39

2.1. `mjm-]cw2.1. `mjm-]cw2.1. `mjm-]cw2.1. `mjm-]cw2.1. `mjm-]cw

temI-¯n GXmæ v \mem-bncw `mj-I-fp-sæ¶v IW-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cn-

¡p-¶p. CXn en]nk{¼-Zm-bhpw kmlnXyhpapÅ `mj-I-fpsS F®w

hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. `mc-X-¯n \m¶q-dn-e-[nIw `mj-IÄ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p-

sæ -¦nepw Ah-bn Ak-an-b, _wKm-fn, adm-Tn, KpP-dm-¯n, ]©m-_n,

Hdn-b, Imivao-cn, ln n, knÔn, Ddp-Zp, kwkvIr-Xw, Xan-gv, I¶-U, ae-bm-

fw, sXep-¦v, t\¸m-fn, aWn-¸q-cn, sIm§n-Wn F¶o ]Xn-s\«p `mj-Isf

am{Xta tI{ -kÀ¡mÀ F«mwsjUyqfnÄ DÄs¸-Sp¯n ]cn-]pjvS`mj-I-

fmbn AwKo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Åq.

temI-¯nse F«p1 {][m\`mjm-tKm-{X-§-fn C³tUm þ bqtdm-

]y³ tKm{X-¯nsâ D]-im-J-bnÂs¸« C³tUm þ Bcy-\n-emWv C´y-

bn kwkm-cn-¡¶ ]e `mj-Ifpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xv.-C-´y-bnse asämcp

{][m\`mjm-tKm-{X-amWv {ZmhnUtKm{Xw.

2.1.1. {ZmhnUtKm{Xw2.1.1. {ZmhnUtKm{Xw2.1.1. {ZmhnUtKm{Xw2.1.1. {ZmhnUtKm{Xw2.1.1. {ZmhnUtKm{Xw

{Zhn-Uo-b³ F¶ ]Zw Hcp BwKvtfm þ C´y³ {]tbm-K-am-Wv. `mc-

Xob]Ztam kwkvIr-X-]-Ztam Bb "{Zmhn -U'hpw emän -\n \n¶v

BhnÀ`hn¨ "Cb³' F¶ CwKvfojv \ma-hn-ti-jW{]Xy-bhpw tNÀ¶p-

sXep-¦-cp-sSsXep-¦-cp-sSsXep-¦-cp-sSsXep-¦-cp-sSsXep-¦-cp-sSkmaq-lnI ]Ým¯ewkmaq-lnI ]Ým¯ewkmaq-lnI ]Ým¯ewkmaq-lnI ]Ým¯ewkmaq-lnI ]Ým¯ew

A[ymbw cA[ymbw cA[ymbw cA[ymbw cA[ymbw cæææææ vv vvv

40

æmb Hcp k¦c]Z-amWv {Zho-Un-b³. kwkvIr-X-¯n-epÅ aqe-]-Z-¯n\v

aq¶p cq]-§Ä \ne-hn-ep-æ v. {Zan-Uw, {Zhn-Uw, {ZmhnUw F¶n-§-s\.

(kp-\o-Xn-Ip-amÀ NmäÀPn, 1975:1). {ZhnUw þ {ZmhnUw F¶ cq]w "{ZanUw'

i_vZ-¯n\v ]nev¡m-e-¯pæmb cq]m-´-c-am-Wv. Cu ]cn-Wm-a-¯n {ZanUw

F¶-Xnse kzca[y "a'Imcw "h'Im-c-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.

Xan-gv, sXep¦v, I¶-U, ae-bm-fw F¶o \mep`mj-I-fmWv {Zmhn-U-

tKm-{X-¯nse hnI-knX`mj-IÄ. Xan-gv\m-Sv, B{Ô-{]-tZiv, IÀ®m-S-Iw,

tIcfw F¶o kwØm-\-§-fn-emWv bYm-{Iaw Cu `mj-IÄ hyh-lm-c-

¯n-ep-Å-Xv.2 tKmæn, IpdpJv AYhm Dtdm-hm³, Xpfp, Ipbn, Iphn AYhm

tJmæ v, tImb, {_mlp-bn, amÄtSm, sImS-Iv, sImem-an, ]mÀPn, tImæ v

AYhm Ip_n, KZ-_m, \mbn-In, s]wtKm,- sIm-X, HÃm-cn, tXmU F¶o

]Xn-s\-«p A]pjvS`mj-If-S¡w Ccp-]-¯n-cæp `mj-I-fmWv {ZmhnU

tKm{X-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. "F Iw]m-cn-äo-hv {KmaÀ Hm^v {Zho-Un-b³ HmÀ ku¯v

C´y³ ^manen Hm^v emwtKzPvkv' (ImÂUzÂ, 1856) F¶ {ZmhnU`mj-

I-fpsS Xmc-XayhymI-cWIrXn-bn-eqsS {ZmhnU`mjmIpSpw-_-¯nsâ

kz`mhw hyà-am-Ip-¶p.

2.1.1.1. {ZmhnU`mj-I-fpsS `mjmimkv{X-]-c-amb s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§Ä2.1.1.1. {ZmhnU`mj-I-fpsS `mjmimkv{X-]-c-amb s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§Ä2.1.1.1. {ZmhnU`mj-I-fpsS `mjmimkv{X-]-c-amb s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§Ä2.1.1.1. {ZmhnU`mj-I-fpsS `mjmimkv{X-]-c-amb s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§Ä2.1.1.1. {ZmhnU`mj-I-fpsS `mjmimkv{X-]-c-amb s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§Ä

(I). ZoÀL þ {lkz kzc-§-fpsS hn`-P\w

(J). aqÀ[\yhyRvP-\-§-fpsS _mlpeyw

(K). kz\n-a-X-e-¯n _em-LmX (stress)-¯nsâ A`mhw

(L). kzc-§fpw Nne hyRvP-\-§fpw am{Xta ]Zm-Zn-bnepw ]Zm-

´y-¯nepw ImW-s¸-Sp-¶pÅq.

(M). tem]w(elision), kao-I-cWw (assimilation) BtZiw

(substitution) F¶o kz\na {]{In-b-I-f-pæ v.

41

(N). apJy-ambpw ]c-{]-Xy-b-]-c-amb tbmP-\-apÅ i_vZ-cq]{]{In-

b(suffixal agglutinative morphology)bmWv {ZmhnU m̀j-I-fn-ep-

Å-Xv.

(O) kztZin {Inbm -[m -Xp -¡fn an¡Xpw Hcp ]ZmwKw

(monosyllabic) am{X-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

(P) \ma-§Ä¡pw _Ô-s¸« i_vZ-cq-]-§Ä¡pw cæp hN-\-ap-

æ v.

(Q) Bdp apXÂ ]Xn-s\m-¶p-hsc hn`-àn-I-fpÅ {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-

fp-æ v.3

(ª) s]mXpsh enwK-hy-hØ im_vZn-I-þ-hym-I-c-W (Lexical -

grammatical) kz`m-h-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.

(S). hyt]-£IkÀh\ma-¯n\p ]Icw t]sc¨w D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

(T). D¯-a-]p -cpjkÀÆ-\m-a -§Ä t{imXm-hns\ DÄs¸-Sp -¯n-

bpw(Inclusive) DÄs¸-Sp-¯m-sXbpw (Exclusive) Dæ v.

(U). {Inb-IÄ¡v kmam\yhpw \ntj-[-hp-amb cq]-§Ä shtÆ-sd-

bp-æ v.

(V). {]Im -c -§-f n \nÝ-bmÀ°Iw (Indicati ve) ,

BÚmÀ°Iw (Imperative), CÑmÀ°Iw (Optative),

tlXptlXpaXv (Suppositional Subjunctive), tlXp-

aXv (Conditional) F¶nh ImWmw.

(W). \nÝ-bmÀ°I {]Im-c-¯n cæp apX Bdp-hsc Ime-cq-]-

§Ä ImWp-¶p.

42

(X). IÀ½Wn{]tbmKw {ZmhnU`mj-bpsS kz`m-h-a-Ã.

(Y). A\p-I-cW]Z-§fpw amsämenhm¡p-Ifpw {ZmhnU`mjI-fpsS

{]tXy-I-X-bmWv.

(Z) BXn-im-b\cq](Levels of Degree)-§-fpsS A`m-hw.

{ZmhnU`mjm-Ip-Spw-_s¯ Z£n-Ww, a[yw, D¯cw F¶n-§s\ aq¶p

{][m\im-J-bmbn Xncn-¡mw. Z£nW {Zmhn-Uim-J-bn-emWv Xan-gv, I¶-

U, ae-bmfw F¶o km-lnXy`mj-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xv. sXep¦v Z£nW

{ZmhnUtKm{X-¯nse AwK-am-sW¶pw AXÃ a[y--{Zm-hnUtKm{X-¯nse

AwK-am-sW¶pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-æ v. Z£nW{ZmhnU-¯nsâ Z£nW]qÀh-im-

J-bn-emWv sXep-¦ns\ B{ -t\mhv DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv (1976 : 9).

2.1.2. sXep-¦nsâ Øm\w2.1.2. sXep-¦nsâ Øm\w2.1.2. sXep-¦nsâ Øm\w2.1.2. sXep-¦nsâ Øm\w2.1.2. sXep-¦nsâ Øm\w

{ZmhnU`mj-I-fn Gä-hpa-[nIw P\-§Ä kwkm-cn -¡p¶ `mj

sXep¦mWv. (aq-Ê-Xv, 1973 : 33). 1971þse sk³kkv tcJ-{]-Imcw sam¯w

C´y³ P\-kw-Jy-bn sXep¦v (8.17%), Xangv (6.86%), ae-bmfw (4%),

I¶U (3.96%) F¶ IW-¡p-IÄ CXv icn-sh-bv¡p-¶p. 2001þse sk³kkv

dnt¸mÀ«v A\p-k-cn¨v F«ptImSn-tbmfwP\-§Ä kwkm-cn-¡p¶sXep-¦n\v

`mc-Xob`mj-I-fn ZznXob Øm\-am-Wp-Å-Xv. Xan-gv\m-Sv, IÀ®m-S-Iw, tIc-

fw, alm-cm-jv{S, Hdo-Ê, a[y-{]-tZiv F¶o kwØm-\-§-fn sXep¦v

\yq\-]£`mj-bmbn \ne-hn-ep-æ v. {ioe-¦, ate-jy, audo-jy-kv, ^nPn

Zzo]v, _À½, sXs¡ Ata-cn-¡, B{^n¡ XpS-§nb cmPy-§-fnepw {]Nm-

c-¯nepÅ sXep¦v temI-`m-j-I-fn ]Xn-\©mw Øm\w t\Snbn-cn-¡p-

¶p. (A-JnehnÚm-\-tIm-iw, 1988 : 575).

43

2.1.3. sXep¦v F¶ `mjmkwÚ2.1.3. sXep¦v F¶ `mjmkwÚ2.1.3. sXep¦v F¶ `mjmkwÚ2.1.3. sXep¦v F¶ `mjmkwÚ2.1.3. sXep¦v F¶ `mjmkwÚ

kwkvIrX{KÙ-Im-c-·mÀ sXep¦p `mjbv¡v B{Ô-`m-j-sb-¶mWv

t]cp \evIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hntZ-in-I-fn BZy-ambn B{Ô-¡m-cpsS `mj-

sb-¸än ]cm-aÀin-¨Xv lyqbm³km§v F¶ No\k©m-cn-bm-Wv. (ImÂUzÂ,

1856 : 29). sXep¦pP\X Ah-cpsS `mjbv¡v \evInb t]cv sXepKp F¶m-

Wv. AXnsâ cq]m-´-c-§-fmWv sXep-¦v, sXen-MvK, ssXen-MvK, sX\p-Kp,

sX\pwKp F¶n-h. sX\p-Kp AYhm sX\pwKp BWv {]mY-anI ]Z-sa¶v

sXep¦p]WvUn-X-·mÀ B`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. am[pcyw F¶t{X CXnsâ

s]mcpÄ. tX³ F¶À°-apÅ tXs\ F¶ ]Z-hp-ambn kmayw Iæ -XmWv

AXn\p tlXp.

{]kn²amb aq¶penwK-t£-{X-§Ä AXn-cmbn InS-¡p¶ cmPys¯

Ipdn-¡p¶ {XnenwK F¶ kwkvIrX{]Ir-Xn-bpsS XZv`-h-amWv sXep¦v

F¶mWv s]mXp-sh-bpÅ [mc-W. {XnenwKi_vZw {ItaW sXenw-K, sXep-

Kp, sXepwKp, sX\pKp F¶n-§s\ amdnamdn h¶p. ae-bm-f-¯n sXep¦v

F¶ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-amWv kzoI-cn¨pImWp¶-Xv. Cu ]T-\-¯n sXep¦v

F¶ kwÚ-bmWv XpSÀ¶p {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Xan-gv\m-«n sXep¦p`mjsb hn-fn-¡p¶ ]e t]cp-I-fn H¶v hSpI

F¶m-Wv. sXep-¦sc, hnti-jn¨v \mbv¡PmXn-bnÂs¸-«-hsc hSp-I-sc-¶mWv

hyh-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. (ImÂUzÂ, 1856 : 32).

2.1.4. sXep-¦p-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ2.1.4. sXep-¦p-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ2.1.4. sXep-¦p-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ2.1.4. sXep-¦p-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ2.1.4. sXep-¦p-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

kwkvIrXkzm[o-\-¯n\v Gä-hp-a-[nIw hnt[-b-amb {ZmhnU`mj-

bmWv sXep-¦v. kwkvIr-Xm-£-c-am-e-bnse FÃm A£-c-§Ä¡pw ]pdsa

"d' "h' F¶o {ZmhnUam[y-a-§fpw sXep-¦n-ep-æ v. (]«nI 2.1 t\m¡pI).

hÀÕy-§-fmb , F¶n-h-bn-Ã. "d' Imcw kw`m-jW`mj-bn ImWp-

44

¶n-Ã. ]Zm-Zn-bn tLmjm-£-c-§Ä {]tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-æ v. ]Zm-h-km-\-¯nÂ

Xan-gn ImWp¶ sF Imc-¯n\v ]Icw sXep-¦n AIm-c-am-Wv.

aqe-{Zm-hn-U-¯n-ep-æm-bn-cp¶psh¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ "U' sXep-¦nÂ

Ct¸mgpw \ne-\n¡p-¶p. aäp `mj-I-fn CXv g,- f, b F¶n-§s\ amdn-

bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

DZm.

sXep¦vsXep¦vsXep¦vsXep¦vsXep¦v ae-bmfwae-bmfwae-bmfwae-bmfwae-bmfw XangvXangvXangvXangvXangv I¶UI¶UI¶UI¶UI¶U

tImUn tImgn tImfn tImfn

GUp Ggv Gfv Gfp

Hcp ]Z-¯nse GsX-¦nepw Hcp kne-_n-fn tNÀ¶p\nev¡p¶ kzcw

AXn\p apt¼m, ]nt¼m \nev¡p¶ kne-_nfpI-fnse kzc-§sf IqSn

kPm-Xo-b-§-fm-¡p¶ {]h-W-X-bmb kzcm-\p-kw-hmZ\bw (Harmonic

Sequence of vowels) sXep¦v IrXy-ambn ]men-¡p-¶p-æ v.

kzc -§Äkzc-§Äkzc-§Äkzc-§Äkzc-§Ä hyRvP-\-§ÄhyRvP-\-§ÄhyRvP-\-§ÄhyRvP-\-§ÄhyRvP-\-§Ä

]«nI 2.1

45

sXep¦n FÃm ]Z-§fpw kzcm-´-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww. kzcm-´-ansænÂ

DIm-cs¯ A´y-hy-RvP-\-t¯mSv tNÀ¡p-¶p. kwkvIr-X-¯nse \]pw-

kI`mh-\m-a-§-fpsS A´y-amb A\p-kzm-cs¯ "D' tNÀ¯v sXep-¦À

"ap'Im-c-am-¡p-¶p.

Cc-«n¨ tc^-t¯mSv kZr-i-amb "iI-S-tc^w' F¶ hÀWw sXep-

¦nsâ {]tXy-I-XbmWv.

DZm. KpÀdap > IpXnc

IÀd > hSn

B[p-\nI sXep-¦n (f) F¶ {]m´-kz-\naw IqSn DÄs¸-«n-«p-æ v.

Cu kz\naw sXep-¦nsâ kz´-a-Ã, ]pXp-Xmbn h¶p tNÀ¶-Xm-Wv.

(tPmÀÖv, 1982 : 30).

Bcy-`m-j-I-fpsS {Iam-[n-I-amb ssIt¿äw Dæm-bn«pw sXep-¦nsâ

{ZmhnUo-bamb sI«p-]m-Sn\v henb De-¨n-sem¶pw h¶n-«nà (tKmZhÀ½

1951 : 91).

sXep¦p`mj-bpsS hnIm-k-N-cn-{X-¯n kwkvIrXk¼À¡-¯n\v

ap¼pÅ L«w, kwkvIrXk¦cL«w, B[p-\nIL«w F¶o aq¶v L«w

Isæ -¯mw. F.-Un. H¶mwiXIw apXÂ A©mwiXIw hsc-bmWv BZy-

L-«w. A©mwiXIw apXÂ ]Xn-s\m¶mwiXIw hsc cæmw L«w. F.-

Un. ]Xn-s\m¶mwiXIw apX¡mWv B[p-\nIL«w XpS-§p-¶-Xv. alm-

`m-cX hnhÀ¯\(\-¶-¿³)¯neqsS kmlnXyw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv Cu L«-

¯n-emWv. {ZmhnU`mjsb¶ \ne-bn sXep-¦n\v Dæm-bn-cp¶ khn-ti-

j-X-IÄ \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶Xv C¡m-e-¯m-Wv. "g'Imcw \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p. "W'bv¡p

46

]Icw " ', "d'bv¡p ]Icw c,- e, f Ch hcp-¶Xpw Cu Ime-b-f-hn-em-Wv.

F.-Un. 1000þ¯n\pw 1300þ\pw CSbv¡v sXep¦v, I¶U ̀ mj-IÄ¡v s]mXp-

hn Hcp en]n-bmWv Dæm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. AXn\ptijw Cu cæp`mjbpw

{]tXyI en]n-I-fn cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-sb-¦nepw Ah-bv¡p X½n-epÅ A´cw

t\cn-b-Xm-Wv. ]Xn-\memwiX-I-¯nepw XpSÀ¶pÅ Ime-L-«-¯n-ep-amWv

sXep¦vkmlnXyw k¼-¶-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

2.1.5 sXep¦p`mjm-]-T-\-§Ä2.1.5 sXep¦p`mjm-]-T-\-§Ä2.1.5 sXep¦p`mjm-]-T-\-§Ä2.1.5 sXep¦p`mjm-]-T-\-§Ä2.1.5 sXep¦p`mjm-]-T-\-§Ä

]Xn-s\m¶mwiX-I-¯nse "B{Ô-i-_vZ-Nn-´m-aWn' (\-¶¿ `-«³), ]Xn-

aq¶mwiX-I-¯nse "hnIr-Xn-hn-th-Iap' (A-YÀh-\m-Nm-cy) F¶n-h-bmWv

kwkvIr-X-¯n-se-gp-Xnb BZy-Ime sXep¦phymI-cWIrXn-IÄ. ]s¯m-

¼Xmw \qäm-ænse "_me-hym-I-cW' (Nn-¶-¿- kqcn)hpw "{]uV--hym-I-

cW' (ko-Xm-cm-am-Nm-cy-¿-ep)-hp-amWv Iqsd-IqSn hni-Z-am-b-h. kn.-]n. {_u¬

(1857), `.Ir-jvW-aqÀ¯n (1961), Pn.-F³. sdUvUn (1966), ]n.-F-kv. kp{_-

ÒWyw (1974) F¶nh-cpsS sXep-¦p-`mjm]T-\-§Ä Cu `mj-sb-¸än IqSp-

XÂ a\-Ên-em-¡m³ klm-b-I-am-Wv.

Izm¬Sn^bÀkv C³ Xan-gv, ae-bm-fw, I¶U Bâ v sXepKp (cm-Pm-

knw-Kv, 1991) sSwt]mdÂkv C³ Xan-gv, ae-bmfw, I¶U Bâ v sXepKp

(Im-am-SvNn, 1990), kn³ämänIv ]mtä¬kv Hm^v sXepKp B³Uv ae-bmfw

({io-tZhn, 1991) F¶nh tIcf kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn \S¶ sXep-¦p-ambn

_Ô-s¸« ]nF-¨v.-Un. {]_-Ô-§-fm-Wv. hmsamgn Bkv]-Z-am-¡nb `mjm-

]-T-\-§fn sXep¦p`mjm-t`Z taJ-eb-nemWv {][m\ Kth-j-Ww.

2.1.6. sXep¦p`mjm-t`-Z-§Ä2.1.6. sXep¦p`mjm-t`-Z-§Ä2.1.6. sXep¦p`mjm-t`-Z-§Ä2.1.6. sXep¦p`mjm-t`-Z-§Ä2.1.6. sXep¦p`mjm-t`-Z-§Ä

FÃm ̀ mjI-Ä¡pw DÅ-Xp-t]mse sXep-¦n\pw {]mtZ-inIt`Z-§-fpæ v.

47

hnZym-`ym-kw, sXmgnÂ, PmXn F¶nh Bkv]-Z-am¡n kmaq-lnI `mjm-t`-

Z-§fpw Dæm-bn-«p-æv. B{Ô-{]-tZ-inse tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW, KpæqÀ, {]Im-

iw, s\ÃqÀ F¶o PnÃ-IÄ DÄs¸« Xoc-tZ-i¯nse hnZym-k-¼-¶-cpsS

`mjsb BWv sXep-¦nsâ am\-I`mjbmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. tImwSm-

hp, Imam-Tn, Zmk-cn, t_cm-Un, hUcn F¶n-h-bmWv B{Ô-{]-tZ-inse aäv

`mjm-t`-Z-§Ä.

(I). tImwSmhp

N -{]-tZ-i¯p {]N-cn-¡p¶ sXep-¦n\p tImwSm-hp, It]-hm-cn, tKmem-

cn, a´m-cn, kmte-hmcn XpS§n ]e t]cp-I-fp-ap-æ v. I¨-h-Sw, s\bv¯v

XpS-§nb sXmgn-e-pIfnteÀs¸«n-«pÅ P\-hn-`m-K-§-fmWv Cu `mj kwkm-

cn-¡p-¶-Xv. BÊmw, t_mws_ F¶n-hn-S-§-fn CXv {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-æ v.

(J). ImamTn

HmSp-ta-¨n apJy-sXm-gn-em-bpÅ Hcp P\-hn-`m-K-amWv ImamTn kwkm-

cn-¡p-¶-Xv. t_mws_, ]q\ F¶n-hn-S-§-fn CXv {]tbm-K-¯n-ep-æ v.

(K). _ÂKm-anepw ]cn-k-c-¯p-apÅ Hcp k©mcnhÀ¤-¯nsâ `mj-bmWv

Zmk-cn.

(L). t_cmUn

_ÂKmanÂX-s¶- Im-W-s¸-Sp¶ asämcp hÀ¤¡mcpsS `mjbm-Wn-Xv.

I¶U`mj-b-psS AXn{]-kcw t_cmUn`mjbpsS {]tXyIX-bmWv.

(M). hUcn

t_mws_, _olmÀ, _n¨v]qÀ, _ÂKmw F¶n-hn-S-§-fn kwkm-cn-

¡p¶ hU-cn¡v \mtSmSnsXep-¦n-t\mSv hfsc ASp-¸-ap-æ v. (aq-Ê-Xv,1973:37).

48

X-an -gv\m-«n \mbn-Up-amÀ, sdÍn-amÀ, Nne {_mÒ-WÀ, N¡n-en-bÀ,

tXm«nIÄ F¶n-hÀ kwkm-cn-¡p¶ sXep¦v hyh-lm-cm-h-iy¯n\v am{Xta

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-Åq.

2.2. tIc-f-¯nse sXep-¦À2.2. tIc-f-¯nse sXep-¦À2.2. tIc-f-¯nse sXep-¦À2.2. tIc-f-¯nse sXep-¦À2.2. tIc-f-¯nse sXep-¦À

tIc-f-¯n-epÅ Ccp-\q-än-C-cp-]-¯n-b©p kap-Zm-b-§-fn ]{´æ v kap-

Zm-b-¡mÀ sXep-¦p-`mj ]d-bp-¶-h-cm-Wv. (kn§v, 2004 : 46). KP-ep, _en-

P, 24 a\ sXep-¦p-sN-«n, km[p-sN-«n, Acp-´-Xn-bm-À, B{Ô-{_m-Ò-WÀ,

sZm¼³, \mbv¡³, Bæn-]-æm-cw, sdÍn-bmÀ, Ipi-h³, £{Xn-b-cmPp

F¶n-h-cm-Wn-hÀ. 1981se sk³kkv IW-¡p-IÄ {]Imcw tIc-f-¯nÂ

60, 529 sXep-¦-cm-Wp-Å-Xv. kwØm-\-¯nsâ sam¯w P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 0.24%

am{X-am-Wn-Xv.4 CXn \mev]-¯n-b©p iX-am-\-¯n IqSp-X ]me-¡mSv

PnÃ-bn-emWv tI{ o-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. _m¡n-bp-Å-hÀ XrÈqÀ, CSp-¡n, Xncp-

h-\-´-]pcw PnÃ-I-fn-em-Wp-Å-Xv. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw \K-c-¯nsâ Ing-¡³

{]tZ-i-amb Ic-a-\-bn sXep-¦p-sN-«n-I-fpsS \m¶q-tdmfw IpSpw-_-§-fpæ v.

({io-tZhn 1991 XIII). sjmÀ®q-cnepw ØncXm-a-k-am-¡nb sXep-¦sc

ImWmw-. (`p-h-t\izcn, 1984). tImgn-t¡mSpw ]cn-k-c¯pw sXep¦p kwkm-

cn-¡p¶ I¨-h-S-¡msc ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

amXr-cm-Py-amb B{Ô-{]-tZ-in \n¶v XnI¨pw Hä-s¸« Hcp Pohn-X-hpw

kwkv¡mchpamWv Ct¸mÄ tIc-f-¯nse sXep-¦À¡p-Å-Xv. Xan-gv\m-«nse

tkew, tImb-¼-¯q-À PnÃ-I-fnse sXep-¦cpam-bmWv ChÀ¡n-t¸mÄ

Gähpw IqSp-X ASp-¸w. AbÂ`mjmk¼À¡-¯m an¡-hcpw Xan-gpw,

ae-bm-fhpw IqSn Adn-bm-hp¶ Zzn`m-jn-Itfm _lp-`m-jn-Itfm BWv. sXep-

¦nsâ {Kmay-t`-Z-amWv (Colloquial Telugu) IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä X½n D]-tbm-

49

Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. hyh-lm-c-mh-iymÀ°w am{X-amWv sXep¦v tIc-f-¯n \ne-

\n¡p-¶-Xv.

tIc-f-¯nse sXep-¦À¡v Hcp IpSn-tbä Ncn-{X-ap-æ v. ChÀ B{Ô-{]-tZ-

in \n¶v t\cn«v tIc-f-¯n F¯n-b-X-Ã. Ch-cpsS IpSn-tb-ä-¯n\v cæ v

L«-ap-æ v. a{Zm-kv, a[p-c, X©m-hq-À, XrÈn-\m-¸Ån ({Sn-¨n), tImb-¼-¯qÀ

F¶o taJ-e-I-f-S -§p¶ Xan-gv\m-«nse hmk-amWv IpSn -tb-ä-¯nsâ

H¶mwL«w. ]Xn-\mdmwiXI¯n IrjvW-tZhcmb-cpsSIme¯pw AXn-

\p-ti-jhpw B{Ôm-[n]Xyw ]peÀ¶n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ Xan-gv\m-«n-te¡v sXep-

¦-cpsS IpSn-tbäw Bcw-`n-¨n-«p-æ v Ch-cpsS ]n³X-e-ap-d-¡m-cmWv Xan-gv\m-

«n ]e-bn-S¯pw sXep¦v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-h-cmbn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cn Gdn-

b-¡qdpw F¶-`n-{]m-b-ap-Å-h-cp-ap-æ v. (tKm-Z-hÀ½ 1971 : 98). sNdp-In-S-I-¨-

h-Shpw ]Ww ]en-ibv¡psImSp¡epamWv Ch-cpsS sXmgnÂ. Xan-gv\m-

«n \n¶v tIc-f-¯nse ]me¡mSv, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw F¶o Øe-§-fn-te-

¡mWv IpSn-tb-ä-¯nsâ cæmw-L-«w. I¨-h-S-am-bn-cp¶p apJy-e-£yw.

]me-¡mSvPnÃ-bnse NnäqÀ{]tZ-i-¯pÅ sN«n, ]æm-cw, Ipi-h³,

\mbv¡³, £{Xn-b-cm-Pp F¶o kap-Zm-b-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ sXep¦p

`mjm-t`-Zs¯ hni-I-e\w sNbp-¶-Xn\v taev]-dª A©p hn`m-K-¡m-

cpsS kmaq-lnI]Ým-¯ew {]tXyIw ]Tn-¡p-¶p.

2.2.1. sN«n2.2.1. sN«n2.2.1. sN«n2.2.1. sN«n2.2.1. sN«n

"skSvTn' F¶v {]mIrX¯nepw "t{ijvTn' F¶v kwkvIr-X-¯nepw {]tbm-

Kn-¡p¶ ]Z-amWv sN«n. sN«p \S-¯p-¶-h-\mWv sN«n. AXm-bXv I¨--

hS¡m-c³. (]-ß-\m-` -]nÅ, 1923:821). 1901þse a{Zmkv sk³kkv

dnt¸mÀ«nepw sN«n F¶m hym]mcn F¶À°w ]d-bp-¶p-æ v. s\bv¯p-

50

Imcpw N¡vB«p-¶-hcpw, X§-fpsS sXmgn-ep-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n sN«n

F¶ ]Zw {]tbmKn¡p-¶-hcpw Iq«-¯n-ep-æv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn F®sN«n,

]¸-S-sN-«n, hfsN«n, s]m³hm-Wn`sN«n F¶n-hÀ. Z£n-tW-´y-bnse PmXn-

`m-j-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ dnt¸mÀ«p-I-fn (tX-gv̬, 1909 : 91-þ92). a[p-c-bnse

sam«-b-Sn¨ sN«n-Isfbpw, IpS-pa-sh¨ sN«n-I-sfbpw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-æ v.

Xan-gv\m-«n sN«n-IÄ k¼-¶-cm-b-Xn-\m apt¶m¡hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-Sp-¶p.

sNdp-InSI¨-h-S-amWv tIc-f-¯n sN«n-I-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-amÀ¤w. sN«n-

I-tfm-SpÅ kaq-l-¯nsâ at\m-`mhw {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ Hcp ]g-s©mÃv ae-

bm-f-¯n Dæ v. "s]m«s\ sN«n NXn-¨mÂ, sN«nsb ssZhw NXn-¡pw'.

I¨-h-S-¯nse X«n-¸mWv C¯cw ]g-s©m-Ãn-\m-[m-cw. XpWn-¡-¨-hSw \S-

¯p¶ a{Zm-knse sN«n-I-fpsS clky I -̈hS ̀ mj (Secret Trade Language)-

sb-¡p-dn¨v lb-h-Z-\-dmhp (1904) hnh-cn-¡p-¶Xv (tX-gv̬, 1909, AtX

]pkvXIw. ]p. 95) CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.

"sN«n anSp-¡pw, Nc¡v anSp¡pw' Fs¶mcp Xm¡oXv kaq-l-¯nsâ hI-

bm-bp-æ v. hmIvkm-aÀ°yw I¨-h-S-¡m-c-\pw, CuSv km[-\-§Ä¡pw Dæm-

bn-cn-¡Ww F¶-XmWv CXnsâ AÀ°w. "sN«n-bmsâ I¸-en\v ssZhw

XpW' F¶ Bizm-k-h-N-\hpw CtXm-sSm-¸-ap-æ v. sN«n¨n¸q (sIm-§n-Wn-

¸q) sN«n-¸pÃv (Nq-ep-æm-¡p¶ Hcp Xcw ]pÃv), sN«n-sh-Åcn (tKm-]m-e-

IÀ¡Sn F¶ Huj-[-k-ky-amb Hcp Xcw hÅn) F¶n-§s\ sN«n F¶

]Z-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« GXm\pw ]Z-§fpw ChnsS \ne-hn-ep-æ v.

Nnäq-cn sXep¦v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-e-[n-Ihpw sN«n hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸«-h-

cm-Wv. Xan-gv\m-«n km[p sN«n, kep-¸³, P\p-¸³ F¶ t]cnepw Adn-b-

s¸-Sp¶ ChÀ tIc-f-¯n Ccp-]-¯n-\mep (24) as\ sXep-¦p-sN«n F¶

51

hIp¸nemWv DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xv. (knw-Kv, 2002 : 463). ]Xn-\mdphoSpw F«p hoSpw

tNÀ¶ Ccp-]-¯n-\mep Ipew (Clans) X½nemWv hnhm-l-k-Jyw.

1. ap½p-Sn-bmÀ 1. a¡-S-hÀ

2. sI¸-hÀ 2. Xh-f-bÀ

3. h½-bÀ 3. sId-I-bÀ

4. sI´-h-¦dp-hÀ 4. sd«n-bÀ

5. tIme-bmÀ 5. amÀ«-bÀ

6. hmP-b-hÀ 6. ]nÃn-h-¦-d-hÀ

7. \en-ho-cnbhÀ 7. sim¸n-b-hÀ

8. XnsÃb-hÀ 8. ]ip-]Xn tIm«-hÀ

9. kpd-b-hÀ

10. sXcn-in-b-hÀ

11. cmP-\-¸-hÀ

12. amX-f-b-hÀ

13. ]pen-hn-bÀ

14. I\n-¯n-bÀ

15. ]en-hn-cn-b-h-À

16. si¶-b-hÀ

]«nI 2.2 Ccp-]-¯n-\mep Ipew]«nI 2.2 Ccp-]-¯n-\mep Ipew]«nI 2.2 Ccp-]-¯n-\mep Ipew]«nI 2.2 Ccp-]-¯n-\mep Ipew]«nI 2.2 Ccp-]-¯n-\mep Ipew

Ccp-]-¯n-\m-ep-as\ sXep-¦p-sN«-n F¶ hn-ti-j-W-¯n\v Imc-W-an-Xm-

Wv. Htc "ho«n'-epÅ Ipe-¡mÀ ktlm-Z-c-·m-cm-sW¶v k¦ev]n-¡p-¶-Xn-

\m hnhm-l-_Ôw FXnÀhoSpambn (Exogamous) am{Xta \S-¯m-dp-Åq.

"Al'-¯n\v s]§-fpsS aIsf hnhmlw Ign-¡m-sa¶ khn-ti-jm-Nmcw

ChÀ¡p-æ v.

52

Ccp-h-i-§-fnepw hcn-h-cn-bmbn H¶n¨pXma-kn-¡p¶ "sXep-¦p-¯-d'-bmWv

sN«n-I-fpsS BhmkØm\w. Ch-cpsS aq¸³ "aq¯-sN-«n-bm-cm'-Wv. Ieym-

W-¯n\v kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ AwKo-Imcw \evIp-I, amcn-b-½³ s]m¦Â Dd-

¸n-¡pI F¶o A[n-Im-c-§-fpÅ Cu Øm\w ]c-¼-cm-K-X-am-Wv. aq¯-sN-

«n-bmcpw, ]qPm-cn-bpw, kt¦mXnbpw AS-§p¶ k`-bmWv kaq-ls¯ \nb-

{´n-¡p-¶-Xv. (kn-§v, 2002 : 467). ]qPm-th-f-bn iwJv DuXp-¶-h-\mWv

kt¦m-Xn. D]-Po-h-\-amÀ¤-ambn ]¸SwDæm-¡Â, hfhnev¡Â, Nmb-¡-S,

]m¡--¨-h-Sw, Irjn apX-em-bh kzoI-cn-¨-h-cmWv Gdn-b-t]-cpw. I¨-h-Sm-

`n-apJyw bphm-¡-fn ]T-\-ssh-apJyw krjvSn-¨n-«p-æ v. DbÀ¶ _ncp-Z-[m-

cn-I-fpsS F®w Ipd-hm-sW-¦nepw tIc-f-¯n tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkUb-

d-IvSÀ F¶ DbÀ¶ XkvXn-I-bn-se-¯nb Hcp Bth-Z-I\pw5 X¯-aw-K-

e¯v Cu hn`m-K-¯n Dæm-bn-cp¶p F¶Xv {]kvXm-hy-a-t{X.

cæp-hÀj-¯n-sem-cn-¡Â taS-amk¯n ]Xn-\©v Znhkw th«-

bvs¡m-cp-a-I³tImhn-en BtLm-jn-¡p¶ IpXn-c-th-ebpw B\-th-ebpw

X¯-aw-K-es¯ sN«n-I-fpsS {]Xm]w hnfn-t¨m-Xp¶ DÕ-h-am-Wv.

2.2.2. ]2.2.2. ]2.2.2. ]2.2.2. ]2.2.2. ]æææææmcwmcwmcwmcwmcw

"`WvUm-Km-c-'¯nsâ XÛhamb- -"]-æmcw' cmPm-hnsâ JP-\m-hns\

Ipdn-¡p-¶p. ]æmc³, tam£-¯n-\mbn `n£-bm-Nn¨p \S-¡p¶ Hcp PmXn-

¡m-c-\mWv. ]æmcw PmXn¡v ]q]-æm-cw, ]¸S]æm-cw, Ce]æm-cw, Bæn

]æm-cw, F¶n-§s\ sXmgn-ep-ambn _Ô-s¸« D]-hn-`m-K-§-fp-æ v. Xan-

gv\m-«n-epw, IÀ®m-S-I-bnepw ]æm-c-·msc hoc-ssi-h-P¦w F¶mWv ]d-

bp-I. NnäqÀ sXep-¦nepw P¦w F¶mWv ]æm-c-·msc ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv.

XrÈqÀ, tImgn-t¡mSv, Be-¸p-g, sImÃw, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw F¶n-hn-S-§-

53

fn ]qhnäpw, `n£-bm-Nn¨pw Ign-bp¶ ]q]-æm-c-·m-cpsS `mj ae-bm-f-am-

Wv. (kn-§v, 2002 : 1169), Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cs¯ A¯n{]hntÃ-Pnse Ipf-¯q-

cn \S-¯nb ]T-\-¯n (hn-Lvt\-iz-c³, 1989) ]q]-æm-c·mcpsS `mj

ae-bm-f-¯nsâ hI-t`Zw Xs¶-bm-sW¶v Isæ -¯p-¶p-æ v. Nnäq-cn-se ]æm-

c-·mÀ sXep-¦mWv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. "Bæn-IÄ' F¶pw Chsc hnti-jn-

¸n-¡m-dp-æ v. Bæn-IÄ kp{_-ÒWy`à-cm-Wv. ssX¸q-b-¯n\v apcpI{]oXn-

¡mbn sN«n-IÄ ]æm-c-·mÀ¡v "Bæn-bq-«v'6 \evIn _lp-am-\n-¡m-dp-æ v.

Bæn-]æmcw aäp-]æmcs¯-¡mÄ Xmgv¶-Xm-sW¶ at\m-`m-h-amWv

kaq-l-¯n-\p-Å-Xv. Xn¦-fm-gvN-I-fn cmhnse taem-f-cpsS ho«n sN¶v

iwJp-\mZw apg¡n `n£-tNm-Zn-¡p¶ ioew DÅ-Xp-sIm-æm-bn-cn-¡p-an-Xv.

Cug-h-cpsS Nne-t£-{X-§-fn im´n-{]-hr¯n \S-¯n-t¸mcp¶ ]æm-c-

§Ä _p²-`n-£p-¡fpsS ]n´p-SÀ¨-¡m-cm-sW¶pw A`n-{]m-b-apæ v. (tKm-

]m-eIrjvW³, 1994 : 287).

l\p-amsâ apJwaqSn sh¨p-sI-«n-bpÅ ]æm-c-§-fpsS Ifnsb "l\p-

am³ ]æmcw' (B-æn-¸-æm-cw) F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. "Bæn¨n s]ä-X©pw

Ipc§v' Fs¶mcp sNmÃp-ap-æ v. IqSmsX "]æmcw' F¶Xv "\miw ]nSn-

¡m³' F¶ at\m-`mhw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ im]-hm-¡mbn ae-bm-fn-IÄ

{]tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-æ v. `mjm-cq-]-¯nsâ auen-ImÀ°-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ AÚ-

X-sImæpw A{i-²-sImæpw AÀ°-¯n\v ]cn-Wm-a-ap-æm-Ip-¶Xn\v DZm-

l-c-W-amWv "]æm-d-S-§s«' F¶ {]tbm-Kw. ]uc³, ]Ww cmPm-hnsâ

`WvUm-Km-c-¯n AS-bv¡p-¶-tXmsS þ ]æmcw AS-bv¡Â þ \nkz-\m-bn-

t¸m-hp-¶-Xp-sImæ v "]æm-d-S-§-Â' km[m-c-W-¡m-csâ `mj-bn \in-¨p-

t]m-I-em-bn. ]æm-c-am-IpI F¶-Xn\v sXæn-bm-hp-I, shdp-tX-bm-hp-I,

hkqcnh¶p NmhpI XpS-§nb AÀ°-§Ä h¶ptNÀ¶p. "]æmcw ]nSn¨p

54

t]m' F¶Xv im]-hm-¡p-am -bn. amcWw F¶À°¯nepw "CsX´p

]æmcw' F¶ {]tbm-K-ap-æm-bn. sIm§n-Wn-am-cmb I½-¯nsâ `mjm

{]tbm-K-¯n "]æmdw' Cs¶mcp Ønc-cq-]-am-Wv. (Stereotype)7

Nnäqcn ]æm-c-·mÀ s]mXpsh km¼-¯n-I-ambn ]nt¶m¡ØnXn-bn-

em-b-Xp-sImæ v s]mXp-[m-c-bn \n¶-Iän \nÀ¯p¶ kmaq-lnI kao-]-\-

hp-ap-æ v. `n£m-S\w Hgn-hm¡n t£{X-§-fn DSp-¡v, sNæ F¶o hmZy-

§Ä sIm«n D]-Po-h\w \S-¯p-¶pæ v Ct¸mÄ ChÀ. DÕ-h-¸-d-¼nse

]©m-c-an-Tmbn8 hnev]-\bpw Ch-cpsS Ip¯-I-bm-Wv. hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eqsS

]ptcm-KXnt\Sn-b-hÀ Ipd-hm-Wv. F¦nepw Bth-Z-I-cpsS Iq«-¯n Hcp

kÀ¡mÀtImtfPvA[ym-]-I-\p-a-pæ v 9 F¶Xv {i²mÀl-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS

BhmksXcp-hns\ "]æm-c-¯d' F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡-cp-sX¶pw "ZpÀ¤m-\-

KÀ' F¶v Adn-bs¸SWsa¶pw Bth-Z-IÀ iTn-¡p-I-bp-æm-bn.

2.2.3. Ipi-h³2.2.3. Ipi-h³2.2.3. Ipi-h³2.2.3. Ipi-h³2.2.3. Ipi-h³

kwkvIr-X-¯n a®v F¶À°-apÅ "Ip' F¶-Xn-t\mSv "Ah-³'

F¶ \mahpw tNÀ¶mWv Ipi-h³ F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ \njv]¯n (tX-gv̬,

1975) Xan-gn Ipbvh³ (Ip-N-h³) F¶v ]dbp¶p. a¬]m-{X-\nÀ½mWw

Ipe-s¯m-gn-em-¡n-b-h-cmWv Ipi-h-·mÀ. tIc-f-¯n ChÀ B´p-c³, B´n-

b³, HmS³, Ipi-h³, Ipw`Imc³, Ipem-e³, thfm³ F¶n-§s\ ]e

t]cp-I-fnepw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. "Iew sN«n-bmÀ' F¶v ChÀ kzbw hnti-

jn-¸n¨v kmaq-ln-I-]-Zhn DbÀ¯m-\pÅ {ia-hp-ap-æ v. (kn§v, 2002 : 756).

tIc-f-¯n tImgn-t¡m-Sv, ae-¸p-dw, hb-\m-Sv, XrÈqÀ F¶n-hn-S-§-

fn ChÀ Htcm kwL-ambn Xma-kn-¡p-¶p. XrÈqÀ PnÃ-bn apIp ]pcw

Xmeq-¡n sXep¦p]d-bp¶ Ipi-h-·mscIpdn¨v A¿cpw (1981), Zo]vXnbpw

55

(2004) {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p-æ v. Nnäq-cnse Ipi-h-·mcpw sXep-¦nsâ `mjm-

t`Zw Xs¶-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. sXep-¦n "Ip½-d-hmUp' F¶mWv

Ipi-h-·msc ]-dbp-¶Xv.

kaq-l-¯nsâ s]mXp-[m-c-bp-ambn Cgp-In-tN-cm-sXbpw, tNÀ¡m-sX-

bp-apÅ kmaq-lnIØnXn-bmWv Ch-cp-tSXv. Nnäq-cnse {]m´-{]-tZ-i-§-

fn "Ipi-h-¯-d-'I-fn-emWv Ch-cpsS Xma-kw. ]Xn-\t©m Ccp-]tXm

IpSpw_§f-S-§n-b-XmWv "Xd-IÄ'. NnäqÀ{]-tZ-i¯v Ch-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ

\n¶v _ncp-Z-[m-cn-IÄ CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn-kwLw Dæm-¡m-\pÅ \o¡w

kao-]-Im-e-¯mbn XpS-§n-bn-«p-æ v.

"sImi-h³' F¶Xv hnUvVn F¶ AÀ°-¯n Bt£]]Z-ambn kaq-

l-¯n \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶-Xp sImæmhmw "Ip¼m-c·mÀ' F¶ ]cnjvIrX-

\maw kzoI-cn-¡m-\pÅ {]h-W-X-bp-æ v. "Ipw`-Im-c³' F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ

XÛ-h-amWv "Ip¼m-c³'. Ipw`-Im-c³ F¶ hm¡n\v IpSw Dæm-¡p-¶-h³

F¶m-WÀ°w. (hn-iz-hn-Úm-\-tIm-iw, hmfyw, 5 1989 : 88) "Ipi-h-s\m-S-

¨-I-e-¯n\v hne-bnÃ' F¶ sNmÃv `mj-bn {]kn-²-am-Wv. IqSmsX "Ipi-

h\v ]e \mfs¯ the ; hSn-¡m-c\v Ac \nan-js¯ the' F¶ sNmÃp-

ap-æ v.

2.2.4. \mbv¡³2.2.4. \mbv¡³2.2.4. \mbv¡³2.2.4. \mbv¡³2.2.4. \mbv¡³

tIc-f-¯nseP\-§-sf-¡p-dn -¨pÅ ]T-\-¯-n (kn§v, 2002 : 286)

\mbv¡³ F¶ PmXn-t]-cn\p ]I-c-ambn "t_mb³' F¶ ]Zhpw Odde

F¶ ]Zhpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-æ v. Xan-gv\m-«nse tImb-¼-¯qÀ, DSp-aÂt]«

F¶o Øe-§-fn \n¶v tPmen At\z-jn¨v tIc-f-¯n h¶-hcmWv

t_mb-·mÀ. ChÀ ]me-¡mSv PnÃ-bnse ae-¼p-g, sImgn-ªm-¼m-d, NnäqÀ

56

F¶n-hn-S-§-fn ]mÀ¡p-¶p. Hdo-Ê kwØm-\-¯nsâ kwkvIr-X-\m-a-amb

‘Odhra’ F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ A]-{`w-i-amWv ‘Odde’ AsÃ-¦n ‘Vodde’. HÍ·mÀ

IÃvNpa-¡m-\pw, InW-än-en-d-§m-\pw, a¬]-Wn¡pw anSp-¡-cm-Wv. Hdo-Ê-bnÂ

\n¶p IpSn-tb-dnb sXep-¦-cmWv HÍ-·mÀ (A-¿À, 1981). sjmÀ®q-cnÂ

a¬]Wn sN¿p¶ \mbv¡-·m-cpsS Zzn`m-jn-Xzs¯¡p-dn¨v \S-¯nb ]T\

(`q -h -t\ -iz -c n , 1984) ¯n \mbv¡-·mÀ B{Ô-{] -tZ -in \n¶v

XeapdIÄ¡p apt¼ h¶-h-cm-sW¶v A`n-{]mbs¸Sp-¶p-æ v. Nnäq-cnse

\mbv¡-·m-cpsS ]qÀÆn-IÀ a[p-c-bnse Xncp-a-e-\m-bv¡-cpsS ]n³X-e-ap-d-

¡m-cm-sW¶v Ah-Im-is¸Sp¶p. Ccp-\q-än-sbgp-]-¯©phÀjw ap¼mWv

\mbv¡-·mÀ Nnäq-cn-se-¯n-bsX-¶v apXnÀ¶-K-W-¯nÂs¸« Bth-Z-I³10

Adn-bn-¡p-I-bp-æm-bn.

F¶m taev]-dª \mbv¡³-þ-t_m-b³-þ-HÍ F¶o kam-\-k-¦-ev]-

aà ]T-\-ta-J-e-bmb NnäqÀ kaq-l-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. sN«n-IÄ, "\mbv¡³' F¶pw

"HÍ-hmdv' F¶pw kam-\mÀ°¯n hyh-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\bpw \mbv¡-·mÀ

\ntj-[n-¡p-¶pæ v. ]qÀÆ-Xo-c-IpfwIpgn¸pImcmb HÍmÀ PmXnsb ae-

_mÀam\z-enepw A[-a-Pm-Xn-bm-bn-«mWv IW-¡m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv (tem-K³,

1985 : 116). tIc-f-¯n\p ]pd-¯pÅ kwØm-\-§-fn sXep¦p ]d-bp¶

"\mbn-Up-'I-sf-bmWv Nnäq-cn \mbv¡³ F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Nnäq-cn `q{]-

`p-¡-·m-cm-bn-cp¶ \mbv¡-·m-cn¶v {]Xm]w £bn¨ Ah-Ø-bn-em-Wv.

kmaq-lnIt{iWn-bn \mbv¡³ "HÍ-hmsd' Xmgs¯ X«n-emWv ]cn-K-

Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]T-\-ta-J-e-bn-sem-¶mb ]«-t©-cn-bpsS {]m´-{]-tZ-i-amb ItÃ-

¦m-Sn HÍ-·msc ]mÀiz-h-ev¡-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. a¬]-Wn¡v {]K-Û-cmb

ChÀ D]-Po-h-\-¯n-\n-t¸mÄ sN¦Â¨qf Hcp-¡p-¶p. HÍ\pw, \mbv¡\pw

aäp ]nt¶m-¡-Pm-Xn-bn DÄs¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¦n t_mb³PmXn ]«n-I-Pm-Xn-

bn-emWv DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xv.11

57

2.2.5. £{Xnb cmPp2.2.5. £{Xnb cmPp2.2.5. £{Xnb cmPp2.2.5. £{Xnb cmPp2.2.5. £{Xnb cmPp

Nnäq-cn sXep¦p kwkm-cn-¡p¶ £{Xn-b-cm-Pp-¡mÀ X¯-aw-K-e¯v

aq¶p IpSpw-_-§-fn-embn ]Xn-\-©p-t]À am{X-apÅ sNdp-\yq-\-]-£-am-Wv.

cmPp F¶Xv ChnsS PmXn-\m-a-am-Wv. {io\n-hmkcmPp, N{ -ti-JÀcmPp

F¶ a«n PmXn-\maw IqSn tNÀ¯mWv ChÀ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. sXep-¦-

cpsS IpSn-tb-ä-¯nsâ H¶mwL«-¯n Xan-gv\m-«n Xncp-s\Âthen

PnÃbnse12 cmP-]m-fbw BØm-\-am-¡n-b-h-cm-Wn-hÀ. tNc, tNmf,

]mWvUy cmPm-¡-·m-scÃmw Xs¶ £{Xnb hwi-P-cm-sW¶ k¦ev]w

U¨v Nm]vfn³ ]n, Unsasem ]d-bp-¶p-æ v. (tem-K³, 1985 : 118). tI{ -]n-

t¶m¡kap-Zm-b-§-fpsS enÌn ]pXp-XmbntNÀ¯ ]e kap-Zm-b-§-fp-

sSbpw IqsS "£{Xnb' F¶p-æ v. DZm. cma-cm-P-£-{Xnb, cma-£-{Xn-b,

hmWn-b-Ipe £{Xnb XpS-§n-b-h.

Xan-gv\m-«n XpWn-an-Ãp-I-fpw, knaâ v ^mIvS-dn-Ifpw hyh-kmbimeIfp-

apÅ cmPp-hn`mK¡mÀ k¼-¶cmWv. Nnäq-cn cmPpPmXn-¡mÀ¡v {]tXyI

Ipe-sXm-gn-en-Ã. kÀ¡mÀ Poh-\-¡m-cmbn ]yq¬, IvfmÀ¡v F¶o tPmenbnÂ

XpS-cp-I-bm-Wn-hÀ. £{Xnb F¶ ]Zw t]cnt\m-sSm-¸-ap-sæ -¦nepw ktky-

Xc `£Ww ]mIw sN¿p-¶p-æn-hÀ. Nnäq-cn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡nb sN«n-

þ-]-æm-cw-þ-Ip-i-h³-þ-\m-bv¡³ F¶o PmXn-IÄ aäp ]nt¶m¡ hn`m-K-¯nÂ

(O B C) DÄs¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¦n cmPp PmXnsb apt¶m¡hn`m-K-¯n-emWv

tIcf-mK-k-än DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

taev]-dª A©p-Pm-Xnbpw X½n hnhm-l-k-Jy-an-Ã. amwk-`-£-W-

{]n-b-cmb ChÀ ]qWq [cn-¡m-dn-Ã.

58

2.3. kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-IÄ2.3. kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-IÄ2.3. kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-IÄ2.3. kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-IÄ2.3. kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

hwi-¯-\na {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ BNm-c-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ¡p-S-a-I-fmWv Nnäq-

cnse sXep¦À. ]æm-cw, Ipi-h³, \mbv¡³ F¶n-h-cpsS km¼-¯n-I-]n-

¶m-¡m-hØ BNm-c-§-fn tem]w hcp-¯n-bn-«p-æ v. cmPp hn`m-K-¯nsâ

sNdp-\yq-\-]£mhØ Ahsc BNm-c-§fn \n¶v AI-än-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

sN«n-hn-`m-K-¡mÀ FÃm-hn[ BÀ`m-S-§-tfmsSbpw Cu BNm-c-§-sfÃmw

A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p.

2.3.1. PmXn-kzXz {]I-S\w2.3.1. PmXn-kzXz {]I-S\w2.3.1. PmXn-kzXz {]I-S\w2.3.1. PmXn-kzXz {]I-S\w2.3.1. PmXn-kzXz {]I-S\w

tImew, tNe, ]¨ (tattoo) F¶nh NnäqÀsXep-¦-cpsS PmXn-kz-Xzs¯

shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-h-bm-Wv.

kptcym-Z-b-th-f-bn apäs¯ Nhn-«p-]-Sn¡p ap¶n tIme-s¸mSn sImæ v

hc-¡p¶ at\m-l-c-amb If-amWv "tImew'. sFiz-cy-tZ-h-Xbmb alm-e-

£vanbpsS km¶n-²y-amWv CXp-sImæp e£y-am-¡p-¶-Xv.- hn-tijZnh-k-

§-fn Acn-am-hp-sImæ v "tIme-'an«pw Ae-¦-cn-¡m-dp-æ v.

]{´-æp-apgw \of-apÅ ISp-¯-\n-d-¯n-epÅ tNe-bmWv kv{XoI-fpsS

thjw. Idp-¸p-\ndw hÀÖn-¡p-¶p. hn[-h-IÄ shfp¯hkv{Xw [cn-¡-

Ww. kpaw-K-en- e-£Ww Ip¦p-a-s¸m-«pw, ]qhpw hf-I-fp-am-Wv. aq¡p-¯n-

bpw, ImÂhn-c-en-e-Wn-bp¶ an©nbpw \nÀ_-Ô-am-Wv.

\mtSm-Sn-I-sf-s¡mæ v ico-c-¯n Ip¯p¶ AS-bm-f-amWv "]¨'. ]c-

tem-It¯¡v ac-Wm-\-´cw "]¨' am{X-amWv sNÃp-¶Xv F¶v sXep-¦À

hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. apÃ-sam-«v, ao³, Ir-jvW³, apcp-I³, apÃ-sam-«vi-cw, tXmÄh-

f-bmb h¡n F¶nh-bpsS BIr-Xn-bmWv km[m-cW ]¨-Ip-¯m³ kzoI-

cn-¡m-dp-Å-Xv. DS-en »uÊnsâ BIr-Xn-bn Ip¯p¶ "du¡-¸¨' F¶

AS-bm-f-¯n-\mWv cmP-Io-b-X.

59

2.3.2. Xo2.3.2. Xo2.3.2. Xo2.3.2. Xo2.3.2. Xoæææææmcnmcnmcnmcnmcn

NnäqÀsXep-¦À¡n-S-bn \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ Hcp k{¼-Zm-b-amWv Xoæmcn

(taboo). EXp-a-Xn-bm-hp¶ s]¬Ip-«nsb "]¯pw-]pe' Ign-bp-¶-Xp-hsc amän-

bn-cp-¯pw. "sXd«n s]ænen' (Xn-cæp Ieym-Ww) \S-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc a®m¯n

sImæp-h-cp¶ am¯v13 XpWn am{Xta [cn-¡m³ ]mSp-Åp. A©mwZnhkw

aq¶p sXt§me hf-¨p-sI«n "KpUsk' \nÀ½n¨v "XeIv \qfvt]mkn' (X-

ebv¡v shÅ-sam-gn-¡Â) NS§v \S-¯p-¶p. Ggmw Znhkw AhÄ aäp

s]¬Ip-«n-I-tfm-sSm¸w Cu sXt§m-e-IÄ hen-¨p-sIm-æp-t]mbn I¯n¨v,

Ipf-¯n ap§n-¡p-fn¨v hc-Ww. Xncæp IeymW Znhkw A½mbn

"Xmew'14 Npäp-¶p. A½m-h³ Hcp tImgn-¡p-ªnsâ ImÂhn-c apdn¨v

tNmc-sImæ v s]®n\v XneIw NmÀ¯n¨v tZmj-§Ä DgnªvIf-bp-¶p.

Cu Xmehpw tImgn-¡p-ªpw, EXp-a-Xn-bm-hp-t¼mÄ AWn-ªn-cp¶ hkv{X-

§fpw a®m-¯n¡v Ah-Im-i-s¸«Xm-Wv.

Hcp s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS Xnc-æp-I-eym-Ww, hnhm-lw, koa-´-I-eymWw

F¶nh aq¶pw Hcp ho«nÂh¨v \S-¯m³km[n-¡p-¶Xv ku`m-Ky-e-£-W-

ambn hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

2.3.3. ]Xn-s\«mw s]cp¡w2.3.3. ]Xn-s\«mw s]cp¡w2.3.3. ]Xn-s\«mw s]cp¡w2.3.3. ]Xn-s\«mw s]cp¡w2.3.3. ]Xn-s\«mw s]cp¡w

I\y-I-amÀ¡v io{Lw awK-ey-`m-Ky-ap-æm-hm\pw hnhm-ln-X-IÄ¡v ZoÀL-

kp-aw-K-en-bm-hm\pw IÀ¡-SIw ]Xn-s\«mwXobXn kÔy¡v kv{XoIÄ

\S-¯p¶ ]qP-bmWv ]Xn-s\«mw s]cp-¡w. Ggv "I¶n-amcnkzman-Ifpw'15,

Ggv aWÂDcp-fbpw InW-än³Ic-bn h¨v ImtXm-e, Icn-a-Wn, Icn-h-f,

aªÄN-c-Sv, Imiv, shäne F¶nh kaÀ¸n¨v ]qPn-¡p-¶p. ]qPn¨ aªÄN-

c-Sn kapw-K-en-IÄ Xmen-am-än-sI-«pw. NS-§n-sâ Ah-km\w ]qPm-km-[-\-

60

§fpw k¦-ev]-hn-{K-l-§fpw FÃm-hcpw hmcn-sb-Sp¯v InW-än-en-Spw. NneÀ

CtX NS§v \Zo-Xo-c¯v sN¶v BtLm-jn-¡pw. B{Ô-bnepw IÀ®m-S-I-

¯nepw BN-cn-¡p¶ hc-e-£vao-{h-X16¯n\p kam-\-amb hwi-¯-\n-a-bpÅ

Hcp A\p-jvTm-\-am-Wn-Xv.

2.3.4. AÆbmÀ_qP2.3.4. AÆbmÀ_qP2.3.4. AÆbmÀ_qP2.3.4. AÆbmÀ_qP2.3.4. AÆbmÀ_qP

IpSpw-_-¯n sFiz-cy-¯n-\mbn s]®p-§Ä am{X-ambn ]pcp-j-·mÀ

Adn-bmsX \S-¯p¶ Hcp ]qP-bmWv AÆ-bmÀ_q-P17. BWp-§Ä IæmÂ

AÔ-cm-bn-t¸m-Ip-sa-¶mWv hnizm-kw.

GsX-¦nepw sNmÆm-gvNtbm shÅn-bmgvNtbm Hcpho«n FÃm-hcpw

tNÀ¶v cm{Xn-bmWv Cu ]qP \S-¯p-¶-Xv. Acn CSn¨v D¸v tNÀ¡msX

Ipg-¨v, amhp-æm¡n AÆ-bmÀ ap¯-Èn, `n£-h-«n, Ggv tPyjvTm-\p-P-·mÀ,

Ah-cpsS `mcy-amÀ, ChÀ¡v ]Xn-\mep hnd-Ip-sI-«v, Zo]w, Krtlm-]-I-c-W-

§Ä F¶o BIr-Xn-bn-epÅ sImgp-¡« Dæm¡n t\Zn-¡pw. Dan sImæ v

tIm«-a-Xn Dæm¡n aªfpw ]qemw-In-g§pw IqSn Ac¨v "]psÅ-bmÀ'18

Dæm¡n sh¡pw. D§n--sâbpw ]pfn-bp-sSbpw Ce-I-fmWv ]qPm-]p-jv]-§Ä.

"Zo]mÀ¡p-än'19-bnse Xo¡-\-en \sÃ-®-bmWv Hgn-¡p-I. FÃm-hcpw "tIm«'-

bv¡p Npäp-an-cp¶p {]mÀ°n¡th HcmÄ Cu ]qP \S-¯m-\p-æmb ]qÀÆ-

IY ]d-bp-¶p.

Iqen-¸-Wn-¡m-cmb Ggp tPyjvTm-\p-P-·mcpw s]§fpw Ggp \m¯q-·mcpw

AS-§p¶ IpSpw-_-amWv IY-bpsS tI{ -_n- p. `n£bv¡p h¶ Hcp hr²

Ah-cpsS Zmcn-{Zy-a-I-äm-\mbn D]-tZ-in¨psImSp¯ ]qPm-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.

"D¸nÃm sImgp¡« cpNn-bnÃ' F¶v \n n¨v ]qP Dt]-£n-¨m Zmcn-{Zy-am-

bn-cn¡pw ^ew F¶ KpW-]m-T-amWv Cu IY-bnÂ.

61

2.3.5. hnhm-l-N-S-§p-IÄ2.3.5. hnhm-l-N-S-§p-IÄ2.3.5. hnhm-l-N-S-§p-IÄ2.3.5. hnhm-l-N-S-§p-IÄ2.3.5. hnhm-l-N-S-§p-IÄ

PmX-I-s¸m-cp¯w t\m¡n B¬ho-«p-ImÀ hnhm-lm-tem-N\ XpS-§p-

¶p. "BSn, amÀI-fn, kn¯nsc'20 amk-§-fn hnhm-lm-tem-N\ ]Xn-hn-Ã.

h[q-Kr-l-¯nÂh¨v s]®nsâ amXm-]n -Xm-¡Ä¡v "]cnbw'21 \evIn

hnhmlw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶p. \nÝbwIgnª ho«p-ImÀ aq¸\v shäne, AS-

bv¡, cæ -c-cq] F¶nh \evIn hnhmlw £Wn-¡-Ww. Ch aq¸³ kzoI-

cn-¨m IeymWw kap-Zm-bmw-K-§Ä ]s¦-Sp¯v \S-¯n-¯-cp-sa-¶À°w.

adp-¯m kl-I-c-W-an-söv am{X-a-Ã, FÃm NS-§p-I-fn \n¶pw DÕ-

h-§-fn \n¶pw B IpSpw-_s¯ "Ducp-hn-e¡p' Iev]n¨v Hä-s¸-Sp-¯p-

Ibpw sN¿pw.

kpaw-K-en-IÄ IS-bn sN¶v "D¸v', "]kvap'22 hm§p-¶-tXmsS hnhm-

l-k-Zy-¡pÅ Hcp-¡-§Ä XpS-§p-¶p. hnhm-l-¯nsâ Xte¶v kÔy-tbmsS

hc\pw kwLhpw h[q-Kr-l-¯n-\n-¸p-d-apÅ A¼-e-¯n "]næn-]p-«p-I'-

bp-ambn F¯p-¶p. Acn-s¸m-Sn, tX§, shän-e-b-S-¡, Ip¦p-aw, ]qhv,

aªÄXp-Wn-bn s]mXnª A©c cq] F¶n-h-b-S-§p-¶-XmWv ]næn-

]p-«pI F¶ Ip«. Cu Ip« hcsâ A½tbm \m¯qt\m BWv Npa-¶p-

sImæp hcn-I. cm{Xn ]¯p-a-Wn-tbmsS hc\v A½m-h³ Xe-bn Ddp-

am sI«n-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶ NS-§v \S-¡pw. AXp-I-gnªv h[p-hnsâ kmcn-

bpsS ap´m-Wn-bn tX§, ]gw, shän-eb-S¡ F¶nh h¨v \S-¯p¶

"HUn-\n-¸-k-U'23tbmsS- hn-hmlXte-¶s¯ NS-§p-IÄ Ah-km-\n-¡p-

¶p. ap¼v B{Ô-bn cm{Xn-bn-emWv hnhm-lw. an¡-hmdpw shfp-¸n\v cæp-

a-Wn-¡Iw hnhm-l-ap-lqÀ¯w Ign-bpw. apIp- -]pcw Xmeq-¡nse ]Tm-Wn-

Ifpw BZy-Im-e¯v cm{Xnbnembn-cp¶p hnhmlw BtLm-jn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

(Zo]vXn, 2004 : 133).

62

Ieym-W-Zn-hkw AXn-cm-hnse hc-sâbpw h[p-hn-sâbpw ktlm-Z-cn-amÀ

s]m¦Â sh¡p-¶p. hnhmlaWvU-]-¯n aplqÀ¯-¡mev \m«n, s]m¦ÂI-

ehpw cæ v "Ad-W-Ip-æ'24bn shÅhpw hbv¡p-¶p. h[q-k-tlm-Z-cn-amÀ

"\ep¦v'25 ]mt«msS "BcXn'26 \S¯n hcs\ FXn-tc-ev¡pw. hc\pw h[p-

hn-\pw A½m-h-·mÀ ImÂhn-c-en "an©n-'bn«p sImSp-¡pw. aªÄ¨-c-SnÂ

tImÀ¯ Xmen-sI-«n\p tijw Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw he-XpssI Hcp sNdnb Ddp-

am sImæ v Iq«n-s¡«n aq¶p XhW aWvU]w {]Z-£nWw hbv]n-¡pw.

]n¶oSv h[q-h-c-·mÀ¡v "]mepw ]ghpw' \evIp-¶-tXmsS NS-§p-IÄ Ah-

km-\n-¡p-¶p. hnhm-l-kZy \S-¡sh _Ôp¡Ä "apbv ]Ww'27 \evImdpæ v.

IeymWZnhkw Ign-bp-¶-Xp-hsc CcpIpSpw-_-¡mcpw ktky-Xc ̀ £Ww

Hgn-hm-¡pw. Ipd¨p Znh-k-¯n-\Iw Ccp-ho-«p-Imcpw ]c-kv]cw £Wn¨v

amwk-hn-`-h-§Ä Ign-¡p¶ "kw_Ôw Ie-¡Â' DutWmsS hnhm-lm-\-

´-c-N-S-§p-Ifpw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v Hcp hÀj-¯n-\Iw hcp¶

Zo]m-h-en, aI-c-s¸m-¦Â, Nn{X-¡Wn F¶o hnti-j-Zn-\-§-fn \h-Z-¼-Xn-

amÀ¡v kzÀ®w, ]m{X-§Ä, hkv{X-§Ä F¶nh s]¬ho-«p-ImÀ k½m-\-

ambn \e-IvWw.

2.3.6. t]¨n-_qP2.3.6. t]¨n-_qP2.3.6. t]¨n-_qP2.3.6. t]¨n-_qP2.3.6. t]¨n-_qP

KÀ`w[cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ BZy-am-k-§-fn IqSp-X imco-cn-Im-kz-ØX-IÄ

Dsæ -¦n Ign-¡p¶ ]qP-bmWv "t]¨n-_q-P'.

Bdmwamk-¯n-semcp Znhkw kÔytbmsS Acn-s¸mSn Ipg¨v Hcp

]mhsb Dæm-¡n-h¨v "ap«bpw, s]«bpw'28, "Imbbpw Icp-hm-Upw'29, tImgn-

¡-dnbpw apcn-§-bn-e-t¯m-c\pw hmg-bn-e-bn hnf¼n [mcmfw tNmdn-t\m-

sSm¸w ]qPn-¡p-¶p. t\Zn¨ Ce-bnÂ\n¶v Bh-iy-apÅ{X KÀ`nWn Ign-¨-

63

tijw _m¡n AtXapdn-bn Dt]-£n-¡p-¶p. At¶Znhkw B apdn-bnÂ

Bcpw ibn-¡p-I-bn-Ã.

2.3.7. koa´w2.3.7. koa´w2.3.7. koa´w2.3.7. koa´w2.3.7. koa´w

KÀ`n-Wnsb Ggmwamk-¯n {]k-h-¯n\v kz´who«n-te¡v hnfn-¨p-

sImæpt]mhp¶ NS-§mWv "IqUv I«n C¿U' F¶ koa-´-IeymWw.

"IqUv' F¶m tNmsd-s¶À°w. Ggp-X-c-¯n-epÅ sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ tNmdv

Cu kZy-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. X¡m-fn-t¨m-dv, \mc-§m-t¨m-dv, ]pfn-t¨m-dv,

tX§m-t¨m-dv, ssXcv tNmdv, I¡æ tNmdv, kmZm tNmdv F¶n-h-bmWv

AXv. kZy-bpsSsNehv s]®n-sâho«p-ImÀ hln-¡-Ww.

kpawKenbmb Hcp hf-hn-ev]-\-¡mcn KÀ`n-Wn¡v Ggv Ip¸n-hf s]m«msX

C«p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-XmWv CXnsâ {][m\ NS-§v. Ggp bph-Xn-IÄ¡p IqSn

hf-IÄ \evIpw.

2.3.8 ac-Wm-\-´-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä2.3.8 ac-Wm-\-´-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä2.3.8 ac-Wm-\-´-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä2.3.8 ac-Wm-\-´-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä2.3.8 ac-Wm-\-´-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä

ih-¯n\v Npäp-an-cp¶v s]®p-§Ä "H¸mdv'30 ]mSm-dp-æ v. Ipfn-¸n¨pInS-

¯nb ih-¯ns\ s]¬a¡-fpsS aq¯-a-IÄ "sIm¶-¸qhpw' B¬Ip-«n-I-

fpsS a¡Ä "Xncn'bpw Npa¶v {]Z-£nWw hbv¡-Ww. _Ôp-¡Ä ih-

¯n\v tImSnhkv{X-an-S-Ww. hnhm-ln-X-cmWv acn-¨-sX-¦n "tXcv'31 sI«n-

bmWv ihw sImæp-t]m-hp-I. ]Xn-\mdp hb-Ên\p Xmsg-bp-Å-h-cmWv acn-

¨-sX-¦n "]mS'-bmWv32 sI«p-I. tImf-d, hkqcn apX-emb Akp-J-§Ä

h¶pÅ \oN-a-c-W-am-sW-¦n "Hä-ap-f'-bmWv sI«p-¶-Xv. ih-Zm-l-¯n\v

sImæpt]mIp¶hgn-bn tXcn-\p-Npäpw s]mcn, ]qhv, ISp-Iv, \mWbw

F¶nh Fdn-bpw.

IpSpw-_-¯nse {]mb-am-b-hÀ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦n Cf-b-h-cpsS ihw

64

Zln-¸n-¡p-I-bnÃ. ]Xn-\mdmwASn-b-´cw hsc-bpÅ kZy-bpsS sNehv

"kw_-Ôn-IÄ'33 hln-¡-Ww. ASn-b-´cZnhkw s]¬a-¡Ä¡pw Ip«n-

IÄ¡pw ]m{Xw, ]æw F¶n-hbpw \evI-Ww.

2.3.9. ssZh-hn -izm-k-§Ä2.3.9. ssZh-hn -izm-k-§Ä2.3.9. ssZh-hn -izm-k-§Ä2.3.9. ssZh-hn -izm-k-§Ä2.3.9. ssZh-hn -izm-k-§Ä

amcn-b-½-bmWv {][m\ ssZhw. hkq-cn, A©mw-]-\n, apæn-\ocv F¶o

Akp-J-§Äh¶m amcn-b-½-bpsS {]km-Z-am-sW¶v IcpXn hfsc _lp-

am-\-]qÀÆw tcmKnsb ip{iq-jn-¡p-¶p. tcmKn-bpsS hoSn\pap¶n Hcp

sNdnb XS-sa-Sp¯v AXn th¸neh¨v Znh-khpw cæp t\chpw shÅ-

sam-gn-¡pw. AkpJw amdn Ipfn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv sNmÆbpw shÅnbpw Hgn-sI-

bpÅ Znh-k-§-fn-em-bn-cn-¡pw.

amcn-b-½sb {]km-Zn-¸n-¡m-\mbn sNmÆm-gvNtbm shÅn-bm-gvNtbm tImhn-

enÂ- A-cn-s¸mSn iÀ¡ctNÀ¯v Ipg¨v "]¨' CSm-dp-æ v. amcn-b-½³ {]oXn-

¡mbn \m«p-ImÀapgp-h³tNÀ¶v Bænsemcn-¡Â \S-¯p¶ DÕ-h-amWv

"s]m¦Â'. sshim-J-am-k-¯n sNmÆ, _p[³, hymgw F¶o aq¶p Znh-

k-§-fn-em-bn-cn¡pw s]m¦Â\S-¯p-I. s]m¦Âhbv¡Â, Ipw`w\nd-bv¡Â,

amhn-f-¡v, ]q¡p-WvUw Cd-§Â, Ipw`w Xmgv¯Â F¶nh-bmWv {][m\NS-

§p-IÄ. sNmÆm-gvNs¯ s]m¦v "D¨n-am-Im-fn-'¡pw, _p[-\m-gvNs¯

s]m¦Â "amcn-b-½'¡pw BWv. amcn-b-½-bpsS A\n-b¯n "D¨n-am-Im-fn'-

'bpw, ktlm-Z-c³ "Idp-¸p-kzm-an'bpw BsW¶mWv k¦-ev]w.

2.3.9.1. ssX¸qbw2.3.9.1. ssX¸qbw2.3.9.1. ssX¸qbw2.3.9.1. ssX¸qbw2.3.9.1. ssX¸qbw

NnäqcnsesXep-¦À apcp-I-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-am-Wv. ]g-\n-bmWv Bcm-[-\m-tI-

{ w. ssX¸qbhpambn _Ô-s¸«v Hcp khntij A\p-jvTm-\-ap-æ v. "IqSv

am¯U'34 F¶ ]qP-bm-W-Xv.

65

ssX¸q-b-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v H¼XpZnh-k-§-fn Iuam-c-{]m-b-¯n-ep-Å-

hÀ Hcp ho«p-ap-ä¯v kt½-fn¨v ]mSn-bm-Sn-¡-fn¨v N{ \v sImSp-¡p¶ ]qP-

bm-Wn-Xv. BZys¯Znhkw ]mepw ]g-hpw. XpSÀ¶pÅ A©pZnhkw

tNmdpw Idn-bpw, GgmwZnhkw Acn-s¸mSn iÀ¡ctNÀ¯vIpg¨ amhp-amWv

t\Zn-¡m-dv. amhv Ign¨v N{ \v APoÀ®-am-sW¶ k¦-ev]-¯n ]ntä¶v

hn{iaw \evIp-¶p. AXn-\m H¼XmwZnhkw ckhpw tNmdpw BWv t\Zn-

¡m-dv. t\Zn¨Blmcw ho«p-ap-ä¯p h¨pXs¶Ign-¡-Ww. Ah-km\w

Blmcw Ign -¡p¶ Ip«n A½n-¡p-g -hn -bp -sa -Sp¯vsImæ v HmS -Ww.

sXep¦p¯d apgp-h\pw BÀ¯p-hn-fn¨v HmSn-\-S-¡p¶ _me-·mÀ ]qP

\S¶ho«n Xncn-s¨¯n apcp-Is\ h n¨v kwLw ]ncn-bp-¶p.

Cu A\p-jvTm-\-¯n\v apXnÀ¶hÀ t\XrXzw sImSp-¡m-dp-æ v. ap¯-Èn-

amÀ Cu A\p-jv-Tm-\-¯n\v ]mSn-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶Km\-§Ä Xan-gn-epÅXm-Wv.

hmbvsamgn]mc-¼-cy-¯n-eqsS ]IÀ¶-h-bmWo ]m«p-IÄ.

2.3.9.2. hmbvsamgn Km\-§Ä2.3.9.2. hmbvsamgn Km\-§Ä2.3.9.2. hmbvsamgn Km\-§Ä2.3.9.2. hmbvsamgn Km\-§Ä2.3.9.2. hmbvsamgn Km\-§Ä

Km\w 1.

ap´o ap´o \mb-Is\

apdp-Im-sfÃmw kc-skm-Xnbmw

It´\v¡v ap¼n-d´v

sIW-]-Xntbmw tk´-Sntbmw

at¨ Xpd-´p-h¨v

aSn-¨n-et¼ FSp-¯p-h¨v

Dusd¦pw dma-Wamw

Hm´v skt¿mw \«qdmw

\«qdmw s]dp-¡mta

tk´-Sntbmw sIW-]-Xntbmw

66

(hn-Lvt\-iz-c-\mb KW-]-Xn, apcp-I³, kc-kzXn F¶n-hsc kvXpXn¨p

sImæpÅ Xangv Km\-am-Wn-Xv.)

Km\w 2.Km\w 2.Km\w 2.Km\w 2.Km\w 2.

]¨-¯-h¡ ]¨-¯-h¡

F¯s\ s\Ãbpw ]¨-]«mw

Dudm³ s\sà Ip¯n-sb-Sp-s¡mdp

kn¶ He-¡bpw thWpamw

kn¶ He-¡sb km¯n hs¡mdp

kn¶ a¨pw thWpamw

kn¶ a¨p¡v IW-s¡-fp-sXmdp

IW-¡p-]p-Åbpw thWpamw

(Ip-Xn-cm-\n« s\Ãv Ip¯n-sb-Sp-¡m³ Hcp sNdnb De¡ thWw, De¡

Nmcn-h-bv¡m³ a¨v thWw, a¨nsâ IW-s¡-gp-Xm³ Kpa-kvX\pw thWw

F¶À°w hcp¶ ]m«m-Wn-Xv).

Km\w 3.Km\w 3.Km\w 3.Km\w 3.Km\w 3.

Dudtæ Imdtæ tee-¦-Sn-teew

D¨m-d-¡p-dn-¨n-bnte tee-¦-Sn-teew

]qXp-sdm«n the-¡mcn tee-¦-Sn-teew

]qem-¦n-f¦vImcn tee-¦-Sn-teew

]qXpsdm-«n-th-ebpw t]m¨v tee-¦-Sn-teew

Km\w 4.Km\w 4.Km\w 4.Km\w 4.Km\w 4.

A¨-¼psÅ aXp-d-bnse

A\n-bmbw tk© ]¿³

]nt¨¡v h´-¸-¿³

Xo t]mU th¸-bnse

a©n aW-¡Xv aW-tase

amXfw Imbv¡nXv skSn-tase

67

skSnsb kp¯n IqSmdw

tk´-Sn-¡d ]«mfw

]«m-fs¯ aps¶-h-¨v

]-d´v Ip½n-b-Sn-¦-So...

]-d´v Ip½n-b-Sn-¦-So...

(aq¶p \mepw Km\-§Ä Ip½n-bSn¸m«p-I-fm-Wv).

Km\-§-fn-se-¼mSpw Xan-gv]-Z-§-fpsS B[n-]Xyw Xs¶-bm-Wv. De-

¡, Xo F¶n-hbv¡v bYm-{Iaw tdmev, kn¯v F¶o ]Z-§Ä sXep-¦nÂ

Dsæ -¦nepw, Hä sXep¦v ]Zw-t]mepw Km\-§-fn-en-Ã.

Npcp -¡-¯n {Zmhn -Um-Nm-c -§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-h-cmWv Nnäq -

cnsesXep-¦À.

2.4. NmÀ¨-t¸-cp-IÄ2.4. NmÀ¨-t¸-cp-IÄ2.4. NmÀ¨-t¸-cp-IÄ2.4. NmÀ¨-t¸-cp-IÄ2.4. NmÀ¨-t¸-cp-IÄ

Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâbpw kzIm-cy-kz-¯mWv NmÀ¨t¸-cp-IÄ. Hcp

kaq-l-s¯-¡p-dn-¨-dn-bm-\pÅ Gähpw \Ã D]m-[n-bm-Wn-Xv. ]c-kv]cw

kwt_m-[\ sN¿m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv kwt_m-[-\m-]-Z-§Ä. Ch

hyàn-IÄX½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯bpw AhÀ¡v kaq-l-¯n-epÅ Øm\-

s¯bpw {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶p. kmaq-lnI`mjm-im-kv{X-¯n AwKo-I-cn-

¨n-«pÅ ]e kmaq-lnIk À`-§fpw kwt_m-[-\m-]-Z-§-fpsS D]-tbm-K-

¯nepw {]k-à-am-Wv. tPmÀPv aÀtUmIv (1949) _Ô-kq-NI]Z-§sf

kwt_m-[\m]Z§sf¶pw ]cm-aÀiI]Z-§-sf¶pw cæmbn hn`-Pn-¨n-«p-

æ v. _Ôp-hn-t\mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-XmWv kwt_m-[-

\m-]-Zw. GsX-¦n-ep-samcp _Ôp-hn-s\-¡p-dn¨v aq¶m-a-sXm-cm-tfmSv kwkm-

cn-¡p-t¼mÄ B _Ôp-hns\ kqNn-¸n-¡p-hm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]Z-§-fmWv

]cm-aÀiI ]Z-§Ä. Htc\mW-b-¯nsâ cæp-hiwt]mse ]c-kv]c]qc-I-

68

amb Cu cæp-L-S-I-hpw Nne-t¸mÄ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-¯nsâ aäp taJ-e-I-fn \S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xp

t]mse-bpÅ ]T-\-§Ä kwt_m-[-\m-]-Z-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v \S-¶n-«n-Ã, "ae-bm-

f-¯nse kwt_m-[-\m-]-Z-§-fpsS kmaq-lnI ]Ým-¯ew' (D-j, 1990),

"sXep-¦nse t]cp-I-fp-sSbpw kwt_m-[-\m-{I-a-¯n-sâbpw kmaq-lnI`mjm-

hn-Úm\ ]T\w' (kq-cy-Ip-am-cn, 1986) F¶nh Cu taJ-e-bnse ]T-\-§-

fm-Wv.

NnäqÀ sXep-¦nse kwt_m[\m]Z-§-fpsS ]«n-I.NnäqÀ sXep-¦nse kwt_m[\m]Z-§-fpsS ]«n-I.NnäqÀ sXep-¦nse kwt_m[\m]Z-§-fpsS ]«n-I.NnäqÀ sXep-¦nse kwt_m[\m]Z-§-fpsS ]«n-I.NnäqÀ sXep-¦nse kwt_m[\m]Z-§-fpsS ]«n-I.

1. Aѳ A¿

2. A½ A½

3. AÑ-sâbpw A½-bp-sSbpw Aѳ Xm¯

AÑ-sâbpw A½-bp-sSbpw A½ AÆ

4. AÑsâ tPyjvT³

A½-bpsS tPyjvT-¯n-bpsS `À¯mhv s]±¸

5. A½-bpsS tPyjvT¯n

AÑsâ tPyjvTsâ `mcy s]±½

6. AÑsâ A\p-P³

A½-bpsS A\p-P-¯n-bpsS `À¯mhv A¸¿

7. A½-bpsS A\p-P¯n

AÑsâ A\p-Psâ `mcy kn¶½

8. A½-bpsS ktlm-Z-c³

AÑsâ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS `À¯mhv ama

`À¯r-]n-Xmhv

`À¯rkwt_m-[\ (hn-I-ev]w)

69

9. AÑsâ kl-tZmcn

A½m-hsâ `mcy A¯½

`À¯ramXmhv

10. `À¯mhv

Afn-b³ _mh

`À¯rktlm-Zc³

ktlm-Zco `À¯mhv

11. tPyjvTsâ `mcy hZ\

`À¯rktlm-Zcn

12. hc-sâbpw h[p-hn-sâbpw amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä kw_Ôn

]«nI 2.3]«nI 2.3]«nI 2.3]«nI 2.3]«nI 2.3

PmXn-t`Zw `mjm-t`-Z-¯n\v If-samcp¡p¶Xpt]mse PmXn-¡-I¯v

hcp¶ D]-Pm-Xn-Ifpw s]mXp-`m-j-bn samgn-t`Zw Dæm-¡p-¶p. hyXykvX

kap-Zmb§Ä `mj-bp-ambn CS-]-g-Ip-t¼mÄ Ah-cpsS kmap-Zm-bnI {]tXy-

I-X-IÄ `mj-bn-te¡v ]I-cp-¶p-æ v. X·qew X\-Xmb Nne `mjm{]tbm-

K-§Ä Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-¯nepw Isæ -¯mw. kap-Zm-bhpw kap-Zmbw]men-

¡p¶ kwkv¡m-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v `mj-bv¡p-æm-Ip¶ khn-tij-amb

hyXn-bm-\-§sf `mj-bpsS kmaq-lnIam\w F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. kmap-Zm-bn-

I-amb `mjm-hy-Xn-bm-\-§Ä {]I-S-am-¡p¶ _Ô-kq-NI]Z-§Ä, BNm-

cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä F¶n-hbv¡pthæn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ khn-ti-j-amb

`mjm{]tbm-K-§Ä F¶nh kmap-Zm-bnI `mj-bpsS am\-§Ä hyà-am-

¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. _Ô-kq-NI]Z-§sf¯s¶ cà-_-Ô-¯n-sâbpw

IpSpw-_-_-Ô-¯n-sâbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯n hcp-¶-hsb NmÀ¨-t¸-cp-IÄ

F¶pw kaq -l-_-Ô-¯nsâ ASn -Øm-\ -¯n hcp -¶-hsb kmaq -

lnIkwt_m-[-\-IÄ- F¶pw Xcw-Xn-cn-¡mw.

70

2.4.1. ama F¶ `À¯r-kw-t_m-[\2.4.1. ama F¶ `À¯r-kw-t_m-[\2.4.1. ama F¶ `À¯r-kw-t_m-[\2.4.1. ama F¶ `À¯r-kw-t_m-[\2.4.1. ama F¶ `À¯r-kw-t_m-[\

NnäqÀsXep-¦-cpsS _Ô-hy-h-Ø-I-fnse Nne apd-IÄ Nn´mÀl-am-Wv.

(<2.2.1) `À¯m-hn-s\-¡p-dn-¡p¶ ]cm-aÀiI]Zw "aKv¬Uv' F¶mWv;

kwt_m-[-\m-]Zw "_mh'35 F¶pw.

bmYm-Øn-Xn-IÀ `À¯m-hnsâ t]À ]d-bp-Itbm _mh F¶ hnfn-t¸À

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Itbm sN¿n-Ã. `À¯m-hnsâ \maw D¨-cn-¨m BbpÊp Ipd-

ªp-t]m-Ip-sa-¶mWv hnizm-kw36. tdj³ImÀUn t]cvtNÀ¡pI XpS-

§nb kml-N-cy-§-fnÂt¸mepw `ÀXr-\maw D¨-cn-¡m-¯-h-cp-æ v. "aob¶'

þ \nsâ tN«³ F¶p kqNn-¸n¨v CXn\p ]cn-lmcw Isæ -¯p¶ Bth-Z-

I-cp-ap-æm-bn-cp-¶p. "]qhnÂcmPv' F¶ `À¯m-hnsâ t]cp-Im-cWw ]qhv

F¶ ]Z-¯n\v kzbw hne¡v Iev]n¨v ]qhv F¶p ]d-tbæ k À`-§-

fn "sam«v' F¶p ]d-bp¶ Bth-Z-Ibpw Dæmbncp¶p.

`À¯m-hns\ "_mh' F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw "ama' F¶p kw-

t_m-[\ sN¿p-¶p-h-cp-ap-æm-bn-cp-¶p. A½-bpsS ktlm-Z-c³ BWv ama.

{ZmhnUkwkv¡m-c-¯n-se¶ t]mse Xm-bvam-as\ hnhmlw Ign-¡m-\p-Å

Ah-Im-i-apæ v ChÀ¡v. kz´w A½m-hs\ hnhmlw Ign¨ Bth-Z-Isb

sN«n hn`m-K-¯n ImWm-\n-S-bm-bn.37 Xan-g-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI {]tXy-I-

X-IÄ Gsd kzm[o\w sNe-¯n-bn-«pÅ NnäqÀ sXep-¦-cpsS C¯-c-samcp

kmaqlnI ]Ým-¯-e-amWv `À¯mhv A½m-h³ AsÃ-¦nepw `À¯m-hns\

"ama' F¶p hnfn-¡m-\n-S-bm-¡n-b-Xv. A§s\ BÀ°nIaqey-apÅ Hcp

`À¯r-kw-t_m-[-\m-]-Z-amWv NnäqÀ sXep-¦n "ama'38.

IÀ®m-S-I-bn Ah-cqcv F¶ {Kma-¯n-epÅ kwt_m-[\m]Z-§-fpsS

BÀYn-I-X-e-¯n-epÅ ]T\w \S-¯n-bn-«p-æ v. (kq-k³ _o³, 1978).

71

2.4.2. kmaq -lnI kwt_m-[-\-IÄ2.4.2. kmaq -lnI kwt_m-[-\-IÄ2.4.2. kmaq -lnI kwt_m-[-\-IÄ2.4.2. kmaq -lnI kwt_m-[-\-IÄ2.4.2. kmaq -lnI kwt_m-[-\-IÄ

NnäqÀsXep-¦À ]c-kv]cw kwt_m-[\sN¿m\pw ]cm-a-À-in-¡m\pw D]-

tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]Z-§-fn \n¶v AhÀ X½n-epÅ kmaq-lnI t{iWo-I-cWw

(Social hierarchy) a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

PmXnPmXnPmXnPmXnPmXn kwt_m-[-\m-]Zwkwt_m-[-\m-]Zwkwt_m-[-\m-]Zwkwt_m-[-\m-]Zwkwt_m-[-\m-]Zw ]cm-a-iÀI ]Zw]cm-a-iÀI ]Zw]cm-a-iÀI ]Zw]cm-a-iÀI ]Zw]cm-a-iÀI ]Zw

sN«n sk«n-bmtd sk«n-bmÀ

]æmcw t]cv + ]æmdw P¦whmæ v

Ipi-h³ hyàn-\maw am{Xw Ip½-d-hmæ v

\mbv¡³ t]cv + \mbv¡³ HÍ-hmæ v þ ssI¡m-f-hmæ v

£{Xnb cmPp t]cv + dmPp dmP

]«nI 2.4]«nI 2.4]«nI 2.4]«nI 2.4]«nI 2.4

ta¡m-Wn¨ ]«nI{]Imcw sN«nhn`m-K-amWv t{iWo-I-c-W-¯nÂ

apIį-«n-se-¯p-¶-Xv. "sN«n' F¶ ]Z-¯n-t\m-sSm¸w _lp-am-\-kq-N-I-

ambn "AÀ' F¶v tNÀ¯v sN«n-bmÀ F¶v kwt_m-[\ sN¿p-¶p. F¶mÂ

A\n-jvSs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ Ah-k-c-¯n "sN«n' F¶v PmXn-\maw

am{X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ k À`-§-fp-apæ v.

]æm-cw, \mbv¡³, cmPp F¶o hn`m-K-§-fn t]cn-t\msSm¸w PmXn-

t¸cpw tNÀ¯v kwt_m-[\ sN¿p-¶p. Ipi-h³PmXnsb Hcp hn[-¯n-

epÅ PmXn-kq-N-\m-]-Z-§fpw Iq«ntNÀ¡msX hyàn-\maw am{Xw hnfn-

¨mWv kwt_m-[\ sN¿p-¶-Xv.

NnäqÀsXep-¦-cpsS taev]-dª kwt_m-[\ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n \n¶v

Dcp-¯n-cnª kmaq-lnI t{iWo-I-c-Ws¯ C{]-Imcw hyà-am-¡mw. t\À-

72

tc-J-I-fpsS ssZÀLyw t{iWo-I-c-W-¯nsâ AI¨ a\-Ên-em-¡m³ klm-

bn-¡p-¶p.

2.4.2.1. BNm-c-`mj þ NnäqÀsXep-¦nÂ2.4.2.1. BNm-c-`mj þ NnäqÀsXep-¦nÂ2.4.2.1. BNm-c-`mj þ NnäqÀsXep-¦nÂ2.4.2.1. BNm-c-`mj þ NnäqÀsXep-¦nÂ2.4.2.1. BNm-c-`mj þ NnäqÀsXep-¦nÂ

BNm-c-`m-j-bpsS ASn-¯d PmXn-t`Z-am-Wv. kzmanbpw `rXy\pw

X½n Pohn-X-co-Xn-bpsStXmXn-epÅ hyXymkw XnI¨pw hyà-am-¡n-s¡m-

æp-Å-XmWv BNmc`mj. PmXn-hy-hØ IÀ-¡-i-ambn ]men-¨n-cp¶ tIc-

f-¯n BNm-c-`m-jbv¡p Øm\-ap-æm-bn-cp-¶p. kap-Zm-b-¯nse hnhn-[

PmXn¡m-cnÂs¸« P\-§-fp-ambn s]cp-am-dp-t¼mÄ Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw D¨-cn-

t¡æ hm¡p-Ifpw {]tXyIw Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. "He-s¸®' NmÀ¯p¶

"X¼p-cm\pw' "sagp-¡p-s]-c-«p¶' "ASn-b\pw' Dæm-bn-cp¶ ae-bm-f-¯nse

NnäqÀsXep-¦-cpsS kmaq-lnIt{iWo-I-cWw

sN«n

£{Xn-b-cmPp

\mbv¡³

]æmcw

]«nI 2.5.]«nI 2.5.]«nI 2.5.]«nI 2.5.]«nI 2.5.

Ipi-h³

73

BNm-c-`m-jm (Ip--©p-®ncmP, 1962 : 158þ205) ]-Z§fn-eqsS sXfn-bp¶ tIcf-

-¯nsâ kmaq-lnIhyh-Øbv¡v C¶p amäw h¶n-«p-æ v. F¦nepw Ct¸mgpw

NnäqÀsXep-¦-cpsS CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-¡m-tcm-SpÅ kwt_m-[-\-bn-epw, Akv]r-

iy-cpsS Ct§m-«p-apÅ kwt_m-[-\-bnepw BNm-c-`m-j-bpsS imiz-X-ap{Z

]Xn-ªn-«p-æ v. kman, Fkva, samX-emfn, X¼vcm«n F¶o kwt_m-[-\-I-

fmWv Ah.

2.4.2.1.1. kman2.4.2.1.1. kman2.4.2.1.1. kman2.4.2.1.1. kman2.4.2.1.1. kman

]T-\-ta-J-e-bmb Nnäq-cn ae-bmfn {_mÒ-W-cmb \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS

CÃ-§-fn-Ã. Xangv{_mÒ-W-cmb ]-«-·m-cpsS "B¯v'39 BWv DÅ-Xv. Nnäq-

cnsâ s]mXp-hmb kmaq-lnIt{iWo-I-c-W-¯n Xangv {_mÒ-WÀ¡mWv

taem-f-Øm-\w. Chsc NnäqÀsXep-¦À kt_m-[\ sN¿p-¶Xv kman F¶m-

Wv. `à-·mÀ Cuiz-cs\ kvXpXn-¡p-t¼m-gpÅ _lp-am-\m-Z-c-¯n\v Xp-ey-

amb ]Z-amWv kmanþ(kzm-an) þ Xangv {_mÒ-Wsc kwt_m-[\sN¿m³

ap³X-e-ap-dbpw X³X-e-ap-dbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. t£{Xhpw ]qPbpw

a{´-§-fp-ambn Ign-bp¶ ]qWqÂ[m-cn-I-fmb {_mÒ-Wsc ssZh-Xp-ey-cm-

¡p¶ kwt_m-[\m]Z-am-Wv ChnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. "kman Im¸m-¯-h-et\'

(ssZ-hta Im¯p-c-£n-¡-tW-) F¶ {]mÀ°-\-bnse AtX kwt_m-[-\m-

]Zw Xs¶-bmWv "F¶m kman kpIw Xm\m' F¶v Xan-gv{_m-ÒWtcmSv

Ipi-em-t\z-jWw \S¯n ]qPy-]q-P-I-`mhw ImWn-¡p¶ hmIy-¯n-ep-ap-

Å-Xv.

2.4.2.1.2. Fkvam2.4.2.1.2. Fkvam2.4.2.1.2. Fkvam2.4.2.1.2. Fkvam2.4.2.1.2. Fkvam

\mb-·m-cpsS kmaq-ln-I-Øn-Xn-bn h¶ amäw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ

F{]-Imcw hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«mepw NnäqÀsXep-¦-cpsS at\m-`m-h-¯n Xan-

74

gv{_m-Ò-WÀ¡p sXm«p-Xm-sg-bmWv \mbv·m-cpsS Øm\w. bP-am-\-³

F¶À°w hcp¶ "Fkvam' F¶mWv \mbsc kwt_m-[\ sN¿m³ ap³X-

e-apd D]-tbm-Kn¨ ]Zw. X³X-e-apd "bPvam³' F¶ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶p. bP-am\ `rXy-`m-hs¯ AwKo-I-cn¨p sImSp-¡p¶ ]Z-am-Wn-Xv.

"Fkvam', "FP-a', F¶o ]Z-§Ä tUmIvS-sd-bpw, C³kvs]-IvS-sdbpw

kwt_m-[\ sN¿p-hm³ thæn-bm-Wv Jkm-¡p-ImÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

(Zo-]-tacn tPmk-^v, 2004 : 62).

2.4.2.1.3. samXemfn2.4.2.1.3. samXemfn2.4.2.1.3. samXemfn2.4.2.1.3. samXemfn2.4.2.1.3. samXemfn

hoSn-\-I¯v {]th-i\w sImSp-¡msX apä-¯pw, ]d-¼nepw am{Xw

Øm\w \evIp¶ sNcp-¸p-Ip-¯n, £pc-I³ F¶n-h-sc-bmWv "s]mdw-Pm¯n'

F¶ ]Zw sImæ v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv. ChÀ NnäqÀsXep-¦-cnse sN«n-Isf

samX-emfn F¶ ]Z-amWv kwt_m-[\sN¿m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. sXmgnÂ

\ma-amWv apX-emfn F¶ ]Z-sa-¦nepw ChnsS BNmc`mj-bmbn D]-tbm-

Kn-¡p¶p.

2.4.2.1.4. X¼vcm«n2.4.2.1.4. X¼vcm«n2.4.2.1.4. X¼vcm«n2.4.2.1.4. X¼vcm«n2.4.2.1.4. X¼vcm«n

PmXn-hyhØbpsS ImÀ¡-iy-¯n\v Ct¸mgpw amäw h¶n-«n-Ãm¯

kao-]-\-amWv NnäqÀsX-ep-¦À¡v \mbm-Sn -40I-tfm-Sp -Å-Xv. ]c-am-h[n

Abn¯w Iev]n-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ hÀ¤-am-Wn-Xv. (tem-K³, 1985 : 157). BNm

`mjbv¡v tem]w kw`-hn-¨n-«pÅ B[p-\nIkaq-l-¯n \mbm-Sn-IÄ¡v

Ct¸mgpw Nnäq-cnsesXep-¦À X¼vcm\pw, X¼vcm-«nbpamWv.

2.5 kmaq-ln-Im-c-£n-Xm-h-Øbpw `mjm-kw-c-£-Whpw2.5 kmaq-ln-Im-c-£n-Xm-h-Øbpw `mjm-kw-c-£-Whpw2.5 kmaq-ln-Im-c-£n-Xm-h-Øbpw `mjm-kw-c-£-Whpw2.5 kmaq-ln-Im-c-£n-Xm-h-Øbpw `mjm-kw-c-£-Whpw2.5 kmaq-ln-Im-c-£n-Xm-h-Øbpw `mjm-kw-c-£-Whpw

ln p-¡Ä¡n-S-bn-epÅ PmXn-hn-`-P\w hn]p-ehpw k¦oÀ®-hp-am-Wv. Ipe-

75

s¯m-gn-ens\ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bpÅ PmXn-hn-`-P\ kwhn-[m-\-apÅ kmaq-

lnIhyh-Ø-bmWv tIc-f¯n\pæm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ipe-s¯m-gn-ep-I-fn \n¶v

C¶v bp-h-P-\X AI¶p XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w ]c-¼-cm-K-X-

amb sXmgnÂtaJ-e-bn-te-¡pÅ IS-¶p-I-b-ähpw kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-cn¡p-¶p.

sXm¡m-¸nbIme¯v A´-W-tcmSpw Ac-N-tcmSpw H¸w hmWnPyw

sN¿p-¶h\pw Øm\-ap-æm-bn-cp-¶p. sshiy-hÀ®-¯n DÄs¸-«n-cp¶

t{ijvT-\mb "t{ijvTn' [\-k-¼m-Z-\-¯n IqSp-X {i²sNep-¯n. kz´-

ambn I¨-hSwsNbvXp-h¶ hn`m-K-¯n\v AXv XpSÀ¶v \S¯p¶Xn\v Iem-

eb hnZym-`ymkw Bh-iy-anà F¶ t_m[w bph-P-\-Xsb DbÀ¶ _ncpZw

t\Sp-¶-Xn \n¶v ]n´n-cn-¸n-¨p.

B{Ô-{]-tZ-in \n¶v Xan-gv\m-Snsâ hnhn-[-`m-K-§-fn-se-¯nb sXep-¦-

cpsS tZim-´-c-K-a-\-¯nsâ cæmw-L-«-amWv Nnäq-cn -ep-Å-Xv. {ZmhnU

kwkv¡m-c-¯nsâbpw Xan-gn -sâbpw _m¡n]{Xw NnäqÀsXep-¦cnÂ

sXfnªpIm-Wmw. A\y-`m-j-¡mcpw \yq\-]-£-¡m-cp-amb Cu hc-¯-tcmSv

ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v Ah-K-W-\-bm-Wv. adp-\m-«p-Im-cm-b-Xp-sImæv C¶m-«p-ImÀ¡v

F´pw ]d-bm-a-tÃm. Xe-ap-Sn-bn [mcmfw F®tX¨v, Aäwhsc apSn ]n¶n-

bn-«v, Pa-´n-¸qhpw I\-Imw-_-chpw NqSn, aq¡p-¯n-b-Wn-ªv, ISpw \nd-

¯n-epÅ tNe-Np-än, shän-ebpw apdp-¡n, s]mXpØe-§-fnÂt¸mepw Dds¡

kwkm-cn¨p\S-¡p¶ Idp-¯-h-cmb Ch-tcmSv ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v s]mXpsh

aXn¸p Ipd-hm-Wv. ]me-¡mSvNpc-¯nsâ hmf-bmÀ AXnÀ¯n-bn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ

ChÀ¡v "kwkv¡m-c-a-ä'-h-sc¶v Iqen-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS at\m-

`m-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v "Idp-¯-s¨-«n-¨n'I-fn(-C-S-tÈ-cn, 1955)epw ]cm-aÀi-ap-æ -tÃm.

NnäqÀsXep-¦-cpsS Cu kmaq-ln-Im-c-£n-Xm-hØ Ah-cpsS `mj-bnepw

76

Ah-sc-¡p-dn-¡p¶ kwt_m-[-\m-]-Z-¯nepw Dæm-hp-¶p. "t{ijvTn' F¶

]Z-¯n\v AÀ°-]-X\w h¶v "sN«n' F¶m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. "hnUvVn' F¶À°-

¯n "sImi-h³' F¶ PmXn-\maw D]-tbm-Kn -¡p-¶-Xnepw "\miw'

F¶À°-¯n ]æmcw F¶ PmXn-\maw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xnepw ChÀ¡p

{]Xn-tj-[-ap-æ v. ]t£, t£m`w {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ kmaq-lnI]Zhn (Social

status) ChÀ¡n-t¸m-gn-Ã. PmXn-]p-cm-W-¯n {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse

]æmcw inh-]qP sNbvXn-cp-¶-h-\m-Wv (kn-§v, 2002 :1169) F¶v Ah-Im-i-

s¸-«mepw, sN«n sshiy-hn-`m-K-¯nÂs¸Sp¶p F¶v kzbw Ah-tcm-[n-¨mepw

ae-bmfnkaq-l-¯n\v sXep-¦-tcm-SpÅ kao-]\w iq{Z-tcm-sS¶ t]mse-

bm-Wv. amXr-cm-Py-amb B{Ô-{]-tZ-in \n¶v ChÀ Ct¸mÄ XnI¨pw Hä-

s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\m Xs¶ NnäqÀsXep-¦À Xangv kwkv¡m-c-t¯mSpw

`mj-tbm-Sp-amWv Gsd aaX ]peÀ¯p-¶-Xv.

IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-cmb Bcy-·msc F«mw \qäm-æp-ap-Xevt¡ kzmKXw sNbvX

kmwkv¡m-cnINcn-{X-amWv tNc-cm-Py-¯n-\p-æm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. sshZn-I-Úm-

\-apÅ Bcy-·mÀ ChnsS {]_-e-i-àn-I-fmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F¶m Xan-gv\m-«n-eqsS IpSn-tb-dnb sXep-¦À I¨-h-S-¯n¯s¶ Dd¨p

\n¶-t¸mÄ sN«n-I-f-S-¡-apÅ Nnäq-cnsesXep-¦À tIc-f-¯n aq¶mw-In-S-

bm-bn. kmaq-ln-I-amb Cu Ac-£n-Xm-t_m[w AhcpsS `mjm-kw-c-£-W-

¯n {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p. hneyw et_m-hnsâ amÀ¯mkv ssh³bmÀUnse

Kth-jW (1976) ]T\w \evInb kt -ihpw CXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv.

77

Ipdn -¸p -IÄIpdn -¸p -IÄIpdn -¸p -IÄIpdn -¸p -IÄIpdn -¸p -IÄ

1. 1. C³tUm bqtdm-]y³ tKm{Xw

2. skan-änIv tKm{Xw

3. lman-än-Iv tKm{Xw

4. sX¡p Ing-¡³ Gjym-änIv tKm{Xw

5. bqd þ BÂssäIv tKm{Xw

6. {ZmhnU tKm{Xw

7. Bkv{SnIv tKm{Xw

8. _mæp-tKm{Xw

2. tI{ -`-cW{]tZ-i-amb t]mæn-t¨-cn-bnepw e£-Zzo-]nepw {Zmhn-U--`m-j-bpsS hym]-

\-ap-æv.

3. {_mlqbnbn ]Xn-s\m¶p hn`-àn-I-fp-æ v. sI. the-¸³, BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw BZn-

hmkn `mj-I-fpw, 1994. ]pdw 80-þ1.

4. 1991-þse sk³k-kn 47216 sXep-¦À, 0.16% P\-kwJy F¶ IW-¡mWv (Source:

Paper - 1 of 1997 language, India & states (Table C-7)

5. Sn.-BÀ. kpº-b³, 1977þ1980 Ime-b-f-hnÂ

6. \m«nse FÃm ]æm-c-·m-tcbpw ho«n £Wn-¨p-h-cp¯n kZy-\evIn ]g-\n¡v

ImhSn sImSp-¯p-hn-Sp¶ ]pWy-N-S-§v.

7. kaq-l-¯nse Nne {]tXyI hn`m-K-§-fpsS s]cp-am-ä-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kaq-l-¯n-\pÅ

[mc-W-IÄ¡v hncp-²-ambn AhÀ {]hÀ¯n-¨mepw [mc-W-IÄ amä-an-ÃmsX XpS-cp-

¶-h-bmWv Ìocntbm ssS¸p-IÄ.

8. \mS³ tNcp-h-IÄ tNÀ¯ ISp-¯-tdmkv \nd-¯n-epÅ Cu anTm-bn¡v `mj-bnÂ

]æmc anTmbn F¶ ]Z-hp-ap-æ v.

9. H¶mw A²ymbw þ Bth-Z-I-cpsS ]«nI þ Bth-Z-I³ \¼À 11 t\m¡pI

10. H¶mw A²ymbw þ Bth-Z-I-cpsS ]«nI þ Bth-Z-I³ \¼À 19 t\m¡pI

11. tIc-f-¯nse Kplm-a-\p-jyÀ F¶-dn-b-s¸Sp¶ {]mIr-X-cmb tNme-\m-bn-¡-·mÀ

(\ne¼qÀ), Im«p-\mbv¡·mÀ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ tX³Ip-dp-aÀ (h-b-\m-Sv) F¶o hn`m-

K-¡m-cp-sSbpw kwÚ-bn \mbv¡-·mÀ F¶p-sæ -¦nepw ChÀ ]«n-I-hÀ¤-¯nÂ

s]Sp¶ BZn-hm-kn-I-fm-Wv.

78

12. Ct¸m-gs¯ hncpZ \KÀ PnÃ

13. Ae-¡m³ In«nb XpWn-I-fnÂ\n¶v a®m¯n HcpZnhkt¯¡v DSp-¡m-\pÅ

hkv{X§Ä apgp-h\pw EXp-a-Xn-s¸-®n\v sImæp-h-cpw. ]pe-I-gn-bp-¶-Xp-hsc

C§s\ Ae-¡n--b-Xp-sIm-æp-h¶v apjn-ªXp sImæp-t]m-hpw.

14. Xme-¯n IpSp-a-bpÅ \mfn-tI-cw, shän-e, AS-bv¡, ]gw F¶n-hbpæm-bn-cn-

¡pw.

15. Hcp ssI¿n-sem-Xp-§p-¶{X hen-¸-apÅ Icn-¦Ãv s]dp¡n sImæp-h¶v ssZh-am-

sW¶ k¦-ev]-¯n Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p.

16. hc-e£van {hXw \mfn kpaw-K-en-IÄ¡v aª-h-kv{Xw, aªÄ NcSv, Ip¦p-aw,

\mWbw F¶nh Zm\w sN¿p-¶Xv D¯-a-sa¶v hnizm-kw.

17. Ign-bp-sa-¦n IÀ¡-SI amk-¯nÂ

kuI-cy-s¸-«m aI-c-am-k-¯nÂ

ad-¶m Ipw`-am-k-¯n þ Cu ]qP Ign-¡p-¶-XmWv \ÃXv

18. KW-]Xn

19. Ip´n-cn¡w ]pI-bv¡m³ Xo¡-\Â hbv¡p¶ ]qPm-km-a{Kn

20. IÀ¡S-Iw, [\p, taSw amk-§Ä

21. ]{´-æc cq]

22. D¸pw aªfpw

23. I\y-I-bpsS aSn-\n-d-bv¡Â NS-§v. Cu NS§v A\p-jvTn-¨m \h-h[p KÀ`w [cn-

¡p-sa¶v hnizm-kw.

24. ]p¯-³Ip-S-¯n Acn-amhv sImæ v Ae-¦-cn¨v a{´w P]n¨ \qev Npän-h-bv¡p¶

Ieiw

25. hcs\ ]pI-gv¯n-s¡mæ v awKfw Biw-kn-¡p¶ ]m«v. CXnsâ Ah-km\w hc³

\mW-b-§Ä ]m«p-Im-cn-IÄ¡p \evI-Ww.

26. ZrjvSn-tZmjw If-bm-\m-Wn-Xv. Np®m¼p shÅ-¯n aªÄ C«v Nph-¸m-¡nb

shÅ-¯n Hcp XfnÀ shän-e-bn-Spw. Xncn I¯n¨v hcs\ Dgnªv B Ipcp-Xn-

shÅw hcsâ ImÂNp-h-«n Hgn-¡pw. CXv hc³ adn-I-S-¡p-t¼mÄ ZrjvSn-tZmjw

t]mIp-sa¶v hnizm-kw.

27. IeymW aplqÀ¯w Ign-ªm-ep-S³ _Ôp-¡Ä _ÔpXzw Dd-¸n-¡m³ \evIp¶

sh´p-a þ _Ôpa F¶ cq] sImSp-¡p¶ coXn. CsXÃmw tcJ-s¸-Sp¯n hbv¡p-

Ibpw Xncn¨p Ieym-Wm-tLm-j-§Ä hcp-t¼mÄ ]Ww \evtIæXpamWv.

79

28. tImgnap«bpw ]nS-t¡m-gnbpw

29. hmg-bv¡bpw DW-¡-ao\pw

30. acn¨ hyàn-I-tfm-SpÅ {]nbw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p-sImæ v KpW-K-W-§Ä hmgv¯n \o«n-

¸m-Sp¶ ]m«p-IÄ.

31. hmg-t¸m-fbpw Ipcp-t¯m-ebpw sImæ v cYw Dæm¡n ih-¯ns\ Ccp-¯nb \ne-

bn h¨v ]d-s¡m-t«msS (]-d-b-·m-cpsS hmZyw) BtLm-j-ambn sImæp-t]m-hp-

¶-Xv.

32. shdpsX cæp apf-¯-Sn-bn ]mb hncn¨v ih-¯ns\ InS-¯n-s¡mæ v henb

BtLm-j-§Ä H¶p-an-ÃmsX sImæp t]mhp-¶-Xv.

33. hc-sâbpw h[p-hn-sâbpw amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf ]c-kv]cw kw_Ôn F¶v kwt_m-

[\ sN¿p-¶p.

34. tNmdv {][m\ ss\th-Zy-am-bpÅ Hcp-Xcw Nt{ m-Õhw

35. _mh F¶ ]Zw Afn-bs\ kwt_m-[\ sN¿m\pw ]cm-aÀin-¡m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-

¡m-dp-æ v.

36. koX Atim-I-a-c-¨p-h-«n-en-cp¶v `À-¯mhns\ "cma cma' F¶p P]n-¨-Xm-Ws{X

koX-bpsS BbpÊp Ipd-bm³ ImcWw F¶p \ymbw.

37. F³ ama³ Hcp-\mÄ F\¡p ame-bn-Sp-hm³ þ F¶v kz]v\w ImWp¶ \mbn-I-am-

cpw, A¡m aIsf hnhmlw Ign-¡p-sa¶v i]Yw sN¿p¶ apd-am-a-·m-cpw, amas\

hnhmlw Ign-¡m³ km[n-¡m-¯-Xp-sImæ v \ncmi {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-

§fpw Xangv A{`-]m-fnIfneqsS Cu kwkv¡m-c-s¯-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

38. cmPphn`m-K¡mÀ Afn-bs\ _mh F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w NneÀ ama F¶p

hnfn-¡p-¶-Xn\v CXmWv Imc-Ww.

39. ]«-·m-cpsS hoSv B¯v F¶pw, ho«p-Im-c³ B¯p-¡m-c³ F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

40. Fen, \mb F¶n-hbpsS amwkw Xn¶p-¶h-cmWv \mbm-Sn-IÄ. \mbm-Sn-IÄ¡v

aäp FÃm PmXnbpw taem-f-·m-cm-Wv. taem-f-cpsS then-¡-I¯v Ib-dmsX tdmUnÂ

Xs¶ \n¶v `n£-bm-Nn-¡pw. taem-fÀ tZmjw amdm³ \mW-b-sa-Sp¯v Xe-Npän

Dgnªv Fdnªp sImSp-¡pw.