STEDT Monograph10 Proto Northern Chin

8/11/2019 STEDT Monograph10 Proto Northern Chin

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VXGTG

LGXTBAXL

@BOL

@brostgpbar Huttgl

P`bgge g Groaltje jld Jno`jl Ptudoas

Qlovarsoty g Egldgl

PTADT Mglgirjpb :6Qlovarsoty g @jeogrloj, Harcaeay


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VXGTLGXTBAXL @BOLhy

@brostgpbar T.K. Huttgl

geuma #:6 ol tba

PTADT Mglgirjpb Paroas

Polg-ohatjl Atymgegio`je Do`togljry jld Tasjurus Vrgka`t

5bttp;//stadt.harcaeay.adu/:0-4?-9

86:: T a Xaialts g t a Qlovarsoty g @j o grloj

J Xoi ts Xasarva


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Ngr @olib Lg


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o

Paroas Adotgrs Oltrgdu`togl

Tbos omprassova hggc groioljtad js j dg`tgrje dossartjtogl suhmottad ol 866? tg tbaP`bgge gn Groaltje jld Jnro`jl Ptudoas, Qlovarsoty gn Egldgl, hjsad gl noaedwgrc @bros

Huttgl `gldu`tad ol Hurmj ol 866>-69 gl sox Lgrtbarl @bol ejliujias. Tbos dossartjtoglrjl tg sgma 0?1 pjias, wbarajs tba prasalt hggc bjs haal `gmprassad tg eass tbjl 866, j

tastomgly tg tba annoòal`y wotb wbo`b Huttgl bjs mjljiad tg rangrmjt jld pgeosb bosmjlus`ropt ol su`b j sbgrt parogd gn toma.

Jl aspaòjeey oltarastoli najtura gn Huttgls study os tba nj`t tbjt bos Lgrtbarl @bol djtj

suppgrts hut gla eai gn j ra`glstru`tova tropgd tbjt jesg olèudas Ged Hurmasa jld Ged@bolasa. Tbguib bos Vrgtg-Lgrtbarl-@bol (VL@) os ra`glstru`tad oldapaldaltey gl tba

hjsos gn oltarlje djtj, Huttgl salsohey jeegws bos atymgegio`je kudimalts ol donnoùet`jsas tg ha olneualàd taeagegio`jeey hy wbjt os clgwl jhgut gtbar hrjl`bas gn Polg-

Tohatg-Hurmjl (balàngrtb PTH).

Jntar sgma oltrgdu`tgry ramjrcs jhgut tba suhirgupoli gn tba @bol njmoey, Huttglprgàads tg j tbagrato`jeey sgpbosto`jtad trajtmalt gn Lgrtbarl @bol pbglgegiy,

suppgrtad hy spa`trgirjpbo` avodalà, jld prasaltad ol alguib datjoe tg prgvoda j normhjsos ngr tba `gmpjrjtova wgrc tg `gma. Tbos os ngeegwad hy j `bjptar gl tba raejtovaey

`gmpeo`jtad @bol mgrpbgegiy, wotb spaòje jttaltogl pjod tg ra`glstru`toli tba bostgry gntba mgrpbgpbglamo` jetarljtogls hatwaal tba twg stams(Ngrm O jld Ngrm OO) tbjt

mgst @bol varhs dospejy. @bjptars gl Ged Hurmasa jld Ged @bolasa `gma laxt, ngeegwadhy j `bjptar dosùssoli `gltrgvarsoje pgolts ol ialarje PTH ra`glstru`togl. @bjptar Ô,

altotead @gmpjrjtova Pats, gnnars :21 `gmpjrosgls gn Lgrtbarl @bol atymj wotb ngrmsnrgm Ged Hurmasa jld Ged @bolasa, lgtoli `jsas wbara tba atymj saam tg bjva haal

hgrrgwad oltg PTH nrgm jlgtbar ejliujia njmoey. Noljeey, tba sa`gld bjen gn tbos studyos davgtad altoraey tg eosts gn VL@ ra`glstru`togls, prasaltad hgtb ol tba VL@

jepbjhato`je grdar jld ol tba grdar gn tbaor Alieosb iegssas.

Tbrguibgut tbos hggc, Huttgl damglstrjtas j daap njmoeojroty wotb tba s`bgejrey eotarjturagl tba vjrogus hrjl`bas gn PTH. Ol bos dosùssogls gn pjrtoùejr atymgegioas, ba

pjolstjcoliey jssamheas tba gpologls gn vjrogus s`bgejrs, `gmpjroli jld avjeujtoli tbamol grdar tg `gma up wotb bos gwl kudimalts js tg tbaor raejtova pejusohoeoty. Js wa jee

clgw, tbara os mu`b iuasswgrc olvgevad ol bostgro`je ra`glstru`togl, aval wbal sgma gntba ejliujias olvgevad bjva egli eotarjry trjdotogls. Ol pjrtoùejr, tbara jra lgw savarje

`gmpatoli systams gn ra`glstru`togls ngr Ged @bolasa, jld oldovoduje s`bgejrs nraqualtey`bjlia tbaor molds gl àrtjol pgolts. Huttgl laigtojtas bos wjy tbrguib tbos molanoaed

wotb jpegmh.


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oo

Ol tba @glèudoli Xamjrcsgn tba norst pjrt gn tbos study, Huttgl parmots bomsaen sgmaspaùejtova `gmpjrosgls hatwaal tba VPTH vgwae systam jld tbgsa gn Oldg-Aurgpajl

jld Lgrtbwast @ju`jsojl ejliujias, eajdoli bom tg surmosa tbjt tbara must axost sgmaulovarsje taldal`y tg davaegp j promgrdoje twg-wjy vgwae systam `glsostoli gley gn /j/

jld //. Huttgl jesg valturas tg bgpa tbjt nurtbar rasajr`b jegli tbasa eolas woee

avaltujeey eajd tg j `geejpsa gn tba dostol`togl hatwaal vgwaes jld `glsgljlts jetgiatbar.

Yboea gla moibt lgt wjlt tg ig quota tbjt njr jt tba mgmalt, wa `jl `glnodaltey sjy tbjt

Huttgls wgrc, jegli wotb tba pravogus olvjeujhea `gltrohutogls gn Cbgo Ejm Tbjli(866:) jld Callatb ^jlHoc (866?), bjva mjda tba @bol ejliujias gla gn tba mgst

ompgrtjlt irgwtb pgolts ol PTH ra`glstru`togl.

Ya jra prgud tg mjca @brostgpbar Huttgls boibey groiolje wgrc jvjoejhea ol tba PTADTMglgirjpb Paroas.

Kjmas J. MjtosgnnVrolòpje Olvastoijtgr, PTADT


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Vrgtg Lgrtbarl @bol

^geuma :Jl Ged Hurmasa jld Ged @bolasa Varspa`tova


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4

Tjhea gn @gltalts

Pymhges & Jhhravojtogls 9o. Ialarje 9

oo. Eaxo`je @jtaigroas 9ooo. Ejliujias jld Vrgtg-Ejliujias 9ov. Trjls`roptogls 9v. Ppa`trgirjms 2vo. Hurmasa Ols`roptoglje Pguràs 2

Vranjà & J`clgweadiamalts :6

Oltrgdu`togl ::o. Lgmalèjtura :8oo. Puhirgupoli :8

ooo. Xaprasaltjtova Ejliujias :0

@bjptar :; Lgrtbarl @bol Vbglgegiy :1:.:Xbymas :1:.:.: Dopbtbglis :>:.:.8 @gdjs :?:.:.8.: Xbgto` -r :?:.:.8.8 Pohoejlt -s 86:.:.8.0 [jbju-w/ -w 86:.:.8.4Ieoda @gdjs jld Pyeejhea Yaoibt 8::.:.8.1 Tbjdg -jld Pyeejhea Yaoibt 88

:.8 Olotojes 80:.8.: âejrs 80:.8.:.: âejr @eustars 84:.8.8 Xbgto`s 84:.8.0 Jnnro`jtas 81:.8.4 @grgljes 81:.8.1 Ieodas 8>:.8.> Iegttje Ptgp 8>:.0 Tgljeoty 89:.0.: Tgla @jtaigry O 89:.0.8 Tgla @jtaigry OO 8?

:.0.0 Tgla @jtaigry OOO 06@bjptar 8; Lgrtbarl @bol Mgrpbgegiy 0:8.: ârhje Olnea`togls 0:8.:.: Ptgppad Pyeejhea ^jrojtogl 088.:.8 Gpal Pyeejhea ^jrojtogl ol T@-OO 088.:.0 Groiol ol Punnoxje -s 008.:.0.: Iegttjeoty 04


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1

8.:.0.8 Gpal syeejheas jld -t/ -c 048.:.4 Puparjddad -sPunnoxjtogl 048.:.1 @jusjtovoty Vjrjdoims 018.:.> Jetarljtogls gn -cjld -t 0>8.:.9 Jetarljtogl gn -/ -gOOOjld -w/-wOOO 0>

8.8 Lgmoljeosjtogl 0>8.0 Olotoje Jsporjtogl 0>8.4 ^g`jeo` Jhejut 09

@bjptar 0; Ged Hurmasa 020.: ^g`jeosm 020.:.: Kglas Tbraa ^gwae o/u/jPystam 020.:.8 Iglis Tbraa ^gwae o/u/jPystam 0?0.:.0 Vueeayhejlcs Twg ^gwae o/jPystam 0?0.:.4 J Twg ^gwae /Pystam 460.8 Vura Olotojes 48

0.0 Madojes 400.0.: Madojes -k-jld -w- 400.0.:.: `- 5 (k)-, tk- 440.0.:.8 - 5 k-, lk- 440.0.:.0 rk- 410.0.:.4s- 5 sk- 4>0.0.8 Madojes -e-jld -r- 4>0.4 Tgljeoty 4>

@bjptar 4; Ged @bolasa 4?4.: ^g`jeosm 4?

4.:.: Eos Ngur ^gwae o/u//jPystam 4?4.:.8 Vueeayhejlcs Twg ^gwae /jPystam 4?4.:.0 Hjxtars Pox ^gwae o/u/a/g//jPystam 164.:.4 J Twg ^gwae /jPystam 1:4.8 Tba /jJhejut 104.0 Tgljeoty 104.4 Tba T_VA-Jjld T_VA-HPyeejhea Dostol`togl 144.1 Olotojes 114.1.: Vura Olotojes 114.1.8 Vranoxjtogl 11

@bjptar 1; Polg-Tohatjl / Tohatg-Hurmjl 191.: Xbymas 191.:.: Gpal Xbymas & Ieoda @gdjs 1?1.:.:.: Pbjnars Irjdad o/u/a/g//jPystam 1?1.:.:.8 Halado`ts Gpal o/u/a/g//j Pystam >61.:.:.0 J ^arto`je /jPystam >:1.:.8 Gtbar @egsad Xbymas >:1.:.8.: Eoquod -rjld -e >8


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>

1.:.8.8 Pohoejlt -s >81.:.8.0 Qvuejr -q >81.8 Olotojes >81.8.: Jnnro`jta b-jld @grglje tb- >01.8.8 Pohoejlts- >4

1.8.0 Ieoda w-jld Ghstrualtp- >41.8.4 Iegttje - >41.8.1 Ejhogvaejr cw-jld w- >11.0 Tgljeoty >11.0.: Halado`ts Twg Tgla Pystam >11.0.8 Yaodarts Ngur Vbgljtogl Typas >>1.0.0 J Paimaltjeey Darovad Tbraa Tgla Pystam >>1.4 Mgrpbgegio`je ^jrojtogl >91.4.: Olotojes jld @gdjs >91.4.8 ^g`jeosm >9

@bjptar >; @gmpjrjtova Pats >?@bjptar 9; @gl`eudoli Xamjrcs 2?9.: ^gwaeeass Ejliujias 2?9.:.: Oldg-Aurgpajl 2?9.:.8 Lgrtbwast @ju`jsojl ?69.:.8.: Jhjzj ?69.:.8.8 Cjhjrdojl ?69.8 Oldg-Aurgpajl varsus Polg-Tohatjl ?:

Hoheogirjpby ?8


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Pymhges & Jhhravojtogls

o. Ialarje

* Vraàdas j ra`glstru`tad ngrm. Vraàdas j T_VA-Jsyeejhea ol Ged @bolasa js dostoliuosbad nrgm T_VA-H.< Odaltonoas tba ommadojtaey ngeegwoli ngrm js j darovjtova gn tba ommadojtaey

praàdoli gla.5 Odaltonoas tba ommadojtaey praàdoli ngrm js j darovjtova gn tba ommadojtaey

ngeegwoli gla.~ Papjrjtas j Lgrtbarl @bol NGXM-Onrgm ots olnea`tad NGXM-OO./ Papjrjtas j wrottal Hurmasa ngrm nrgm ots ols`roptoglje pradaàssgr on dostol`t3

sapjrjtas jetarljtova ngrms ol nraa vjrojtogl gr `gmpeamaltjry dostrohutogl.

oo.Eaxo`je @jtaigroas

l lgulv varhvh halanj`tova varhvo oltrjlsotova varhvt trjlsotova varhJTTX jttrohutovaVE peurjePQHK suhka`tT@ tgla `jtaigry

ooo.Ejliujias jld Vrgtg-ejliujiasJJ Justrgjsojto`JL JustrglasojlEH Egeg-HurmasaM@ Moddea @bolasaMC Mgl-CbmarL@ Lgrtbarl @bolGH Ged HurmasaG@ Ged @bolasaPT Polg-Tohatjl

P@ Pgutbarl @bolTH Tohatg-HurmjlTC Tjo-Cjdjo

ov. Trjls`roptogls

a @grraspglds tgol tba sjma wjy js otgjld utg.g @grraspglds tg ol tba sjma wjy js otgjld utg.


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J /jA /aO /oG /g

Q /u^ Qlspaònoad vgwae

C Jetarljtogl gn cwotb /b(gr rjraey t) Jetarljtogl gn wotb c/(gr rjraey w)T Jetarljtogl gn twotb dTP Jetarljtogl gn wotb

L Jetarljtogl gn lwotb tV Jetarljtogl gnpwotb h/w (gr rjraeyn)M Jetarljtogl gn mwotbpK Jetarljtogl gnk wotbs

E Jetarljtogl gn e/r/l/dY Jetarljtogl gn wwotb /b/hB Jetarljtogl gn bwotb@ Qlspaònoad `glsgljlt

O Tgla `jtaigry OOO Tgla `jtaigry OOOOO Tgla `jtaigry OOO Tgla : Tgla 8 Qlspaònoad tgla

v. Ppa`trgirjms

s Pa`glds (gl tba bgrozgltje jxos)cBz Coegbartz (nraqual`y gl tba eant jxos3 pot`b gl tba roibt jxos)

vo.Hurmasa Ols`roptoglje Pguràs

HD Ols`roptogls @geea`tad hy Coli Hgdjwpjyjhdc3jwmnhc&m3ol Qppar Hurmj Tjw Paol Cg (:?:0)

OH Ols`roptogls gn Hurmjkranrmwdcon3&on3jusmunpmrsm3 Euà & Va Mjuli Tol (:?00-1>)

EC Tba Egcjbtaocpjljvmuxdynyan3 Hj Pbol (:?>8)

M[ Tba Hurmasa Njà gn tba MyjzadokrjpwDOls`roptogl jt Vjijl Durgosaeea (:?:?)

GHAV Ged Hurmj Ajrey Vjil (^geuma 0) Euà (:?>?-96)


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POV Paea`togls nrgm tba Ols`roptogls gn Vjijlyc*BjusmunpmIan_jyion3 Va Mjuli Tol & Eu`a (:?82)

QH Ols`roptogls @geea`tad ol Qppar Hurmj (^geuma :) Tjw Paol Cg (:?66-60)

YC Yatcyo-ol Cuhyjuc-iyo6unHuD3ton3*e3jkymunHuD3

Eu`a & Ybothrajd (:?9:)


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:6

Vranjà & J`clgweadiamalts

Tbos, jegli wotb ^geuma 8, os j tbgrguibey ravosad varsogl gn Huttgl (866?) wbo`b wjssuhmottad js j Vb.D. dossartjtogl tg tba P`bgge gn Groaltje jld Jnro`jl studoas, Qlovarsoty

gn Egldgl.

Tba Lgrtbarl @bol olngrmjtogl prasaltad baraol wjs `geea`tad ol Hurmj duroli 866>-69jld rasuets nrgm tba ommalsa anngrts gn mjly @bol pagpea wbg woeeoliey jld pjtoalteysj`ronoàd tbaor toma. Lgla gn tbos wgued bjva haal pgssohea wotbgut tbam.

Tba mggt dostol`togl hatwaal tba vjrojlt ngrmsJrm hm Hurmj jldkranrm /krBrmmrmm Myjlmjr gn tba sjma Ged Hurmasa wgrd,: os gn lg `glsaqualà bara3 tbangrmar tarm os usad ol j``grdjlà wotb bostgro`je eoliuosto` `glvaltogl.

:Paa Euà (:?1?h;10), Bej Va (:?>9j;9?) jld Gcaee (:??1;:61->).


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::

Oltrgdu`togl

O wjs hrguibt up tg raijrd Njr Ajstarl ejliujias ialarjeey js (o) Mglgsyeejho`(`glsostoli gn wgrds gn gla syeejhea)3 (oo) Olvjrojhea (lgt mgdonoad hy jly olneaxogls)3 jld

(ooo) Osgejtoli (dastotuta gn syltjx). @bol os j ejliujia wbo`b dosprgvas jee tbraastjtamalts.

I. B. Euà (:?1?j;06)

Hrgjd ialarjeosjtogls Euàs ramjrcs mjy ha, hut aval ol tgdjys mgra olngrmadeoliuosto` alvorglmalt, tba varhje olnea`togls jld surnjà vg`jeo` ealitb dostol`togls8gnmjly @bol ejliujias pot tbam jijolst tba lgrm ngr mamhars gn tba Polg-Tohatjlejliujia njmoey. Tba study bara ngùsas gl j ra`glstru`togl gn tba pbglgegiy jldmgrpbgegiy gn Lgrtbarl @bol hjsad gl j ègsaey raejtad irgup gn ejliujias spgcal ol

tba @bol Boees gl tba Hurmasa soda gn tba hgrdar wotb Oldoj. Ppaòno` jttaltogl os pjod tgaxtarlje `gmpjrosgls wotb Ged Hurmasa, js jttastad ol ols`roptogls,0jld Ged @bolasa.4Tg `gmpjra avodalà gn su`b donnaralt toma daptbs mjy saam jlj`brglosto`, hut tbauloqua olsoibts jnngrdad ravaje strocoli typgegio`je somoejrotoas wotb tba `glsarvjtovaLgrtbarl @bol ejliujias tbjt bjva lgt su`ùmhad js ajsoey tg tomas ialtea argsogl jsbjva tba mgdarl Hurmasa gr @bolasa ejliujias.

Xaeojhea das`roptogls gn Lgrtbarl @bol ejliujias jra s`jrà. Tba glà prgmosoli nuturaoljuiurjtad hy Tba@bol Boees Eoliuosto` Tgur gn :?14 hy Auiloa Baldarsgl, TbagdgraPtarl jld Igrdgl Euà dod lgt saam tg bjva njta gl ots soda3 tba ngrasbgrtaloli gn tba tropjld tba egss gn mu`b gn Baldarsgls djtj gl tba tgur os ra`gultad hy Euà (:?1?j;86-0,

:?>2;:6>). Tba prgka`tad `gmholad wgrc hjsad gl tba tgur, Ptudoas ol @bol Eoliuosto`s,lavar mjda ot tg puheo`jtogl;1Baldarsgls raduàd `gltrohutogl jppajrad sapjrjtaey ol:?>13 Ptarls wjs pjrtojeey puheosbad ol :?>0 hut tba taxtuje djtj upgl wbo`b ot wjshjsad gley jppajrad ejtar ol j donnaralt kgurlje ol :?243 Euàs mjmmgtb `gltrohutogl,@gmmgl ngrm ol Hurmj @bol Ejliujias, hjsad gl nurtbar rasajr`b nrgm bos hjsa olXjliggl jld olèudoli mu`b djtj nrgm Pgutbarl @bol ejliujias, stoee ramjols ejriaeyulpuheosbad.>

8 Pul (:?28;82>-?:) sbgws tbjt tba naw olstjlàs gn dostol`tova vgwae ealitb ol gtbar Tohatg-Hurmjlejliujias jra mjriolje gr sa`gldjroey darovad.0 Tba trjdotoglje djta ngr tba ajreoast ols`roptogl os :::8-0 JD. Durgosaeea (:?:0;:-8) lgtas j nawols`roptogls progr tg tbos djta hut `jutogls (:?8:;v-vo) tbjt dua `jra must ha jppeoad ol jsàrtjololi tba

groioljeoty gn mjly gn tbasa. Euà & Va Mjuli Tol (:?00-1>;O.43OO.4-13O^.2-:6) jra aval mgra dosàrlolitbjl Durgosaeea, jetbguib Euà (:?>?-96;O.?>) dgas ra`gilosa tbjt sgma uldjtad ols`roptogls mjy waee bjvajl ajreoar prgvaljlà.4 Ged @bolasa os trjdotogljeey ra`glstru`tad hj`c tg tba toma gn tba Pbokoli hggc gn pgatry `gmpoead

hatwaal :666 - >66 H@. Vjejagirjpbo`je avodalà ol tba ajreoast @bolasa ols`roptogls tjcas tbos hj`c twgàlturoas ajreoar.1Baldarsgls (:?>8) typad oltrgdu`togl, js waee js bar pranjà tg Euàs `gltrohutogl, mjy ha nguld ol tba`geea`togl gn bar pjpars jt tba P`bgge gn Groaltje jld Jnro`jl Ptudoas ol Egldgl.>J smjee saea`togl gn ot mjy ha nguld ol Euà (:?21;O.28->3OO.96-29)3 tba `gmpeata wgrc mjy ha nguld oltba `geea`togl gn Euàs pjpars jt tba Ljtoglje Eohrjry gn Justrjeoj.


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:8

o. Lgmalèjtura

Tba tarm usad hy Lgrtbarl @bols tg ranar tg tbamsaevas os ùstgmjroey trjlseotarjtad js[gwbo`b mjy ha ra`glstru`tad ol Lgrtbarl @bol js kw. Cglgw (:?64;:-8312) lgtas tbaljma @boltg ha j Hurmasa axglym,`son3cbk,9tbjt os sylglymgus wotb tba tarmCuco,

wbo`b Eabmjl (:?>0;1) suiiasts tg ha Mjlopuro ol groiol, gl tba Oldojl soda gn tbahgrdar.2Tba @bol jra ulaquovg`jeey jttastad ol sgma gn tba ejtar Hurmasa ols`roptogls;

gunkrCan sonwdctpdc&jgm...& dconrongln(QH 4?.8:)Tbat Mrul @bol VEruea JTTX Jrjcjl coli PQHKTba Jrjcjlasa Coli wbg ruead gvar tba Tbat, Mrul jld @bol.?

Euà (:?1?j;81->, :?1?`;2?, :?9>;01, :?21;O.26) suiiasts tba bgmgpbgly sbjrad wotb`son3cbk`gmpjlogl, jeey os dua tg j bostgry gn raejtova jmo`jhoeoty hatwaal tba @bolsjld tba Hurmjls. Bgwavar, on Euàs (:?1?j;81, :?1?h;>6, :?21;O.2>) jssgòjtogl gn tba@bol wotb tba @boldwol vjeeay os `grra`t tbal ajreoar ols`roptoglje avodalà suppgrts tba

ra`glstru`togl gn jl groiolje madoje -e- ol @bol js oncbe;:6

onwIonuyijgmuXan...(HD 02.:6)@boldwol nrgm olèuda JTTXsejvasPejvas olèudad nrgm @boldwol::

oo. Puhirgupoli

Hrjdeay (:??9;8>-0:, 8668;?6-:) speots gnn j @altrje @bol irgup nrgm wbjt os èjssonoadbara js Lgrtbarl3 Vaorgs (:??2;:26) `glnejtogl gn Hrjdeays Lgrtbarl jld @altrje

hrjl`bas raprasalts tba jpprgj`b jdgptad bara. Vatarsgl (8666), wbg ngùsas olpjrtoùejr gl tba avgeutogl gn tba r pbglama, ratjols Hrjdeays dostol`togl gn j @altrjeirgup hut nusas bos Lgrtbarl jld Pgutbarl irgups tgiatbar. Vjrtoùejrey js raijrdsPgutbarl @bol avodalà, j tbgrguib dosùssogl gn su`b suhirgupoli ossuas os haygld tbas`gpa gn tbos wgrc. Yboea tba pbglgegio`je jld mgrpbgegio`je avodalà tg ha prasaltadbara sbgws Hrjdeays dovosogl gn j @altrje @bol irgup tg ha lgt sompey j iagirjpbo`jegla, tba gvarwbaemoli somoejroty hatwaal tbasa @altrje ejliujias jld tbaor mgra

9Eabmjl (:?9?;:-8, :??8h;>8) jld ^jlHoc (866?;4) raka`t jl axglymo` sgurà jld pranar tg darova tbaljma nrgm j Pgutbarl @bol wgrd majloliparsgl wbo`b wjs `g-gptad oltg Hurmasa3 tba vojhoeoty gn tbos

prgpgsje os haygld tba s`gpa gn tbos wgrc.2

J bypbaljtad ngrm Cuco-@bol os gntal nguld3 tbos os sgmawbjt tjutgegio`je jld tba tarm @bol osaxèusovaey usad bara dua tg ots Hurmj-spaòno` ngùs.?Paa Euà (:?1?j;81) ngr tba `gltaxt gn tbos ols`roptogl3 saa Euà (:?21;O.?4-1) ngr j suiiastogl tbjt Mrulmjy ranar tg tba Mru atblo` irgup.:6 Tba `glnusogl gn -e- wotb -k- ol Ged Hurmasa dgas lgt ruea gut tba pgssohoeoty gn j madoje -e- ol`gmpjlogl, jeey, hut tba uloqualass gn ngrms ol -k- mjcas tbos uleocaey.::Euà & Va Mjuli Tol (:?00;4) quastogl tba groioljeoty gn tbos ols`roptogl jld Euà (:?>8;>1) suiiasts ottg ha jl ajrey `gpy. Lavartbaeass, sgeod avodalà ngr j madoje -e- os nguld aesawbara ol OH (8?4.84)wbararanaralà os mjda tg jònwIonG,an@boldwol ijrdal. Euà (:?21;O.99) trjlsejtas @boldwol eotarjeey jsBgea gntba @bols3 Mjtosgnn (:?2?j;>66) suiiasts Yaeesproli gn tba @bolsmjy ha j loàr turl gn pbrjsa.


17/200

:0

Lgrtbarl `gultarpjrts, pjrtoùejrey ol tarms gn dairaas gn mutuje oltaeeoiohoeoty jsgppgsad tg tba Pgutbarl glas, suppgrts tba èumpoli gn tbam tgiatbar jt eajst ngr tbapurpgsas gn tbos axpgsotogl.

Tba lumhar gn @bol ejliujias spgcal ol Hurmj os donnoùet tg qujltony3 Euà (:?>8;8)

suiiasts tbjt bos sjmpeoli gn kust gvar twalty lgrtbarl jld sgutbarl vjroatoas mjyraprasalt jrguld bjen tba j`tuje lumhar. Hrjdeay (8669;:>2) suiiasts tbara tg ha jrguld116,666 spajcars gn Lgrtbarl @bol ejliujias ol Hurmj3 raeojhea noiuras ngr oldovodujeejliujias jra mgstey uljvjoejhea.:8

ooo. Xaprasaltjtova Ejliujias

Tba sox Lgrtbarl ejliujias studoad bara mjy ha voawad js ialarjeey sprajdolilgrtbwjrds nrgm [jbju js tba nurtbast sgutb tbrguib tg Pozjli, Tadom, [g jld Tbjdg oltba Lgrtb wotb Mozg nejlcoli [jbju gl tba Yast. Jee sox ejliujias bjva mossogljry-hjsad grtbgirjpboas ol wbo`b tgla os lavar mjrcad jld surnjà vgwae ealitb os lgtad

sgmawbjt ol`glsostaltey on jt jee. Gnnoòje grtbgirjpboas ngr [g jld Pozjli bjva gleyhaal astjheosbad ol raàlt yajrs wotb prgka`ts tg trjlsejta tba Hohea oltg tbaor raspa`tovaejliujias olstajd gn bjvoli tg raey gl tba Tadom stjldjrd. Tba ejliujias jra eostad ol tbangeegwoli grdar tg ranea`t tba mgst ljturje ejygut ol tarms gn pbglgegio`je eolcjiashatwaal tbam.

Mozg;

Xanea`toli j `gmholjtogl gn moOOHparsgljld zwO[g, @bbjlita (:??0;08) lgtas tba ljmaMozg tg ha j spaòno` usjia gn j ialaro` tarm groioljeey jppeoad tg jee @bol pagpea. Ot lgwjppajrs tg ha tba pranarrad dasoiljtogl ngr hgtb tba Hurmasa Bujelig jld Oldojl Eusao

vjroatoas js dostoliuosbad hy Euà (:?1?j;88) jld Eabmjl (:?>0;:>). Jl j``gult ngr tbagedar trjlseotarjtogl gn tba ejttar js Eusbjo mjy parbjps ha nguld ol tba g``jsoglje`glnusogl ol Lgrtbarl @bol gn -k jld-k, dosùssad ol :.:.8.0, jld @bbjlitas (:??0;1?)ghsarvjtogl gn jl jevagpjejtje nro`jtova jeegpbgla -gn s-. Hrjdeay (8669;:>2) lgtas tbjttba ejria lumhars gn spajcars ol Oldoj mjca Mozg tba mgst wodaey spgcal gn jee @bolejliujias.

[jbju;

Gntal `glnejtad wotb savarje ejliujias spgcal ol jld jrguld Njejm tgwlsbop uldar tbaialarje ljma Njejm @bol,:0 [jbju os hjraey dostoliuosbjhea nrgm ots mgra prgmolalt

`gultarpjrt Ejozg wotb wbo`b `gmpjrosgls jra g``jsogljeey drjwl ol tba wgrd eost.Gshurla (:?91;4-1) jld Hrjdeay (8669;:>2) lgta j mgra ialaro` usjia gn tba tarm Ejozg,`gmpgsad gn ejkOmoddea jld zwO[g, ol ranaralà tg tba mjly ejliujias wotbol Hrjdeays

:8Hrjdeay j`tujeey dovodas tbos hatwaal :16,666 ngr bos Lgrtbarl @bol irgup jld 466,666 ngr bos @altrje@bol irgup.:0 Paa Eabmjl (:?>0;:61) ngr j hroan `gmmalt gl tba eoliuosto` sotujtogl. Tba ejliujia Cbujesom, jssurvayad hy Euà (:?1?j;88, :?>8) jld tg wbo`b ranaralà os g``jsogljeey mjda ol tba wgrd eost, mjy jesg

ha olèudad bara.


18/200

:4

@altrje @bol irgup, hut ots usjia pjrjeeaes Mozg ol ots mgra spaòno` dasoiljtogl gn jloldovoduje ejliujia. Ots norst syeejhea Ejo sbgued ha nurtbar donnaraltojtad nrgm otsranaralà tg j dostol`t ejliujia spgcal ol Bjcbj tgwlsbop, sgutb gn Njejm, tg wbo`branaralà os g``jsogljeey mjda.

Tbjdg;Ppjrsaey raprasaltad ol Hurmj, Tbjdg os gntal ranarrad tg js Tbjdg-Cuco tg ranea`t otsOldojl hjsa. Hrjdeay (8669;:>2) lgtas ot tg ha tba ejriast Cuco ejliujia wotb gvar 16,666spajcars. Eabmjl (:?>0;1) suiiasts Tbjdg spajcars wara pusbad lgrtb oltg Mjlopur hyMozg spajcars ol tba mod :?tbàltury.

[g;

Odalto`je ol ljma tg tbjt gn tba @bol pagpea ol ialarje, Bjrtmjll (:?22;:68) sbgws tbausjia gn tba ljma [g ol ranaralà tg j spaòno` @bol ejliujia tg ha pjrjeeaead ol tba

ljmas gn sgma Pgutbarl @bol ejliujias jehaot wotb donnaralt surnjà raneaxas. [g, js jdostol`t Lgrtbarl @bol ejliujia, os spgcal hgtb ol Tadom jld Tglzjli tgwlsbops. Tbaejttar os tba ngùs gn tba study bara, jetbguib Euà (:?>8;lgtaJ) lgtas tba [g tg ha tbagroiolje olbjhotjlts gn Tadom hangra haoli ejriaey gustad hy tbgsa lgw ranarrad tg jsTadom haegw.

Tadom;

Trjlseotarjtad js Toddom ol Baldarsgl (:?>1), Tadom os tba ejliujia gn tba tgwlsbop tbjthajrs ots ljma. Hrjdeay (8669;:>9) lgtas tba jdgptogl gn tba tgwlsbop ljma ngr tbosejliujia tg bjva rapejàd tba ljmaCjmbju. Euà (:?>8;lgtaJ) mgra spaòno`jeey lgtasCjmbju tg bjva haal tba ljma gn j :?tb àltury `boantjol, wbgsa vary ègsaey raejtadPgcta dojea`t parsosts ol j naw lajrhy voeejias, wbg ead bos ngeegwars oltg Tadom jlddrgva tba groiolje [g spajcars lgrtbwjrds.:4Tadom os tba gley @bol ejliujia tbjt bjdstjrtad tg davaegp jl grtbgirjpby hangra tba davaegpmalt gn mossogljry grtbgirjpboas oltba ajrey 86tbàltury; tba groiolje egigirjpbo` s`ropt os stoee usad ol taxtuje raòtjtogl hutlavar davaegpad oltg j `gmpeata systam3 tba ejtar syeejhjry, das`rohad ol Hallosgl(:?00;:?4-138:9-2), os `glvarsaey raldarad ulwoaedy hy ots mjrcoli gn lgl-pbglamo`surnjà donnaralàs.

Pozjli;

@glnolad tg tba Hurmasa soda, Pozjli os spgcal ol savarje s`jttarad voeejias sgutb gnTadom hy j vary smjee pgpuejtogl. Tba g``jsogljeey al`gultarad ljma Poyol os lgtad hyPtarl (:?>0;884) tg ha j trjlseotarjtogl gn ots Hurmasa prglulòjtogl. Ptarl (:?>0;881)nurtbar lgtas tbjt tbos smjee eoliuosto` irgup rgsa tg prgmolalà js j rasuet gn tbaorsporotad rasostjlà tg tba Hrotosb `gegloje olùrsogls oltg tba @bol boees wbo`b ejtar mjdatbam njvgurad ra`ruots ngr `gegloje jrmoas.

:4Xanaralà os sgmatomas mjda ol tba wgrd eost tg Pjozjli jld Taozjli wbo`b jra trajtad hy Euà (:?>8;1)jld Baldarsgl (:?>0;11:) raspa`tovaey js vary ègsaey raejtad dojea`ts tg Tadom.


19/200

:1

@bjptar :Lgrtbarl @bol Vbglgegiy

:.: Xbymas

Tba nova vgwaes gn Lgrtbarl @bol jra ialarjeey raiuejr j`rgss jee sox ejliujias3 tbaysuparnoòjeey jppajr tg ha dovosohea oltg twg sats gn dostol`tova ealitb axàpt ol gpalsyeejheas wbara tba vgwae ljturjeey surnjàs js egli uleass g`ùrroli js tba sbgrtulstrassad olotoje syeejhea gn j dosyeejho` `gmpguld.:1 Ptarl (:?>0;882-?) donnars nrgmgtbar jljeysas gn Lgrtbarl @bol ejliujias tg suiiast tbjt ol Pozjli tba ealitb dostol`toglmjy ha hattar oltarpratad js syeejho` pajcoli gl tba vg`jeo` luèaus gr gl tba sglgrjlt`gdj. Tbos os suppgrtad hy sgma somoejr ghsarvjtogls hy Maeloc (:??9;:9) gl Ejo @bol,jld baeps tg j``gult ngr tba egliar rajeosjtogls gn sglgrjlt `gdjs jntar sbgrt vgwaes su`btbjt, pjrtoùejrey ol rosoli tglas, tba dostol`togl ol syeejhea ealitb os raejtovaey smjeewbatbar tba vgwae surnjàs js egli gr sbgrt. Ptarls dostol`togl mjy ha mgra

`glvaltogljeey lgtad ol tarms gn syeejhea waoibt3 wotb waoibt haoli uljhea tg njee gl jlghstrualt `gdj, ol puraey lgtjtoglje tarms ot mjcas mgra salsa tg mjrc tba dostol`togl gltba vgwae, jetbguib wotb sglgrjlt noljes ot `gued aqujeey waee ha mjrcad gl tba `gdjolstajd.

Ngr tba purpgsas gn axpgsotogl, tba vgwaes a jld g, ngr wbo`b j mgra `glvaltogljetrjls`roptogl wgued `jee ngr S] jld S] woee ha trajtad bara ol tba sjma stru`turjeraejtoglsbop tg jld js o jld u wotb jld . Tbos jpprgj`b assaltojeey ngeegws tbastru`turje jrrjliamalt gn tba Jmaro`jl pbglato` systam, js groioljeey guteolad hy Hgjs at.je. (:?:>;8-03?), wboea ol`grpgrjtoli Bjeea & Mgbjljls (:?21;98->) ranolamaltsraijrdoli talsa a jld ejx tg axtald ot nurtbar tg gjld . Tba oltalt bara os lgt tg jssuma

jly talsa/ejx dostol`togl ol Lgrtbarl @bol vgwaes hut rjtbar tg ol`grpgrjta Vueeayhejlcs(8660;980) ghsarvjtogl tbjt jl jssgòjtogl gn syeejhea waoibt wotb tba trjdotogljetalsa/ejx dostol`togl mjy sgmatomas ha drjwl. Eoldjus (:?92;119-?) ghsarvjtogl tbjttalsa vgwaes jra raejtovaey mgra àltrjeosad ol tba vgwae spjà sots waee wotb tbapbglato`jeey rajsgljhea trjls`roptogl gn tba egw vgwae js jl jetarljtogl gn jld j tg iovatba ngeegwoli vg`jeo` dostol`togls ol Lgrtbarl @bol;

/o /u/a /g

/j

Tba twg spa`trgirjms haegw gn tba Pozjli wgrds emOOomjia jld eomOOhjee gn strolisbgwtba donnaralà ol surnjà rajeosjtogl gn syeejhea waoibt gl tba `gdj gr gl tba vgwae;

:1Tbos `gl`gmotjltey raldars su`b ulstrassad syeejheas uljhea tg hajr dostol`tova tgla.


20/200

:>

:.:.: DopbtbglisTba jljeysos bara trajts -k jld -w js `gdjs tbjt mjy nraaey g`ùr jntar jee vgwaesaxèudoli /ojld /uraspa`tovaey. Jetarljtovaey, Euà (:?>8;11->6) trajts jee su`b `jsasjs rosoli dopbtbglis aldoli ol -o gr -u. Hroibt (:?19j;81) suiiasts tbjt tba sotujtogl olMozg, ngr wbo`b Baldarsgl (:?42;9:>), Hroibt (:?19h;:6:) jld @bbjlita (:??0;48) usa-k jld -w wboea Hureoli (:?19;:14-1) jld Yaodart (:?91;9) usa -o jld -u, rasts gl eotteamgra tbjl j quastogl gn progrotoas raijrdoli pbglamo` molomjeosm gr syeejho` raiuejroty.Vbglato`jeey tbara os gn `gursa lg raje dostol`togl jld tba dosùssogl os raldaradsgmawbjt ol`glsaqualtoje js eoliuosts bjva ljturjeey dwaeead gl tba trjls`roptogljedostol`togl hatwaal tba ieodas -kjld -wjld tbaor vg`jeo` `gultarpjrts -ojld -uwbal tba

dostol`togl os aqujeey vjeod tg jee gtbar sglgrjlt `gdjs wbo`b kust bjppal tg ej`c su`btrjls`roptoglje neaxohoeoty. Bgwavar, ol pbglgegio`je tarms jld ol`grpgrjtoli tbagpsarvjtogls ol @bbjlita (:??0;48316-:), tba dovgròli gn tba syl`brglo` nrgm tbadoj`brglo` altjoead ol tba pbglamo` jljeysos majls tba syeejhea woee ha njvgurad ol tboswgrc.

Yotb tba axàptogl gn tba sa`gldjry dossomoejtgry dopbtbgliosjtogls gn Pozjli atg joljee alvorglmalts axàpt hangra -t, -l jld ol gpal syeejheas,:>jld Pozjli gtg jhangra -k,tba astjheosbmalt gn ieoda `gdjs rastro`ts dopbtbglis tg twg `gltrjstova typasdostoliuosbad hy tba prasalà gr jhsalà gn rguldoli. @gltrjry tg Ptarls (:?>0;88?)suiiastogl tbjt Pozjli dopbtbglis bjva `gltrjstova waoibt, wbo`b mgst eocaey stams nrgm

j `glnusogl wotb Tadom, syeejho` waoibt os mjlonastad wotb tba luèaus aotbar jt tba aldol Mozg, [jbju, [g jld Tadom gr jt tba haiolloli ol Tbjdg jld Pozjli;

L@ Mozg [jbju Tbjdg [g Tadom Pozjli*j j j a a j o*j j j g g j u

:>Tba dopbtbgli j os lgt lgtad hy Ptarl (:?>0), hut os lgtad hy Euà (:?>8;tjheaJ).


21/200

:9

Tba ngeegwoli surnjà vjrojtogls mjy ha lgtad; [g g jld Pozjli usurnjà js a jld uraspa`tovaey hangra -k3 Mozg, [jbju jld Pozjli raduà tba ulrguldad dopbtbgli tg hangra -lOOO ol olnea`tad ngrms wboea jee sox ejliujias, axàptoli Tadom, raduà tbarguldad dopbtbgli tg ol tba sjma alvorglmalt3:9jee sox ejliujias raduà tba rguldaddopbtbgli hangra -mOOOtg ol olnea`tad ngrms. Ot sbgued jesg ha ramjrcad tbjt tba Tbjdg

dopbtbglis -gjld -atald tg jpprgxomjta tba pura vgwaes Sg] jld Sa] js lgtad hy Euà(:?>8;19-?). Ol gpal syeejheas, tbay jra vary somoejr tg tba ègsad rbymas -w S]:2jld-knrgm wbo`b tbay jra lglatbaeass `glsostaltey dosàrlohea ol wgrds eoca cgOOOhurrgwjld cwOOO`jeegr tba olnea`tad ngrms beaOOOsljpjld bekOOOsont;

:9Tbara os jl axàptoglje `jsa ol tba wgrd ngrnrgtb ol Tbjdg jld [g wbara tba `bjlia dgas lgt jppajr tgg`ùr.:2Tbos surnjà rajeosjtogl os suppgrtad hy Euà (:?>8;>6, :?21;OO.96-29) wbg bjs Su].


22/200

:2

Yaodarts (:?2:;0:-8) rjtbar jrhotrjry raka`togl gn Baldarsgls (:?42;98:) prgpgsje tgoltarprat tba boib vgwae `gmpglalts ol Mozg j jld j js pjejtje jld ejhoje najturas gntba syeejhea olotoje os quastoglad hy Mjtosgnn (:?28;8?) wbg suiiasts tbjt ol doj`brglo`tarms ot os gn eottea raeavjlà wbatbar gla trajts tba najtura js pjrt gn tba olotoje gr tbaluèaus. Ngr mgst Tohatg-Hurmjl ejliujias Mjtosgnns `gmmalt wgued ha vjeod, hut

trajtoli tba norst pjrt gn tba dopbtbgli js pjrt gn tba olotoje ragpals tba pgssohoeoty olLgrtbarl @bol ngr `gltrjstova syeejhea waoibt ol oldovoduje ejliujias, js Ptarl suppgsadngr Pozjli dopbtbglis, wbo`b dgas lgt g`ùr. Tba twg spa`trgirjms gn Tadom p jOjldPozjli poO`gma oltg haolihaegw axampeony tba donnaralà ol syeejhea waoibt hatwaaltba twg ejliujias;

Halado`t (:?46;:86, :?98j;12, :?99;:8) suppgsas tba pura vgwaes /a jld /g tg hasa`gldjry darovjtogls nrgm jjld jhut, js somoejrey lgtad hy Mjtosgnn (:?98h;82:) ngrTjlicbue Ljij, os uljhea tg j``gult ngr `jsas wbara tba dopbtbglis ramjol. Euà(:?>8;11319-?, :?21;OO.96-29), wbg trjls`rohas tba Lgrtbarl @bol dostol`togls /ajld /gjs /jld /gr /jld /, ngeegws j prgpgsje groioljeey mjda ol Euà (:?1?j;tjheaOO),tg suiiast `glvarsaey tbjt tba dopbtbglis darovad nrgm tba vgwae-hrajcoli gn groiolje Sa]jld Sg] wbo`b ba mjoltjols tg ha stoee jttastad ol Tbjdg gSg] jld aSa]. Bgwavar, oljddotogl tg tba raspa`tova jetarljtogls gn j jld j wotb /a jld /g ol àrtjolmgrpbgegio`je olnea`togls dosùssad jhgva, Ptarl (:?>0;80>), Baldarsgl (:?>1;84),Yaodart (:?91;>?-96) jld @bbjlita (:??0;4?-16) lgta tbjt tba dopbtbglis j jld j

surnjà js jld wbal ngrmoli tba sbgrt ulstrassad olotoje syeejhea gn j dosyeejho``gmpguld. Nurtbarmgra, spgrjdo` jetarljtogls gn tbasa dopbtbglis wotb tbaor pura vgwae`grraejtas mjy ha nguld tbrguibgut tba wgrd eost. Ol j puraey syl`brglo` das`roptogl, tbarastro`togl gn tba dopbtbglis tg `gmholjtogls wotb jmjy sompey ha raijrdad js j najturagn tba pbglgegio`je systam raquoroli lg nurtbar axpejljtogl3 ol doj`brglo` tarms, tbadosùssogl ol 1.: sbgws tbjt tba wajcar vgwae ol Polg-Tohatjl k jld w `gued lgtmjoltjol j doptbglije jrtoùejtogl eoca kj jld wj wbo`b ijva j jld j, jetbguib ngrrajsgls stoee tg ha aeuòdjtad sgmatomas davaegpad oltg a jld g. Tba sgurà gn tba


23/200

:?

dopbtbglis ol madoje ieodas suiiasts tbjt tba syeejhea waoibt ol Pozjli oos mgra eocaey jsa`gldjry davaegpmalt nrgm jl groiolje pejàmalt ol tba ejttar pjrt gn tba syeejhea js j,jetbguib ot mjy sompey ranea`t j seoibtey donnaralt avgeutogl. Lgtjhey, tba sa`gldjroeydarovad Pozjli dopbtbglis jjld jjesg bjva syeejhea waoibt ol tba ejttar pjrt.

:.:.8 @gdjs

@gdjs jra jewjys ulraeajsad jld jra vgoàeass uleass sglgrjlt. J dosùssogl gn tba`grraspgldalàs gn mgrpbgegio`je olnea`togls raquoras j sapjrjta jljeysos tbjt woee hajddrassad ol 8.:. Tba `grraspgldalàs gn ulolnea`tad ngrms jra lgtad haegw;:?

L@ Mozg [jbju Tbjdg [g Tadom Pozjli*-c -c -c - - -c -c*- - - - - - -*-t -t -t -t -t -t -t*-l -l -l -l -l -l -l

*-p -p -p -p -p -p -p*-m -m -m -m -m -m -m*-k -k -k -k -k -k -k*-r -r -r - -/-j -c -c*-e -e -e -e -e -e -e*-w -w -w -w -w -w -w*-s -/-OOO -/-OOO -OOO -OOO -/-OOO -OOO

:.:.8.: Xbgto` -r

Tba jssgòjtogl gn r wotb j vaejr jrtoùejtogl ol Tbjdg, [g, Tadom jld Pozjli, nurtbar

raduàd ol `gdj pgsotogl tg - ol Tbjdg jld [g, os doùssad ol :.8.8. Ybal darovad nrgmgroiolje -r, tba [g iegttje `gdj os gley ratjolad jntar tba mod-vgwaes /a jld/g3 jntar /o,/u jld /j ot bjs vg`jeosad tg j.86Tba rasuetoli raneaxas gn jjld jramjol dostol`t nrgmtba groiolje [g dopbtbglis a jldgdosùssad ol :.:.:. Tba iegttje `gdj ol [g os mu`bwajcar tbjl ol Tbjdg3 tba dostol`togl hatwaal [g -jld Tadom -c ol tba spa`trgirjmshaegw ngr [g paOhj`c co`cjld Tadom pacOwji, hgh os dosàrlohea hut os lgt lajrey jsprglgulàd js ol tba Tbjdg axjmpea dosùssad ol :.:.8.1.8:

:?Tbara os j spgrjdo` sbont gn -c jld - tg -t jld-l ol jee sox ejliujias.86Tbara jra j naw axàptogls ol tba wgrd eost wbo`b jppajr tg prgvoda j rjra gppgrtuloty tg èajrey osgejtaoltar-@bol egjlwgrds. J iggd axjmpea os [g ljOlgsa wbo`b sbgued raiuejrey `grraspgld tg Mozg bljrOjsljO hut os mgst eocaey j ejta egjl ol pejà gn tba mgra `gmmgley usad holgma lpcgOOO lgsa eotarjeeymajlolislgt hurrgw.8:Ybal uttarad ol osgejtogl, tbara os j vary njolt iegttjeo` `glstro`togl ol [g syeejheas ol T@-OOwbo`b mjcastbam donnoùet tg dostoliuosb nrgm j seoibtey mgra èajrey jrtoùejtad iegttje `gdj.


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:.:.8.8 Pohoejlt -sJl jssgòjtogl gn Tohatg-Hurmjl -s wotb Mozg - os lgtad hy Pbjnar (:?44;:4:-8) jldHalado`t (:?98j;:>). Ngùsoli gl Tadom, Gstjporjt (:??2;80?-46) davaegps Halado`tsghsarvjtogl hy prgpgsoli tbjt -s davaegpad raiuejrey tg -b hut tbal iegttjeosad jntarsurnjà sbgrt vgwaes wboea davaegpoli oltg T@-OOOjntar surnjà egli vgwaes. Lgtjhey tbadostol`togl hatwaal -jld T@-OOOgley g`ùrs ol Mozg, [jbju jld Tadom3 Tbjdg, [g jldPozjli ulaquovg`jeey ranea`t T@-OOO.

:.:.8.0 [jbju -w/ -w

[jbju -w talds tg ha prglgulàd wotb j mgra gpal jrtoùejtogl tbjl ol tba gtbar novaejliujias wbara ot surnjàs js S]. @glsaqualtey wgrds eoca twsajt (vt) jra hjraeydostoliuosbjhea nrgm tba olnea`tad ngrm twgn tjwOOOsuec;


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Euà (:?>8;>6) lgtas tbos jesg tg ha tba `jsa ol sgma Mozg dojea`ts. ^jlHocs(866?;46:34::) jssoiljtogl gn nraa-vjrojtogl tg Lgrtbarl @bol jetarljtogls gn -jw wotb-w jld -k wotb -k os `gltrjdo`tad hy tba avodalà bara. Ol eoibt gn tba bostgro`jejssgòjtogl, dosùssad ol :.:.:, gn -j- wotb-- jld -j- wotb--, tba ej`c gn tba doptbglis-jkjld -jw ol Lgrtbarl @bol mjy saam suparnoòjeey suppgrtova gn ^jlHocs suiiastogl.

Bgwavar, tba dosùssogl ol 1.: sbgws tba sgurà gn -k jld -w tg ha altoraey dostol`t.

:.:.8.4 Ieoda @gdjs jld Pyeejhea Yaoibt

Baldarsgl (:?42;9:>-9) mjcas lg oldovoduje vg`jeo` ealitb dostol`togls hangra ieoda`gdjs ol Mozg, hut Hroibt (:?19j;81->) lgtas j dostol`togl hangra -k gn jee pgssohea vgwaesol Mozg jld tjòtey jssumas gla hangra -w. Qleass tba surnjà vg`jeosm os sbgrtalad ngrmgrpbgegio`je rajsgls lgtad ol 8.:, tba Mozg djtj bara gley suppgrts Hroibts (:?19j;81->) dostol`togls gn -k/-jk jld -k/-gk su`b tbjt bos gtbar dostol`togls mjy ha raka`tadj``grdoliey; tba djtj ol Yaodart (:?91;84) suiiasts Hroibts -ak, `gltrjstoli wotb raiuejr-k, tg ha rastro`tad tg àrtjol pbglgegio`je axàptogls jssgòjtad wotb jdvarhoje jld

glgmjtgpgao` wgrds wbo`b mjy ha sjnaey axèudad388

Hroibts `jsa ol pgolt ngr -uk os tbawgrd bmukOOO muzzea wbo`b, js tba gley olstjlà ol tba wgrd eost, `gltrjsts wotb -k ol[jbju bmkOOO vosjia jld raprasalts jl Justrgjsojto` egjlwgrd3 tbara jra lg `jsas gnvjrojtogl hangra -w,ngr wbo`b-ow, -aw, -w,-jw jra jttastad, axàpt ngr brwO eaa`bngrwbo`b jl axtarlje groiol os suiiastad hy ots orraiuejr `grraspgldalà wotb j ejtarje olotojeol Tbjdg jld [g bewO.

Axèudoli -k, tg ha dosùssad haegw, tba Mozg rbymas -k/-jk, -k/-gk, -k, -ow, -aw, -w,-jwmjy ha axtaldad tg tba gtbar nova Lgrtbarl @bol ejliujias, jetbguib Tbjdg NGXM-OOdarovjtogls wotb -jkOOO, -gkOOO jld -ukOOO tald tg surnjà js -kOOO, -kOOO jld -kOOO su`b tbjt ijkOprailjlt mjy g`ùr ol NGXM-OO raiuejrey js ijkOOOgr ol j raduàd ngrm ikOOOwboea ijkOOO

omprailjta jld ots raiuejr NGXM-OOikOOOjra olvjrojhea. Tba gley axàptogls jra mjoley`glnolad tg j bjldnue gn wgrds ol Tbjdg; Tbjdg bjs -w olstajd gn -ow ol cwOOOaehgw,wbo`b os tba gley wgrd jttastoli tbos rbyma, su`b tbjt wbatbar tbos os j raiuejr Tbjdgraneax gr tba rasuet gn tba wgrd haoli j `gltrj`togl gn jl groiolje `gmpguld lgul, jsEuà (:?>8;>6) taltjtovaey suiiasts, ramjols ulèajr3 Tbjdg bjs bgw Oraprgva, qujrrae jsjl jhejut gn bjwO aesawbara3 Tbjdg bjs xwOO s`rjpa jld tbwOO irjza, jegli wotb bwOOprula `gmpjroli wotb [g bwOOsbjva, ùt bjor, ol jl axtarljeey olneualàd wgrd njmoeyjttastoli -aw aesawbara.

J èajr dostol`togl hatwaal -k jld -uk mjy ha nguld ol hgtb Tbjdg jld Tadom jssuppgrtad hy Euàs (:?21;OO.96-29) trjls`roptogls gn -wo jld -uo raspa`tovaey. [jbju,axèudoli j sbont tg -o jntar `grglje olotojes, jld Pozjli `glùr wotb Mozg ol sgeaeyranea`toli -k, wboea [g `glvarsaey marias tbam js -uk tg iova tba ngeegwoli dostol`togls;

88Tbasa `jsas jra lgt jddrassad ol tba wgrc bara3 saa Baldarsgl (:?>1;?4) jld Hbjscjrjrjg (:?2?;::6)jld ngr j dosùssogl gn tba spaòje pbglgegio`je `bjrj`tarosto`s gn jdvarhoje usjia ol Tadom.


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Mozg [jbju Tbjdg [g Tadom Pozjli-k -k / -o -k -uk -k -k-k -k / -o -uk -uk -uk -k

J naw axàptogls mjy ha lgtad; tba stjtus gn [g vkO aeapbjlt js jl Justrgjsojto`

egjlwgrd os suppgrtad hy ots orraiuejr olotoje ol Pozjli3 Tbjdg tkO aii jld tkOO wjtar`gltrjst wotb Tadom tukOjld tukOO, yat Euà (:?>8;1?3213tjheaJ) bjs Tbjdg tukOaii jld toOOwjtar, wboea ol Taozjli, wbo`b wgued ha axpa`tad tg `grraejta wotb Tadom, Baldarsgl(:?>0;11:) bjs tkOaiijld tkOOwjtar3 Tbjdg ukOOsjd, seaapy `gmpjras wotb Tadom kOOtorad gut, hut vjrojtogls ol olotoje jld rbyma aesawbara suiiast axtarlje olneualà.

:.:.8.1 Tbjdg -jld Pyeejhea Yaoibt

Tbara os j radu`togl gn tba surnjà ealitb gn vgwaes hajroli syeejho` waoibt ol Tbjdgsyeejheas hangra j iegttje stgp. Ol wgrds ol T@-O jld T@-OO, tbos os lgt tg tba axtalt gn jvgwae lgt hajroli syeejhea waoibt jld tba dostol`togl os lgt lgtad ol tba trjls`roptogls

bara380 ol wgrds ol T@-OOO, tba vg`jeosm marias wotb tbjt gn j vgwae wotbgut syeejheawaoibt jld os lgtad js su`b ol tba trjls`roptogl. @glsaqualtey tba olnea`tad ngrm gnTbjdg paOhj`c co`cos p, wbo`b `jl lg egliar hajr dostol`tova tgla,84rjtbar tbjl paOOOjs wgued ha axpa`tad hy jljegiy wotb [g wbo`b, axèudoli tglje dostol`togls, osbgmgpbglgus ol tba ulolnea`tad ngrm. Tba twg Tbjdg ngrms jra sbgwl haegw;

80On ealitb rjtbar tbjl syeejhea waoibt wara haoli mjrcad, tbos `gued ha dostoliuosbad js S] jld S] jntartba vgwae.84Tbos `bjlia raldars ot bgmgpbglgus wotb tba ulolnea`tad Tbjdg wgrd pnejt.


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:.8 Olotojes

L@ Mozg [jbju Tbjdg [g Tadom Pozjli*c- c- c- c- c- c- c-*cb- cb- cb- x- x- x- cb-

*cr- - - c- c- c- c-*crb- b- b- x- x- x- cb-

*ce- te- te- be- t-,(-) t-,(-) t-,(-)*ceb- teb- teb- be- be- / b- x- tb-*- - - - - - -

*b- b- b- - - - -*- - - - t-,(-) t-,(-) t-,(-)*b- b- s- s- s- s- s-*- n- n- - t-,(-) t-,(-) t-,(-)*t- t- t- t- t-,(-) t-,(-) t-,(-)*tb- tb- tb- tb- tb-,(s-) tb-,(s-) tb-,(b-)

*d- d- d- d- d- d- d-*l- l- l- l- l- l- l-*bl- bl- bl- l- l- l- l-*p- p- p- p- p- p- p-*pb- pb- pb- pb- pb- pb- pb-*h- h- h- h- h- h- h-*m- m- m- m- m- m- m-*bm- bm- bm- m- m- m- m-*r- r- r- i- i- i- -*br- br- br- b-, (i-) b-, (i-) b-, (i-) b-, (-)*e- e- e- e- e- e- e-

*b

e-b

e-b

e- e- e- e- e-*k- z- z- - / z- z- z- z-*w- v- v- v- v- v- v-,(b-)*s- s- s- s- s- s- s-*b- b- b- b- b- b- b-*- - - - - - -

:.8.: âejrs

Tba ghvogus jttastjtogl gn h- jld d- eajds Gblg (:?>1;:>-9) tg suiiast tbjt ot must hapgssohea gl dostrohutoglje irgulds tg ra`glstru`t jl groiolje i-, hut tbjt tba j`tuje

prgàssas jra stoee ulèajr. Euà (:?>8;0?) lgtas avodalà ngr praiegttjeosjtogl ol sgmaPgutbarl @bol ejliujias gn h- jld d- wbo`b ba trjls`rohas wotb tba ompegsovas -jld -.^jlHoc (866?;>4-1) suiiasts tbjt ompegsogl mjy bjva groioljeey haal `bjrj`tarosto` gntba vgoàd ghstrualt saroas wotb - sbontoli tg c- dua tg j somoejr ej`c gn - ol sgmaJustrgjsojto` jld Tjo-Cjdjo ejliujias wbo`b jttast - jld -. Bgwavar, ^jlHocsjljeysos, hjsad gl Bjrtmjlls (:?21, 866:) jld Lgejls (866:;>2) raspa`tova jljeysas gntwg Pgutbarl @bol ejliujias dgas lgt j``gult ngr pejol h- jld d- ol tbasa ejliujias.Nurtbarmgra, Bjrtmjlls (:?21, 866:) jljeysos sbgws praiegttjeosjtogl, jegli wotb


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praljsjeosjtogl, tg ha j mgrpbgegio`jeey `gldotoglad `bjlia rasuetoli nrgm ljsje jldiegttje pranoxas tbjt jra jppeo`jhea tg jee olotoje typas. J mgra eocaey `jusa os j sompeadavgoòli gn pejol Tohatg-Hurmjl i- tg Lgrtbarl @bol c- tbjt os suppgrtad hy tbadosùssogl ol :.8.8 wbara tba Pozjli sbont gn r- < /- Twg nurtbar `jsas mjyjesg ha lgtad; Mozg wO ~ wOOO jld Tadom pwO ~ pwOOO sprgut (v)3 [jbju bmO, ngrwbo`b tbara os lg Mozg `grraejta, jld Tadom pbmOlaadea.89

Tba [g be-jldb- raneaxas gn cbe- ialarjeey ranea`t spajcar odogsyl`rjsy. Tba avodalà gngla spajcar suiiasts j eaxo`je dostol`togl hatwaal tba twg su`b tbjt mggl os jewjys bejOOOjld woli, najtbar os jewjys bjOOO. Gley tba trjls`roptogl be- os usad ol tba wgrd eost.

:.8.8 Xbgto`s

Euà (:?>8;18, :?21;O.2:-8) jld Vatarsgl (8666;2:-1) lgta tbjt savarje Pgutbarl @bolraneaxas gn r- bjva j uvuejr - gr vaejr-nro`jtova - jrtoùejtogl. Tbos suppgrts Pgelots(:?9?;::1->) suiiastogl ngr j sbont r- < - < i- ol ejliujias eoca [g, Tadom jld Tbjdg.Tbos davaegpmalt wjs lg dguht troiiarad hy tba sbont gn i- tg c-, dosùssad ol :.8.:,duatg i- ha`gmoli haoli jl jvjoejhea segt ol tba pbglamo` olvaltgry. Gbjejs(:?20;:?13:??-866) ghsarvjtogls tbjt praljsjeosjtogl os gntal usad js majls tg mjoltjolvgoòli, wbo`b os bjrdar tg mjoltjol ngr hj`c jrtoùejtogls, prgvodas j iggd j``gult ngrPozjlis nurtbar sbont gni-0;11:).Lgtjhey, Euà (:?>8;183lgtaJ, :?21;OO.96-29) j`tujeey trjls`rohas [g, Tbjdg jld Tadomi- js i-. Jetbguib tbos prgvodas j loà hrodia hatwaal Tbjdg, [g jld Tadom i- jldPozjli -, tbos praljsjeosjtogl os lgt lgtad hy Baldarsgl (:?>1;:>) ngr Tadom. Yboea

tbara os pgssohey sgma njolt ljsjeosjtogl gn i-, tba spa`trgirjms haegw gn Tadom imOngrast, tarrotgry jld mOdjradg lgt `glèusovaey wjrrjlt j trjls`roptogl gn i- ngr tbangrmar;

81Tba jvojl ljma os lgt ol tba wgrd eost, hut suppgrtad ol Euà (:?>8;tjheaH).8> Ngr tba ejttar, `gmpjra Mozg hjcOOJ, ol orraiuejr T@-OOJ rjtbar tbjl T@-OOH, jld Tadom hjcOO hjt wotbCbujesom pejcOOJnrgm Euà (:?>8;tjheaH) jld wotb tba ngrms ol ^jlHoc (866?;21).89^jlHoc (866?;8?:-8) jdduàs j naw gtbar `jsas gl tba hjsos gn Ged Hurmasa jld Pgutbarl @bol, huttbasa dg lgt partjol tg Lgrtbarl @bol raneaxas.


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Tba g``jsoglje njoeura gn Tbjdg, [g, Tadom jld Pozjli tg mjlonast

b

r- < b- jld olstajddavaegp js on nrgm uljsporjtad r- mgst eocaey ranea`ts tba olstjhoeoty gn prajsporjtoglhangra sglgrjlts lgtad hy Euà (:?>8;40-4) jld suppgrtad ol Pgutbarl @bol hy Ennear(8668j;:00-4). Euàs (:?>8;16) suiiastogl tbjt tba raneaxas ol b- mjy ranea`t j eg`jevjrojlt gn b- ol Mozg jld [jbju, mjlonastad js br-, os haeoad hy stjtosto`je avodalà3Pgelots (:?9?;::>) suiiastogl gn jl groiolje Tohatg-Hurmjl dostol`togl gn sr- jld s-r-nolds eottea suppgrtoli avodalà ol 1.8.

:.8.0 Jnnro`jtas

Tba vgoàeass jnnro`jtas - jld b- jra ratjolad js su`b ol Mozg.82Halado`ts (:?46;:80,

:?98j;:2) darovjtogl gn Mozg n- nrgm Tohatg-Hurmjl - os suppgrtad hy Ennear(8668j;:82-?) jld mjy ha jdgptad jt tba Lgrtbarl @bol eavae.8?Tba `bjlia tbos altjoes oslgt tgg dossomoejr nrgm tba nrgltoli gn - tgn- ol @g`clay Alieosb3 ^jlHoc (866?;8>3:94)j`tujeey ra`glstru`ts groiolje @bol -. Tba egss gn vgoòli, pjrjeeaeoli tba `bjlia gni- tgc- dosùssad jhgva, os rajdoey j``gultad ngr hy Gbjejs (:?20;86:-8) ghsarvjtogl tbjtnro`jtovas bjva jl aval irajtar taldal`y tg ha`gma vgoàeass tbjl stgps.

:.8.4 @grgljes

Tba `grgljes t-, tb-, d-, (b)l-, (b)e- bjva j daltje jrtoùejtogl ol Mozg jld [jbju. Euà(:?>8;46) axtalds tbos tg tba gtbar ngur ejliujias wbo`b os suppgrtad hy Ptarl (:?>0;88>)

ngr Pozjli. Bgwavar, tba avodalà bara suppgrts Baldarsgl (:?>1;?-:63:>) ol lgtolipuraey jevagejr jrtoùejtogls ol Tadom, jld `gltrjsts Ptarl ol gley lgtoli j daltjejrtoùejtogl ol Pozjli ngr uljsporjtad t-3 [g jppajrs tg pjrjeeae Pozjli wboea Tbjdgol`glsostaltey jttasts j daltje jrtoùejtogl ngr tb- js waee. Tba daltje jrtoùejtogl ol Mozg

82Tba sbont gn - tg t- ol Tadom eajds Mjtosgnn (:?22h;4-?) tg suiiast jl arrglagus jssgòjtogl hatwaalLgrtbarl @bol mOeavae jld dmOOnuee.8?Halado`ts nurtbar darovjtogl gn Mozgn- nrgm j vgoàd sohoejltz-os raka`tad ol 1.8.8.


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jld [jbju,06 mgst eocaey raprasalts tba groiolje stjta gn jnnjors wotb tba sbont tg jljevagejr jrtoùejtogl pgssohey olneualàd hy Hurmasa3 ol tbos raijrd ot wgued haoltarastoli tg `gmpjra tba raneaxas gl tba Oldojl soda.

Tbara os jl jeegpbgla - gn [g, Tadom jld Pozjli t- hangra /owbo`b os ranea`tad js s-

wbal nrgm uldareyoli tb

- axàpt ol Pozjli wbara ot ha`gmas b

-. Tba groiol gn Lgrtbarl@bol tb-ol Tohatg-Hurmjls-, dosùssad ol 1.8.8, eajds ^jlHoc (866?;:9) tg suiiast tbjt/o olbohotad tba sbont gn s < tb- ol Tadom, hut tba avodalà ngr pjejtjeosjtogl aesawbarasuiiasts j òrùejr sbont gns < tb- < s- ol tbos rasto`tad alvorglmalt.

:.8.1 Ieodas

Vatarsgls (8666;?4) ghsarvjtogl tbjtk-ol sgma Pgutbarl @bol ejliujias `grraspglds tgz- ol tba Lgrtbarl glas os suppgrtad hy tba djtj ol Euà (:?21;OO.96-29). Vatarsgls(8666;26) nurtbar suiiastogl tbjt tba sbont tgz-norst g`ùrrad ol ejljiujias eoca Mozg jld[jbju jld tbal donnusad lgrtbwjrds os suppgrtad hy tba nj`t tbjt Tbjdg, js tba ejliujia

nurtbast lgrtb, stoee ratjols j pgst-jevagejr jrtoùejtogl - wbo`b jppajrs tg ha seoppolitgwjrds tba jevagejrz-3 tbos vjrojtogl os jesg lgtad hy Euà (:?>8;lgtaH). Ol tba wgrd eostgley tba trjls`roptogl - os usad.0: Vatarsgls (8666;?4) prgpgsje ngr jl groiolje bk- olPgutbarl @bol os lgt lgtad hy Euà (:?>8;0?) gr ^jlHoc (866?;89:).

Tba prgvaljlà gn v- nrgm j ejhogvaejr ieoda w- os waee-suppgrtad; Halado`t (:?98j;:2),raeyoli gl mossogljry grtbgirjpboas, trjls`rohas tba Mozg raneax js w-3 Euà(:?>8;113lgtaH, :?21;OO.96-29) ra`grds w- ngr sgma Pgutbarl @bol ejliujias. Tba sbontgn w- < v-prghjhey sprajd lgrtbwjrds ol j somoejr mjllar tg k- Iegttje Ptgp

Tba iegttje stgp os assaltojeey j danjuet najtura gn vg`jeo` glsat, hut tba gvartey `rajcypbgljtogl ol [jbju ol `gmpjrosgl tg tba gtbar ejliujias suiiasts Gshurlas (:?91;0)taltjtova suppgsotogl gn j dostol`t pbglama ol [jbju tg ha pranarjhea. Baldarsgl(:?>1;:03:>) jld Ptarl (:?>0;88>) hgtb lgta j prgmolalt iegttjeo` glsat ol tba wgrd ngrdgi ol Tadom jld Pozjli raspa`tovaey3 Yaodart (:?2:;?) quastogls Baldarsglstrjls`roptogl jld tba wgrd eost bara prgvodas lg avodalà ngr su`b jl glsat ol aotbarejliujia. Tba iegttjeo` glsat ol tba spa`trgirjm ngr [jbju kOO dgi os èajrey avodalt

wbal `gmpjrad tg Tadom kOO

dgi;

06Tbos mjy jesg ha axtaldad tg tba ejtarje pegsovas te- jld teb-.0:Lgtjhey tbara jra jesg j saea`t naw `jsas gn x- haoli jrtoùejtad js cb-3 wbatbar tbos raprasalts dojea`t`glnusogl gr sbont os ulèajr jld gley tba trjls`roptoglx- os usad ol tba wgrd eost.08 Tbara jra twg wgrds wbara Pozjli ranea`ts v- hangra u; vt jsb3 vkO(sjkO) aeapbjlt. Tba ejttar os jlJustrgjsojto` egjlwgrd tbjt os oltarljeey orraiuejr ol Lgrtbarl @bol.


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:.0 TgljeotyOl syeejheas wotb waoibt njeeoli gl tba vgwae gr tba sglgrjlt `gdj, Mozg jld [jbju bjvangur pgssohea tglas wboea Tbjdg, [g, Tadom jld Pozjli bjva tbraa.

Mozg [jbju Tbjdg [g Tadom PozjliO

OOJ

OOH OOO

Tba tropjrtota dovosogl ngeegws Euàs (:?1?j;82-?, :?21;O.20) jssumptogl tbjt Mozg jld[jbju bjva uldarigla j ejtar speot gn [email protected] (8668h;:82) suiiastogl tbjt T@-Ojld T@-OO jra promjry nots waee wotb tba `gmmgl jssgòjtogl gn T@-OOOwotb darovad varhjejld lgmolje ngrms, tg ha dosùssad ol 8.: jld 8.8, tbjt partjols aqujeey tg Ged Hurmasajld Ged @bolasa.

:.0.: Tgla @jtaigry O

Tbos os jttastad ol Mozg, [g jld Tadom js j eavae tgla. Ptarls (:?>0;88?-06) ghsarvjtogltbjt ol Pozjli ot gntal surnjàs js j egw eavae tgla os jesg suppgrtad bara, hut bos

trajtmalt gn tba nraqualt Pozjli boib eavae tgla

js pjrt gn tba hjso` tgla systam osodaltonoad hy Euà (:?>8;>2) js j rasuet gn sjldbo. Tba Tbjdg jld [jbju rosoli `gltgurs`grraejta wotb T@-OO(J) aesawbara, hut Bymjl (8661) jld Gshurla (:?91;:>) lgta tbamraspa`tovaey tg bjva boib eavae sjldbo jetarljtas. Jetbguib Gshurla jesg lgtas jljetarljtogl ol [jbju wotb tba egw njeeoli tgla ol j sapjrjta alvorglmalt, ot os tamptoli tgolvgca _ua-Bjsbomgtgs (:?2>;:9:-0) suiiastogl tbjt sjldbo jetarljtogls gn tglas mjy

00Euàs T@-OOjld T@-OOOjra olvartad bara.


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ranea`t ajreoar ngrms. Trajtoli T@-Ojs jl groiolje eavae tgla jld T@-OOjs jl groiolje rosolitgla wgued suppgrt tba dosùssogl ol 1.0 raijrdoli tbaor bostgro`je groiols, hut nurtbarrasajr`b oltg Lgrtbarl @bol tgla sjldbo os raquorad.04

Ptgppad syeejheas wotb syeejhea waoibt lgt njeeoli dora`tey gl tba vgwae jra ialarjeey lgt

tgla hajroli ulots3 tbaor pot`b talds tg jpprgxomjta tbjt gn T@-OOO. @glsaqualtey tbag`èusogl gn Mozg jld [jbju -r tg - gr -c ol Tbjdg, [g, Tadom jld Pozjli usujeeyolvgevas `gl`gmotjlt ra-jssoiljtogl gn syeejhea waoibt tg tba vgwae on lgt jerajdy tbara.Bgwavar, ol Tadom jld Pozjli tbara jra j naw axàptogls ol T@-O ol wbo`b tba syeejheawaoibt bjs lgt sbontad sgeaey tg tba vgwae hut tba syeejhea bjs ùrogusey ratjolad tbadostol`tova tgla `gltgur. Tba `jsa gn Tadom tbcOlaw, `grraspgldoli tg Mozg tbrOlaw,osjesg lgtad hy Baldarsgl (:?>1;86), jld mjy ha `gltrjstad wotb Tadom tbc ot`b wbo`b,jegli wotb Mozg tbc ot`b, os uljhea tg hajr dostol`tova tgla. Ol tba spa`trgirjms haegwtba Tadom wgrd ngr law bjs j boibar pot`b `gltgur tbjl tba danjuet `gltgur ol tbangeegwoli wgrd ot`b;

Tba sjma wgrd, usujeey jntar tba jlomje pranox s-, jesg majls sargw3 tba orraiuejr`grraspgldalà hatwaal tba Mozg jld [jbju ngrms, tbjrOjld tbrOOraspa`tovaey, suiiastsjl axtarlje groiol wbo`b os tba `jsa ngr Tadom ccOpaae nrgm Justrgjsojto`. Tba sgeagtbar `jsa ol tba wgrd eost olvgevas Tadom bcOdonnoùet wbo`b os `glnolad tg j holgmojengrm tbjt jeegws Baldarsgl (:?>1;?4) tg suiiast tbjt ots ùrogus habjvogur mjy hajttrohutjhea tg ots jdvarhoje stjtus.01 Tba Tadom `jsas jhgva jra jee aqujeey jppeo`jhea tg

04J hroan dosùssogl mjy ha nguld ol Euà (:?>8;::) wotb mgra datjoead jljeysas ngr Pozjli hy Ptarl(:?>0;806-0), Tadom hy Baldarsgl (:?>1;:0-4304-?), Mozg hy Yaodart (:?91;10->) jld @bbjlita(:??0;14-2), jld [jbju hy Gshurla (:?91;:4-8:).01Tba ùrogus pbglgegiy gn jdvarhs wjs lgtad ol :.:.8.4. Euà (:?>8;14) lgtas nurtbar donnoùetoas wotbolotoje grraspgldalàs ol Pgutbarl @bol raneaxas.


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Pozjli, jld jetbguib j spaòno` j``gult `jllgt ha mjda ngr tba ùrogus tglje `gltgur gnlaw,ots axàptoglje stjtus eocaey stams nrgm j pravogus jdvarhoje gr axtarlje sgurà.0>

:.0.8 Tgla @jtaigry OO

Gshurla (:?91;9380) dgas lgt dostoliuosb T@-OOJjld T@-OOHol [jbju axàpt js j rasuet gnsurnjà oltgljtogl. Tba promjry dostol`togl pgsotad bara os suppgrtad hy Euà(:?1?j;tjheaO, :?>8;tjheaJ3lgta@).

Qleoca tba speot gn Ged @bolasa T@-O ol Ajrey-Mjldjrol, js dosùssad hy Vueeayhejlc(:?92;:?8), jld tba speot gn Egeg-Hurmasa T@-Ojld T@-OOol Ejbu jld Eosu, js dosùssadhy Mjtosgnn (:?96;:4), tba dovosogl gn T@-OO ol Mozg jld [jbju os lgt jssgòjtad wotbmjllar najturas gn olotojes. Euà (:?1?j;82) suiiasts tbjt T@-OOJ jld T@-O, axàptoliwbal jl ghstrualt `gdj ol Tbjdg, [g, Tadom jld Pozjli `grraspglds tg jl groiolje -r,lavar g`ùr wotb ghstrualt `gdjs. Ennear (8668j;:8?) lgtas j ialarje jssgòjtogl gn T@-OOHwotb ghstrualt `gdjs ol Mozg, jld Yaodart (:?91;::) jttrohutas tba naw `jsas gutsoda

gn T@-OOHol Mozg tg j mgstey pbglgjastbato` groiol3 Gstjporjt (:??2;801-9) jld Ennear(8668h;:0?) somoejrey lgta jl jssgòjtogl gn T@-OOwotb ghstrualt `gdjs ol Tadom. Euàs(:?>8, :?21;OO.24-9) djtj jesg bjs lg `jsas gn T@-OOH wotb nolje sglgrjlts3 tbara jraj`tujeey lumargus olstjlàs hut tbay `jl ialarjeey ha jttrohutad tg mgrpbgegio`jeeydarovad ngrms, dosùssad ol 8.:, wbo`b jra lgt ra`grdad ol Euàs wgrd eost.09Ol ègsadsyeejheas, tbos jeegws T@-OOH tg ha eomotad tg tgla-hajroli syeejheas wotb ghstrualt `gdjsjld tg darovad ngrms. Gpal syeejheas jppajr tg g`ùr ol T@-OOJgr T@-OOH, hut wboea Euà(:?>8, :?21;O.203OO.28) jld Yaodart (:?9?;263?63::4-1) dg lgt trajt gpal rbymas ol T@-OOJ js jharrjlt, tbay dg hgtb lgta jl jhuldjlà ol [email protected] @jsas gn T@-OOJ ol tba`grraspgldalà sats suiiast tbam tg ha egjlwgrds gr j rasuet gn glgmjtgpgaoj.@glsaqualtey, ngr ljtova ulolnea`tad tgla-hajroli syeejheas tba ngeegwoli`grraspgldalàs mjy ha suiiastad;

Mozg [jbju Tbjdg [g Tadom Pozjligpal OOH OOH OO OO OO OOstgp OOH OOH OO OO OO OOègsad OOJ OOJ OO OO OO OO

Ol bos raduldjl`y-nraa raprasaltjtogl gn Mozg, Yaodart (:?91;4-2) ramgvas j vgwaeealitb lgtjtogl nrgm syeejheas wotb ghstrualt `gdjs suiiastoli tbjt vgwae ealitb os j`gl`gmotjlt rajeosjtogl gn T@-OOH3 Eabmjls (:?92;986) egio`je `gultar tbjt tba jriumalt`gued ha olvartad tg trajt syeejho` sbgrtlass js tba ialarjtgr gn raduàd tgla dosraijrds

tba oltrolso` jssgòjtogl gn T@-OOH, js gppgsad tg T@-O,T@-OOJ grT@-OOO, wotb ghtrualt `gdjs.0>Ot os parbjps gn raeavjlà tbjt tba Tadom ngrm, uleoca tba Pozjli ngrm, dgas lgt olnea`t. Bgwavar tbanjoeura gn gtbar mgrpbamas tg jewjys axpegot tbaor olnea`toglje pgtaltoje dua tg tba irjduje radu`togl gnolnea`togls j`rgss jee tba ejliujias mjcas tbos jl ulraeojhea oldo`jtgr gn jlytboli haoli jmoss.09Tba darovad ljtura gn T@-OOOaxèudas ot nrgm tba dosùssogl.02Euàs taltjtova prgpgsje tbjt tba gpal rbymas ol T@-OOHmjy bjva haal `gldotoglad hy tba egss gn jlgroiolje nolje vgoàd ghstrualt os hjsad gl tba lgw dosnjvgurad prgpgsje ngr vgoàd ghstrualts ol Ged@bolasa3 saa Eo (:?94;84?). Ot os eocaey Euà wjs olneualàd ol tbos jljeysos hy tba jssgòjtogl gn T@-OOHwotb ghstrualt gdjs.


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Bgwavar, tba nj`t tbjt stgppad syeejheas wara groioljeey lgt jhea tg hajr dostol`tova tglanjvgurs olvartoli Yaodarts jriumalt tg trajt T@-OOH js tba `gl`gmotjlt rajeosjtogl gnsurnjà vgwae ealitb. Xjtbar tbjl ngeegwoli Yaodart ol bos syl`brglo`jeey rajsgljheadaòsogl lgt tg lgta tba vgwae dostol`togl hangra ghstrualt `gdjs, ot wgued ha pranarjheaol doj`brglo` tarms lgt tg lgta tba tglje dostol`togl. Tbos os jdgptad ngr tba Lgrtbarl @bol

ra`glstru`togls ol tba wgrd eost, hut tba dostol`togl gn varhje olnea`togls ol T@-OOO jldglgmjtgpgao` wgrds gr egjlwgrds ol `jtaigry T@-O gr T@-OOJ wotb ghstrualt `gdjs,raquoras vg`jeo` jld tglje dostol`togls tg ha lgtad hangra ghstrualt `gdjs ngr tbaoldovoduje ejliujias.

:.0.0 Tgla @jtaigry OOO

Tbos os jttastad js j njeeoli tgla ol jee tba ejliujias wbo`b `glùrs loàey wotb otsbostgro`je sgurà prgpgsad ol 1.0. Euà (:?1?j;tjheaO, :?>8;lgta@) gley lgtas Tbjdg T@-Ojld T@-OO, hut aesawbara Euà (:?>8;>23lgtaH) lgtas j T@-OOO`gltgur pgssohey jssgòjtadwotb pbrjsa oltgljtogl. Euàs `gmmalts jra somoejr tg tbgsa gn Gshurla (:?91;80) gl

[jbju T@-OOH, dosùssad ol :.0.8, jld, js wotb [jbju T@-OOH,Tbjdg T@-OOOos ulaquovg`jeeyjttastad js j promjry tgla ol tba wgrd eost bara. Tba `gltgur gn [g T@-OOOos suppgrtad hyEuà (:?>8;>2,lgta@), hut ot sgmatomas jppajrs tg jpprgxomjta tba `gltgur gn TadomT@-OOOwbo`b `glvarsaey bjs j sjldbo vjrojlt, lgtad hy Euà (:?>8;::), tbjt pjrjeeaes tba[g `gltgur.


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@bjptar 8Lgrtbarl @bol Mgrpbgegiy

Lgrtbarl @bol wgrds mjy ha èjssonoad js aotbar lguls gr varhs.0?Mgst Lgrtbarl @bol

varhs bjva j hjso` ngrm NGXM-O jld jl olnea`tad ngrm NGXM-OO3 spaòno` syltj`to`nul`togls vjry hatwaal ejliujias.46

8.: ârhje Olnea`togls

Tba raiuejr NGXM-OOdarovjtogls nrgm j ra`glstru`tad NGXM-Ohjsa jra lgtad haegw;4:

Mozg [jbju Tbjdg [g Tadom Pozjli*-c - - -OOO -OOO - -OOO*-cOO - - -OOO -OOO -cOOO/ - -cOOO/ -OOO*-cOOO - - -OOO -OOO - -OOO

*-t - - -OOO -OOO - -OOO*-tOO - - -tOOO -tOOO -tOOO/ - -tOOO/ -OOO

*-tOOO - - -OOO -OOO - -OOO*-p - - -OOO -OOO - -OOO*-pOO - - -pOOO -pOOO -pOOO/ - -pOOO/ -OOO*-pOOO - - -OOO -OOO - -OOO*-O -t -t -t -t -t -t*-OO -cOOH/ -tOOH -cOOH/ -tOOH -OO/ -tOO -OO/ -tOO -cOO/ -tOO -cOO/ -tOO*-OOO -c -c - - -c -c*-O/OO -lOOO -lOOO -lOOO -lOOO -lOOO -lOOO

*-

OOO

-l

OOH

-

OOH

-

-

-t

-c*-lO/OO -lOOO -lOOO -lOOO -lOOO -lOOO -lOOO*-lOOO -lOOH -lOOH -t -t -t -t*-mO/OO -mOOO -mOOO -mOOO -mOOO -mOOO -mOOO*-mOOO -mOOH -mOOH -p -p -p -p*-rO -rOOO -rOOO - -OOO/ -jOOO -cOOO -cOOO*-rOO -rOOO -rOOO -/ -OOO -OOO/ -jOOO -cOOO/ - -cOOO/ -OOO*-rOOO -r -r - -OOO/ -jOOO -cOOO -cOOO*-eO/OO -eOOO -eOOO -eOOO -eOOO -eOOO -eOOO*-eOOO -e -e -eOOO -eOOO -e -eOOO*-kO/OO -kOOO -kOOO -kOOO -kOOO -kOOO -kOOO

*-kOOO

-k -k -kOOO

-kOOO

-k -kOOO

*-wO/OO -wOOO -wOOO -wOOO -wOOO -wOOO -wOOO*-wOOO -w -w -wOOO -wOOO -w -wOOO

0?Ngeegwoli Gshurla (:?91;:86) jld @bbjlita (:??0;91), lumarjes mjy ha èjssonoad js oltrjlsotova varhs.46Paa Baldarsgl (:?>1;24-?), Ptarl (:?>0;840-1:), @bbjlita (:??0;:01-91) jld Eabmjl (:??>).4:J ra`glstru`tad NGXM-Ohjsa os usad ngr sompeoòty gn axpgsotogl. J `gdj *-s os lgt olèudad dua tg otsajrey `glvarialà wotb -OOOgr, ol tba `jsa gn sbgrt surnjà vgwae ealitb ol Mozg, [jbju jld Tadom, otsdavaegpmalt oltg -wbo`b `jl lg egliar olnea`t. Paa tba dosùssogls ol :.:.8.8, 8.:.0 jld 1.:.8.8.


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Tba ngeegwoli rastro`togls tg tba `bjrt sbgued ha lgtad; lgl-ljtova gr glgmjtgpgao`NGXM-O syeejheas wotb groiolje ghstrualt `gdjs ol T@-Ogr T@-OO(J)jra lgt olèudad ol tba`bjrt jld jppajr tg davaegp T@-OOO ol NGXM-OO wotbgut egss gn tba `gdj3 ol tba `jsa gnsglgrjlt `gdjs, syeejhea waoibt mjy lgt ha jssoilad tg tba vgwae ol Mozg jld [jbjudarovjtogls ol T@-OOH,48lgr ol Tbjdg, [g jld Pozjli darovjtogls ol T@-OOO`grraspgldoli tg

-ol Mozg, [jbju jld Tadom3 gpal syeejheas wotb dopbtbglis tald tg davaegp T@-OO(H)olNGXM-OO raijrdeass gn groiolje tgla dua tg tbaor surnjà vgwae ealitb hangra ghstrualt`gdjs bjvoli jl olbaralt jssgòjtogl wotb T@-OOjs dosùssad ol :.0.8.40

8.:.: Ptgppad Pyeejhea ^jrojtogl

Tba jetarljtova Pozjli raneaxas gn -c/t/pOOjra ol nraa-vjrojtogl3 ol Tadom tbay jra gley olnraa-vjrojtogl jntar tba dopbtbglis j jld j gtbarwosa gley tba ngrmar surnjàs. Otjppajrs tbjt tba ngrmar vjrojlts ol T@-OOO raprasalt tba ajreoar stjta gn jnnjors tbjt osirjdujeey sbontoli tg j `gmpeata egss gn tba groiolje `gdj. 44 Poilono`jltey, Gshurla(:?91;:46) lgtas j somoejr vjrojtogl ol j naw varhs ol [jbju wbara -c/t/pOOiova aotbar -

c/t/pOOO

gr - jetbguib gley raneaxas ol -axost ol tba [jbju ra`grdad bara.41

Ol Tbjdg, tbavjrojtogl jppajrs `glnolad tg raneaxas gn -OOwbal darovad nrgm Lgrtbarl @bol -r OO, jldgley `jsas gn vjrojtogl j`rgss tba wgrd eost rjtbar tbjl nraa-vjrojtogl wara lgtad.4>

8.:.8 Gpal Pyeejhea ^jrojtogl ol T@-OO

Tba ialarje NGXM-OO raneax os -c jld os darovad nrgm raiuejr syeejheas `grraspgldoli tgT@-OOH ol Mozg jld [jbju. Eoca tba irjmmjto`jeey `gldotoglad tglje speots ol àrtjolEgeg-Hurmasa ejliujias, lgtad hy Hureoli (:?>9;19) jld Mjtosgnn (:?92h;:?-86300),Mozg raiuejrey sbonts jee varhs wotb gpal rbymas nrgm T@-OOHtg T@-OOO3 tbos dgas lgt jnna`ttba ngrm NGXM-OO olnea`togls. Jly lgmolje ngrms jssgòjtad wotb NGXM-O ratjol tba

groiolje tgla su`b tbjt Mozg cb

uOOH

smgca (l) `grraejtas wotb cb

uOOO

smgca (v). Tba sbont tgT@-OOOol varhs raldars Boeejrd (:?91;:83:>-?) uljhea tg sapjrjta wbal Mozg -cdavaegpsnrgm groiolje T@-OOO, jld wbal -cOOHdavaegps nrgm sa`gldjroey darovad [email protected]@jsas wotb-t jppajr ol wgrds `grraspgldoli tg orraiuejr gpal syeejheas ol T@-OOJdosùssad ol :.0.8.Tba suiiastogl tbjt su`b wgrds haegli tg j mgra raàlt ejyar os suppgrtad hy [jbjusyeejheas ol -o, tbjt jra sbgwl ol :.:.8.4 tg bjva davaegpad nrgm -k jntar `grglje olotojes,jewjys davaegpoli NGXM-OOolnea`togls ol -otOOHraijrdeass gn tgla. G``jssoglje g`ùrralàsgn -t olstajd gn -c nrgm T@-OOH jra mgst eocaey nurtbar jljegio`je axtalsogls gn tba -t/-cjetarljtogls dosùssad ol 8.:.> jld jttrohutad tg mutuje olneualà hatwaal ejliujias.

48Axàptoglje `jsas gn egli vgwaes wotb sglgrjlt `gdjs ol T@-OOHjra axtarljeey olneualàd.40

Tba naw olstjlàs wbara T@-OOO davaegps, sgmatomas ol nraa-vjrojtogl, mjy ha jssgòjtad wotb tbadosùssogl ol 8.:.:.44 Ol sgma `jsas j sa`gldjry samjlto` dostol`togl bjs amariad; tba vjrojlt NGXM-OO darovjtova pbj gnTadom pbjtOO~ pbjtOOOswaapos gley usad ol ots lgmolje salsa gn hrggm3 saa 8.8 ngr tba jssgòjtogl gn NGXM-OOwotb lgmoljeosjtogl.41Tba axàptoglje stjtus gn [jbju tbucOOH ~ tbucOOOdaap os jesg jttastad ol Mozg, Tbjdg jld [g. Halado`t(:?98j;>>-9) `gmpjras tbjtbjxdcunxdcun tbctbc tbo`cey,hut ots rbyma sbgws ot tg ha j lgl-ljtova wgrdwbgsa varhje sguràxdcunwgrtby, suotjhea os lgtad hy Euà (:?90;eostJ) tg ha Mgl gr Pbjl ol groiol.4>Tba [g raneaxas ol -j nrgm jl groiolje rbgto` `grraspgld tg tba praàdoli vg`jeosm js dosùssad ol :.:.8.:.49Boeejrds jssgòjtad prgpgsje tbjt NGXM-OOmjy tbarangra ha promjry os dosùsssad ol 8.:.0.


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8.:.0 Groiol ol Punnoxje -s

Jetbguib lgtoli j ialarje `bjlia tg T@-OOO ol ngrm NGXM-OO, tba vjroaty gn NGXM-OOraneaxas eajds Yaodart (:?9?;?2-:69) tg ra`glstru`t j sunnoxje `gmholjtogl -(s-)dbwbarahy tba daltjeosjtogl troiiarad hy tba -dbsunnox `gued ha mgdonoad hy iegttjeosjtogl

`jusad hy tba -s- olnox. Mjtosgnn (:?28;?-:9) `rotoòsas Yaodarts prgpgsje ngr haolitypgegio`jeey hozjrra jld pbglato`jeey jharrjlt3 pranarroli tg gpt gut gn jly jee-olèusovabypgtbasos, ba prgpgsas tbraa sapjrjta sunnoxas -s, -t, jld -c tg wbo`b ba `jl jssoil lgsamjlto` nul`togl lgr j``gult ngr tba saea`togl gn gla gvar jlgtbar. Gstjporjt (:??2;844->) mjcas tba oltarastoli suiiastogl tbjt ol Tadom tbara os j talsa-ejx jetarljtogl su`b tbjtsyeejheas ol T@-OO(talsa) iova T@-OOO (ejx) hut syeejheas ol T@-OOO(ejx) iova - (talsa) huttbal jdmots tbjt tbos eajvas lg j``gult ngr tba darovad ngrms wotb -tjld -c. Ol spota gnBoeejrds (:?94;92, :?91;:) suiiastogl tbjt tba jetarljtogl hatwaal NGXM-Ojld NGXM-OOoslgt dora`tey pbglgegio`jeey `gldotoglad jld, spaòno`jeey ol ranaralà tg Mozg, os ejriaeyorraiuejr, Boeejrd (:?91;?-:8) suiiasts jl olvarsa prgpgsje tbjt Mozg NGXM-O gpal-rbymas mjy j`tujeey ha darovad nrgm tbaor NGXM-OO `gultarpjrts wbo`b ratjol

atymgegio`je -t jld -csunnoxas, hut lgtas tbjt tba ej`c gn j -p `gdj ol tbos jljeysos os jprgheam. Poilono`jltey, Boeejrd dgas lgta j `grraejtogl hatwaal tglas jld -t varsus -csunnoxas, hut pranars tg jssuma tbjt tba donnaralt tglje `gltgurs wara troiiarad hy tbadonnaralt stjtus gn tba `gdjs hangra tbay wara egst. Lgtoli j somoejr `grraejtogl, Ennear(8668h), ol assaltojeey j ravarsogl gn Boeejrds prgpgsje hj`c tg j mgra pejusoheadarovjtogl gn NGXM-OOnrgm NGXM-O, haeoavas tbjt jee tba varhje pjrjdoims mjy ha darovadnrgm j soliea sunnox. Ennear (8668h;:843:06) taltjtovaey suiiasts tbos mjy ha sgmatbolieoca -twotb twg jetarljtova surnjà rajeosjtogls; -c ol gpal syeejheas j``grdoli tg tba tgla`gltgur3 -ol ègsad syeejheas tbjt wgued aotbar rapejà ghstrualt `gdjs gr, ol tba `jsa gnsglgrjlt `gdjs, wgued aotbar dosjppajr tg eajva j dostol`tova tglje raneax gr ramjol js j`gjrtoùejtogl dapaldoli gl tba tgla gn tba syeejhea jld mjllar gn jrtoùejtogl gn tba

`gdj.

42

Ennear su`àads ol odaltonyoli mgst gn tba mjol darovjtoglje pjttarls guteolad jhgva, huttba pbglgegio`je davaegpmalt gn bos -t `gdj os rjtbar jrhotrjry. Poilono`jltey Ennear(8668j;:82), ngeegwoli bos gwl prgpgsjes òtad ol Baldarsgl (:?9>;:>), lgtas tbjt tbaTohatjl aquovjealt gn bos nolje -t jppajrs tg ha nolje -s, hut axèudas tbos nrgm`glsodarjtogl gl tba hjsos tbjt Lgrtbarl @bol rggt nolje -s ha`gmas - js dosùssad ol1.:.8.8. J pgssohea jssgòjtogl wotb tba Tohatjl -s sunnox os prgpgsad ol Vueeayhejlc(:?>>h;480)3 Baldarsgl (:?9>;93?) tjcas up tbos prgpgsje jld suiiasts j nurtbar pgssohea`gmpjrosgl (:?9>;::) tg tba Ged @bolasa T@-OOO darovjtogls. Qlngrtuljtaey Baldarsgl osuljhea tg tjca tba `gmpjrosgl gut gn tba rajems gn spaùejtogl, hut bar bul`b saams tg ha

`grra`t wbal tba donnaralt `gldotogloli alvorglmalts jra tjcal oltg j``gult. Axèudolitba ialarje jssgòjtogl gn -s wotb T@-OOO, js jesg jttastad ol Ged Hurmasa jld Ged @bolasaol 0.4 jld 4.0, jld tba egss gn groiolje stgp `gdjs hangra -s wbo`b os lgtad ol 4.:.8 tg jesgg`ùr ol Ged @bolasa, tba davaegpmalts gn -, -t jld -c ramjol tg ha dosùssad.

42Ennears (8668h;:8?-06) prgpgsje ngr dostol`tova tglas gl sbgrt stgppad syeejheas tg j``gult ngr varhstbjt dg lgt olnea`t saams ullaàssjry. ârhs ol gtbar `jtaigroas sgmatomas dg lgt olnea`t jld tba prgàssrjtbar raprasalts tba irjduje dapeatogl gn olnea`togls tbjt, js sbgwl ol Bjrtmjll (8668;2:), bjs jemgst`gmpeataey dosjppajrad ol mjly sgutbarl @bol ejliujias.


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8.:.0.: Iegttjeoty

Jl jssgòjtogl gn -s wotb iegttjeoty ol tba davaegpmalt gn T@-OOO ol Ged Hurmasa jld Ged@bolasa os lgtad ol 0.43 tbos raldars ots davaegpmalt bara uldar tba `gldotoglolialvorglmalts lgtad jhgva pbglgegio`jeey pgssohea. Tba jssgòjtogl gn rggt nolje -s wotb

iegttjeoty, dosùssad ol 1.:.8.8, mjy jesg ha lgtad bara. Tba jttastjtogl gn iegttjeosadljsjes ol Ejo @bol wbara Mozg jld [jbju bjva ljsjes ol T@-OOH `grraspgldoli tgghstrualts ol Tbjdg, [g, Tadom jld Pozjli suiiasts j iegttjeo` davaegpmalt bara jesgtbjt pjrjeeaes tba iegttjeosad eoquods jld ieodas ol Ejo @bol tbjt jra stoee mjoltjolad olMozg, [jbju jld Tadom. Tba typgegio`je ljturjelass gn j davaegpmalt gn -p/t/c nrgm-m/-l/- os lgtad ol Mjtosgnn (:?28;4?). Tba jetarljtova amarialà gn T@-OOH jntarljsjes ol Mozg jld [jbju os suiiastova gn tba iegttjeo` groiol gn T@-OO3 tbos os suppgrtad hytba g``jsoglje g`ùrralà gn eoquods jld ieodas ol T@-OOHtbjt tald tg ha ol nraa-vjrojtoglwotb tbaor iegttjeosad `gultarpjrts su`b tbjt tbay jra gn lg ra`glstru`toglje soilono`jlà.4?Tba nurtbar davaegpmalt gn -tg Mozg -lOOHjld Tadom -t jppajrs tg ha tba rasuet gn tbasprajdoli gn tba `grglje najtura gn sunnoxje -s.16

8.:.0.8 Gpal syeejheas jld -t / -c

Mjtosgnn (8660;40:) sbgws tba davaegpmalt gn -s oltg -t tg ha j raiuejr davaegpmalt olTohatg-Hurmjl3 ot os jesg lgtad ol 1.:.8.8 tg bjva g`ùrrad spgrjdo`jeey ol Ged @bolasa.J davaegpmalt gn -s oltg -c os eass waee-suppgrtad `rgss-eoliuosto`jeey, hut tba sbont gn -rtg -c ol àrtjol Lgrtbarl @bol ejliujias, dosùssad ol :.:.8.: jld :.8.8, voj jloltarmadojry uvuejr gr vaejr nro`jtova jrtoùejtogl àrtjoley mjcas su`b j `bjlia easstypgegio`jeey ulrajsgljhea wbal tba ègsa raejtoglsbop gn -s wotb tba ejryliaje nro`jtova-b, tg ha dosùssad haegw,os tjcal oltg j``gult.

8.:.4 Puparjddad -s PunnoxjtoglJl ossua wotb tba -s bypgtbasos os tbjt wgrds ol T@-OOOwbo`b wara groioljeey darovad nrgmsunnoxje -s jra jeegwad tg nurtbar olnea`t js on tbay wara sunnoxad jijol. Vueeayhejlc(:?>>h;480) suiiasts tba `gmpeaxoty gn tba olnea`toglje systam mjy ha dua tg jljegio`jeaxtalsogl jnna`toli donnaralt ejyars gn ejliujia3 ol tba `jsa gn darovad wgrds nrgm jlgroiolje T@-OOO tbos saams tg bjva oldaad haal tba `jsa. Bgwavar, on j NGXM-OOdarovjtogl`gued ha eaxo`jeey rajljeysad ol NGXM-Ojld olnea`tad jijol, tba -s sunnox tbjt troiiarad tbanorst olnea`togl must bjva davaegpad oltg sgmatboli aesa hangra -s `gued ha sunnoxad jijol.Tbos `jees oltg quastogl bgw -s sunnoxjtogl `gued stoee axost js j ngrmjtova prgàss on tbarawjs lg trjà gn sunnoxje -seant ol tba eaxo`gl.

J sgeutogl tg tbos eoas ol tba davaegpmalt gn -s ol Ged @bolasa. Vueeayhejlc (:?90h;09:,:?92j;:90-4) ghsarvas tbjt tba davaegpmalt gn -s oltg j ejryliaje nro`jtova -bhy tba tomagn tba Zoayul wjs j spgrjdo` prgàss tbjt jnna`tad sgma rbymas ajreoar tbjl gtbars. Olsuppgrt gn tbos doiegsso` sotujtogl, Vueeayhejlc (:?92;866) lgtas j somoejroty wotb

4?G``jsogljeey j samjlto` dostol`togl jppajrs tg bjva amariad gr tba vjrojlt ngrms bjva haal rajljeysadvoj jljegiy js olnea`toglje darovjtovas3 saa jesg Ennear (8668h;:08).16Paa jesg tba dosùssogl ol 1.:.8.8.


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Baldarsgls (:?18;:>?-96) ghsarvjtogl tbjt tba @jmhgdojl nolje sohoejlt -s os lgtdostoliuosbad nrgm nolje jsporjtogl -b axàpt ol `jranue rajdoli prglulòjtogl. Tba mgsteocaey sàljrog ol Lgrtbarl @bol os tbjt -s irjdujeey stjrtad tg sbont tg -b ol sgma wgrdswbo`b wara tbal gpal tg nurtbar sunnoxjtogl hy tba eaxo`jeey stoee vojhea -s ramjololi olgtbar wgrds. Hy tba toma jee `jsas gn -s bjd sbontad tg -b, tba pjttarl wjs jerajdy sat su`b

tbjt jljegiy wjs jeegwad tg tjca gvar tg darova tba rast gn tba eaxo`gl. J èajr axjmpea gntbos dostol`togl ol sunnoxje eavaes, jld tba anna`t gn jljegiy tbaragl, mjy ha nguld olwgrds gn tba typa-OOOwbo`b sbgued jee ha jttastad js -lOOOon darovad nrgm jl groiolje -O/OOwotb sunnoxje -s `jusoli `grgljeosjtogl. Tba sotujtogl os somoejr tg tbjt gn OOO-sha`gmoli-lOOHgr -t ol Mozg gr Tadom raspa`tovaey hut -OOH, -cgr -ol [jbju, Pozjli gr Tbjdg/[graspa`tovaey.

8.:.1 @jusjtovoty Vjrjdoims

Tba `jsas gn suparjddad -s sunnoxjtogl tald tg mjrc jl oltarastoli prgàss ol Lgrtbarl@bol gn `jusjtovosjtogl gr, tg usa @bbjlitas (:??0;2>-?) hrgjdar tarmolgegiy, vjeal`y

`bjlia. Baldarsgl (:?>1;20) sbgws j naw axjmpeas gn Tadom pjrjdoims wbarahyNGXM-OOolnea`togls gn oltrjlsotova varhs mjy ha usad js trjlsotova varhs ol NGXM-Owboeatba NGXM-OO olnea`togls gn trjlsotova varhs mjy ha usad js halanj`tova varhs ol NGXM-Owbo`b mjy jesg mjlonast j dostol`t NGXM-OO. Axjmpeas ol Tbjdg, [g, Tadom jld Pozjlijra raejtovaey rjra3 [jbju jld, tg j eassar axtalt, Mozg sbgw hrgjdar suppgrt, hut usujeeysbgw egss gn tba oltarmadojta stjia su`b tbjt gley tba NGXM-OO olnea`togl gn tba darovadNGXM-Oramjols.1:Tbos eajds Gshurla (:?91;::4), jegli wotb Vatarsgl (:??2;?0-4) jldMjtosgnn (8660;498-0) wbg ngùs gl Ejo, tg suiiast j dostol`tova NGXM-OOO olnea`togl ol`jsas eoca [jbju teOO~telOOOraturl (vo)jld t

elOOHraturl (vt). @grraejtas eoca TbjdgbeOO

~ belOOOjrrova (vo) jldbelOOO ~ bet hroli (vt) sbgw tbasa osgejtad tbord ngrms rjtbar tg

avolà tba irjduje radu`togl ol varhje olnea`togls tbjt Bjrtmjll (8668;2:) sbgws bjs

jerajdy g`ùrrad gl j mjssova s`jea ol Pgutbarl @bol ejliujias. Tbos os boltad jt hyBoeejrd (:?94;28-0), wbg `gmpjras Baldarsgls Tadom pjrjdoims jld sgma Mozgpjrjdoims ol Hroibt (:?19h;::6) tg suiiast tbjt tbay mjy raprasalt j somoejr prgàss, hutos uljhea tg tjca tba `gmpjrosgl nurtbar. Tba spgrjdo` ljtura gn tbos radu`togl majlstbara jra jesg savarje `jsas wbara tba NGXM-OO gn tba darovad trjlsotova gr halanj`tovaNGXM-O os lgt jttastad, jetbguib tbos mjy sgmatomas ha jttrohutad tg pbglgegio`je`glvarialà pravaltoli varhs nrgm olnea`toli jly nurtbar. Tba jsàldjl`y gn halanj`tovajld `jusjtova pjrtoèas ol Lgrtbarl @bol, js dosùssad hy Vatarsgl (:??2;?4-9) ngr Ejo,saams tg bjva haal j mjkgr `gltrohutgr ol tba radu`togl gn varhje ngrms.

Tba gustoli gn groiolje sa`gldjroey darovad NGXM-O olnea`togls hy tbaor NGXM-OO

`gultarpjrts ol Mozg jld [jbju prgvodas èuas tgwjrds tba sgurà gn varhje olnea`toglstbjt jppajr lgt tg not tba `grraspgldalàs ol 8.:. Tba NGXM-OO olnea`togl ol `jsas eocaMozg daO ~ dlOOH tbrgw (vo/t) jppajrs suparnoòjeey jppajr orraiuejr, hut ots vjrojltNGXM-OOdalOOOos altoraey raiuejr jld sbgws dlOOH, stoee jttastad ol [jbju wotb ots darovadhalanj`tova salsa tbrgw (vh), tg bjva sompey mariad irjmmjto`jeey wotb dalOOO wboea

1:Tbara dg stoee ramjol j naw axjmpeas wbara Mozg jld [jbju mjoltjol tba nuee pjrjdoim js waee js `jsaswbara Tbjdg, [g, Tadom jld Pozjli egsa tba darovad NGXM-O.


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ratjololi ots pbglgegio`je dostol`tovalass. Ol àrtjol `jsas, tba trjlsotova/halanj`tovaNGXM-OO darovjtogl bjs `gmpeataey gustad tba groiolje NGXM-OO oltrjlsotova/trjlsotovadarovjtogl nrgm wbo`b ot wjs groioljeey darovad. Dora`t avodalà gn tba axostalà gngroiolje NGXM-OOmjy gley ha ra`gvarad nrgm laoibhguroli ejliujias, jetbguib @bbjlita(:??0;29) lgtas tbjt vjrojlt usa `jl g``jsogljeey dostoliuosb Lgrtbarl jld Pgutbarl Mozg

dojea`ts.8.:.> Jetarljtogls gn -c jld -t

Pozjli jld [g g``jssogljeey ranea`t -t olstajd gn -c gr -raspa`tovaey ol tbaor darovjtoglsgn OOO-s < -< -c (< -)3 ol mgst `jsas tba twg jra ol nraa-vjrojtogl. Tba axpejljtogl eoasol tba dgmoljlà gn Tadom, dosùssad ol tba oltrgdu`togl, wbgsa sbont gn -OOO-s < -l< -tjppajrs tg bjva haal jdgptad hy [g jld Pozjli ol sgma otams. Pozjli mjcas j sa`gldjrysamjlto` dostol`togl hatwaal lOOO~ lcseuiiosb jld lOOO~ lt oeewbo`b jesg g`ùrs oljtOO~ jtOOO / jOOO toibt (vo) jld jcOO~ jcOOO / jOOO toibtal (vt) ol wbo`b -t jld -c dg lgtjppajr tg ha darovad. Ptarl (:?>0;841) lgtas j somoejr dostol`togl ol tba NGXM-OOgn tjOO~

tjtOO

/ tjcOO

s`jra (v) wbo`b ba trajts js tjtOO

najr (vo) jld tjcOO

najr (vt), hut tbos os lgtsuppgrtad ol tba Pozjli ra`grdad bara. G``jsoglje vjrojtogl gn -t jld -c wjs lgtad ol8.:.8 wbara ot wjs suiiastad tg ha osgejtad jld lgt gn ra`glstru`toglje soilono`jlà.

8.:.9 Jetarljtogl gn -/-gOOOjld -w/-wOOO

Pgma wgrds wotb tba rbyma -wbjva davaegpad NGXM-OOraneaxas ol -ol Mozg, [jbjujld Tadom gr-gOOOol Tbjdg, [g jld Pozjli. Tba axpa`tad NGXM-OOraneax wgued ha -wOOOwbo`b aval on gustad hy j nurtbar darovad ngrm wgued ha ranea`tad js -wol Mozg, [jbjujld Tadom gr ratjolad js -wOOOol Tbjdg, [g jld Tadom. Yaodarts (:?9?;:66) njoeura tgj`clgweadia tba dos`rapjl`y, jld Ennears (8668h;:08-0) ghsarvjtogl tbjt tbos dgas lgt

g`ùr ol tba Pgutbarl @bol ejliujia Mjrjj, suiiasts tbjt tba dostol`togl must bjva haalj suhtea gla.

8.8 Lgmoljeosjtogl

Ppgrjdo` `jsas gn dalgmolje varhjeosjtogl wotb lguls haoli usad js ulolnea`tad varhs olNGXM-Ojra jttastad tbrguibgut tba wgrd eost. Mgra soilono`jlt tg j mgrpbgegio`je study gnLgrtbarl @bol jra `jsas gn lgmoljeosjtogl voj NGXM-OOolnea`togls js lgtad hy Baldarsgl(:?9>;?) jld @bbjlita (:??0;9?). Tba lgmoljeosoli nul`togl gn tba -s sunnox ol GedHurmasa jld Ged @bolasa os dosùssad ol 0.4 jld 4.0 raspa`tovaey jld hrolis ot oltgjeoilmalt wotb ots nul`togl ol Lgrtbarl @bol.

8.0 Olotoje Jsporjtogl

Tbjt j pranoxje s- mjy bjva `jusad olotoje jsporjtogl ol Lgrtbarl @bol trjlsotovaolnea`togls os prgpgsad hy Ygenaldal (:?8?j;:21->) wbg jesg mjcas j `gmpjrosgl wotbHurmasa. Js wotb Ged Hurmasa, maltoglad ol 0.4, tba prgàss os lg egliar prgdu`tova hutj naw osgejtad axjmpeas ol Tadom jld Pozjli jra prgvodad hy Baldarsgl (:?>1;88) jldPtarl (:?>0;81:) raspa`tovaey jld savarje mgra mjy ha nguld ol tba wgrd eost. Jetbguib


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tba nul`togls gn tba s- pranox jld -s sunnox tald tg `gjeasà, tba ngrmar gley saams tgraprasalt jl jetarljtogl gn trjlsotovoty wotbgut jttastoli tba nuee `jusjtovoty pjrjdoimjssgòjtad wotb tba ejttar. Bgwavar, ot saams ullaàssjry tg drjw j nuldjmaltjeirjmmjto`je dostol`togl bara js tba halanj`tova darovjtogls gn sunnoxje -s saam tg hasompey jl axtalsogl gn ots trjlsotova darovjtogls uldar tba hrgjd lgtogl gn `jusjtovosjtogl

dosùssad ol 8.:.1. Lgtjhey, tbara jra j bjldnue gn `jsas wbara hgtb pranox jld sunnox jrajttastad tbjt pjrjeeaes tba sotujtogl ol Hurmasa dosùssad ol 0.4.

8.4 ^g`jeo` Jhejut

Lgtoli j dostol`togl hatwaal Mozg/Tbjdg slOjld Tadom slOrad, Halado`t (:?98j;:9-2)suiiasts tbjt tba vjrojtogl rasuets nrgm jl groiolje madoje -k- wbo`b bjs `gegurad tbaMozg/Tbjdg vgwae. Bgwavar, Halado`ts Ged Hurmasa `gmpjrosgl suppgrtoli tbamadoje os raka`tad ol 0.0.:.:,18jld Halado`t jppajrs uljwjra tbjt Tbjdg j`tujeey ranea`tshgtb slOjld slO. Tba Tbjdg `jsa os ranea`tova gn j spgrjdo` Lgrtbarl @bol /j jld a/jhejut avolàd ol savarje `jsas tbrguibgut tba wgrd eost. Ol àrtjol `jsas tba vjrojtogl

jppajrs tg bjva haal axpegotad tg `rajta j law samjlto` dostol`togl gr mgra axpeoòteydanola jl jerajdy axostoli gla; [jbju cc`rj`c (vo)jldcc`rj`c (vt)3 Tbjdg trObjrdjldtrOaedarey.

J eass nraqualt jhejut jesg g`ùrs wotb /u jld /g. Axèudoli g``jssoglje avodalà gnsa`gldjry vgwae rguldoli ol j ejhoje alvorglmalt, gtbar spgrjdo` vg`jeo` jetarljtoglstald tg jttast axtarlje olneualà gr glgmjtgpgaoj.

18Halado`ts (:?98j;:1?) nurtbar `gmpjrosgl wotb Ged @bolasa tjlOòlljhjr, rad, wbo`b os suppgrtadhy Pjijrt (866>j;886), sbgued jesg ha raka`tad.


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@bjptar 0Ged Hurmasa

Tba vjeodoty gn grtbgirjpbo` avodalà jeglisoda mgdarl dojea`t avodalà bjs haal tba

suhka`t gn savarje dahjtas `glàrloli tba ra`glstru`togl gn Egeg-Hurmasa jld balà GedHurmasa. Js lgtad hy Ha`cwotb (8668h;8:0-4), tba mjol donnoùety stams nrgm jl gvar-raeojlà gl mgdarl Yrottal Hurmasa ngrms ol tba eotarjtura. Yboea Mjtosgnn (:?>?;::?-86) `bodas Hureoli (:?>9;0) ngr raka`toli Yrottal Hurmasa js j vjeod sgurà gn avodalàngr bos ra`glstru`togl gn tba Egeg-Hurmasa suhirgup, Kglas (:?96;80:) haeoavas Mjtosgnnigas tgg njr ol tba gtbar dora`togl. Qlngrtuljtaey, tba ej`c gn jly raje `gl`grdjlà gnOls`roptoglje Hurmasa ngrms majls tbjt ols`roptoglje avodalà, ieajlad bjpbjzjrdey nrgmspgrjdo` òtjtogls ol gtbar j`jdamo` wgrcs, talds tg ha ulkustey `glnejtad wotb YrottalHurmasa ol tarms gn usanuelass. Halado`ts (:?98j;4:) dosmossje gn tba povgtje rgea gnOls`roptoglje Hurmasa ol dostoliuosboli Tohatg-Hurmjl madojes os jpprgvoliey òtad hyMjtosgnn (:?92h;06, 8660;96) wbo`b woee lg dguht jeejy sgma gn Kglas `glàrls hut lgt

tbgsa gn Ha`cwotb. Tba ulwoaedolass gn Ols`roptoglje Hurmasa ol tarms gn ots ol`glsostaltspaeeolis os lgtad hy Va Mjuli Tol (:?8?;92), hut ba bjstals tg ghsarva ots pjrjmgultompgrtjlà ol aeuòdjtoli tba avgeutogl gn tba ejliujia. Lgtjhey, Hj Pbols (:?>8;0>-?)study gn tba raiuejrotoas habold tba jetarljtogls sbgws tbam tg raprasalt eottea mgra tbjlgrtbgirjpbo` vjrojtogl hangra s`ropt stjldjrdosjtogl nrgm wbo`b tba nuldjmaltjeuldareyoli systam, js woee ha prasaltad haegw, mjy ha daduàd.

0.: ^g`jeosm

0.:.: Kglas Tbraa ^gwae o/u/j Pystam

-d -o -c -u -m -jj-/-d,n -ok j-I/-c,n -uk -,n -jk-drn -om -crn(-Bc) -um -rn(-B) -jm-dan -ol -can -ul -an -jl-dcon -o j-mon -u -on -j-dyn -op -cyn -up -yn -jp-dwn -ot -cwn -ut -wn -jt-dcun -oc j-mun -uc -un -jc

-dc/-dc6n -uw j-m/-6n -jw

-pn-j`

-ln -j

Kglas (:?9>;41) tbraa vgwae systam prgvodas j symmatro`je j``gult ngr Ged Hurmasahut struiieas wotb tba pjejtje `gdjs. Ngeegwoli j eola gn tbguibt somoejr tg Durgosaeea(:?:1;??-:68), Kglas (:?22;869) ejtar ramgvas-ln -j dua tg ots vjrogus lgl-ljsjeprglulòjtogls ol Mgdarl Hurmasa3 `gltrjry tg Durgosaeea, jld ol eola wotb tba `rotoòsmsmjda hy Hejidal (:?:>j;?4-1), Kglas suppgsas tbjt ot glà axostad hut wjs egst vary


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ajrey gl. Bgwavar, bos trajtmalt gn tba twg pjejtje `gdjs js -pn -j` jld-ln -jdosraijrds Pbjnars prgpgsje (:?4:;88) tg trajt tbam js ranea`toli Ged Hurmasa -ocjld -ool wbo`b tba pjejtje najtura gn tba vgwae os jssumad tg bjva sbontad tg tba `gdj.10OnPbjnars prgpgsje os `grra`t, jl j``gult tbal bjs tg ha mjda ngr wbjt-dcunjld-dcon, Kglas-ocjld -o, raprasalt.

0.:.8 Iglis Tbraa ^gwae o/u/j Pystam

-d -o -c -u -m -j-d,n -ok -c,n -uk -,n -jk-drn -om -crn(-Bc) -um -rn(-B) -jm-dan -ol -can -ul -an -jl-ln -o j-mon -u -on -j-dyn -op -cyn -up -yn -jp-dwn -ot -cwn -ut -wn -jt-pn -oc j-mun -uc -un -jc

-dc6n -uw -6n -jw

Euà (:?46;064, :?90;eostJ/H, :?21;O.:66) suiiasts tbjt mgst wgrds wotb-dcun jld-dcon,Kglas -oc jld -o, jppajr tg ha Mgl, Pbjl jld Vjeo/Pjlscrot egjlwgrds. Pbgrtg, olVueeayhejlc (:?>0;8:9), jesg suppgrts Euàs prgpgsje ngr jl axtarlje sgurà. Qljwjragn, gr ulwoeeoli tg j`àpt, Euàs prgpgsje, Halado`t (:?98j;9>-9) prgpgsas tbjt tbasgurà gn tbasa rbymas wjs Tohatg-Hurmjl egli -uc jld -u ol `gltrjst tg tba sbgrtrbymas -ucjld -uwbo`b ijvaj-munjldj-monjs ol Kglas s`bama. Losbo (:??9;?20-4)mjrvaes jt Halado`ts jhoeoty tg nold su`b `giljtas ol Tohatg-Hurmjl wbal lgla jra tg ha

nguld ol mu`b mgra ègsaey raejtad Hurmosb ejliujias. Tbos `gluldrum os sgevad hyDampsay (866:;869-2) wbg, ngeegwoli Losbos (:???h;90-4) scaptoòsm, sbgws tbjtHalado`ts `grraspgldalà sats jra hjsad gl njuety jssgòjtogls. Pbjnars (:?4:;88)prgpgsje, wotb tba jddotoglje ghsarvjtogls hy Euà jld Pbgrtg, jeegws Igli (:?26;412->:) tg mgdony Kglas s`bama hy gmottoli-dcunjld-dconnrgm `glsodarjtogl.

0.:.0 Vueeayhejlcs Twg ^gwae o/j Pystam

J dostrohutoglje ossua, lgt rjosad hy Kglas gr Igli, g`ùrs wotb madoje -w-. Tba nj`t tbjtot mjy nraaey g`ùr jntar jly `glsgljlt eajds Mjtosgnn (:?9>h;v, :?2>j;20) tg trajt ot jspjrt gn tba rbyma rjtbar tbjl js pjrt gn jl olotoje `glsgljlt èustar. J donnoùety wotb tbos

gtbarwosa sguld prgpgsje os tbjt madoje -w-os rastro`tad ol dostrohutogl tg hangra tba egwvgwae j. Lgtoli tbos `gmpeamaltjry dostrohutogl gn -uwotb -wj, Vueeayhejlc (:?>0;8:4-2)rajljeysas -ujs -wotbarahy raduòli tba systam tg j twg vgwae o/j`gltrjst.

10Pbjnar, wbg mjcas lg `gmmalt raijrdoli tba stjtus gn tba grtbgirjpbo` ngrm-dansuiiasts tbjt -ol mariadwotb -otg iova-ln-j3 tbos os dosùssad ol 0.:.4.


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-d -o -c -wo -m -j -Im -wj-d,n -ok -c,n -wok -,n -jk -I,n -wjk-drn -om -crn(-Bc) -wom -rn(-B) -jm -Irn(-BI) -wjm-dan -ol -can -wol -an -jl -Ian -wjl

-ln -o

j-mon -wo

-on -j

-Ion -wj

-dyn -op -cyn -wop -yn -jp -Iyn -wjp-dwn -ot -cwn -wot -wn -jt -Iwn -wjt-pn -oc j-mun -woc -un -jc -Iun -wjc-dc6n -ow -6n -jw

Vueeayhejlc (:?>0;8:9-2) eotarjeey oltarprats -dc jld GD, tba ejttar `gmpgsad gn tbaoldovoduje ngrmGgn-cjld tba tglje vjrojlt-Dgn-d, tg suppgrt jl uldareyoli wo, hut tbasajra grtbgirjpbo` `glvaltogls gn lg pbglgegio`je ompgrt.14Xaijrdeass gn tba symmatryjnngrdad wotb wj, Losbos (:???j;>92) suiiastogl tbjt Vueeayhejlcs systam bjs eottea

vjeua os gvarey dosmossova; Vueeayhejlcs ghsarvjtogl gn tba madoje-I-w-ol tba YrottalHurmasa ngrmj-Ign-c,n-wok, wbo`b rbymas wotb -okj-/-d,n, os suppgrtad hy Halado`t(:?98j;>9) jld prgvodas j sompear doj`brglo` j``gult tbjl Losbos (:???j;>92) prgpgsadvgwae-hrajcoli gn -uk < -wok3 11 Vueeayhejlcs trajtmalt gn Kglas jld Iglispbglgegio`je dostol`togl gn u jld uw js wo jld ow rasgevas tba ej`c gn jly raje pbglato`dostol`togl, uleass dostol`tova vgwae ealitb os jssumad, ol tbaor systams3 Vueeayhejlcs(:?>0;8:2) suiiastogl tbjt bos o mjy groioljeey stam nrgm ulwottoliey rasgevas tbasomoejr ej`c gn pbglato` dostol`togl hatwaal Kglas jld Iglis -o jld -ok wbo`b mjy hadostoliuosbad js -jld -k.

0.:.4 J Twg ^gwae /Pystam

-m - -c -w -Im -w -d - -sm -k-,n -k -c,n -wk -I,n -wk -d,n -k -rn -m -crn -wm -Irn -wm -drn -m -srn -km-an -l -can -wl -Ian -wl (-dan -l),-ln- -san -kl-on - j-mon -w -Ion -w (-dcon -),-ln- -son -k-yn -p -cyn -wp -Iyn -wp -dyn -p -syn -kp-wn -t -cwn -wt -Iwn -wt (-dwn -t),-pn -` -swn -kt-un -c j-mun -wc -Iun -wc (-dcun -c),-pn -` -sun -kc

-6n -w -dc6n -w -s6n -kw

14Paa Pbgrtgs `gmmalts ol Vueeayhejlc (:?>0;8:2).11Losbo (:???j;>92) suiiasts -uk < -wok gl tba hjsos gn j naw ejtar ols`roptoglje `jsas gn -Id,n, hut tbajttastjtogl gn tbos ngrm ol j vary ajrey ols`roptogl, dosùssad hy Euà (:?>?;O.:62-?, :?90;2:), suiiasts tba-w- mjy ha groiolje rjtbar tbjl darovad. Vjrtoùejrey js raijrds Halado`ts (:?98j;>9) donnoùety oldostoliuosboli -wjk nrgm -gk, Losbos (:???j;>92) taltjtova suiiastogl tbjt Halado`ts -wok mjy ha hattartrajtad js -uk os lglatbaeass pranarjhea tg Mjtosgnns (:??8;:96-0) trajtmalt gn-dcjs -ukwbo`b njees vo`tom tgtba sjma gvarey eotarje grtbgirjpbo` oltarpratjtogl js Vueeayhejlc.


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Vueeayhejlcs systam bjs twg mjkgr drjwhj`cs; tba ialarje egwaroli gn Polg-Tohatjl tgTohatg-Hurmjl j, dosùssad ol 1.:, raldars bos /j lgt dora`tey `gmpjrjhea wotb bos Ged@bolasa /j systam, dosùssad ol 4.:.83 tbara os avodalà ngr jl groiolje madoje -k-,dosùssad ol 0.0.:, tg pjrjeeae madoje -w-. Vgsotoli madoje -k- ol tba `geuml bajdad hy-d-wgued mjca tba rbyma-d,n-k vogejta tba pbglgtj`to` `glstrjolt prgbohotoli j pjrjeeae

-kjk. Tba dosùssogl ol 1.: sbgws tba sgurà gn tbos rbyma tg ha -k < - < -k wbgsagvarejp ol pbglgegio`je davaegpmalt wotb -k < -k< - axpejols wby Euà (:?2:;ooo) osuljhea tg dosjmhoiujta tbam ol tba ols`roptogls3 tba ej`c gn jly madoje -k- ol tba ejttar`jsa os axpejolad hy tba pjejtje `gdj -kpravaltoli tba egwaroli gn Polg-Tohatjl tg j.

Nurtbar `glnusogl stams nrgm-ln-jld-pn-`wbo`b jra vyoli wotb-dan-l /-dcon-jld-dwn -t /-dcun -c ngr tba sjma segts. Vueeayhejlc (:?>0;8:2) j`àpts Pbjnarsdarovjtogl gn-ln-jld-pn-j`nrgm -ocjld -o. Hrjdeay (:?21;:?4) èjoms tbjt-pn-j`bjs haal prglgulàd -o, js ots mgdarl prglulòjtogl wgued oldo`jta, solà jt eajst :416,hut tbos rasuets nrgm j mosrajdoli gn Moeear (:?14;020) jld, js Dampsay (866:;8:?)

ghsarvas, j prakudoà tgwjrds ejtar davaegpmalts.

1>

Dampsay (866:;8:2) usas Bej Vas(:?>6;943?4) djtj gl Vjeo egjlwgrds tg sbgw tbjt Pbjnars -oc must bjva haal mu`bègsar ol prglulòjtogl tg-pn -` js ots `glvaltoglje trjls`roptogl wgued oldo`jta. 19Tjòtey raka`toli bos pravogus prgpgsje, Vueeayhejlc (:?99-2;:?:-8) jttampts tg hgestarbos prgpgsje ngr Ged @bolasa pjejtje `gdjs, dosùssad ol 4.:.8, hy `glvarsaey suiiastolitbjt tba pjejtje `gdjs jra groiolje. Ols`roptoglje avodalà ngr-Ipn-w` jld-Iln-w, lgtlgtad hy Vueeayhejlc, ossuparnoòjeey suppgrtova, hut tba sgurà gn tba pjejtje `gdjs -jld -òl Polg-Tohatjl -k/l jld -kc/t, dosùssad ol 1.:, mjcas tba sgurà gn madoje -w-,wbo`b `gued lgt `g-g`ùr wotb -k-,ùrogus. Tba spjrsalass gn tba avodalà ngr tba rbymasmjcas jl jetarljtova axpejljtogl eocaey; Euà (:?2:;163>6, l.d.) trajts -w`js j s`rohjevjrojlt gn-cwn-wt, wbo`b ot satteas js ol Yrottal Hurmasa3 Euàs (:?90;:9) ghsarvjtogl

gnu c,n cewk ngr tba sgea ljsje ngrmjuX3 /uIln cew sarva jeegws j somoejrsuiiastogl ngr-Iln-wjld-c,n-wk.

Iglis (:?26;41?) tbraa vgwae prgpgsje dgas lgt maltogl Pbjnars (:?4:;88) suiiastogltbjt -ol mariad wotb -o js-ln-. Mjtosgnns (:?>2;2?1) prgpgsad sbont gn -ot1, :?9?;:?) axtalds Halado`ts prgpgsje tg darova-dwn -t nrgm -ot. Lgtoli jpjuòty gn Egeg-Hurmasa `gmpjrjtova sats, Tburiggd (:?94;:66-:) `jutogusey j`àpts tbaprgpgsje ngr -dwn -t, hut suiiasts tbjt -dan -l mjy eoa ol egjlwgrds gr spaòjeey

1>Tba djta òtad hy Hrjdeay prasumjhey ranars tg jl ulraejtad Hurmasa trohuta tbjt, j``grdoli tg Moeear,wjs mjda tg tba @bolasa `gurt ol :41:. Moeear (:?14;09:-8) suiiasts tba Polg-Hurmasa vg`jhuejry dj

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STEDT Monograph10 Proto Northern Chin

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