnI. kuwJ hflqF ivwc aYsosIeysLn vloN AunHF GrF dy sfhmxy mujLfhry vI kIqy gey ijwQy aOrqF AuWpr mfrU qsLwdd kIqf igaf sI. ies msly bfry cyqnf pYdf krn aqy ies nUM ivigafnk ZMg nfl smJx leI aYsosIeysLn vloN keI Koj pRfjYkt vI kIqy gey. qIjI pwDr AuWqy aYsosIeysLn ny ihMsf df isLkfr aOrqF nUM shfrf aqy shfieqf dyx df kMm kIqf aqy vwzI kimAUintI ivwc aOrqF nUM shfrf dyx vflIaF sMsQFvF ivckfr iek pul df kMm kIqf. awsIivaF dy sLurU ivwc aOrqF nfl sMbMDq msilaF ivwc bhuq qyjLI af geI. nqIjy vjoN, afeI aYWm ey vloN ieh mihsUs kIqf igaf ik aOrqF dIaF musLiklF vwl iDafn dyx vfsqy AunHF kol loVINdI sLkqI aqy somy nhIN. kimAUintI dIaF dUjIaF jQybMdIaF vI aOrqF dy msilaF bfry koeI nf koeI srgrmI krdIaF rihMdIaF sn. ies sfry mfhOl ivwcoN do gwlF AuBr ky sfhmxy afeIaF: msly eyny vD gey sn ijnHF nUM muKfiqb hox vfsqy afeI aYWm ey qoN ibnF iek hor jQybMdI dI loV sI; ieh msly iekwlIaF aOrqF dy msly nhIN sgoN smuwcI kimAUintI dy msly smJy jfxy cfhIdy hn. mrd ijwQy smwisafvF df ihwsf hn Auh AunHF dy hwl df vI ihwsf hoxy cfhIdy hn. PlsrUp smfnqf (ryKf icwqr, sPf 132) nF dI nvIN jQybMdI ny jnm ilaf. ies ivwc mrd qy aOrqF dIaF sFJIaF koisLsLF nfl aOrqF dy msilaF sMbMDI srgrmIaF afrMBIaf geIaF. smfnqf ny vI aOrqF ivruwD ihMsf aqy ivqkry nUM Kqm krn leI do pwDrF AuWqy kMm kIqf: kimAUintI ivwc aOrqF dIaF smwisafvF bfry cyqnf ilafAux leI mIitMgF qy PMksLn, mIzIey dI vrqoN aqy nftkF dy pRogrfm; ihMsf df isLkfr aOrqF aqy bwicaF nUM shfrf dyx sMbMDI kMm. vYnkUvr ivwc kMm kr rhIaF ienHF dohF jQybMdIaF ny afpxIaF srgrmIaF nMU pMjfbI kimAUintI qwk sImq nf rwiKaf. AunHF ny smuwcy knyzf ivwc aOrqF nfl huMdy ivqkry dy ivroD ivwc cldI jwdojihd ivwc afpxI smrwQf anusfr ihwsf ilaf. ienHF jQybMdIaF dIaF kfrkuMn aOrqF nUM ieh gwl bVI spsLt sI ik knyzf ivwc smuwcI aOrq jfq nfl ivqkry ho rhy hn. Audfhrn leI knyzIan aOrqF nUM imldy kMmF kfrF ivwc aOrqF nfl ivqkrf huMdf hY. AunHF nUM ieko ijhy kMmF AuWpr vI mrdF dy mukfbly Gwt qnKfh imldI sI. vwzIaF srkfrI qy gYr srkfrI sMsQFvF ivwc aOrqF nUM Auprly drjy dIaF nOkrIaF bhuq Gwt imldIaF sn. vwzI igxqI ivwc aOrqF nUM mrd dI ihMsF df isLkfr hox pY irhf sI. dUjy sLbdF ivwc, smuwcy qOr `qy aOrqF dI pujIsLn mrdF dy mukfbly hyTly drjy vflI sI. ies nfbrfbrqf ivruwD knyzf ivwc aOrqF vloN vwzy pwDr AuWqy lihr clfeI jf rhI sI. dohF jQybMdIaF dIaF mYNbr aOrqF smuwcI knyzIan aOrq lihr vloN kIqIaF mIitMgF, mujLfhiraF, pYsf iekwTf krn leI kIqy jFdy smfgmF afid ivwc ihwsf lYNdIaF. AunHF vloN kIqIaF ienHF srgrmIaF ny iek pfsy pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc aOrqF dy hwkF leI cldI lihr nUM smuwcI knyzIan aOrq lihr nfl joVn leI aihm kMm kIqf. AunHF ieh drsfieaf ik knyzf ivwc rih rhI pMjfbI aOrq isrP iek pMjfbI aOrq hI nhIN sgoN Auh knyzIan aOrq vI hY aqy smuwcy knyzf ivwc aOrq dy jIx leI ibhqr hflq pYdf krnf vI Aus dI ijLMmyvfrI hY. dUjy pfsy afpxIaF ienHF srgrmIaF krky Auh smuwcI knyzIan aOrq lihr qoN pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc afpxy sMGrsLF leI mdd vI pRfpq kr skIaF. dUjIaF Gwt igxqI aOrqF dy nfl iml ky pMjfbI aOrqF ny smuwcy knyzf ivwc cldI aOrq lihr nUM ieh aihsfs krvfieaf ik jy ies lihr ny hor qfkqvr hoxf hY aqy knyzf dIaF sfrIaF aOrqF dI pRqIinD lihr bxnf hY qF iekwlIaF gorIaF aOrqF dy msilaF qwk sImq rihx dy vrqfry nUM iqafgxf pvygf aqy knyzf dIaF Gwt igxqI aOrqF dy msilaF nUM vI jwdojihd df ihwsf bxfAuxf pvygf. pMjfbI aOrqF dIaF jQybMdIaF vloN aijhy kdm cuwkx dy smrwQ hoxf afpxy afp ivwc vwzI mhwqqf vflI gwl hY. ienHF dohF jQybMdIaF srgrmIaF ny iek pfsy ihMsf df isLkfr pMjfbI aOrqF dI mdd kIqI aqy dUjy pfsy smfj ivwc aOrq dI nfbrfbrI vflI siQqI nUM pMjfbI smfj dI jnqk gwlbfq df ihwsf bxfieaf.


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AunHF nUM ieh kMm musLklF aqy iqwKy ivroD BrIaF hflqF ivwc krnf ipaf ikAuNik pMjfbI smfj dy iek vwzy ihwsy vloN aOrqF dy hwkF dI gwl krn vflIaF aOrqF AuWqy GrF ivwc “puafVy pfAux vflIaF” aqy “pirvfr qoVn vflIaF’ aOrqF df lybl idwqf jFdf sI. ienHF aOrqF bfry ies qrHF dIaF BfvnfvF isrP afm lokF dIaF nhIN sn sgoN afpxy afp nUM kimAUintI dy lIzr khfAux vfly vI ies qrHF dIaF BfvnfvF rwKdy sn. Audfhrn vjoN, ilMg cox dy msly AuWqy aOrqF dIaF jQybMdIaF vloN clfeI muihMm dI gwl kIqI jf skdI hY: vYnkUvr sLihr dy nyVy pYNdy amrIkf dy iek sLihr ivwc stIPn nF df zfktr grB ivcly bwcy dy ilMg bfry jfxkfrI idMdf aqy kuVI hox dI sUrq ivwc grBpfq df pRbMD vI kr idMdf sI. afpxy vpfr nUM cmkfAux vfsqy Auh pMjfbI kimAUintI dIaF aKbfrF ivwc vwzy vwzy iesLiqhfr idMdf sI. pMjfbI aOrqF dIaF jQybMdIaF vloN lokF nUM cyqn krn leI ies aml ivruwD muihMm clfeI geI. kimAUintI dy kihMdy khfAuNdy lok vI aOrqF dI muihMm dy ivroD ivwc bol rhy sn. Auh ies nUM lokF dI ajLfd cox kih ky aOrq jQybMdIaF ivruwD prcfr kr rhy sn. sQfnk aKbfr ieMzo-knyzIan tfeImjL dy sMpfdk qfrf isMG hyar ny vYnkUvr dI pMjfbI mfrkIt ivwc kIqy iek ivsLfl mujfhry df ies qrIky nfl mKOl Auzfieaf: “zfktr stIPn ivruwD kuJ aOrqF dI qOVI ivwc AuWiTaf qUPfn klfjLtF qoN inkl ky aKbfrF dIaF surKIaF bxdf hoieaf pMjfbI mfrkIt ivwc jf pRgt hoieaf. AuWQy KVHy iek bjLurg ny motI ijhI gflH kwZ ky ikhf, ‘srkfr qoN grFtF Ckx dy sfry cwkr jfpdy ny”. (16) ies qrHF dy ivcfrF df juafb dyx leI ienHF jQybMdIaF ny ivcfr pysL kIqy ik pirvfr nUM kfiem rwKx dI ijLMmyvfrI iekwlIaF aOrqF dI hI nhIN sgoN mrdF dI vI hY. jy iksy pirvfr ivwc mrd vloN ihMsf vfprdI hY qF Auh ihMsf pirvfr nUM qoVn ivwc afpxf rol adf krdI hY. kimAUintI nUM pirvfr qoVn ivwc mrd dy ies rol nUM pihcfxnf cfhIdf hY aqy ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy mrdF nUM ies bfry ijLMmyvfr hoxf cfhIdf hY. ienHF jQybMdIaF ny ieh vI ivcfr idwqf ik Auh pirvfr ivwc ihMsf Kqm krky pirvfrF nUM qoV nhIN rhIaF sgoN AuhnF nUM mjLbUq aqy icrjIvI bxf rhIaF hn. inrol aOrqF dy msilaF sMbMDI kMm krdIaF ienHF do jQybMdIaF qoN ielfvf dUjIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF vI afpxIaF srgrmIaF ivwc aOrqF dy hwkF dI gwl krdIaF sn. ies pwKoN iepfnf, knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan, aqy vYnkUvr swQ (ryKf icwqr sPf 143) df Xogdfn ijLkrXog hY. vYnkUvr swQ vloN aOrqF dy msilaF sMbMDI keI nftk aMgryjLI aqy pMjfbI ivwc ilKy aqy kIqy gey. ienHF nftkF dI pysLkfrI smyN aOrq dy msilaF sMbMDI ivcfr vtFdry rfhIN lokF nUM ies msly bfry cyqn krn df kMm kIqf igaf. 5[ siBafcfrk msly AuNJ qF smfj ivclI hr srgrmI hI siBafcfrk srgrmI huMdI hY ikAuNik jIvn df hr pwK siBafcfr df ihwsf huMdf hY. pr moty qOr `qy AunHF srgrmIaF nUM siBafcfrk srgrmIaF ikhf jFdf hY ijhVIaF inrol jfqI, Dfrimk, isafsI, vpfrk srgrmIaF qoN ibnF lok iekwTy ho ky siBafcfr nUM mfxn, sFBx jF bdlx leI krdy hn. swqrivaF ivwc igxqI dy vfDy nfl, ieQy huMdIaF pMjfbI siBafcfrk srgrmIaF ivwc vI vfDf hoieaf. aijhf hoxf kudrqI sI. nvyN mulk ivwc vsyby dIaF smwisafvF nfl do cfr huMidaF afpxI mfnisk iqRpqI leI knyzIan pMjfbIaF nUM siBafcfrk srgrmIaF dI loV sI. ies smyN dOrfn knyzf ivwc ho rhIaF srgrmIaF do iksm dIaF sn. iek pfsy aijhIaF srgrmIaF sn ijnHF df mksd lokF df mnorMjn krky zflr kmfAuxf sI. ienHF ivwcoN bhuqIaF srgrmIaF lwcr aqy bfjLfrU gIq sMgIq nfl BrpUr huMdIaF jF supnmeI sMsfr isrjx vflIaF huMdIaF. dUjy pfsy aijhIaF siBafcfrk srgrmIaF sn jo lokF df mnorMjn krn dy nfl nfl AunHF dI siBafcfrk hoNd mjLbUq krn, AunHF nUM afpxy sMGrsLmeI ivrsy nfl joVn aqy Aus ivrsy qoN afpxIaF nvIaF siQqIaF nfl jUJx leI sLkqI hfsl krn aqy afpxy nvyN XQfrQ nUM smUihk qOr `qy


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smJx, isrjxfqmk ZMg nfl pRgt krn aqy rIkfrz krn df Xqn krdIaF sn. aijhIaF srgrmIaF krn vfilaF df mksd sucyq rUp ivwc pMjfbI siBafcfr nUM GoKx, ies dy hF-pwKI vrqfiraF nUM ivksq krn; nFh-pwKI vrqfiraF nUM nkfrn aqy bdlx vfsqy Xqn krnf sI. siBafcfrk srgrmIaF krn vfilaF ivwc do qrHF dIaF jQybMdIaF afAuNdIaF hn. iek, ijnHF ny afpxf Kyqr inrol siBafcfrk aqy sfihqk kMm krnf imwiQaf aqy dUjIaF Auh ijnHF df muwK mksd isafsI aqy smfjI kMm krnf hY pr Auh afpxy tIcy dI pUrqI leI siBafcfrk aqy sfihqk srgrmIaF nUM vI mhwqvpUrn smJdIaF hn. knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc agFhvDU ruJfn vflIaF ijhVIaF siBafcfrk aqy sfihqk sBfvF swqrivaF qoN bfad hoNd ivwc afeIaF, AunHF dy nF hn: pMjfb klcrl aYsosIeysLn vYnkUvr (1971), pMjfbI sfihq sBf vYnkUvr (1973), pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn (1979), pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg (1982), lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI (1983), vYnkUvr swQ (1983), kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf (1988), pMjfbI sfihq ivcfr mMc ivnIpYWg aqy pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn (1991). pMjfb klcrl aYsosIeysLn ny sLurU ivwc lok nfc BMgVy dy nfl nfl nftk krn aqy pMjfbI siBafcfr nUM smJx, sFBx aqy bdlx dy ierfidaF nfl kMm kIqf. (17) ies sMsQf vloN 1972 ivwc knyzf ivwc pihlI vfr iek nftk dI pRdrsLnI kIqI geI. knyzf dIaF siBafcfrk srgrmIaF ivwc nftk vl kfPI iDafn idwqf igaf hY. vYnkUvr swQ, pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn, lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI, kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf, pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn ny muwK qOr `qy nftk nUM afpxIaF siBafcfrk srgrmIaF df kyNdr bxfieaf. ienHF jQybMdIaF ny pMjfbI dy agFhvDU aqy ienklfbI nftk knyzf dIaF vwK vwK styjF AuWqy Kyzy aqy lokF qwk phuMcfey. ies dy nfl nfl ienHF ivwcoN kuJ jQybMdIaF, Kfs krky vYnkUvr swQ, ny knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dy jIvn nfl sMbMDq mOilk nftk iqafr kIqy aqy Kyzy. ienHF jQybMdIaF vloN nftk dy Kyqr ivwc kIqy kMm ny knyzf ivwc smfjk qbdIlI leI ikRafsLIl pMjfbI iQeytr sQfpq krn ivwc aihm rol adf kIqf. pMjfbI sfihqk aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg ny bysLwk afp rMgmMc nhIN kIqf pr knyzf ivwc smfjk qbdIlI vfly pMjfbI iQeytr nUM ivnIpYWg dy pMjfbIaF sfhmxy pysL krn ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. iQeytr qoN ibnF ienHF jQybMdIaF ny cMgf sfihq lokF qwk phuMcfAux, lokF leI cMgIaF iPlmF dy pRdrsLn aqy knyzIan pMjfbIaF dy ieiqhfs nUM lokF qwk phuMcfAux leI vI afpxI afpxI smrwQf aqy Xogqf anusfr kMm kIqf. pMjfbI sfihq dy Kyqr ivwc ipCly 25 sflF qoN inrMqrqf nfl kMm krdI jQybMdI pMjfbI lyKk mMc vYnkUvr hY jo pihlF pMjfbI sfihq sBf dy nF nfl jFdI sI. ies jQybMdI ny knyzIan sfihqk Kyqr ivwc afpxI ivlwKx pihcfx kfiem kIqI hY. ies nfl juVy bhuigxqI lyKkF df XkIn hY ik sfihq jIvn leI huMdf hY. hux qwk ies jQybMdI dy mYNbr 100 qoN vwD ikqfbF ilK cuwky hn. ienHF ivwcoN bhuqIaF ikqfbF knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dy jIvn qjrby nUM afpxf ivsLf bxfAuNdIaF hn. ies jQybMdI dIaF pRfpqIaF ivwc ieh gwl vI sLfml hY ik ies ny 1977 ivwc pihlI vfr mOilk knyzIan pMjfbI nftk pysL kIqf. nslvfd dy msly bfry ajmyr rozy dy ilKy ies nftk df nF dUjf pfsf sI. afpxy muZly sflF ivwc ieh jQybMdI iekwly pMjfbI lyKkF leI hI nhIN sgoN vYnkUvr dy ielfky ivwc srgrm agFhvDU buwDIjIvIaF, klfkfrF, smfjk aqy isafsI kfrkuMnF dy imwl bYTx aqy ivcfr vtFdrf krn df sQfn rhI hY. (18) siBafcfrk mhfjL AuWqy kMm krdIaF kuJ jQybMdIaF iewQy jMm pl rhI aglI pIVHI bfry vI iPkrmMd hox lwgIaF. AunHF dI koisLsL huMdI ik AunHF dIaF siBafcfrk srgrmIaF ivwc bwcy aqy nOjvfn vI


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sLfml hox. vYnkUvr swQ ny afpxy nftkF ivwc ieQoN dy jMm pl nOjvfnF nUM sLfml kIqf aqy AunHF dIaF smwisafvF bfry nftk ilKy aqy Kyzy. nOjvfnF vfsqy aqy AunHF dI sLmUlIaq nfl swQ ny 1991 ivwc iek aMgryjLI df mYgjLIn ‘aMkur’ sLurU kIqf. ies hI qrHF dUjIaF jQybMdIaF vI afpo afpxy qrIky nfl ies pfsy vl iDafn dy rhIaF sn. ijnHF jQybMdIaF ny isafsI aqy smfjk kMmF dy nfl nfl siBafcfrk aqy sfihqk srgrmIaF nUM vI afpxy kMm df ihwsf bxfieaf AuhnF dy nF hn: ieMizaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn, eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto, ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ien nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf), eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn vYnkUvr, knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan, smfnqf, sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn. ienHF jQybMdIaF dIaF gqIivDIaF nUM dyiKaF ies gwl df sOiKaF hI aihsfs ho jFdf hY ik Auh sucyq jF acyq rUp ivwc ieh smJdIaF sn ik siBafcfr aqy sfihqk srgrmIaF dI isafsI aqy smfjk srgrmIaF nfl bhuq nyVy dI sFJ hY. ienHF jQybMdIaF vloN kIqIaF siBafcfrk srgrmIaF dy keI rUp sn: kimAUintI ivwc siBafcfrk aqy nftkF dy pRogrfm krny, agFhvDU, mfnvvfdI ivisLaF nfl sMbMDq aqy afm lokF dIaF jdojihdF nUM zfkUmYNt krdIaF iPlmF df pRdrsLn krnf aqy agFhvDU sfihq Cfpxf aqy lokF ivwc vMzxf. knyzf dIaF agFhvDU siBafcfrk srgrmIaF dI gwl kridaF vwK vwK ivakqIaF aqy jQybMdIaF vloN Cfpy jFdy aKbfrF aqy rsfilaF dI sUcI iqafr krnI vI koeI kuQFvIN gwl nhIN hovygI. ipCly iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn pMjfbI aqy aMgryjLI ivwc kwZy gey agFhvDU ivcfrF vfly rsfly aqy aKbfrF dy nF hn: ‘vqnoN dUr’, ‘lokqf’, ‘vMgfr’, ‘ieMzIaf nfE’, inAU ieMizaf bulyitn’, ‘icMgfVI’, ‘lok avfjL’, ‘knyzf drpx’, ‘sMvfd’, ‘vqn’, ‘aMkur’, ‘dysL Bgq’, ‘cyqnf’, ‘sfAUQ eysLIan irvIAU’, afid. ienHF aKbfrF rsfilaF ny knyzf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI qwk agFhvDU ivcfrF nUM phuMcfAux ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. bysLwk iekwlIaF iekwlIaF sMsQFvF jF ivakqIaF vloN kIqIaF siBafcfrk srgrmIaF bVIaF sImq jfpx, pr smUihk rUp ivwc AunHF df knyzIan pMjfbI kimAUintI dy smuwcy jIvn AuWpr iek gOlxXog asr sI. ienHF srgrmIaF ny agFhvDU soc dy smrQkF dy ivcfrF nUM mjLbUq krn aqy iek dUsry nfl ivcfrF dy adfn pRdfn ivwc mdd kIqI. nftkF aqy hor siBafcfrk pRogrfmF ny agFhvDU ivcfrF vfilaF nUM iek QF iekwTy hox dy mOky idwqy. ieh mOky lokF ivckfr ivcfrF dy adfn pRdfn dy nfl nfl AunHF leI sLkqI df jLrIaf vI bxy. ieh vI ikhf jf skdf hY ik ienHF siBafcfrk srgrmIaF ny knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc agFhvDU lokF nUM iek dUsry nfl joV agFhvDU lokF df iek AuWp-BfeIcfrf isrjx aqy kfiem krn ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. ienHF siBafcrk srgrmIaF df asr isrP agFhvDU ivcfrF dy smrQkF qwk hI nhIN sI. ipCly iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn ikMny hI aijhy mOky afey hn jdoN agFhvDU srgrmIaF dOrfn pysL kIqy ivcfr aqy AuTfey gey svfl knyzf dI smuwcI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc iqwKI bihs df muwdf bxy. 6[ Kfilsqfn df mslf ihMdusqfn ivwc 1978-79 ivwc sLurU hoeI KfilsqfnI lihr kuJ sflF ivwc dunIaf Br dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc PYl geI aqy ies ny jIvn dy hr pihlU nUM pRBfivq krnf sLurU kr idwqf. knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry AuWqy ies df sB qoN vwzf asr ieh hoieaf ik hor sfry msly mhwqvhIn ho ky rih gey aqy kimAUintI dy sfry vsIly ies lihr nfl juVIaF srgrmIaF vwl lwgx lwgy. nslvfd, mjLdUrF df sLosLx, aOrqF dI smwisaf afid vrgy msly, ijnHF dy hwl leI knyzIan pMjfbI kimAUintI dI agFhvDU iDr swqrivaF dy sLurU qoN Auprfly kr rhI sI, knyzIan pMjfbI lokF df iDafn iKwcxo hwt gey. hux Auh isrP Kfilsqfn dy msly bfry hI gwl krnI jF suxnf cfhuMdy sn. awsI sfl qoN DrmF dy


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ivqkry rihq aqy BrfqrI sFJ AuWpr Ausry BfeIcfry ivwc iPrkfpRsqI afpxy pYr jmfAux lwgI. pMjfbI BfeIcfry df ainwKVvF aMg huMidaF knyzIan pMjfbI agFhvDU iDr dI loV aqy PrjL sI ik ies bfry kuJ khy. ies msly df ivsLlysLx kridaF ies iDr ny ikhf ik Kfilsqfn df sMGrsL pMjfb dy afm lokF dy ihqF leI liVaf jf irhf sMGrsL nhIN hY. ieh qF pMjfb aqy ihMdusqfn ivwc rfjnIqk qfkq AuWqy kfbj jF kfbj hoxf cfhuMdy lokF ivckfr qfkq leI lVI jf rhI lVfeI hY. ies qoN agFh ies iDr ny ies lVfeI kfrn pMjfb, ihMdusqfn aqy bfhr vsdy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc iPrkfpRsqI aqy dihsLq Biraf mfhOl pYdf krn leI ihMdusqfn aqy pMjfb dI mOky dI srkfr, akflIaF, KfilsqfnIaF aqy ihMdU iPrkfpRsqF nUM ijLMmyvfr Tihrfieaf. AunHF bwsF ivwcoN ihMdUaF nUM kwZ ky mfrn vfly KfilsqfnIaF dI vI inKyDI kIqI aqy ihMdusqfn dI srkfr vloN hirmMdr sfihb AuWpr hmly dI vI. AunHF ihMdusqfn dI pRDfn mMqrI ieMdrf gFDI dy kql nUM vI glq Tihrfieaf aqy ies qoN bfad idwlI aqy ihMdusqfn dy hor sLihrF ivwc hoey iswKF dy kqlF nUM vI. kimAUintI ivwc afpxf ieh sunyhf lY ky jfx leI knyzf dI agFhvDU iDr ny mIitMgF, nftkF dy pRogrfmF, ilKqI sfihq Cfpx aqy vMzx aqy aKbfrF ivwc ibafn dyx vrgy kMmF nUM vI afpxIaF srgrmIaF df Durf bxfieaf. afpo afpxIaF jQybMdIaF rfhIN kMm krn dy nfl nfl ies smyN AunHF ny kuJ sFJIaF jQybMdIaF vI bxfeIaF. aijhf krky Auh knyzf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc KfilsqfnI ivcfrDfrf df bdl pysL krnf cfhuMdy sn aqy KfilsqfnIaF nfl ies msly bfry bihs CyVnI cfhuMdy sn qF ik ies lihr dIaF kmjLorIaF nUM lokF sfhmxy pysL kIqf jf sky. pr KfilsqfnI iDr Aus smyN iksy vI bihs dy rONa ivwc nhIN sI sgoN Auh qF afpxy ivruwD AuWTI hr avfjL nUM dihsLq nfl bMd krnf cfhuMdy sn. nqIjy vjoN, KfilsqfnI iDr ny agFhvDU iDr dIaF mIitMgF, pRogrfmF aqy hor srgrmIaF nUM bMd krvfAux leI DmkIaF dyx aqy keI hflqF ivwc mIitMgF ivwc af ky hulVbfjLI krky mIitMgF nUM BMg krn dIaF koisLsLF afrMB idwqIaF. agFhvDU iDr vloN kwZy jFdy aKbfrF aqy rsfilaF qoN ibnF kimAUintI ivwcoN inkldy dUjy aKbfrF ny agFhvDU iDr nUM Cfpxf bMd kr idwqf. KfilsqfnI iDrF ny kimAUintI ivwc dihsLq, sihm aqy dmGotU mfhOl pYdf kr idwqf. pMjfb vFg hI ieQy vI Kfilsqfn iDrF df bhuqf iDafn kimAUintI ivclIaF agFhvDU iDrF nUM Kqm krn vwl sI. ies iksm df mfhOl pYdf krn leI ieh iDr ikwQoN qwk jfx nUM iqafr sI ies df aMdfjLf lfAux leI ieh imsfl dyKI jf skdI hY: kU klks klYn dy iek nslvfdI gory ny iknisMgtn EntyrIE dI iek jylH ivwcoN iswKF dy nF iek Kwq iliKaf. ieh Kwq qfrf isMG hyar ny afpxy aKbfr ieMzo-knyzIan tfeImjL ivwc bVy mfx nfl Cfipaf. (19) ies Kwq ivwc Aus nslvfdI gory ny kU klYks klYn nUM iswKF df dosq ikhf aqy AunHF dy Drm XuwD ivwc mdd krn df vfadf kIqf. Aus ny iswKF dy klYn ivruwD hox AuWqy hYrfnI vI pRgtfeI. Aus ny ies gwl leI sfrf ksUr kimAUinstF ivwc kwiZaf. afpxy Kwq ivwc Aus ny iliKaf “asIN kimAUinstF dy iKlfP hF qy hux jo kuJ ihMdusqfn ivwc lfl kuwiqaF ny iswKF nfl kIqf hY ieh vI (iswK) AunHF dy iKlfP afjLfdI pRfpq krn qwk lVdy rihxgy. asIN iswKF dy nfl hF. mYnUM pqf nhIN jdoN mYN jylH `coN bfhr afvFgf qF ikMnf rfjnIqk kMm krn dI srkfr iejfjLq dyvygI. pr mYN ieh kihxf cfhuMdf hF ik mYN iswKF dy ivruwD kdy kuJ nhIN ikhf qy nf hI kdy iswKF dy iKlfP kuJ khFgy.” (20) ies Kwq dy juafb ivwc vrlz iswK afrgynfeIjysLn (zbilAU aYWs E) dy vYnkUvr dy iek lIzr dljIq isMG sMDU vloN sLryafm KusLI jLfhr kIqI geI. vYnkUvr sMn (nvMbr 13, 1985) ivwc Cpy AunF dy ibafn muqfbk AunHF ny ikhf “isksnf df Kwq sfzy leI KusLKbrI hY. Gwto Gwt kuJ (smiQMg) qF sfzI mdd krn lwgf”. AuWpr idwqI ies Audfhrn qoN ieh gwl sfP jLfhr ho jFdI hY ik knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry aMdr agFhvDU ivcfrF dy lokF nUM kMm krn ivwc iks iksm dIaF hflqF df sfhmxf krnf pY irhf sI. Pyr vI agFhvDU iDrF ny ies siQqI df ivroD kIqf aqy Kfilsqfn ivruwD lVfeI CyVI rwKI. pr ieh


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lVfeI do brfbr dIaF iDrF ivwc nhIN sI. dohF iDrF dy vsIilaF ivwc aMqF df asFvFpx sI. KfilsqfnI iDr afpxI muihMm gurdvfiraF ivwcoN clf rhI sI ijnHF ivwc hr hPqy afpxIaF Dfrimk aqy smfjk loVF leI kfrn hjLfrF lok iekwTy huMdy sn. afpxI isafsq df prcfr krn leI aqy kimAUintI ivwc afpxI isafsq dI pRvfngI drsfAux leI gurdvfry Kfilsqfn dI mMg krn vfly lokF leI iekwTy ho ky bYTx leI bhuq vDIaf QF sn pr agFhvDU iDr kol aijhf koeI QF nhIN sI. dohF iDrF dy afriQk vsIilaF ivwc vI bhuq aMqr sI. knyzf dy gurdvfiraF ivwc mhIny df lwKF zflrF df cVHfvf cVHdf sI. ies sfry pYsy nUM ikvyN Krc krnf hY, Aus AuWpr KfilsqfnIaF df kMtrol sI. dUjy pfsy knyzf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc kMm krdI iksy vI agFhvDU jQybMdI df sflfnf bwjt kuJ hjLfr zflr qoN vwD nhIN sI. ihMdusqfn ivwc vfpr rhIaF GtnfvF vI Kfilsqfn dy hmfieqIaF dy hwk ivwc Bugq rhIaF sn. ijvyN jUn 1984 ivwc ihMdusqfnI POjF vloN hirmMdr sfihb AuWqy hmlf aqy nvMbr 1984 ivwc pRDfn mMqrI ieMdrf gFDI dy kql qoN bfad idwlI aqy ihMdusqfn dy hor sLihrF ivwc iswKF dy vihsLIanf kqlyafm ny bysLwk mnuwKqf nfl hmdrdI rwKx vfly hr iensfn nUM duwK phuMcfieaf sI pr iswK ienHF GtnfvF qoN burI qrHF pIVq hoey sn aqy AunHF nUM gMBIr mfnisk Tys phuMcI sI. AunHF dy mn ivwc ihMdusqfn dI srkfr ivruwD byQfh guwsy dI Bfvnf pYdf hoeI. Kfilsqfn cfhux vflI iDr leI ies duwK aqy guwsy dI Bfvnf nUM vrq ky iswKF nUM afpxy mgr lfAuxf bhuq sOKf sI. ienHF GtnfvF nfl sdmfgRsq hoeI iswK jnqf KfilsqfnIaF dI gwl suxn leI iqafr sI. dUjy pfsy agFhvDU iDr ny bysLwk bVy sfP sLbdF ivwc ienHF GtnfvF dI inKyDI kIqI sI, pr jdoN Auh lokF nUM ienHF GtnfvF df ivsLlysLx vwzy sMdrB ivwc rwK ky krn leI kihMdy qF lok AunHF dI gwl suxn nUM iqafr nhIN sn. ies iDr dy afpxy aKbfrF rsfilaF qoN ibnF kimAUintI dy hor aKbfrF ny agFhvDU iDr dIaF ilKqF aqy ibafn nf Cfpx df PYslf kr ilaf sI ies leI ies iDr dI gwl lokF qwk phuMcx ivwc vI musLkl af rhI sI. ies qrHF dIaF asFvIaF hflqF ivwc agFhvDU iDr knyzf ivwc KfilsqfnI lihr ivurwD TlH-pfAU asr nf pf skI. ies iDr nUM afpxy ivqoN vwD qfx ies lihr dy ivroD ivwc lfAuxf ipaf, ijs krky ies vloN kimAUintI dy dUjy msilaF sMbMDI kIqIaF jFdIaF srgrmIaF leI loVINdI sLkqI ivwc kmI afeI. pr ipClJfq mfiraf ies gwl dI qswlI huMdI hY ik ies iDr vloN Kfilsqfn dy sMbMD ivwc apxfeI phuMc druwsq sI aqy knyzf ivwc Kfilsqfn dy ivroD ivwc bulMd hoeI pihlI avfjL ies iDr dI sI. sfr iemIgrysLn kfnUMn ivwc hoeIaF qbdIlIaF kfrn swqrivaF `c vwzI igxqI ivwc afey pMjfbI lokF ny knyzf ivwc afpxI irhfiesL leI afpxy afp nUM ibRitsL kolMbIaf sUby qwk hI sImq nf rwiKaf. Auh sfry knyzf ivwc PYl gey. ies vDI igxqI ny iek pfsy knyzf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI nUM nvIN sLkqI pRdfn kIqI, dUsry pfsy ies nfl keI iksm dIaF nvIaF musLiklF pYdf hoeIaF. pihlI sQfpq lIzrisLwp ienHF nvIaF smwisafvF nUM sulJfAux dy smrwQ nhIN sI. nqIjy vjoN, nvIaF jQybMdIaF hoNd ivwc afeIaF. ienHF ivwcoN bhuqIaF jQybMdIaF bxfAux vfly pMjfb/Bfrq qoN Kwby-pwKI ivcfrDfrf nfl sMbMD jF hmdrdI rwKdy afey sn. ies leI ienHF jQybMdIaF df ivcfrDfrk afDfr agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf bixaf. vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc vwK vwK insLfinaF leI hoNd ivwc afeIaF jQybMdIaF nUM smuwcy rUp ivwc dyiKaF ieh knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc swqrivaF ivwc cwlI sLkqIsLflI agFhvDU lihr bx jFdI hY. ies lihr aDIn knyzf ivwc afey nvyN pMjfbIaF nUM afpxIaF smwisafvF nUM knyzf dy snaqI aqy srmfeydfrI afriQk pRbMD dy sMdrB ivwc rwK ky dyiKaf aqy Aus anusfr afpxI lVfeI dI nIqI GVI. ies nIqI df sB qoN mhwqvpUrn aMsL ieh gwl smJxf sI ik knyzf ivwc nslvfd, mjLdUrI df sLosLx vrgIaF smwisafvF iekwly pMjfbI BfeIcfry dIaF hI nhIN sgoN smuwcy knyzIan BfeIcfry dIaF hn. ies leI ienHF smwisafvF nUM hwl krn dI ijLMmyvfrI isrP knyzIan pMjfbIaF dI nhIN sgoN smuwcy knyzIan


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lokF aqy sMsQfvF dI hY. ies smJ AuWqy cwlidaF AunHF ny afpxIaF jwdojihdF ivwc sLfml hox leI dUjy knyzIan lokF nUM swdf idwqf aqy afp AunHF dy sMGrsLF ivwc sLfml hoey. ienHF jQybMdIaF ivwc sLfml lokF ny knyzf ivwc afey pihly pMjfbIaF vloN kfmfgftfmfrU, ihMdusqfn dI afjLfdI leI cwlI gdr lihr, knyzf dI tryz XUnIan lihr dy sMbMD ivwc kIqy kMmF bfry vfkPI sI aqy Auh afpxy ies ivrsy nUM mfx nfl svIkfrdy sn. ies ivrsy ny AunHF nUM nfbrfbrqf aqy byiensfPI nUM cuxOqI dyx leI sLkqI pRdfn kIqI. ies lihr ivwc sLfml ivakqIaF nUM ies gwl df aihsfs sI ik knyzIan pMjfbIaF leI brfbrqf aqy ivqkry rihq smfj isrjx leI BfeIcfry AuWpr bfhroN asr pf rhy kfrnF nUM Kqm krnf hI kfPI nhIN sgoN BfeIcfry dy aMdrly nFh-pwKI aMsLF nfl nijwTxf vI jLrUrI hY. aOrqF dy hwkF leI kMm krdIaF jQybMdIaF aqy dUjIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF vloN pMjfbI smfj ivwc mrd dI pRDfngI nUM cuxOqI dyx dy kfrj nUM ies dI iek Audfhrn vjoN dyiKaf jf skdf hY. ipClJfq mfiraF ieh ikhf jf skdf hY ik ijnHF AudysLF aqy smwisafvF dy hwl leI agFhvDU lihr ny sPr sLurU kIqf sI, AunHF ivwcoN kuJ ivwc ies nUM kfmXfbI hoeI aqy kuJ ivwc nhIN. awj pMjfbI BfeIcfrf knyzf dI muwK Dfrf df ihwsf hY aqy ies nUM knyzIan smfj dy vwK vwK ihwisaF ivwc mfx aqy iewjLq nfl dyiKaf jFdf hY. ieh sB kuJ AuNJ hI nhIN vfpr igaf sgoN aijhf vfprn ipwCy agFhvDU lihr dIaF srgrmIaF df vwzf hwQ hY. sfzy iKafl ivwc agFhvDU lihr dI sB qoN vwzI pRfpqI ieh hY ik afpxI cVHq smyN (awsIivNaF dy awD qwk) ies lihr ny pMjfbI lokF dy inwq dy jIvn nfl sMbMDq nslvfd, mjLdUrF dI luwt, aOrqF nfl ivqkry afid vrgIaF smwisafvF nUM knyzIan pMjfbI aqy smuwcy knyzIan BfeIcfry dy eyjMzy AuWpr rwiKaf aqy ienHF smwisafvF dy hwl bfry ivcfr vtFdry aqy srgrmIaF nUM jfrI rwiKaf. awj vI knyzf ivwc agFhvDU srgrmIaF jfrI hn pr ies lihr dI isLwdq ivwc kmI afeI hY. ies lihr dy Auqrfa dy kuJ aMdrUnI kfrn hn aqy kuJ bfhrI. ies lyK ivwc asIN ienHF kfrnF bfry ivsQfr ivwc gwl nhIN kIqI, aMdrUnI kfrnF vwl qF iblkul hI nhIN. sfzy iKafl ivwc aMdrUnI kfrnF bfry inwgr gwl krn leI iek ivsiqRq Koj dI loV hY. ijs Koj ivwc asIN vwK vwK sMsQFvF dy aMdrUnI dsqfvyjL dyK skIey aqy vwK vwK sMsQFvF dy lIzrF aqy mYNbrF nfl ieMtrivAUaF kr skIey. ienHF dy afDfr AuWqy afm DfrnfvF Ausfr skIey. iksy vI qrHF dIaF inrpwK DfrnfvF Ausfrn leI loV hY vwK vwK lIzrF aqy mYNbrF dIaF mulfkfqF ivwcoN afm DfrnfvF lwBx dI aqy iPr AunHF DfrnfvF nUM iek dUjI nfl myl ky dyKx dI ik AunHF ivwco pRmfixk DfrnfvF ikhVIaF hn aqy pwKpfq aqy isLkfieq AuWqy afDfirq DfrnfvF ikhVIaF hn. ies qrHF dI Koj krn leI sfzy kol vsIly nhIN sn. ies leI asIN ieh nhIN kr sky. asIN ies nUM ies lyK dI sImf mMndy hF aqy afs krdy hF ik ies lihr bfry BivwK ivwc ilKx vfly ivdvfn ies pihlU bfry rosLnI pf skxgy. pRgqIsLIl lihr AuWqy nFh-pwKI bfhrI kfrnF ivwcoN asIN iewQy do bfry gwl krnI cfhFgy. ieh do kfrn hn: Kfilsqfn dI lihr aqy sovIaq XUnIan aqy pUrbI XUrp dy ‘smfjvfdI’ injLfmF df Kfqmf. ijvyN AuWpr gwl kIqI geI hY ik smuwcy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc Kfilsqfn dI lihr dy jLor PVn kfrn 1983-84 qoN bfad knyzf dy pMjfbI lokF leI AunHF sfry msilaF dI koeI aihmIaq nf rhI ijnHF leI agFhvDU lihr dhfky-zyZ dhfky qoN kMm kr rhI sI. ienHF nUM KfilsqfnIaF dI iPrkfpRsqI, kwtVqf aqy dihsLqgrdI iKlfP afpxy sImq vsIilaF nfl lVfeI lVnI peI. ijhVI sLkqI pMjfbI lokF dy inwq idn dy msilaF dy hwl leI vrqI jfxI sI, Auh sLkqI Kfilsqfn ivruwD lVfeI ivwc vrqI geI aqy aslI srgrmIaF ivwc kmI af geI. sovIaq XUnIan aqy pUrbI XUrp dy injLfmF dy 1989 ivwc Kqm hox nfl vI knyzIan pMjfbI agFhvDU iDr dIaF srgrmIaF AuWqy asr ipaf. ieh iDr Aus ivcfrDfrf nUM smfj df ivsLlysLx krn aqy afpxy sMGrsLF dy dfapyc bxfAux leI vrqdI sI ijs ivcfrDfrf dy nF `qy sovIaq XUnIan


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aqy pUrbI XUrp dy injLfm KVHy kIqy gey sn. ienHF vwzy pwDr dIaF qbdIlIaF nfl ies ivcfrDfrf sfhmxy keI pRsLn icMn KVH gey. hor agFhvDU lihrF dy hmfieqIaF vFg knyzf dI pMjfbI agFhvDU lihr dy smrQkF ivwcoN vI bhuiqaF dy mnF ivwc ies ivcfrDfrf bfry sLMky Auqpn ho gey. ies smyN loV sI ies siQqI df ivsLlysLxfqmk aiDan kIqf jFdf aqy ies ivcfrDfrf dI sfrQkqf nUM muV ky pirBfsLq kIqf jFdf. pr knyzIan pMjfbI agFhvDU iDr aijhf krn ivwc asmrwQ rhI hY. ies lyK dIaF sImfvF nUM smJdy hoey asIN afs krdy hF ik ieh lyK knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc swqrivaF ivwc cwlI agFhvDU lihr nUM rIkfrz krky ies nUM knyzf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc ipCly sO sflF qoN cwlI af rhI pRgqIsLIl lihr nfl joVn ivwc ihwsf pfeygf. jy ieh lyK kuJ hwd qwk vI aijhf krn ivwc kfmXfb ho jfvy qF sfnUM KusLI hovygI. hvfl y aqy it wpxIaF 1[ hor jfxkfrI leI dyKo, suKvMq huMdl aqy sfDU ibinMg, ‘BfrqIaF ny knyzf ivwc vot df hwk iks qrHF ilaf: pMjfhvIN vrHy-gMZ smyN ivsLysL’, swQ pblIkysLnjL, vYnkUvr 1997, sPy 60[ 2[ dyKo krnYl isMG sMDU df lyK, “ieMzIan iemIgrysLn aYNz rysLIal prijizs ien ibRitsL kolMbIaf: sm pRIilmInrI abjLrvysLnjL”, jUlIan vI imMGI, sMpfdk, ‘ipAUpl afP df ilivMg lYNz: jfgrPI afP klcrl zfievristI ien ibRitsL kolMbIaf.’ vYnkUvr, tYNtfls irsrc ilmitz, 1972, sPf 33. 3[ ieh sMsQf ‘eIst ieMzIan kYnyzIan vYlPyar aYsosIeysLn’ vYnkUvr dI Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dy nfl iml ky iemIgrysLn vfsqy lfbI krn vrgy msilaF AuWpr kMm krdI sI. Kflsf dIvfn susfietI AuWqy kfbjL lokF nUM nvyN afAux vfly lokF ny swqrivaF dy awD qwk pfsy kr idwqf sI. Aus smyN nivaF aqy purfixaF ivwc twkr df kyNdrI nukqf gurdvfry aMdr isr Zwk ky jfx jF nf jfx df bixaf sI. aqy nvyN afey ikAuNik igxqI ivwc ijLafdf sn ies krky Auh ies msly nUM kyNdrI mslf bxf ky afpxy afp nUM swqf AuWqy kfbjL krn ivwc kfmXfb ho gey sn. Kflsf dIvfn susfietI dI lIzrisLwp ivwc afeI qbdIlI dy nfl hI eIst ieMzIan vYlPyar aYsoseysLn df asr rsUK vI Kqm ho igaf. 4[ ies ihwsy ivwc idwqIaF sfrIaF tUkF ienHF jQybMdIaF dy kfrkunF nfl lyKkF vloN 1997 dOrfn kIqIaF geIaF ieMtrivAUaF AuWqy afDfrq hn. 5[ dyKo joisP skYnln, ‘df iswKs afP vYnkUvr: ey kys stwzI afP df rol afP mIzIaf ien aYQink rIlysLnjL’, kfrltn XUnIvristI, aOtvf, sPf 220[ 6[ joisP skYnln (not 5) dy sPf 220 AuWpr idwqI tUk:

Allowing for a sudden flow of immigrants from one country is an undesirable practice, inasmuch as it produces with equal suddenness, difficulties in the country’s social, economic and human effects, in addition to needlessly taxing the public exchequer.

7[ joisP skYnln, sPf 233. 8[ rys tU zy, PrvrI 1978, sPf 38[


77

9[ nslvfd ivruwD jQybMd hox vflI eIst ieMzIan zIPYNs kmytI pihlI jQybMdI sI. ies nUM sLurU krn ivwc muwK rol hridafl bYNs ny inBfieaf jo sI pI sI aYWm aYWl nfl sMbMDq sn. ies jQybMdI ivwc lMmF smF srgrmI nfl kMm krn vfilaF ivwc muwK lok sn hrBjn cImf, ajfieb dUhVy, gurmyl QFdI afid. nslvfd dy tfkry vfsqy ies ny sLurU ivwc kfPI hF-pwKI rol inBfieaf. vYnkUvr aqy afs pfs dy keI QFvIN goiraF vloN huMdy ihMsk nslI hmilaF dI igxqI GtI. pr CyqI hI lok ies jQybMdI nUM qMgnjLr vflI, hr kdm AuWpr afpxy afp nUM hI shI smJx vflI kwtV jQybMdI smJx lwg pey aqy ies pRqwKx ny ies nUM bhuq sfry lokF qoN dUr kr idwqf aqy nslvfd ivruwD lVn dI ies dI kfrgrqf nUM Gtf idwqf. 10[ kU klYks klYn amrIkf ivwc kfly lokF nUM gulfm bxf ky rwKx dy cfhvfn goiraF vloN 1865 ivwc sQfpq kIqI jQybMdI hY. amrIkf dI 1861-65 qwk dI GrylU jMg ivwc sfAUQ dI hfr ipwCoN gulfmF nUM dbfa ky rwKx leI bhuq sfrIaF jQybMdIaF hoNd ivwc afeIaF sn. kU klYks klYn AunHF sfrIaF ivwcoN dihsLq PYlfAux ivwc sB qoN kfmXfb rhI. ies nUM kpfh AugfAux vfly gory jgIrdfrF dI pUrI ihmfieq hfsl sI. ies df muwK kMm kfly lokF nUM dihsLq ivwc rwKxf sI. ies mksd leI ieh kfilaF AuWpr hr iksm df qsLwdd krdI. kuwtxf mfrnf qF afm gwl sI, ieh inwkIaF inwkIaF kuqfhIaF bdly kfilaF nUM ijLAuNidaF hI drwKqF nfl bMn ky lUh idMdI sI. afpxI hoNd dy pihly kuJ virHaF dOrfn ies sMsQf ny hjLfrF dI igxqI ivwc kfly lokF nUM axmnuwKI qsIhy dy ky mfiraf qF ik bfkI dy kfly lok zr ky pihlF vFg gulfmF vflf jIvn jIvI jfx. ies bfry hor jfxkfrI leI dyKo: sfDU ibinMg, “kU klks klYn bI sI ivwc”, ‘vqnoN dUr’ nvMbr/dsMbr 1980, sPf 4[ 11[ rys tU zy, PrvrI 1978, sPf 33-38[ 12[ ies smyN dOrfn pMjfbIaF nUM imldy kMmF bfry hor ivsQfr nfl pVHn leI dyKo vYnkUvr swQ df lyK, “pMjfbI afvfsI aqy AunHF nUM imldy kMm”, ‘vqnoN dUr’, sqMbr/akqUbr/nvMbr/dsMbr, 1981[ 13[ vYnkUvr swQ (not 12) 14[ bI sI dy Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol sMbMDI ieQy idwqI bhuqI jfxkfrI df somf: sfDU ibinMg, “df kYnyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan: ey kys stwzI ien sosLl mUvmYNt”, aYWm ey df QIss, sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI, brnbI, 1986[ 15[ Audfhrn vjoN, ies gwl df sbUq asIN ivafh dI rsm smyN ivafhuqf joVy nUM idwqI jFdI iswiKaf ivwcoN dyK skdy hF. ies iswiKaf ivwc afm qOr `qy mrd nUM rfjy aqy aOrq nUM Aus dy vjIr nfl qulnf idwqI jFdI hY. ies qulnf qoN sfP jLfhr hY ik pMjfbI Gr ivwc pRBUswqf mrd kol hY aqy aOrq df kMm iek cMgy shfiek vFg Gr nUM sMBflxf aqy kfiem rwKxf hY. 16[ ieMzo-knyzIan tfeImjL, akqUbr 7-13, 1993, sPf 23[ ies muihMm bfry hor jfxkfrI leI dyKo ‘vqn’, akqUbr/nvMbr/dsMbr, 1993, sPf 22[ 17[ vYnkUvr ivwc 1970-71 dOrfn hoNd ivwc afeI pMjfb klcrl aYsosIeysLn afpxI iksm dI pihlI siBafcfrk jQybMdI sI. afpxI hoNd dy kuJ dyr bfad isrP lok nfc dIaF srgrmIaF qwk sImq ho geI. knyzf ivwc lok nfc dy Kyqr ivwc kMm krdIaF hor jQybMdIaF dy mukfbly ies jQybMdI dI ivlwKxqf ieh hY ik ies ny bI sI ivwc siBafcfrk, sfihqk aqy isafsI Kyqr ivwc kMm krdIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF nfl bhuq nyVy ho ky kMm kIqf hY. ies jQybMdI dI dUsrI ivlwKxqf ieh hY ik ies ny ibnF iksy afriQk lfB dy lgfqfr keI sfl knyzf ivwc jnmy Coty bwicaF nUM pMjfbI lok nfc BMgVf isKfAux df kMm kIqf. 18[ hor jfxkfrI leI dyKo “pMjfbI lyKk mMc: isrjxf dy 25 vrHy’ sovInfr, sMpfdk sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, vYnkUvr, 1999[ 19[ ieMzo knyzIan tfiemjL, nvMbr 15, 1985, sPf 15[ 20[ hor jfxkfrI leI dyKo: “ieMzo knyzIan tfiemjL ivwc Cpy kU klYks klYn dy Kwq dy pRqIkrm ivwc”, ‘vqnoN dUr’, akqUbr/nvMbr/dsMbr 1985, sPf 26[


78

ih wsf c OQf

r yKf-ic wqr


79

r yKf-ic wqr jfx-pCfx pMjfbI BfeIcfry aMdr agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf vflIaF bhuq sfrIaF jQybMdIaF ipCly iqMn dhfikaF dOrfn knyzf dy vwKry vwKry sLihrF ivwc srgrm rhIaF hn. ikqfb dy ies ihwsy ivwc ienHF jQybMdIaF dy sMKyp ryKf-icwqr AulIkx dI koisLsL kIqI geI hY. ienHF ryKf-icwqrF rfhIN asIN ieh gwl sfhmxy ilafAux dI koisLsL kIqI hY ik ienHF jQybMdIaF dI ikAuN loV peI; ieh iks qrHF aqy iknHF vloN sQfpq kIqIaF geIaF; ienHF ny iks iksm dIaF srgrmIaF kIqIaF afid. BfvyN asIN afpxy sImq vsIilaF nfl ienHF jQybMdIaF bfry vwD qoN vwD sfrQk jfxkfrI iekwqr krn dI kosLsL kIqI hY pr sfnUM ies gwl df pUrf aihsfs hY ik ieh jfxkfrI iksy vI jQybMdI df smuwcf ieiqhfs khfAux dy Xog nhIN ho skI. ienHF ryKf-icwqrF nUM ienHF jQybMdIaF dy kMmF vwl iek muZlI sMKyp jfxkfrI dy qOr `qy ilaf jfxf cfhIdf hY. afpxy afp ivwc ieh sImq kMm asIN ies afs nfl kr rhy hF ik ienHF jQybMdIaF vloN Kud jF BfeIcfry dy buwDIjIvI vrg ivwcoN lok sfzy vloN rih geIaF kmIaF nUM pUrf krngy qy AunHF dy kMm ivwc sfzI ieh koisLsL jLrUr lfhybMd hovygI. swqrivaF dy sLurU ivwc jdoN pMjfbIaF dI igxqI vDI qF Aus nfl kimAUintI nUM drpysL smwisafvF ivwc vI vfDf hoieaf, ijvyN nslvfd, kMmF kfrF AuWqy huMdI luwt Ksuwt aqy aOrq mrd dy irsLiqaF ivclIaF smwisafvF afid. ies siQqI df sfhmxf krn leI BfeIcfry ivwcoN anykF jQybMdIaF aqy ivakqI srgrm hoey. ienHF vloN vwzI pwDr AuWqy srgrmIaF huMdIaF rhIaF. ienHF srgrmIaF df Gyrf aqy asr isrP kimAUintI aMdr hI nf rih ky knyzIan smfj ivwc qbdIlIaF ilafAux qwk phuMicaf. knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc, Kfs kr vYnkUvr qy trFto ivwc, ieh siQqI awsIivaF dy awD qwk asr-pfAU hwd qwk kfiem rhI. awsIivaF dy pihly kuJ sflF qoN pMjfb aqy Bfrq ivwc aqy ipwCoN sMsfr pwDr AuWqy vfprIaF GtnfvF dy nqIjy vjoN hoeIaF qbdIlIaF ny knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivcly isafsI qy siBafcfrk mfhOl nUM bdl ky rwK idwqf. ies nfl swqrivaF dy sLurU ivwc agFhvDU sMsQFvF vloN ijhVIaF srgrmIaF vwzI pwDr AuWqy hoxIaF sLurU hoeIaF sn Auh mwTIaF pYx lwgIaF aqy keI qF afpxy pihlF rUpF ivwc hOlI hOlI alop hI ho geIaF. BfvyN bhuq sfrIaF sMsQFvF ajy vI iksy nf iksy rUp ivwc afpxI hoNd kfiem rwK rhIaF hn pr ienHF dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc kfPI kmI qy qbdIlI afeI hY. pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc ipCly zyZ dhfky dOrfn iek ivsLysL iksm dI rOxk, cihl pihl aqy sLor sLrfbf irhf hY. pMjfbI BfeIcfrf afpxy afkfr ivwc lgfqfr viDaf hY aqy jIvn dy hr Kyqr ivwc ies ny afpxy afp nUM knyzIan smfj df iek igxnXog aMg bxfieaf hY. knyzf dy vwK vwK ihwisaF ivwc pMjfbI ipCokV dy isafsI nyqf aYWm aYWl ey qy aYWm pI cuxy gey hn. Kfs kr ky ibRitsL kolMbIaf sUby ivwc, aYWn zI pI dI srkfr bxn nfl pMjfbI ipCokV dy isafsI nyqfvF nUM ieQoN dy smuwcy smfj sfhmxy cmkx df mOkf imilaf hY. isafsI kfmXfbIaF ny pMjfbIaF dy knyzf dI DrqI nfl irsLqy nUM iek nvF rMg cfiVHaf hY. lokF nUM swcI muwcI dI KusLI hoeI hY. AunHF ny mihsUs kIqf hY ik ijs sUby ivwc iek smyN AunHF nUM kfmfgftfmfrU jhfjL qoN Qwly pYr nhIN sI rwKx idwqf igaf AuWQy hux AunHF ivwcoN kuJ lok mMqrIaF aqy pRImIar dI pdvI qwk phuMc gey hn. BfeIcfry dI ies kfmXfbI ny lokF dy ichiraF AuWqy mfxmwqI rOxk ilaFdI hY, AunHF nUM cMgf cMgf mihsUs krvfieaf hY.


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pr BfeIcfry aMdr sB kuJ ‘cMgf cMgf’ nhIN vfpiraf. pMjfb ivwc afpxf asr rsUK guaf cuwkI KfilsqfnI lihr ny knyzf dy pMjfbIaF dy jIvn AuWpr lgfqfr asr pfeI rwiKaf hY. nqIjy vjoN smuwcI pMjfbI kimAUintI df iDafn iekwly Dfrimk msly vwl hI irhf hY. sQfnk isafsq ivwc kfmXfb hox dI lflsf aDIn isafsI lIzrF ny BfeIcfry AuWpr Dfrimk glby nUM cYlMj krn dI QF ies dI afpxIaF votF aqy PMz iekwTy krn leI sLryafm vrqoN kIqI hY. ies qrHF BfeIcfry nUM imlI isafsI kfmXfbI dI bhuq vwzI kImq cukfAuxI peI hY ijs df asr lMmy smyN qwk rhygf. Drm qy isafsq dy rly imly rOly aqy pMjfbI gfiekI qy BMgVy dI mMzI ivclI kfmXfbI ny BfeIcfry dy siBafcfrk mfhOl nUM afpxy sLor sLrfby aMdr pUrI qrHF dwbI rwiKaf hY. ies smyN dOrfn dysL qoN afAux vfly klfkfrF, isafsI lIzrF, Dfrimk kQfkfrF aqy kIrqnIaF dy pRogrfmF nfl BfeIcfry ivclf ilKqI qy ielYktROink mIzIaf Biraf irhf hY. ies sfry mfhOl ivwc nslvfd, mjLdUrI dI luwt, aOrqF dy msly, iewQy jMm pl rhI pIVI dy msly, bjLurg lokF nUM drpysL smwisafvF, pMjfbI siBafcfr qy ivsLysL kr pMjfbI bolI dI sFB qy ivkfs dy msly, ieh sB kuJ lwgBg axgOilaf hI Cwz idwqf igaf hY. BfeIcfry ivwc lokF dI igxqI vDx nfl inrsMdyh ienHF smwisafvF ivwc vI vfDf hoieaf hY pr ieh gwl quhfnUM BfeIcfry ivwc srgrm isafsI jF Dfrimk lokF qoN jF sQfnk mIzIey qoN bhuq Gwt suxn nUM imlygI. ies sfry sLor sLrfby ivwc BfeIcfry dy msilaF bfry iPkr krn vflIaF jQybMdIaF aqy lokF dI avfjL dwb ky rih geI. gwl iewQy qwk phuMc geI ik ienHF jQybMdIaF aqy lokF nUM Kud afpxI afvfjL suxnoN hwt geI. nqIjf ieh hoieaf hY ik bhuqy lokF nUM kimAUintI ivwc srgrm rih cuwkIaF ienHF jQybMdIaF bfry jfxkfrI qwk nhIN hY. nfl hI ienHF jQybMdIaF aqy ienHF dy kMmF sMbMDI sfzy kol iksy iksm dI dsqfvyjLI smwgrI nf hox kfrn nvyN afAux vfly lokF nUM jF nvIaF pIVHIaF nUM qf kI pqf lwgxf sI sgoN Kud AunHF lokF nUM vI ies df cyqf Buwldf jf irhf hY ijnHF dy sfhmxy ieh sB kuJ huMdf irhf hY. so sfzI ies koisLsL df vwzf mksd qF ieh hI hY ik ienHF jQybMdIaF dy kMmF aqy ienHF nfl sMbMDq ivakqIaF bfry ijMnI vI sMBv hovy jfxkfrI iekwqr krky rIkfrz kIqI jfvy. jQ yb MdIaF dI c ox sfzy leI ieh sMBv nhIN sI ik asIN swqrivaF dOrfn srgrm hr jQybMdI qy ivakqI nUM ies Koj ivwc sLfml kr skdy. so afpxy sImq soimaF qy sLkqI nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF sfzy leI jLrUrI sI ik asIN kuJ AunHF jQybMdIaF dI insLfndyhI krIey ijhVIaF mukfblqn ijLafdf iDafn dI mMg krdIaF hn. aijhI cox krnI kdy vI suKflI nhIN huMdI. ieh gwl isafsI jQybMdIaF bfry hor vI musLikl ho jFdI hY. kfPI soc ivcfr bfad ies Koj aqy ikqfb vfsqy asIN isrP AunHF jQybMdIaF aqy lokF dy kMmF nUM hI rIkfrz krn dI koisLsL kIqI hY, ijnHF ny, sfzy ivcfr anusfr, knyzf ivwc sfzy BfeIcfry dy pYr pwky krn aqy ies nUM ibhqr bxfAux ivwc iek agFhvDU, ivsLfl mfnvvfdI njLrIey nUM afpxf afDfr bxf ky Xogdfn pfieaf. iewQy kIqI cox ivwc asIN afpxy vloN iemfndfrI nfl koisLsL kIqI hY ik iksy iksm df jfqI pwKpfq ies ivwc sLfml nf hovy. pr ieh vI jLrUrI nhIN ik dUjy lok sfzI ies cox nfl pUrI qrHF sihmq hox. iewQy asIN isrP ieMnf hI khFgy ik afpxI ies cox bfry mn ivwc iksy iksm dI koeI dosLI Bfvnf nhIN hY. iewQy sLfml ienHF sfrIaF jQybMdIaF nUM shI arQF ivwc Kwby pwKI isafsI jQybMdIaF nhIN ikhf jf skdf aqy nf hI sLfied ienHF ivwcoN kuJ jQybMdIaF afpxy afp nUM ies pirBfsLf dy Gyry ivwc rwKxf cfhuxgIaF. pr afpxy mfnvvfdI njLrIey kfrn ieh sfzy mfpdMzF anusfr agFhvDU Gyry ivwc jLrUr afAuNdIaF


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hn. iewQy sLfml jQybMdIaF ivwc kuJ iek inrol isafsI hn jd ik kuJ inrol siBafcfrk jF iksy iek ivsLysL msly nfl sMbMD rwKx vflIaF. pr ijhVI gwl ienHF nUM sfzy vfsqy mhwqvpUrn bxfAuNdI hY Auh hY ik ienHF jQybMdIaF aqy ienHF ivwc sLfml ivakqIaF ny Aus smyN pMjfbI kimAUintI dy msilaF bfry kuJ krn dI koisLsL kIqI jdoN aijhf krnf hux nfloN iek vwKrI iksm df arQ rwKdf sI. ieh lok Kud knyzf ivwc afpxy pYr lfAux dIaF koisLsLF kr rhy sn aqy ienHF nUM kdm kdm AuWqy hr iksm dIaF bMdsLF aqy ivqkiraF df sfhmxf krnf pYNdf sI. hux dy mfhOl ivwc sQfpq isafsI pfrtIaF dy mYNbr bx ky afpxI psMd dy numfieMdy nUM awgy ilafAuxf BfvyN afpxy afp ivwc iek slfhux Xog aqy isafsI mhwqqf vflI gwl hY pr ieh pihlIaF ivwc aqy swqrivaF dOrfn kIqy jfx vfly isafsI kMmF qoN vwKrIaF gwlF hn. asIN AunHF lokF dy Xogdfn nUM rIkfrz krnf cfhuMdy hF ijnHF ny afpxy jfqI jIvn ivwc Kqry muwl lY ky kMm kIqy. ieh Auh jQybMdIaF hn ijnHF dy afisLaF ivwc AunHF dy POrI msilaF dy nfl nfl smfj nUM bdlx vrgy sMklp vI sLfml sn. ienHF vloN pfey pUrinaF sdkf asIN awj knyzf ivwc iek BfeIcfry dy qOr `qy mfx mihsUs krdy hF. K oj df Z Mg jQybMdIaF dI cox AuprMq krn bfad sfzy vfsqy pihlf kMm AunHF bfry vwD qoN vwD jfxkfrI iekwqr krn df sI. ies mksd vfsqy asIN cfr muwK qrIky apxfey:

1) sB qoN pihlF asIN iek pRsLnfvlI iqafr kIqI aqy afpxy vloN cuxIaF jQybMdIaF nUM ByjI. ies ivwc asIN jQybMdIaF bfry muZlI jfxkfrI iekwqr krn leI 22 svfl drj kIqy. (ieh pRsLnfvlI ies ikqfb dy ipwCy idwqI jf rhI hY.) ieh svfl AunHF bfry muZly qwQF dI jfxkfrI qoN lY ky AunHF dy afisLaF aqy kIqy kMmF dIaF iksmF aqy vyrivaF bfry sn. 2) sMbMDq ivakqIaF aqy jQybMdIaF qoN mMg kIqI ik Auh sfnMU afpxy kMmF bfry vwD qoN vwD ilKqI smwgrI Byjx. ies ivwc jQybMdI vloN afp iqafr kIqy dsqfvyjL, kMmF bfry irportF, postr, qsvIrF afid sLfml krn leI bynqI kIqI geI. 3) sfnUM ies gwl df aihsfs sI ik ijhVIaF jQybMdIaF bfry asIN jfxkfrI iekwqr kr rhy sI AunHF bfry Aus smyN Cpx vfly aKbfrF aqy mYgjLInF ivwc vI irportF afid CpdIaF rhIaF sn. ies mksd leI asIN ivsLysL qOr `qy ‘vqnON dUr’ (1973-1986), ‘lokqf’ (1976-1990), ‘kYnyzf drpx’ (1982-1988), ‘vMgfr’ (1976-1980), ‘vqn’ (1989-1995), afid ivwcoN kfPI sfrI jfxkfrI pRfpq kIqI. 4) pr sfzI Koj df swB qoN mhwqvpUrn qrIkf sMbMDq jQybMdIaF ivwc srgrm ivakqIaF nfl mulfkfqF krn df sI. ieh mulfkfqF asIN trFto, ivnIpYWg, aYzmMtn, kYlgrI qy vYnkUvr ivwc 1997 dIaF grmIaF dOrfn kIqIaF. ieh mulfkfqF do vwKry vwKry rUpF ivwc hoeIaF. kuJ iekwly iekwly ivakqIaF nfl aqy kuJ jQybMdI nfl sMbMDq sfry ivakqIaF (ijMny vI sMBv ho skdy sI) nfl bYT ky ieko smyN mulfkfq kIqI geI. ieh mulfkfqF typ rIkfrzr AuWqy rIkfrz kIqIaF geIaF.

iek wqr kIqI sm wgrI AuWpr dwsy qrIikaF nfl asIN kfPI smwgrI iekwqr krn ivwc kfmXfb hoey. pr jdoN asIN ies dy afDfr `qy ilKx df aml sLurU kIqf qF sfnUM ies ivwc bhuq sfrIaF GftF njLr afeIaF. AunHF KwipaF nUM pUrn vfsqy asIN muV jQybMdIaF nfl sMprk kIqf aqy hor loVINdI jfxkfrI hfsl kIqI. ies ivwc sMbMDq jQybMdIaF aqy ivakqIaF ny sfzI byhwd mdd kIqI pr iPr vI kuJ jQybMdIaF pfsoN asIN vfDU


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loVINdI jfxkfrI hfsl krn ivwc pUrI qrHF kfmXfb nhIN hoey. ies dy keI kfrn sn. kuJ jQybMdIaF ny afpxy bfry jfxkfrI nUM kfPI sFiBaf hoieaf sI ies leI AunHF pfsoN loVINdI jfxkfrI hfsl krnI mukfblqn sOKI sI. jd ik kuJ iek jQybMdIaF kol jfxkfrI jF qF sFBI nhIN sI hoeI qy jF iPr iek qoN vwD ivakqIaF kol iKlrI pulrI peI sI. ies df iek kfrn ieh vI sI ik ienHF ivwcoN keI jQybMdIaF hux pihlF ijMnIaF srgrm nhIN sI rhIaF. keI jQybMdIaF ivwc kMm krn vfly ivakqI hux srgrm nhIN sn rhy. AunHF dy jIvn ivwc hor msilaF qy smwisafvF ny mhwqqf vflf sQfn bxf ilaf sI qy pihlIaF jQybMdIaF ivwc kIqy kMm dI AunHF vfsqy Auh aihmIaq nhIN sI rih geI. ies aml ivwc ies gwl df vI asr ipaf ik ijhVIaF jQybMdIaF vYnkUvr ivwc sn AunHF nfl sMprk krnf suKflf sI. ienHF qwqF df kuJ hwd qwk asr jQybMdIaF dy ryKf-icwqr ilKx vyly AunHF dy ivsQfr dy vfDy Gfty ivwc dyiKaf jf skdf hY. ieQy pysL ienHF sMKyp ryKf-icwqrF nUM iekwilaF iekwilaF dyiKaF ieh sLfied afpxf koeI vwzf pRBfv nf pfAux pr sfiraF nUM iek QF rwK ky dyKx nfl ibnF sLwk ienHF jQybMdIaF df kMm pRBfvsLflI jfpdf hY. afpo afpxy vsIilaF aqy sUJ anusfr ienHF sfrIaF jQybMdIaF ny drpysL msilaF nUM AuBfiraf aqy hwl krn dI suihrdqf nfl koisLsL kIqI. ienHF ny afpxy msilaF nUM smJx aqy hwl krn ivwc Auh phuMc apxfeI jo ienHF nUM knyzf ivwc BfeIcfry dI ibhqrI leI kMm krn vflIaF pihlIaF jQybMdIaF aqy ivakqIaF nfl joVdI hY. ienHF ny afpxy kMmF kfrF rfhIN afpxy ivrsy nUM pihcfixaf aqy Aus AuWpr pihrf idwqf. ieQy asIN afpxf iDafn muwK qOr `qy jQybMdIaF AuWpr hI kyNdrq rwiKaf hY. ies ivwc koeI sLwk nhIN ik jQybMdIaF ivakqIaF vloN sQfpq kIqIaF jFdIaF hn aqy ivakqI hI afpxI ihMmq qy sUJ nfl ienHF nUM clfAuNdy hn. dUjy sLbdF ivwc pRqIbwDqf vfly ivakqIaF qoN ibnF ienHF jQybMdIaF dI hoNd sMBv nhIN ho skdI. ienHF ryKf-icwqrF nUM isrP jQybMdk kMmF AuWpr kyNdrq krn dI jo asIN phuMc apxfeI hY ieh phuMc ienHF ivakqIaF vloN ienHF jQybMdIaF ivwc kMm krn dI phuMc nfl myl KfdI hY. Auh Kud vI ienHF ivwc afpxy inwjI suafrQ kfrn sLfml nhIN sn hoey. AunHF vfsqy jQybMdI aqy jQybMdI vloN imwQy gey afsLy ijLafdf mhwqvpUrn sn. pr asIN aKIr ivwc ieh gwl Kfs qOr `qy kihxI cfhuMdy hF ik Auh sfry ivakqIaF ijnHF ny ieh jQybMdIaF kfiem kIqIaF aqy ienHF nUM clfAux vfsqy afpxy smyN qy sLkqI df Xogdfn pfieaf sfzy sfiraF dy snmfn dy pfqr hn. ieh lok BfeIcfry dy axgfey aqy axgOly nfiek hn. iewQy ivakqIaF dy sMbMD ivwc iek hor gwl krnI vI bhuq jLrUrI hY. sfzI koisLsL sI ik hr ryKf-icwqr dy aKIr ivwc asIN Aus jQybMdI nfl srgrm rih cuwky ivakqIaF dy nF ilKIey. asIN afpxI ies koisLsL ivwc bhuq Gwt kfmXfb hoey hF. ies pwKoN ijhVIaF jQybMdIaF bfry asIN ijMnI ku jfxkfrI iekwqr kr sky Auh ryKf-icwqrF dy aKIr ivwc dy idwqI geI hY. kihx vflI gwl iewQy ieh hY ik ienHF ryKf-icwqrF ivwc drj nfvF dI ilst iksy qrHF vI pUrI nhIN khI jf skdI. asIN AunHF sfry srgrm lokF qoN iKmF dy jfck hF ijnHF dy nF iewQy drj nhIN. ienHF ryKf-icwqrF nUM ikqfb ivwc qrqIb dyx vfsqy asIN jQybMdIaF nUM iqMn muwK gruwpF ivwc vMizaf hY. pihly ivwc muwK qOr `qy isafsI, dUjy ivwc iksy ivsLysL msly AuWqy kMm krn vflIaF aqy qIjy ivwc siBafcfr qy sfihq nfl sMbMDq jQybMdIaF nUM sLfml kIqf hY. hr gurwp ivwc qrqIb dyx leI AunHF dy sLurU hox dI qrIk nUM afDfr bxfieaf hY. so ies vMz dy afDfr AuWqy pihly gruwp ivwc: iewk - eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto do- ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ien nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf) iqMn - eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn afP kYnyzf, vYnkUvr


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cfr- pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn, aYzmMtn -sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn -pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn, aYzmMtn pMj - pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr sBf ivnIpYWg dUjy gruwp ivwc: Cy - ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn (afeI aYWm ey) swq - knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan (sI aYWP XU) awT - nslvfd ivruwD bI sI sMGrsL sMmqI (bI sI E aYWP afr) nON - smfnqf qIjy gruwp ivwc: ds - pMjfbI lyKk mMc (sfihq sBf) vYnkUvr igafrF - lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI aqy kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf bfrF - vYnkUvr swQ ies AuWprlI qrqIb ivwc iek Cot hY. asIN aYzmMtn dIaF jQybMdIaF, ijnHF ivwc isafsI qy siBafcfk jQybMdIaF hn, nUM iewko QF rwiKaf hY.


84

iek

eIst ie MzIan vrkrjL a Ys osIe ys Ln trFt o trFto dy ielfky ivwc 1969 dy duafly pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF dI igxqI vDxI sLurU hoeI. ies dy nfl hI nvyN afvfsIaF leI iemIgrysLn dy sMbMD ivwc afAux vflIaF musLiklF vDx lwgIaF. ieh musLiklF knyzf ivwc dfKl hox aqy iewQy rihx nfl sMbMDq sn. nvyN afvfsIaF dIaF ienHF musLiklF nUM dyKdy hoey trFto ielfky dy kuJ lokF vloN sMn 1970 ivwc eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn sQfpq kIqI geI. Aus smyN ies jQybMdI nUM sLurU krn vfly muwZly lokF ivwc ieh ivakqI sn: mihMdr AuWpl, gurpUrn vVYc, gurmIq kMg, inrml ZINzsf, suirMdr gryvfl, primMdr prmfr qy sfQI. ienHF ivwcoN kuJ ivakqI ieMglYNz qoN afey sn aqy ies leI AuWQoN dI ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy kMmF qoN BlIBFq jfxU sn. AunHF dy mn ivwc trFto dI jQybMdI nUM ieMglYNz dI ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy mfzl `qy Ausfrn dI KfihsL sI. kuJ lok ihMdusqfn dI KwbI isafsq nfl sMbMD rwKdy afey sn. AunHF dy mnF ivwc ies jQybMdI nUM KwbI isafsq aqy sMsfr pwDr AuWqy mjLdUrF dy GolF dI hmfieq krn vflI jQybMdI bxfAux dI KfihsL sI. Aus smyN dOrfn trFto dI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI df vfh nslvfd nfl vI pYxf sLurU ho igaf. trFto dIaF sVkF AuWqy BfrqIaF AuWpr ijsmfnI hmly hox sLurU ho gey sn. ies leI nslvfd dI smwisaf nfl nijwTxf vI ies jQybMdI df iek mMqv bx igaf. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy moZIaF dy iKafl ivwc knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF nUM iemIgrysLn dy sMbMD ivwc af rhIaF musLiklF aqy nslvfd vrgIaF smwisafvF vwzy pwDr AuWqy knyzf dy srmfeydfrI pRbMD nfl bwJIaF hoeIaF sn. ies leI AunHF df ivcfr sI ik ienHF smwisafvF nfl iswJx leI ies pRbMD ivwc qbdIlI ilafAuxI jLrUrI hY. ies soc dI Jlk eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy muZly sivMDfn ivwc ilKy ienHF sLbdF ivwc dyKI jf skdI hY:

bysLwk sfzy bjLurg ies DrqI AuWqy ies sdI dy pihly dhfky ivwc afey, pr AunHF nUM iewQy nfgirkqf dy aiDkfr lYx ivwc sKq jwdojihd krnI peI aqy lMmF smF lwgf. AunHF nUM ieh aiDkfr dUjI sMsfr jMg qoN bfad imilaf. ies qoN bfad sfzIaF sfrIaF musLiklF alop nhIN ho geIaF. asl ivwc asIN hux vI afriQk aqy smfjk pwDr `qy musLiklF df sfhmxy krdy hF BfvyN AunHF dI bfhrI idwK vwKrI ho skdI hY. sfnUM brfbrqf imlxI cfhIdI hY pr sfnUM nslI ivqkrf imldf hY. asIN nfgirk hF pr sfzy ivwcoN kuJ iek dI nfgirkqf knyzf dy jMimaF nfloN vwKrI hY. bhuq sfry knyzIanF dI AudfsIn (pYisv) hmfieq kfrn knyzf dI srkfr ivkfssLIl dysLF qoN knyzf afAux vfly lokF leI kfnUMnF nUM sKq kr rhI hY, nrm kr rhI hY aqy iPr sKq kr rhI hY. ijvyN ijvyN afriQk smwisafvF, mihMgfeI aqy byrujLgfrI dy rUp ivwc Aujfgr ho rhIaF hn, aqy rvfieqI ZMg nfl ienHF df hwl lwBxf musLikl ho irhf hY, qF ies sB leI “ivdysLIaF” nUM blI dy bwkry bxfieaf jf irhf hY. srmfeydfrI pRbMD nfl bwJIaF muZlIaF smfjk, afriQk aqy isafsI smwisafvF AunI dyr hwl nhIN kIqIaF jf skdIaF, ijMnf icr ies pRbMD ivwc ienklfbI qbdIlIaF nhIN afAuNdIaF. iPr vI sfnUM lokqMqrI ZMg nfl aqy dUjy knyzIan kfimaF dI shfieqf nfl afpxy hwkF leI kTor jwdojihd krnI cfhIdI hY. jdoN asIN afpxI inq pRqI idn dI jwdojihd krIey qF sfzy leI jLrUrI hY ik asIN ies pRbMD nUM bdlx dy afpy lMmy insLfny nUM awKF qoN Auhly nf hox dyeIey.

ies Bfvnf nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF hoieaF eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny afpxy hyT ilKy AudysL imwQy:


85

1[ eIst ieMzIan lokF nUM jQybMd krnf. 2[ dUjIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky nsl, rMg, Drm jF ilMg dy afDfr `qy huMdy hr qrHF dy ivqkry ivruwD lVnf; aqy brfbrI BrpUr mnuwKI aiDkfrF, smfjk aqy afriQk mOikaF leI jwdojihd krnf. 3[ knyzf dy sfry lokF nfl dosqfnf sMbMD sQfpq krnf aqy ies pfsy kMm kr rhIaF sfrIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF nUM sihXog dyxf[ 4[ lokF nUM mjLdUrF dIaF XUnIanF ivwc sLfml hox, XUnIanF nfl imlky kMm krn aqy XUnIanF nUM sihXog dyx leI AuqsLfihq krnf. 5[ dunIaf dy sfry mjLlUm lokF aqy kOmF, jo kOmI ajLfdI leI lV rhy hn, nfl sFJ df pRgt krnf aqy dunIaf dy sfry dysLF dy lokF ivckfr dosqI aqy amn dy kfrj nUM AuqsLfihq krnf aqy ies pfsy kMm kr rhIaF sfrIaF jQybMdIaF nUM sihXog dyxf. 6[ knyzf dy lokF nUM aqy Kfs krky afpxy mYNbrF nUM ihMdusqfn dIaF isafsI, afriQk aqy smfijk hflqF bfry jfxkfrI dyxf. 7[ lok BlfeI, smfjk, iswiKafdfiek aqy siBafcfrk srgrmIaF krnf. ienHF AudysLF dI pUrqI leI eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn, trFto ny afpxIaF srgrmIaF sLurU kIqIaF. pihly sflF dOrfn aYsosIeysLn ny iemIgrysLn aqy nslvfd dy sMbMD ivwc kimAUintI nUM jQybMd krn aqy kimAUintI dI pRqIinDqf krn df kMm kIqf. Audfhrn leI sMn 1974-75 ivwc jdoN knyzf dI PYzrl srkfr ny iemIgrysLn dy msly sMbMDI grIn pypr jfrI kIqf qF eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny ies pypr dy ivroD ivwc mujLfhrf kIqf aqy iek brIP pysL kIqf. iesy qrHF hI Aus smyN dOrfn trFto ivwc nslvfd ivruwD aYksLn kmytI dI agvfeI hyT cldy Gol ivwc eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny vwD cVH ky ihwsf ilaf. pMjfbI lokF qwk vwzI pwDr `qy phuMc krn leI jQybMdI vloN keI sfl krqfr isMG srfBf dI Xfd ivwc tUrnfmYNt vI krvfieaf jFdf irhf. trFto ivwc 1980 dOrfn riPAUjIaF df mslf AuWT KVHf hoieaf. ieh mslf vwzI pwDr AuWqy AudoN sfhmxy afieaf jdoN zItYnsLn sYNtr ivwc bMd kIqy 150 riPAUjIaF ny BuwK hVqfl kr idwqI. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny ies BuwK hVqfl dI hmfieq kIqI aqy sLurU ivwc pyp gurdvfry dI kmytI nfl iml ky riPAUjIaF dy msly sMbMDI agvfeI dyx dI koisLsL kIqI. pr iPr ies msly ivwc gurdvfry dI isafsq dy BfrU ho jfx nfl, jQybMdI ipCFh hwt geI. knyzf ivwc Kfilsqfn dI lihr ny awsIvaF dy sLurU ivwc hI jLor PVnf sLurU kr idwqf. ies lihr ny eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy kMmF AuWqy jLordfr pRBfv pfieaf. sB qoN pihlF qF Kfilsqfn dI lihr dy jLor PVn nfl BfeIcfry ivwc Kfilsqfn qoN ibnF bfkI sfry msly apRsMgk (ierrYlIvYNt) ho ky rih gey. iemIgrysLn, nslvfd aqy mjLdUrF dIaF smwisafvF, ijnHF dy sMbMD ivwc eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn kMm krdI sI, nfl bhuigxqI BfrqI kimAUintI df koeI srokfr nf irhf. ies smyN dOrfn jF qF Kfilsqfn dy hwk ivwc gwl kIqI jf skdI sI jF ivroD ivwc. BfrqI kfAuNslyt dy dPqr sfhmxy 14 nvMbr 1982 nUM iek mujLfhrf hoieaf. sLurU hox qoN CyqI bfad hI ieh mujLfhrf Kfilsqfn dy hmfieqIaF aqy Kfilsqfn dy ivroDIaF ivckfr nfhrybfjLI ivwc bdl igaf. ies nfhrybfjLI df aMq mujLfhry ivwc golI cwlx nfl hoieaf. bysLwk jQybMdk qOr AuWqy eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn df ies mujLfhry nfl koeI sMbMD nhIN sI, pr mujLfhry ivwc vfpry golIkFz dOrfn ijnHF lokF dy golIaF lwgIaF, AunHF ivwcoN kuJ - suKrfj isMG kflIrfey aqy Aus df Brf blbIr isMG kflIrfey - eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn nfl sMbMDq sn. golIaF clfAux vflf POjf isMG Elz vYstn roz dy gurdvfry df AuWp pRDfn sI. ies mujLfhry dOrfn vfpry golI kFz aqy Kfilsqfn pwKIaF dIaF hor kfrvfeIaF kfrn trFto dI BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc dihsLq aqy sihm df


86

mfhOl pYdf ho igaf. ies qrHF dy mfhOl kfrn kuJ smyN leI eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn vloN pbilk mIitMgF krnIaF asMBv ho geIaF. KfilsqfnI dihsLq df sfhmfxf krn ivwc aYsosIeysLn nUM keI qrHF dIaF musLiklF df sfhmxf krnf pY irhf sI. aYsosIeysLn dy muZly mYNbr mihMdr isMG AuWpl anusfr ijnHF KfilsqfnIaF nfl aYsosIeysLn df vfh pYNdf sI, Auh aslI dosLI nhIN sn. AunHF dy mgr hor lok sn jo sfhmxy nhIN sn afAuNdy. ies dy nfl hI AunHF kol aQfh pYsf sI. Auh gurdvfiraF df pYsf vrq skdy sn. ies qrHF aYsosIeysLn kol KfilsqfnIaF nfl lVn leI AunHF dy mukfbly dy vsIly nhIN sn. KfilsqfnI lihr df eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn AuWqy iek hor asr ieh hoieaf ik aYsosIeysLn dy kuJ mYNbr aqy hmdrd tuwt ky KfilsqfnIaF nfl jf imly jF hmdrdI rwKx lwgy. ies hI qrHF pMjfb qoN ibnF ihMdusqfn dy dUjy sUibaF qoN af ky vsy ieMzo-knyzIanF, jo aYsosIeysLn dy ihmfieqI sn jF ies nfl hmdrdI rwKdy sn, vloN ies msly bfry aYsosIeysLn nUM pUrI hmfieq nhIN iml rhI sI. mihMdr AuWpl dy sLbdF ivwc “ies msly nfl dUjy sUibaF qoN afey ihMdusqfnIaF nfl vI Prk ipaf. Auh smJdy sn ik ieh isrP pMjfbIaF df iesLU hY aqy pMjfbIaF nUM ies bfry kuJ krnf cfhIdf hY. pr afp Auh ies bfry kuJ krn leI iqafr nhIN sn.” ies sB kfsy dy nqIjy vjoN ies smyN dOrfn eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy kMmF ivwc kfPI kmI af geI. bysLwk aYsosIeysLn dy kMmF ivwc muV cVHq afAux ivwc keI vrHy lwgy pr iPr vI aYsosIeysLn keI qrHF dy agFhvDU kMmF ivwc ihwsf lYNdI rhI. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1983 ivwc eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny trFto ivwc iepfnf (ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ien nfrQ amrIkf) dI iekfeI nUM gursLrn isMG dy nftkF dy pRogrfm krvfAux leI sihXog idwqf. trFto dI BfrqI kimAUintI vloN nftkF dy ienHF pRogrfmF nUM BrvF huMgfrf imilaf. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn 1992 qoN iPr bhuq srgrmIaF nfl kMm kr rhI hY. ies vrHy ies jQybMdI ny BfrqI dUqfvfs dy aiDkfrIaF vloN pfsport bxfAux smyN lokF nfl kIqIaF jFdIaF DwkysLfhIaF ivruwD jLbrdsq Gol liVaf. AudoN qoN lY ky hux qwk jQybMdI iksy nf iksy pwDr AuWqy ies msly nfl juVI hoeI hY. Aus smyN dy iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMnF rfhIN ho rhIaF vDIkIaF bfry lokF nUM jfgrUk krn leI 1995 ivwc iek vwzI kfnPrMs afXoijq kIqI. siBafcfrk pwDr AuWqy hux hr sfl eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn vloN sLhId Bgq isMG, rfjgurU aqy suKdyv dI Xfd ivwc siBafcfrk pRogrfm krvfieaf jFdf hY. ies qoN ibnF aYsosIeysLn kimAUintI ivwc AuWT rhy nvyN msilaF, ijvyN ieMzo-knyzIanF dI nOjvfn pIVHI nfl sMbMDq msly, nfl nijwTx leI afpxI smrwQf muqfbk Xogdfn pf rhI hY. afpxI Aumr dy 25 sflF dOrfn aYsosIeysLn keI qrHF dy AuqrfvF-cVHfvF ivwcoN dI lMGI hY. keI muwdy jQybMdI dI aMdrUnI bihs df ivsLf bxy hn ijvyN ik : 1) kI jQybMdI nUM knyzf nfl sMbMDq msilaF AuWqy hI kMm krnf cfhIdf hY jF ihMdusqfn nfl sMbMDq msilaF AuWqy vI? 2) kI gurdvfrf isafsq ivwc ihwsf lYxf cfhIdf hY jF nhIN? 3) kI gurdvfiraF nUM kimAUintI sYNtr dy qOr `qy dyKxf cfhIdf hY jF bfhr kimAUintI sYNtr Ausfrnf cfhIdf hY? 4) kI jQybMdI nUM ajLfd qOr `qy kMm krnf cfhIdf hY jF agvfeI leI ihMdusqfnI mfrksI kimAUinst pfrtI vwl dyKxf cfhIdf hY? bysLwk ies jQybMdI df muwK kMm knyzf dy msilaF nfl hI sMbMDq irhf pr iPr vI jQybMdI ihMdusqfn aqy dunIaf dy hor dysLF Kfs krky qIjI dunIaf dy dysLF dy msilaF bfry vI iDafn idMdI rhI hY. sMn 1978 qwk jQybMdI sQfnk gurdvfiraF dI isafsq ivwc srgrmI nfl ihwsf lYNdI rhI. AunHF idnF ivwc aYsosIeysLn df vfeIs pRYjLIzYNt amrjIq isMG qfqlf pyp gurdvfry df vI vfeIs pRYjLIzYNt sI.


87

jQybMdI ny 1978 qoN bfad gurdvfiraF dI isafsq ivwc iswDf ihwsf nhIN ilaf. ipCly 25 virHaF dOrfn kuJ mOky aijhy afey sn jdoN jQybMdI ny ieh PYslf ilaf sI ik Aus nUM afpxI agvfeI leI ihMdusqfn dI mfrksI kimAUinst pfrtI vl dyKxf cfhIdf hY pr muwK qOr AuWqy jQybMdI afpxI isafsI ajLfdI kfiem rwKx ivwc kfmXfb rhI hY. smyN smyN jQybMdI dy ivDfn ivwc qbdIlIaF kIqIaF jFdIaF rhIaF. ies sMbMD ivwc 1979 aqy 1990 ivwc hoeIaF qbdIlIaF ijLkrXog hn. ienHF qbdIlIaF rfhIN jQybMdI dy ivDfn dI BUimkf ivwcoN srmfeydfrI df ivroD, smfjvfdI smfj dI isrjxf vrgy ivcfrDfrk afDfr nUM mnPI kr idwqf igaf. jQybMdI df muwK kMm nslvfd dI ivroDqf, smfjk brfbrqf, mnuwKI aiDkfrF leI sMGrsL aqy kimAUintI dI smfjk BlfeI imwiQaf igaf. ienHF sfry kMmF df mksd mjLdUrF dy jIvn nUM cMgyrf bxfAuxf hY. bysLwk srmfeydfrI df ivroD aqy smfjvfdI smfj dI isrjxf vrgy ivcfrDfrk afDfr nUM jQybMdI dy ivDfn dI BUimkf ivwcoN kwZ idwqf igaf pr awj vI jQybMdI dI lIzrisLwp Kwby-pwKI ivcfrF dI DfrnI hY. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ijwQy knyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc srgrmI nfl kMm krdI hY, Aus dy nfl nfl knyzf dIaF dUjIaF kimAUintIaF aqy smuwcI knyzIan kimAUintI ivwc mjLdUrF dy hwkF leI aqy smfj nUM ibhqr bxfAux leI kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kMm krdI hY. ies jQybMdI ny knyzf dI smuwcI kimAUintI ivwc kMm kr rhIaF ijnHF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kMm kIqf hY jF krdI hY AunHF ivwcoN kuJ hn: aYksLn kmytI agyNst ryisjLm, knyzIan aftovrkrjL XUnIan, knyzIan lybr kFgrs, E pI aYWs eI XU aqy sosLilst aYksLn gruwp. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn, BfrqI kimAUintI dI knyzf pwDr AuWqy bxI jQybMdI zYmokrYitk pIpljL afrgynfeIjysLnjL dI mYNbr hY. asl ivwc zYmokrYitk pIpljL afrgynfeIjysLnjL nUM sQfpq krn ivwc ies ny mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf hY. BfrqI knyzIan aqy smuwcy knyzIan smfj ivwc kMm kr rhIaF kuJ aijhIaF jQybMdIaF vI hn ijnHF nfl eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn iblkul kMm krn leI iqafr nhIN hY. aYsosIeysLn dy jnrl skwqr nfhr isMG aOjlf anusfr, “iPrkfpRsq jQybMdIaF nfl eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny kdy vI kMm nhIN kIqf. Audfhrn dy qOr `qy vrlz iswK afrgynfeIjysLn, afr afr aYWs jF ihMdU pRIsLd vrgIaF iPrkfpRsq jQybMdIaF. mjLdUr ivroDI jQybMdIaF nfl vI aYsosIeysLn koeI sFJI srgrmI nhIN krdI.” aYsosIeysLn afpxy kMmF nUM cwldf rwKx leI loVINdf PMz vwK vwK soimaF qoN iekwTf krdI rhI hY. afpxy ZfeI dhfikaF dy jIvn dOrfn bhuqf smF kimAUintI ivwcoN lokF qoN PMz iekwTf krky kMm clfieaf hY pr keI mOikaF AuWqy srkfr koloN grFtF vI leIaF hn. aYsosIeysLn vloN ByjI jfxkfrI anusfr:

PMz iekwTf krn dy somy mOky dI lIzrisLwp muqfbk hI rhy. hoNd ivwc afAux qoN bfad kfPI smF PMz lokF koloN iekwTf kIqf jFdf sI. sMn 1980 qoN bfad kuJ srkfrI grFtF vI leIaF pr hux 1992 qoN PMz vwD mfqrf ivwc mYNbrF qoN hI iekwTf kIqf jFdf hY.[[[ siBafcfrk pRogrfmF smyN PMz hmdrdF koloN vI iekwTf kIqf jFdf hY ijhVy ik amrIkf aqy knyzf dy hor ihwisaF ivwc vsdy hn. iek vfr 1984 ivwc grFt leI geI sI. hux nvIN lIzrisLwp dI ieh hI soc hY ik PMz leI lokF `qy hI inrBr kIqf jfvy.

eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn KuwlHI mYNbrisLwp vflI jQybMdI hY. ies smyN ies dI mYNbrisLwp 400 dy krIb hY. afpxI cVHq dy dOrfn ies jQybMdI dI mYNbrisLwp 800 dy krIb vI rhI hY. jQybMdI dy 25 sflF dOrfn awgy idwqy mYNbrF ny jQybMdI nUM clfAux ivwc smyN smyN afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf: mihMdr AuWpl, gurpUrn vVYc, gurmIq kMg, inrml ZINzsf, suirMdr gryvfl, primMdr prmfr,


88

amrjIq qfqlf, suKrfj kflIrfey, siqafpfl isMG, jrnYl isMG, jgjIq isMG, Jlmx gosl, lihMbr isMG pUMnI, amrjIq isMG mfn, mnohr isMG kflIrfey, birMdr isMG, hrdIp sLokr, crnjIq DIr, cmkOr isMG pUnIaf, srdfrf isMG cyVf, mlkIq isMG mfn, blbIr isMG inwjr, joigMdr gryvfl, rxjIq ivrdI, dIp isMG bopfrfey, bldyv rYhpf, nfhr aOjlf, rCpfl dusFJ, qrlocn mfhl, avqfr aOjlf, qijMdr mfhl, jgqfr isMG, svrn isMG igwDf, kuldIp kOr gosl, svrn isMG iKMd, muKiqafr isMG aqy rfj DflIvfl. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto df ieh ryKf-icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY: 1[ mihMdr isMG AuWpl, inrml isMG ZINzsf, suKrfj kflIrfey, dIp isMG bopfrfey aqy nfhr isMG aOjlf nfl lyKkF vloN mulfkfqF. (trFto, apRYl 24, 1997) 2[ aYsosIeysLn dy jnrl skwqr nfhr isMG aOjlf vloN aYsosIeysLn bfry ByjI jfxkfrI. 3[ eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn bfry hor zfkUmYNts aqy vwK vwK smyN aKbfrF ivwc CpIaF irportF.


89

do

ie MzIan pIpljL a Ys osIe ys Ln ien nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf)

swqvyN dhfky dy awD qoN lY ky swqrivaF dy awD qwk (1965-1975) BfrqI ipCokV dy kfPI lok AuWqrI amrIkf dIaF XUnIvristIaF ivwc pVHfAux af lwgy. ienHF ivwcoN bhuiqaF dy sMbMD Aus smyN Bfrq dy lokF dI hflq ivwc suDfr ilafAux vfsqy Gol kr rhIaF KwbIaF pfrtIaF nfl sn jF rhy sn. Bfrq ivwc 1960ivaF dy aKIr ivwc cwlI nkslbfVI lihr dy nqIjy vjoN ienklfbIaF AuWpr ho rhy isafsI aiqafcfr ny nfrQ amrIkf dy BfrqI buwDIjIvIaF nUM kuJ krn vfsqy AuqsLfihq kIqf. nqIjy vjoN 24 jUn 1975 nUM mFtrIal ivwc iek iqMn rojLf mIitMg swdI geI. ies mIitMg ivwc bPlo, ieQfkf, bOstn, inAUXfrk, isLkfgo, trFto, mFtrIal aqy vYnkUvr dIaF XUnIvristIaF ivcly BfrqI ipCokV dy buwDIjIvIaF ny Bfg ilaf. ienHF ivwc hrI sLrmf, dieaf vrmf, ivnod, suDIr josLI qy KwbI isafsq nfl sMbMDq hor lok sn. ies mIitMg ivwc hoey ivcfr vtFdry dy iswty vjoN ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn afP nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf) nF dI jQybMdI hoNd ivwc afeI. ies smyN iek inAU ieMzIaf builtn nF df prcf kwZx df vI PYslf ilaf igaf. ieqPfkn ies mIitMg dy aKIrly idn Bfrq ivwc ieMdrf gFDI vloN aYmrjMsI df aYlfn kr idwqf igaf. nvIN jQybMdI iepfnf vloN pihly kMm dy qOr `qy iek prYWs ibafn jfrI kIqf igaf ijs ivwc ikhf igaf ik “aYmrjMsI df aYlfn Bfrq dy lokF AuWpr PfisLsLt izktytrisLwp df Toisaf jfxf hY.” iepfnf df muwK mksd Bfrq dy isafsI GolF bfry bfhr rih rhy BfrqIaF ivwc jfgrqI pYdf krky hmdrdI ijwqx df sI. zfktr hrI sLrmf dy sLbdF ivwc:

iepfnf dI sQfpnf ipwCy iewQy (knyzf) dI sQfnk isafsq df koeI hwQ nhIN sI. ies ivwc muwK qOr `qy ds pMdrF Auh ivakqI sLfml sn ijhVy Bfrq dy lokF dy Gol nfl zUMGI nyVqf rwKdy sn aqy kfPI lMmy smyN qoN ies Gol df ihwsf rhy sn. iepfnf df muwK insLfnf BfrqI ienklfb leI nkslbfVI vloN cuxy rfh dI hmfieq krnf sI.

bysLwk iepfnf dI sLurUafq XUnIvristIaF ivwc pVHf rhy buwDIjIvIaF vloN kIqI geI sI pr knyzf aqy amrIkf ivwc rih rhy BfrqI lokF ivwc BfrqI ienklfb leI hmdrdI aqy hmfieq dI Bfvnf pYdf krn vfsqy loV sI ik ienHF dysLF ivwc vsdy afm BfrqI lokF qwk phuMicaf jfvy. Aus smyN qwk BfrqIaF dI sB qoN vwD qy lMby smyN qoN sQfpq kimAUintI knyzf dy pwCmI qwt dy sUby ibRitsL kolMbIaf aqy Kfs krky vYnkUvr dy ielfky ivwc sI. ies ivwc vwzI igxqI pMjfbI lokF dI sI ijhVy ijLafdfqr mjLdUr jmfq nfl sMbMD rwKdy sn. zfktr hrI sLrmf vFg BfrqI ipCokV dy hI zfktr icMn bYnrjI jo iepfnf nfl hmdrdI rwKdy sn, vI vYnkUvr dI sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI ivwc pVHfAuNdy sn. Auh dovyN Kud pMjfbI nhIN sn pr mihsUs krdy sn ik “sB qoN vwzI loV pMjfbI lokF nfl qflmyl pYdf krn dI sI ikAuNik Auh iewQy BfrqI ipCokV dI mjLdUr jmfq dI bhuigxqI sI.” ies loV ny iepfnf nUM, Kfs kr ky vYnkUvr dy ielfky ivwc, pMjfbIaF drimafn ilaFdf aqy ies nUM amlI rUp ivwc pMjfbIaF dI afpxI jQybMdI dy rUp ivwc AuBfiraf. bysLwk iepfnf dy XUint AuWqrI amrIkf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc sn pr ies ryKf-icwqr ivwc vYnkUvr XUint dIaF srgrmIaF df ivsQfr ivwc aqy trFto XUint dIaF srgrmIaF df sMKyp ivwc ijLkr kIqf igaf hY ikAuNik ienHF XUintF ny hI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc kMm kIqf.


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vYnkUvr dI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwcoN hirMdr mfihl aqy gurnfm shoqf iepfnf dy pihly mYNbr bxy. hirMdr mfihl Aus vyly afeI zbilAU ey dI inAU vYst imnstr lokl dy pypr icwpr dy aYzItr sn. vYnkUvr ivwc iepfnf dI pihlI srgrmI 15 agsq 1975 nUM BfrqI kONslyt dy dPqr awgy Bfrq ivwc lfeI geI aYmrjMsI ivruwD kIqf igaf mujLfhrf sI. iepfnf vloN bfhr vsx vfly BfrqI lokF nUM aYmrjMsI dy ivroD ivwc jQybMd hox df swdf idwqf igaf. vYnkUvr ivwc iepfnf dI pihlI pbilk mIitMg 26 jnvrI 1976 nUM hoeI. ies mIitMg ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI qy Kfs kr pMjfbI kimAUintI dy kfPI lokF ny ihwsf ilaf. jUn 1976 nUM vYnkUvr ivwc iepfnf dI pihlI knvYnsLn kIqI geI. ies smyN iek sfl pihlF mFtrIal ivwc juVy lok vI sLfml hoey aqy nfl hI keI nvyN lok Kfs kr vYnkUvr aqy afs pfs dy ielfikaF ivwcoN jQybMdI ivwc sLfml hoey. ies knvYnsLn dOrfn iepfnf df rfjsI mqf (rYjLUlysLn) soD ky afPIsLl qOr `qy apxfieaf igaf. knyzf ivwc rih rhy BfrqI lokF qwk phuMc krn leI jLrUrI sI ik AunHF nMU iewQy drpysL smwisafvF vwl iDafn idwqf jFdf. rfjsI mqy ivwc kIqIaF soDF iepfnf vloN mihsUs kIqI geI iews loV nUM muKfqb sn. iepfnf dy prcy vMgfr ivwc Cpy ies mqy anusfr:

iepfnf AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc rih rhy afpxy hmvqnIaF dy ivsLfl ihwisaF dI aqy dUsry lokF dy jfiejL GolF: 1) aslI ajLfdI leI; 2) lokF dI bhuigxqI vfsqy aslI jmhUrIaq leI, aqy 3) vwzy pUMjIpqIaF aqy vwzy jgIrdfrF dI luwt dy ivruwD; mdd pRfpq krn df idRV ierfdf rwKdI hY. ienHF GolF df atuwt ihwsf hox krky iepfnf: 1) AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc rih afpxy hmvqnIaf ivruwD ho rhy nslI ivqkry df ivroD krn; 2) qIjy sMsfr dy lokF, kOmF aqy mulkF vloN donF vwzIaF qfkqF dy dbfE, luwt aqy cODrpuxy ivruwD ho rhy GolF dI mdd krn; aqy 3) dunIaf dy kfimaF dy GolF dI mdd krn leI idRV hY.

ies knvYnsLn smyN iepfnf vloN vYnkUvr dy kort hfAUs awgy Bfrq ivwc lwgI aYmrjMsI ivruwD iek mujLfhrf jQybMd kIqf igaf aqy iek pbilk rYlI vI kIqI geI. rYlI smyN sQfnk aqy nfrQ amrIkf dIaF keI ienklfbI jQybMdIaF ny afpxy numfieMdy iepfnf nfl nyVqf sQfpq krn dy ierfdy vjoN Byjy. ienHF ivwc sLfml sn: zbilAU sI pI, ien ilAUt, rYvoilAUsLnrI kimAUinst pfrtI afP amrIkf, PlsqInIaF dI jQybMdI afid. ijwQy bhuqy agFhvDU hlikaF vloN iepfnf dI sQfpnf df suafgq kIqf igaf AuWQy ies nvIN jQybMdI dI ivroDqf vI hoeI jo Bfrq ivwc nkslbfVI gruwpF dI aMdrUnI KihbfjLI dy iswDy asr df iswtf sI. aYmrjMsI ivruwD mujLfhry smyN ivroDI iDr nfl hoeI lVfeI ivwc iepfnf dy bhuq sfry mYNbrF dy gMBIr swtF lwgIaF. iepfnf dy mYNbrF anusfr ies hmly dy iswty vjoN vYnkUvr dy ielfky ivwc iepfnf df asr Gtx dI bjfey viDaf. ies knvYnsLn qoN kuJ dyr bfad iepfnf vloN pMjfbI ivwc ‘vMgfr’ nF df prcf sLurU kIqf igaf. ies prcy nfl iepfnf pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc afpxf prcfr aqy asr vDfAux ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. Ausy sfl akqUbr (1976) ivwc iepfnf dy swdy AuWqy ieMglYNz qoN mYrI tfeIlr knyzf aqy amrIkf dy dOry AuWqy afeI. mYrI tfeIlr ny Bfrq dIaF jylHF ivcly afpxy qjrby nUM afpxI ikqfb ‘BfrqI jylHF ivwc pMj vrHy’ rfhIN ibafn kIqf sI. iepfnf vloN Aus dI ikqfb sMbMDI AuWqrI amrIkf dy bhuq sfry sLihrF ivwc mIitMgF jQybMd kIqIaF geIaF aqy aMgryjLI mIzIey rfhIN ienHF mIitMgF dI crcf aqy mYrI tfeIlr nfl ieMtrivAUaF afid krvfAux ivwc iepfnf ny kfmXfbI hfisl kIqI. ienHF srgrmIaF nfl aqy iepfnf dy afpxy pyprF ‘inAU ieMzIaf builtn’, ‘ieMzIaf nfE’ aqy vYnkUvr qoN kwZy jFdy pMjfbI pypr ‘vMgfr’ sdkf iepfnf bhuq QoVHy smyN ivwc hI hr pfsy jfxI jfx vflI jQybMdI bx geI. Kfs kr knyzf dy aMgryjLI mIzIey ivwc iepfnf dI Kfs QF sQfpq ho geI. Audfhrn vjoN, mFtrIal ivwc iek tI vI stysLn vloN iepfnf nUM iek AuWc pwDrI bihs ivwc ihwsf lYx df swdf afieaf. ies ivwc kOmFqrI pwDr dI msLhUrI vfly arQ sLfsqrI jfhn kYnQ gYlbryQ ny Bfrq dI aYmrjMsI dy


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hwk ivwc ivcfr pysL krny sn. Aus dy ivcfrF df bdl aqy aYmrjMsI qoN nfKusL BfrqI lokF df njLrIaf pysL krn vfsqy iepfnf dy srgrm mYNbr zfktr hrI sLrmf ny vYnkUvr qoN swidaf igaf. iepfnf dI vYnkUvr iekfeI ny CyqI hI ieh mihsUs kIqf ik pMjfbI lokF ivwc isafsI cyqnf df sunyhf lY ky jfx vfsqy siBafcfrk jugqF, ijvyN gIq sMgIq qy nftk afid jLrUrI sn. ies mksd leI jQybMdI vloN ienklfbI gIq iqafr kIqy gey aqy pMjfbI lok nfc BMgVy dIaF sQfnk tImF nUM lokF awgy pysL kIqf igaf. iepfnf dy mYNbr rfj cOhfn ny icMgfVI nF df nftk iliKaf jo 1977 dy sLurU ivwc inAU vYstimnstr ivKy Kyizaf igaf. sQfnk pwDr `qy afpxI Xogqf qy sLkqI nfl gIq sMgIq aqy nftkF dI pysLkfrI dy nfl nfl pMjfb qoN lok pwKI klfkfrF nUM iewQy swidaf jFdf irhf. pMjfbI dy ienklfbI kvI sMq rfm AudfsI nUM 1979 dOrfn knyzf bulfieaf igaf aqy Aus dy anykF QFvF AuWqy pRogrfm vI jQybMd kIqy gey aqy Aus dy gIqF df iek irkfrz vI iqafr krvfieaf igaf. iepfnf vloN AudfsI dy gIqF df irkfrz hyT ilKy sLbdF nfl pysL kIqf igaf ijhVy iepfnf dI isafsI sUJ dy lKfiek hn:

AudfsI dy gIq BfrqI lokF dI jdojihd aqy hONsly df jsLn mnfAuNdy hn. Auh iksfnF, mjLdUrF, aOrqF aqy sfry dwby kucly lokF dy gIq gfAuNdf hY. Auh lokF dIaF dwbIaF kuclIaF hflqF dy, jgIrdfrF, sUdKorF aqy amIrF vloN huMdI lokF dI luwt Ksuwt pRqI nPrq dy aqy lokF vloN afpxI ajLfdI vfsqy hiQafrbMd Gol krn dy bulMd ierfidaF dy gIq gfAuNdf hY. ienHF gIqF df somf BfrqI lokF dy siBafcfr dy nfl nfl nkslbfVI df ienklfbI Gol vI hY; ieh gIq Bfrq dy nv-jmhUrI ienklfb dy gIq hn.

AudfsI dy gIqF df pRoPYsLnl pwDr AuWqy iqafr krvfieaf igaf ieh irkfrz ijs ivwc ‘kMmIaF df ivhVf’ aqy ‘AuWTx df vylf’ vrgy 12 msLhUr gIq sLfml hn, iepfnf df afpxy afp ivwc iek ivlwKx kMm ho inbiVaf hY. ies hI qrHF pMjfbI dy pRiswD aqy lok pwKI nftkkfr gursLrn isMG nUM pihlI vyr 1983 knyzf bulfieaf igaf. gursLrn isMG dy nftk vYnkUvr qoN lY ky mFtrIal qwk anykF sLihrF ivwc pysL kIqy gey. Aus nfl afey klfkfrF dy gfey ienklfbI gIqF df iek rIkfrz ‘Cwtf cfnxf df’ iqafr krvfieaf igaf. gursLrn isMG dy nftk ‘imwtI df muwl’ aqy ‘cFdnI cONk qoN srhMd qwk’ vIzIE AuWqy pRoPYsLnl qrIky nfl irkfrz krvfey gey. ienHF irkfrzF aqy vIzIE typF nUM iepfnf vloN AuWqrI amrIkf Br ivwc hI nhIN sgoN ieMglYNz aqy Bfrq ivwc vI lokF qwk phuMcfieaf igaf. dUjI vfr gursLrn isMG nUM 1985 ivwc knyzf bulfieaf igaf aqy sQfnk klfkfrF nUM lY ky nftk pysL kIqy gey. iepfnf dy afpxy mYNbrF vloN aqy sQfnk klfkfrF vloN iqafr krvfey nftk pysL krn df islislf iepfnf dy srgrm jIvn dOrfn lgfqfr kfiem rwiKaf igaf. ies jQybMdI vloN pysL kIqf aKIrlf nftk 1986 ivwc ‘ibgfny bohV dI CF’ sI. iepfnf ny ienHF siBafcfrk srgrmIaF nUM Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol aqy nslvfd ivruwD lVfeI dOrfn bVy sfrQk qrIky nfl vrqoN ivwc ilaFdf. PryjLr vYlI dy Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol bfry BfrqI iPlmsfjL afnMd ptvrDn vloN bxfeI msLhUr zfkUmYNtrI iPlm ‘AuWTx df vylf’ vI iepfnf dI siBafcfrk sUJ dI iek hor Audfhrn khI jf skdI hY. ieh iPlm Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol nUM vwzI pwDr AuWqy lokF ivwc iljfx ivwc shfiek hoeI. iepfnf vloN sfmrfj ivroDI GolF ivwc lwgy qIjI dunIaf dy lokF ijvyN icwlI, iPlpIn, ierItyrIaf, PlsqIn aqy knyzf dy nyitv lokF dIaF jQybMdIaF nfl qflmyl vDfieaf igaf. iepfnf knyzf dIaF KwbIaF jQybMdIaF nfl vI iml ky isafsI msilaF AuWpr kMm krdI sI. pr jQybMdI dI sB qoN vwzI loV afpxy afp nUM pMjfbI lokF ivwc sQfpq krnf sI. ies mksd vfsqy jQybMdI ny pMjfbI lokF sfhmxy do vwzy msilaF - pMjfbI Kyq mjLdUrF nUM drpysL smwisafvF aqy nslvfd - dI insLfndyhI kIqI geI. pihlf aqy sB qoN pRmuwK mslf bI sI ivwc aqy Kfs krky PryjLr vYlI dy PfrmF ivwc kMm krdy pMjfbI Kyq mjLdUrF dI sLryHafm ho rhI lwut df sI. iepfnf vloN pMjfbI Kyq mjLdUrF dy hwkF vfsqy Gol krn df PYslf kIqf igaf. kimAUintI ivwc ies msly sMbMDI kMm kr rhy dUjy lokF nfl qflmyl pYdf kIqf igaf. ies hI smyN Kyq mjLdUrF nUM kfnUMnI hwkF bfry jfxkfrI dyx leI kMm krdy lybr


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aYzvokysI rIsrs aYsosIeysLn dy koafrzInytr jfhn borst ny Kyq mjLdUrF dy msly nUM mjLdUr lihr nfl joVHn leI ieMtrnYsLnl vuwz vrkrjL afP amrIkf (afeI zbilAU ey) dI inAU vYstimnstr lokl nfl sMprk kIqf. Aus smyN iepfnf dy mYNbr hirMdr mfihl ies lokl dy aKbfr ‘icwpr’ dy sMpfdk sn. inAU vYst imnstr lokl dy pRYjLIzYNt dy nfl nfl hirMdr mfhl vI jfhn borst nUM imly. ies nfl iepfnf dI Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol ivwc sLurUafq hoeI aqy bfad ivwc iepfnf ny ies Gol nUM lfmbMd krn ivwc aihm BUimkf inBfeI. tryz XUnIan ivwc kMm krdy hox krky iepfnf mYNbr hirMdr mfhl ny dUjIaF XUnIanF qoN Kyq mjLdUrF leI hmfieq hfsl krn ivwc iek mhwqvpUrn rol inBfieaf. ies hI qrHF iepfnf dy srgrm mYNbr zf: hrI sLrmf jo sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI ivwc smfjk ivigafn pVHf rhy sn, ny Kyq mjLdUrF dI smwisaf nUM knyzIan mjLdUr jmfq dy Gol dy sMdrB ivwc rwK ky ies df shI ivsLlysLx krn ivwc vwzmuwlf ihwsf pfieaf. iepfnf dIaF ienHF koisLsLF nfl Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol nUM knyzf Br ivwc vwzI pwDr `qy mfnqf imlI. (sI aYWP XU df ryKf icwqr, sPf 116). ies Gol ivwc iepfnf vloN pfieaf Xogdfn iqMn gwlF krky ivsLysL qOr `qy mhwqvpUrn hY: 1) iepfnf dy mYNbr knyzIan smfj dy vwKry vwKry iKwiqaF ivwc srgrm hox kfrn iewQoN dIaF isafsI qy afriQk hflqF aqy mjLdUr jmfq dy GolF dy ieiqhfs qoN BlIBFq jfxU sn. ies sUJ sdkf Auh pMjfbI Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol nUM knyzf amrIkf dI mjLdUr jmfq dy GolF ivwc rwK ky shI sMdrB ivwc smJx aqy pysL krn ivwc kfmXfb hoey; 2) Auh knyzf aqy amrIkf dIaF srgrm mjLdUr jQybMdIaF nfl vI iml ky kMm krdy sn ijs nfl pMjfbI Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol nUM vwzI pwDr AuWqy hmfieq hfsl hoeI jo hor iksy vI qrHF sMBv nhIN sI ho skdI; 3) iepfnf dIaF knyzf aqy amrIkf dy dUijaF sLihrF ivwc srgrm iekfeIaF ny PryjLr vYlI dy Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol nUM vwzI pwDr qy prcfrn aqy Aus vfsqy BfrqI kimAUintI pfsoN hmfieq hfsl krn ivwc BUimkf inBfeI. Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF smwisafvF dy nfl hI BfrqI kimAUintI vfsqy Aus smyN dUjf BKdf mslf nslvfd df sI. sLurU ivwc iepfnf ny ies msly sMbMDI cwl rhIaF jdojihdF dI hmfieq kIqI ijvyN iemIgrysLn dy kfnUMn ivruwD jF cInI kimAUintI vloN sI tI vI (knyzIan tYlIivXn nYWtvrk) dy zbilAU 5 ivwc pysL kIqI nslvfdI irport dy ivruwD cwl rhy Gol ivwc. pr CyqI hI jQybMdI vloN ieh mihsUs kIqf igaf ik nslvfd ivruwD lVn vfsqy iksy aijhI jQybMdI dI loV sI ijs dI agvfeI nslvfd df sB qoN vwD isLkfr lokF jfxI ik ieMzo-knyzIan kimAUintI kol hovy pr ijs ivwc smuwcI kimAUintI nUM iek QF joiVaf jf sky. ies afsLy nUM awgy rwK iepfnf ny nslvfd dy msly nUM iek vwKry rUp ivwc AuBfiraf. iek KwbI iDr dI jQybMdI hox dy bfvjUd ies vloN KwbI isafsq dI sLbdfvlI vrqx qoN cyqMn qOr `qy guryjL kIqf igaf. zf: hrI sLrmf dy sLbdF ivwc:

nslvfd df Gol lVn sMbMDI iepfnf vloN kfPI ivcfr vtFdry qoN bfad do muwK PYsly ley gey: A) nslvfd dy msly AuWqy pihlF kMm kr rhy anykF gruwpF dI rfey dy Ault iek sFJI jQybMdI nf bxfeI jfvy sgoN nvIN jQybMdI KVHI kIqI jfvy ijs dI vfgzor BfrqI kimAUintI dy lokF dy hwQ ivwc hovy ikAuNik Aus vyly ieh kimAUintI hI nslvfd df sB qoN vwD isLkfr ho rhI sI; a) nslvfd dI lVfeI lVn vfsqy smuwcI kimAUintI nUM lfmbMd krn dI loV sI ijs vfsqy kimAUinst sLbdfvlI (jfrgn) aqy nfhrybfjLI nUM iqafgxf jLrUrI sI. Audfhrn vjoN jy asIN iehI khI jfeIey ik nslvfd ivruwD lVn df ieko iek qrIkf pUMjIvfd ivruwD lVn df hI hY qF bhuqy lok ies gwl nUM smJdy nhIN qy nf hI nfl juVdy hn.

ies msly vfsqy kimAUintI nUM jQybMd krn leI iepfnf vloN sfry sQfnk gruwpF nfl aMdrUnI qOr `qy gwlbfq kIqI geI aqy jQybMdI vfsqy BUmI iqafr kIqI geI. iepfnf dIaF ienHF koisLsLF dy iswty vjoN 2 nvMbr 1980 nUM vYnkUvr ivwc ibRitsL kolMbIaf afrgynfeIjysLn tU PfeIt ryisjLm (bI sI E aYWP afr) dI sQfpnf kIqI geI. bI sI E aYWP afr df pRDfn crnpfl igwl nUM bxfieaf igaf jo pihlF Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol ivwc vI srgrm sI. iepfnf dy mYNbr hirMdr mfhl aqy hrI sLrmf bI sI E aYWP afr dI pihlI aYgjLYkitv AuWpr cuxy gey. (dyKo bI sI E aYWP afr df ryKf icwqr, sPf 126)


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BfrqI kimAUintI dy drpysL qIjf mslf ijs vwl iepfnf vloN iDafn idwqf igaf Auh aOrqF nfl huMdIaF vDIkIaF df sI. ies sMbMDI kimAUintI kuJ jQybMdIaF pihlF kMm kr rhIaF sn ivsLysL qOr `qy ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn. pr ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn dy ZFcy anusfr isrP aOrqF hI ies dIaF mYNbr bx skdIaF sn. iepfnf aqy kimAUintI dy hor agFhvDU lokF vloN mihsUs kIqf igaf ik ieh mslf isrP aOrqF df mslf nhIN hY sgoN smuwcI kimAUintI df mslf hY Ausy qrHF ijs qrHF nslvfd df mslf isrP BfrqI kimAUintI df mslf nhIN sgoN smuwcI knyzIan kimAUintI df mslf hY. ies ivcfr nUM awgy rwK ky iepfnf, ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn aqy hor agFhvDU lokF ny iml ky aOrqF dy msilaF `qy iDafn kyNdirq krn vfsqy iek nvIN jQybMdI smfnqf dI 31 jnvrI 1982 nUM sQfpnf kIqI. ieh PYslf kIqf igaf ik ies jQybMdI ivwc mrd aqy aOrqF dovyN mYNbr bx skdy sn pr ies dI pRDfn isrP aOrq hI rhygI. (dyKo smfnqf df ryKf icwqr, sPf 132). knyzf vsdy BfrqI lokF dy sQfnk msilaF nUM AuBrn vfsqy iepfnf vloN kIqIaF srgrmIaF ijnHF df AuWpr ijLkr kIqf igaf hY, ijwQy iewQoN dI kimAUintI vfsqy mhwqqf rwKdIaF hn AuWQy ieh iepfnf dy imwQy insLfny, BfrqI ienklfb leI lok rfey aqy shfieqf hfsl krn ivwc vI afs anusfr sfjLgfr sfbq hoeIaF. BfvyN iswDy qOr `qy sI aYWP XU jF bI sI E aYWP afr rfhIN Bfrq dy ienklfb leI kMm krn ivwc kfmXfb nhIN hoeI pr ienHF srgrmIaF rfhIN jQybMdI df kimAUintI ivwc ishqmMd soc rwKx vfly vwzI igxqI lokF nfl iek dosqfnf rfbqf kfiem hoieaf. ies rfbqy rfhIN iepfnf BfrqI lokF dy GolF pRqI lokF ivwc jfxkfrI phuMcfx ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. ieh kMm jQybMdI dy pricaF ‘inAU ieMzIaf builtn’, ‘ieMzIaf nfE’ aqy vYnkUvr qoN kwZy jFdy pMjfbI pypr ‘vMgfr’ rfhIN kIqf jFdf sI. ienHF pricaF nUM jQybMdI dy vlMtIar kfimaF vloN BfrqIaF dy iekwTF ivwc hr QF vyicaf jFdf. so ienHF srgrmIaF nfl ijwQy iepfnf Bfrq dy ienklfb pRqI afpxf rol inBfAux ivwc kfmXfb hoeI AuWQy ies nUM knyzIan qy Kfs kr ieMzo-knyzIan kimAUintI ivwc ivlwKxqf vI pRfpq hoeI. iepfnf vloN kfiem kIqIaF jQybMdIaF, Kfs kr sI aYWP XU aqy bI sI E aYWP afr nfl iepfnf df jQybMdk irsLqf jitl rUp Dfrn kr igaf. ienHF sMbMDF bfry iepfnf ivwc aMdrUnI qOr `qy kfPI ivcfr vtFdrf huMdf irhf. iek ivcfr ieh sI ik iepfnf df muwK mksd Bfrq dy ienklfb vfsqy shfieqf aqy hmdrdI pYdf krnf hY ies krky ienHF jQybMdIaF rfhIN iswDy qOr `qy ies insLfny leI kMm kIqf jfxf cfhIdf hY. dUjf ivcfr sI ik ieh jQybMdIaF lokF dy sQfnk msilaF leI kfiem hoeIaF hn ies krky ienHF nUM Bfrq dI isafsq vfsqy iswDy qOr `qy nhIN vrqxf cfhIdf. aKIr ivwc ies dUjy ivcfr nUM mfnqf pRfpq hoeI jfpdI hY ikAuNik Bfrq dy ienklfb sMbMDI muwK srgrmIaF iepfnf jQybMdI dy afpxy nF Qwly hI huMdIaF rhIaF aqy ies dy mYNbrF vloN cyqn qOr `qy dUjIaF jQybMdIaF dIaF srgrmIaF ivwcoN iepfnf df eyjMzf bfhr rwiKaf jFdf irhf. pr iPr vI ijs qrHF pihlF ijLkr kIqf igaf hY, ienHF jQybMdIaF dy kMmF dI lokF ivwc mfnqf nfl iepfnf knyzf vsdy BfrqIaF aqy dUjy lokF ivwc BfrqI GolF pRqI cyqnf ilafAux ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. ienHF msilaF qoN ibnF iepfnf smyN smyN kimAUintI nUM drpysL hor anykF msilaF AuWpr srgrmI nfl afpxf Xogdfn pfAuNdI sI. Audfhrn vjoN, vYnkUvr ivwc XYlo kYb dy zrfeIvrF vloN lVy gey Gol ivwc iepfnf ny afpxf ihwsf pfieaf. vYnkUvr ivclI bMby rYstorYNt dy kfimaF vloN kIqI hVqfl ivwc iepfnf ny iswDI hmfieq dy nfl nfl iesy mflk dy mFtrIal aqy inAUXOrk ivcly rYstorYNtF awgy mujLfhry krvf ky mflk AuWpr loVINdf dbfa pfieaf. iesy qrHF 1983 dOrfn bI sI ivwc cwlI sOlyzYrtI lihr ivwc vI jQybMdI vloN ihwsf ilaf igaf. ienHF jQybMdIaF aqy srgrmIaF nfl iepfnf nUM ijwQy bhuq sfry lokF nfl rfbqf kfiem krn df mOkf imilaf AuWQy iek jQybMdI dy qOr `qy ies nUM kfPI kImq vI cukfAuxI peI. iek qF iepfnf dy srgrm


94

mYNbr ienHF jQybMdIaF ivwc ahudydfr hox kfrn iepfnf dy kMmF ivwc pihlF ijMnf ihwsf lYxf Xog nf rhy. dUjf iepfnf df bhuqf smF qy sLkqI ienHF jQybMdIaF nUM cwldf rwKx ivwc Krc hox lwgI. sI aYWP XU 1980 ivwc kfiem hox qoN do ku sfl bfad iek sQfpq tryz XUnIan dy qOr `qy PMksLn krn lwgI aqy ies df smfjk lihr vflf Kfsf Kqm ho igaf. ies nfl iepfnf dy vwzI pwDr AuWqy lokF nfl sMprk pYdf krn dy mOky Kqm ho gey pr ies dI sLkqI ijAuN dI iqAuN lgdI rhI. iesy iksm dI siQqI bI sI E aYWP afr dI sI. ies sMbMDI iek Audfhrn akqUbr 1981 ivwc bI sI E aYWP afr vloN jQybMd kIqy mujLfhiraF smyN hoeI lVfeI dI hY. ies lVfeI kfrn bI sI E aYWP afr dy keI kfrkuMn aqy hmfieqI jLKmI hoey aqy keIaF AuWpr POjdfrI dosL lwgy. dosL lwgx vfly kfrkuMnF aqy sihXogIaF dy muwkdmy agly keI sfl bI sI dIaF adflqF ivwc cldy rhy. ienHF muwkdimaF nUM lVn vfsqy loVINdy pYsy aqy sLkqI ny ijwQy bI sI E aYWP afr AuWpr iswDf asr pfieaf AuWQy iepfnf AuWpr vI kfPI nFh-pwKI asr hoieaf. iepfnf afpxIaF srgrmIaF nUM clfAux vfsqy PMz kimAUintI dy lokF qoN iekwqr krdI sI. jQybMdI dy kMm clfAux vfsqy iepfnf vloN kdy iksy iksm dI koeI srkfrI jF gYr-srkfrI grFt afid nhIN leI geI. jQybMdI ies nUM asUln qOr `qy glq smJdI sI. jQybMdI leI PMz ies vloN kIqIaF jFdIaF anykF mIitMgF, mujLfhiraF, siBafcfrk pRogrfmF dOrfn iekwTy kIqy jFdy sn. ies smyN iepfnf vloN Cfpy jFdy pyprF, ikqfbF afid nUM vyicaf jFdf. iepfnf dy iek mYNbr anusfr, “asIN bhuqI vfr lokF koloN pypr dI kImq nhIN sI mMgdy, isrP eynf kihMdy sF ik jy quhfnUM TIk lgdf hY dy idAu. lok aksr pypr dI kImq qoN ikqy vwD do zflr, pMj zflr qwk dy idMdy. ies nfl sfnMU afpxI jQybMdI vfsqy PMz vI iml jFdf aqy nfl hI ies gwl dI KusLI vI huMdI ik lok sfzy vloN kIqy jf rhy kMmF dI hmfieq krdy hn, AunHF nUM TIk smJdy hn.” ieh pypr lokF nUM zfk rfhIN vI Byjy jFdy sn aqy 1978 ivwc iepfnf dI myilMg ilst AuWpr do so qoN vwD ivakqI sn. iepfnf dIaF dUjIaF iekfeIaF vYnkUvr dI iekfeI dy mukfbly kfPI hwd qwk Bfrq dy ienklfb nfl sMbMDq msilaF AuWpr hI srgrmIaF krdIaF rhIaF. isrP trFto ivwc ijwQy vYnkUvr vFg hI vwzI igxqI ivwc pMjfbI rih rhy sn, iepfnf pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc srgrm hoeI. trFto dI iepfnf dI XUint ivwc kMm krn vfly lok sn: qfnIaf dfs gupqf, dIp isMG bopfrfey, suDIr josLI, gurmIq kMg, gurdyv lflI aqy hor sfQI. pihlF pihl trFto dI XUint df kMm trFto dy ielfky ivwc iepfnf vloN jFdy sfihq nUM vMzx qwk hI sImq sI. ies dy nfl nfl iepfnf ny trFto ivwc pMjfbI mjLdUrF nUM kMmF AuWqy afAuNdIaF musLiklF vwl vI afpxI smrwQf anusfr iDafn idwqf. ies sMbMD ivwc do AudfhrnF dyKIaF jf skdIaF hn. trFto dy ielfky ivwc siQq iek PYktrI ivwc kMm krdy 18 BfrqI kfimaF ny 1982 -83 duafly kMm AuWpr mfVIaF hflqF bfry ros jLfhr krn aqy afpxy bxdy hwk pRfpq krn leI hVqfl kr idwqI. hVqfl krn vfly kfimaF dIaF muwK mMgF sn: kMm AuWqy syPtI sfDnF dI mMg, nOkrI dI surwiKaf aqy Evrtfiem dy vfjb rytF dI mMg. trFto dI iepfnf XUint ienHF kfimaF hmfieq AuWqy KVHI hoeI aqy ienHF kfimaF dy hwk ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI aqy trFto dI vwzI kimAUintI ivcly Kwby pwKI lokF qoN mdd pRfpq krn ivwc mhwqvpUrn Xogdfn pfieaf. iesy qrHF ies hI smyN dOrfn mfltn-imsIsfgf dy ielfky ivwc pIjLf krwst kMpnI ivwc kMm krdIaF 23 BfrqI aOrqF afpxy kMm dIaF hflqF ivwc suDfr ilafAux leI hVqfl AuWqy clI geIaF. ienHF aOrqF dy Gol ivwc vI trFto dI iepfnf XUint ny mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. iepfnf dy XqnF nfl aOrqF dy ies Gol nUM trFto ielfky dy vwzy KwbI pwKI aqy mjLdUr lihr nfl sMbMDq BfeIcfry nfl juVn ivwc mdd imlI. nqIjy vjoN hVqfl AuWqy geIaF ieh aOrqF afpxy bxdy hwk pRfpq krn ivwc kfmXfb hoeIaF. trFto ielfky dy BfrqI kfimaF dy ienHF sMGrsLF ivwc iepfnf dI sLmUlIaq kfrn iepfnf df trFto dI BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc afDfr bxnf sLurU ho igaf.


95

nftkkfr gursLrn isMG afpxI tIm nfl pihlI vfrI 1983 ivwc knyzf afey. trFto ivwc gursLrn isMG df pRogrfm trFto dI iepfnf XUint ny eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn nfl iml ky kIqf. pRogrfm bhuq kfmXfb hoieaf. nqIjy vjoN iepfnf df trFto dI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc inwgr QF bx igaf. pr ies pRogrfm dI kfmXfbI qoN bfad iepfnf dI trFto XUint aqy kyNdrI XUint ivckfr kuJ kfrnF krky mwqByd pYdf ho gey. nqIjy vjoN 1984 dy aKIr qwk trFto dI XUint df iepfnf dI XUint dy qOr AuWqy kMm krnf bMd ho igaf. ies smyN qwk Bfrq ivclI nkslbfVI isafsq ivclIaF qRyVF df vI smuwcI iepfnf AuWpr asr ho irhf sI. iepfnf dI sQfpnf qoN lY ky bkfiedf hr do sfl bfad ies dI knvYnsLn kIqI jFdI sI ijhVI 1976 ivwc vYnkUvr, 1978 ivwc trFto, 1980 ivwc inAUXOrk, 1982 ivwc mFtrIal ho cuwkI sI. ies do sflf knvYnsLn kVI dI aglI 1984 vflI knvYnsLn vYnkUvr ivwc hoxI qih sI jo nf ho skI. ieh knvYnsLn 1986 ivwc kIqI geI pr vYnkUvr qoN bfhr dI iksy vI iekfeI ny ies ivwc ihwsf nf ilaf. pMjfb ivwc cwlI Kfilsqfn dI lihr ny knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry dI KwbI iDr dI hr jQybMdI aqy Aus dIaF srgrmIaF AuWpr iswDf/aiswDf nFh-pwKI asr pfieaf pr ieh asr iepfnf AuWpr sLfied sB qoN ijLafdf ipaf. knyzf qy amrIkf dIaF pMjfbI kimAUintIaF ivwc srgrm KwbI iDr dIaF jQybMdIaF ny pMjfb dI siQqI bfry bfry iekmuwT ho ky sYkUlr qfkqF dy hwk ivwc stYNz ilaf. isrP iek kimAUinst pfrtI (aYWm aYWl) aYlfnIaF qOr `qy KfilsqfnI qfkqF dy hwk ivwc BugqI. ies msly sMbMDI ijwQoN qwk iepfnf df sMbMD sI ies ny sLurU ivwc kimAUintI dIaF dUjIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF nfl kuJ iek srgrmIaF ivwc ihwsf ilaf. pr CyqI hI iepfnf pMjfb dI siQqI sMbMDI keI ivvfdgRsq (kMtrovrsLIal) ivcfr pysL krn lwgI aqy koeI sfP qy PYslfkuMn njLrIaf apnfAux ivwc kfmXfb nf rhI. ies gwl dy jQybMdI vfsqy gMBIr iswty inkly. iepfnf ivcly pMjfbI ipCokV dy kfmy hOlI hOlI iZwly pY gey aqy iepfnf nfl hmdrdI dI Bfvnf rwKx vfly pMjfbI inrfsL ho gey. nqIjy vjoN iepfnf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc bxI Bwl DuMdlI pY geI. iepfnf dIaF 1985-86 qoN bfad dIaF srgrmIaF bfry ies dy muwZly mYNbrF ivwc mwqByd hn. kuJ mYNbr mihsUs krdy hn ik ies smyN qoN bfad iepfnf dI srgrmI mwDm hoxI sLurU ho geI sI. Audfhrn leI iepfnf dy moZI kfrkuMn hirMdr mfhl anusfr, “nftkkfr gursLrn isMG dI 1985 dI PyrI bfad iepfnf Qwly vwl cly geI.” kuJ mYNbr ieh mihsUs krdy hn ik iepfnf lMmF smF srgrm rhI aqy iek qrHF nfl ajy vI srgrm hY ikAuNik ies nUM afPIsLl qOr `qy kdy vI Kqm nhIN kIqf igaf. iepfnf dI vYnkUvr iekfeI dI mYNbrisLwp hr iksy vfsqy KuwlHI nhIN sI. ies jQybMdI ivwc Auh lok hI sLfml kIqy jFdy sn ijhVy ies dy afisLaF nfl pUrI qrHF sihmq hox aqy AunHF afisLaF dI pUrqI vfsqy kMm krn leI pRqIbwD hox. ies ZFcy ivwc kMm krn vfly lokF dI igxqI iepfnf ivwc pMdrF qoN vIh dy drimafn rhI hY. ijhVy ivakqI ies dy muwZ qoN lY ky 1985-86 qwk srgrm rhy Auh sn: zf: hrI sLrmf, hirMdr mfhl, zfktr icMn bYnrjI, rfj cOhfn aqy mnoj dfs. pr ies qoN ibnF bhuq sfry hor ivakqIaF ny ies jQybMdI ivwc afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf ijnHF ivwcoN kuJ iek dy nF hn: gurnfm shoqf, srbjIq huMdl, siqMdr iswDU, qrlocn brfV, inrml rqn, gurcrn brfV, dIpf, jgdIsL jwj, krmjIq iswDU, pMmI ivkrm, prmjIq lyhl, hukm cMd aqy hor sfQI. ieMzIan pIpljL aOsIsIeysLn ien nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf) df ieh ryKf-icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY: 1[ iepfnf dy muwK mYNbrF zfktr hrI sLrmf, hirMdr mfhl, icMn bYnrjI aqy rfj cOhfn nfl lyKkF vloN kIqI sFJI mulfkfq (brnbI, bI sI, 19 PrvrI, 1998)


96

2[ sQfnk aKbfrF qy mYgjLIn: ‘vYnkUvr sMn’, ‘prOivMs’, ‘kolMbIan’, ‘knyzf drpx’, ‘vqnoN dUr’ aqy ‘vqn’. 3[ iepfnf dy afpxy aKbfr ‘vMgfr’, ‘inAU ieMzIaf builtn’, ‘ieMzIaf nfE’ aqy hor sMbMDq zfkUmYNts.


97

iq Mn

eIst ie MzIan vrkrjL a Ys osIe ys Ln afP knyzf (v Ynk Uvr)

eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn afP knyzf dI sQfpnf 16 akqUbr 1977 nUM srI ivKy hoeI iek pbilk mIitMg dOrfn hoeI. ies mIitMg ivwc 200 qoN vwD lok sLfml hoey. aYsosIeysLn dI sQfpnf dy smyN muwK qOr AuWqy hyT ilKy tIcy imwQy gey:

1[ BfrqI lokF nUM jQybMd krnf. 2[ rMg, nsl, jfq jF ilMg AuWqy aDfirq hr iksm dy ivqkry ivruwD lVnf aqy dUjIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky mnuwKI aiDkfrF, smfjk aqy afriQk mOikaF leI jwdojihd krnf. 3[ knyzf dy lokF nfl dosqI mjLbUq krnf aqy ies mksd leI sfrIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF nfl sihXog krnf. 4[ knyzf dI mjLdUr jmfq nfl sMbMD bxfAuxf. 5[ rfsLtrI aqy aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr AuWqy luwty-puwty jf rhy lokF nfl sFJ df pRgtfvf krnf. 6[ afpxy mYNbrF aqy knyzf dy lokF nUM ihMdusqfn ivwc vfpr rhIaF isafsI, afriQk aqy smfjk gqI ivDIaF bfry jfxU krfAuxf qFik ihMdusqfn ivwc lokqMqirk qfkqF nUM mjLbUq hox ivwc shfieqf imly.

ieh tIcy imwQx smyN aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbrF nUM knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF dy musLklF aqy jwdojihd Bry ieiqhfs df aihsfs sI. ies dy nfl nfl AunHF dI soc nUM sMsfr pwDr dIaF isafsI, afriQk aqy smfjk hkIkqF ny vI pRBfivq kIqf sI. ies gwl df sMkyq eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy sMivDfn dy muZly sLbdF ivwc pRgt kIqy ivcfrF qoN dyiKaf jf skdf hY. aYsosIeysLn df ivcfr sI ik knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF nfl huMdy ivqkiraF dy muwK kfrn knyzf aqy sMsfr dy afriQk, isafsI aqy smfjk pRbMD nfl bwJy hoey hn. ies leI jwdojihd krdy smyN lokF nUM srmfeydfrI injLfm bdlx dy vwzy insLfny nUM nhIN Buwlxf cfhIdf. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dI sQfpnf smyN ies dy ieh ahudydfr cuxy gey: lCmx isMG idAu (pRDfn), amrjIq sUPI (AuWp pRDfn), ipafrf isMG bfsI (jnrl skwqr), dljIq kilafxpurI (siBafcfrk skwqr). eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn vloN kimAUintI qwk phuMc krn leI kIqIaF jFdIaF srgrmIaF ivwcoN muwK srgrmI kimAUintI ivwc jnqk mIitMgF krnf sI. ienHF mIitMgF ivwc Aus smyN kimAUintI nUM drpysL msilaF bfry gwlbfq kIqI jFdI sI aqy Aus msly leI loVINdy aYksLn leI kimAUintI dI hmfieq pRfpq kIqI jFdI sI. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny kimAUintI nUM drpysL ijnHF msilaF bfry srgrmI kIqI AunHF ivwcoN muwK ieh hn: nslvfd, iemIgrysLn aqy mjLdUrF nfl sMbMDq msly. swqrivaF dy aKIr aqy awsIivaF dy sLurU ivwc jdoN knyzf dI srkfr ny iemIgrysLn aqy Kfs krky riPAUijaF dy knyzf ivwc dfKly sMbMDI sKqI krn vfly kfnUMn (ibwl sI -55 aqy ibwl sI-84) bxfey qF eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny ienHF df ivroD kIqf. awsIivaF dy sLurU ivwc knyzf dI srkfr ny afm lokF nUM idwqIaF jFdIaF smfjk syvfvF ivwc ktOqIaF krnIaF sLurU kr idwqIaF sn. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny knyzf dy pMjfbI lokF nUM ienHF ktOqIaF dy vwK vwK pihlUaF qoN jfxU krvfieaf. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1986 ivwc jdoN knyzf dI srkfr ny byrujLgfrI Bwqy dy kfnUMnF ivwc sKqIaF krn df PYslf ilaf qF aYsosIeysLn ny ies df ivroD kIqf.


98

aYsosIeysLn df ivcfr sI ik srkfr nUM byrujLgfrI Bwqf lYxf musLikl bxfAux dI QF lokF leI rujLgfr dy mOky muhweIaf krny cfhIdy hn. ies smyN dOrfn aYsosIeysLn ny iek pRYWs irlIjL jfrI krky lokF nUM apIl kIqI ik Auh srkfr vloN byrujLgfrI Bwqy dy kfnUMn ivwc kIqIaF jf rhIaF qbdIlIaF dy ivroD ivwc sMGrsL krn. iesy qrHF aYsosIeysLn ny ishq aqy ividaf dy Kyqr ivwc vwK vwK pwDr dIaF srkfrF vloN vwK vwK smyN kIqIaF jf rhIaF ktOqIaF dy ivroD ivwc stYNz ilaf. vYnkUvr dI istI kONsl ny 1986 dy aKIr aqy 1987 dy sLurU ivwc bysmYNt sueItF nUM gYr-kfnUMnI krfr dy ky KflI krfAux df PYslf kIqf. Aus smyN vYnkUvr dy agFhvDU hlikaF ivwc kONsl dy ies PYsly ivrwuD vwzI avfjL AuWTI. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny kONsl dy ies PYsly ivruwD BfrqI kimAUintI nUM lfmbMd krn ivwc aihm BUimkf inBfeI. aYsosIeysLn vloN ies sMbMD ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc keI kfmXfb mIitMgF kIqIaF geIaF. ienHF df ivcfr sI ik bysmYNt sueItF dy msly nUM vYnkUvr istI kONsl ivwc jLmIn mflkF aqy apfrtmYNt mflkF dy afriQk aqy isafsI pRBfv dy mwdy-njLr dyKxf cfhIdf hY. aYsosIeysLn muqfbk istI kONsl df ieh PYslf afm lokF dy ihqF dI blI dy ky amIr jLmIn mflkF aqy iemfrqF dy mflkF dy ihqF dI rfKI krdf sI. afpxI gwl df Gyrf vDfAux leI aYsosIeysLn ny kimAUintI qoN bfhr dIaF sMsQFvF nfl vI nfqf joiVaf. Audfhrn leI, ienHF dIaF mIitMgF ivwc ikrfeydfrF dy hwkF leI kMm krdI jQybMdI tYnyNts rfeIts kulIsLn dy numfieMidaF ny vI afpxy ivcfr pRgt kIqy. awsIivaF dy sLurU ivwc pMjfb ivwc sLurU hoeI Kfilsqfn lihr ny ivsLv pwDr AuWqy vsy pMjfbI BfeIcfry nUM pRBfivq kIqf. nqIjy vjoN knyzf df pMjfbI BfeIcfrf vI ies ies lihr nfl sMbMDq ihMsf, iPrkfpRsqI aqy Dfrimk kwtVqf df asr kbUlxoN nf bc sikaf. kimAUintI ivwc kMm kr rhIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF leI jLrUrI ho igaf ik Auh ies bfry spsLt stYNz lYx. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny Kfilsqfn dI lihr nUM pYdf krn ivwc Aus smyN dI ihMdusqfnI srkfr, akflI aqy KfilsqfnI lIzrisLwp aqy ihMdU iPrkfpRsqF nUM dosLI Tihrfieaf. afpxIaF pRYWs irlIjLF ivwc eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny hirmMdr sfihb AuWpr hoey hmly, pRDfn mMqrI ieMdrf gFDI dy kql aqy ies kql qoN bfad idwlI ivwc iswKF dy byrihm kqlF dI inKyDI kIqI. ies dy nfl hI dUjIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF vFg eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn nUM aihsfs sI ik Kfilsqfn df mslf knyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc vMzIaF pf irhf hY aqy kimAUintI nUM drpysL dUjy msilaF (nslvfd, mjLdUrF dI luwt Ksuwt dy msilaF afid) nfl nijwTx ivwc rukfvt bx irhf hY. akqUbr 1984 ivwc aYsosIeysLn vloN pMjfb smwisaf bfry knyzf drpx ivwc CpI iek stytmYNt ikhf igaf:

kYnyzf ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc eykqf, sdBfvnf aqy BrfqrI sFJ rwKx bfry asIN idRV hF. sfzf kYnyzf ivclf ivrsf BI ieh drsfAuNdf hY ik Drm, jfq-pfq aqy ielfky qoN AuWpr AuWT ky asIN afpsI BrfqrI Bfv, ipafr aqy sdBfvnf kfiem rwKIey. iksy ivakqI jF gruwp aqy iPrky jF Drm dy lokF nUM DmkfAux jF dbfAux dIaF gwlF sfnUM kmjLor krdIaF hn. nslvfd aqy iPrkU jLihr vDfAuNdIaF hn aqy sfmrfjI cflF nUM sPl krn ivwc shfeI huMdIaF hn. ieQy asIN sPlqf pRfpq krnI hY qF iPr sB BfrqIaF ny BfeI BfeI bxnf hY aqy knyzIan kfmy df sfQ lYxf hY pr jy asIN iPrkU lIhF AuWqy lVy qF sfQ guaf bYTFgy. [[[ afE iekwTy ho ky sfmrfjI vMz-pfAU cflF jo Bfrq aqy sfnUM lIro lIr krnIaF cfhuMdIaF hn nUM hfr dyeIey aqy nfl hI BfrqI kFgrsI hfkmF dIaF lok mfrU nIqIaF nUM BI nMigaF krIey aqy iPrkU jLihr aqy vwKvfd nUM iqlFjlI dy ky sFJy hwkF leI sFJy qOr `qy lVIey.

jdoN Bfrq srkfr ny bfhr rihMdy BfrqI mUl dy lokF leI ieh jLrUrI kr idwqf ik AunHF nUM Bfrq vfps afAux leI vIjLy dI jLrUrq hovygI qF aYsosIeysLn ny smyN smyN ies pfilsI df ivroD kIqf. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1985 ivwc eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy numfieMdy gurnfm isMG sMGyVf aqy ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn afP gryt ibRtyn dy numfieMdy sohx isMG sMDU ny jlMDr ivwc iek pRYWs kfnPrMs kIqI ijs ivwc AunHF vIjLf isstm nfl bfhr vsdy BfrqI mUl dy lokF nUM af rhIaF musLiklF bfry cfnxf pfieaf. ies qoN bfad AunHF ny pMjfb dy muwK mMqrI surjIq isMG brnflf nUM Xfd pwqr ByNt


99

kIqf. ies Xfd pwqr ivwc pMjfb dy muwK mMqrI qoN mMg kIqI geI ik Auh afpxy dPqr df asr rsUK vrq ky ihMdusqfn dI srkfr AuWqy ies gwl leI jLor pfAux ik bfhr vsdy BfrqIaF AuWqy Bfrq afAux smyN vIjLy dI jo sLrq lfeI geI hY, Aus nUM Kqm kIqf jfvy. BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc cwl rhy hor sMGrsLF dI mdd leI vI eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn afpxI smrwQf anusfr ihwsf pfAuNdI rhI. ies dI iek Audfhrn hY aYsosIeysLn vloN smyN smyN Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol dI mdd krnf. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny afpxf kMm BfrqI kimAUintI qwk hI sImq nhIN rwiKaf sgoN kimAUintI qoN bfhr kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF nfl sFJ pYdf kIqI aqy AunHF nfl iml ky kMm kIqf. vYnkUvr aqy srI dIaF imAuNspl ielYksLnF ivwc aYsosIeysLn srgrmI nfl ihwsf lYNdI rhI aqy vYnkUvr ivwc kop (kmytI Pfr pRogrYisv ielYktrjL) aqy srI ivwc skop (srI kmytI Pfr pRogrYisv ielYktrjL) nUM kfmXfb bxfAux leI kMm krdI rhI. imAuNspl ielYksLnF smyN aYsosIeysLn ny kop aqy skop dI mdd krn leI kimAUintI ivwc jnqk mIitMgF kIqIaF, PMz ryijLMg iznrF df pRbMD kIqf aqy ienHF kmytIaF dy pRogrfm nUM pMjfbI kimAUintI qwk phuMcfAux dy Xqn kIqy. aYsosIeysLn df XkIn sI ik vYnkUvr aqy srI dy imAuNspl pwDr AuWqy kop aqy skop dI ijwq Gwt igxqIaF leI PfiedymMd hovygI. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbr vYnkUvr sLihr ivwc ‘ieMz df afrmjL rys’ nF dI jQybMdI vloN sMsfr ivwc hiQafrF dI dOV df Kfqmf krn leI hr sfl (1980ivaF dOrfn) apRYl ivwc kwZy jFdy jlUs ivwc vwD cwVH ky ihwsf lYNdy sn. aYsosIeysLn df ivcfr sI ik aYtmI hiQafr dunIaf dI sLFqI aqy KusLhflI leI iek vwzf Kqrf hn. aYsosIeysLn ieh vI smJdI sI ik sMsfr pwDr AuWqy ijMnf Dn hiQafrF AuWqy Krc huMdf hY, jy Aus df kuJ ihwsf vI smfj BlfeI dy kMmF AuWqy Krc hovy qF dunIaf dy bhuigxqI lokF dI grIbI dUr kIqI jf skdI hY aqy AunHF nUM cMgI ividaf, zfktrI shfieqf aqy rihx sihx dy cMgy sfDn muhweIaf kIqy jf skdy hn. bI sI dI sosLl krYizt srkfr ny 1983 ivwc bhuq sfry aijhy kfnUMn bxfAux df PYslf kIqf jo afm lokF dy ihqF dy ivruwD sn. ienHF kfnUMnF df mksd bI sI ihAUmn rfeIts kimsLn nUM Kqm krnf, mjLdUr XUnIanF nUM kmjLor krnf, ividaf aqy ishq syvfvF AuWpr vwzIaF ktOqIaF lfAuxf sI. ienHF kfnUMnF ivruwD bI sI ivwc aprysLn sOlyzYirtI nF dI iek ivsLfl jnqk lihr pYdf ho geI. BfrqI kimAUintI dIaF hor agFhvDU jQybMdIaF vFg eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny vI ies lihr ivwc vwD cVH ky ihwsf ilaf. aYsosIeysLn ny sosLl krYizt srkfr vloN bxfey jf rhy kfnUMnF dy ivroD ivwc kimAUintI ivwc mIitMgF kIqIaF, BfrqI lokF nUM ienHF kfnUMnF dy mfrU asrF qoN jfxU krvfieaf aqy aprysLn sOlyzYirtI vloN jQybMd kIqy ivsLfl mujLfhiraF ivwc ihwsf ilaf. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ihMdusqfn ivwc mjLdUrF aqy afm lokF dy hwkF leI cldy GolF, Kfs krky mfrksvfdI kimAUinst pfrtI dI agvfeI ivwc cldy GolF, dI hmfieq krdI rhI. Audfhrn leI, aYsosIeysLn ny afpxI sQfpnf mIitMg ivwc ihMdusqfn ivwc lfgU mIsf kfnUMn dI ivroDqf kIqI aqy srkfr qoN sLihrI ajLfdIaF nUM bhfl krn dI mMg kIqI. aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr AuWqy vI aYsosIeysLn mjLdUrF aqy dwby kucly lokF vloN afpxy hwkF aqy smfjk iensfP leI lVIaF jf rhIaF lVfeIaF nfl afpxI sFJ pRgt krdI rhI. ies dI iek Audfhrn dwKxI aPrIkf ivwc kfly lokF vloN nslvfd ivruwD lVI jf rhI lVfeI dI leI jf skdI hY. afpxy sQfpnf idvs smyN aYsosIeysLn ny ies sMbMD ivwc iek mqf pfs kIqf. iPr 1985 dy aKIr ivwc jdoN sfAUQ aPrIkf dy apfrQfeIz pRbMD df sMsfr pwDr AuWqy iqwKf ivroD ho irhf sI aqy vYnkUvr dI


100

smuwcI agFhvDU kimAUintI vI ies ivroD ivwc afpxf bxdf ihwsf pf rhI sI AudoN eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn ny BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc apfrQfeIz ivruwD gwl clfeI aqy vYnkUvr dI smuwcI agFhvDU kimAUintI vloN kIqIaF jf rhIaF srgrmIaF ivwc afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf. ijvyN pihlF dwisaf igaf hY ik knyzf dy BfrqI lokF nfl sMprk rwKx leI aYsosIeysLn smyN smyN kimAUintI ivwc jnqk mIitMgF df pRbMD krdI sI. ies dy nfl hI lokF nfl sMprk rwKx leI aYsosIeysLn vloN ‘lokqf’ nF df mfsk prcf kwiZaf jFdf sI. bysLwk ‘lokqf’ aYsosIeysLn dy hoNd ivwc afAux qoN sfl ku pihlF inklxf sLurU ho igaf sI pr iPr vI prcy nUM clfAux vfly AuhI lok sn jo eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy ahudydfr sn, ies leI aYsosIeysLn hoNd ivwc afAux qoN bfad ‘lokqf’ aYsosIeysLn dy bulfry dy rUp ivwc kMm kMm krdf irhf. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn nfl mYNbrF aqy sihXogIaF vjoN hyT ilKy lokF ny kMm kIqf: lCmx isMG idAu, ipafrf isMG bfsI, amrjIq sUPI, mihMdr sUml, jspfl sMDU, hrkyvl DflIvfl, dljIq kilafx purI, gurnfm sMGyVf, hrimMdr kOr sMGyVf, iekbfl kOr sUml, blvIr jOhl, surjIq sohl, amrIk bIkf, pfKr isMG mfn, kulvMq isMG shoqf, suirMdr sMGf, kulvIr sMGf, iekbfl kfhloN, kulvMq ZysI, lCmx isMG ZysI, pRIqm isMG KfnKfnf, amrjIq cwTf, sLimMdr kOr bfsI, ajIq isMG axKI, isLMdf ZysI, crn isMG swl, sfihb iQMd, amrjIq igwl, vIr isMG JuWtI, drsLn isMG sMGyVf, mwKx twut, hrdyv rfey, kuljIq idAul, nyk iQMd, amrIk idAul, ibwtU Zwlf, suKijMdr DflIvfl, suirMdr isMG bYNs, hrmyl suMnV, jsivMdr jOhl, amrIk jOhl aqy sqnfm isMG bfT. eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn df ieh ryKf-icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM aDfr bxfieaf igaf hY: 1[ eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbrF jspfl sMDU (10 mfrc, 1998, srI bI sI) aqy mihMdr sUml (24 meI 1998, vYnkUvr bI sI) nfl lyKkF vloN kIqIaF mulfkfqF. 2[ sQfnk aKbfrF qy mYgjLIn, Kfs krky ‘lokqf’ aqy ‘knyzf drpx’. 3[ eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dy hor zfkUmYNts aqy mYNbrF vloN idwqI jfxkfrI Kfs krky amrjIq sUPI horF vloN.


101

cfr

p MjfbI iltryrI a Ys osIe ys Ln aYzm Mtn aYzmMtn sLihr ivwc agFhvDU srgrmIaF dI jQybMdk rUp ivwc sLurUafq sMn 1979 ivwc pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn dy hoNd ivwc afAux nfl hoeI. AuNJ ies qoN pihlF hI aYzmMtn ivwc Kwby-pwKI isafsq nfl sMbMD rwKdy pMjfbIaF ny gYr-rsmI qOr `qy imlxf sLurU kr idwqf sI. ienHF imlxIaF ivwc sLfml hox vfilaF ivwc sn: rfijMdr hMs, bldyv gryvfl, jgdyv sohI, krnYl, prmjIq DflIvfl, lft iBMzr, gurcrn brfV, sqvMq dIpk, zf: sMDU, sqvMq rfKrf, kuldIp (Port mkmrI), rGbIr mFgt aqy hrbMs iZwloN. ienHF ivwcoN bhuigxqI lok pMjfb dI nkslfeIt isafsq nfl sMbMD rwKdy afey sn. bysLwk ienHF mIitMgF df suBfa ijLafdfqr smfjk myl-imlfp vflf sI pr ienHF ivwc huMdI gwlbfq df ivsLf muwK qOr `qy pMjfb dI KwbI aqy Kfs krky nkslfeIt isafsq huMdf. ienHF mIitMgF ivwc ies isafsq nfl sMbMDq pMjfb qoN mMgvfey gey pricaF dI smwgrI ivcfrI jFdI aqy ienHF pricaF/gruwpF dI mdd krn bfry ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf jFdf. pMjfbI df ienklfbI kvI sMq rfm AudfsI 1979 ivwc iepfnf (vYnkUvr) dy swdy AuWqy knyzf afieaf. AudfsI nUM aYzmMtn dy lokF sfhmxy pysL krn dI ijLMmyvfrI AuWpr dwsy lokF ny leI aqy AudfsI dy pRogrfm nUM jQybMdk ZMg nfl krn leI pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn dI nINh rwKI. sMq rfm AudfsI dy pRogrfm nUM aYzmMtn dy lokF vloN BrvF huMgfrf imilaf. Aus smyN aYzmMtn sLihr ivwc BfrqIaF dI abfdI 5000 -6000 dy krIb sI. ies CotI ijhI abfdI ivwcoN AudfsI dy pRogrfm nUM dyKx 300-400 dy krIb drsLk afey jo ik iek kfmXfbI aqy AuqsLfh vflI gwl sI. ies qrHF sMq rfm AudfsI df pRogrfm krvfAux dI loV ny aYzmMtn dIaF gYr-rsmI Kwby-pwKI srgrmIaF nUM iek jQybMdk rUp dy idwqf. aYsosIeysLn df muwK mksd, aYzmMtn ivwc agFhvDU aqy inwgr siBafcfrk pRogrfm pysL krnf imwiQaf igaf qF ik munfPy leI krvfey jFdy ‘lwcr’ pRogrfmF df bdl pysL kIqf jf sky. iewQy pfTkF dy mn ivwc sLfied ieh svfl KVHf hovy ik aYsosIeysLn dI sQfpnf krn vfly lokF ivwc bhuigxqI dI idlcspI isafsq nfl sI, iPr AunHF ny afpxIaF srgrmIaF leI iltryrI jQybMdI dI sQfpnf ikAuN kIqI? ies suafl dy juafb ivwc aYsosIeysLn sQfpq krn vfilaF df kihxf hY ik isafsI dI QF sfihqk jQybMdI dI sQfpnf krky iek qF Auh afpxf Gyrf moklf krnf cfhuMdy sn aqy dUsrf Auh pMjfb ivwclI Kwby pwKI isafsq ivwc pYdf cuwky vwKryivaF qoN AuWpr AuWT ky kMm krnf cfhuMdy sn. agFhvDU aqy lok pwKI siBafcfr nUM aYzmMtn vfsIaF qwk phuMcfAux leI pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn ny nftkF dy pRogrfmF nUM afpxy kMm df ihwsf bxfieaf. jUn 1983 ivwc AunHF gursLrn isMG dy nftkF df pRogrfm krvfieaf. ies pRogrfm nUM 1000 qoN vwD drsLkF ny dyiKaf. nftkkfr gursLrn isMG 1985 ivwc iekwly knyzf dI PyrI `qy afey. ies PyrI dOrfn AunHF ny knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc AuWQoN dy sQfnk klfkfr lY ky nftk iqafr kIqy aqy pysL kIqy. ies smyN pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn dy mYNbrF ny vI gursLrn isMG dI inrdysLnF hyT do nftk ‘bfbf boldf hY’ aqy ‘qUqF vflf Kuh’ iqafr kIqy. ienHF nftkF nfl pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn dIaF nftk srgrmIaF df afrMB hoieaf. agly virHaF dOrfn pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn ny aYzmMtn aqy knyzf dy dUjy sLihrF ivwc inmn ilKq nftk pysL kIqy: ‘mslf bwkrI df’, ‘kursI, morcf aqy hvf ivwc ltkdy lok’, ‘AuWTx df vylf’, ‘jnfb asIN hfjLr hF’, aqy ‘aMnHy insLfncI’. ies aYsosIeysLn vloN kIqy nftkF dy ivsLy vsqU AuWqy njLr mfiraF sfnUM


102

ieh pqf lwgdf hY ik ienHF ivwcoN bhuqy nftk iPrkfpRsqI dy ivroD, vwK vwK DrmF dy lokF ivckfr sdBfvnf kfiem rwKx, DrmF dy nF AuWqy clfeI jf rhI isafsq dy iBRsLtfcfr aqy puils vDIkIaF dy ivroD nfl sMbMDq hn. aijhf hox ipwCy kfrn ieh hY ik jdoN pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn ny nftk kIqy Aus smyN pMjfbI aqy pMjfboN bfhr ijwQy ijwQy pMjfbI vsdy sn, Kfilsqfn dI lihr aqy Dfrimk mUlvfd afpxf jLor PVH cuwky sn. ienHF hflqF AuWqy itwpxI krn aqy ienHF hflqF bfry afpxf njLrIaf pysL krn leI aYsosIeysLn ny ienHF nftkF nUM cuixaf. nftkF dy nfl nfl aYsosIeysLn vloN afpxy pRogrfmF dOrfn Kfilsqfn aqy iPrkfpRsqI dy iKlfP qkrIrF aqy mqy vI pysL kIqy gey jFdy sn. ienHF qkrIrF aqy miqaF ivwc aYsosIeysLn vloN pMjfbIaF leI aijhf mfhOl pYdf krn leI dovyN iDrF - ihMdusqfn dI srkfr aqy KfilsqfnIaF- nUM ijLMmyvfr Tihrfieaf jFdf. Audfhrn leI, jUn 1984 ivwc pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn vloN pMjfb dI Aus smyN dI hflq bfry iek mIitMg kIqI geI. ies mIitMg ivwc jo mqy pfs kIqy gey Auh pMjfb dI hflq leI ijLMmyvfr dovyN iDrF dI bVI spsLtqf nfl insLfndyhI krdy hn. ienHF miqaF ivwc ikhf igaf:

1[ jdoN ik ieMdrf srkfr ny hmysLF BfrqI lokF dy GolF nUM jLbrdsqI kucilaf, ies ny hmysLF Drm inrpwKqf dy mKOty hyT Drm, bolI aqy ielfky dy afDfr `qy lokF nUM afps ivwc pfiVaf, ies ny hrmMidr sfihb AuWpr POjI hmlf krky iswKF dIaF Dfrimk BfvnfvF aqy Dfrimk asQfnF df apmfn kIqf hY, pMjfb ivwc POj dI lgfqfr mOjUdgI nfl lokF ivwc dihsLq PYlfeI jf rhI hY aqy Aus dI ies vihsLI krqUq ny iPrkfpRsqF nUM lokF ivwc pfVf pfAux df mOkf idwqf hY. ies leI asIN hrmMidr sfihb AuWpr hoey POjI hmly dI purjLor sLbdF ivwc inKyDI krdy hF aqy srkfr dIaF AunHF nIqIaF dI vI, ijnHF krky pMjfb dI ieh mOjUdf hflq hoeI. asIN srkfr qoN mMg krdy hF ik sYNkVy byksUr kql hoey lokF dy pirvfrF nUM ievjLfnf idwqf jfvy, pMjfb ivwc afm vrgf jmUhrI qy isafsI mfhOl pYdf kIqf jfvy aqy pMjfb ivwcoN CyqI qoN CyqI POj vfps bulfeI jfvy. asIN ieh vI mMg krdy hF ik pMjfbI lokF dIaF mMgF df CyqI qoN CyqI rfjnIqk hwl kIqf jfvy. 2[ jd ik, iPrkU ihMsf ny ihMdusqfn Br ivwc lokF AuWpr aQfh duwK qy jLulm Zfhy, lokF nUM afps ivwc pfiVaf aqy AunHF nUM shI GolF qoN lFBy kIqf hY. pMjfb aqy hirafxy ivwc hoeIaF iPrkU vfrdfqF ny pMjfb ivwc 1947 vrgy hflfq muV pYdf kr idwqy hn.[[[ ivdysLF ivwc rihMdy BfrqIaF ivwc vI iPrkU awg PYlfAux dIaF koisLsLF kIqIaF jf rhIaF hn, ijs ny nslvfd qy hor iksm dy ho rhy ivqkry ivrwuD lVn dI sfzI Xogqf nUM kmjLor kIqf hY. ies leI asIN ienHF lok-dusLmx iPrkfpRsq qfkqF dI purjLor inKyDI krdy hF aqy Bfrq dy ivdysLF ivwc rihMdy sfry BfrqIaF nUM apIl krdy hF ik iPrkU sdBfvnf aqy afpsI siqkfr kfiem rwiKaf jfvy.

knyzf ivwc KfilsqfnI lihr dy jLor PVn ny aYsosIeysLn AuWqy do qrHF dy asr pfey. iek, aYsosIeysLn aMdrUnI qOr `qy mjLbUq hoeI. KfilsqfnI lihr df ivroD krn dI loV kfrn aYsosIeysLn dIaF srgrmIaF ivwc qyjLI afeI. ies dy nfl hI aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbrF ny mihsUs kIqf ik jy AunHF ny KfilsqfnIaF df ivroD krnf hY qF AunHF nUM idRV ierfdy nfl kMm krnf pvygf. iksy hwd qwk ies asr nUM hF-pwKI asr ikhf jf skdf hY. KfilsqfnI lihr df aYsosIeysLn `qy nFh-pwKI asr ieh ipaf ik ies nfl bfkI sfry msly mhwqvhIx ho ky rih gey. aYsosIeysLn dy iek mYNbr dy sLbdF ivwc, “afn dI hol, kimAUintI dy ijhVy hor msly sn, Auh ipwCy pY gey. kimAUintI vMzI geI aqy sfry rIsorsjL (vsIly) ies lihr dy hwk ivwc jF ivroD ivwc hI lwgx lwgy.” hoNd ivwc afAux dy pihly virHaF dOrfn aYsosIeysLn ny pMjfbI sfihq nUM lokF qwk phuMcfAux leI iek lfiebRyrI sQfpq krn df Xqn vI kIqf. iek smyN aYsosIeysLn dI lfiebRyrI kol 500 qoN vwD pusqkF


103

sn aqy ies dy mYNbr pfTkF dI igxqI 70 dy nyVy qyVy sI. pr aYsosIeysLn df ieh sLlfGfXog AuWdm lMmF smF jfrI nf rih sikaf. aYsosIeysLn ny knyzf dy dUjy sLihrF ivwc kMm kr rhIaF BfrqIaF dIaF keI agFhvDU jQybMdIaF nfl BrfqrI sMbMD vI sQfpq kIqy. aYsosIeysLn ny Kfs krky ienHF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kMm kIqf: pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg, lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI, iepfnf, grYNz pryrI klf mMc aqy aYNtI -PortI sYvn. aYsosIeysLn ny BfrqI kimAUintI qoN AuqFh AuWT ky aYzmMtn dI bhuigxqI kimAUintI ivwc muwK Dfrf qoN hwt ky rIsrc dy Kyqr ivwc kMm kr rhI jQybMdI ‘lrinMg sYNtr/sYNtr Pfr ieMtrnYsLnl altrnyitvjL’ dI vI afpxI smrwQf anusfr mdd kIqI. smyN smyN ijnHF lokF ny aYsosIeysLn nfl kMm kIqf AunHF dy nF hn: rfijMdr hMs, bldyv gryvfl, jgdyv sohI, krnYl, prmjIq DflIvfl, lft iBMzr, gurcrn brfV, sqvMq dIpk, zf: sMDU, sqvMq rfKrf, kuldIp (Port mkmrI), rGbIr mFgt, hrbMs iZwloN, avqfr igwl, gurjIq isMG, pRym iqvfVI, rfxI hMsrf, jsbIr jwsV, amrjIq sohI, juigMdr rMDfvf, drsLn DflIvfl, hrdIp vVYc, rivMdr PrvfhF, rimMdr sMDU, bKsL rMDfvf, srbjIq, rfj pMDyr, drsLn aOjlf, gurmuwK pMDyr, rfj brfV, suKvMq brfV, dyivMdr igwl, prmjIq igwl, suKivMdr igwl, qrsym bfsI, suirMdr prmfr, rxbIr mMJ, dIdfr bfjvf, hrkysL sohI, mnijMdr, hrdyv ivrk, imMdr sMGyVf afid. kuJ mYNbrF dy dwsx anusfr, sMn 1988-89 dy nyVy qyVy aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbrF ivckfr inwjI, smfjk aqy vpfrk mwqBydF kfrn aYsosIeysLn do gruwpF ivwc vMzI geI. bfad ivwc ieh gruwp do vwK vwK jQybMdIaF- sYkUlr pIpljL afrgynfeIjysLn aqy pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn dy nF hyT kMm krn lwgy.

s Yk Ulr pIpljL a Ys osIe ys Ln sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn, aYzmMtn nUM bxfAux bfry gwlbfq 1991-92 dOrfn sLurU hoeI aqy sMn 1993 ivwc ieh jQybMdI hoNd ivwc af geI. ies jQybMdI nUM sQfpq krn vfly muZly mYNbr sn: jgdyv sohI, rfijMdr hMs, bldyv gryvfl, gurcrn brfV, rfj pMDyr, hrdIp vVYc, dIdfr bfjvf, suKdyv igwl, mwKx shoqf, prmjIq DflIvfl, rxjIq DflIvfl, sqvMq rfKrf, lflI hMs aqy gurmuwK isMG. lMmy ivcfr-vtFdry bfad mYNbrF ny muwK qOr AuWqy sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn dy hyT ilKy afsLy imwQy:

1[ Drm inrpwK srgrmIaF nUM AuqsLfh dyxf, ienHF srgrmIaF dI mdd krnf aqy AunHF ivwc ihwsf lYxf. 2[ nslvfd aqy Dfrimk mUlvfd df ivroD krnf. 3[ agFhvDU siBafcfrk pRogrfmF nUM jQybMd krnf, aijhy pRogrfmF dI mdd krnf aqy aijhy pRogrfmF nUM AuqsLfh dyxf. 4[ jQybMdI dy mYNbrF aqy afm lokF nUM smfjk, isafsI aqy siBafcfrk msilaF bfry cyqn krnf. aijhI cyqnf nUM AuqsLfh dyxf. 5[ mjLdUr lihrF aqy jmUhrI jwdojihdF dI mdd krnf.

aYsosIeysLn ny sMn 1994 ivwc afpxy pihly pbilk pRogrfm dI sLurUafq nftk ‘qumhfrI aMimRqf’ nUM aYzmMtn ivwc spFsr kr ky kIqI. ieh nftk vwK vwK iPrikaF nfl sMbMDq do ivakqIaF dy pRym dy irsLqy nUM afDfr bxf ky ihMdusqfn dy ipCly 50 sflF dy ieiqhfs dIaF vwK vwK GtnfvF AuWpr itwpxI krdf hY. do pfqrF AuWqy afDfirq ies nftk dy klfkfr sn: sLfbfnf afjLmI aqy PfrUK sLyK. sMn 1995 aqy 1997 ivwc afpxI tIm nfl knyzf dI PyrI AuWqy afey gursLrn isMG dy nftkF dy pRogrfmF nUM aYzmMtn ivwc pysL kIqf. ienHF pRogrfmF nUM aYzmMtn dy drsLkF vloN BrvF huMgfrf imilaf.


104

ijvyN ik sMn 1997 ivwc BfrqIaF dI sOvIN vrHygMZ mnfAux dy sMbMD ivwc pysL kIqy gursLrn isMG dy pRogrfm nUM dyKx 1200 dy krIb drsLk afey. sMn 1997 ivwc bMbeI ivwc rih irhf pwqrkfr pI[ sfeInfQ knyzf dI PyrI AuWqy afieaf. sfeInfQ AunHF pwqrkfrF ivwcoN hY jo amIrF aqy qfkqvr lokF dy srokfrF dI QF grIb, byiensfPI dy isLkfr lokF dy jIvn dy srokfrF nUM pwqrkfrI ivwc pysL krdf hY aqy smfj nUM ienHF ivisLaF bfry bihs krn leI mjLbUr krdf hY. sMn 1996 ivwc Aus dI ikqfb ‘aYvrIbOzI lvjL ey guwz zrfPt’ CpI ijs ivwc Aus ny ihMdusqfn dy bhuigxqI lokF dIaF ijLMdgIaF dIaF musLiklF aqy ienHF musLiklF nfl do-cfr hox dIaF koisLsLF nUM klmbMd kIqf hY. sfeInfQ aqy Aus dy kMm nUM aYzmMtn dy lokF awgy pysL krn leI sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ny aYzmMtn ivwc Aus dI PyrI nUM spFsr kIqf. ies PyrI dOrfn aYsosIeysLn ny kimAUintI ivwc iek pbilk mIitMg kIqI. ies dy nfl hI aYsosIeysLn ny sQfnk muwK Dfrf dy mIzIey nfl sfeInfQ dIaF imlxIaF df pRbMD kIqf qF ik Aus dI gwl bhuigxqI lokF qwk phuMc sky. sMn 1994 ivwc afr[ sI[ aYWm[ pI ivwc vrdI nfl pwg bMnx dI iejfjLq dyx dy sMbMD ivwc cldf kys adflq sfhmxy afieaf. ies smyN albrtf isvl rfeIts aYsosIeysLn ny vrdI nfl pwg bMnx dyx dI iejfjLq dyx dy hwk ivwc stYNz ilaf. sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ny isvl rfeIts aYsosIeysLn vloN kys dI pYrvfeI kr rhI BfrqI mUl dI vkIl sLrIsL cOtfilaf dI kys nUM iqafr krn ivwc afpxI smrwQf anusfr mdd kIqI. ies dy nfl hI aYsosIeysLn ngrpfilkf, sUby aqy knyzf pwDr AuWqy huMdIaF ielYksLnF ivwc cMgy aqy Xog (sBf anusfr) AumIdvfrF dI mdd krdI hY. ies sMbMD ivwc sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn iksy iek pfrtI dI aMnI mdd nhIN krdI sgoN AunHF AumIdvfrF dI mdd hI krdI hY, jo sBf anusfr agFhvDU isafsq nUM awgy iljf rhy hox aqy afm lokF dIaF musLiklF nUM hwl krn vl ruicq hox. sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn ivwc pMjfbI klcrl aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn aqy imlvuwz klcrl aYsosIeysLn Pfr rItfierz aqy sYmI irtfierz nfl iml ky vI kMm krdI hY. ies dy nfl hI sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn pMjfbI sfihq sBf ivnIpYWg aqy eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn nfl iml ky knyzf pwDr dI agFhvDU jQybMdI, zYmokrYitk pIpljL afrgynfeIjysLn, nUM sQfpq krn ivwc vwzmuwlf ihwsf pf rhI hY. pMjfbI kimAUintI qoN bfhr lrinMg sYNtr, sYNtr Pfr ieMtrnYsLnl afltrnyitv nfl kMm krdI hY. aYsosIeysLn Dfrimk mUlvfdI jQybMdIaF nfl kMm krn leI iblkul iqafr nhIN. afpxIaF srgrmIaF leI loVINdy PMz afpxy mYNbrF aqy hmfieqIaF qoN iekwTy krdI hY. afpxy kMmF nUM cldf rwKx leI aYsosIeysLn ny iek PMz sQfpq kIqf hY ijs ivwc aYsosIeysLn df hr mYNbr mhIny dy 10 zflr jmHf krvfAuNdf hY. ies nfl aYsosIeysLn kol afpxy KricaF nUM clfAux jogI rkm iekwTI ho jFdI hY. pr jy iksy vwzy pRojYkt leI vfDU PMz dI jLrUrq hovy qF aYsosIeysLn kimAUintI ivwc afpxy hmfieqIaF qwk phuMc krdI hY. sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn nfl hux qwk ienHF mYNbrF ny kMm kIqf hY jF kr rhy hn: jgdyv sohI, bldyv gryvfl, gurcrn brfV, rfj pMDyr, hrdIp vVYc, dIdfr bfjvf, suKdyv igwl, mwKx shoqf, prmjIq DflIvfl, rxjIq DflIvfl, sqvMq rfKrf, rfijMdr hMs, lflI hMs, aqy gurmuwK afid. pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn aqy sYkUlr pIpljL aYsosIeysLn dy ieh ryKf icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY:


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1[ jgdyv sohI, gurcrn brfV, rfijMdr hMs, hrkysL sohI, dIdfr bfjvf, rfj pMDyr, hrdIp vVYc, suKdyv isMG, prmjIq DflIvfl aqy hor sfQIaF nfl lyKkF vloN kIqI sFJI ieMtrivAU (aYzmMtn, 23-24 meI 1997[) 2[ ‘vqnoN dUr’, ‘knyzf drpx’ aqy ‘vqn’ ivwc jQybMdI bfry vwK vwK smyN CpIaF irportF aqy lyK.

p MjfbI afrt aYs osIe ys Ln, a Yzm Mtn pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn dI sQfpnf mfrc 1991 ivwc hoeI. aYsosIeysLn dy bfnI mYNbrF ivwc sn: lft iBMzr, juigMdr rMDfvf, bKsL sMGf, amrjIq sohI, rfijMdr aOjlf, sqvMq dIpk, hrdyv ivrk aqy rimMdr sMDU. aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbrF ny afpxI muwK srgrmI nftk nUM imwiQaf. AunHF df mksd, “knyzIan pMjfbIaF nUM drpysL smwisafvF nUM nftkF rfhIN pysL krky AunHF bfry bihs CyVnI aqy hwl lwBx dI koisLsL krnf sI.” ies dy nfl ikAuNik aYsosIeysLn dy hoNd ivwc afAux smyN sMsfr pwDr AuWqy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc Kfilsqfn lihr df jLor sI ies leI aYsosIeysLn ny aijhy nftk krnf vI afpxf AudysL imwiQaf jo iPrkfpRsqI df ivroD krn aqy BfeIcfry ivwc sdBfvnf kfiem rwKx ivwc shfeI hox. hux qwk aYsosIeysLn 10 dy krIb nftk iqafr krky Kyz cuwkI hY: ‘ajIq rfm’, ‘punr jnm’, ‘jnqf pfgl ho geI’, ‘irsLiqaF df kI rwKIey nF?’, ‘jjLibaF dy afr pfr’, ‘iqrkflF’, ‘kudysx’, ‘plYinMg’, ‘kYmlUps dIaF mwCIaF’ aqy ‘kfmfgftfmfrU’. aYsosIeysLn vloN ieh nftk AuWqrI amrIkf dy vwK vwK sLihrF - aYzmMtn, kYlgrI, vYnkUvr, trFto, ‘grYNz pryrI, ipRMs jfrj, sfnPrFissko, brkly, hyvrz aqy Xubf istI ivwc Kyzy gey. ieh nftk rimMdr sMDU, kyvl DflIvfl, zf: afqmjIq aqy jspfl iZwloN ny inrdysLq kIqy. aYsosIeysLn vloN Kyzy gey nftkF dI ilst qoN pqf cldf hY ik ies vloN Kyzy gey 10 nftkF ivwcoN iqMn nftk hI aijhy hn jo knyzf dy pMjfbIaF dI ijLMdgI nfl sMbMDq hn. ies qoN sfP jLfihr hY ik aYsosIeysLn ajy qwk afpxy pihly mksd “knyzIan pMjfbIaF nUM drpysL msilaF nUM nftkF rfhIN pysL krky AunHF bfry bihs CyVnI aqy hwl lwBx dI koisLsL krnI” ivwc bhuq hwd qwk kfmXfb nhIN hoeI. pr aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbr afpxI ies Gft qoN sucyq hn aqy ies nUM dUr krn leI XqnsLIl hn. nftk dy Kyqr ivwc aYsosIeysLn df iek hor mksd “nftk nUM iek klf dy qOr `qy [[[ afpxy lokF ivwc sQfpq krnf” hY. ies krky aYsosIeysLn dy mYNbr afpxy pihly kIqy kMm nUM aflocnfqmk njLr nfl dyKdy hn. AunHF df ivcfr hY ik “AunHF vloN 1985-1988 (pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn nfl) qwk Kyzy nftkF ivwcoN bhuqy mihjL nfhrybfjLI hI sn.” pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn dIaF srgrmIaF nftk qwk sImq nhIN hn. aYsosIeysLn ny kimAUintI ivwc cMgIaF zfkUmYNtrI iPlmF idKfAux df vI pRbMD kIqf hY aqy kimAUintI nfl sMbMDq vwK vwK ivisLaF AuWqy sYmInfr vI krvfey hn. Audfhrn leI sMn 1995 ivwc sYNtr Pfr ieMtrnYsLnl altrnyitvjL nfl iml ky afnMd ptvrDn dIaF iPlmF df do rojLf iPlm mylf vI krvfieaf. ies hI qrHF sMn 1996 ivwc sYNtr Pfr ieMtrnYsLnl altrnyitvjL nfl iml ky alI kfjLmI dI iPlm ‘nrbdf vYlI rfeIjLjL’ nUM aYzmMtn ivwc idKfAux df pRbMD vI kIqf. smyN smyN pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr AuWqy afm lokF dy sMGrsLF, msilaF aqy duwKF nfl sFJ vI pRgt krdI rihMdI hY. nvMbr 1997 ivwc jdoN nfeIjIrIaf dy mnuwKI aiDkfrF dy kfrkuMn aqy kvI kyn sfro vIvf aqy sfQIaF nUM nfeIjIrIaf dI srkfr ny PFsI lf idwqf qF dunIaf Br ivwc ienHF PfsIaF ivruwD afvfjL AuWTI. ikAuNik ienHF PfsIaF ipwCy sLYWl qyl kMpnI df hwQ smiJaf jFdf sI, ies leI dunIaf Br ivwc AuWTI ies ivroD dI avfjL ny sLYWl kMpnI nUM afpxf insLfnf bxfieaf aqy lokF


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nUM ikhf ik Auh ies kMpnI df bfeIkft krn. ies avfjL ivwc afpxI avfjL sLfml krn leI pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn ny 3 dsMbr 1997 nUM aYzmMtn ivwc sLYWl kMpnI dy iek gYs stysLn sfhmxy mujLfhrf kIqf. sMn 1997 ivwc knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF dI afmd dI sONvIN vrHygMZ mnfAux sMbMDI meI-julfeI 1997 dOrfn aYzmMtn ivwc BfrqIaF dy ieiqhfs nfl sMbMDq Poto-pRdrsLnI aqy sYmInfrF df pRbMD kIqf. ies smyN sYmInfr ivwc vYnkUvr qoN pMjfbI dy ieiqhfsk nfvlkfr igafnI kysr isMG aqy pMjfbI lyKkF sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl nUM swidaf igaf. sONvIN vrHy-gMZ dy sMbMD ivwc hI sqMbr-dsMbr 1997 dOrfn pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn ny ‘kfmfgftfmfrU’ nF df nftk ilK ky iqafr kIqf aqy ies nUM kfmXfbI nfl knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc Kyizaf. pMjfbI afrt aYsosIeysLn ny knyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc kMm kr rhIaF hyT ilKIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky vI kMm kIqf hY: pMjfbI klcrl aYsosIeysLn afP albrtf, ieMzo-knyzIan vuimnjL aYsosIeysLn , kfAuNsl afP ieMzIan susfietIjL, afeI zbilAU ey kYlgrI, eI afeI zbilAU ey trFto, vYnkUvr swQ, pMjfbI pIpljL aYsosIeysLn kYlyPornIaf, aYNtI PortI sYvn afP kYlyPornIaf aqy sfAUQ eysLIan Pfr kulYkitv aYksLn kYlgrI. BfrqI kimAUintI qoN bfhr ienHF jQybMdIaF nfl kMm kIqf hY: sYNtr Pfr ieMtrnYsLnl altrnyitvjL, nfeIjIrIan XUnIan afP stUzYNts aqy mltIklcrl susfietI afP aYzmMtn. aYsosIeysLn AunHF jQybMdIaF nfl kMm krn nUM iqafr nhIN jo lwcr iksm dy sfihq nUM AuqsLfihq krdIaF hox, ijnHF dI ivcfrDfrf nslvfdI hovy aqy ijnHF ny ipCfKV soc nUM apxfieaf hovy. hux qwk pMjfbI afrts aYsosIeysLn nfl ienHF mYNbrF ny kMm kIqf hY: lft iBMzr, juigMdr rMDfvf, bKsL sMGf, amrjIq sohI, rfijMdr aOjlf, sqvMq dIpk, hrdyv ivrk, rimMdr sMDU, rxjIq idAul, jsbIr sMGf, gurmyl DflIvfl, bldyv DflIvfl, hrjIq sMDU, jsbIr idAul, suwKI dIpk, scivMdr DflIvfl, guirMdr gryvfl, srbjIq sohI, jsbIr iBMzr, rivMdr sLyrigwl, aqy gurmyl DflIvfl. pMjfbI afrt-aYsosIeysLn, aYzmMtn df ieh ryKf icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY: 1[ pRsLn pwqr ivwc puwCy gey svflF dy jQybMdI dy mYNbrF vloN idwqy gey ilKqI jvfb. 2[ jQybMdI vloN ByjI geI ilKqI smwgrI ijs ivwc ieh cIjLF sLfml sn: jQybMdI nfl sMbMDq aKbfrF dIaF kitMgjL, jQybMdI dy pRogrfmF dy iesLiqhfr, brosLr aqy pbilstI nfl sMbMDq hor smwgrI. 3[ jQybMdI dy mYNbrF juigMdr rMDfvf, lft iBMzr, amrjIq sohI, rimMdr sMDU, hrdyv ivrk aqy hornF nfl smyN smyN hoey ivcfr vtFdry.


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p Mj

p MjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIp Y Wg

ivnIpYWg ivwc 1970-71 dOrfn BfrqIaF dy 30-40 pirvfr sn. AudoN ku hI Bfrq qoN knyzf nvyN afey jF af rhy pMjfbI nOjvfn vI ivnIpYWg phuMcx lwgy. ienHF nOjvfnF ivwcoN vwzI igxqI pMjfb dI KwbI isafsq ivwc srgrmI nfl kMm krdI afeI sI jF Aus isafsq nfl hmdrdI rwKdI sI. ienHF nOjvfnF ivwcoN keI iek dUsry nUM pMjfb qoN hI jfxdy sn. KwbI isafsq nfl hmdrdI dI sFJ hox kfrn keI nOjvfn smfjk pwDr AuWqy gYr-jQybMdk ZMg nfl iek dUjy nMU imlx lwgy. ienHF gYr-jQybMdk mIitMgF ivwc bhuqI vfr pMjfb dI KwbI isafsq bfry gwlbfq kIqI jFdI sI. pMjfb dI KwbI isafsq nfl rfbqf kfiem rwKx leI ienHF nOjvfnF ny pMjfboN inkldy rsfly mMgvfAuxy sLurU kr idwqy. rsfly mMgvfAux df iek hor mksd AunHF rsfilaF dI afriQk mdd krnf vI sI. smyN smyN ienHF mIitMgF ivwc ieh lok ihwsf lYNdy rhy: amrjIq, bljIq iswDU, mihMdr srF, drsLn bfgI, muKiqafr, Xuvrfj rqn, dljIq Dnoaf, suKdyv igwl aqy suirMdr brfV. ieh gYr-jQybMdk aqy gYr-rsmI mIitMgF keI sfl cldIaF rhIaF. ienHF ivwcoN kuwJ lokF ny sMn 1982 ivwc pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg dI nINh rwKI. sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf bxfAux df mksd pihlF ho rhIaF srgrmIaF nUM jQybMdk rUp dyxf aqy AunHF dy dfiery nUM moklf krnf sI. ies sBf dy muZly mYNbr sn: muKiqafr, amrjIq, bljIq iswDU, suirMdr brfV, suKdyv, dljIq Dnoaf aqy Xuvrfj rqn. sQfpnf smyN pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf dy hyT ilKy AudysL imwQy gey:

1[ inrol pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr nUM pRPuwlq krnf. 2[ puMgr rhy pMjfbI ilKfrIaF nUM AuqsLfihq krnf. AusfrU pVcol rfhIN AunHF dI ilKq ivwc inKfr ilafAuxf aqy AunHF dIaF ikrqF nUM lokF qwk phuMcfAux df Xqn krnf. 3[ AusfrU sfihq nUM AuqsLfihq krnf aqy lwcr sfihq df ivroD krnf. 4[ knyzf dIaF hor aYQink (lokF dIaF) sfzy vrgIaF sBfvF nfl myl jol pYdf krnf aqy bhu-siBafcfr dI Bfvnf nUM smJxf. 5[ iPrkfpRsq, ielfkfpRsq aqy vwKvfdI ivcfrF df ivroD krnf. 6[ knyzf dIaF hornF pMjfbI sBfvF, ijnHF dy AudysL sfzy nfl imldy hox, nfl myl jol pYdf krky knyzf pwDr AuWqy pMjfbI siBafcfrk BfvnfvF nUM pRPuwlq krnf. 7[ pMjfbI bolI nUM knyzf ivwc ijAuNdf rwKxf aqy Aus dI AunqI ivwc bxdf ihwsf pfAuxf.

sQfpnf qoN bfad sBf dI hr mhIny mIitMg hox lwgI. ienHF mfisk mIitMgF ivwc pMjfb aqy knyzf dy isafsI, smfjk aqy afriQk msilaF bfry ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf jFdf. sBf ny afpxI pihlI pbilk mIitMg sMn 1982 ivwc kIqI. ies mIitMg ivwc afnMd ptvrDn vloN zfierYkt kIqI, zfkUmYNtrI iPlm ‘AuWTx df vylf’ ivKfeI geI. ieh iPlm bI sI dy Kyq mjLdUrF (ijnHF dI vwzI igxqI pMjfbI mUl dy lokF dI sI) dIaF kMm dIaF hflqF aqy AunHF hflqF nUM suDfrn leI Kyq mjLdUrF vloN lVy jFdy Gol nUM drsLkF dy sfhmxy pysL krdI hY. ieh iPlm idKfAux ipwCy pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf df mksd lokF nUM kMmF AuWqy huMdy ivqkiraF bfry aqy mjLdUr lihr bfry sucyq krnf sI. sBf dy ies Xqn nUM lokF vloN BrvF huMgfrf imilaf. vwzI igxqI ivwc lok ieh iPlm dyKx afey. bfad ivwc sBf vloN ieh iPlm ivnIpYWg sLihr ivwc keI vfrI idKfeI geI.


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pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg ny 1983 ivwc gursLrn isMG df pRogrfm ivnIpYWg ivwc krvfieaf. gursLrn isMG Aus smyN afpxI tIm nfl pihlI vfr iepfnf dy swdy AuWqy knyzf afey sn. pRogrfm bhuq sPl irhf. ies pRogrfm nfl sBf afpxy sLihr ivwc agFhvDU siBafcfr pysL krn vflI iek sMsQf dy qOr `qy sQfpq ho geI. ies qoN bfad sBf ny qkrIbn hr sfl kimAUintI ivwc cMgIaF iPlmF/vIzIEjL idKfAux aqy siBafcfrk pRogrfm krn jF krvfAux dI iprq jfrI rwKI. AunHF vloN krvfey gey muwK siBafcfrk pRogrfm ieh hn: gursLrn isMG dy nftkF dy pRogrfm (1983, 1985, 1995 aqy 1997 ivwc). aYzmMtn dI nftk tIm df pRogrfm (1985), aYzmMtn dI nftk tIm, kYlgrI dI nftk tIm aqy pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg dy mYNbrF vloN iqafr krky pysL kIqf nftkF df pRogrfm (1987), aqy sLbfnf afjLmI aqy PfrUK sLyK dIaF muwK BUimkfvF vfly aqy knyzf ivwc inrsd (aYWn afr afeI aYWs ey zI) vloN spFsr kIqy nftk ‘qumhfrI aimRqf’ df pRogrfm (1996). nftkF dy pRogrfmF qoN ibnF pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg ny hyT ilKIaF cMgIaF iPlmF/vIzIEjL dy sLoaF df pRbMD vI kIqf: ‘hmfrf sLihr bMby’, ‘rfm ky nfm’, ‘AunHF imwqrF dI Xfd ipafrI’, ‘dfsqfny pMjfb’, ‘ikhdf ivafh’, ‘boql df tuwtxf’, ‘inwkI ijhI gwl nhIN’, ‘Auhlf’ afid. sMn 1989 ivwc knyzf Br ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI ny kfmfgftfmfrU dI Gtnf dI 75vIN vrHygMZ mnfeI. ies vrHygMZ dy sMbMD ivwc pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg ny vYnkUvr swQ vloN kfmfgftfmfrU bfry iqafr kIqI PotoaF dI pRdrsLnI ivnIpYWg ivwc idKfeI. ies dy nfl hI smyN smyN sBf KwbI soc nfl sMbMD rwKx vfly bfhroN afey isafsqdfnF, pwqrkfrF, siBafcfrk kfimaF aqy buwDIjIvIaF nfl mIitMgF vI afXoijq krdI rhI hY. Audfhrn leI sMn 1991 ivwc pRo: jgmohn isMG ivnIpYWg afey qF sBf ny AunHF leI pbilk mIitMg df pRbMD kIqf. pMjfbI sfihqk aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg df ivcfr hY ik smfj leI nslvfd iek mfrU ibmfrI hY. kfmfgftfmfrU dy duKFq dI 75vIN vrHygMZ smyN kwZy iek iesLiqhfr ivwc sBf ny nslvfd bfry ies qrHF iliKaf hY, “nslvfd iek aijhf smfjk kohV hY ijs dI jLihr sfzy afly duafly dy smfjk mfhOl nUM jLihrIlf bxf idMdI hY. nslvfd dI jLihr cVHn bfad smfj ivwc koeI vI mnuwK nhIN rihMdf, sB lok gory, kfly, ihMdU, iswK, muslmfn jF iesfeI bx bihMdy hn. ieh afdmI nUM iensfn qoN hYvfn bxf idMdf hY.” ies smJ dy afDfr `qy sBf srgrmI nfl knyzf dy smfj ivwc pRcwlq nslvfd bfry lokF nUM sucyq krdI rhI hY aqy ies dy ivruwD stYNz lYNdI rhI hY. sBf df ieh vI ivcfr hY ik nslvfd vrgy msly nfl nijwTx leI sBf nUM knyzIan BfrqI kimAUintI qoN bfhr dIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kMm krn dI loV hY aqy nslvfd nUM mjLdUr jmfq dy pYNqVy qoN smJx aqy GoKx dI jLrUrq hY. ies gwl nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF sBf ‘vrkrjL afP klr’ nF dI jQybMdI nfl iml ky kMm krdI af rhI hY. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1990 ivwc jdoN kuJ nslvfdIaF vloN iswKF ivruwD postr kwiZaf igaf qF sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ny ‘vrkrjL afP klr’ nfl iml ky ivnIpYWg ivwc iek mujLfhrf kIqf. nslvfd ivruwD lVn vflI jQybMdI ‘vrkrjL afP klr’ df muwK mksd kMmF kfrF AuWqy huMdy nslvfd nUM Kqm krn leI jwdojihd krnf hY. pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg ny ‘vrkrjL afP klr’ vloN kIqIaF geIaF keI kfnPrMsF dy pRbMD ivwc afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf hY. ies qrHF ienHF ny dUjIaF kimAUintIaF nfl jQybMdk sFJ pfeI hY aqy AunHF nUM afpxIaF jwdojihdF dy nfl joiVaf hY. nslvfd df ivroD krdy smyN sBf ny afpxy afp nUM knyzf dIaF hflqF qwk hI sImq nhIN rwiKaf sgoN sfAUQ aPrIkf dy sMbMD ivwc cldI aYNtI apfrQfeIz lihr ivwc vI afpxI smrwQf anusfr sLmUlIaq kIqI. knyzf iek bhu-siBafcfrk smfj hY. aijh smfj dy brkrfr rihx leI ieh jLrUrI hY ik knyzf ivwc Gwt-igxqI lokF dy siBafcfr aqy bolI nUM surwiKaf imly. afpxIaF srgrmIaF dOrfn pMjfbI sfihqk aqy siBafcfrk sBf ny knyzf dIaF Gwt-igxqIaF dy hwk ivwc stYNz ilaf hY. Audfhrn leI sMn 1983 ivwc mYnItobf dI srkfr ny mYnItobf ivwc PrFssI bolI dIaF syvfvF AuWpr ktOqIaF lfAux leI rYPrYNzm krvfieaf qF sBf ny mYnItobf aYsosIeysLn Pfr dI dI pRmosLn afP aYnsYstrl lYgUeyjLjL


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nfl iml ky ies PYsly dy ivroD ivwc stYNz ilaf. sBf ny mYnItobf dI BfrqI kimAUintI nUM apIl kIqI ik Auh rYPrYNzm dOrfn ies PYsly dy ivruwD vot pfAux. kimAUintI ivwc vMzy iek iesLiqhfr ivwc AunHF iliKaf, “ieh rYPrYNzm[[[ kyvl PrFsIsI bolI leI hI nhIN hY, sgoN ies vot dI ieiqhfsk mhwqqf hY - ieh afAux vfly virHaF ivwc knyzf dI nuhfr qih krygI. ieh vot Gwt igxqI dIaF bolIaF leI vI hY ijhVIaF knyzIan susfietI ivwc rihMdy hoey afpxy ipwCy aqy bolI leI siqkfr aqy mfx rwKdIaF hn.” pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr sBf ivnIpYWg dI hoNd ivwc afAux qoN bfad CyqI hI pMjfb ivwc Kfilsqfn dI lihr jLor PV geI. knyzf dy pMjfbI vI ies lihr dy asrF qoN axiBwjy nf rih sky. pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk ny vI ies msly bfry sMqulq aqy inwgr stYNz ilaf. AunHF ny ies msly bfry kimAUintI ivwc mIitMgF kIqIaF aqy keI iesLiqhfr kwZ ky kimAUintI ivwc vMzy aqy smyN smyN vfprdIaF GtnfvF dy pRqIkrm ivwc keI mqy knyzf dIaF pMjfbI aKbfrF ivwc Cpvfey. sBf ny pMjfb ivwc cwlI iPrkfpRsq lihr leI kyNdr aqy sUby dI srkfr aqy KfilsqfnIaF nUM ijLMmyvfr Tihrfieaf. sBf ny srkfrI aqy KfilsqfnI dihsLqgrdI df ieko ijMnf ivroD kIqf. Audfhrn leI, ‘knyzf drpx’ dy 27 PrvrI 1987 dy aMk ivwc pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr sBf ivnIpYWg vloN pfs kIqy iek mqy ivwc ies qrHF iliKaf hY:

pMjfb mslf AuvyN sulg irhf hY[[[ sfzI smJ muqfbk ies nUM sulgdf rwKxf donF akflI dlF aqy kFgrs dI kursI isafsq leI axsrdI loV hY aqy ieh sfrIaF iDrF hflfq nUM ievyN rwKxf cfhuMdIaF hn. sfDfrx pMjfbIaF df ienHF isafsqdfnF dIaF glq nIqIaF ny kcUMmr kwZ rwiKaf hY - pMjfb `c ihMdU iPrky nfl sMbMDq sLihrIaF aqy pMjfboN bfhr iswK iPrky nfl sMbMDq sLihrIaF dI jfn aqy mfl dI rfKI leI donoN srkfrF (sUbf aqy kyNdr) inkMmIaF sfbq hoeIaF hn. srkfr vloN pMjfb msly nUM amn -kfnUMn dI smwisaf mMn ky cuwikaf hr kdm ies msly nUM hor AulJf irhf hY. iswK dihsLqgrdI nUM rokx leI KuwlHI CwzI srkfrI dihsLqgrdI iekwlI PylH hI nhIN hoeI sgoN iPrkU dihsLq leI Kurfk muhweIaf kr rhI hY - iPrkU dihsLq nUM rokx dy bhfny srkfr vloN vwKo vwKry aYktF rfhIN hiQafeIaF aQfh sLkqIaF, iswK dihsLqgrdF iKlfP vrqx dI bjfey jmUhrI sLkqIaF aqy sfDfrx lokF dy iKlfP vrqIaF jf rhIaF hn. ienHF vwD aiDkfrF nfl lYs POjI aqy nIm POjI dsqy sfDfrx lokF dy jfn-mfl dI rfKI leI nhIN, sgoN ihMdU iswK pfVy nUM vDfAux `c shfeI ho rhy hn.[[[[

smyN smyN sBf ny iswK dihsLqgrdI df vI ztvF ivroD kIqf. sBf df ivcfr sI ik ies msly df hwl pMjfbI aqy ihMdusqfnI lok iekwTy ho ky hI lB skdy hn. ijvyN 22 mfrc 1985 nUM ‘knyzf drpx’ ivwc CpI pMjfbI sfihq sBf dI pRYWs irlIjL ivwc ieMJ iliKaf hY: “ieh mslf iksy iek iPrky, Drm jF sUby df nhIN, ieh smuwcy Bfrq dy jnsfDfrx df mslf hY, ijs nUM sfry Bfrq dy lok iekwTy ho ky hI hwl kr skdy hn.” lokF nUM knyzf dI isafsq bfry sucyq krn leI pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg smyN smyN iesLiqhfr jfrI krdI rhI hY. ienHF iesLiqhfrF ivwc sBf ny lokF nMU apIl kIqI ik Auh knyzf dI isafsq dIaF nslI aqy jmfqI ivroDqfeIaF nUM smJx. Audfhrn leI, knyzf dI iek ielYksLn dOrfn sBf vloN kwZy gey iesLiqhfr ivwc ies qrHF iliKaf igaf sI:

[[[ vot pfAux vyly ikhVI ksOtI vrqI jfvy? kI vot iksy dy mgr lwg ky pfeI jfvy? jF iPr afpdI afjLfd phuMc aqy smJ anusfr vwKo vwKrIaF pfrtIaF dy coxF ivcly BKdy msilaF aqy afpxI kimAUintI dy msilaF pRqI stYNz nUM, prKvwtI dy qOr `qy vriqaf jfvy? sfzI kimAUintI dy lok knyzf ivcly hor rMgdfr lokF vFg nslI ivqkry df isLkfr hn. ieh ivqkrf srkfrI, arD srkfrI aqy gYr-srkfrI hlikaF ivwc ijvyN: ieMmIgrysLn zIpfrtmYNt, rujLgfr lYx smyN (Kfs krky puils,


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isvl srivs afid), ividak sMsQFvF `c dfKlf lYx smyN aqy rujLgfr kridaF qrwkIaF lYx smyN bVy ivAuNqvD ZMg nfl huMdf hY. votF mMgx vfilaF koloN sfzy nfl ho rhy ies ivqkry bfry suafl puwCxy cfhIdy hn. AunHF qoN ieh vI puwCxf cfhIdf hY k AunHF dI pfrtI ny ies bfry hux qwk kI kIqf hY aqy agFh nUM kI krn df vfadf krdI hY[[[

ies qoN ibnF ies iesLiqhfr ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dy lokF nUM ieh vI ikhf igaf hY ik knyzf dI isafsq dy BKdy msilaF ijvyN ik PRI tryz, sMsfr amn, vfXUmMzl dI surwiKaf afid bfry vI sucyq hox. kimAUintI ivwc kMm krn leI sBf dI phuMc iek grfs rUts vflI jQybMdI dI phuMc rhI hY. afpxy pRogrfmF dI jfxkfrI lokF qwk phuMcfAux leI, itktF vycx leI aqy loVINdf PMz iekwTf krn leI sBf dy mYNbr lokF dy Gr Gr jf ky gwl krdy rhy hn. aijhf krn nfl iek qF sBf df lokF nfl iswDf irsLqf kfiem hoieaf hY aqy dUsrf sBf afpxy pRogrfmF bfry lokF df iswDf PIz bYk lYx ivwc kfmXfb hoeI hY. Kfs pRogrfmF dI loV muqfbk sBf kimAUintI ivwcoN vwD pYsy vI iekwTy krdI rhI hY pr afm qOr `qy sBf df sflfnf bwjt iek hjLfr zflr dy nyVy qyVy hI irhf hY. pMjfbI sfihq sBf aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg knyzf dy dUjy sLihrF ivwc kMm kr rhIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kMm krn vl ivsLysL iDafn idMdI hY. Audfhrn leI, sBf dy iepfnf, vYnkUvr swQ, pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn, sYkUlr pIpljL afrgynfeIjysLn aYzmMtn aqy eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn trFto nfl inwGy BrfqrI sMbMD hn. sMn 1996 ivwc knyzf pwDr dI jQybMdI zYmokrYitk pIpljL afrgynfeIjysLn dI sQfpnf ivwc pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg ny iek mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf hY. sBf dI sQfpnf smyN imwQy gey AudysLF ivwcoN pRmuwK AudysL pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr nUM pRPuwlq krnf sI. sBf dy AuWpr dwsy sMKyp ieiqhfs dy afDfr AuWqy ieh ikhf jf skdf hY ik sBf ny knyzf ivwc agFhvDU siBafcfr nUM pRPuwlq krn ivwc vzmuwlf Xogdfn pfieaf hY. dUsry pfsy sfihq dy Kyqr ivwc sBf Aunf kMm nhIN kr skI ijMnf Auh krnf cfhuMdI sI. iPr vI smyN smyN sBf sQfnk lyKkF dy kMm dI lokF nfl jfx-pCfx krvfAux dy Xqn krdI rhI hY. ijvyN PrvrI 1991 ivwc sBf ny ivnIpYWg dy lyKk aqy sBf dy mYNbr Xuvrfj rqn df khfxI sMgRih ‘Aus pfr’ irlIjL kIqf sI. sBf dy bxn smyN isafsI Kyqr ivwc kMm krnf sBf dy AudysLF ivwc nhIN sI pr knyzf dy aqy Kfs krky ivnIpYWg dy pMjfbIaF nUM agFhvDU isafsq bfry sucyq krn ivwc sBf df kMm gOlxXog hY. BivwK ivwc afpxy kMmF nUM hor jQybMdk ZMg nfl krn aqy afpxy kMmF leI kyNdr sQfpq krn dy mnsLy nfl sBf ivnIpYWg sLihr ivwc kimAUintI sYNtr Ausfrn bfry gMBIrqf nfl soc rhI hY. AunHF nUM afs hY ik ieh kimAUintI sYNtr sBf dy kMmF nUM icr sQfeI bxfAux ivwc shfeI hovygf aqy ivnIpYWg sLihr ivwc agFhvDU srgrmIaF dy icMn vjoN AuBrygf. hux qwk sBf nfl hyT ilKy mYNbrF ny kMm kIqf hY: muKiqafr isMG, bljIq iswDU, suKdyv igwl, Xuvrfj rqn, suirMdr brfV, amrjIq, kMvldIp, mihMdr mGyVf, suKdyv isMG brfV, rfj isMG mfn, dljIq Dnoaf, mihMdr srF, hrnyk DflIvfl, hrnyk brfV, rfijMdr isMG DflIvfl, kuldIp isMG DflIvfl, suKbIr isMG kflIkt, blivMdr isMG, jsvMq isMG brfV, kulvMq Zflf, joigMdr sLmsLyr, suKdyv isMG (suwKf), drsLn isMG sMDU, hrivMdr isMG brfV, zf: amr isMG DflIvfl, insLfn isMG vVYc, amrjIq isMG sMDU, pRkfsL isMG muhfr aqy rfxf cfnf. pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg df ieh ryKf-icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY:


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1[ pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg dy mYNbrF, hrnyk DflIvfl, suirMdr brfV, bljIq iswDU, mihMdr srF, pRkfsL isMG muhfr, hrnyk brfV, amrjIq isMG iswDU aqy rfxf cfnf nfl lyKkF vloN kIqI sFJI ieMtrivAU (ivnIpYWg, 29 apRYl 1997) 2[ pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr sBf ivnIpYWg dy lMmy smyN qoN srgrm mYNbr muKiqafr isMG nfl smyN smyN hoieaf ivcfr vtFdfrf. 3[ ivnIpYWg dy agFhvDU dosq amrjIq nfl lyKkF vloN kIqI ieMtrivAU (ivnIpYWg 29 apRYl 1997). 4[ pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfrk sBf ivnIpYWg vloN vwK vwK smyN kwZy iesLiqhfr aqy knyzf dIaF pMjfbI aKbfrF aqy rsfilaF ivwc sBf bfry CpIaF KbrF aqy pRYWs irlIjLF.


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C y

ie MzIaf mihlf aYs osIe ys Ln ieMizaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn vYnkUvr ivwc vsdI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI aMdr sQfpq hoeI afpxI iksm dI pihlI jQybMdI sI. inrol aOrqF dy msilaF nfl sMbMDq ieh jQybMdI 1972 dOrfn hoNd ivwc afeI. knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dy dfKly smyN qoN lY ky pihlIaF jQybMdIaF muwK qOr `qy Dfrimk jF isafsI sn. ienHF ivwc aOrqF dI sLmUlIaq nf hox brfbr sI. ies dy do vwzy kfrn jfpdy hn: iek, pihly smyN dOrfn iemIgrysLn dIaF pfbMdIaF kfrn bhuq QoVHIaF aOrqF knyzf ivwc dfKl ho skIaF; do, mrdf pRDfngI vfly smfj ivwc aOrq df Qwly df drjf hY. AupRokq siQqI AuWqy do gwlF ny asr pfAuxf sLurU kIqf: iek, vIhvIN sdI dy swqvyN dhfky dOrfn aqy Kfs krky awTvyN dhfky dy pihly kuJ sflF dOrfn afey avfsIaF ivwc aOrqF dI vI vwzI igxqI sI; do, knyzf ivwc aOrqF dy hwkF vfsqy cwl rhIaF jwdojihdF ny BfrqI aMdr aOrqF dy mnF dy aMdr vI AunHF dI afpxI siQqI bfry ikMqU KVHy krny sLurU kr idwqy. nvyN smfj qy afriQk ZFcy ny BfrqI kimAUintI dIaF aOrqF nUM afpxy afly duafly dy smfjk vqIry nUM vwKrI njLr nfl dyKx leI mjLbUr kIqf. AunHF nUM ies aslIaq “BfrqI mUl dI iksy vI jQybMdI ivwc aOrqF dy msilaF dI suxvfeI dI Gft aqy Aus smyN dIaF jQybMdIaF ivwc aOrqF dI sLmUlIaq dI axhoNd” df isLwdq nfl aihsfs hoieaf. aijhy svflF nfl jUJdIaF vYnkUvr rih rhIaF kuJ aOrqF- hrjIq iZwloN, pRym icwq, sRI pfvf, rimMdr dusFJ, rozf pfvrI aqy blijMdr iswDU jo aOrqF dy msilaF bfry sucyq sn- vloN ivcfr krn vfsqy kuJ mIitMgF kIqIaF geIaF. nqIjy vjoN 1972 ivwc ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn (afeI aYWm ey) nfm dI jQybMdI kfiem kIqI geI. jQybMdI dy afisLaF aqy srgrmIaF df afDfr dwKxI eysLIafeI (sfAUQ eysLIan) ipCokV dIaF knyzIan aOrqF sn. afeI aYWm ey vloN jQybMdk ZFcy ivwc pRDfn, AuWp pRDfn afid ahuidaF dI bjfey borz dy zfierYktrjL, spoks prsn, sYktrI aqy KjLfncI dy ahudy nIXq kIqy gey. ies ZFcy ipwCy ieh soc kMm krdI sI ik jQybMdI dIaF sfrIaF mYNbrF vloN vwD qoN vwD Xogdfn pfAux leI iek vDIaf brfbrqf vflf mfhOl pYdf kIqf jf sky aqy sfry PYsly rl iml ky ley jfx. ies phuMc sdkf afeI aYWm ey hux qwk jQybMdI ivwc brfbrqf rwKx ivwc aqy mYNbrF dI vcnbwDqf aqy rucIaF dy afDfr `qy PYsly lYx ivwc kfmXfb rhI hY. afeI aYWm ey vloN imlI ilKqI jfxkfrI anusfr jQybMdI dI mYNbriswLp “hr Aumr, Drm aqy rfjnIqk ivcfrF vflIaF aOrqF vfsqy KuwlHI hY. ies jQybMdI dIaF mYNbr aOrqF iekwlIaF (isMgl), qlfksLudf, ivafhIaF hoeIaF jF kuafrIaF ho skdIaF hn. ieh aOrqF pVHIaF ilKIaF, anpVH, vpfrI (ibjLnYWs ivmn), GrF ivwc pirvfrF dI dyK krn vflIaF, pysLfvr (pRoPYsLnl), Kyq-mjLdUr jF ividafrQxF ho skdIaF hn. ienHF ivwc kuJ Auh aOrqF vI sLfml hn ijnHF ny afpxy Kyqr ivwc hunr (sikwljL) pRfpq kIqy hoey hn aqy Auh vI jo hunr-rihq (ansikwlz) kMm krdIaF hn. jQybMdI dy mYNbrF dI Aumr ds sfl qoN lY ky vzyrI Aumr qwk dI rhI hY.[[[”


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ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn nUM jQybMd krn vflIaF aOrqF df ivcfr sI ik sfzf smfj iek mrd pRDfn jgIrdfrI kdrF kImqF vflf smfj hY ijs ivwc mrdF aqy aOrqF dy hwkF aqy qfkqF ivwc asFvFpn hY. smfj dy Auprokq ivsLlysLx dy afDfr `qy afeI aYWm ey vloN muwK qy lMmy smyN df afsLf ieh imwiQaf igaf: “aOrqF nUM AunHF dy hwkF df aihsfs krvf ky, AunHF hwkF nUM pRfpq krn leI jwdojihd krky smfj ivwc aOrq dy drjy nUM AuWcf AuTfAuxf.” pr afvfsI aOrqF nUM nvyN dysL ivwc afAux nfl af rhIaF inq idn dIaF anykF musLiklF vwl afeI aYWm ey vloN POrI qOr `qy iDafn dyx df vI insLfnf imwiQaf igaf. aMgryjLI BfsLf dI Gft kfrn aOrqF nUM bhuq sfrIaF musLiklF df sfhmxf krnf pYNdf sI, ijvyN ik rujLgfr dI Bfl ivwc, nvyN hunr vfsqy iswiKaf lYx ivwc rukfvt, Gr ivwc vrqoN dIaF vsqF dI KRIddfrI ivwc, bwicaF dI pVHfeI ilKfeI sMbMDI msilaF ivwc afid. ies krky aMgryjLI BfsLf dI isKlfeI vl POrI qOr `qy iDafn dyx df PYslf kIqf igaf. ies dy nfl hI Gr dI cfr dIvfrI ivwc rihx nfl pYdf huMdI iekwlqf aqy sKIaF shylIaF nfl myl imlfp dy mOikaF dI Gft afid vI msly sn. pr ienHF nfloN keI gMBIr msly vI POrI iDafn dI mMg krdy sn ijvyN ik aOrqF pRqI qsLwdd. AuWpr dwsy ienHF lMmy smyN vfly aqy POrI insLfinaF qwk phuMcx leI jQybMdI vloN hyT ilKIaF srgrmIaF ivAuNqIaF geIaF:

1[ afpxy hwkF bfry sucyq hoxf. 2[ afpxy afp nUM qsLwdd qoN bcfAuxf. 3[ loV smyN jjLbfqI shfrf pRdfn krnf. 4[ XogqfvF aqy hunr sFJy krnf. 5[ loVvMd aOrqF dI smfj syvk eyjMsIaF nfl qfl-myl krvf ky mdd krnI. 6[ afpxy siBafcfr dy gOrvmeI pwKF nUM Ausfrnf aqy muV surjIq krnf. 7[ aOrqF nMU brfbr dy hwk hfsl krn leI pRyrdy hoey pirvfrF nUM sLkqIsLflI bxfAuxf. 8[ ijnHF ivakqIaF jF jQybMdIaF dy AudysL imldy juldy hox AunHF nfl qflmyl aqy sFJ rwKxI. 9[ smfj afDfrq Koj df muwZ bMnxf aqy Aus dI agvfeI krnI.

afeI aYWm ey vloN afpxIaF inwq dIaF srgrmIaF krn vfsqy koeI PMizMg nhIN leI jFdI. PMz dy sfDn mYNbrisLwp PIs (pMj zflr slfnf), dfn jF iksy iznr afid ivwc bcy hoey pYsy hn. iksy ivsLysL pRojYkt vfsqy bfhroN grFt afid vI lY leI jFdI hY. afeI aYWm ey vloN afpxy kMmF nUM nypry cfVHn vfsqy smyN smyN vwKrIaF vwKrIaF kmytIaF sQfpq kIqIaF jFdIaF hn. ieh kmytIaF srgrmIaF AulIkdIaF aqy nypry cfVHdIaF hn. Audfhrn vjoN ividak kmytI df kMm aYsy pRogrfm AulIkxf hY jo aOrqF dy msilaF bfry cyqnf pYdf krn. afeI aYWm ey vloN aOrqF pRqI qsLwdd aqy dfj dhyj dy ivroD ivwc lokF nUM cyqn krn leI pRogrfm kIqy gey hn. afeI aYWm ey vloN keI vfr AunHF lokF ivruwD ros mujLfhry vI kIqy gey jo aOrqF AuWqy qsLwdd krdy sn. ijvyN ik jdoN awsIivaF dy sLurU ivwc vYnkUvr dy iek pMjfbI ny afpxI pqnI nUM kfr Qwly dy ky mfr idwqf qF afeI aYWm ey Aus dy Gr awgy jLordfr mujLfhrf kIqf. iesy qrHF grB ivcly BrUx (PIts) dy lVkI hox pqf lwgx AuWqy grBpfq krfAux dy ivroD ivwc afeI aYWm ey vloN jLordfr afvfjL AuTfeI geI. iesy qrHF hor ilMg afDfrq ivqkry aqy kMmF kfrF dI vMz dy msilaF bfry cyqnf ilafAux leI vI srgrmIaF kIqIaF jFdIaF rhIaF hn. do siBafqfvF ivwc plx vflIaF lVkIaF dy mfmilaF vwl vI iDafn idwqf igaf hY. afeI aYWm ey vloN knyzIan smfj ivwc Gul iml ky aByd (asImIlyt) ho jfx dI QF afpxI pCfx kfiem rwKdy hoey rl iml ky (ieMtYgrysLn) ijAux dI cyqnf leI vI kMm kIqf igaf hY.


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afeI aYWm ey vloN smyN smyN Bfrq jF sfAUQ eysLIaf dy dUjy mulkF qoN afAux vfly AunHF lokF leI jo sfAUQ eysLIaf ivwc aOrqF dy jIvn nfl sMbMDq msilaF AuWpr kMm krdy hox, vfsqy pbilk mIitMgF df pRbMD kIqf jFdf irhf hY. afeI aYWm ey dI aOrqF AuWpr huMdy qsLwdd vyly shfrf dyx vflI kmytI AunHF nUM jjLbfqI shfrf idMdI hY aqy hor sMbMDq shfieqf pRdfn krdI hoeI smfj syvk eyjMsIaF nfl AunHF df qflmyl krvfAuNdI hY. nOjvfn lVkIaF dI kmytI afpxIaF hm-Aumr sfAUQ eysLIan lVkIaF dI doNh siBafqfvF ivwc plx smyN af rhIaF aOkVF nfl inptx leI mdd krdI hY. afeI aYWm ey dI siBafcfrk kmytI sfAUQ eysLIan siBafcfr dy gOrvmeI aqy myl imlfp vDfAux vfly pwKF dy drjy nUM AuWnq krdI hY aqy siBafcfr dy Auh pwK jo aOrq nUM GtIaf idKfAux, AunHF dI inKyDI krn vflIaF srgrmIaF krdI hY. afeI aYWm ey dy lok-nfc grwup ny 1974 qoN lY ky ies ielfky ivwc hoey vwK vwK siBafcfrk pRogrfmF ivwc ihwsf ilaf hY. sfAUQ eysLIan klf aqy isLlpkfrI dIaF numfiesLF lfeIaF geIaF hn. afeI aYWm ey dy slfnf iznrF smyN aOrqF dy jIvn nfl sMbMDq msilaF bfry jfxkfrI dyx vfly zrfmy kIqy jFdy rhy hn aqy igwDy ivwc nvINaF siQqIaF bfry mOilk bolIaF pfeIaF jFdIaF rhIaF hn. afeI aYWm ey vloN aOrqF dy msilaF sMbMDI lokF ivwc cyqnf ilafAux dy nfl nfl msilaF nUM bdldIaF siQqIaF ivwc smJx dI koisLsL kIqI jFdI rhI hY. imsfl vjoN, afeI aYWm ey vloN iqMn ivsLysL Koj pRfjYkt krvfey gey hn: 1[ bI sI dI loar mynlYNz ivwc sfAUQ eysLIan aOrqF dIaF loVF aqy syvfvF dI jFc pVqfl. 2[ pqI vloN kIqf igaf durivvhfr - 15 sfAUQ eysLIan aOrqF dy anuBvF nUM rIkfrz krnf. 3[ nOjvfn muMzy kuVIaF dy myl imlfp dOrfn durivvhfr (zyt ryp) dI smwisaf dI jFc pVqfl. afeI aYWm ey vloN kIqIaF geIaF bhuqIaF srgrmIaF knyzf ivwc aOrqF dy msilaF nfl sMbMDq hn. pr jQybMdI vloN ies gwl ivwc hmysLF idlcspI leI jFdI rhI hY ik Bfrq aqy sfAUQ eysLIaF dy dysLF dUjy mulkF ivwc aOrqF dI jwdojihd dI jfxkfrI rwKI jfvy. ies mksd vfsqy afeI aYWm ey hmysLF Bfrq aqy dUjy dysLF qoN afAux vfly AunHF icMqkF aqy srgrm lokF nfl sMvfd rcfieaf hY jo AuWQy aOrqF dy msilaF AuWpr kMm krdy hn. afeI aYWm ey ny kimAUintI ivclIaF hor jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kMm kIqf hY. ijvyN ik: pMjfbI ivmnjL aYsosIeysLn, ieMzo-knyzIan ivmnjL aYsosIeysLn, ieMzo-knyzIan ivmnjL afrgynfeIjysLn, sfAUQ eysLIan ivmnjL sYNtr, sfAUQ eysLIan ivmn aYksLn nYWtvrk, ryizAu irmiJm aqy afeI tI pRozksLnjL, kYnyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan, vYnkUvr swQ, bI sI aYWP E afr, kolIsLn afP mfienOrtI ivmn afP bI sI aqy kfmfgftfmfrU PfAUNzysLn afP knyzf. afeI aYWm ey ny cyqn qOr `qy AunHF jQybMdIaF nfl kMm nhIN kIqf jo: aOrqF nUM GtIaf smJx; spsLt jF tyZy ZMg nfl aOrqF pRqI qsLwdd nUM sLih dyx; lokF ivwc ielfikaF, BfsLfvF, jfqF jF DrmF dy vwKryvyN dy afDfr `qy vMz pfAux.


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afpxI kimAUintI qoN bfhr dIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky vI afeI aYWm ey ny smyN smyN kMm kIqf hY. ienHF dy nF hn: sLrn Gr (tRFjIsLn hfAUsjL/ivmnjL sLYltrjL), aOrqF dy sYNtr, vYnkUvr blfqkfr sMkt kyNdr (vYnkUvr ryp irlIP), vyvf (ivmnjL agyNst vfielYNs agyNst ivmn), grBpfq kilnkF df sMgTn (koaflIsLn afP abOrsLn kilinks), aMqrrfsLtrI iesqrI idvs mnfAux vflI kmytI, knyzIan Pok susfiet aqy vYnkUvr Pok Pyst, vYnkUvr susfietI afP iemIgrYNt ivmn, PrIzf (PYiminst rIsrc aYjUkysLn izvYlpmYNt aYNz aYksLn sYNtr), lMgfrf kflj df ivmn stwzIjL pRogrfm, ivmnjL stwzIjL- XU bI sI, bI sI ieMmIgrYNt aYNz ivjLIbl mfienOrtI ivmn, bI sI kfAUNsl Pfr df PYmlI, bI sI df aOrqF df hspqfl aqy hYlQ sYNtr, noafievm (nYsLnl afrgynfeIjysLn afP ieMmIgrYNt aYNz ivjLIbl mfienOrtI ivmn afP kYnyzf), nYk (nYsLnl aYksLn kmytI afn stYts afP ivmn). ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn dIaF mYNbr aOrqF kimAUintI ivclIaF sQfnk, sUbfeI aqy PYzrl pwDr qwk dIaF jQybMdIaF dIaF slfhkfr kmytIaF aqy borzF AuWqy bYT ky afpxf Xogdfn pfAuNdIaF rhIaF hn. kimAUintI dy pRogrfmF ivwc ihwsf lY ky aqy mIzIey rfhIN ies nf-brfbrI bfry jfgrqI pYdf krdIaF hn. ienHF srgrmIaF nfl afeI aYWm ey sfAUQ eysLIan aOrqF dIaF smwisafvF nUM vwzI kimAUintI dy lokF nfl joVn aqy AunHF nUM knyzIan smfj df aMg bxfAux ivwc vI shfeI huMdI hY. afeI aYWm ey ny lokF qwk afpxf sunyhf phuMcfAux vfsqy sQfnk mIzIey dI vrqoN dy nfl nfl jQybMdI vloN vI smyN smyN brosLr iqafr krky vMzy hn. smyN smyN vrksLfpF aqy kfnPrMsF df pRbMD kIqf jFdf irhf hY. afeI aYWm ey anusfr:

jn sfDfrx pwDr AuWqy asIN sfAUQ eysLIan aOrqF leI jo vsIly kimAUintI ivwc mOjUd hn, AunHF bfry iswiKaf dyx ivwc bhuq sfrI kfmXfbI pRfpq kIqI hY ijvyN ik bhu-BfsLI syvf eyjMsIaF dIaF syvfvF aqy AunHF dIaF ijLMmyvfrIaF, puils, lIgl eyz aqy sLrn Gr afid. ieh jfxkfrI pRfpq krn nfl aOrqF df afqm ivsLvfs viDaf hY.

afeI aYWm ey dI soc anusfr aOrq dy hwkF dI jwdojihd lgfqfr cldI rihx vflI kfrvfeI hY. afpxy sImq vsIilaF aqy muwK qOr `qy vlMtIarF dI jQybMdI hox dy bfvjUd ies insLfny nUM pRfpq krn vfsqy ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn aqy ies dIaF mYNbr srgrm rihx leI vcnbwD hn. ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn (afeI aYWm ey) df ieh ryKf-icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY: 1[ sfzy pRsLn-pwqr ivwc puwCy gey svflF dy jQybMdI vloN idwqy gey ilKqI jvfb. 2[ sQfnk aKbfrF aqy mYgjLInF ivwcoN pRfpq jfxkfrI. 3[ jQybMdI dIaF mYNbr aOrqF - rimMdr dosFJ, hrimMdr sMGyVf aqy hornF nfl smyN smyN hoey ivcfr vtFdry.


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s wq

kn yzIan PfrmvrkrjL X UnIan sI a Y WP X U

ipC okV knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan ibRitsL kolMbIaf dy PryjLr vYlI ielfky ivwc kMm krn vfly pMjfbI Kyq mjLdUrF vloN afpxy hwkF leI sMGrsL krn vfsqy awTvyN dhfky dy aKIr ivwc KVHI kIqI geI. pMjfbI lokF vloN afpxy hwkF vfsqy bxfeI geI ieh pihlI jQybMdI sI ijhVI smuwcI knyzIan mjLdUr lihr df ihwsf bxI. ies jQybMdI dy bxn aqy ivkfs dy dOrfn pMjfbI lokF dy ies mulk dI mjLdUr lihr aqy dUjIaF agFhvDU sLkqIaF nfl Ausry nyVy dy irsLqy ivwc vwzf Xogdfn pfAux krky ieh jQybMdI knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dy ieiqhfs ivwc ivsLysL mhwqv rwKdI hY. AuWnI sO cflIivaF dOrfn drsLn isMG knyzIan vloN afeI zbilAU ey (ieMtrnYsLnl vuwzvrkrjL afP amrIkf) dI sQfpqI smyN mjLdUr lihr ivwc pfey Xogdfn aqy BfrqI mjLdUrF aqy knyzIan mjLdUr lihr ivcly irsLqy dy ivkfs nUM knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan ny muV surjIq kIqf aqy keI kdm awgy qoiraf. bI sI ivwc vYnkUvr dy afly duafly aqy PryjLr vYlI dy KyqF ivwc pMjfbIaF vloN mjLdUrI krn df ieiqhfs kfPI purfxf hY. jdoN vIhvIN sdI dy sLurU ivwc pMjfbIaF ny iewQy afAuxf sLurU kIqf qF AunHF nUM sB qoN pihlF mjLdUrI iewQy dy PfrmF ivwc hI imlI. iesy qrHF jdoN swTivaF dy aKIr aqy swqrivaF dy sLurU ivwc vwzI igxqI ivwc pMjfbI knyzf afey qF AunHF ivwcoN vI bhuigxqI ny afAuNidaF pihlF ienHF PfrmF ivwc hI mjLdUrI kIqI. AunHF qoN bfad ivwc bI sI ivwc afAux vfly pMjfbI avfsIaF ivwcoN vI bhuigxqI ny afpxy kMm dI sLurUafq ienHF KyqF ivwc kMm krky hI kIqI. bI sI dy KyqF jF PfrmF ivwc kMm mOsmI huMdf hY. PslF dI ktfeI vZfeI df ijLafdf kMm grmIaF dy mOsm ivwc hI huMdf hY aqy ienHF idnF ivwc vwzI igxqI ivwc mjLdUrF dI loV pYNdI hY. bfkI df sfl mukfblqn bhuq QoVHy mjLdUrF dI loV pYNdI hY. grmIaF ivwc vwzI igxqI ivwc mjLdUr iekwTy krn df kMm Kyq mflk iqMn qrIikaF nfl krdy hn: 1) hr Pfrm ivwc kuJ kfimaF dy rihx vfsqy jgHf huMdI hY ijs nUM kYibnF jF sLYkF ikhf jFdf hY. kuJ lok ienHF kYibnF jF sLYkF ivwc rihMdy hn. 2) kuJ lok vYnkUvr jF afly duafly dy ielfikaF qoN afpxIaF kfrF ivwc jf ky kMm krdy hn. 3) bhuigxqI kfmy TykydfrF rfhIN kMm `qy phuMcdy hn. ijwQy swTivaF dOrfn iek awD pMjfbI Tykydfr huMdf sI AuWQy swqrivaF dy awD qwk ienHF dI igxqI keI drjnF ho geI sI qy hux ieh igxqI sYNkiVaF ivwc hY. pihlIaF ivwc bxy bhuqy Tykydfr Kud Kyq-mflk bx gey hn aqy AunHF dI jgHf nvyN TykydfrF ny lY leI hY. ies sfrI qsvIr ivwc bfhroN dyiKaF pMjfbI kimAUintI kfPI qrwkI krdI jfpdI sI ikAuNik PryjLr vYlI dI jLmIn pMjfbIaF dI mflkI aDIn af rhI sI. sYNkVy dy nyVy qyVy pMjfbI PryjLr vYlI ivwc jLmIn dy mflk bx rhy sn. pr iDafn nfl dyiKaF ieh vI sfP idKfeI idMdf sI ik iewQy kMm krdy hjLfrF pMjfbI mjLdUr gory aqy pMjfbI PfrmrF aqy pMjfbI TykydfrF vloN kIqI jFdI luwt df isLkfr ho rhy sn. Kyq mjLdUr bI sI dy mjLdUrI sMbMDI kfnUMnF aDIn nf afAux krky aqy iewQoN dI jQybMd mjLdUr lihr df ihwsf nf hox kfrn gulfmI vflIaF hflqF ivwc kMm kr rhy sn. sB qoN pihlF qF ienHF Kyq mjLdUrF nUM bhuq hI Gwt qnKfh imldI sI. keI hflqF ivwc qnKfh imldI hI nhIN sI ikAuNik pUrf pUrf sfl kMm


117

krvf ky Kyq-mflk jF Tykydfr keI mjLdUrF dy pYsy dyx qoN iblkul muwkr jFdy sn. aijhI hflq ivwc AunHF kol afpxI iksmq nUM kosx ibnF koeI cfrf nhIN sI huMdf. kMm krn dIaF hflqF knyzf vrgy dysL dIaF nhIN sgoN iksy ipCVy hoey dysL vrgIaF sn. Audfhrn vjoN, Kyq mjLdUrF leI pIx dy pfxI df koeI pRbMD nhIN sI; vfsLrUm df koeI pRbMD nhIN sI. KyqF ivwc bxy kYibnF jF sLYkF dI hflq bhuq hI nIvIN pwDr dI sI. sLYkF dy afly duafly gMdf pfxI KVHf rihMdf. pMjfbI Kyq-mflkF aqy TykydfrF vloN Kyq mjLdUrF nfl ivhfr vI cMgf nhIN sI kIqf jFdf. keI hflqF ivwc KyqF ivwc kMm krdIaF aOrqF nUM Kyq-mflkF aqy TykydfrF dI ijnsI CyVCfV aqy hvs df isLkfr hoxf pYNdf sI. ies luwt-Ksuwt iKlfP lVn aqy ies luwt-Ksuwt kr rhy Kyq-mflkF aqy TykydfrF nUM rokx vflf koeI nhIN sI. Pfrm vrkrjL afrgynfeIj ys Ln km ytI df s MgTn Kyq mjLdUrF dI luwt bfry BfvyN sQfnk mIzIey ivwc KbrF CpxIaF 1973 qoN sLurU ho geIaF sn, jdoN smyN dI aYn zI pI srkfr ny KyqIbfVI aqy GrF ivwc kMm krn vfly mjLdrUF dIaF musLiklF dI jfxkfrI lYx vfsqy iek islYkt stYNizMg kmytI dI sQfpnf kIqI sI. akqUbr 1974 ivwc kmytI afP XMg knyzIan nF dI iek jQybMdI vloN ies kmytI nUM iek brIP pysL kIqI geI. iek pMjfbI nOjvfn rfm srUp jfKU vloN pysL kIqI geI ies brIP ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF kMm dIaF hflqF, rihx dIaF hflqF aqy TykydfrF vloN mjLdUrF nUM trwkF jF vYnF ivwc Kyq ilafAux df ivsQfr ivwc vrnx kIqf igaf sI. ies brIP anusfr:

TykydfrF vloN pRdfn kIqy afvfjfeI dy sfDn asloN hI hfsohIxI pwDr dy hn. ijwQy TykydfrF vfsqy sOK huMdI hY AunHF kuJ QFvF qoN kfimaF nUM cuwk ky trwkF ivwc quMn ilaf jFdf hY. ienHF trwkF ivwc iksy iksm dy koeI rosLndfn jF qfkIaF nhIN hn ijs dI vjHf nfl kfimaF nUM AultIaF afAux lgdIaF hn qy sfh Guwt hox lgdf hY. kfimaF nUM hr vyly ies gwl df zr lwgf rihMdf hY ik pUrI qrHF Gsy tfierF ivwcoN iek awDf pft jfvygf aqy AunHF nUM gMBIr swtF lwg jfxgIaF. aijhf ipCly sfl iek vfrI ho cuwkf hY. ies hfdsy ivwc iek aOrq Kyq mjLdUr, mihMdr kOr mfrI geI sI. (rfm srUp jfKU df ‘vrikMg kMzIsLnjL afP PfrmvrkrjL aYNz zumYsitk vrkrjL’ brIP, vYnkUvr 1974, sPf 3)

bI sI lfa XUnIan vloN 1978 ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF aqy GrF ivwc kMm krn vfly kfimaF (zuimstk vrkrjL) dI mdd leI vYnkUvr ivwc lybr aYzvokysI rIsrc aYsosIeysLn (lfrf) sQfpq kIqI geI. ieh aYsosIeysLn Kyq mjLdUrF nUM AunHF dy hwkF bfry kfnUMnI jfxkfrI idMdI sI. ies dy nfl nfl TykydfrF aqy Kyq-mflkF vloN Kyq mjLdUrF dy pYsy nf dyx dy sMbMD ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF isLkfieqF suxdI sI. lybr aYzvokysI rIsrc aYsosIeysLn dy koafrzInytr sn jOhn borst. ies pRfjYkt ivwc Aus dy nfl AuWjl dusFJ kMm krdy sn. ies qrHF dIaF gqIivDIaF nfl Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF hflqF bfry gwlbfq hoxI sLurU ho geI. pr ieh gwlbfq iek sImq dfiery qwk hI rhI. msly nUM vwzI pwDr AuWqy iljfx leI pihlI mIitMg afeI zbilAU ey (ieMtrnYsLnl vuwz vrkrjL afP amrIkf) ivwc srgrm pMjfbIaF dy sihXog nfl 15 sqMbr 1978 nUM srI ivwc kIqI geI. ies qoN aglI iek mIitMg 16 nvMbr nUM inAU vYstimnstr ivwc afeI zbilAU ey dy hfl ivwc kIqI geI ijwQy 50-60 lok sLfml hoey. ies smyN afeI zbilAU ey inAU vYstimnstr dy pRYjLIzYNt jYrI stonI ny mIitMg nUM sMboDn kIqf. ienHF mIitMgF ny Kyq mjLdUrF dy msly nUM mIzIey rfhIN vwzI pwDr AuWqy AuTfieaf. ienHF koisLsLF nUM sLurU krn ivwc iepfnf (ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ien nfrQ amrIkf) nF dI jQybMdI vloN vwzf Xogdfn pfieaf igaf. ies jQybMdI dy mYNbr knyzIan smfj dy vwKry vwKry iKwiqaF


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ivwc srgrm sn ijs nfl Auh Kyq mjLdUrF dI smwisaf nUM knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr dy sMdrB ivwc smJx aqy dyKx ivwc kfmXfb hoey. Audfhrn vjoN ies jQybMdI dy mYNbr hirMdr mfhl knyzf dIaF qfkqvr XUnIanF ivwcoN iek XUnIan afeI zbilAU ey dI inAU vYstimnstr lokl dy pypr ‘icwpr’ dy aYzItr sn. AunHF ny afeI zbilAU ey df Kyq mjLdUrF dI smwisaf vwl iDafn kyNdirq krvfAux ivwc muZlI BUimkf inBfeI. iesy qrHF iepfnf dy srgrm mYNbr zf: hrI sLrmf, jo sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI ivwc smfjk ivigafn pVHf rhy sn, ny Kyq mjLdUrF dI smwisaf nUM knyzIan mjLdUr jmfq dy Gol dy sMdrB ivwc rwK ky ies df shI ivsLlysLx krn ivwc vzmuwlf ihwsf pfieaf. iepfnf vloN pfieaf ieh Xogdfn afpxy afp ivwc bhuq mhwqv rwKdf hY ikAuNik smwisaf nUM ies sMdrB ivwc smJx kfrn hI Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol nUM eynI vwzI pwDr AuWqy mfnqf imlI. ies dI axhoNd ivwc sMBv hY ik knyzf ivwc BfrqI Kyq mjLdUrF df Gol iek Gwt igxqI dy inwky ijhy ihwsy vloN kIqIaF koisLsLF smJ ky iblkul awKoN Auhly kr idwqf jFdf. ienHF muZlIaF koisLsLF dy nqIjy vjoN 25 PrvrI 1979 nUM Pfrm vrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI sQfpq kIqI geI. Pfrm vrkrjL kmytI dI sQfpnf smyN rfj cOhfn ies dy pRDfn, pRIqm isMG skwqr aqy aMimRq mfn aYgjLYkitv mYNbr cuxy gey. ies vyly iek 12 mYNbrF dI slfhkfr kmytI cuxI geI ijs ivwc dUjy lokF dy nfl hirMdr mfhl, jvflf isMG gryvfl, pRIqm isMG ilwDV, gurnfm shoqf, nCwqr kOr mfn aqy surjIq kOr sLfml sn. Pfrm vrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI ny Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF musLiklF nUM bVI isLwdq nfl smuwcI kimAUintI dy sfhmxy ilaFdf. kmytI ny bhuq QoVHy smyN ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF dy msly nUM eyQoN dI isafsq aqy jQybMd mjLdUr jmfq df sB qoN BKvF mslf bxf idwqf. Aus smyN dy mIzIey AuWpr srsrI njLr vI ies gwl df aihsfs krvf idMdI hY ik Kyq mjLdUrF dI hflq sMbMDI inwq kuJ nf kuJ afm jnqf nMU jfxkfrI dyx vflf huMdf sI. pMjfbI kimAUintI vfsqy BfvyN ies jfxkfrI ivwc bhuqf kuJ nvF nhIN sI pr vwzI knyzIan kimAUintI vloN ienHF hflqF pRqI Gor hYrfnI qy duwK df pRgtfvf kIqf igaf aqy mjLdUrF dy hwk ivwc vwzI pwDr `qy avfjL AuWTI. PfrmvrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI nUM tryz XUnIanF vloN hI nhIN blik hor vI bhuq sfry KyqrF ivwcoN hmfieq hfisl hoeI. afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI dI shfieqf krn vfly lokF ivwc ivsLysL qOr `qy vrnxXog hn: vkIl, ividafrQI, nslvfd dy msly AuWpr krn vfly lok, aOrqF dIaF jQybMdIaF afid. sLurU ivwc kmytI df srgrmI nfl kMm krn vfly mYNbrF ivwc rfj cOhfn aqy hirMdr mfhl sLfml sn. CyqI hI crnpfl igwl aqy jUzI kYvnfa ies ivwc sLfml ho gey. akqUbr 1979 ivwc srvx bol vI kmytI nfl kMm krn lg ipaf. ies tIm vloN Kyq mjLdUrF nUM kmytI dy mYNbr bxfAux leI srgrm muihMm clfeI geI. lokF ivwc ies Gol dI hmfieq pYdf krn vfsqy pbilk rYlIaF kIqIaF geIaF. iek vwzI rYlI 8 apRYl 1979 nUM kIqI geI ijs ivwc cfr sO dy krIb lokF ny Bfg ilaf. ienHF gqIivDIaF dy pRqIkrm vjoN kmytI dy afgUaF nUM Pon AuWpr DmkIaF imlxIaF sLurU ho geIaF. ienHF DmkIaF df jvfb dyx vfsqy aqy TykydfrF qy PfrmrF nUM ieh drsfAux vfsqy ik Kyq mjLdUrF nUM zrf ky hwk mMgx qoN htfieaf nhIN jf skdf, 27 agsq 1979 vfly idn aYbtsPorz dy PfrmF ivwc iek mfrc jQybMd kIqf igaf. ies mfrc ivwc vwzI igxqI Kyq mjLdUrF aqy hmfieqIaF ny ihwsf ilaf. ies smyN pMjfb qoN iepfnf dy swdy AuWqy afey hoey ienklfbI kvI sMq rfm AudfsI ny iek ipwk-awp trwk ivwc cVH ky mfrc ivwc cwl rhy lokF leI afpxy gIq gfey. ies smyN dOrfn hI kmytI kol Kyq mjLdUr afpxIaF isLkfieqF lY ky afAux lwgy. ienHF isLkfieqF ivwcoN sB qoN vwzI isLkfieq Kyq mflkF aqy lybr TykydfrF vloN Kyq mjLdUrF dy pYsy nf dyx dI huMdI sI. PfrmvrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI ny ienHF isLkfieqF AuWqy gOr krnf sLurU kIqf aqy Kyq mflkF aqy TykydfrF AuWqy Kyq mjLdUrF dy pYsy dyx leI dbfa pfAuxf sLurU kIqf. ies sMbMD ivwc kmytI nUM sB qoN


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vwzI kfmXfbI 17 julfeI 1979 nUM imlI jdoN kmytI ny dbfa pf ky aYbtsPorz dy iek Kyq mflk dI kMpnI muKiqafr groarjL ilmitz vwl rihMdI qnKfh dy 80,000 zflr Kyq mjLdUrF nUM lY ky idwqy. afpxIaF srgrmIaF dy isr AuWqy Pfrm vrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI iek sfl dy ivwc ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF dI iek jfxI pihcfxI jQybMdI bx geI. Kyq mjLdUrF, tryz XUnIan aqy lokF vloN imly BrvyN huMgfry nUM dyKidaF hoieaF kmytI ny nvMbr 1979 ivwc PYslf kIqf ik Kyq mjLdUrF nUM pwky qOr `qy jQybMd krn leI XUnIan df hoxf jLrUrI hY. kn yzIan Pfrm vrkrjL X UnIan (sI a Y WP X U) df s MgTn ies sB dy nqIjy vjoN apRYl 6, 1980 vfly idn knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan sMgTq kr idwqI geI. ies vyly XUnIan dy ahudydfrF vjoN rfj cOhfn, pRDfn; jvflf isMG gryvfl, AuWp pRDfn; crnpfl igwl, skwqr, aqy srvx bol; KjLfncI cuxy gey. XUnIan df bxnf knyzf dy ieiqhfs ivwc iek mhwqvpUrn Gtnf sI. knyzf dy mIzIey ny sI aYWP XU dy bxn df BrvF noits ilaf. rfj cOhfn ny afpxy pRDfngI BfsLx ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF vfsqy XUnIan dI mhwqqf df ijLkr kridaF ikhf:

Kyq mjLdUrF vfsqy XUnIan dI pRfpqI df mqlb hovygf Aus lMmy ieiqhfs df Kfqmf, ijs ivwc Auh knyzIan mjLdUr jmfq ivwc sB qoN Gwt qnKfh AuWqy kMm krn vfly aqy luwty jfx vfly mjLdUr sn, ijwQy AunHF nUM dUijaF dy brfbr dy mjLdUr vI nhIN sI smiJaf jFdf, ijwQy AunHF nUM mnuwKI snmfn vI nhIN sI idwqf jFdf aqy ijwQy Auh afpxy hwkF vfsqy jQybMd ho ky Gol nhIN sI kr skdy. (vYnkUvr sn, 7 apRYl 1980: 4)

Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF musLiklF nUM vwD qoN vwD lokF ivwc iljfx aqy XUnIan dy sMgTn df jsLn mnfAux vfsqy XUnIan vloN vYnkUvr ivwc iek rYlI kIqI geI ijs ivwc Cy sO qoN AuWpr lokF ny ihwsf ilaf. ies smyN knyzf dy Kyq mjLdUrF nfl afpxI nyVqf idKfAux aqy afpxf sihXog dyx vfsqy XUnfeItz PfrmvrkrjL afP amrIkf dy pRDfn aqy sMsfr pRiswD mjLdUr nyqf sIjLr sLfvyj ny vI ies rYlI ivwc ihwsf ilaf. Aus ny kYlyPornIaf dy qjribaF AuWqy afDfirq bI sI dy Kyq-mflkF nUM suJfa idwqf ik Auh knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan nfl mjLdUrF dy hwkF sMbMDI glbfq krnI sLurU kr dyx aqy Auh vI AuuhI glqI nf krn ijhVI kYlyPornIaF dy Kyq mflkF ny kIqI sI. (dI kolMbIan, 28 aprYl, 1980:23)

knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan dI sLurUafq smyN knyzf dI jQybMd mjLdUr lihr dI kyNdrI jQybMdI knyzIan lybr kFgrs (sI aYWl sI) ny XUnIan nUM iek sfl leI iemdfd leI cflI hjLfr zflr dyx df aYlfn kIqf. knyzIan mjLdUr lihr dy hor ihwisaF vloN vI knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan nUM BrvF huMgfrf imilaf. Audfhrn vjoN bI sI PYzrysLn afP lybr dy pRDfn afrt kUby ny XUnIan nUM hr qrHF dI shfieqf df XkIn duafieaf. iesy qrHF knyzIan XUnIan afP postl vrkrjL dy pRDfn qy knyzf dy msLhUr mjLdUr nyqf klfz pYro aqy kOmI pwDr `qy jfxy jFdy hor anykF mjLdUr nyqfvF vloN XUnIan dI hmfieq kIqI geI. Kyq mjLdUrF dy msly nUM iml rhy iDafn aqy iemdfd ny TykydfrF aqy PfrmrF nUM iPkr lf idwqf. ijwQy Auh afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI dIaF srgrmIaF dOrfn ies msly vl koeI iDafn nhIN sn dy rhy XUnIan bxn AuprMq ies dI ivroDqf ivwc AunHF vloN vI mIzIey ivwc DVfDV ibafn afAuxy sLurU ho gey. ies df asr ieh hoieaf ik Kyq mjLdUrF df mslf iek vwzI pwDr `qy ivcfiraf qy dyiKaf jfx lwgf. iek XUnIan vjoN sQfpq ho ky knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan ny Kyq mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn leI pihlF qoN vI vwD srgrmI nfl muihMm sLurU kIqI. sIjLnl Kyq mjLdUrF (Auh mjLdUr jo grmIaF ivwc hI KyqF ivwc kMm krdy sn) qwk afpxf sunyhf phuMcfAux leI XUnIan ny grmIaF dy mOsm ivwc KyqF duafly rYlIaF aqy mfrcF df pRbMD kIqf. Audfhrn leI, 28 jUn 1980 nUM lYNglI ivwc blUbyrI dy zrYzgr nF dy Pfrm awgy mujLfhrf kIqf igaf ijs ivwc 400 qoN vwD lokF ny Bfg ilaf. ies hI qrHF


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12 julfeI 1980 nUM klIarbruwk dy ielfky ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF aqy AunHF dy hmfieqIaF vloN iek vwzf ros mfrc kIqf igaf. ienHF mujLfhiraF aqy ros mfrcF dI muwK mMg bI sI dy KyqF ivwc TykydfrI pRbMD nUM Kqm krn dI sI ikAuNik Tykdfr Kyq mjLdUrF nUM iml dI qnKfh df vwzf ihwsf (25% qoN 40%) afpxy kimsLn dy qOr `qy rwK lYNdy sn. mujLfhiraF aqy rYlIaF qoN ibnF XUnIan dy kfrkun aqy hmfieqI KyqF ivwc jf ky Kyq mjLdUrF nfl gwl krdy sn aqy Kyq mjLdUrF nUM AunHF dy hwkF bfry ilKqI jfxkfrI idMdy sn. KyqF ivwc pUrf sfl kMm krn vfly mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn leI XUnIan ny mwsLrUm PfrmF aqy nrsrIaF afid vwl iDafn dyxf sLurU kIqf. ies Kyqr ivwc XUnIan nMU pihlI kfmXfbI 19 julfeI 1980 nUM imlI jdoN lYNglI dy jYnsn mwsLrUm Pfrm ivwc XUnIan nUM srtIiPkysLn iml geI. ies hI sfl dy agly do mhIinaF dOrfn XUnIan ny ircmMz dy do PfrmF - nYcurl PUzjL kMtrI Pfrm aqy bYWl Pfrm - ivwc srtIiPkysLn iml geI. ircmMz dy bYWl Pfrm ivwc CyqI hI XUnIan nUM pihlf iekrfrnfmf (aYgrImYNt) iml igaf ijs aDIn ies Pfrm ivwc kMm krn vfly kfimaF dIaF qnKfhF aqy hor shUlqF ivwc kfPI suDfr afieaf. Audfhrn leI, iekrfrnfmy qoN bfad ies Pfrm ivwc kMm krn vfly kfimaF dIaF qnKfhF 4-5 zflr qoN vwD ky 7-9 zflr ho geI. jYnsn mwsLrUm Pfrm aqy nYcurl PUzjL kMtrI Pfrm ivwc iekrfrnfmy lYx leI XUnIan nUM lMmIaF hVqflF krnIaF peIaF. jYnsn mwsLrUm Pfrm ivwc 9 apRYl 1981 nUM sLurU ho ky 15 mhIny dI lMmI hVqfl cwlI. eynI lMmI hVqfl lVn qoN bfad XUnIan ies Pfrm ivwc afpxf pihlf iekrfrnfmf hfsl krn ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. ieh hVqfl jYnsn mwsLrUm Pfrm ivwc kMm krn vfly kfimaF ny bVy hOsly aqy isrV nfl lVI. ies hVqfl nUM awgy hoo ky lVn vfly kfimaF ivwc bhuigxqI pMjfbI aOrqF sn ijnHF ivwc sLfml sn: krmjIq kOr iswDU, suKvMq kOr iswDU, rfijMdr kOr aqy sfQxF. ienHF kfimaF dI mdd leI vYnkUvr dI BfrqI kimAUintI dy agFhvDU lok, bI sI dy kfljF aqy XUnIvristIaF dy ividafrQI aqy pRoPYsr aqy bI sI dI smuwcI mjLdUr lihr nfl sMbMDq lok ipkt lfeIn `qy afAuNdy rhy. agly kuJ sflF dOrfn XUnIan kuJ hor PfrmF -ijvyN cuafey mwsLrUm Pfrm lYNglI, PryjLr vYlI PUzjL, aqy hfs Pfrm lYNglI - ivwc srtIiPkysLn ijwqx ivwc kfmXfb ho geI. knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan dI jwdojihd df iek hor pwK sI Kyq mjLdUrF nfl bI sI ivwc huMdy kfnUMnI ivqkry ivruwD lVnf. Audfhrn leI, Aus smyN bI sI ivwc Kyq mjLdUr bI sI dy mjLdUrF sMbMDI kfnUMn aDIn nhIN afAuNdy sn. hor keI kfrnF ivwcoN ieh iek kfrn sI ik bI sI dy Kyq mflk aqy Tykydfr mjLdUrF dI mnmrjLI nfl luwt krdy sn. XUnIan ny bI sI dI srkfr qoN mMg krnI sLurU kr idwqI ik Auh Kyq mjLdUrF nUM vI dUjy mjLdUrF vFg ieMplfeymYNt stYNzrzjL aYkt aDIn ilafey. ies sMbMD ivwc XUnIan ny Aus smyN dy aYgrIklcrl minstr jYk hYnirk nfl 18 jUn 1980 nUM mIitMg kIqI. XUnIan dIaF ies qrHF dIaF koisLsLF sdkf agsq 1980 nUM bI sI dI srkfr ny kfnUMn pfs krky Kyq mjLdUrF nUM bI sI dy ieMplfeymYNt stYNzrzjL aYkt aDIn lY aFdf. Aus smyN aijhf hoxf Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol dI kfPI vwzI ijwq sI. ivqkry Bry kfnUMnF ivwc qbdIlIaF krfAux dI aglI Audfhrn anieMplfeymYNt ieMsLorYNs (byrujLgfrI Bwqy) dy kfnUMn nfl sMbMDq hY. Aus smyN df byrujLgfrI Bwqy df kfnUMn Kyq mjLdUrF leI bhuq hI ivqkry Biraf sI. Aus kfnUMn muqfbk anieMplfeymYNt dIaF stYNpF lYx leI KyqF ivwc kMm krn vfly nUM iek mflk nfl 25 idn kMm krnf pYNdf sI jdoN ik dUjy kfmy jy iek mflk nfl iek hPqy ivwc 15 GMty kMm krdy sn jF 77 zflr qoN AuWpr kmfAuNdy sn qF Auh iek stYNp dy hwkdfr bx jFdy sn. ies kfnUMnI ivqkry kfrn Kyq mjLdUr iswDy Kyq mflk kol kMm krn dI bjfie TykydfrF kol mjLdUrI krdy. BfvyN Auh iksy vI Pfrm ivwc kMm krdy huMdy, mflk AunHF df Tykydfr hI rihMdf. TykydfrI isstm nUM kfiem rwKx leI ies kfnUMn df vwzf hwQ sI. XUnIan ny ies kfnUMn ivruwD srgrmI nfl lVfeI krnI sLurU kr idwqI. ijs dy nqIjy vjoN PYzrl srkfr ies kfnUMn ivwc qbdIlI krn leI rfjLI ho geI. PYzrl


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srkfr ny Kyq mjLdUrF leI iek Kfs kfnUMn bxf idwqf ijs muqfbk iek Kyq mjLdUr nUM anieMplfeymYNt stYpF lYx leI iek mflk nfl Gwto Gwt 7 idn lgfqfr kMm krnf pYxf sI. BfvyN ik ieh qbdIlI ies sMbMD ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF dI pUrn ijwq nhIN sI pr iPr vI kMm krn dI sLrq df 25 idnF qoN Gwt ky 7 idnF qwk af jfxf Kyq mjLdUrF aqy AunHF dI XUnIan dI iek vwzI pRfpqI sI. Kyq mjLdUrF dy hwk ivwc kfnUMnI qbdIlIaF krfAux dI aglI Audfhrn vrkrjL kMpnsysLn dy kfnUMn dy sMbMD ivwc hY. ieh kfnUMn kMm AuWqy swt lwgx dI hflq ivwc kfimaF nUM imlx vfly Bwqy aqy shfieqf nfl sMbMDq hY. ies dy nfl nfl ies kfnUMn keI qrHF dy inXm aqy DfrfvF hn jo mflkF koloN kMm dIaF hflqF nUM swt cot qoN surwiKaq rwKx dI mMg krdIaF hn. BfvyN ik KyqIbfVI dI snaq kMm `qy swt lwgx dy Kqry dy afDfr `qy AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc Kqrnfk snaqF ivwcoN qIjy nMbr `qy afAuNdI hY pr knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan bxn smyN bI sI dI KyqIbfVI dI snaq vrkrjL kMpnsysLn kfnUMn aDIn nhIN afAuNdI sI. Kyq mjLdUrF nUM dUjIaF snaqF dy mjLdUrF vFg kMpnsysLnjL dy aDIn ilafAux vfsqy sI aYWP XU vloN julfeI 1981 qoN lY ky mfrc 1982 qwk vwzI muihMm clfeI geI. ijs dy iswty vjoN srkfr ny 30 mfrc 1982 nUM aYlfn kIqf ik 4 apRYl 1983 qoN bI sI dy sfry mjLdUr zbilAU sI bI dI kvryj ivwc af jfxgy. bfad ivwc bI sI dI srkfr ny Kyq mjLdUrF nUM kMm AuWqy swt lwgx kfrn imlx vflI kMpnsysLn dy hwkdfr hox df kfnUMn qF bxf idwqf pr KyqIbfVI dI snaq AuWqy vrkrjL kMpnsysLn borz nfl sMbMDq hYlQ aYNz syPtI rYgUlysLnjL lfgU nhIN kIqIaF. ies dy nqIjy vjoN Kyq mjLdUrF nUM kMm AuWq swt lwgx kfrn kMpnsysLn dy bYnIiPts qF imlx lwg pey pr KyqI dI sanq nUM surwiKaq bxfAux leI mflkF AuWqy lfgU huMdIaF DfrFvF aqy inXm lfgU nf hoey. aMq nUM sMn 1993 ivwc bI sI dI aYWn zI pI dI srkfr ny bI sI dI KyqIbfVI dI snaq AuWqy vrkrjL kMpnsysLn nfl sMbMDq hYlQ aYNz syPtI dIaF rYgUlysLnjL lfgU kr idwqIaF. XUnIan bxn smyN iek hor smwisaf ijs df Kyq mjLdUrF nUM sfhmxf krnf pY irhf sI Auh byrujLgfrI Bwqy nfl sMbMDq sI. KyqF ivwc kMm krn vfly bhuqy mjLdUr grmIaF ivwc kMm krdy sn aqy isafl ivwc byrujLgfrI Bwqf lYNdy sn. jdoN Kyq mjLdUr isafl ivwc anieMplfeymYNt leI arjLI krdy qF anieMplfeymYNt kimsLn AunHF ivwcoN bhuiqaF dIaF arjLIaF rwd kr idMdf. arjLIaF rwd krn dy kfrnF ivwc jo kfrn muwK huMdy sn AunHF ipwCy ksUr Kyq mflkF jF TykydfrF df huMdf sI. Audfhrn leI, keI arjLIaF ies krky rwd kIqIaF jFdIaF sn ikAuNk sIjLn dy aMq AuWqy Kyq mflkF jF TykydfrF vloN anieMplfeymYNt dIaF ktOqIaF aqy tYks dy pYsy srkfr kol jmHF nhIN krvfey huMdy sn jdoN ik ieh ktOqIaF AunHF ny Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF qnKfhF ivwcoN kwt leIaF huMdIaF sn. anieMplfeymYNt kimsLn vfly Kyq mflkF jF TykydfrF nUM kuJ khy ibnF Kyq mjLdUrF dy byrujLgfrI Bwqy dy kys rwd kr idMdy sn aqy keI kysF ivwc Kyq mjLdUrF qoN AunHF nUM ipCly sflF dOrfn idwqf Bwqf (hjLfrF zflr) vfps mMgdy sn. Kyq mjLdUrF dI ies smwisaf dy hwl leI knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan ny lIgl kilnk sLurU kIqf. ies lIgl kilnk ivwc XUnIan dy kfnUMnI mfhr Kyq mjLdUrF nfl byrujLgfrI Bwqy dy rwd hoey kysF dIaF apIlF krdy aqy kysF dI pYrvfeI krdy. ieh lIgl kilnk XUnIan keI sfl clfAuNdI rhI aqy ies kilink dy nqIjy vjoN ikMny hI Kyq mjLdUr byrujLgfrI Bwqf lYx dy hwkdfr bxy aqy ikMny hI Kyq mjLdUrF nUM anieMplfeymYNt dy pYsy vfps dyx qoN Cot imlI. knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan vloN kIqf iek hor kMm jo sfzy iDafn dI mMg krdf hY Auh sI Kyq mjLdUrF nUM aMgryjLI isKfAux df Auprflf krnf. XUnIan ny ieh kMm ‘iswKx df vylf’ nF dy pRojYkt aDIn 1982-1983 dOrfn sLurU kIqf. Kyq mjLdUrF nUM aMgryjLI isKfAux dy kMm ivwc XUnIan ny lfqInI amrIkf dy sMsfr pRiswD ividak mfhr pflo PryrI dI phuMc afpxfeI. ies phuMc anusfr ividaf lokF dy jIvn aqy qjrby nfl sMbMDq hoxI cfhIdI hY. aijhf hox nfl hI ividaf lokF nUM afpxI ijLMdgI nUM cMgyrf bxfAux leI sLkqI pRdfn kr skdI hY. ies pRfjYkt aDIn XUnIan dy vflMtIar Kyq mjLdUrF dy GrIN jf ky AunHF nUM aMgryjLI isKfAuNdy sn. mjLdUrF dIaF loVF nUM muwK rKidaF ik AunHF nUM ikwQy ikwQy


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iks iksm dI ‘bfq’ dI loV hY, ieh iswiKaf idwqI jFdI. ieh TIk hY ik ies pRojYkt rfhIN XUnIan pMjfbI Kyq mjLdUrF ivwcoN bhuiqaF nUM aMgryjLI nhIN isKf skI pr ies kMm dy aiswDy qOr AuWqy bhuq Pfiedy hoey. ijvyN afpxy lokF df afm ivcfr hY ik pVHn ilKx df kMm qF bcpn jF juafnI vyly hI krn vflI gwl hY. aMgryjLI isKfAux dy ies pRojYkt ny afpxy lokF dy ies ivcfr nUM cuxOqI dyx dI koisLsL kIqI. aMgryjLI pVHfAux vfly vflMtIar ikAuNik gory huMdy sn, ijs krky Kyq mjLdUrF dy mnF ivwc gory lokF bfry aigafnqf aqy Jwk GtI. jdoN Auh bfhr storF afid nUM jFdy qF Auh kfPI svY-Brosy nfl gwlbfq krdy. ies dy nfl nfl keI pMjfbI isafxIaF aOrqF, ijnHF df sLfied AuNJ goiraF nfl vfh nf pYNdf, ivwcoN keIaF df vlMtIar aOrqF nfl bhuq gUhVf shylpuxf ipaf. iewQy ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik jdoN ieh pRfjYkt cwl irhf sI Aus smyN dOrfn iek vfr pflo PryrI XUnIan dy dPqr afey aqy XUnIan dy stfP aqy vlMtIarF ivwcoN kuJ iek nUM imly. bI sI lybr rIlysLnjL borz ny XUnIan nUM 1980 ivwc mfnqf dy idwqI. XUnIan ny sfrf sfl cwlx vfly kuJ PfrmF srtIiPkysLn ijwq leI. srtIiPkysLn qoN bfad pihly iekrfrnfmy lYx leI gwlbfq (bfrgyinMg) krn aqy iPr kuJ PfrmF ivwc hVqflF krn aqy ienHF hVqflF df pRbMD krn dI pRikRaf nfl knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan iek vwKry pVfa ivwc sLfml ho geI. sI aYWP XU dUjIaF XUnIanF vFg iek sQfpq sMsQf (ieMstIitAUsLn) bx geI qy kMm krn lwg peI. XUnIan dy kfimaF df sfrf smF ijwqIaF hoeIaF srtIiPkysLnF nUM kfiem rwKx leI aqy AunHF XUintF ivwc kMm krdy mYNbrF dIaF loVF vwl iDafn dyx aqy ienHF XUintF nUM kfiem rwKx leI cldIaF kfnUMnI lVfeIaF lVn ivwc lwgx lg ipaf. nqIjy vjoN tryz XUnIan lihr qoN bfhr dy smfj ivwc knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan df jo afDfr sI Aus nfl XUnIan df sMprk Gtx lwgf. XUnIan iek ieMstIitAUsLn bxn nfl ies dI hoNd nUM ivroDI iDrF - PryjLr vYlI dy Kyq mflkF, TykydfrF aqy hor adfiraF - ny vI svIkfr kr ilaf. iswty vjoN ieh ivroDI iDrF knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan ivruwD mjLbUqI nfl jQybMd ho geIaF. ijnHF PfrmF ivwc XUnIan dI srtIiPkysLn sI aqy XUnIan dy XUint sn aqy ijnHF PfrmF ivwc XUnIan dIaF hVqflF cwl rhIaF sn, AunHF PfrmrF dI mdd leI dUjy Kyq-mflk aqy Kyq-mflkF dy gruwp sfhmxy af gey. ieh smF XUnIan dI kfmXfbI jF nfkfmXfbI leI PYslfkun smF sI. XUnIan kol kuJ mwsLrUm PfrmF ivwc srtIiPkysLnF sn pr ieh Pfrm smuwcy mwsLrUm PfrmF dI igxqI ivwc bhuq hI QoVHy sn. mwsLrUm PfrmF ivwc kMm krdy hor kfmy XUnIan ivwc sLfml nhIN sn ho rhy. Auh dyKxf cfhuMdy sn ik XUnIan pihly mwsLrUm PfrmF ivwc iks qrHF dIaF ijwqF hfsl krdI hY. XUnIan kol eynI sLkqI nhIN sI ik Auh smuwcI mwsLrUm ieMzstrI nUM cuxOqI dy sky pr dUjy pfsy mwsLrUm ieMzstrI XUnIan dy ivruwD pUrI qrHF jQybMd sI. vwzy smfjk afDfr nfl sMprk tuwtx nfl XUnIan dI smfjk lihr vflI sLkqI vI kmjLor pY cuwkI sI. ies dy nfl nfl 1983 ivwc bI sI dI sosLl krYizt srkfr ny mjLdUrF aqy grIbF ivroDI keI kfnUMn asMblI ivwc pfs kr idwqy. ienHF kfnUMnF ivwcoN keI kfnUMn aijhy sn jo XUnIan nUM bxfAux dy kMm nUM aOKf krdy sn aqy pihlF bxIaF XUnIanF nUM qoVnf sOKf bxfAuNdy sn. ienHF sB kfrnF krky knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan nUM hfrF hox lwgIaF aqy XUnIan koloN pihlF dIaF ijwqIaF srtIiPkysLnF Kuwsx lwgIaF. iswty vjoN, sMn 1986 ivwc hoeI XUnIan dI CyvIN slfnf knvYnsLn qwk XUnIan kol isrP iek hI Pfrm dI srtIiPkysLn rih geI sI. smyN dy hflqF kfrn XUnIan leI ies hfr nUM ijwq ivwc pltnf bhuq musLikl sI. ies dy keI kfrnF ivwcoN kuJ muwK ieh sn: sB qoN pihlI gwl qF ieh sI ik KyqF ivwc kMm krn vfly bhuigxqI lok sIjLnl qOr AuWqy kMm krdy sn. Auh afpxy afpxy Tykydfr nfl vwK vwK Kyq-mflkF dy KyqF ivwc kMm krdy. hr iek Tykydfr nfl kMm krn vfilaF kfimaF dI igxqI hr rojL vDdI GtdI rihMdI. KyqF ivwc kMm krn dI ieh bxqr bI sI ivwc XUnIan bxfAux vfilaF kfnUMnF dy anukUl nhIN sI. ieh kfnUMn qF iek insLicq QF AuWqy iek insLicq igxqI ivwc PYktrI dy pYtrn `qy kMm krn vfly mjLdUrF


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dI XUnIan bxfAux nUM sfhmxy rwK ky bxfey gey sn. kfnUMnF dy ies ZFcy rih ky sIjLnl Kyq mjLdUrF dI XUnIan jQybMd krnf lgBg asMBv hI sI. iehI kfrn sI ijs krky XUnIan ny bhuigxqI sIjLnl Kyq mjLdUrF dI bjfie PYktrI dy pYtrn AuWqy cldy mwsLrUm PfrmF aqy nrsrIaF afid ivwc kMm krdy Gwt-igxqI Kyq mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd krn vl iDafn dyxf sLurU kIqf. pr ies Kyqr ivwc 1983 ivwc pfs kIqIaF bI sI dI sosLl krYizt srkfr dIaF mjLdUr ivroDI nIqIaF aqy kfnUMnF kfrn XUnIan df sPl hoxf musLikl ho igaf. ienHF nIqIaF kfrn bI sI dI smuwcI mjLdUr lihr leI afpxy afp nUM kfiem rwKxf aOKf ho irhf sI. iek nvIN aqy CotI XUnIan hox krky knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan AuWqy qF ienHF pflsIaF df bhuq hI nFh-pwKI asr ipaf. XUnIan vloN ies hfr nUM ijwq ivwc nf bdl skx df aglf vwzf kfrn sI sMsfr pwDr AuWqy psry pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc Kfilsqfn dI lihr df isKr `qy phuMc jfxf aqy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc Kfilsqfn dy msly qoN ibnF bfkI sB msilaF df apRsMgk bx jfxf. nqIjy vjoN knyzf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwcoN Kyq mjLdUrF dy msly bfry gwl krnf aqy ies jwdojihd leI pMjfbI lokF qoN shfieqf pRfpq kr sknf lgBg asMBv ho igaf. sMn 1987/88 dy nyVy knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan dy cirwqr ivwc iek hor qbdIlI afeI. iek mjLdUr jQybMdI dI QF AuWqy XUnIan ivwc aYzvokysI aqy lfbI grwup dy qOr `qy kMm krn lwgI. hux muwK qOr `qy XUnIan df kMm Kyq mjLdUrF nUM AunHF dy kfnUMnI hwkF bfry jfxkfrI dyxf ho igaf. Kyq mjLdUrF nUM mjLdUr XUnIan ivwc jQybMd krn df kMm mulqvI kr idwqf igaf. ies smyN dOrfn XUnIan ny KyqF ivwc vrqIaF jFdIaF kIVy mfr dvfeIaF bfry Kyq mjLdUrF nUM jfxkfrI dyx aqy srkfr AuWqy ienHF dvfeIaF nUM KyqF ivwc surwiKaq ZMg nfl vrqx sMbMDI kfnUMn bxfAux leI kfPI srgrmI nfl kMm kIqf. iek smfjk lihr dy dOr smyN knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan df pRBfv iekwly Kyq mjLdUrF aqy vwzI mjLdUr lihr dy srgrm kfrkunF qwk sImq nhIN sI sgoN ies dy kMm ny vwzI pwDr `qy smfj dy vwK vwK KyqrF ivwc ivcrdy aqy kMm krdy lokF nUM vI pRBfivq kIqf. ies lihr qoN pRBfvq ienHF lokF ivwc lyKk, klfkfr, iPlmsfjL, pwqrkfr, nftkkfr, siBafcfrk kfmy afid vI sLfml sn. Audfhrn leI, Bfrq dy jfxy jFdy zfkUmYNtrI iPlm mykr afnMd pqvrDn ny ijMm mnroa nF dy knyzIan nfl iml ky Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol AuWpr zfkUmYNtrI iPlm ‘AuWTx df vylf’ (ey tfeIm tU rfeIjL) bxfeI. ies iPlm ny ijwQy iek zfkUmYNtrI dy qOr `qy keI ienfm hfsl kIqy AuWQy ieh Kyq mjLdUrF dI lihr nUM hor vDfAux ivwc vI shfeI hoeI. ies qrHF vYnkUvr swQ nF dI jQybMdI ny ‘ipkt lfeIn’ aqy ‘jLihr dI Psl’ (lyKk- sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl) nF dy nftk XUnIan vfsqy ilKy aqy pMjfbI aqy aMgryjLI ivwc vwKrI vwKrI QF `qy pysL kIqy. kryg kYNzIbrgflz ny XUnIan dIaF anykF qsvIrF iKwcIaF aqy ies dIaF numfiesLF lfeIaF. pMjfbI dy anykF lyKkF ny ies lihr sMbMDI khfxIaF, kivqfvF, gIq, bolIaF afid ilKy aqy ies nUM hor lokF qwk lY ky jfx ivwc afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf. pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc lMmy smyN qoN kMm krdI pfl ibinMg dI agvfeI vflI BMgVy dI tIm pfr gurwp ny ienklfbI gIqF, Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol nfl sMbMDq bolIaF, aqy gIqF nUM afpxy BMgVy df ihwsf bxfieaf aqy ies BMgVy nUM anykF vfr knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan dIaF mIitMgF, mujLfhiraF, rYlIaF aqy PMz ryijLMg iznrF AuWqy pysL kIqf. isrP pMjfbI hI nhIN dUjIaF kimAUintIaF dy klfkfrF ny vI ies iksm dIaF srgrmIaF kIqIaF. Audfhrn vjoN, mjLdUr lihr dy jfxy pCfxy gIqkfr XUtf iPilp ny sI aYWP XU dIaF mIitMgF ivwc sLmUlIaq kIqI. Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol ivwc juVy pihly gruwp ivwc hirMdr mfhl 1982 ivwc, jUzI kYvfnfa 1984 ivwc aqy rfj cOhfn 1986 ivwc lihr nUM Cwz gey. rfj cOhfn dy 1986 ivwc pRDfngI qoN asqIPf dyx bfad srvn bol 5 sfl qwk ies ahudy AuWqy irhf aqy sMn 1991 ivwc XUnIan nUM Cwz igaf. crnpfl igwl jo afpxI sosLl vrkr dI nOkrI dy nfl nfl XUnIan ivwc vI afpxf Xogdfn pfAuNdf irhf ajy vI


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XUnIan nfl sMbMD rwKdf hY. bjLurg jvflf isMG gryvfl jo XUnIan dIaF muwZlIaF srgrmIaF qoN ies dy nfl irhf hY ajy vI XUnIan dI pRbMDk kmytI ivwc sgrgrm hY. ies hI qrHF pRIqm isMG muwkr vI lMmy smyN qoN XUnIan dI aYgjLYkitv kmytI dy mYNbr cly af rhy hn. hor vI keI mYNbr jo vwKo vwKry kfrnF krky srgrm nhIN rhy pr mOkf imlx `qy XUnIan dy kMmF-kfrF ivwc ihwsf lYNdy rihMdy hn. aYzvokysI aqy lfbI gruwp dy dOr smyN kuJ nvyN mYNbr ijvyN sq bsrfn aqy pfl igwl XUnIan nfl kMm krn lwgy. sq bsrfn awj vI XUnIan nfl kMm kr irhf hY. sfr iek gwl bVI spsLt hY ik knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan afpxy muwK mksd ivwc kfmXfb nhIN hoeI. ies vloN imwiQaf muwK kMm - bI sI dy Kyq mjLdUrF nUM iek mjLdUr jQybMdI ivwc jQybMd krnf - ijAuN df iqAuN ipaf hY. pr afpxI hoNd dy dOrfn ies ny keI KyqrF ivwc mfxXog pRfpqIaF kIqIaF hn. XUnIan dy kMmF kfrn Kyq mjLdUrF dIaF smwisafvF nUM knyzf ivwc nYsLnl pwDr `qy jfixaf jfx lwgf hY. XUnIan dy kMm kfrn Kyq mjLdUrF nfl ivqkrf krn vfly bI sI aqy knyzf dy ikMny hI kfnUMnF ivwc qbdIlIaF hoeIaF hn. XUnIan dy kMmF kfrn knyzf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI df bI sI aqy knyzf dI mjLdUr lihr aqy hor agFhvDU hlikaF nfl sMprk bixaf hY. iek smfjk lihr vjoN XUnIan ny iekwlI pMjfbI kimAUintI nUM hI nhIN sgoN knyzf dI smuwcI kimAUintI nUM pRBfvq kIqf hY. sfzy iKafl ivwc ienHF sB kfrnF krky knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan df knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dIaF agFhvDU srgrmIaF iek Kfs sQfn bxdf hY. Pfrm vrkrjL afrgynfeIijLMg kmytI aqy knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan dy kMm nUM awgy vDfAux aqy sihXog dyx leI axigxq lokF ny afpo afpxy ivwq anusfr Xogdfn pfieaf hY. AunHF ivwcoN ijMny ku lokF bfry asIN pqf kr sky hF AunHF dy nF iewQy hfjLr hn: stUart rwsL, kYlivn sYNzbOrn, zfn kryn, kYroiln mkUl, pYtI lyn aqy mYiriln kOskI. ieh sfry bI sI dI lfa XUnIan nfl sMbMDq vkIl sn aqy ienHF lMmF smF XUnIan dI kfnUMnI kMmF ivwc mdd kIqI. knyzf dI smuwcI tryz XUnIan lihr aqy hor agFhvDU sMsQFvF ivwc kMm krdy lokF ivwcoN ies lihr dI mdd krn krn vfly lokF ivwc kuJ ieh lok sn: jYrI stonI (afeI zbilAU ey lIzr), afrt kUbI (pRDfn bI sI PYzrysLn afP lybr), tOm sYNzrbOrn, ijMm kueyl, tYrI glYivn, vYno nIsLm, kYirn zIn, lfAurI vfeIt, zyivz rIm, mfeIk PlYimMg aqy zyivz jYksn. BfrqI aqy pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwcoN ies lihr ivwc kMm krn vfly aqy ies lihr dI mdd krn vfly lokF ivwcoN kuJ lok ieh sn: hirMdr mfhl, rfj cOhfn, hrI sLrmf, icMn bYnrjI, crnpfl igwl, jvflf isMG gryvfl, srvn bol, pRIqm isMG muwkr, pRIqm kOr, nCwqr kOr mfn, surjIq kOr, aMimRq mfn, krmjIq kOr iswDU, suKvMq iswDU, rfijMdr kOr, hrijMdr inwjr, gurcrn DflIvfl, ajYb isMG, prmjIq cfhl, kuwlU mfhl, ieMdr cOhfn, pRIqm isMG ilwDV, gurnfm shOqf, siqMdr iswDU, hukm cMd, srbjIq huMdl, gurcrn brfV, jsvIr kOr brfV, suKvMq huMdl, BuipMdr iZwloN, sfDU ibinMg, sqvMq rfey, suKdrsLn kOr mwlI, blivMdr kOr jMzU, jsvIr kOr swgU, suirMdrjIq bfT, pfl ibinMg, drsLn iZwloN, jIqI iZwloN, BuipMdr bfsI, amrjIq cfhl, inrml rqn, hrivMdr huMdl, ajmyr rozy, jgdIsL ibinMg, myjr rfey, AuWjl dusFJ, krnYl mfn, amrjIq sUPI, isLMdr brfV, aMjU huMdl, hrjI sFgrf, Bfvnf BMgU. knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan (sI aYWP XU) df ieh ryKf icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY: 1[ Kyq mjLdUrF dy sMGrsL nfl sMbMDq ivakqIaF Kfs kr rfj cOhfn, hirMdr mfhl, zfktr hrI sLrmf, icMn bYnrjI aqy crnpfl igwl nfl smyN smyN hoeI gwlbfq.


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2[ knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan dy zfkUmYNts. 3[ sQfnk aKbfrF qy mYgjLIn: vYnkUvr sMn, prOivMs, kolMbIan, ‘knyzf drpx’, ‘vqnoN dUr’ aqy vqn. 4[ AuWprly soimaF qoN ielfvf ies ryKf-icwqr ivclI bhuqI jfxkfrI sfDU ibinMg dy aYWm ey dy QIiss, “df knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan: ey kys stwzI ien sosLl mUvimMt”, sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI, 1986, AuWqy afDfirq hY.


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nslvfd ivr w uD bI sI s MGrsL s MmqI bI sI E aY WP afr

nslvfd ivruwD bI sI sMGrsL sMmqI (ibRitsL kolMbIaf aOrgynfeIjysLn tU PfeIt ryisjLm - bI sI E aYWP afr) dI sLurUafq vYnkUvr ivwc nvMbr 1980 nUM hoeI. afpxI sLurUafq dy pihly hI kuJ mhIinaF dOrfn sMGrsL sMmqI nslvfd ivruwD lVn vfly sfry lokF aqy jQybMdIaF df kyNdr bx geI. ies dIaF muwK srgrmIaF df Durf BfvyN vYnkUvr aqy afs pfs dy ielfky sn pr ies df asr aqy kMm bI sI dy sfry ielfikaF ivwc PYilaf hoieaf sI. ies nUM sLurU krn vfly, ies dI agvfeI krn vfly aqy ies dy bhuigxqI mYNbr BfvyN BfrqI sn pr ies ivwc smfj dy sfry ihwisaF ivwcoN lokF ny sLmUlIaq kIqI. ies pwKoN ieh sMsQf BfrqI mUl dy lokF vloN jQybMd kIqIaF bfkI sMsQFvF nfloN vwKrI pCfx qy suBfa rwKx vflI sMsQf sI. bysLwk nslvfd df kohV bI sI aqy knyzf dy isafsI, afriQk, smfjk aqy siBafcfrk ZFcy df muwZ qoN hI ihwsf cwilaf af irhf sI pr ijs isLwdq aqy iGnfAuxy rUp ivwc ieh pMjfbIaF/BfrqIaF ivruwD awTvyN dhfky dOrfn pysL hoieaf Auh afpxy afp ivwc iek vwzI icMqf vflI gwl sI. ies smyN dOrfn vwzI igxqI ivwc BfrqI, Kfs krky pMjfbI, lok knyzf afey, ijs dy pRqIkrm vjoN Auh nslvfdI goiraF vloN huMdy nslvfd df muwK insLfnf bxy. bI sI dy keI Coty sLihrF ijvyN kunYl, ivlIamjLlyk, Port syNt jymjL afid ivwc imwlF ivwc kMm krn vfly pMjfbIaF AuWpr ijsmfnI hmilaF dIaF GtnfvF afm vfprnIaF sLurU ho geIaF. vYnkUvr aqy afs pfs dy ielfikaF ivwc vI nslvfdI goiraF vloN BfrqI lokF dy GrF dy sLIsLy BMn dyxy, iekwly dukwly ivakqI AuWqy Quwk dyxf jF ijsmfnI hmlf kr dyxf afid afm GtnfvF sn. keI vfr ieh ijsmfnI hmly bhuq Gfqk rUp Dfr jFdy sn. Audfhrn leI 16 mfrc 1979 nUM inAU vYstimnstr ivwc 19 sflF dy pMjfbI nOjvfn rxjIq muwqI AuWpr do goiraF ny ijsmfnI hmlf kIqf. ies hmly kfrn Aus dy gMBIr swtF lwgIaF aqy 26 mfrc nUM Aus dI mOq ho geI. ies hI qrHF 25 mfrc 1979 nUM vYnkUvr ivwc rxjIq hyar aqy Aus dy dosq AuWpr nslI goiraF vloN hmlf kIqf igaf. ies hmly kfrn rxjIq hyar dy isr aqy srIr dy hor ihwisaF AuWqy gMBIr swtF lwgIaF. byhosLI dI hflq ivwc Aus nUM hspqfl iljfieaf igaf aqy ijLMdgI bcfAU XMqrF dI mdd lYxI peI. ies qoN ibnF bI sI dy sLihrF dIaF sVkF AuWqy, kMDF AuWqy, skUlF, kfljF, XUnIvristIaF aqy sLihr dIaF pbilk QFvF AuWpr BfrqIaF ivruwD hr iksm df gMd mMd iliKaf jfx lwgf. muwK Dfrf dIaF aMgryjLI aKbfrF ivwc vI lukvyN aqy jLfhrf qOr `qy bhuq kuJ nslvfdI Cp irhf sI. jLfhrf nslvfd dI iek Audfhrn pwqrkfr zwg kfilnjL vloN afpxy kflmF ivwc lgfqfr gYr-gory lokF ivruwD nPrq PYlfeI jfxI sI. ies mfhOl qoN Pfiedf AuTfAux vfsqy icwty nslvfd dI swB qoN vwzI JMzf brdfr jQybMdI kU klYks klYn ny bI sI vwl iDafn dyxf sLurU kr idwqf aqy iewQoN dy goiraF nUM jQybMd krnf sLurU kIqf. klYn dI ipCly keI dhfikaF qoN bI sI ivwc koeI jQybMdk hoNd nhIN sI. swqrivaF dy nslvfdI mfhOl ny AunHF dI afmd muV sMBv bxf idwqI. kU klks klYn df grYNz ivjLrz zyivz izAUk 1980 dIaF grmIaF ivwc bI sI df tUr krn vfsqy afieaf. Aus ny gYr-gory lokF aqy Gwt igxqI lokF ivruwD nslvfd nUM BVkfAux dI pUrI koisLsL kIqI. vYnkUvr dy ryzIE stysLn sI[ jy[ afr aqy hor mIzIey ny Aus df sunyhf bfhr iljfx ivwc afpxf nslvfdI rol inBfieaf.


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ies qrHF dy nslvfd ivruwD lVfeI dyx leI 1970ivaF dy awD dy nyVy qyVy BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc ivakqIgq aqy jQybMdk pwDr AuWqy koisLsLF hoxIaF sLurU ho geIaF sn. kimAUintI ivwc kMm kr rhIaF dUjIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF ny afpxIaF srgrmIaF ivwc nslvfd ivurwD lVn nUM iek iek mhwqvpUrn srgrmI imwQ ilaf sI. ies mksd vfsqy ieMzIan zIPYNs kmytI pihlF hI 1974 duafly hoNd ivwc af cuwkI sI. sMn 1978 dy sLurU ivwc vYnkUvr ivwc ieMmIgrYNtF aqy Gwt igxqI lokF dI rfKI leI “kmytI tU izPYNz dI rfeIts afP iemIgrYNts aYNz aYQink gruwps ien kYnyzf” dI sQfpnf kIqI geI. ies kmytI ivwc qIjI dnIaf qoN afey iemIgrYNtF dIaF kimAUintIaF, knyzf dIaF hor Gwt igxqIaF dy lok aqy knyzf dy agFhvDU lok sLfml sn. ies kmytI df iek mksd knyzf ivwc nslvfd df tfkrf krnf sI. ies kmytI nUM sQfpq krn ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dI jQybMdI iepfnf ny mhwqvpUrn BUimkf inBfeI. agsq 1978 ivwc mFtrIal ivwc hoeI afpxI dUsrI knvYnsLn ivwc iepfnf ny nslvfd df tfkrf krn leI iekmuwT hox df mqf pfs kIqf. ies hI qrHF 16 akqUbr 1977 nUM eIst ieMzIan vrkrjL aYsosIeysLn dI sQfpnf leI srI ivwc mIitMg kIqI geI ijs ivwc 200 qoN vwD lok sLfml hoey. ies mIitMg ivwc Bfrq dy mOjUdf isafsI hflqF AuWqy ivcfr vtFdrf krn dy nfl nfl nslvfd bfry vI ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf igaf. ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy vI BfrqI lok nslvfdIaF goiraF dy hmilaF df mukfblf bhuq hOsly aqy bhfdrI nfl kr rhy sn. Audfhrn leI sMn 1977 ivwc aYbtsPorz ivwc BfrqI aOrq dljIq kOr ny afpxy Gr AuWqy huMdy nslvfdI goiraF dy hmilaF df juafb golI nfl idwqf aqy iek nslvfdI gory nUM jLKmI kr idwqf. vYnkUvr ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI qoN ibnF dUjIaF Gwt igxqI kimAUintIaF aqy agFhvDU gory lok vI vYnkUvr ivwc vwD rhy nslvfd qoN icMqfqur sn aqy afpxI Xogqf aqy ivwq muqfbk nslvfd ivruwD lVfeI lV rhy sn. swqrivaF dy aKIr ivwc vYnkUvr nslvfd ivruwD jwdojihd kr rhy bhuqy lokF ny ieh mihsUs krnf sLurU kr idwqf sI ik nslvfd nUM vwzy smfjk sMdrB ivwc dyKx dI loV hY aqy nslvfd ivruwD iek vwzI lihr AusrnI cfhIdI hY. AunHF df ivcfr sI ik knyzf ivwc nslvfd BfrqI kimAUintI jF hor Gwt igxqI kimAUintI/kimAUintIaF df hI mslf nhIN sgoN ieh smuwcy knyzIan smfj df mslf hY. nslvfd ivruwD jQybMd ho rhI ies nvIN lihr ivwc BfrqIaF ny muwZlf rol inBfieaf. aijhf rol inBfAux vfly BfrqIaF ivwcoN iepfnf ivwc kMm krdy lokF df rol vrnxXog hY. ies smyN iepfnf dy mYNbrF vloN nslvfd ivruwD lVn vflIaF dUjIaF jQybMdIaF nfl kfPI BKvF vfd ivvfd CyiVaf igaf. ieh bhuqIaF jQybMdIaF KwbI isafsq nfl juVIaF hoeIaF sn aqy ienHF dy kfPI afpsI mwqByd sn. Kwby-pwKI pfrtIaF ijnHF ivwc Qrz vrlz aYNtI-ieMpIarilst afrgynfeIjysLn aqy mfrikst lYinist gruwp rYWz stfr kulYkitv aqy zbilAU sI pI (aYWm aYWl) afid qoN ibnF hor jQybMdIaF nfl vI ivcfr kIqy gey ijvyN XUnIan afP bI sI cIPjL, bI sI lfa XUnIan, bI sI PYzrysLn afP lybr aqy aOrqF dIaF jQybMdIaF afid. ies sfry ivcfr vtFdry dy iswty vjoN 4 akqUbr 1980 nUM iek vwzI mIitMg kIqI geI ijs ivwc 400 qoN vwD lokF ny ihwsf ilaf. ies mIitMg qoN bfad BfrqI kimAUintI ivclIaF sfrIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF (sI pI sI aYWm aYWl aqy eIst ieMzIan izPYNs kmytI qoN ibnF) nslvfd ivruwD lVn vfsqy iekwqr ho geIaF. iswty vjoN BfrqI kimAUintI aqy bfhrlI kimAUintI dIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF ny iekwTy ho ky 2 nvMbr 1980 nUM ibRitsL kolMbIaf afrgynfeIjysLn tU PfeIt ryisjLm (bI sI E aYWP afr) dI nINh rwKI. jQybMdI dy afgUaF ivwc vwKrIaF vwKrIaF jQybMdIaF aqy BfeIcfiraF ivwcoN lok sLfml sn pr bhuigxqI BfrqI kimAUintI dy lokF dI hI sI. jQybMdI df pRDfn pMjfbI ipCokV dy ivakqI crnpfl igwl nUM Qfipaf igaf jo Kyq mjLdUrF dI jwdojihd ivwc srgrm sI. bI sI E aYWP afr dy hor ahudydfr sn: mnoj dfs (AuWp pRDfn), hirMdr mfhl (skwqr) aqy zyivz eyjjL (KjfncI). mYNbrjL aYt lfrj sn: jUzI kYvnfa, hrI sLrmf, stUart rwsL, rynlz buafies, itwm stYnlI, dfrf kulnYn aqy jOn hfl. sLurUafq smyN bI sI E aYWP afr dy ieh insLfny imwQy gey:


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1[ iksy vI rUp ivwc ho rhy nslvfd aqy smfjI ivqkry ivruwD lVnf. 2[ knyzf ivwc vsx vfly hr kOmI, siBafcfrk aqy nslI Gwt igxqI dy lokF nUM AunHF dy jmUhrI hwk mfxn leI AuqsLfihq krnf. bI sI E aYWP afr dI mYNbrisLwp hr Aus ivakqI vfsqy KuwlHI sI ijhVf jQybMdI dy insLfinaF nUM TIk smJdf hovy. bI sI E aYWP afr dI pihlI vwzI mIitMg ivwc ielfky dIaF sfrIaF jmUhrIaq psMd aqy nslvfd ivroDI iDrF ny ihwsf ilaf aqy mIitMg dy aMq `qy knyzIan abrIjnl lokF vloN knyzf dy sMivDfn ivwc afpxy hwkF bfry clfey jf rhy Gol dI ihmfieq ivwc mujLfhrf kIqf igaf. afpxI hoNd dy pihly kuJ mhIinaF dOrfn hI jQybMdI iek lihr dy rUp ivwc sQfpq ho geI. bI sI E aYWP afr dI sLurUafq vyly ikAuNik kU klYks klYn dIaF srgrmIaF jLorF AuWqy sn ies krky klYn nUM bI sI ivwcoN kwZx df insLfnf imwiQaf igaf. ies mksd leI “bYn df klYn” dy nfhry Qwly kMm sLurU kIqf igaf aqy iqMn mhIinaF dy smyN dy aMdr bI sI E aYWP afr ny kU klYks klYn nUM bYn krn leI sLurU kIqI ptIsLn AuWqy 18000 dsKq iekwTy kIqy. bI sI E aYWP afr dI ies muihMm vloN pey dbfa kfrn bI sI dI srkfr ny bI sI ivwc kU klYks klYn dIaF srgrmIaF dI pVqfl krn leI iek mYNbrI kimsLn ibTfieaf. ies kimsLn dI pVqfl dy nqIjy vjoN bI sI srkfr ny jnvrI 1986 ivwc isvl rfeIts pRotYksLn aYkt pfs kIqf. ies muihMm dy nqIjy vjoN kU klYks klYn df hOslf nhIN ipaf ik Auh vYnkUvr ivwc afpxf dPqr KolHy. bI sI E aYWP afr vloN nslvfd ivruwD afpxI jwdojihd dOrfn keI qrHF dy ZMg vrqy gey. ienHF ZMgF ivwc ros mujLfhry aqy pbilk rYlIaF jQybMd krnf, ijs jgHf AuWqy nslvfd vfpiraf hovy AuWQy ipktF lfAuxIaF, guaFZF ivwc shfrf gruwp kfiem krnf (nybrhuwz sports gruwps), kimAUintI nUM nslvfd bfry iswiKaq krn leI mIitMgF krnf aqy vrksLfpF lfAuxf, aqy lfbI krnf afid sLfml sn. ros mujLfhiraF aqy ipktF df muwK mksd nslvfd krn vfilaF AuWqy dbfa pfAuxf sI aqy ieh gwl XkInI bxfAuxf sI ik nslvfd dI CotI qoN CotI Gtnf vI axgOlI nf rhy. dUsrf mksd knyzf ivwc amn aqy kfnUMn nUM kfiem rwKx nfl sMbMDq ieMstIitAUsLnjL (puils afid) AuWqy dbfa pfAuxf sI ik Auh nslvfd nfl sKqI nfl nijwTx. qIsrf mksd mujLfhry jF ipkt lfeIn ivwc sLfml hoey lokF ivckfr sFJ dI Bfvnf nUM idRV krnf sI. keI vfrI ros mujLfhiraF aqy ipkt lfeInF kfrn pey dbfa Qwly nslvfd krn vfly afpxy amlF AuWqy muV-ivcfr krky afpxI glqI df aihsfs krdy sn. ies dI iek Audfhrn PrvrI 1984 ivwc srI dy ky-mfrt stor nfl sMbMDq hY. Aus smyN dOrfn, iek pMjfbI joigMdr isMG sMGyVf df ky mfrt stor dy aftomoitv ivBfg nfl afpxI kfr TIk krfAux dy mfmly ivwc kuJ vfd-ivvfd KVHf ho igaf. ies vfd-ivvfd dOrfn ky-mfrt dy iek kfmy ny joigMdr isMG sMGyVf nUM ikhf, “ihMdU byPkUP huMdy hn, ienHF nUM koeI akl nhIN. sfnUM iewQy af ky aYvyN qMg krdy hn.” ieh kih ky Aus kfmy ny joigMdr isMG sMGyVf nUM stor qoN bfhr kwZ idwqf. joigMdr isMG sMGyVf vloN isLkfieq imlx `qy bI sI E aYWP afr ny ky-mfrt stor sfhmxy ipkt lf idwqI aqy stor qoN mMg kIqI ik Auh ies vrqfa dI muafPI mMgx aqy vfadf krn ik ies qrHF dI Gtnf muV nhIN vfprygI. do vIk-ieMzF AuWqy lgfqfr ipkt lfeI rwKx nfl pey dbfa kfrn mfrc 1984 dy pihly hPqy ky-mfrt ny joigMdr isMG sMGyVf qoN Kwq ilK ky muafPI mMgI. Auh lok ijnHF dy GrF AuWqy awg lfAux vfly bMb suwty jFdy sn jF ijnHF dy GrF dy sLIsLy tuwtdy sn, Auh bhuqI vfrI afpxy afp nUM iekwly aqy zry hoey mihsUs krdy sn. AunHF dy ies qrHF dy aihsfsF nUM dUr krn leI bI sI E aYWP afr dy mYNbr AunHF dy GrF ivwc jFdy sn aqy AunHF nfl gwlbfq krdy sn. ies msly nUM hor gMBIrqf nfl nijwTx leI bI sI E aYWP afr ny guaFZF ivwc shfrf gruwp (nybrhuwz


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suport gruwps) kfiem krn dy Auprfly kIqy. ienHF shfrf gruwpF ivwc guaFZI afps ivwc Pon nMbrF df adfn pRdfn krdy sn, afpxI surwiKaf leI cukMny rihMdy sn aqy afpxy afly duafly jF iksy dUsry ivakqI nfl iksy iksm dI mfVI Gtnf vfprdI dyK puils nUM Pon krn df vfadf krdy sn. ies qrHF dI phuMc kfrn nslvfd dy isLkfr lokF ivwc bI sI E aYWP afr dI QF bxnI sLurU ho geI sI. lokIN afpxy nfl vfprdy nslvfd bfry isLkfieqF lY ky bI sI E aYWP afr qwk phuMc krn lwg pey sn. nqIjy vjoN afpxI hoNd dy pihly pMjF sflF dOrfn bI sI E aYWP afr nUM nslvfd bfry 350 qoN vwD isLkfieqF imlIaF. ienHF isLkfieqF ivwc mUMh-jLbfnI kIqy gflHI gloc qoN lY ky GrF AuWqy awg lfAux vfly bMb suwtx dIaF isLkfieqF sLfml sn. bI sI E aYWP afr ny lokF nfl ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy huMdy nslvfd nUM imtfAux bfry hI jwdojihd nhIN kIqI sgoN knyzf ivwc ho rhy sMsQfnk nslvfd (ieMstIitAUsLnlfeIjLz ryisjLm) dy ivroD ivwc vI stYNz ilaf. iemIgrYNt lokF AuWpr mfVf asr pfAux vflIaF srkfrI nIqIaF dy nslvfdI cirwqr nUM lokF sfhmxy ilaFdf aqy AunHF df ivroD kIqf. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1982 ivwc jdoN bI sI dI srkfr ny aMgryjLI pVHfeI leI idwqy jFdy PMzF ivwc ktOqIaF kIqIaF qF bI sI E aYWP afr ny dsMbr 1982 ivwc jdoN bI sI dy ividaf mMqrI ibwl vYNzrjLfm dy srI ivcly dPqr awgy mujLfhrf kIqf. bI sI E aYWP afr df pRDfn crnpfl igwl ny ikhf ik ieh ktOqIaF, “tyZy ZMg nfl avfsIaF nfl nslI ivqkrf hY.” bI sI E aYWP afr vYnkUvr skUl borz vloN bxfeI rys irlysLnjL kmytI dI mYNbr rhI. ies kmytI df mMqv vYnkUvr dy ividak adfiraF ivwc vfprdy nslvfd nUM Kqm krn leI kMm krnf sI. ies dy nfl hI bI sI E aYWP afr ny knyzf ivwc hor Gwt igxqIaF nfl ho cuwky sQfnk nslvfd nUM TIk krn dI hmfieq ivwc stYNz ilaf. smyN smyN bI sI E aYWP afr dIaF mIitMgF ivwc knyzf ivwc nyitv ieMzIanF (Pst nysLnjL), jfpfnI aqy cInI lokF nfl hoey sMsQfnk nslvfd bfry ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf igaf aqy AunHF dy hwk ivwc mqy pfs kIqy gey. bI sI E aYWP afr vloN aYNtI ryisjLm aYjUkysLn aYNz irsrc susfietI dI sQfpnf kIqI geI. ies susfietI rfhIN lokF nUM nslvfd dy msly sMbMDI ividaq krn vfsqy vwKrI vwKrI iksm df iltrycr Cfipaf aqy vMizaf igaf. bI sI E aYWP afr dIaF srgrmIaF iekwly bI sI jF knyzf ivwc huMdy nslvfd qwk hI sImq nhIN sn. bI sI E aYWP afr ny dwKxI aPrIkf dy apfrQfeIz dy ivroD ivwc vYnkUvr ivwc huMdIaF srgrmIaF ivwc vI vwD cVH ky ihwsf ilaf. 1986 dI slfnf jnrl mIitMg ivwc bI sI E aYWP afr dI aYgjLYkitv vloN pysL kIqI irport ivwc ienHF srgrmIaF df ijLkr hY. ies irport anusfr, agsq 1985 ivwc bI sI E aYWP afr ny sfAUQ aPrIkn aYksLn kmytI (sfk) nfl iml ky vYnkUvr ivwc mujLfhrf kIqf. ies mujLfhry df mksd dwKxI aPrIkf ivwc lfeI geI “styt afP aYmrjMsI” df ivroD krnf sI. ies mujLfhry dI kfmXfbI qoN bfad vYnkUvr ivwc apfrQfeIz df ivroD krn leI aYNtI-apfrQfeIz nYWt vrk nF dI iek vwzI jQybMdI hoNd ivwc afeI. hornF jQybMdIaF dy nfl nfl bI sI E aYWP afr vI ies jQybMdI dI mYNbr bxI. agly sflF dOrfn bI sI E aYWP afr aYNtI apfrQfeIz nYWt vrk vloN hox vflIaF srgrmIaF df vwD cVH ky smrQn krdI rhI. nslvfd ivruwD bI sI ivwc iek smfjk lihr Ausfr skx kfrn bhuq CyqI hI bI sI E aYWP afr bI sI ivwc nslvfd ivruwD lVn vflI iek pRqIinD sMsQf vjoN AuBrky sfhmxy afeI. pr 1980ivaF dy awD qoN bfad bI sI E aYWP df smfjk lihr vflf cirqr Gtxf sLurU ho igaf. ies dy keI kfrnF ivwcoN iek kfrn ieh sI ik bI sI E aYWP afr aqy hor jQybMdIaF vloN lVI lVfeI kfrn nMgy aqy iswDy rUp ivwc huMdy nslvfd ivwc kmI af geI. sMsQfpk pwDr AuWqy lukvyN rUp ivwc huMdy nslvfd nfl lVn leI vwKrI qrHF dy pYNqVy dI loV sI. pr bdlvyN hflqF anusfr bI sI E aYWP afr afpxy pYNqVy nUM nhIN bdl skI aqy nqIjy vjoN Aus dI cVHq Kqm ho geI.


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nslvfd ivruwD afpxI lVfeI dOrfn bI sI E aYWP afr nUM keI qrHF dIaF musLiklF, rukfvtF aqy ivroDF df sfhmxf krnf ipaf. ienHF ivwcoN kuJ ny bI sI E aYWP afr nUM kmjLor krn ivwc afpxf rol inBfiea. bI sI ivwc koeI jQybMd nslvfdI sMsQf nhIN sI jo bI sI E aYWP afr dI ivroDqf ivwc KuwlHy qOr `qy iksy iksm dI koeI kfrvfeI krdI. ijvyN ijLkr kIqf jf cuwkf hY ik bI sI E aYWP afr vYnkUvr aqy afs pfs dy ielfikaF ivwc agFhvDU aqy nslvfd df ivroD krn vflIaF qkrIbn sfrIaF sLkqIaF nUM iek QF krn ivwc kfmXfb ho geI sI. pr eIst ieMzIan izPYNs kmytI ies vwzy iekwT ivwc sLfml nhIN sI hoeI. nslvfdIaF vloN iek pMjfbI nUM mfry jfx dy ros vjoN bI sI E aYWP afr vloN akqUbr 1981 ivwc mujLfhry jQybMd kIqy gey. ienHF mujLfhiraF dOrfn bI sI E aYWP afr aqy eIst ieMzIan izPYNs kmytI drimafn do vfr lVfeI hoeI. ies lVfeI dy nqIjy vjoN bI sI E aYWP afr dy keI kfrkun aqy hmfieqI jLKmI hoey aqy keIaF AuWpr POjdfrI dosL lwgy. dosL lwgx vfly kfrkunF aqy sihXogIaF dy mukwdmy agly keI sfl bI sI dIaF adflqF ivwc cldy rhy. bysLwk ies lVfeI dOrfn vYnkUvr aqy bI sI dy bhuigxqI agFhvDU aqy KwbI iDr dy lok, isafsI lok, mjLdUr jQybMdIaF aqy crc bI sI E aYWP afr vwl sn iPr vI ieh lVfeI bI sI E aYWP afr nUM kfPI hwd qwk kmjLor krn df kfrn bxI. lVfeI qoN bfad dy agly kuJ sfl bI sI E aYWP afr dI bhuqI sLkqI ies lVfeI kfrn afpxy gl peI kfnUMnI lVfeI nfl nijwTx ivwc lwgI. aMq ivwc ieh ikhf jf skdf hY ik bI sI E aYWP afr ny bI sI aqy knyzf dy smfj nUM nslvfd qoN mukq krfAux ivwc mhwqvpUrn Xogdfn pfieaf. afpxI cVHq dy idnF ivwc bI sI E aYWP afr ny nslvfd ivruwD sfrIaF sLkqIaF nUM iek lihr dy rUp ivwc pro idwqf. nslvfd dI smwisaf nUM iek vwzy msly vjoN AuBfr ky bI sI dy smfj awgy rwiKaf aqy smfj aqy Aus dy ieMstIitAUsLnF nUM mjLbUr kIqf ik Auh ies smwisaf nfl inptx leI kdm cuwkx. nslvfd df isLkfr lokF (ijnHF ivwcoN bhuigxqI BfrqIaF dI sI) df shfrf bxy aqy AunHF ivwc nslvfd ivruwD lVn dI Bfvnf BrI. bI sI dI pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI nUM hor Gwt igxqI kimAUintIaF aqy vwzI kimAUintI dIaF agFhvDU sMsQFvF nfl joVHn ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol inBfieaf. ikAuNik bI sI E aYWP afr dI lIzrisLwp aqy sihXogIaF ivwc vwzI igxqI BfrqI aqy pMjfbI mUl dy lokF dI sI, ies leI bI sI E aYWP afr dIaF gqIivDIaF knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF/pMjfbIaF dy ieiqhfs df mfx krn vflf ihwsf hn. ies dy nfl hI ikAuNik bI sI E aYWP afr ny bI sI dy smuwcy smfj ivwcoN nslvfd vrgy kohV nUM Kqm krn dy Xqn kIqy ies leI bI sI E aYWP afr dIaF gqIivDIaF bI sI dy smuwcy ieiqhfs df hF-pwKI ihwsf hn. bI sI E aYWP afr nfl sMbMDq aqy sihXogI lokF dy nF: crnpfl igwl, hrI sLrmf, icMn bYnrjI, hirMdr mfhl, rfj cOhfn, mnoj dfs, jvflf isMG gryvfl, srvn bol, sfDU ibinMg, suKvMq huMdl, iqRlocn brfV, siqMdr iswDU, srbjIq huMdl, gurcrn brfV, pRIqm isMG ilwDV, ieMdr cOhfn, kuwlU mfhl, stUart rwsL, iswz sLnfiez, itMm stYnlI, ky rfien, myisn hYirs, kosvl vfiezf, kYQI bYl, jon smflvuwz, lorI vfeIt, mysn brUs, morzkfeI brfienbrg, aYNziraf rols, lYrI smflvuwz, lYrI sivrcyv, mfrko proksInI, ihromI iegfmI, zon kryn, jYWP somrjL, aYln dwqn, isLMdr brfV, hrjI sFgrf, pRIqm isMG muwkr, krnYl isMG iZwloN, lCmx isMG Cokr, cYn isMG, prmjIq bopfrfey, nirMdr pMnU, gurpRqfp rMDfvf, gurbIr igwl, hribMdr DINgVf, krUnf agrvfl, mwKx tuwt, jiqMdr cOhfn, rYNzI lI tylr, lI mYWkrykn, ilMzf mfrkot, sIsIlIaf klfa, myryrf lutjn, isnQIaf kfrkusL, pUnm Koslf, nMdIqf sLrmf, imwcYn buwkr, bYtI loaf, swq bsrF, jOn mOs, hrjIq dODrIaf, drsLn igwl, sYPron kYnjIan, afid. ibRitsL kolMbIaf afrgynfeIjysLn tU PfeIt ryisjLm (bI sI E aYWP afr) df ieh ryKf-icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY:


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1[ bI sI E aYWP afr nfl sMbMDq iewQy idwqI bhuqI jfxkfrI df somf zfktr hrI sLrmf dI sfAUQ eysLIan builtn (spirMg 1983) ivwc CpI lMbI ieMtrivAU: “eysLIan ieMzIan strwgljL ien ibRitsL kolMbIaf: aYn ieMtrivAU ivwd hrI sLrmf”, hY. 2[ bI sI E aYWP afr dy sMGrsL nfl sMbMDq ivakqIaF Kfs kr ky zfktr hrI sLrmf, hirMdr mfhl, icMn bYnrjI, crnpfn igwl aqy rfj cOhfn nfl smyN smyN hoeI gwlbfq. 3[ bI sI E aYWP afr dy zfkUmYNts 4[ sQfnk aKbfrF qy mYgjLIn: vYnkUvr sMn, prOivMs, kolMbIan, ‘vMgfr’ aqy ‘vqnoN dUr’. ies ryKf icwqr vfsqy pMjfbI aKbfr ‘kYnyzf drpx’ ivwc CpIaF KbrF ivsLysL qOr `qy shfeI hoeIaF hn.


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n O N

smfnqf

ipC okV swqrivaF dy sLurU ivwc vwzI mfqrf ivwc pMjfb qoN afAux vfly lokF ivwc bhuqy vIh qoN pYNqI sfl dI Aumr dy pMjfbI mrd sn. ienHF ny agly kuJ sflF dOrfn afpxy iemIgrysLn nfl sMbMDq msilaF nUM nijwT ky jF qF dysL qoN afpxIaF jIvn sfQxF mMgvf leIaF (jo pihlF ivafhy hoey sn) qy jF dysL jf ky ivafh krvf afey. swqrivaF dy aKIr qwk BfrqI mUl dy pirvfrF dI igxqI bhuq vwD cuwkI sI. nvyN sQfn AuWqy nvINaF siQqIaF krky pMjfbI pirvfrk irsLiqaF ivwc kfPI musLiklF afAuxIaF sLurU hoeIaF. nqIjy vjoN pirvfrF ivwc lVfeI JgVy vDy aqy ivsLysL qOr `qy ies df mfrU asr aOrqF AuWpr dbfa aqy qsLwdd dy rUp ivwc ipaf. ies sMbMDI kimAUintI ivwc kMm krdIaF isafsI jQybMdIaF ny afpo afpxI smrQf muqfbk iDafn dyx dI koisLsL kIqI. pr ieh iek aijhf mslf sI jo POrI aqy ijLafdf gMBIr iDafn dI mMg kr irhf sI ikAuNik aOrqF AuWpr huMdy qsLwdd dIaF vfrdfqF inwq vD rhIaF sn. gwl isrP aOrqF dI mfr kutfeI qwk hI sImq nhIN sI rhI sgoN aOrqF dy kqlF qwk jf phuMcI sI. kimAUintI ivwc pihlF (1972 qoN) kMm kr rhI aOrqF dI jQybMdI ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn ies nvIN ‘vMgfr’ df sfhmxf krn leI jQybMdk qOr `qy iqafr nhIN sI BfvyN Aus ivcly srgrm mYNbr sfrI siQqI bfry icMqfqur sn. ies ipCokV ivwc ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn, iepfnf, bI sI E aYWP afr, sI aYWP XU, pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn, ‘vqnoN dUr’, sfeImn PryjLr XUnIvristI dy ividafrQI aqy aOrqF dI smwisaf sMbMDI cyqn kimAUintI dy ivakqIaF ivckfr KuwlHf ivcfr vtFdrf cwilaf. Aus vyly bVI isLwdq nfl ieh loV mihsUs kIqI geI ik nvINaF siQqIaF nfl nijwTx vfsqy nvIN jQybMdI dI loV hY. nqIjy vjoN ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn dI 9 agsq 1981 dI pihlI pbilk mIitMg ivwc smfnqf nF dI jQybMdI sQfpq krn df PYslf kIqf igaf aqy iek aYzhfk kmytI kfiem kIqI geI. sQfpfnf vYnkUvr aqy afs pfs dy ielfky ivwc vsdy kimAUintI dIaF smwisafvF pRqI icMqfqur lokF dy huMgfry vjoN 31 jnvrI 1982 nUM vYnkUvr ivwc smfnqf dI nINh rwKI geI. smfnqf dI sQfpnf vflI mIitMg ivwc 150 dy krIb lok sLfml hoey. surjIq klsI vloN ilKI iek irport anusfr:

smfnqf dI aYzhfk kmytI vloN mIitMg df AudGftn kridaF rimMdr dusFJ ny sRoiqaF nUM jI afieaF nUM ikhf aqy dwisaf ik ieh nvIN jQybMdI - ‘smfnqf’-, ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn dy 9 agsq 1981 dI pbilk mIitMg ivwc idwqy suJfa dy PlsrUp hoNd ivwc afeI hY. mIitMg dI pRDfngI pMjfbI dy jfxy pCfxy kvI qy nftkfr ajmyr rozy ny kIqI. [[[[ hrimMdr kOr sMGyVf, ijnHF ny smfnqf dI aYzhfk kmytI vloN muwK BfsLn idwqf, ny smfnqf dI hoNd aqy ieiqhfs bfry sMKyp ivwc dwisaf. AunHF ny ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn aqy smfnqf dy kMmF df inKyVf kridaF ikhf ik ‘aOrqF AuWqy qsLwdd’ vrgI vwzI smwisaf ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn dy ivqoN bfhr dI gwl sI. aijhI smwisaf leI mrdF aqy aOrqF dy sFJy XqnF dI loV hY.


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ies pihlI mIitMg ivwc smfnqf dI ‘afrjLI aYgjLYkitv kmytI’ dI nfmjLdgI kIqI geI. ienHF ahudydfrF ivwc sLfml sn: hrimMdr kOr sMGyVf- pRDfn, hrbMs iZwloN-AuWp pRDfn aqy ajmyr rozy-skwqr. aYgjLYkitv dy Cy mYNbr sn: mrl bfrkr, XfsmIn ijLvfnI, hirMdr iZwloN, pRoL: hrI sLrmf, krqfr isMG bYNs aqy surjIq isMG bYNs. ies mIitMg ivwc ieh vI PYslf ilaf igaf ik smfnqf dI pRDfn isrP aOrq hI bxygI aqy aYgjLYkitv kmytI ivwc mrd aOrqF dI brfbr dI igxqI hovygI. ies smyN ‘aOrqF ivruwD qsLwdd aqy ivqkry df Kfqmf’ jQybMdI df ieko iek AudysL mMinaf igaf. ipwCoN jf ky ies afsLy nUM do afisLaF ivwc ies qrHF qbdIl kIqf igaf:

1[ vwzf afsLf: smfj ivwcoN aOrqF dI mfr kutfeI dI kurIqI nUM dUr krnf qy smfjk qbdIlI ilafAuxf. 2[ Cotf afsLf: mfr kutfeI dIaF isLkfr aOrqF aqy bwicaF nUM POrI shfieqf duafAuxf.

afpxy imwQy AudysL nUM sfhmxy rwKidaF smfnqf vloN vYnkUvr qy afs pfs dy ielfikaF ivwc srgrmIaF afrMBIaF geIaF. ienHF ivwc smfjk, sfihqk qy siBafcfrk srgrmIaF sLfml sn. 28 jnvrI 1983 nUM hoeI smfnqf dI slfnf knvYnsLn ivwc AuWp pRDfn hrbMs iZwloN ny sfl Br dIaF srgrmIaF df lyKf joKf ies qrHF kIqf:

smfnqf ny afpxy ipCly iek sfl ivwc ijhVf sB qoN mhwqvpUrn kMm kIqf hY, Auh hY duKI, inafsrf qy qsLwdd dIaF isLkfr aOrqF dI rihnumfeI. ijhVIaF aOrqF nUM bwicaF smyq GroN bfhr kwiZaf igaf, smfnqf dy mYNbrF ny AunHF dI mdd kIqI. ijnHF aOrqF nUM kuwt mfr ny mMdhflI dy hfl qwk phuMcf idwqf igaf, AunHF aOrqF dI shfieqf kIqI geI.

smfnqf ny aOrqF dIaF smwisafvF bfry kMm krdIaF BfrqI kimAUintI ivclIaF aqy bfhrlIaF jQybMdIaF ijvyN ‘aOrqF leI shfrf gurwp’ (bYtrz ivmnjL suport srivsjL- bI zbilAU aYWs aYWs) nfl iml ky loVvMd aOrqF nUM shfieqf dyx dI kfmXfb koisLsL kIqI. smfnqf dy pihly sfl dy kMm dOrfn 45 qoN AuWpr aOrqF ny afpxIaF smwisafvF sMbMDI jQybMdI nfl shfieqf vfsqy sMprk kIqf. ienHF ivwcoN keI aOrqF smfjk siQqI krky afpxy GrF qoN bfhr vI nhIN sn af skdIaF. AunHF nUM Pon AuWpr hmdrdI dy nfl nfl afpxI siQqI nfl iswJx vfsqy suJfa idwqy gey. qkrIbn vIh bfeI aOrqF nUM smfnqf vloN loV anusfr shfieqf idwqI geI. ies dy nfl hI smfnqf dy mYNbrF ny sQfnk pMjfbI aKbfrF ivwc lyK ilK ky, gurdvfiraF ivwc bol ky qy iesLiqhfr vMz ky lokF ivwc ies smwisaf bfry cyqnf pYdf krn dI koisLsL kIqI. ies kMm vfsqy smfnqf vloN nftk nUM vI ivDI dy qOr `qy vriqaf igaf. surjIq klsI vloN ilKy do nftk “mihlI vsdIaF DIaF” aqy “iek kuVI iek supnf” Kyzy gey. smfnqf dy cuxy gey nvyN ahudydfrF ivwc pRDfn hrbMs iZwloN, mIq pRDfn rIqf purI aqy skwqr surjIq klsI sn. aYgjLYkitv kmytI dy mYNbrF ivwc hirMdr iZwloN, jsbIr afhlUvflIaf, BvnIq, gurmyl aqy suKivMdr iZwloN sLfml sn. pihly sfl dy kmytI nfloN ies sfl aMqr ieh sI ik ies vfr sfrIaF aOrqF hI ahudydfr cuxIaF geIaF. ieh smfnqf vloN ies dI sQfpnf smyN kIqy gey PYsilaF qoN vwKrI gwl sI. ies bfry smfnqf vloN ies qrHF df ivcfr pysL kIqf igaf:

sLurU ivwc mrd qy aOrq mYNbr bxy, igxqI koeI 90 dy krIb sI qy mYNbrisLwp pMj zflr sI. do ku sfl ipwCoN jdoN ies jQybMdI nUM, jo ik aOrqF dI BlfeI leI bxfeI geI sI, mrdF dy qOr qrIikaF nfl qy AunHF dI ivcfrDfrf nfl kMm krn ivwc pYNdIaF rukfvtF df aihsfs hoieaf qF aOrq mYNbrF ny jQybMdI dI vfgzor afp sMBfl leI.

smfnqf vloNN aOrqF dI smwisaf nUM ies dy vwKry vwKry pihlUaF qoN smJx aqy pRfpq kIqI smJ nUM dUjIaF aOrqF nUM cyqn krn leI nftk dI ivDI nUM bfKUbI vriqaf igaf. ies afsLy nfl smfnqf ny


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hux qwk awDI drjn qoN AuWqy nftk vYnkUvr aqy afs pfs dy ielfikaF ivwc anykF vfr Kyzy hn. ienHF nftkF ivwc sLfml hn: mihlI vsdIaF DIaF (1982), cyqnf (1982, 83, 86, 94), iek kuVI iek supnf (1982, 83, 86, 95), shfrf (1983, 86), qIsrI awK (1986), inrlwj (1994). smfnqf vloN nftk nUM isrP lokF ivwc cyqnf pYdf krn dy kfrj qwk hI sImq nhIN smiJaf igaf sgoN ies qoN awgy ies nUM iek QYrypI dy qOr `qy vI vriqaf igaf. smfnqf anusfr:

lokF qwk sunyhf qF phuMicaf, nfl hI zrfmy qy lok bolIaF nfl duwK pIV dIaF hMBfeIaF aOrqF nUM idl dI avfjL kwZx df mOkf imilaf. gruwp ivwc afAux vflIaF aOrqF ny afpxI khfxI nUM pihlF suaFg rUp ivwc pysL kIqf ijvyN ik sws df rol sI. iPr AunHF aOrqF dI afigaf nfl ies nUM zrfmy df rUp idwqf igaf - zrfmy nUM pihlI vfr QyryipAUtk mnorQ vfsqy vriqaf igaf. ies ipwCoN bhuq sfrIaF aOrqF agFh afeIaF qy AunHF ny zrfimaF nUM apxfieaf, iliKaf jF AunHF ivwc ihwsf ilaf.

nftkF dy nfl nfl smfnqf ny afpxy kMmF nUM lokF qwk phuMcfAux vfsqy aqy aOrqF dy msilaF AuWpr cyqnf ilafAux vfsqy tYlIivXn, ryzIE, vIzIE, buwkiltF, zrfmy, vrksLfpF, ieMtrivAU afid dI vrqoN kIqI. smfnqf ny aOrqF dy aqy kimAUintI dy hor msilaF AuWqy kMm kr rhIaF dUjIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky vI kMm kIqf. Audfhrn vjoN 1993 dOrfn smfnqf ny dUjIaF jQybMdIaF dy nfl rl ky ilMg cox dy msly AuWqy kMm kIqf. kimAUintI dIaF ijnHF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky smfnqf ny kMm kIqf hY AunHF ivwc sLfml hn: pMjfbI aOrqF dI jQybMdI, srI; ieMzoknyzIan aOrqF dI jQybMdI, aYbtsPorz; pMjfbI lyKk mMc, vYnkUvr; shfrf gruwp; ieMzIaf mihlf aYsosIeysLn; knyzIan Pfrm vrkrjL XUnIan aqy vYnkUvr swQ. ies hI qrHF ieMzo knyzIan kimAUintI qoN bfhr dIaF ijnHF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky smfnqf ny kMm kIqf hY, AunHF ivwc sLfml hn: bYtrz ivmnjL suport srivsjL; trFjLIsLn hfAUs; aYbtsPorz kimAUintI sInIarjL, imsLn aYNz aYbtsPorz rIsors susfietI; srI zYltf iemIgrYNt srivsjL susfietI aqy ivktm srivsjL. smfnqf ny afpxI hoNd dy pihly ds vrHy iksy iksm dI srkfrI gRFt nhIN leI. afpxIaF srgrmIaF aqy lIPlYWt aqy hor jfxkfrI vflI smwgrI Cfpx qy vMzx df kMm nftkF dy pRogrfmF qoN pYsy iekwTy krky clfieaf jFdf irhf. smfnqf vloN pihlI vfrI 1993-95 dy smyN dOrfn aOrqF vfsqy sMkt smyN shfieqf lYx vfsqy loVINdI jfxkfrI dIaF inwkIaF pusqkF Cfpx vfsqy gRFt leI geI. ies shfieqf nfl smfnqf vloN ‘sMkt shfieqf’ nF df ikqfbcf pMjfbI, ihMdI aqy AurdU ivwc Cfipaf igaf. smfnqf hux vI lgfqfr afpxIaF srgrmIaF cflU rwK rhI hY. ieh hr sfl aMqrrfsLtrI nfrI idvs qy imlvrqx idMdI hY. ies ny 1994, 95 qy 96 dOrfn ‘inrlwj’ aqy ‘iek kuVI iek supnf’ nftk srI aqy aYbtsPorz ivwc pysL kIqy. smfnqf df ieh ryKf-icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM afDfr bxfieaf igaf hY: 1[ pRsLn-pwqr ivwc puwCy gey svflF dy jQybMdI vloN idwqy gey ilKqI jvfb. 2[ sQfnk aKbfrF qy mYgjLInF, Kfs krky ‘knyzf drpx’ aqy ‘vqnoN dUr’. 3[ jQybMdI dI muwK mYNbr surjIq klsI vloN idwqI geI jfxkfrI.


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p MjfbI l yKk m Mc v Ynk Uvr s L ur Uafq swTivaF dy aMq aqy swqrivaF dy sLurU dy kuJ sflF ivwc vwzI igxqI ivwc pMjfbIaF dy iewQy afAux nfl afpxI DImI rPqfr qur rhy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc nftkI qbdIlIaF vfprnIaF sLurU ho geIaF. ies smyN knyzf dy pMjfbI lyKkF, pwqrkfrF, sfihq, smfj aqy isafsq ivwc idlcspI rwKx vfly lokF ny ies hoxIaF Bry mfhOl nUM smJx leI, ies df ivsLlysLx krn leI aqy ies nUM sfihq rfhIN irkfrz krn leI Xqn krny sLurU kIqy. ienHF lokF ny bVI CyqI hI mihsUs kIqf ik ieh Xqn qF hI ijLafdf sfrQk ho skdy sn jy koeI aijhf QF hovy ijwQy bYT ky ivcfrF df adfn pRdfn kIqf jf sky. nqIjy vjoN julfeI 1973 nUM vYnkUvr ivwc pMjfbI sfihq sBf hoNd ivwc afeI. ieh sMsQf kYnyzf ivwc sQfpq hoeI sB qoN pihlI sfihqk jQybMdI hY. awsIivaF dy sLurU ivwc afeIaF kuJ pRbMDkI aVcnF bfad 1984 ivwc ies jQybMdI nMU pMjfbI lyKk mMc df nF idwqf igaf. pMjfbI sfihq sBf nUM sQfpq krn leI hoeIaF muZlIaF iekwqrqfvF ivwc ihwsf lYx vfilaF sLfml sn: gurcrn rfmpurI, bldyv dUhVy, gurmyl rfhI, guridafl kMvl, sfDU ibinMg, suirMdr DMjl, igwl morFvflI, mihMdr sUml, ieMdrysL, krm isMG, amrjIq cfhl, amrjIq sUPI, gurcrn twlyvflIaf, pfl ibinMg, jsivMdr BMgU, rxjIq ikMgrf aqy sfihqk mws rwKx vfly hor sfQI. l yKk m Mc dI sfihq vl ph u Mc swqrivaF dy sLurU ivwc jdoN vYnkUvr ivwc sfihqk jQybMdI hoNd ivwc afeI, Aus smyN knyzf amrIkf ivwc agFhvDU lihr dI cVHq sI. ieh Auh smF sI jdoN iewQoN dI mjLdUr lihr afpxI srdfrI dy isKr AuWqy sI. vIaqnfm dI jMg afpxy aMq vl nUM bVI qyjLI nfl vD rhI sI. iewQoN dIaF XUnIvristIaF kfljF ivwc ividafrQI dunIaf Br ivwc lokF dy hwkF leI cwldy GolF dI ihmfieq ivwc jQybMd sn. vYnkUvr vsdy pMjfbI lyKkF df BfvyN ies sB kfsy nfl iswDf vfsqf sI jF nhIN, pr ieh mfhOl AunHF nUM vI kuJ kr gujLrn leI sYnqF kr irhf sI. ijs qrHF pihly smyN dOrfn vYnkUvr afey pMjfbIaF aqy BfrqIaF dI loV ny gurdvfry nUM sfry lokF df sFJf kyNdr bxf idwqf sI, ies hI qrHF swqrivaF ivwc smyN dI loV ny pMjfbI sfihq sBf nUM sfry pMjfbI lyKkF aqy buwDIjIvIaF df kyNdr bxf idwqf. ies dIaF mIitMgF ivwc nf kyvl sfihqk msilaF AuWqy hI crcf huMdI sgoN BfeIcfry nUM drpysL msilaF nUM vI afm ivcfiraf jFdf. ivcfr df kyNdr isrP knyzf afey pMjfbIaF nUM drpysL msly hI nhIN sn huMdy sgoN dunIaf ivwc qy Kfs krky Bfrq ivwc, mnuwKI hwkF leI cldIaF lihrF vI huMdIaF sn. ies vfqfvrn ivwc sQfpq hoeI jQybMdI ny afpxy sfihqk afisLaF nUM dunIaf dy lokF dy mfnvvfdI aqy brfbrqf vfly supny nfl joiVaf. ies sMsQf nfl juVy lyKk cyqn jF acyqn ies ivcfr nfl sfihmq sn (hn) ik sfihq jIvn leI huMdf hY. Auh AunHF sfihqk ikrqF nUM sfrQk mMndy sn jo smfj dy XQfrQ nUM pfTk sfhmxy klfqmkqf nfl rUpmfn kry. l yKk m Mc df ZFcf


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sLurU qoN hI cyqn qOr `qy ieh koisLsL kIqI geI ik sfihq sBf df kfrobfr vwD qoN vwD jmhUrIaq aqy brfbrqf dy asUl nfl clfieaf jfvy ijs ivwc hr mYNbr nUM afpxI gwl kihx dI sOK aqy afjLfdI hovy. pihlF pihlF rsmI ZFcf - pRDfn, mIq pRDfn, jnrl skwqr, pRcfr skwqr qy KjLfncI - apxfieaf igaf. pr kMm krn dy hr ZFcy dIaF afpxIaF sImfvF huMdIaF hn. ienHF sImfvF krky 1981-82 ivwc ies sBf nUM sMkt ivwcoN gujLrnf ipaf. pr ijhVy lokF ny ies sMsQf df muwZ bMinaf sI Auh ies dI inrMqrqf nUM kfiem rwKx ivwc kfmXfb rhy. hOlI hOlI sMsQf nUM pMjfbI lyKk mMc dy nF Qwly nvyN ZFcy nfl clfAuxf sLurU kr ilaf igaf. ies ZFcy anusfr kMm clfAux leI iek sfl vfsqy iqMn koafrzInytr cuxy jF bhuqI vfr inXukq kIqy jFdy hn. sBf dy sfry PYsly jnrl bfzI ivwc huMdy hn. hr pwDr AuWqy koisLsL kIqI jFdI hY ik hr mYNbr nUM hr qrHF brfbr smiJaf jfvy aqy mIitMgF ivwc afpf pRgtfAux qoN iksy iksm dI rok nf hovy. m Mc d y afs L y q y A un H F dI p UrqI df aml sBf dy pihly sMivDfn anusfr ies dy afsLy ieh imwQy gey sn: A) sfihq isrjxf leI ilKfrIaF nUM AuqsLfh dyxf; a) mYNbrF dIaF rcnfvF AuWqy AusfrU sfihqk aflocnf; e) kvI drbfr, khfxI drbfr aqy hor sfihqk siBafcfrk iekwT krny; s) lokF ivwc pMjfbI sfihq pVHn dI rucI pYdf krnI; h) smkflI pMjfbI sfihq bfry crcf aqy pVcol krnf; k) knyzf ivcly pMjfbI sfihq bfry Koj krnf; K) pMjfbI sfihq dI AunqI aqy ivkfs ivwc ihwsf pfAuxf. ies sMsQf dIaF mIitMgF iek vrksLfp dI qrHF cldIaF sn. iek sfihqkfr afpxI rcnf pVHdf aqy dUjy Aus AuWpr iemfndfrI nfl KuwlH ky afpxy ivcfr pysL krdy. ieh ivcfr pVHI geI sfihqk rcnf dy rUpk pwK qwk hI sImq nf huMdy sgoN ivsLy bfry vI sLfml sfihqkfr afpxI psMd nf psMd dsdy. pVHI geI rcnf dI aflocnf krn vyly mYNbr bhuqI vfr sfihqkfr dI afXU jF sfihqk sPr jF ruqby df ilhfjL nff krdy. ieh mfhOl kuJ lyKkF vfsqy axsuKFvF vI huMdf. Auh lyKk jo ies ZFcy ivwc surwiKaq mihsUs nhIN sn krdy, ies dI aflocnf qy ivroDqf vI krdy. AunHF nUM sBf df mfhOl, gYr-sfihqk, isafsI, KusLk, GwutvF qy keI vfrI qfnfsLfhI vflf vI jfpdf. nqIjy vjoN keI lyKk ies sBf qoN iknfrf kr jFdy. m Mc d y l yKkF vl o N iliKaf igaf sfihq smuwcy pMjfbI sfihq vFg mMc dy mYNbrF vloN vI ijLafdf krky kivqf dI rcnf kIqI geI hY. gurcrn rfmpurI dI pusqk ‘aMnHI glI’ (1972) qoN lY ky hux qwk mMc dy mYNbrF dy vwzI igxqI ivwc kfiv-sMgRih Cpy hn. mMc vloN do kfiv-sMgRih pRkfsLq kIqy jf cuwky hn. kivqf dy nfl nfl sfihq dIaF dUjIaF vMngIaF ivwc vI mMc dy mYNbrF ny afpxI pCfx kfiem kIqI hY. khfxI dy Kyqr ivwc amrjIq cfhl dI ‘bfhroN afieaf afdmI’ (1980) knyzf ivwcoN pMjfbI khfxIaF dI CpI pihlI pusqk sI. ies hI qrHF ajmyr rozy vloN kfmfgftfmfrU (1981) nF df nftk ies vMngI ivwc knyzf ivwcoN Cpx vflI pihlI pusqk sI. mMc dy mYNbrF ny afpxIaF ilKqF ivwc knyzf ivwc rih rhy pMjfbIaF dy jIvn nUM ivsLf bxfieaf hY. ienHF ikrqF ivwc bhuigxqI AunHF rcnfvF dI hY jo smfj dy XQfrQ nUM pfTkF sfhmxy klfqmkqf nfl pysL krdIaF hn aqy ‘sfihq jIvn leI huMdf hY’ dI scfeI nUM rUpmfn krdIaF hn. smfjk lihrF iv wc X ogdfn ies sMsQf dy jnm vyly dunIaf Br ivwc hr iksm dIaF isafsI qy smfjk lihrF cwl rhIaF sn. mMc dy mYNbrF ny afpxIaF sfihqk ikrqF rfhIN hI nhIN sgoN afpxy vkq qy sLkqI nfl vI bhuq sfrIaF


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smfjk lihrF ivwc ihwsf pfieaf hY. mMc vloN smyN smyN afs pfs cwl rhIaF smfjk lihrF bfry ivcfr vtFdry krky aqy mqy pfs krky afpxy afp nUM ienHF lihrF nfl joiVaf. BfvyN sQfnk pwDr AuWqy Kyq mjLdUrF df Gol hovy jF nslvfd ivroDI Gol qy BfvyN kOmFqrI pwDr AuWQy cwl rhy sfAUQ aPrIkf dI apfrQfeIz vrgy Gol hox, mMc dy mYNbrF ny jfqI aqy sMsQf dI pwDr AuWqy ienHF lihrF ivwc afpxf Xogdfn pfieaf. smfj ivwc brfbrqf aqy muwZlIaF ajLfdIaF sMbMDI cwldIaF anykF lihrF nUM vI mMc ny smyN smyN afpxy iPkr aqy ivcfr vtFdry df ihwsf bxfieaf. smfjk sMdrB ivwc mMc vfsqy swB qoN vwzI iemiqhfn dI GVI pMjfb ivwc cwlI aqy smuwcy globl pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc PYlI Kfilsqfn dI lihr smyN afeI. mMc vloN pMjfb dy lokF AuWpr srkfr aqy vwKvfdIaF vloN huMdy qsLwdd ivruwD srgrmI nfl afvfjL AuTfeI geI. mMc dy mYNbr drsLn igwl vloN Aus smyN dOrfn anykF aOiKafeIaF dy bfvjUd kwZy gey hPqfvr prcy ‘knyzf drpx’ ny mMc dy mYNbrF aqy knyzf dy hor agFhvDU lyKkF vfsqy loVINdf mMc pRdfn kIqf. ies prcy rfhIN mMc dy lyKkF vloN lgfqfr dUjy pricaF ivwc Cpdy nFhpwKI ivcfrF dy juafb ivwc sfriQk aqy AusfrU ZMg nfl iliKaf igaf. bfhr o N afA ux vfl y sf ihqkfrF nfl s Mvfd lyKk mMc dy pwcI virHaF dOrfn vwzI igxqI ivwc bfhroN afey pMjfbI sfihqkfrF nfl bYTkF kIqIaF geIaF hn. mMc dI soc anusfr sfihqkfr df aslI snmfn Aus dIaF ikrqF nUM pVHnf, guVHnf aqy mOkf imlx AuWqy Aus nfl AunHF ikrqF bfry ibnF iksy Aucycy smfgm dy gYr rsmI qOr `qy vwD qoN vwD KuwlHy mfhOl ivwc ivcfr vtFdrf krnf huMdf hY. mMc ny hux qwk afey sfry sfihqk mihmfnF nfl iesy qrHF sMvfd rcfAux dI koisLsL kIqI hY. m Mc dIaF ivs L ys L sf ihqk iek wqrqfvF afpxy afisLaF ivwcoN sfihqk iekwqrqfvF krn vrgy kMmF nUM mMc ny sMjIdgI nfl ilaf. mMc vloN hux qwk do kfnPrMsF krvfeIaF geIaF hn pr ieh dovyN afpxI sMjIdgI qy Tos kfrvfeI sdkf knyzf ivwc jfxIaF jFdIaF hn. ies vloN 1987 ivwc krvfeI geI pihlI kfnPrMs ivwc pysL igafrF pricaF ivwcoN swq prcy mMc dy mYNbrF vloN ilKy aqy pVHy gey sn. ieh prcy aqy ienHF AuWpr hoeI bihs bfad ivwc pusqk rUp ivwc CfpI geI. kfnPrMsF jF aijhIaF iekwqrqfvF dy sMbMD ivwc mMc ny sdf sfP qy qrkvfdI phuMc apxfeI. ies phuMc dI iek imsfl: 1980 dy aKIr ivwc kuJ ivsLv sMmylnIaF ny aglf pMjfbI ivsLv sMmyln knyzf ivwc krn df aYlfn kr idwqf. ies Kbr nUM mMc dy mYNbrF ny afpxI 25 jnvrI 1981 nUM swdI ivsLysL mIitMg ivwc ivcfiraf aqy Aus ivwc jo iswty kwZy AunHF ivwcoN iek sI, “afAux vfly smyN ivwc jy iewQy (knyzf) dy lyKk, lyKk sBfvF aqy lok ieh smJx ik pMjfbI ivsLv sMmyln dI loV hY qF ies df PYslf ieQoN dy lyKkF, lyKk sBfvF aqy lokF df hoxf cfhIdf hY nf ik ies df PYslf pMjfb ivwc hovy.” ies Audfhrn nfl ieh gwl sfP ho jFdI hY ik mMc hmysLF qoN afpxI iek ajLfd qy sfP soc nfl cldf irhf hY. ies soc df muwK Durf ieh hY ik knyzf dy sfihqk aqy siBafcfrk msilaF bfry PYsly lYx lwigaf knyzf dy lyKkF nUM afpxIaF siQqIaF, smrwQfvF aqy sMBfvnfvF nUM mwdy-njLr rwKidaF Kud PYsly krny cfhIdy hn aqy knyzf dy sfihqk aqy siBafcfrk Kyqr ivwc Kud afpxf ajMzf sQfpq krnf cfhIdf hY. m Mc d y m Y NbrF vl o N sm u wcI kn yzIan kimAU intI iv wc pfieaf X ogdfn


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mMc dy mYNbrF vloN aMgryjLI dy sfihqk hlikaF aqy hor adfiraF ivwc pMjfbI sfihq dI jfx-pCfx krvfAux ivwc vI Xogdfn pfieaf igaf hY. Audfhrn vjoN surjIq klsI, sfDU ibinMg, ajmyr rozy, gurcrn rfmpurI qy hor lyKkF dIaF rcnfvF bhuq sfry aMgryjLI sMgRihaF aqy mYgjLInF ivwc CpIaF hn. mMc dy mYNbrF dIaF koisLsLF nfl aMgryjLI pMjfbI dy keI sFJy PMksLn kIqy jFdy hn. pMjfbI qoN aMgryjLI aqy aMgryjLI qoN pMjfbI ivwc anuvfd rfhIN mMc dy mYNbrF ny pMjfbI sfihq aqy sfihqkfrF nUM dUjy lokF dy nyVy ilaFdf hY. dupfsI anuvfd dy kMm ivwc surjIq klsI, drsLn igwl, ajmyr rozy aqy sfDU ibinMg df ivsLysL Xogdfn hY. ies dy nfl hI mMc dy mYNbr dUjIaF sfihqk qy siBafcfrk sMsQFvF ivwc srgrm hn. Audfhrn vjoN drsLn igwl lMmF smF srI lfiebRyrI borz df mYNbr irhf hY. ajmyr rozy knyzIan rfeItrjL XUnIan dI nYsLnl bfzI df mYNbr irhf hY aqy Aus ny XUnIan ivwc Gwt igxqI kimAUintIaF dy lyKkF df sQfn sQfpq krn ivwc ijLkrXog ihwsf pfieaf hY. sfDU ibinMg ibRitsL kolMbIaf afrts borz df keI vrHy mYNbr irhf hY aqy Gwt igxqI BfsLfvF dy sfihq aqy siBafcfr pRqI hwk ijwqx ivwc ihwsf pfieaf hY. ies hI qrHF gurcrn rfmpurI, ndIm prmfr, suKvMq huMdl, bldyv dUhVy, amnpfl sfrf aqy hor bhuq sfry mYNbrF ny vwKry vwKry KyqrF ivwc Xogdfn pfieaf hY. l yKk m Mc df vrqmfn aqy Biv wK sMn 1998 ivwc lyKk mMc ny afpxI hoNd dy 25 vrHy pUry kr ley hn. ies smyN mMc vloN iek ivsLysL sovInfr pRkfsLq kIqf igaf aqy iek pRIqI Bojn kIqf igaf. ies do rojLf pRogrfm ivwc iek smuwcf idn mMc dy vrqmfn qy BivwK bfry ivcfr vtFdrf krn `qy lfieaf igaf. ipCly 25 sflF dOrfn mMc dy kMmF -kfrF ivwc afeIaF qbdIlIaF bfry ivcfr crcf kIqI geI. ies smyN mMc vloN afAux vfly smyN vfsqy afpxI smUihk idRsLtI bxfAux leI do muwK nukqy sfhmxy ilaFdy gey. pihlf: ies idRsLtI ivwc ijwQy knyzf dy pMjfbI sfihq dy BfsLf dy ivkfs ivwc Xogdfn pfAux dI gwl hovy AuWQy ies gwl nUM iDafn ivwc rwiKaf jfvy ik ieh sMsQf smuwcy pMjfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr df vI ihwsf hY. knyzf ivwc vsx vfly pMjfbI lyKk, icMqk qy mMc vrgIaF sMsQFvF isrP mOjUdf globl pMjfbI siBafcfr dy mYNbr hI nhIN sgoN ies nvIN hoNd dI sLnfKq sQfpq krn ivwc sB qoN vwD ihwsf pfAux dI smrwQf rwKx vfly vI hn. knyzf ivwc pRfpq aqy sfzI phuMc dy Gyry ivwc sMcfr qy ividaf dy aijhy sfDn hn ijnHF nUM vrq ky asIN smuwcy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dI nuhfr inKfrn ivwc afpxf bxdf ieiqhfsk Xogdfn pf skdy hF. dUjf: knyzf ivwc pMjfbI sfihq ipCly sO sfl qoN ricaf jf irhf hY. pr ajy qwk knyzf vloN ies nUM aqy dUjIaF BfsLfvF dy sfihq (aMgryjLI/PrFsIsI dy sfihq qoN ibnF) nUM mfnqf nhIN idwqI geI. mMc ies pfsy vl loVINdf iDafn dyvy aqy pMjfbI sfihq nUM knyzf ivwc ies df bxdf sQfn pRfpq krvfAux leI koisLsLF jfrI rwKy. ieh ryKf icwqr pMjfbI lyKk mMc dI 25vIN vrHygMZ AuWqy kwZy gey sovInIar (PrvrI 1989) ivwcly sfzy lyK “pMjfbI lyKk mMc/sfihq sBf: isrjxf dy pwcI vrHy” df hI sMKyp rUp hY.


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igafrF

l ok siBafcfrk m Mc k YlgrI kYlgrI sLihr ivwc agFhvDU srgrmIaF dI sLurUafq 1983 ivwc hoey gursLrn isMG dy nftkF dy pRogrfm qoN mMnI jf skdI hY. pr Aus smyN qwk ies sLihr ivwc iksy agFhvDU jQybMdI dI hoNd nhIN sI. gursLrn isMG dy nftkF df ieh pRogrfm iepfnf dy hmdrdF gurnfm zulkU aqy srbjIq huMdl dy inwjI XqnF sdkf nypry cwiVHaf sI. ies pRogrfm qoN CyqI bfad hI kYlgrI ivwc rihx vfly agFhvDU iKaflF dy lokF ny sQfnk jQybMdI bxfAux bfry socxf sLurU kr idwqf. sfl 1984 dy aKIr AuWqy agFhvDU iKaflF dy lokF vloN iekwTy ho ky lok siBafcfrk mMc, kYlgrI dI sQfpnf kIqI geI. ies jQybMdI nUM bxfAux vfly muwZly mYNbrF ivwc sLfml sn: hrkMvljIq sfihl, gurnfm zulkU, hrdyv rfey, dlbIr muwqI, mfstr gurdyv isMG pUMnI aqy sfQI. sQfpnf smyN lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI dy hyT ilKy AudysL imwQy gey:

1[ lokF nUM pMjfbI sfihq-siBafcfr nUM jfigRq rwKx leI pRyrnf. 2[ pRgqIsLIl klfkfrF aqy ilKfrIaF dI hOslf aPjLfeI krnI. 3[ agFhvDU sfihqk aqy siBafcfrk srgrmIaF nUM AuqsLfihq krnf. 4[ dysL aqy pRdysL dIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF nfl qflmyl pYdf krnf. 5[ lok ivroDI, lwcr, kfm-AuksfAU aqy ibmfr sfihq aqy siBafcfr dy mukfbly lok-pwKI, juJfrU aqy ienklfbI sfihq aqy siBafcfr nUM prcfrn aqy ivksq krn ivwc vwD qoN vwD ihwsf pfAuxf.

mMc ny afpxf pihlf pRogrfm iepfnf nfl iml ky sLhId Bgq isMG dy sLhIdI idvs AuWqy 23 mfrc 1985 nUM kIqf ijs ivwc do nftk ‘ienklfb ijLMdfbfd’ aqy ‘jgIrU lMbV’ Kyzy gey. ies pRogrfm nUM kYlgrI dy lokF vloN BrvF huMgfrf imilaf. pMjfbIaF dI sImq ijhI vsoN hox dy bfvjUd qkrIbn 700 lok pRogrfm dyKx afey. hrkMvljIq isMG dI ilKI iek irport ivwc mMc dI syD aqy AudsLF bfry ies qrHF iliKaf hY:

sfzy gIqF ivwc sfzy imhnqI dysLvfsIaF dy drd cIs hoxI cfhIdI hY, AunHF dy muVHky dI mihk aqy lokF leI afpxIaF jfnF vfr gey Bgq isMG ijhy sLhIdF dy lhU dI rosLnI hoxI cfhIdI hY. [[[ krVI imhnq dy bfvjUd, sfzy dysL dy bhuigxqI lok sXuMkq rfsLtr vloN imwQI geI grIbI lfeIn qoN vI Qwly, aiq hI qrsXog hflq ivwc jIvn bqIq kr rhy hn. [[[ lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI, lutyrI jmfq vloN prcfry jFdy guMmrfh krU, lok-ivroDI, lwcr, kfm AuksfAU qy ibmfr sfihq-siBafcfr dy mukfbly lok-pwKI, juJfrU aqy ienklfbI sfihq-siBafcfr nUM prcfrn aqy ivksq krn ivwc vwD qoN vwD ihwsf pfAux dy AudysLF nUM lY ky hoNd afieaf hY.

ies hI pRogrfm ivwc bolidaF iepfnf dy pRDfn hirMdr mfhl ny s: Bgq isMG, rfjgurU aqy suKdyv nUM sLrDFjlI arpq kIqI aqy ikhf: “kYlgrI dy ieiqhfs ivwc ieh pihlf mOkf hY ik ienHF mhfn sLhIdF dI Xfd ivwc iek pbilk pRogrfm kIqf igaf hovy.”


140

AudoN qoN lY ky hux qwk qkrIbn hr sfl hI mMc vloN kYlgrI ivwc Bgq isMG aqy krqfr isMG srfBf dy sLhIdI idvsF AuWqy siBafcfrk pRogrfm kIqf jFdf hY. ienHF pRogrfmF ivwc nftk nUM muwK QF idwqI jFdI rhI hY. hux qwk lok siBafcfrk mMc vloN Kyzy gey nftkF ivwcoN kuJ iek dy nF hn: ‘ienklfb ijLMdfbfd’, ‘jgIrU lMbV’, ‘corsqy ivwc do afdmI’, ‘ieh lhU iks df hY’, ‘gwl kursI dI gwl rotI dI’, ‘lYsn afP ey izPrYNt kfeINz’, aqy ‘ies grbu qy clih bhuq ivkfrf’. kYlgrI ivwc nftkF dy pRogrfm krn qoN ielfvf mMc ny dUjy sLihrF - aYzmMtn, ivnIpYWg, vYnkUvr, trFto afid - ivwc vI afpxy pRogrfm pysL kIqy hn. nftkF dy nfl nfl mMc kimAUintI ivwc hor srgrmIaF vI krdf irhf hY. Audfhrn leI, akqUbr 1986 ivwc mMc ny kimAUintI ivwc zfkUmYNtrI iPlmF dy iek smfroh df pRbMD kIqf. ies pRogrfm ivwc iqMn iPlmF ‘bMby avr istI’, ‘tfeIm tU rfeIjL’ aqy ‘bIXoNz jYnysfeIz’ idKfeIaF geIaF. ies dy nfl nfl jdoN vI koeI pRogrYisv isafsI kfrkuMn jF sfihqkfr kYlgrI afAuNdf hY qF mMc vloN ienHF ivakqIaF nUM kimAUintI awgy pysL krn leI mIitMgF df pRbMD kIqf jFdf hY. mMc dI sQfpnf smyN Kfilsqfn dI lihr dysL aqy ivdysL ivwc afpxy jLorF AuWqy sI. lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI dy mYNbrF df ivcfr sI ik Kfilsqfn df mslf pMjfb aqy bfhr vsdy pMjfbIaF dy isr hfkm jmfqF vloN miVHaf igaf hY aqy pMjfbIaF dy ihqF dy ivruwD hY. Auh afpxy kMmf rfhIN ieh pysL krnf cfhuMdy sn ik Kfilsqfn dI lihr lok-ihqF dy ivruwD sI. ies qrHF dy ivcfrF kfrn mMc dIaF bhuqIaF srgrmIaF ivwc Kfilsqfn dI lihr dy ivroD ivwc stYNz ilaf jFdf sI. mMc vloN iPrkfpRsqI aqy Kfilsqfn dy ivroD ivwc pfs kIqy mqy mIzIey ivwc Cpdy rhy hn. mMc ny KfilsqfnIaF vloN kql kIqy gey kimAUinst aqy agFhvDU lyKkF aqy isafsI kfrkuMnF ijvyN sumIq, pfsL, zf: rivMdr rvI, Kwdr, drsLn isMG knyzIan, Dvn, siqbIr swqf, jYml pwZf, ptvfrI, bldyv mfn, cMnx isMG DUq, arjn isMG msqfnf aqy srbjIq iBwtyvwZ dy kqlF dI purjLor sLbdF ivwc inKyDI kIqI. mMc vloN kvI pfsL dI Xfd ivwc Aus dy jnm idn AuWqy kivqf idvs vI mnfieaf jFdf hY. Kfilsqfn dI lihr dy sMbMD ivwc lok siBafcfrk kYlgrI df stYNz iek pfsV nhIN sI. ijwQy mMc iek pfsy KfilsqfnI dihsLqgrdI aqy Dfrimk iPrkfpRsqI df ivroD krdf sI Aus dy nfl nfl dUjy pfsy Auh srkfrI dihsLqgrdI aqy srkfr vloN iswKF nfl huMdIaF vDIkIaF df vI ivroD krdf sI. Audfhrn leI, 23 mfrc 1985 nUM mMc dy pihly pbilk pRogrfm ivwc pfs kIqy miqaF nUM dyiKaf jf skdf hY, jo ies pRkfr sn:

1[ asIN BfrqI srkfr vloN jUn 1984 ivwc hirmMdr sfihb AuWqy kIqy POjI hmly dI jLordfr sLbdF ivwc inKyDI krdy hF. ies POjI kfrvfeI ny iswKF dy Dfrimk vlvilaF nUM nf BulfeI jfx vflI swt mfrI hY. [[[[ 2[ [[[ asIN ieMdrf gFDI dy kql qoN bfad hoey iswKF dy kqlyafm, pMjfb ivwc hirmMdr sfihb AuWqy POjI kfrvfeI qoN pihlF hoey ihMdUaF, iswKF, buwDIjIvIaF aqy lyKkF dy kIqy gey kqlF aqy hirafxy ivwc iswK XfqrUaF `qy hoey hmilaF dI krVI inMidaf krdy hF. asIN mMg krdy hF ik ienHF sfry kqlF aqy luwt-mfr dIaF vfrdfqF dI iek inrpwK kimsLn vloN pVqfl krvfky dosLIaF nUM krVIaF sjLfvF idwqIaF jfx qF ik dysL df amn aqy eykqf kfiem rih sky. 3[ asIN mMg krdy hF ik pMjfb ivwcoN POj iekdm htfeI jfvy, pMjfb dy lokF `qy kIqf jf irhf jLbr bMd kIqf jfvy[[[ pMjfb ivwc lfgU izstrbz eyrIaf aYkt htfieaf jfvy aqy ivdysLF ivwc rihMdy BfrqIaF `qy pMjfb ivwc jfx sMbMDI lwgIaF pfbMdIaF iekdm htfeIaF jfx qFik asIN ibnF iksy rok tok qoN afpxy ipMzF jF sLihrF ivwc jf skIey.

lok siBafcfrk mMc vloN kIqy bhuigxqI nftk aqy srgrmIaF pMjfb dI Kwby-pwKI ienklfbI isafsq nfl sMbMD rwKdIaF sn. knyzf ivwc pMjfb dI ienklfbI isafsq nfl sMbMDq srgrmIaF


141

krn nUM mMc iek shI pYNqVf aqy smyN dI loV smJdf sI. hrkMvljIq isMG vloN ilKI iek hor irport anusfr:

ijwQy sfnUM sQfnk mjLdUr pwKI qy jmhUrI sMGrsLF `c ihwsf lYxf cfhIdf hY AuWQy vqn ivwc ienklfbI jmUhrI sLkqIaF dI pUry qn mn Dn nfl mdd krnI cfhIdI hY. kuJ lokF dI ieh Dfrnf hY ik sfnUM isrP sQfnk GolF qwk hI sImq rihxf cfhIdf hY aqy vqn bfry asIN bfhlf kuJ nhIN kr skdy, iblkul glq sfbq hoeI hY. awj swj-ipCfKV aqy PfisLst Kfilsqfn ijhIaF Dfrmk, muV-surjIqI ‘lihrF’ ivwc bfhr vsdy swj-ipCfKV df mhwqvpUrn hwQ sfP njLr afAuNdf hY. jy iewQy bYTy ipCfKVI pMjfb dI isafsq ivwc ieMny asrdfiek ho skdy hn qF sfzf suihrd pMjfbIaF df vI PrjL bx jFdf hY ik asIN dysL `c srgrm ienklfbI/jmUhrI sLkqIaF dI pUrI qndyhI nfl mdd krIey.

bysLwk lok siBafcfrk mMc dIaF bhuigxqI srgrmIaF pMjfb dI Kwby-pwKI aqy ienklfbI isafsq nfl sMbMDq sn pr Auh nfl nfl knyzf nfl sMbMDq srgrmIaF vI krdy sn. ipCly kuJ sflF dOrfn mMc ny knyzf dy pMjfbIaF nfl sMbMDq msilaF vwl ijLafdf iDafn dyxf sLurU kIqf hY. Audfhrn leI, dsMbr 1993 ivwc mMc ny albrtf dI inAU zYmokrYitk pfrtI (aYWn zI pI) dy iek smfgm ivwc sPfeI krn vfly kfimaF nUM tryz XUnIan ivwc jQybMd krn bfry sfDU ibinMg df aMgryjLI ivwc iliKaf nftk ‘ey lYsn afP ey izPrYNt kfeINz’ pysL kIqf. sMn 1996 ivwc knyzf dy pMjfbIaF ivckfr psrI jfqpfq nfl sMbMDq hrkMvljIq sfihl df iliKaf nftk ‘ies grbu qy clih bhuq ivkfrf’ Kyizaf igaf. ieh nftk sUJvfn drsLkF nUM sunyhf idMdf hY ik ijwQy sfnUM goiraF vloN sfzy nfl kIqy jFdy nslvfd df ivroD krnf cfhIdf hY, AuWQy sfzy leI afpxy BfeIcfry ivwc psry jfqpfq df vI ivroD krnf bxdf hY. ies hI qrHF mMc vloN 1996 ivwc qrkvfdI soc AuWqy bxI iPlm ‘Auhlf’ idKfeI geI. hux qwk lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI nfl smyN smyN ijnHF lokF ny kMm kIqf hY AunHF dy nF hn: hrkMvljIq sfihl, gurnfm zulkU, hrdyv rfey, dlbIr muwqI, mfstr gurdyv isMG pUMnI, rfj kYlgrI, gurivMdr nItf, rsLpfl gosl, kmljIq imnhfs, pRIqm bfgVI, rxjIq imnhfs, rUbI, juigMdr rMDfvf, sqnfm sLyrigwl, sohx ghIr, inwkI, guwzI, rfj, ivjy, imMdr, sqnfm prmfr, ibwlysLfh, pRo: mnjIq isMG, rvI, suKdyv, rxjoD, mnjIq, drsLn aOjlf, suwKdrsLn aOjlf, lKivMdr josL, hrBjn cyVf, pRo: nirMjn isMG mfn, inMdr sfihl, islvIaf ilwlI, amrpRIq, ijMdr, sujIq, ryxU, bhfdr afjLfd aqy jgrUp sLyrigwl.

k YlgrI sk Ul afP zrfmf afpxIaF srgrmIaF df Gyrf moklf krn leI lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI dy klfkfrF ny sMn 1988 ivwc kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf dI sQfpnf kIqI. kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf dI sQfpnf ipwCy do kfrn sn: 1[ AunHF lokF, jo lok siBafcfrk mMc dI KwbI ivcfrDfrf nfl pUrI qrHF sihmqI nhIN rwKdy sn, nUM siBafcfr aqy nftk dI srgrmI nfl joVI rwKx leI iek sMsQf dI sQfpnf krnf. 2[ kYlgrI ivwc nftk bfry tRyinMg dyx leI iek adfry dI sQfpnf krnf. ies bfry kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf vloN sfnUM ByjI geI jfxkfrI ivwc ies qrHF iliKaf hY: “kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf aYNz afrts, lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI df rMgmMc tRyinMg adfrf hY. ies dI sQfpnf lok siBafcfrk mMc aqy knyzIan pMjfbI rMg mMc leI nvyN klfkfr pYdf krn leI kIqI geI hY.”


142

kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf vloN hux qwk kIqy pRogrfmF df vyrvf pVH ky spsLt huMdf hY k lok siBafcfrk mMc vFg AunHF vloN kIqy bhuigxqI nftk vI pMjfb dI Kwby-pwKI ivcfrDfrf nfl sMbMDq hn. AunHF ny vI ijLafdf nftk gursLrn isMG dy ilKy hoey Kyzy hn. pr ies dy nfl nfl AunHF ny keI hfsrs vfly hlky Pulky nftk vI Kyzy hn. kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf nfl kMm krn vfly klfkfrF dy nF ies pRkfr hn: rfj, hrkMvljIq, gurivMdr nItf, rvI pRkfsL, rxXoD gryvfl, rxjIq, AuNkfr huMdl, jsbIr GuMmx, nIqf, suirMdr kumfr, drsLn, bhfdr ajLfd, inrml rfj, jgrUp, qyijMdr guwzI aqy lwKibMdr lwkI. lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI aqy kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf df ieh ryKf icwqr ilKx leI hyT ilKy soimaF nUM aDfr bxfieaf igaf hY: 1[ lok siBafcfrk mMc kYlgrI aqy kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf dy iqMn mYNbrF - hrkMvljIq, rfj aqy gurivMdr nItf nfl lyKkF vloN kIqI ieMtrivAU (kYlgrI, 25 meI 1997). 2[ lok siBafcfrk mMc aqy kYlgrI skUl afP zrfmf vloN lyKkF nUM idwqI ilKqI aqy CpI hoeI jfxkfrI. 3[ ienHF dohF jQybMdIaF bfry knyzf dy aKbfrF aqy rsfilaF, Kfs krky ‘knyzf drpx’, ‘vqnoN dUr’, aqy ‘vqn’ ivwc CpIaF keI irportF.


143

bfrF

v Ynk Uvr s wQ vYnkUvr swQ dI sLurUafq, sMn 1983 ivwc hoeI. Aus smyN pMjfb dI isafsq KfilsqfnI lihr vflI siQqI vwl nUM bVI qyjLI nfl moV kwt rhI sI. knyzf ivwc rih rhy pMjfbI lokF df iDafn kudrqI ies vwl kyNdirq sI. nqIjy vjoN lokF df iDafn iewQy drpysL musLiklF ijvyN nslvfd, Kyq mjLdUrF dI luwt-Ksuwt, jvfn ho rhI nvIN pIVI dIaF smwisafvF, aOrqF nfl huMdIaF vDIkIaF afid vwl jfx dI koeI sMBfvnf njLr nhIN sI afAuNdI. kuJ lokF vloN ieh gwl bVI isLwdq nfl mihsUs kIqI jf rhI sI ik jy knyzf dy pMjfbI/BfrqI lokF ny iek BfeIcfry dy qOr `qy ienHF msilaF vwl smyN isr iDafn nf idwqf qF Auh ies smfj ivwc hyTly drjy dy nfgirk ho ky rih jfxgy. so Aus vyly kuJ aijhf krn dI loV sI ijs nfl lokF df iDafn knyzf ivcly msilaF vwl iKwicaf jf sky. aijhy ivcfrF nUM sfhmxy rwK ky swQ dI sQfpnf kIqI geI. ies jQybMdI dy moZI mYNbrF ivwc sLfml sn: sfDU ibinMg, suKvMq huMdl, srvn bol, amrjIq cfhl, BuipMdr iZwloN. ipCly keI sflF qoN sfihqk, siBafcfrk, smfjk aqy isafsI srgrmIaF -ijvyN ‘vqnoN dUr’ mYgjLIn dI pRkfsLnf, pMjfbI sfihq sBf vYnkUvr dIaF srgrmIaF, Kyq mjLdUrF dI XUnIan bxfAux leI cwl rhI jwdojihd, nslvfd ivruwD lVfeI afid - ivwc ieh lok XQfXog ihwsf pf rhy sn. l yKF df islislf jQybMd ho ky swQ ny pihlf kMm knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF dy jIvn dy siBafcfrk, smfjk, afriQk aqy isafsI msilaF bfry lyK ilKxf imwiQaf qF ik BfrqI kimAUintI ivwc ienHF msilaF bfry gMBIr aqy sfrQk bihs CyVI jf sky. vYnkUvr swQ df pihlf lyK ‘pMjfbIaF df mnorMjn aqy vIzIE’ ‘vqnoN dUr’ dy meI/jUn 1983 dy aMk ivwc Cipaf. dUjf lyK ‘pMjfbI afvfsI aqy AunHF nUM imldy kMm’, aMqrrfsLtrI avfs dy sMdrB ivwc pMjfbIaF dy knyzf afAux aqy AunHF nUM Kfs Kfs ikwiqaf ivwc imldy kMmF ipwCy CupIaF srmfeydfrI dIaF loVF aqy qfkqF bfry iek Koj BrpUr lyK sI. ies smyN aglf lyK bI sI dI sosLl krYizt srkfr dy julfeI 1983 ivwc pysL kIqy mjLdUr vrg ivroDI bwjt bfry sI. ieh Auh bwjt sI ijs ivruwD Aus vrHy bI sI ivwc ‘sOlyzYrtI’ nF dI lihr ny jnm ilaf sI aqy ijs ivwc smuwcI mjLdUr jmfq iek muwT ho geI sI. lyK ilKx dy kMm dy nfl nfl mYNbrF ivckfr ies kMm dI sfriQkqf bfry vI gwlbfq huMdI rihMdI. mYNbrF dy mnF ivwc svfl AuWTdf ik kI ieh lyK afpxy mksd jfxI ik kimAUintI ivwc ienHF msilaF bfry gMBIr bihs CyVn ivwc kfmXfb vI ho rhy hn jF nhIN? mYNbrF nUM jfpdf sI ik afm pMjfbI lokF ivwc gMBIr aqy lMmy lyK pVHn aqy iPr AunHF bfry ivcfr vtFdrf krn df ruJfn Gwt hY. nqIjy vjoN Auh ies iswty AuWqy phuMcy ik jy AunHF ny afm lokF nfl sMprk krnf hY qF AunHF nUM koeI hor ZMg apnfAuxf pvygf. ies soc ny vYnkUvr swQ nUM rMgmMc dIaF srgrmIaF vwl moiVaf aqy vYnkUvr swQ nftk dy ipV ivwc srgrm ho geI. r Mgm Mc bfr y spsLt s yD v wl vYnkUvr ivwc rMg mMc dI srgrmI 1972 qoN sLurU ho cuwkI sI jo vwKry vwKry lokF aqy jQybMdIaF vloN hr iksm dIaF musLiklF dy bfvjUd ihMmq aqy hOsly nfl cldI rwKI jf rhI sI. knyzf ivwc pMjfbI rMgmMc dy drpysL musLiklF bfry ivcfr vtFdrf kIqy ibnF rMg mMc dI koeI nvIN srgrmI sLurU krnf sMBv nhIN sI jfpdf. ijnHF svflF AuWpr lMmF smF ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf igaf Auh sn: rMg mMc ikAuN?


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rMg mMc ikhdy leI? rMg mMc leI pRfpq sLkqI, Xogqf, smF, sQfn afid dIaF kI sImfvF hn? rMg mMc iks ivrsy nfl joV ky kIqf jfvy? afid. ienHF svflF dy jvfb ZUMzx dy aml ivwcoN vYnkUvr swQ dI rMg mMc pRqI syD Auqpn hoeI. swB qoN pihlf svfl qF iehI sI ik eynf qrdwd krky rMgmMc kIqf hI ikAuN jfvy? swQ dy mYNbrF df ivsLvfs sI ik sfihq jIvn leI hY aqy ijs qrHF mnuwK dIaF dUjIaF koisLsLF jIvn nUM vDIaf bxfAux ivwc lgdIaF hn Ausy qrHF dIaF sfihqk aqy siBafcfrk koisLsLF vI iesy pfsy lwgxIaF cfhIdIaF hn. aglf svfl sI rMg mMc krnf iks qrHF df hY? ies iswty `qy phuMicaf igaf ik ieh jLrUrI nhIN ik nftk pysL krn leI ivqoN vwD jLor lf ky hr Auh qknIk vrqI jfvy ijs dI kfZ kwZI jf cuwkI hY. jy iksy vI nvIN qknIk nUM suKfilaF vriqaf jf skdf hovy qF koeI rok nhIN. dUjy lokF dy qjrby qoN ieh iswtf kwiZaf igaf ik afpxI cfdr dyK qoN vfDU pYr psfr ky nMigaF hox ivwc isafxp nhIN. pMjfbI rMgmMc nUM pRfpq qknIkF afid dy iPwt nf kIqf jfvy sgoN ienHF cIjLF nUM rMgmMc dy iPwt kIqf jfvy. afpxI smrQf muqfbk hI rMgmMc nUM Ausfrn df kMm sLurU kIqf jfvy. jQybMdI dy aMdrUnI ZFcy bfry vI kfPI ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf igaf. jQybMdIaF ivwc afAuNdIaF musLiklF nUM iDafn ivwc rwKidaF swQ dy mYNbr ies iswty `qy phuMcy ik rMgkrmIaF ivwc brfbrqf hovy. koeI ‘stfr’ jF ‘zfierYktr’ jF iksy hor iksm dI cODr nf hovy. jQybMdI dy hr PYsly ivwc hr mYNbr dI rfie leI jfvy. hr kMm nUM ijwQoN qwk vI sMBv ho sky iml ky kIqf jfvy. s wQ d y r Mgm Mc dI s L ur Uafq q y ies df ivkfs swQ ny afpxf pihlf nftkF df pRogrfm mfrc 1984 ivwc krn df PYslf kIqf. BfvyN swQ dI pihlI KfihsL knyzf dy iksy msly bfry hI nftk krn dI sI pr musLikl ieh sI ik AunHF kol koeI ZuwkvIN skirpt nhIN sI. dUjf pMjfb mslf Aus smyN eynf BK cuwkf sI ik iksy hor msly bfry socxf vI sMBv nhIN sI. ienHF gwlF nUM iDafn `c rwKidaF swQ vloN do nftk iqafr kIqy gey. iek swQ dy mYNbr mwKx tuwt df iliKaf ‘pMjfb dI avfjL’ aqy dUjf gursLrn isMG df ‘kursI morcf aqy hvf ivwc ltkdy lok’. pRogrfm dOrfn dohF nftkF nUM drsLkF ny bVI idlcspI aqy iDafn nfl dyiKaf aqy psMd kIqf. ies qoN ibnF pMjfb klcrl aYsosIeysLn dy BMgVf gruwp agFhvDU gIqf nfl sRoiqaF nUM AunHF dy ieiqhfsk qy siBafcfrk ivrsy nfl joVI rwiKaf. ies mOky pMjfb dI siQqI bfry vI ivcfr pysL kIqy gey aqy pRIq lVI dy sMpfdk sumIq dy aiqvfdIaF vloN kIqy kql dI inKyDI krdf iek mqf vI pysL kIqf igaf. nftkF dy ies pihly pRogrfm dI kfmXfbI aqy drsLkF dy huMgfry ny swQ dy kfimaF dy hOsly kfPI vDfey. ieh dovyN nftk ipwCoN vYnkUvr qoN Cy sO mIl dUr pYNdy sLihrF kunYl aqy ivlIamjL lyk ivwc vI pysL kIqy gey. sMn 1984 dIaF grmIaF ivwc bI sI dI PryjLr vYlI dy sLihr lYNglI dy iek msLrUm Pfrm ivwc kMm krdIaF pMjfbI aOrqF ny knyzIan PfrmvrkrjL XUnIan dI agvfeI Qwly afpxy hwkF vfsqy mhwqvpUrn lVfeI lVI. kimAUintI dy hor agFhvDU lokF vFg swQ dy mYNbr vI ienHF aOrq-mjLdUrF vloN lfeI ipkt lfeIn `qy mfrc krdy. swQ dy mYNbrF, sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl, ny Kyq mjLdUr aOrqF dI ies jwdojihd `qy afDfirq iek nftk ‘ipkt lfeIn’ iliKaf. ieh nftk 16 nvMbr 1984 nUM swQ dy dUjy PMksLn ivwc pysL kIqf igaf. ies PMksLn ivwc pysL kIqf dUjf nftk sI: gursLrn isMG df ‘hvfeI goly’. ies smyN ieMdrF gFDI dy kql AuprMq iswKF AuWpr hoey vihsLI hmly bfry vI crcf kIqI geI aqy pMjfb aqy Bfrq Br ivwc hr iksm dI ho rhI kqlogfrq ivruwD iek mqf pfs kIqf igaf.


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nftk ‘ipkt lfeIn’ ny Kyq mjLdUrF dI jwdojihd nUM lokF sfhmxy iek nvyN rUp ivwc pysL kIqf aqy ies pRqI AunHF dI smJ dy dfiery nUM vDfieaf aqy AunHF nUM ienHF mjLdUrF dI mdd krn leI AuqsLfihq kIqf. ies nftk bfry nftk dy lyKkF nfl knyzf dy iek nYsLnl pwDr dy aMgryjLI mYgjLIn ‘iPAUjL’ ivwc iek lMmI ieMtrivAU CpI ijs ny Kyq mjLdUrF dy Gol aqy pMjfbI ivwc nftk dI srgrmI dI knyzf Br dy lokF ivwc jfxkfrI krvfeI. ies smyN swQ dy srgrm mYNbrF ivwc suKvMq huMdl, sfDU ibinMg, mwKx tuwt, aMjU huMdl, jgdIsL ibinMg, amnpfl sfrf, pfl ibinMg, hrijMdr sFgrf, blivMdr rozy, ieMdrjIq rozy, js ibinMg, gurcrn twlyvflIaf, BvKMzn rwKrf qy rMgmMc nfl nyVqf rwKx vfly hor keI lok sLfml sn. swQ dy moZI mYNbrF ivwcoN BuipMdr iZwloN aqy amrjIq cfhl 1984 dy sLurU ivwc hI afpxy inwjI ruJyivaF aqy idlcspIaF kfrn swQ ivwcoN gYr-srgrm ho gey sn. agly sflF ivwc vYnkUvr swQ ny drjn qoN vwD nftk knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc Kyzy. ienHF ivwcoN bhuqy nftk knyzf ivwc pMjfbIaF dy jIvn nfl sMbMDq sn. Audfhrn leI: nftk ‘lwqF dy BUq’ aqy ‘hr Aumr df iewko roxf” knyzf ivwc pMjfbI aOrqF nfl vfprdI ihMsf aqy AunHF dI dUhrI-iqhrI pwDr `qy huMdI luwt-Ksuwt nfl sMbMDq hn. nftk ‘hvylIaF qy pfrkF’ knyzf ivwc isafxI Aumr ivwc af vsy pMjfbIaF dIaF musLiklF vwl lokF df iDafn duafAuNdf hY. nftk ‘ikhdf ivafh’ pMjfbI mfipaF vloN afpxy nOjvfn bwicaF dI mrjLI jfxy ibnF AunHF dy jIvn sfQI cuxn AuWpr ikMqU krdf hY. nftk ‘jLihr dI Psl’ KyqF ivwc jLihrIlIaF dvfeIaF dI vrqoN kfrn Kyq mjLdUrF dI ishq AuWqy pYNdy asrF dI gwl krdf hY. nftk ‘mlUkf’ knyzf ivwc afey moZI pMjfbIaF dy jIvn bfry ilKy sfDU isMG DfmI dy nfvl mlUkf AuWqy afDfirq hY. nftk ‘hr Aumr df iewko roxf’ qoN ibnF bfkI sfry nftk sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl vloN ilKy gey hn. nftk ‘hr Aumr df iewko roxf’ ilKx vfilaF ivwc sn: aMjU huMdl, jgdIsL ibinMg, hrjI sFgrf aqy ipMdI igwl. ienHF sfry nftkF nUM pMjfbI drsLkF vloN hr jgHf BrvF huMgfrf imilaf. vYnkUvr swQ ies gloN cyqn sI ik Aus nUM pMjfbI kimAUintI qwk sImq ho ky ‘gYtoafeIjL’ hox qoN bcxf cfhIdf hY. ies krky Auh vwzI kimAUintI ivwc kMm kr rhIaF mjLdUrF dIaF jQybMdIaF, siBafcfrk jQybMdIaF aqy smfjk iensfP leI kMm kr rhIaF jQybMdIaF nfl nyVlf sMbMD rwKdI sI. ienHF jQybMdIaF vloN swQ nUM aMgryjLI ivwc nftk krn leI swdy afAuNdy rihMdy sn. kfPI soc ivcfr qoN bfad swQ ny afpxy nftkF nUM aMgryjLI ivwc vI krn df PYslf kIqf aqy ieh nftk aMgryjLI ivwc kIqy: ‘ipkt lfeIn’, ‘ey krfp afP puafijLn (jLihr dI Psl df aMgryjLI anuvfd)’, ‘izPrYNt eyj sym kyj’ (ijs nUM bfad ivwc pMjfbI ivwc ‘hr Aumr df iewko roxf’ nF hyT Kyizaf igaf), ‘no smfl mYtr’, ‘ey lYsn afP ey izPrYNt kfeINz’ aqy ‘lMc rUm’. ienHF nftkF nUM ‘vwzI kimAUintI’ vloN hF-pwKI huMgfrf imilaf. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1986 ivwc vYnkUvr ivwc huMdy ‘Pok imAUjLk PYstIvl’ nF dy myly ivwc aMgryjLI ivwc nftk ‘ipkt lfeIn’ Kyzx smyN bI sI dy 1972 qoN 1975 qwk rih cuwky pRImIar zyv bYrt jo Aus smyN vYnkUvr dy iek ryzIE AuWqy host sn, ny ‘ipkt lfeIn’ dy lyKkF nfl iewk ieMtrivAU kIqI. ieMtrivAU dy aKIr `qy Aus ny kfPI pRBfivq qy jjLbfqI ho ky ikhf ik swQ ny ies kMm nfl knyzIan siBafcfr ivwc guxfqmk vfDf kIqf hY. vwzI kimAUintI vloN hF-pwKI huMgfrf imlx nfl swQ dy kfimaF df svYmfx aqy svY-Brosf viDaf. ies dy nfl hI aMgryjLI ivwc nftk krn nfl swQ pMjfbI kimAUintI dI dUjI pIVI nfl nfqf joVn ivwc sPl hoeI. ies smyN swQ nfl nvIN pIVI dy kuJ nOjvfn klfkfr af juVy ijnHF ivwcoN hrijMdr sFgrf, ipMdI igwl, inwk shoqf, sIql iZwloN, Bfvnf BMgU aqy isLMdr brfV dy nF vrnxXog hn. afpxy nftkF nUM bhuigxqI lokF qwk phuMcfAux leI swQ ny nftk ‘qUqF vflf Kuh’, ‘ikhdf ivafh’ aqy ‘inwkI ijhI gwl nhIN’ dI vIzIE bxf ky tYlIivXn `qy idKfeI. aijhf krn smyN swQ nUM keI qrHF dIaF


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musLiklF df sfhmxf vI krnf ipaf. Audfhrn leI, kimAUintI ivwc kMm kr rhIaF iPrkfpRsq qfkqF ny nftk ‘qUqF vflf Kuh’ nUM tYlIvXn AuWqy idKfAux df kfPI ivroD kIqf. pr ies ivroD dy bfvjUd swQ ieh nftk tYlIivXn AuWqy idKfAux ivwc kfmXfb hoeI. tYlIivXn AuWqy pysLkfrI qoN bfad vYnkUvr dI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc ienHF nftkF bfry BKvIN bihs hoeI. Audfhrn leI, nftk ‘ikhdf ivafh’ dI tYlIivXn AuWqy pysLkfrI qoN bfad sQfnk pMjfbI aKbfrF ivwc keI hPiqaF qwk ies nftk bfry icwTIaF CpdIaF rhIaF. irp ortF/m ulkfqF ijvyN pihlF gwl kIqI jf cuwkI hY ik swQ dy mYNbr vYnkUvr dy smuwcy BfeIcfry ivwc vfpr rhIaF isafsI, smfjk aqy siBafcfrk kMmF ivwc afpxI smrwQf muqfbk ihwsf lYNdy sn. mjLdUrF vloN afpxy hwkF leI aqy nslvfd ivruwD cldy GolF ivwc swQ dy mYNbr vwD cVH ky sLfml huMdy. aijhIaF srgrmIaF ivwc sLfml hox smyN swQ dy mYNbrF ny mihsUs kIqf ik lyKk hox nfqy Auh ienHF GolF dI hor vI mdd kr skdy hn jy Auh ienHF grwupF bfry ilK ky ienHF nUM smuwcy pMjfbI BfeIcfry qwk lY ky jfx. nqIjy vjoN swQ dy mYNbrF ny ienHF GolF bfry irportF aqy lyK sQfnk pMjfbI aKbfrF ivwc ilKy aqy hVqflF kr rhy mjLdUrF nfl mulfkfqF krky CfpIaF. isafsI kMmF ivwc vYnkUvr swQ dI idlcspI isrP sQfnk gqIivDIaF qwk sImq nhIN sI. vYnkUvr swQ aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr AuWqy hwk aqy iensfP leI lV rhy lokF dy hwk ivwc huMdy mujLfhiraF, rYlIaF aqy mIitMgF ivwc sLfml huMdI. ienHF lokF dy GolF nUM pMjfbI BfeIcfry phuMcfAux leI swQ ienHF bfry lyK/irportF ilKdI aqy afpxy nftkF dy pRogrfmF ivwc vI ienHF bfry gwl krdI aqy mqy pysL krdI. Audfhrn leI, sMn 1985 ivwc vYnkUvr swQ ny sfAUQ aPrIkf ivwc apfrQfeIz ivruwD lV rhy kfly lokF dy Gol bfry jfxkfrI BrpUr lMmf lyK iliKaf jo ‘vqnoN dUr’, ‘knyzf drpx’ aqy ‘smqf’ ivwc Cipaf. iPrkfp RsqI df ivr oD pMjfb ivwc 1983-84 dOrfn Kfilsqfn dI lihr dy jLor PVn nfl knyzf ivwc vI ies lihr df joLr vwD igaf. iek smF aijhf afieaf ik knyzf dI pMjfbI kimAUintI ivwc Kfilsqfn qoN ibnF bfkI hr gwl gYr-pRsMgk bx ky rih geI. nqIjy vjoN vYnkUvr swQ ny afpxy kMmF ivwc ies msly vwl gMBIrqf nfl iDafn dyxf sLurU kIqf. afpxy pRogrfmF ivwc gwlbfq krky, mqy pfs krky, aKbfrF ivwc ibafn dy ky aqy mqy Cpvf ky aqy lyK ilK ky swQ ny ies msly bfry afpxy ivcfr knyzf dy pMjfbI lokF qwk phuMcfAuxy sLurU kIqy. ienHF ivcfrF ivwc swQ ny pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc pYdf hox vflIaF iPrkfpRsq hflqF leI ihMdusqfn dI srkfr aqy KfilsqfnI qfkqF nUM ijLMmyvfr Tihrfieaf. iPrkfpRsqI df ivroD krn leI vYnkUvr swQ ny kimAUintI ivwc ies sMbMD ivwc kMm kr rhIaF hor jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky vI kMm kIqf. meI 1984 ivwc AuWqrI amrIkf ivwc kMm kr rhIaF 7 jQybMdIaF - zf: aMbydkr mYmorIal aYsosIeysLn afP knyzf, ieMzIan pIpljL aYsosIeysLn ien nfrQ amrIkf (iepfnf), aYNtI PortI sYvn PrMt, pMjfbI iltryrI aYsosIeysLn aYzmMtn, pMjfbI iltryrI aYNz klcrl aYsosIeysLn ivnIpYWg, vYnkUvr swQ aqy ‘vqnoN dUr’ - ny Dfrimk jMnUMn aqy iPrkfpRsqI df ivroD kro! ihMdU-iswK eykqf mjLbUq kro! nF df pYNPilt jfrI kIqf. vYnkUvr ivwc ieh pYNPilt dUjIaF jQybMdIaF aqy vYnkUvr swQ dy mYNbrF ny pMjfbI mfrkIt ivwc KVH ky vwzI igxqI ivwc vMizaf. iesy qrHF akqUbr 1984 ivwc vYnkUvr ivwc iPrkfpRsqI dy ivroD ivwc kMm kr rhIaF vwK vwK jQybMdIaF ny iml ky sdBfvnf mMc (Porm Pfr kimAUnl hfrmnI) dI sQfpnf kIqI. ies sMsQf df pihlf bulfrf vYnkUvr swQ df moZI mYNbr suKvMq huMdl bixaf.


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ivs L ys L srgrmIaF mlUkf: sMn 1988 ivwc vYnkUvr swQ ny zf: sfDU isMG DfmI vloN aMgryjLI ivwc ilKy nfvl, ‘mlUkf’ nUM anuvfd krky aqy Cpvf ky pMjfbI jgq sfhmxy pysL kIqf. nfvl df anuvfd sfDU ibinMg, suKvMq huMdl aqy gurmyl rfey vloN kIqf igaf. nfvl mlUkf iewko iewk sfihqk ikRq hY jo knyzf ivwc moZI pMjfbIaF dy jIvn nUM pysL krdI hY aqy iek moZI pMjfbI vloN ilKI geI hY. mlUky dy irlIjL smfgm leI sfDU isMG DfmI hurF nUM sivtjLrlYNz qoN knyzf swidaf aqy AuhnF dI kimAUintI nfl jfx pCfx krvfeI. knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF - vYnkUvr, iklonf, aYzmMtn - ivwc mlUky dy irlIjL smfgm kIqy gey. swQ dIaF koisLsLF nfl mlUky aqy ies dy lyKk sfDU isMG DfmI nUM pMjfbI sfihqk jgq vloN vwzf huMgfrf imilaf. knyzf aqy pMjfb dIaF aKbfrF, rsfilaF ivwc nfvl mlUkf aqy sfDU isMG DfmI bfry vwzI igxqI ivwc irvIAU aqy lyK Cpy. mlUky dy pMjfbI ivwc Cpx nfl ies dy lyKk sfDU isMG DfmI ny bhuq KusLI aqy mfx mihsUs kIqf. lokF vloN imly ies huMgfry qoN AuqsLfh lY ky AuhnF ny mlUky df aglf ihwsf iliKaf aqy keI hor awD ivwc CwzIaF ikqfbF Kqm kIqIaF. kfmfgftfmfr U: sMn 1989 ivwc knyzf dI BfrqI kimAUintI vloN vwK vwK pwDrF AuWqy kfmfgftfmfrU dI Gtnf dI 75vIN vrHy-gMZ mnfeI geI. ies vrHy-gMZ mnfAux dy XqnF ivwc afpxf ihwsf pfAux leI swQ ny kfmfgftfmfrU sMbMDI iek Poto pRdrsLnI iqafr kIqI, jo vYnkUvr aqy knyzf dy vwK vwK sLihrF ivwc idKfeI geI. ies dy nfl hI vYnkUvr swQ dy kuJ mYNbrF dI sMpfdnf aqy pRbMD hyT sLurU hoey mYgjLIn ‘vqn’ df pihlf aMk kfmfgftfmfrU ivsLysL aMk dy qOr `qy kwiZaf igaf. ies aMk ivwc kfmfgftfmfrU nfl sMbMDq ikMnIaF dsqfvyjLF pihlI vfr pMjfbI ivwc CfpIaF geIaF. a Mk ur: vYnkUvr swQ dI hmysLF koisLsL rhI hY ik iewQy jMm pl rhI pIVI nfl sMprk kIqf jfvy aqy AunHF nUM afpxy kMmF aqy srgrmIaF ivwc sLfml kIqf jfvy. aMgryjLI ivwc nftk krn nfl dUjI pIVI dy keI nOjvfn muMzy kuVIaF vYnkUvr swQ nfl juV gey sn. dUjI pIVI nfl bxy ienHF sMbMDF nUM hor gUVHf krn aqy knyzf dI vwzI kimAUintI nfl ivcfrF df adfn pRdfn krn leI sMn 1991 ivwc vYnkUvr swQ ny aMgryjLI ivwc iqmfhI mYgjLIn ‘aMkur’ pRkfsLq krnf sLurU kIqf. pihly aMk nfl hI ‘aMkur’ knyzf dy BfrqIaF dI dUjI pIVI dIaF aMdrUnI BfvnfvF nUM CUhx ivwc kfmXfb ho igaf. kn yzf iv wc BfrqIaF dI afmd dI s OvI N vr H y-g MZ: sMn 1997 ivwc vYnkUvr swQ dy mYNbrF - suKvMq huMdl aqy sfDU ibinMg- ny knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF vloN vot df hwk lYx leI lVI geI 40 sflf jwdojihd bfry Koj BrpUr ikqfb “BfrqIaF ny knyzf ivwc vot df hwk iks qrHF ilaf: pMjfhvIN vrHy gMZ smyN ivsLysL’ ilKI aqy knyzf ivwc hI CfpI. ieh ikqfb knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF nUM vot df hwk imlx dI 50vIN vrHy-gMZ nUM smrpq sI. ies smyN swQ ny siBafcfrk jQybMdI ‘pfr’ nfl iml ky kYlyPornIaf qoN sLRI mqI krqfr kOr iZwloN nUM ivsLysL qOr `qy swidaf. krqfr kOr iZwloN amrIkf ivwc 1915 ivwc jMmI aOrq hY ijs ny afpxf sfrf jIvn lokF dy hwkF dy sMGrsL ivwc lfieaf hY. iesy sfl dOrfn vYnkUvr swQ vloN nftkkfr gursLrn isMG dy nftkF df pRogrfm vI vYnkUvr ivwc krvfieaf igaf. 1997 df ieh pRogrfm knyzf ivwc BfrqIaF dI afmd dI sOvIN vrHy-gMZ nUM smrpq sI. swQ vloN 1995 ivwc vI gursLrn isMG dy nftkF nUM vYnkUvr dy drsLkF sfhmxy pysL kIqf igaf sI. ies pfsy hor srgrmIaF dy nfl nfl swQ dy mYNbrF sfDU ibinMg aqy suKvMq huMdl vloN 1996 ivwc nftkkfr afqmjIq dy nftk ‘kYmlUps dIaF mwCIaF’ dI knyzIan pMjfbIaF dy pwK qoN ivsQfr ivwc aflocnf kIqI geI.


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hux qwk vYnkUvr swQ nfl ienHF lokF ny kMm kIqf hY: sfDU ibinMg, suKvMq huMdl, pfl ibinMg, jgdIsL ibinMg, aMjU huMdl, js ibinMg, mwKx tuwt, hrijMdr sFgrf, blivMdr rozy, ieMdrjIq rozy, amnpfl sfrf, gurcrn twlyvflIaf, rCpfl sMDU, bilMdr jOhl, aMimRq mfn, mfeIk aOlK, suKivMdr qwKr, mnjIq lylH, PrYNk mYknIl, BvKMzn rfKrf, ruipMdr ark, sLbnIq ark, pRIaf ibinMg, pRIq ibinMg, srdfrf bol, jrnYl lylH, ipMdI igwl, Bfvnf BMgU, sIql iZwloN, isLMdr brfV, inwkI shoqf, bljIq sFgrf, ivkrm XsLpfl, inwk, amrIk swl, gurmyl rfey, srvn bol, BuipMdr iZwloN, amrjIq cfhl, primMdr gryvfl, jsivMdr hyar aqy hrijMdr iswDU. ieh ryKf icwqr vYnkUvr swQ bfry sfDU ibinMg vloN ilKy lyK (vqn, julfeI/agsq/sqMbr 1991) df soiDaf hoieaf rUp hY.


149

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sfr


150

sfr ies ikqfb ivwc pysL kIqI aqy ivcfrI smwgrI ieh gwl sfhmxy ilafAuNdI hY ik knyzf dy pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry ny afpxI sQfpqI, ivkfs aqy ibhqrI leI ipCly sO sflF qoN lgfqfr jwdojihd kIqI hY. ies qoN vI vwD iewQy ieh gwl spsLt huMdI hY ik vwKry vwKry smyN dOrfn vwKo vwK jQybMdIaF ivwc agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf pRmuwK rhI hY. ies ivcfrDfrk inrMqrqf dy aDfr `qy pUrI vIhvIN sdI dOrfn kIqy sMGrsL iek pRgqIsLIl lihr dy rUp ivwc pRgt huMdy hn. ipClI sdI dy sLurU ivwc jdoN pMjfbI knyzf afey qF iewQoN dy smfj df vwzf ihwsf AunHF nUM brfbr dy nfgirk nhIN sI smJ irhf. AunHF nUM nf koeI kfnUMnI hwk dy irhf sI qy nf hI smfj ivwc iewjLq mfx. AunHF df afpxf mulk gulfm hox krky AunHF dI sfr lYx vflf koeI nhIN sI. AunHF vfsqy ieh iek asloN hI nvIN siQqI sI. iksy vI BfeIcfry nUM drpysL nvINaF siQqIaF nfl nijwTx leI nvyN ivcfrF aqy nvIN soc dI loV huMdI hY. Aus vyly afey pMjfbIaF ivcly kuJ KuwlHy idmfgF vfly lokF ny afpxy hwkF leI lVn vfsqy knyzIan smfj ivcly agFhvDU lokF nfl nyVqf kfiem kIqI aqy AunHF ny nvyN ivcfrF nUM jfixaf, smiJaf aqy loV anusfr apxfieaf. ienHF nvyN ivcfrF nUM AunHF ny afpxy ipCokV qoN imlI sLkqI qy sUJ nfl joiVaf. ies qrIky nfl Auh afpxy qoN ikqy vwzI qfkq vfly dusLmx sfhmxy KVHn ivwc kfmXfb hoey. pRgqIsLIl ivcfrDfrf apxfa ky AunHF ny afpxy sMGrsLF nUM Drm, jfqpfq, nsl, ielfkybfjLI afid dy sOVy vwKryivaF qoN AuWpr cuwikaf. afpxy nfl huMdIaF vDIkIaF dy asl kfrnF aqy qfkqF nUM pCfixaf aqy afpxI jwdojihd dI syD AunHF qfkqF ivruwD rwKI jo lokF dy mulkF nUM gulfm rwKx leI ijLMmyvfr hn. ienHF ivcfrF nfl AunHF ny afpxy BfeIcfry dy lokF aMdr iek nvIN rUh PukI, iek nvIN lihr pYdf kIqI. pRgqIsLIl lihr ny knyzf ivwc pMjfbI BfeIcfry dy ivkfs aqy Kfsy AuWqy keI qrHF dy pRBfv pfey. ies lihr sdkf BfeIcfry ivwc afpxy hwkF leI jQybMdk jwdojihd krn dI Bfvnf hmysLF kfiem rhI. ieh jwdojihd apIlF aqy bynqIaF qwk sImq nhIN rhI sgoN afpxI jQybMdk qfkq dy afDfr AuWqy smyN smyN vDIkIaF krn vfilaF nUM cuxOqIaF idMdI rhI hY. ies lihr ny BfeIcfry nUM dUjy lokF aqy AunHF dy GolF nfl joiVaf aqy nqIjy vwjoN BfeIcfr ‘gYtoafeIjLz’ hox qoN bicaf. jdoN iksy Gwt igxqI siBafcfr smUh df iksy bhuigxqI siBafcfr smUh nfl vfh pYNdf hY qF keI vfrI vwKry vwKry kfrnF vws vwzf smUh Coty smUh nUM svIkfr nhIN krdf. aijhy smyN Gwt igxqI siBafcfrk smUh leI afpxy afp nUM kfiem rwKx leI afpxy afp ivwc suMgV ky (gYtoafeIjLz) rih jfxf iek kudrqI vrqfrf hY. jy aijhf vrqfrf lMmy smyN qwk cwly qF Auh Gwt igxqI siBafcfr smUh dy BivwK leI nuksfndyh sfbq huMdf hY. knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc agFhvDU lihr nfl sMbMD rwKx vfly lokF ny afpxy sMGrsLF aqy jwdojihdF smyN vwzy BfeIcfry nfl nfqf joVn dy Xqn kIqy aqy Aus ivwc kfmXfb hoey. ies lihr ny BfeIcfry ivwc smyN smyN nvyN ivcfrF dI jfxpCfx hI nhIN krvfeI sgoN afpxy amlF sdkf ienHF ivcfrF nUM BfeIcfry dI soc df ihwsf bxfAux df Xqn kIqf. Audfhrn leI, KyqI pRDfn smfj qoN afAux krky pMjfbI afvfsIaF nUM tryz XUnIan lihr df koeI qjrbf nhIN sI. pihlF cflIivaF aqy Pyr swqrivaF dOrfn mjLdUrF dy hwkF leI cwlIaF jwdojihdF ny knyzf dy pMjfbIaF nUM tryz XUnIan lihr dy sMklp aqy mjLdUrF vjoN afpxy hwk lYx leI jQybMdk rfh qoN jfxU krvfieaf. iesy qrHF pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc aOrqF dy hwkF leI cwlIaF jwdojihdF ny smfj ivwc aOrq dI brfbrqf df sMklp knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry qwk phuMcfieaf. iek BfeIcfry dy ishqmMd ivkfs leI aglI jLrUrI gwl ieh hY ik Aus ivwc bhu-BFqI ivcfrF aqy srgrmIaF dI hoNd hovy. pRgqIsLIl lihr ny afpxIaF isafsI aqy siBafcfrk srgrmIaF rfhIN knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry nUM iek Dfrimk BfeIcfry dI QF iek anykvfdI (plUrilsitk) BfeIcfrf bxfAux ivwc Xogdfn pfieaf.


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pRgqIsLIl lihr dI sB qoN vwzI dyx ieh hY ik ies ny knyzf ivwc afey pMjfbI lokF nUM knyzIan bxfAux ivwc mhwqvpUrn rol adf kIqf. jdoN iksy dysL ivwc afey afvfsI ieh mMg krdy hn ik AunHF nUM pUry nfgirkF dy hwk cfhIdy hn aqy hwk lYx dy pwK ivwc Auh ieh dlIl pysL krn ik AunHF ny vI Aus dysL nUM KusLhfl bxfAux ivwc dUjy nfgirkF vFg ihwsf pfieaf hY qF aiswDy rUp ivwc Auh ieh kih rhy huMdy hn ik ieh sfzf dysL hY aqy asIN pUry nfgirkF dy hwk lY ky ies dysL dy vrqmfn aqy BivwK df PYslf krnf cfhuMdy hF. knyzIan pMjfbI agFhvDU lihr dI sO sflF dI kfrgujLfrI ies gwl dI gvfhI bhuq hI spsLt rUp ivwc BrdI hY ik ies lihr dIaF srgrmIaF afpxy hwk lYx dy nfl nfl knyzIan bxn df aml vI sn. awj knyzf ivwc BfrqI ipCokV dy lokF df knyzIan smfj ivwc sQfn pihlF dy mukfbly kfPI snmfn vflf hY aqy ieh smfj dy hr ihwsy ivwc pUrI qrHF rcy imcy hoey hn. ieh sB kuJ aYvyN nhIN vfpr igaf sgoN ies ipwCy knyzIan pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry vloN ipCly sO sflF dOrfn agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf dy afDfr `qy kIqIaF jwdojihdF df vwzf hwQ hY. vrqmfn siQqI vIhvIN sdI dy aMqly dhfky dOrfn agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf vflIaF jQybMdIaF dy asr df Gyrf bhuq suMgV igaf hY. AunHF vloN kIqIaF jFdIaF srgrmIaF bhuqy lokF df iDafn nhIN iKwcdIaF aqy nf hI afly duafly dy hflqF AuWpr koeI asr pfAuNdIaF jfpdIaF hn. ies lihr nfl sMbMDq jF ies dI gwl krn vfly aKbfr, mYgjLIn qkrIbn bMd ho cuwky hn. ies bdlI siQqI dy anykF kfrn hn ijnHF ivwcoN kuJ iek awgy sMKyp rUp ivwc ivcfry gey hn. sovIaq XUnIan aqy pUrbI XUrp ivwc afeIaF qbdIlIaF aqy hor aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr AuWqy vfprIaF GtnfvF ny pMjfbI BfeIcfry dIaF agFhvDU jQybMdIaF AuWqy zUMGf asr pfieaf. sovIaq XUnIan dy tuwtx nfl smfjvfdI ivcfrDfrf dy lokF dy supinaF nUM vwzI Tys phuMcI. bhuq sfry lok jo knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc ies lihr df ihwsf sn jF ies nfl sihmqI rwKdy sn Auh aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr AuWqy hoeIaF ienHF qbdIlIaF nUM ienHF dy shI sMdrB ivwc smJx aqy ies qoN awgy vDx ivwc nfkfmXfb rhy lwgdy hn. ies nfkfmXfbI ipwCy ies lihr nfl juVy lokF dI Xogqf jF hOsly ivwc kmI nhIN afKI jf skdI. ieh vrqfrf knyzf amrIkf ivwc hI nhIN sgoN smuwcy pwCm ivwc amIr jmfq vloN agFhvDU lihr ivruwD vwzI pwDr AuWqy prcfr aqy vwzIaF kfrporysLnF vloN afpxy eyjMzy nUM lokF AuWpr Tosx df nqIjf hY. dunIaf dy keI mulkF dI afriQkqf nfloN vwzIaF kfrporysLnF aqy ienHF dy kbjLy aDIn mIzIey ny ijs qrIky aqy pwDr AuWqy agFhvDU lihr ivruwD prcfr kIqf Aus dy asr qoN bcxf eynI suKflI gwl nhIN. Audfhrn vjoN, knyzf dI kimAUinst pfrtI vrgI jQybMdI nUM afpxy afp nUM BMg krnf pY igaf. pwCm ivwc amIr jmfq vloN agFhvDU lihr aqy mjLdUr jmfq dI jQybMd sLkqI aqy hwkF nUM BMg krn df aml sovIaq XUnIan dy tuwtx qoN pihlF hI jLorF sLorF AuWqy sLurU sI. ieh aml isrP mIzIey rfhIN prcfr qwk hI sImq nhIN sI sgoN ieMglYNz ivwc mfrgryt QYcr qy amrIkf ivwc rfnlz rygn vloN mjLdUrF dIaF jQybMdIaF nUM ivAuNqbMd qrIky nfl qoVn dy Xqn vI ies ivwc sLfml sn. knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc agFhvDU jQybMdIaF AuWqy aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr AuWqy vfprIaF GtnfvF nfloN vwD aqy PYslfkuMn asr pMjfb aqy Bfrq ivclIaF GtnfvF ny pfieaf. Kfilsqfn dI smwisaf swqrivaF dy aMq AuWqy sLurU ho geI sI. ijvyN ijvyN ieh smwisaf zUMGI huMdI geI knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry df iDafn AuWDr lgdf igaf aqy 1984 qoN lY ky smuwcy BfeIcfry leI swB qoN vwzf mslf pMjfb dI smwisaf bx igaf. lokF df iDafn pMjfb msly vwl ies hwd qwk kyNdirq ho igaf ik Auh sQfnk jIvn dy msilaF vloN byKbr ho gey. pMjfbI BfeIcfry dIaF agFhvDU jwdojihdF ijvyN Kyq mjLdUrF df Gol, nslvfd ivruwD lVfeI, aOrqF dy msilaF AuWpr kyNdrq kMm aqy siBafcfrk kMm, lgfqfr


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inGfr vwl jfxIaF sLurU ho geIaF. awsIivaF dy aKIr qwk BfeIcfry ivclI agFhvDU lihr iewkf duwkf siBafcfrk kMmF qwk sImq ho ky rih geI. knyzf dy pMjfbI BfeIcfry dI aMdrUnI bxqr aMdr vI bhuq sfrIaF qbdIlIaF afeIaF ijnHF ny ipCly sO sfl qoN cwlI afAuNdI agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf vflI isafsI syD AuWqy iswDf asr pfieaf. knyzf dy pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry dy afkfr ivwc vIhvIN sdI dy ipCly do dhfikaF dOrfn lgfqfr vfDf hoieaf. ies vfDy ivwc Bfrq qoN afAux vfly nvyN afvfsI aqy iewQy jMm pl rhy bwcy sLfml hn. pr ienHF dovF hI soimaF qoN agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf vflI isafsq ivwc nvyN lok sLfml nhIN hoey. ies smyN Bfrq qoN afAux vfilaF ivwc awTvyN dhfky dOrfn afieaF vflI agFhvDU isafsI cyqnf dI Gft sI. ienHF ivwcoN bhuqy jF qF isafsI pwKoN cyqn nhIN sn qy jy sn vI qF Auh ijLafdf krky pMjfb ivclI iswK isafsq dy asr Qwly sn. ies hI qrHF iewQy jMm pl rhy bwcy vI agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf qoN kory rhy ikAuNik nONvyN aqy dsvyN dhfky dOrfn kimAUintI ivwc agFhvDU soc df bolbflf nf rihx krky ienHF bwicaF dy kMnF ivwc aijhI koeI avfjL hI nhIN peI jo ienHF nUM ies pfsy vwl afkrsLq krdI. ienHF dy kMnF ivwc pfpUlr BMgVf klcr qy iswK Drm dIaF avfjLF hI peIaF qy iewQy jMm pl rhy bhuigxqI bwcy pMjfbI siBafcfr qy ieiqhfs dy ienHF hI do pihlUaF qoN vfkP hoey. smuwcy knyzIan smfj ivwc vI 90ivaF dOrfn agFhvDU isafsq kmjLor rhI hY ijs krky kfljF/XUnIvristIaF ivwc pVHdy pMjfbI/BfrqI bwicaF nUM AuWQoN vI agFhvDU ivcfrF df jfg nhIN lwgf. nqIjy vjoN, knyzf ivclI agFhvDU isafsq ivwc nvyN KUn df vfDf hoxoN pUrI qrHF ruk igaf. AuWpr ivcfrI geI siQqI dy nfl hor vI keI aijhy kfrn hn ijnHF ny lokF nUM agFhvDU isafsq vloN bymuwK kIqf. BfeIcfry dy vDy afkfr nfl imlI surwiKaf, afriQk KusLhflI aqy pihlF afey lokF vloN kIqIaF jwdojihdF aqy kurbfnIaF nfl bxy mfx snmfn kfrn nvyN afAux vfly lokF nUM pihly lokF dy mukfblqn bhuq Gwt musLiklF df sfhmxf krnf ipaf. bdlIaF siQqIaF ny pMjfbIaF vfsqy iewQoN dy vwzy smfj dy hr ihwsy ivwc sLfml hox dy drvfjLy KolH idwqy. BfvyN bhuigxqI ajy vI mjLdUr jmfq df ihwsf hn pr kfPI igxqI ivwc lok vwKry vwKry ikwiqaF aqy vpfrF ivwc cMgI qrHF sQfpq hn. ies hI aml dy ihwsy vjoN kfPI lok iewQoN dI isafsq df ihwsf vI bx gey hn aqy bI sI, albrtf, mYnItobf aqy EntyrIE afid sUibaF ivwcoN aYWm aYWl ey aqy aYWm pI cuxy gey hn. bI sI ivwc BfrqI kimAUintI dy lok sUbfeI aqy PYzrl pwDr dIaF srkfrF ivwc mMqrIaF dIaF pdvIaF AuWqy phuMc gey hn. bI sI ivwc sUby dy pRImIar dI pdvI qy vI ies vyly pMjfbI ipCokV dy isafsI nyqf sRI AuWjl dusFJ ibrfjmfn hn. pMjfbI/BfrqI mUl dy lokF dIaF pfrlImYNt pwDr AuWqy hoeIaF ijwqF nfl ijwQy pMjfbI kimAUintI df mfx viDaf hY, AuWQy awj kwlH kimAUintI ivwc ies isafsq jF gurdvfry dI isafsq qoN ibnF hor iksy isafsq dI gwl nhIN cwldI. ies qrHF lwgdf hY ik knyzf ivwc QoVHf bhuqf sQfpq hoieaf hr pMjfbI aYWm aYWl ey, aYWm pI jF minstr bxnf cfhuMdf hY. iehnF lokF vloN ielYksLn ivwc KVHy hox leI itkt lYx dI srgrmI pMjfbI BfeIcfry dI muwK isafsI srgrmI bx geI hY. pfrlImYNtrI isafsq ivwc hoeIaF ijwqF df BfeIcfry nUM shI Pfiedf qF ho skdf hY jy BfeIcfry ivwc lokF dI pwDr AuWqy lokF dIaF inwq idn dIaF smwisafvF nfl nijwTx leI jQybMdIaF hox. ienHF jQybMdIaF rfhIN lok pMjfbI/BfrqI mUl dy pfrlImYNtrI pwDr AuWqy cuxy gey lokF AuWpr jF AunHF rfhIN srkfr AuWpr smwisafvF dy hwl leI dbfa pf skdy hn. jy kfmXfb hoey isafsI lIzr afm lokF dy msilaF bfry koeI gwl nf krn qF lok BfeIcfry dIaF jQybMdIaF rfhIN AunHF qoN ies bfry svfl puwC skdy hn. pr BfeIcfry ivwc ies smyN aijhIaF jQybMdIaF dI axhoNd hY. nqIjy vjoN keI vfrI ies qrHF lwgdf hY ik knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfrf isafsq ivwc kfmXfb hoey jF kfmXfb hox dy iewCk lokF dy inwjI ihqF leI vriqaf jf irhf hY pr ies qoN koeI lfB nhIN AuTf irhf.


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Biv wK huxy Kqm hoeI vIhvIN sdI dy sLurU qoN lY ky aMq qwk (aKIrly dhfky nUM Cwz ky) agFhvDU soc vfly lokF ny knyzf dy pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry dIaF jwdojihdF nUM lgfqfr syD idwqI hY. ies lihr nfl juVy hr ivakqI leI ieh mfx vflI gwl hY. pr hux, ijs qrHF AuWpr ivcfiraf igaf hY, knyzf dy pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry ivclIaF siQqIaF pihlF nfloN hr pwKoN bdl cuwkIaF hn. ienHF siQqIaF drimafn hfl dI GVI ies lihr dI hoNd Kqry ivwc jfpdI hY. BfeIcfry ivclI isafsq ijs kdr muwK Dfrf burjLvf isafsq ivwc rl iml geI hY Aus qoN lwgdf hY ik vwKrI phuMc vfly lokF leI hox BfeIcfry aMdr koeI sQfn nhIN irhf. Audfhrn vjoN, swqrivaF dy sLurU qwk pMjfbI BfrqI BfeIcfry dI bhuigxqI knyzf dy sUby bI sI ivwc hI rihMdI sI. iewQoN dy lokF vloN lMmy smyN qwk lgfqfr sUby dI pwDr AuWqy Kwby-pwKI (dUjIaF pfrtIaF dy mukfbly) pfrtI aYWn zI pI nUM aqy kyNdr dI pwDr AuWqy ilbrl pfrtI nUM muwK qOr `qy ihmfieq idwqI jFdI sI. vIhvIN sdI dy aMq qwk ieh siQqI iblkul bdl geI hY. hux ies BfeIcfry lok aiq dIaF swjy pwKI pfrtIaF ijvyN rIPfrm, kMjLrvyitv aqy sosLl krYizt afid nUM vI pUrI ihmfieq idMdy hn. bI sI aqy albrtf dI pMjfbI BfrqI kimAUintI ivwcoN kyNdr dI pwDr AuWqy rIPfrm pfrtI dy kuJ aYWm pI vI cuxy gey hn jd ik ieh pfrtI swB qoN vwD swjy pwKI ivcfrF dI hY. agFhvDU lihr nfl juVy lokF awgy iewkIvIN sdI dy sLurU ivwc anykF svfl af KVHy hn. kI hux mfnvvfdI qy smuwcI mnuwKqf dI brfbrqf cfhux vflI sLkqIsLflI ivcfrDfrf df sfzy BfeIcfry ivwc koeI sQfn nhIN irhf? kI BfeIcfry aMdrlI isafsq nUM DrmF, jfqF, ielfikaF aqy hor anykF sOVy vrgF ivwc vMz ky afpxy ihq pUrn vfly lokF dy hwQF ivwc KuwlHf Cwz idwqf jfvy? kI BfeIcfry dI pCfx isrP DrmF AuWqy hI afDfrq hox idwqI jfvy? vwzIaF kfrporysLnF vloN lokF AuWpr Tosy jf rhy eyjMzy aqy AunHF vloN afpxy munfPy nUM vDfAux aqy surwiKaq rwKx leI kIqy jf rhy ivsLvIkrn nUM smyN dI nf vMgfrI jf skx vflI scfeI smJ ky cuwp Dfr leI jfvy? ieh aqy ieho ijhy anykF hor svfl hn jo ipCly keI sflF qoN agFhvDU soc dy DfrnIaF koloN jvfbF dI mMg kr rhy hn. ies ikqfb leI smwgrI dI Koj kridaF asIN knyzf dy hr vwzy sLihr - vYnkUvr, trFto, ivnIpYWg, aYzmMtn, kYlgrI - ivcly srgrm lokF nfl rsmI qOr `qy vI qy gYr-rsmI qOr `qy vI ivcfr vtFdrf kIqf hY. Aus dy afDfr `qy asIN ieh kih skdy hF ik ienHF ivwcoN bhuigxqI lok AuWpr drj kIqy svflF dy jvfb nFh ivwc hI dyxgy. Auh ajy vI husYn rhIm qy drsLn isMG knyzIan vrgy lokF vloN apxfeI ivcfrDfrf nUM TIk smJdy hn. pwCm dy qfkqvr mIzIey rfhIN swqfDfrI amIr jmfq vloN asmfn qwk cVHfeI grd dy bfvjUd Auh ies smfj dI aslIaq nUM ajy vI jmfqI njLrIey qoN dyKx aqy smJx dI koisLsL krdy hn. AunHF ivwc ajy vI Auh pRqIbwDqf kfiem hY ijs dI iksy vI lihr nUM jLrUrq huMdI hY. ies ivwc vI koeI sLwk nhIN ik nvyN QF sQfpq hox dy cwkr ny aqy pirvfrk ijLMmyvfrIaF ny AunHF AuWpr asr pfieaf hY. pr lokF nUM afpxy ivakqIgq jIvn df sMGrsL qF hr smyN hr jgHf hI krnf pYNdf hY aqy cyqn aqy vcnbwD lok loV pYx AuWqy smfj dIaF smwisafvF hwl krn leI ivakqIgq jIvn dy sMGrsL qoN AuWpr AuWT jFdy hn. ieh vrqfrf dunIaf dy hr ihwsy ivwc hr BfeIcfry dy lokF ivwc dyiKaf jf skdf hY. knyzf vsx vfly pMjfbI/BfrqI lok vI ies ivwc iksy nfloN ipwCy nhIN hn. pr Pyr vI kI vjHf hY ik Auh BfeIcfry ivwc mOjUdf smyN dOrfn asloN hI byasr ho ky rih gey hn? ies svfl df jvfb dy skxf iksy `kwly kfry ivakqI jF jQybMdI dy vws dI gwl nhIN. qy nf hI ies svfl df koeI iek jvfb ho skdf hY, Kfs kr ky ajokIaF inhfieq hI guMJldfr siQqIaF ivwc. loV hY ies svfl dy jvfb Bflx dy aml ivwc pYx dI. ieh aml do pwDrF AuWqy hoxf cfhIdf hY: iek bOiDk pwDr AuWqy aqy dUsrf amlI pwDr AuWqy.


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ies aml dI sLurUafq ies smyN knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry dy drpysL msilaF dI insLfndyhI krn dy kMm nfl sLurU ho skdI hY. ijs qrHF dIaF smwisafvF bfry agFhvDU lihr ny ipCly 100 sflF dOrfn sMGrsL aqy jwdojihdF kIqIaF hn, Aus qrHF dIaF smwisafvF awj vI knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivwc mOjUd hn. agFhvDU lihr dI kmjLor siQqI krky awj ieh smwisafvF axgOlIaF rih rhIaF hn. hF ieh gwl jLrUr hY ik pihlIaF ivwc ieh smwisafvF awj dy mukfbly kfPI hwd qwk spsLt sn pr awj aijhf nhIN hY. AunHF df rUp bdl igaf hY. Audfhrn leI, nslvfd awj vI mOjUd hY pr pihlIaF vFg jLfhrf hox dI QF lukvF hY. bysLwk kfPI igxqI ivwc lok knyzf af rhy hn pr iPr vI gYr-XUrpIan iemIgrYNtF aqy iriPAUjIaF AuWqy keI qrHF dIaF pfbMdIaF hn. ajy vI knyzf dy keI lokF aqy mIzIey vloN knyzf dIaF afriQk aqy smfjk smwisafvF leI iemIgrYNtF nUM dosLI Tihrfieaf jFdf hY. siQqIaF ies kdr bdl geIaF hn ik pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI ivwcoN keI lok aqy isafsI lIzr iemIgrysLn df ivroD kr rhy hn. ijhVy lok kwlH qwk kfmfgftfmfrU leI awQrU vhfAuNdy sn awj AuWcI avfjL ivwc kih rhy hn ik tuwty Bwjy jhfjLF AuWqy af rhy cIinaF nUM rfh `coN hI vfps kr dyxf cfhIdf hY. jdoN julfeI, agsq 1999 dOrfn bI sI dy qwt `qy kuJ cInI lok purfxy jhfjLF ivwc iewQy avfs lYx dI afs ivwc afey qF knyzf dy bhuq sfry lokF vloN AunHF dy afAux ivruwD avfjL AuTfeI geI. ies avfjL ivwc pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry dy lokF aqy isafsI lIzrF dIaF avfjLF vI kfPI AuWcIaF surF ivwc sLfml sn. ijwQy knyzf dy cInI BfeIcfry ivwcoN aqy vwzy BfeIcfry ivwcoN afAux vfly lokF dy hwk ivwc vI avfjLF AuWTIaF AuWQy pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry ivwcoN aijhf kuJ vI suxn nUM nhIN imilaf. jy BfeIcfry aMdrlIaF agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf vflIaF jQybMdIaF sfh-swq vflIaF huMdIaF qF Auh jLrUr afpxI avfjL grIb lokF dy hwk ivwc AuTfAuNdIaF ijs qrHF kfmfgftfmfrU dy hwk ivwc AuTfeI geI sI. so ies vyly loV hY smwisafvF nUM nvyN isirEN pirBfsLq krn dI. Audfhrn vjoN, iemIgrysLn dI smwisaf nUM ivsLvIkrn (globlfeIjysLn) dy vrqfry nfl joV ky dyKx dI loV hY. jy ivsLvIkrn dy Xuwg ivwc srmfeydfr ieh mMg kr skdy hn ik srmfey nUM dunIaf dy iksy vI ihwsy ivwc ibnF rok tok dy jfx dI KuwlH hovy qF mjLdUr vI ieh mMg kr skdf hY ik mjLdUrI nUM vI ibnF iksy rok tok dy dunIaf dy hr ihwsy ivwc jfx dI KuwlH hovy. jy aijhf ho jfvy iPr mjLdUrI dI Bfl ivwc lokF nUM tuwty Bwjy jhfjLF ivwc afAux dI loV hI nhIN pvygI. iewQy ivcfrI geI iemIgrysLn dI smwisaf qF isrP iek imsfl hY. BfeIcfry sfhmxy kuJ purfxIaF smwisafvF ijEN dIaF iqEN kfiem hn jF AunHF ivwc hor vfDf ho igaf hY. ijvyN Kyq mjLdUrF df ajy vI kfPI sLosLx huMdf hY. hor vI keI snaqF ivwc nvyN afey pMjfbI mjLdUrF nUM pUrI imhnq nhIN imldI. pMjfbI/BfrqI mUl dy vpfrIaF, Coty-vwzy snaqkfrF, TykydfrF afid vloN nvyN afey pMjfbI/BfrqI mUl dy mjLdUrF nUM srkfr vloN Gwto Gwt inXq kIqIaF qnKfhF qoN vI Gwt qnKfhF dyx dy ikwsy afm suxn nUM imldy hn. ienHF smwisafvF dy nfl nfl bhuq sfrIaF nvINaF smwisafvF vI iDafn mMgdIaF hn. vwzy pwDr AuWqy vfqfvrn (ienvfiermYNt) dI smwisaf hY. Dwky nfl kIqy jf rhy ivsLvIkrn (globlfeIjysLn) dI smwisaf hY ijs nfl dunIaf dy afm lokF dIaF smwisafvF iswDy qOr `qy juVIaF hoeIaF hn. mjLdUr jmfq vloN lMmIaF jwdojihdF nfl ijwqy hoey hwk vI inq Kuwsx dy Kqry rihMdy hn. hr iksm df Dfrimk kwtVvfd lgfqfr vwD irhf hY. dunIaf Br ivwc PYly ihMdusqfnI smfj nUM sdIaF qoN lwgI kYNsr vrgI Kqrnfk bImfrI, jfq pfq ajy ijEN dI iqEN sfzf mUMh icVf rhI hY. BfeIcfry dy pwDr AuWqy sfzIaF aglIaF pIVIaF dIaF smwisafvF hn. nvINaF afriQk siQqIaF dy asr kfrn sfzy irsLiqaF ivwc inwq AuWBr rhIaF nvINaF qRyVF hn. siBafcfr dy nF AuWqy afriQk munfPy leI vwD rhI lwcrqf dI smwisaf hY. siBafcfr nUM shI sMdrB ivwc smJx aqy sFBx dI smwisaf hY. pMjfbI bolI leI aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr AuWqy mOjUd sMBfvnfvF aqy cuxOqIaF nUM smJx dI loV hY. pMjfbI sfihq, rMgmMc, sMgIq, iPlm, lok nfc, aqy dUjIaF lilq klfvF dI sFB qy ivkfs dy msly hn. ieh sB smwisafvF vI agFhvDU soc vfly lokF dy kMmF dy Gyry ivwc afAuNdIaF hn. iewQy sLfied Aus njLrIey nUM muV ivcfrn dI loV hY ijs rfhIN ieh sfrIaF smwisafvF df hwl ienklfb qoN bfad kIqf jfxf sI. ienHF msilaF


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vwl nvyN isry qoN nvINaF siQqIaF anusfr iDafn dyx nfl agFhvDU lihr muV-surjIqI vwl kdm puwt skdI hY. jy asIN afpxy afly duafly dy vwzy smfj vwl ingHf mfrIey qF hflfq afsLfjnk njLr afAuNdy hn. vwzy BfeIcfry ivwcoN agFhvDU lok AuWpr idwqIaF smwisafvF jF AunHF vrgIaF hor smwisafvF dy hwl lwBx leI XqnsLIl hn. Auh smfj ivwc afpxI hoNd nUM muV kfiem krn ivwc kfmXfb ho rhy hn aqy sQfpqI leI lgfqfr iek vwzI cuxOqI bx rhy hn. vYnkUvr ivwc 1998 dOrfn hoeI eypk kfnPrMs df ivroD aqy dsMbr 1999 ivwc amrIkf dy sLihr isaftl ivwc zbilAU tI E (vrlz tryz afrgynfeIjysLn) dy ivroD ivwc AuWTIaF jwdojihdF ies dIaF qfjLf imsflF hn. ienHF jwdojihdF ivwc Auh lok sLfml sn jo afpo afpxy BfeIcfiraF aqy smfjF ivwc aijhy msilaF nfl do cfr ho rhy hn. isaftl ivwc hoey mujLfhiraF aqy vfqfvrn ijhy msilaF dy sMbMD ivwc lokF vloN lgfqfr pRiqbwDqf nfl kIqy jFdy Gol kfPI dyr qoN ieh sMkyq dy rhy hn ik ipCly do iqMn dhfikaF qoN jo pRvfh lgfqfr mjLdUr jmfq dy ivruwD cwl irhf sI hux Aus ivwc moV afAux dIaF sMBfvnfvF idsdIaF hn. hux pYNzUlm dUjy pfsy nUM GuMmxf sLurU hox vflf hY. ieh gwl vwKrI hY ik muwK Dfrf df mIzIaf ies qrHF dI jfxkfrI afm lokF qwk nhIN phuMcf irhf. drasl ieh pwCmI mIzIey df hI ikRsLmf hY ik Aus ny afm lokF nUM ieh XkIn duaf idwqf hY ik mnuwKqf dI brfbrqf cfhux vflI lihr df sfrI dunIaf ivwc aMq ho cuwkf hY. jd ik aslIaq ies qoN vwKrI hY. dunIaf Br ivwc ajy vI lok afpxy hwkF vfsqy jwdojihdF kr rhy hn. sfzy afly duafly inwq hVqflF huMdIaF hn. mjLdUr nvINaF siQqIaF ivwc jQybMdIaF bxfAux dIaF koisLsLF lgfqfr krdy rihMdy hn cfhy Auh mYkzfnlz vrgIaF aiq dIaF sLosLx krn vflIaF aqy cusqI nfl mjLdUrF nUM jQybMd hox qoN rokx vflIaF kfrporysLnF ivwc hI ikAuN nf hovy. dUjy sLbdF ivwc ieh ikhf jf skdf hY ik mjLdUr jmfq dy lok afpxy hwkF bfry ajy vI pUrI qrHF cyqn hn. smuwcI mnuwKqf dI BlfeI cfhux vfly lok asloN inrfsL ho ky nhIN bYT gey. ieh gwl byhwd idlcspI vflI hY ik bI bI sI dy iek srvy anusfr ipwCly imlynIam df swB qoN vwD asr pfAux vflf icMqk kfrl mfrks nUM igixaf igaf hY. pMjfbI BfeIcfry ivcly bhuqy agFhvDU lok vwzy smfj ivwc vfpr rhIaF ies qrHF dIaF srgrmIaF qoN sucyq hn aqy keI ienHF df ihwsf vI hn. ies vyly loV hY ik vwzy smfj dy ienHF vrqfiraF nUM knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfry dI jnqk soc df ihwsf bxfieaf jfvy. aijhf krn nfl iek qF knyzIan pMjfbI BfeIcfrf iehnF srgrmIaF qoN vfkP hovygf, dUsrf knyzIan pMjfbI agFhvDU lihr dunIaf ivwc cwl rhI vwzI agFhvDU lihr df iek ihwsf njLr afvygI. awj dy msilaF aqy smwisafvF nUM nvyN sMdrB ivwc smJx aqy pirBfsLq krn dy nfl nfl afpxy ivrsy nUM sMBflx dI vI loV hY. bfkI pMjfbIaF vFg agFhvDU lihr nfl sMbMDq lok vI kfPI hwd qwk afpxy ivrsy nUM shI sMdrB ivwc nf sFBx dy ksUrvfr hn. ies vyly ivsLysL loV hY ik vIhvIN sdI dOrfn knyzf dI DrqI AuWqy pMjfbI/BfrqI BfeIcfry ivclI agFhvDU lihr nUM mukMml rUp ivwc rIkfrz kIqf jfvy. ies hQlI ikqfb vrgy hor pRfjYkt krvfey jfx. ieiqhfs dy vwKry vwKry pihlUaF nUM ivsQfr nfl GoiKaf jfvy. agFhvDU lihr ivwc mhwqvpUrn Xogdfn pfAux vflIaF sLKsIaqF nUM BfeIcfry ivwc AuBfiraf jfvy. AunHF dy nFvF AuWqy knyzf dy kfljF aqy XUnIvristIaF ivwc vjLIPy sQfpq kIqy jfx qF ik nOjvfn lokF nUM iehnF sLKsIaqF aqy AunHF dy kMmF bfry jfxn leI AuqsLfh imly. agFhvDU lihr dI BfeIcfry ivwc jLfhrf hoNd sQfpq krn leI BfeIcfry ivwc ies lihr dy ieiqhfs nfl sMbMDq kyNdr sQfpq kIqy jfx. ieiqhfs dy vwKry vwKry pihlUaF AuWqy ivcfr gosLtIaF kIqIaF krvfeIaF jfx. sfihqkfrF nUM, rMgkrmIaF nUM ies lihr dy ieiqhfs nUM afpxIaF klf ikrqF df ivsLf bxfAux leI AuqsLfihq kIqf jfvy. AunHF vloN kIqIaF rcnfvF nUM gMBIrqf nfl piVHaf, dyiKaf, GoiKaf jfvy aqy AunHF dIaF ikrqF df bxdf siqkfr kIqf jfvy. afpxy ivrsy nUM jfxn aqy sMBflx dy aml ivwcoN mOjUdf smyN dIaF siQqIaF nUM smJx aqy nijwTx leI bl qy Xogqf pRfpq kIqI jfvy.


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aMiqkf ryK-icwqr iqafr krn vfsqy jQybMdIaF nUM Byijaf igaf pRsLn pwqr iewQy nmUny vjoN idwqf jf irhf hY: 1[ jQybMdI df nfm 2[ sQfn 3[ jQybMdI dI sLurUafq - smF, sQfn, bfnI mYNbr afid 4[ sLurU krn dI loV ikAuN peI? 5[ afsLy (lFg trm/vwzy aqy sLfrt trm/Coty) 6[ jQybMdk ZFcf 7[ kI quhfzI jQybMdI iksy dUsrI vwzI jQybMdI dy ZFcy dI kVI sI/hY? Aus jQybMdI df nF? 8[ jy Auprly suafl df juafb hF ivwc hY qF Aus vwzI jQybMdI df quhfzy jQybMdk kMmF ivwc iks qrHF df pRBfv sI? 9[ mYNbrisLwp: ikMny mYNbr sn, iks qrHF dI mYNbrisLwp sI? kI kor mYNbrisLwp aqy pYrIiPrl mYNbrisLwp ivwc koeI Prk sI? 10[ jQybMdI df afDfr: lok: pMjfbI jF smuwcy BfrqI jF smuwcy knyzIan jF hor? ivcfrDfrk afDfr? 11[ smfj df ivsLlyslx? 12[ PMz: somy, iekwTf krn dy qrIky? 13[ srgrmIaF dI iksm? (inrol isafsI jF inrol sfihqk jF inrol siBafcfrk jF rlIaF imlIaF) 14[ kI quhfzIaF srgrmIaF muwK qOr `qy knyzf nfl sMbMDq sn jF ihMdusqfn nfl jF dohF nfl? 15[ kimAUintI dIaF dUjIaF jQybMdIaF nfl irsLqf: A) ikhVIaF ikhVIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kMm kIqf/krdy ho? a) ikhVIaF ikhVIaF jQybMdIaF nfl kMm krn leI iblkul iqafr nhIN sI/ho? 16[ pMjfbI/BfrqI kimAUintI qoN ibnF dUjIaF kimAUintIaF dIaF jQybMdIaF nfl irsLqf: A) ikhVIaF ikhVIaF jQybMdIaF nfl iml ky kMm kIqf/ krdy ho? 17[ lokF qwk afpxf sunyhf phuMcfAux leI kI ZMg vrqdy sI? (prcy, pYNPilt, kimAUintI df mIzIaf, ikqfbF, mIitMgF afid) (not: lokF qwk gwl phuMcfAux leI ijhVy sfDn quhfzy vwloN vrqy jFdy sn, AunHF dy nmUny sfnUM ijMnI vwD qoN vwD igxqI ivwc Byj sko qF cMgf hovygf.) 18[ quhfzy iKafl ivwc quhfzIaF srgrmIaF ny kimAUintI dI ibhqrI leI iks qrHF df Xogdfn pfieaf? quhfzy afpxy iKafl ivwc qusIN imwQy afisLaF vwl ikMnf ku sPr qih kIqf? 19[ quhfzIaF srgrmIaF dI hux kI siQqI hY? 20[ kI quhfzI jQybMdk siQqI ivwc iksy qrHF dI qbdIlI afeI hY? jy hF qF Aus dy kI kfrn hn? 21[ ipCly pMdrF virHaF ivwc vfprIaF do vwzIaF GtnfvF - Kfilsqfn dI lihr aqy sovIaq XUnIan aqy pUrbI XUrp ivwc afeIaF qbdIlIaF - df quhfzI jQybMdI AuWpr iks qrHF df asr ipaf? 22[ qusIN afpxI jQybMdI dy BivwK bfry iks qrHF socdy ho? 23[ AuWpr idwqy svflF qoN ibnF afpxI jQybMdI bfry jy hor jfxkfrI qusIN sfnUM dwsxI cfhuMdy ho, Auh jfx ky sfnUM KusLI hovygI. 24[ kI qusIN afpxy sLihr jF ielfky dIaF hor jQybMdIaF dy nF dws skdy ho ijnHF bfry ies ikqfb ivwc ijLkr hoxf cfhIdf hY?


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not: A) pRsLn-pwqr ivwc svflF dy jvfb dyx vfsqy CwzI geI QF qoN jy vwD QF dI loV jfpy qF vwKry kfgjL dI vrqoN kro. a) afpxI jQybMdI bfry vwD qoN vwD dsqfvyjLI smwgrI - ikqfbF, prcy, aKbfrF ivwc CpIaF irportF afid dIaF kfpIaF, PotoaF, pRogrfmF dy iesLiqhfr aqy itktF afid - Byjx df vwD qoN vwD Xqn krnf. ies leI asIN quhfzy hfridk DMnvfdI hovFgy.

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