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Dept. of Agronomy and Soil ScienCff 2525 Varney C::hle
University or M..:twaii
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
!111 USI fll Ot:..1'111 roa THI CQUletIOII 01 MAUllltJM
DlflCJllle'Y
DI n:MaCAU
A TMISIS IUIMD"?D TO TRI GUDUATI SCBOOt OI TIii
UllffllS1.Tr fll IIAU.11 D fAUUt ntflt.t.Mllff
C'JI TRI UQUlUMlftS roa TD l>IGlll ('JI
MASTII. OI SCDICI
D AGl.
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Date _____A_u_g_us_t_. _2_3__,_1_9_6_5~
Dean of the Graduate School University of Hawaii
I hereby certify that the thesis presented by--~~~~
~----E~YwB6llilll8.....8QJA~s.._____________~, candidate for...
the
-----"~·w$~,______degree in the field of
___A~G~B~P.N~QM~Y.....-------~ has been checked by me and conforms
to the requirements
demanded by a majority of the members of the Thesis
Committee.
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We certtf7 tbat ve uw rutl th1• tbeata •Dd that la our opiaf.oe
it h aetlafactorJ la acope 41114 4111allt1 •• •
thHl• for tbe dqn• of Neater of Sd.•c• ta Aanaoay•
•
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u TAILI a, Car!'IITI
Lift Of TAIi.iS. . . U.l
• • • . . • • 1 . . . • • • 3
. . . . . . 4 1:ekalaa Dua• 1-4 4. . . • • • • • • •
•laperllleatal Proceclure .. . . • • • • • • 4 1'rMtaeate • • • • •
• • • • • • J loU • • . . • • • . . . . • • • • Sotl Aaalyel•
•••••• . . . . • • • • • • • 6 '
Cation ••uaa• ca,aeltJ • • . . . . . . . .' 6 lacl.lana•••t•
......,\Illa. • • • . . . . . . . 6 lxe••••ltl• calolu • • . . . .
. . • • • • 1 lachaaa••ltl• ,ot•••t•. • • • • • • . . . . 1
A••tlabl• plloaphorue •• • • . . • • • • 7 A•allal»l• nlf~r .••• .
. . . • • • • • • 7
Plaat. • • • • • . . . . • a"••lyal• . . . . . . . . . . • • . .
• • 8 1-,11... •t Bal'ftat • • • . . . . . 10
ISSULT Alft> D1SCU8110lt. . . . 11 llaneet,.. of tl&e
1-,.rt-t. • • • • • • • • • • 11 SoU Aaat,-ta. . . . . 14
• • • • • • • • • 14 Cati•••.._• c•pacit7 •••••• • • • • • • • •
14 laN ••tvattoa . • • • . . . . . 14 lxe~•l• ealel\la aafl
,ota1alua. • • • • • 14&xcuaa•••l• ......1........ . • • • • •
• • 14 lxtrNtable eUlcoa •• 17 ...,1.~1. ,1ao.,11oru•. .... • • • •
• 17 Ava11a•l• aulfur •• • • • • • • • • • 17
Plaat Aaal,.te • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • 19 & an••
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LltT 01 T.A.ltll
T.Altl I. IISULT8 01 llllVISTDIG OI THI 1UL1> unaDIDl'f
JLAW'l'ID GIi rAPAA SILTY Ct.AT SOIL. • • • • • • • • • • • • •
12
11. ADL111 or VAIUNCI JOI TOIIS OI CAIi PR ACI.I, TCIIS OI St»AI
.... .ACU, fOL u.rio. MID run RKllff o.tn. . 13
III. pB, CATIDnllft MIS a, THI C&.€1' • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • .. • 20
VII. LIYII.S or sn.tCQI DI CAIi SHIATB .ua, 1•10 JftlllfflDIS II
,near Dill WllOIT Ar "10 l>D'J'llllff AGII or TIii CIOP •••••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22
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,.••• O'I OLlYDI voa TRI CCUICTlOll
0, MAGnlIUM D1ftCUIIC1
D lm.RCAII
011•1• Naalt u, •• tnque11tl7 •Md ta •..,....1 co,aiatrt•• u •
NUl'ee of ..,_atua for NWl'al crop•. It c•tala• coaai4e1'«t.le
quaul•
U.ee of at.Ueae ad troe, •• wll •• ......1.. OUvi• l• cout4ue4
1>1
.... autllora .. bellla •••1 to ••tlliar. Aa oU'YiM t• a
altndaat •c.eri•l ta tbl llwaU• Xtlude, a fle14
•xpel'1Mat •• plaated • t• lalaad of lawal on a lapaa Silty Clay
Soll. •• Al atooue Fff'l'Vliaov• Lat••l, ta oriel' to t••• tt•
value •• • cbe•• aeurc.e of .....,1.. for avaarcae. lilkahl Du•
la.ca, • IMacla
e41ad vklch coatatae fairly l•ra• et1M111ta of oll•iae, .....
uaed to t••t tllat ,.••,~tltt1.
The expertaeat•l tnat••• wn (a)• ......tua applied, (I>)
500
,.... per acre of .....tu••••u.1... (c) 2,,00 pouadl per .....
•f
.....,f.ua u oUY1M 1 acl (cl) JOO pou,MI per on of _ ...tu••
Ip••
aalt. Otber •••••tlal .1....,,••1, ,, It, ca. s, I,"°• a4 ta••wn
np
pU.•d t.n quaatltl•• tbougbt to be,••~••• for •ua•reae. The
..,.rtaeat •• MrNated •t 2J IIOlltba of••• aad tbe ,.rtlMAt eupl••
vue taltea to 4etenaiae ta. vet11't ••d quality f t1'e ..... Sot.1
•d plaat •-,tu
wr• t•k• at t
the effect, of the trut-t• on tlw toil aad oa tM ea• plaa.
The n•ulta of tbe •rw•t o.f t'be n,-rt-t abowd ao atattattcelly
•tantft.caat re••••• of hl•l'e•• to the application of •••••tma wn
applied eltblr •• ollviae or•• 1,.....1,.
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• Tm 1.ewle of _ ...,.,. both f.a aoll aact ta pleat were foacl
to i..
adetlU(lte. la ptaac1 1 the •.-tua lnele •.._.•et_., lacr••
wtth
ea• o.f el'o,. TIie utloa exc...._• ca,.cltJ and•• fl of tlle MU
wn aot af•
futed ,,. tllll tn•t-t1.
Ta •r, low t...la of Utl'Mtat.le It la •otll ad pl•t•
._e,ted
tbe ,-etbUity of• •illcoo deflel•ey la the ,ou.
l• a••r•l, tM ttet.•• of ta otllill" matsteat• i• aolla and
plnt•
,,.. fOllllld to be e4eC(uate for aorMl al'O'Wtla of •••r
«•·
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lftllOJ>UC'ftON
OUYlDe l>ualt i• • COIIIIOII ,arat rock of BawaU.an aoUa.
It
coataiu ahowt 471 MIO, 401. s1oi_ 1 ad 91 PeO (SherMn Ad Veur•.
19'6),
and ta oaa of tllia atUeate •baar•l• ...t euecepU.bl• to
1NMtheriag
(Jaok••• .tS. .!l• 1948, aacl Jack.•• and Shel'Na, 1953). lhenan
ad
Uehara (19.56) f oww tl!aat vbea oU•1•• weather tHy r•l••N
•1aeelua
tn .fairly taqe qwmttU.••. Tlle.J •1•• fouad that dud... tll•
watliert..
of olivlM •• the ba•u are nle...d by alow leachiaa oacl•r
r••trlcted
drataaa•, • .,.,aorUloatt• clay a...1.,•• That clay ha• hi.ah
catloa
axcMftS• eapac1t7 aad •••bana••-.1• Mgaeab.aa. U.cter at.altar
cU•ttc
coaditloa• w'her• 41'•1MS• l• 1ood, • kaoU.11 clay ••.elope.
OIi t¥ lalad of laual, oa a beab at l'Atlta1la, • de,o.lt of
Id.wed
oli•i• a11cl e.Ol'al aatld occur•. lt v•• tbouaht that ttd.e
..,ertal could
'be uNful •••••re• of --•t• for- •US•l'cane f•rtlllutta. TM
project of \ilhtcla thla the•t.a isa part. "•• •••il•d to teat that
po••t~tU.ty.
Oltviae •-ti•• baa Ma u••d •• • f•rtUf... ••re• ef .....eta ill
other plac•• of tbe world. t.oaaetaff •• Crahlla (1951) • ••1•
ao,bua ••clU.111• ta e.ultune of Mad ncl coHotd•l clay. fo_. tllat
the
Ml••1u• ,uppl ted b7 • arouad oltYina •t•ri.at, iaen•••• arevtb
by S7
to 130 pennt. s..i:,, Mel Qt• (1960) • aro,daa oat• ta veter
e•ltun,
f.-d tut the ayaUabiU.tJ of •pe•il'• fl'oa oU.,rtne ••
tnflg•ct•d by
tlle fl••..•• of the o11Y1• •t•rtal aacl by the d..ne of acl4lty
ta tM
i.utfer ..1vt1oa. TIiey coacludad that very f lnely arotmd
oUvta• ean
, .. ,,1,. all tta. -•••ta nqutn..t• of t•• plant. leMo (1947)
Wl'fdaa OQ uaproductlY• foren aoUa obt•t•d aa tncr•••• lD the r•t•
of 1ronh
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of tonat tr•• of 17. J tu'bu per ,ur tbrmaah the uN of
crt1alled
ollvtae t.•••lt ..d dl•IMI••• wlllln tu pnvtou• 1nvth ha4 ken
0.64 iaellea per ,ur.
Mapee1•• la a very i-,o1'tal. ooaatttu•t of plat,. It 1• ••·
•••nU.al coaatituat of tbt aucl•u• of the chlorophyll aolecu1•.
lt
ta Jmon to be • c011atttueat of illfOl't.Dt ....,.. 1,at•••
ntated to tbe
c•rbobJ r•t• •t•bolia•, 1ucb • • pyruyate car'-osU••• •d
pJl"fflC eai•
daH. •ol••• aad peptide.. , •d to IMa a conetltu•t of
ohloroplaet:lc
protetaa (Jevltt, 1963 1 ..d l•aaa, 1959).
Tt. vleual .,..,_. of ......1... deftcteae7 ln •ua•n••• wer•
flrat de•cribed by Martla (19J4). He n,ort• that ta •uaareaH 111
vtrlut
1oluU.OQ without .., ... 1.. the JCNIII l•ne• an Usbt ar...
vbU.a tllil
older oa•• are yellowbh anea la color. A1 tM d•Uctaacy
lacreaHa.
••11 cblontic apota appur wldcla tn the old•r 1.....1 vUl bNoae
••·
erotic. TMN aecrottc 1pota •taht lune•• ta quntlty ••d atve
tbe
older l•ave• • ~••t1 •Pl"l•r••••· luabert and Hart 111 (19SS) ,
and RUIINrt
(1963) ladtut• tut tlMt •,ottl• ta aon proaouued ta otur ti..
ta
,._.er 1••.,.•• aad tbat tlMa etalu •1 ...u.ac latenal
t.rowataa.
1 ....... (19S9) dda tut tbe _..atva deficteat c...• awe •hort•r
au
t~i...r latemod••·
A .S.aUar aet of •J'IIPC... appeartaa la the lawaUa I•lada
IMaa
baa called Mfncltllna", aad ta of c....,. occurnnce la tht ••n
fl•lda of ti.. viadvud a14• of buat. AIIOll,-a (1963) r•,ort•4 tut
tide
fnckled appearaace waa fNC1ueatlJ ••eoctated vi.th ••tl•
eootat.alaa l'atlMlr 1Ull ,11110U11ta of exeu•••'-1• •aae,11111. It
ha• •l•o uea ~•· ported that the fr•ckliq a,-ptOM dtaappeared and
the eqar ylel4 1..
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' er••••• wlaea calelua •Uicat• •• TVA •l• •• added (Aaoa,-u••
1962, 1963, ••• c1...., •• 1965).
f:Hlll!llslM!llll
TIie autMI' ar•t•full:, acnowlecla•• cbe •••lataac• of the etaff
of
tM J>•parc-t of Aaroaoay and Soil Scteace, Uaf.-..nltJ of
HnaU. ••
wi••• to tbaak tile Mf.•l•tr., of •artcultvn of v_.suela for
provtcH111 the Uuac.1•1 ftpport for t'bi1 ato47. Alao, ht wt.•lw•
to ac1ceov1._.
tM •••htaace of Mr•. Betty s ...d• for typl• the auwecrt,c.
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l!MIM Put IMf
The lablla du•••• tan olt•ta•coral And foimd on thl l•ward
beacbea of 1'.awal. It 1• auppoMcl to uw •111.utetl fr• c1114•1'•
of volcno •nptiou that f·an tato thl IN vld.c• •ft•r • ••r,taa
perto4
of t!N •• hrou&l'tt to tile au alton latenf.Ncl vtth ool'•l
uterlal
ff•••• l96S). la tld.• ,tucly, • l'.ekau dua• ••• w• v•ecl •• a
••r•• of oU.YlM and _...1w..
"91Mllill• Tu reuu ._. und \lttU1ed ta the ftelct t••t.• •
......... w,a 8 ..-1,-. •• fou..,
M.n olt•111a ,o.n .....U.t• 15.0I calclua eat'NMt•
SiDN ollriH eontatae about 171 •pe•tua, tM total ......tu.
pftffllt
ta leulla duae Na4 11 ••tf.•t.. to be 14.11.
bnt&Matei tuc•ar• fit14 ID!r\MIS. A fte14 eaper1Mllt ••
••tabUabed • ••
Alumiaou• Penvatnou• Latoaol Mil at tbe tcauat r••h St•tlon.
t'Jnlw1t1tt7 of BnaU., H the l•lAIMI of bv•t. lt waa plaated
111
KOVflllber, 1962 uatna the c•• •••t•t11•39•7021 ta• raa40lll..ct
c..
pl•t• block d.eatan c-,rt11111 four tn•t•at• r-,1tc.ate4 i ovr
U.11111.
TM , 1 .. of •aoh plot •• 40' • so•, with •iaht row• of e.aae 5
f '"t apart .
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Iu•IMMI Bn,ramltl• Thea apeoltic trut•ata uadn teat wen••
followa1
lfape•ta Cant.er
0 0 ,oo 3,))3 •• ollviae
2.soo 16.665 •• oliviDAt .5,000 aa lpSOII Nlt
J.M!'l tatlMPII. The ba1ic tn•t-t applied broadc•at Offl'
the
v le •r••, eoeabted of 600 pouada o.ttroa•n per acre••""• (461
•>. 600 pound• potaealwa •• pot•••iua cbloride (501. l), 1000
pow:ada phoe•
phoru• •• 1uperphoapu1e (211 P), 10 pouada boroo •• bor••
(11.31. I),
2.5 pou.ada aol)'ltdanua •• H
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vltb ttled tNterial moderate, au naular bloek:,
atructure; v•r1 fev fine poree; MDJ' NOta; f•w
vcma caat•a •ad bard •naular pebbl•• more nu•ro •
wtt d•ptti.
IMPUM• Thi'•• different c.-,oatt• •aapl•• of eon were takft
for tbil etudy. They wenu (a) f'l"Oll tba tap.OU of ••ch plot•
(b)
frcim the aubaoU ot each trutaant, aad (c) fr• an uncultivated
aru
a4Jac•t to the aperiMBt.
b&l Aatltfil
£,t&M tUHMI s•M•&!X• Tbe eat 1cm eutaaa• capacity .•••
de•
teralad by WtiQI ....ta .acetate •• uablq aoluU.oa, follo,Nad
i., vaaMaa• wit •th.aaol and tbeo p;,taaalum·· eblorl4a •olut f.ou
to ad up
wit~ an extract troa which ......1. ••• dtett11e4, •114 tttrat•d
vltb
1/14 ! eulfuric acld, Jacka• (1951). The reaulte wre e:apreaucl
••
a1.lltequiva1e ta per 100 11'....
b!MMHI!&! NIMfA•·* na •tllo4 for tba d.etenlaatio'a of ..,.
Matua ta plan• d•••l'i.bed •, Jolmaon ••• tJlrlch (1959) •• daptN
for
-.••iua detenlMt loll ta eoU utracta. TM fUt11•t• fna .....,.
hydroalcle ••la.1111 •• 4rt,ed wt •d Lt• ora••lc ••••r NIIO'Nd
wtth. lei llydroclalol'le ad.411• aa4 clUuted. Pr• tlle di.lute
filtrate •• •11·
41vot w•• takea acl treat•d wt.ell 2 •1 tl'iethallol•t• •ad 5 •1
.....S.• h,clroxf.de ........1. etalnl&a llt11ff•r aolut101I to
ellld.ute tat•rf•r•c•
ot....., •t•l•. 'l1an "" dro,•. of ll'toc...._ llaclc T 1
..lcator wn added. aad titrated vt.tb IJTA ••luttoa •• deacrtbeil
~, Jobuola aad
Ull'tcb (19J9). Tlua nault• tllu• oln\atM4 repruent the MIO\IBI
of cal•
'*lquiveleat to abanbecl plu• aoluble •sne•i11t1.
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eima pl.a• ••••iv•. *1••1• we• o•t•tacl l>y eul,tl'aetioa of
calctw fl'• thil total aalc.tua plu• -••tua.
IUM!Mfl!lt ttl!b.9• TM •tllo4 of plat calot.. •t•nd.uU.•
~1 DIA thrati• 41eurtM4. '-1 Jo1Mae• aad Olrt II (1951) • ••
••ills tlle IIOtlifiecl calceia iacltcatv of Tvcl:ar (19S7) • ,,..
a4opted to Qtenla
calclu• ta eoU utiraata. Aa aUquot •• taaa fna the ... •stract
_., for •1••1• d.et•IWlutl•• aad trated vltla 2 al et
trtet....1.•
aaiM aa4 Sal eocU.• h)'dl'Olll4e··,...lua eJaalde kffer eold1ea
to
ellatut• ..., •t•l taterf•aace. Ta MNtfled Catceta ladicator
(ooat 10 atllisr...) of Tucbr (lt,7) wu -44-d aa4 t a tttrate4
••
4a1crt.Md ~1 Jota•• ad Ulrich (1959).
IUMMHJtlt UlWl¥11• hl•••l• •• detentMd fl'• the 1011
••r•ct b:, n... p1'otoatry •• la,.U.e:atetl bJ Jac1r.8GII
(1951). lllD!l·•,11 tU&t18• latractable •tttcoe •• det•nlM4
ttaNNab
ta. •tbed of Pa (19 5) • Thi MU ••• •laab• for 4 laour• vith ••
atr•cU.111 eolution .... of ,00.,. Ca(H21e4) 1 at pJ1 ,.,. •114 at
•
IOU ,estl'aettna aolutiea ••t.to of lt 10. Aft•r fUterllla. • 5
al •U.•
.-ot of that ••tract •••• ,tnated vlth 4 .i of lOt. .....1.
•11'd•t•
•olutloa, 1 al 12 J! till ocl 3 al lOI. oulio actct..... to
ffl\1111l ••
read eolO'l't..trleall7.
w,,.,, IMIRMDI• •••u.~1. P .............. threualt tba aodtfled
,.._ •tllo4 ••1111 0.02 I J!il04 •• utracttea aolutioa ...
1,100 MUI aolutt• ratio'• a.a 4-tenla.4 •• the
pltotplao-•l:,W•t•
-,1u.
6-ulltll• IYlbl:• AT&tlat.1• s •• detent.ned throuah tha
•tltod
of ru .!1.!l• (lt64) ••lag Ca(l2Y04>2 •• atraottaa .•obattoa.
•••..-
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rettna •IMI dtp•ttna the atraat to deatoy oraam.e:
eGilllfO',lad• and
d•t•Riiataa it turl>idl•trtcaU7 •• i.so4 preclp1ta.t.• •
.d· TM pH detentDatl• wa• 4oU bJ u•tna • I: 1 ratio ef aoU
to '\Id.ff• dlgeaU.QI for 30 aiautea With ocual.-1 et11'1'UIS• •
Ad tMII
...aurtog it with a al••• el41Cttocle.
!ltll
lmU•· fl.ft •t•l• ..... to• fr• ..... flot •t 10 ·- II -t"- of
•1• of the Cfttf. fr• 1...... '• 4, 5, _. ,. thl a111Nt11a u4
bl.ad•• •n M,er•t•d au,......... for further ...1,at• ••
laclt..-cated bJ c:1...ata (19S3, 1959, 1961).
tlfie fiftla •ttad4 t.at•rnocltl ••• •Atl•d •• f.ladteated bf
ci....,e
(1961) •• followe: t» •ldclle portt• of the neeatl7 Mtvr• fifth
llltenode, cNaU.111 ctowaward fNII CM ol•••t U.•tna 1..1, •• cut
off• altced, d.rled at 10° C, aacl 1.....S la a WU•7 M1.11. The
ftftla aad tht
1•10 1a,..._ uapl•• WU4t t•• fr• tN .... stalk• u the 1111NtM ad
-.1.,••.
n. 1-10 f..atefll04e •t•l'i.•l w•• e-,led •• lll4tcatecl 1>1
Ataoa,-,• (l9S9) • follonc tbe Cfttl'al ,-tloa of ••ell ta1e....-
e1on-e..,...ltia
to 1..... a.,. ••4 10 ••• cut •ff, c_,,.• to thi• •U••• •114
drt-4 at 10° c. 1nuad ta• wu., Mt11 eu etor•• f• furtblr
au1,-1e•
. !:tfaM•:l!a• fbl IM&M•1• Ccoatent of the •••tha aad 8•10
t11t•r•
no.da• w•• 4•t•rmlud h)' t1trat1oa wtt.h DrA, follovl.81 the
Jt¥OHdvn al•• by Jo-..on and Ulrlclt. (19'9) , -4 tt •• ftPI'••••'
ta P•l'eUt dry niaht.
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S1J9J.9. C•lctua cleterwlaatloa la bollt e- •heatu ••
tat•ned••
(8•10) •• •• follwa1 fftll the ext...ot of ti. ••Md •t•rt•l, 5
•1
au.quota wr• taua, chn 2 al SOI trtatu•t...._ _. J al of
aodt•
h,clnal4• • aoclbm c,-.t•• eolvtioa wn ad4ed •• iaclt.c•t•• •1
Jolmaoa •d Olrlcla (19S9). after v\llela oout 10 • of Nocllfted
C.lc•l•
ladtcator wen a4-d, and tttratl• vitb BDf.l ,.,.,..... TM
naulta
•n npretaed •• ,erceat dry wf.aht. TM ~ifted C.lceia llldf.cator
11
,...,.Nd wt.tit 1 ,arc ef calc•i•• 6 pert• of ch,-lpbtbalet.11
ad 100
,-ta of potaeatua elaloride ("fuelt•r, 1957). The color cuea• of
t.1111 Mod1fie4 C.lceia tlldicator • froa ana to purple, 11 aharper
than tlle
Ueht•anea to brow cu111• of ~•le•tn alone.
!!lfll&va• C la abeaihl •-4 8•10 !atel'llOd•• ••• deteralne4
b7
fh• apectro 11oc..tr1 •• d••er-t.lMl4 t.1 Anoa,-u.- (1957a).
SUiS98• St coatnt of c... ellllatu Gd 8•10 1a.tenou1 vu de•
tenine4 aravf.•tr1cally followt• tba •tbocl 1,y c1...,e (1959).
The
extract fl'OII the ab of the •Utcoa det•m•tloa •• uNcl for the
de•
t.i11tnatton of ; , Ca, and l !a both aheatu aad 8·10
1atemod••·
bf•UJRl'.U• P coatant of abeatha anct tnt•nod•• w•• det•mtned
colori•trically on ••h extravt• and reported oa • dry utter
111••1•.
3. 5 !! · .aiwa mot7W.t• aad ataaaou• ehlortde •olutloa wen uaed
for
color 4eveloptNnt (Aaoaymoua, 19'7).
R&ftoUI· The clet.entaatt• of attroa•• tn ~lad•• ••4
lAt•l'DO.t•• •• na 1>7 tbe Xjeldaltl •thod (Cl•••t•, 1959) , aa4
11 upr••••d oa •
dry ..tteT ba1ta.
fplfu. s 1 ••• •hutha ••• detenlaed aravtatrtcau,. The
enpl• w•• dr,-aahed wt.th Ma(lf03)2, •114 lulfc detendsaed oa
tlNI ••· t~ect by ,.,..ctptc.tton with 11ae12
-
10
lmU•• •s Btnt.11 Yield of lt.aneatect .... wa• INtN4 • all
anvtta teu11 vl..ttd,11 •
10-foot 41-ter cl.n1• taken h• eacla plot of the apen...t at
bar-
wat u... The fr•• aatffl4il ••• wtabed to • h1a tau of .... ,..,
acn • ._ t._ nb••-,l•cl for tlae naluatt• ta tlla la11iffato.-7 of
c•• ,..,.tf.t,i ...1,., kl•• ht'ltJ• Pol peneat ..... au hl ratlo.
Cau qulUy •• naluatu tu..11 the•• of Pol retto •tl!otl of ....
••1,eta.
-
IUutTI AID DUCUlll
-
12
!AILI I. USut.ft a, IIAIYISTDO or T8 ,ULD IDftlMDT tLOtD Olf
DPAA U..ft CIA! IOU..
, ... of lloclt c...h••t•••
...
lo .....•1• appU.ed
500 ..... ......b.. ,........ •• oU•t•
2 , SOO po'IIIICI• ......, .. par acre •• oU•t.•
,oo ..... ......1.
-.. .... .... .. -'.\
.;:,· 1,-- Nlt
MIMD
• 96.SJ
• 101.21
• 101.29
,,.1,•
Toa• of 'Pol •••I' ratio
I.ti •su
8,916
9.6Jl
9.579
7.9tl
12.,
12.5
u.:s
12.9
fiber ..l 12.8
u.t
U.2
12.1
"Baell flpn r.,n••t• n awraa• o.f toa plota.
-
13
Tilt.I 11. AJIAL'IIIS Of V.U.WICI rat TOH or CAD RI ACII, TOIIS
01 IUQAI. fll. ACII, POt. UTIO,
•• ,ua mcm CAR
Sowc• OearN•lt• of m&Mla ot fftMl.9 19!1111 ·-,Ton• of
cua.ae TN&tlllate 35.Je ,.r ecr• ,a.,u.cat•• 158.11
lrror 9 22,.56
'l'ou •f na•r Trubata 3 2.JJI ,.r acr• ,bpUcat•• 6.62
lnor ,.o,• Pol l.atto 'l'reatMllta J 0.2,
lepU••t•• 3 11.,,,.1,IITOI' '
Pt.kl' pel'cnt Tnemeat• J 0.1, caaa ,1.,11c.,•• o.,.
Iner 0.22'
"
'
-
14
ldl Mtlt!&I
RI• T.tltle U .l •hO!lf• • altabtly taf.gbel' pll fn l>otl\ t
.. appU.cattoe of ...••lt.111 •• oUvtu aad u lp!IOII ••lt at tba
alddl• et tlla crop
c1¢1•, •• capand to th• ao ...-•tua appU.eatt•, but that
dlffereaoe
1'M 4bappeare4 bJ harteat tt•. Ia• •cultivated adjacent •n• , ..
pl of tbe ••11 ••• btaber tua ta Uae ett• of ti. -,.rl-t.
Stllsm IUMIII Ml!!&I!• TN n1ulte •.._ l• Taitt• Ill
ia4lc•t•
tut then v•• little or ao •ffeot of oU•llle au 1,... ••lt •
&be
catl• •:u••• capectcy of the NJ.1. !•M •tlBIUSJI• The
appU.catioa of 2•'°° ...... of .....al.ua ••
ollvtu aacl t• lp1oa ••lt 1aena...t t• ,.reat It•• MturaU.• at
tlta ff.rat ...,uaa dace, tbb dlff•nac• •• aot nfleotecl •
yt•l-S..
la Tat.le Ill, tt 1• .... that thrl pere•11t ••• aatuntioa of
tlw
aoil deer••••• tlle crop set old•r.
!asbal,alt ulsla 9d NI•••&•· ta. 1.evei. of •xchNeeat.l•
uleta ta the •U at tbe fir•• •..,u,. tou.,.., the ... patten •• the
yt•14• of•- au•••"• kt tbla •ltdl•1rtt)' 4la•nun4 ,,. the
ea4 of thl era,. !at.l• IV. C.lcia •tao •lloft tM •taalff.cat
teatun
of ht.ah lnel• ta tide ..u •t th• atart -4 •"'*' nductt• at. the
t•ntraatloa of tlla cro,pl• per1ocl.
Tbia •••••bl• ,ot•••l• d•• aot foll• ••1 atptfiuat p.ttte111.
lNt U• 1 ..... 1 ••,..... t be at.ON tM crtttcal 1...1 et 100 ppa l
ff•
pated bJ .,.... au RUlllbert (1957) ia ....u. At CM ftd .,
tbt
Ol'OPPI.• pe,rlod ti. eacuaa•••l• I Ml•• rNwce4 by OM•helf.
IUM!lt•k,• li!D!!\a• hcluaqealt·l• -aealua cHd aot ehc,v aay
·•taotflcaat dtft•l'••• for tnataeat• la thl coabf.llN -..1,.1,
of varlance
IM.at J.t eholM4 lliah at1atttca11ce to~ dat.. of ...,u•.
-
15
TAIL& 1Il. , • • c&TlOll IXCJWfGI CA.PACnt. AID ,a.car
IASI U.TVIATtal 11 TIii Tonon•
. A!•!II 1161. lld1!!!t11 H.t~ Tn•t•at - c.1.c... .... pl
c.1.c... .... ••• ........ ••tur
!&&• llMII,.•••./100 I ' ••••11001 Ro ...~eta
applte4 ,.2 20.J JJ.9 ,.2 20.0 21.J
,oo ...........,_ ,., 20.4 ,,.1 ,.1 19.8 19.4t•r ••n ••
oU•tae
1,,00 ,-Ilda •aae•tua ,.. 20.1 ,,.. 5.2 20.5 20.,P4l1' ac" ••
olt'rin•
';.•,1',.
:~.~~~-
,oo ..... ......t. per ecwe •• ,., 21., JJ.7 ,.2 21.6 17.7 ··-
••lt
flhcJa f t1an npreN11t• • neraa• of four plot•.
-Catt• lacha•• c.,.d.ty.
http:c.,.d.ty
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16
TAIL! 1Y. LIVILS 0, IXCIWIOBAILI WIS D PAITS Pll 'M.n.LlOI DI
Tlll TOPtOtL
At&Ul,lHJ ..J!ulllNr . ,1\HAT•••t-t •• Ca X u .c.~-.. C !II
... . L '........ l . ,.. - ' applied 1.1ea UI 242 722 44 U6
JOO powd.1......,..... acre .. l,l~J 101 22, 619 51 llJ
olt•t•
2,500 ...... ......1.. ,... ..... •• 1,476 117 204 659 ,a 111
oU.vlu
500 ..........,.. ,... ..... •• 1,272 102 70 1102'2 1,•• ••lt
'"'
-
17
ta Tattle IV, it b c1••1'1)' ••11 tbat then ta • ndacUoa 1a tbl
1...1 of ......, .. fna the firat elate of' • ..,11• to the ••c•'d
_.,.
t'bia ruucttoa •• for Ca aa4 X Milla of t1iie nder of OM•half
ti. •t•rttaa
celltaat. Tbl at• •llow that tlla lewl• of ....1.. ta all
tnat-11
1• hiabel' thaa tlae critical ln.1 of 50 p,- ~ l'e,orted 1-7
Aaaa,-oue
(19,7).
a••,.... of •ua•rc .. to -••l• appU.catloaa lau 'beea • ran
featun ta tbe a.watt.a tNS•r illQetry (A-,-oua, 19S7). th,ene
(11J9)
1 1~1tteh Gui... repcnrta that •ua•reaaa r•.,.... to ......,ua
f•rtlliaa• tloa 11 •••• la place• of wry low ••Mlll••'-1•
...-•tua.
!Bt!!l•ltlt !U&S99• •• •'*- la Tea.la V, the ••rtau•• of
ex
tractable St --. tr·••t••t• at the ••• date of •..,u.. ta ""'
...u, ut vbea det•• of a--,u.oa an e-,and •taaifte-nn at the ff
le-..l appeare. It ie aleo .... that t• 111...1e •r• relatt-..11
tow (rox, 196S). Tilt•, •••oclat-4 "ltla tbe fact of tile lov
,raluea tor the
•n a.-aa•• for tnatMata, •uaa••t• thl ,oeetbtUtJ of• 'Nl"Y ••11
nl••H of aolul>l• 1tlicoe f~oia oll•l.. o.- aoae at all.
AY•iltllll IMIIMDt• A.vaUabl• P •• Ntent...a 1>7 the
-41tted
Tnoa •thod ,...,. eoealclel'abl• dUf•rac•• •--. tl'Nt...,a. wt
tboa•
dtffenace• 44..d aot reecll etatlattcat •taatfteace. tba
••rtattOD .....
Teplleat•• wa• alao •11h.
6DU1f!lt 1,iea,. •••u.,1. I ••.ctet•nt.., .,, the •thod of Fa (1
65) a•• wry U.ttl• ••l'laU.oa noaa treat•at ad ~•pllcat•• ••
well.
lta coefflot.•t of ••rJ.au ••• '"1'7 lov.
http:��l'laU.oahttp:a--,u.oa
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18
'fA.,&LI V. LEWLS OF !XTIAGTAJlU 8 ILl'.COO Ill PARTS I'll
Mn.um D TII TCWSOIL•
TreatMAt Aug,u1t 1963** Se.pt...er 1964•
•o -•••b•appUed 7.26 4.74
,oo ........ uaae,tu•.... acn •• 7.02 1.1, olt•dn•
2 ,JOO ,ouda upe1t.ua per •er• •• 1.2, 7.03 oUvtn•
soo poa4• M1De1tum
,;,,\ per ffft •• 7.61 6.62\:' 1:paom ••lt
""'!aeb u,-,.,.. repnaent• a average of tour ptota.
http:upe1t.ua
-
19
_,,. lhyt,y. Tbll coa1tl.Md asael,el• of varlaea for •bll•tb-Ms
•howe4
,U.ffereac•• ..... tn•t-t• to • •tsaifleAt at the .n lewl. It
al10
nwaled tM dlff•r•••• for dat•• ot aaapUaa •• for npU.cat•• to
be
•taatftcaat at tile 1~ 1..-1. 11o1111-..r. tt fatl-4 to ebov
etaatttcaat
correlati011 with •ua•r yleld•.
c1.....c1 (1959) eatat.U.abed tatatlwlJ tbe e,rtU.cal l«Nl
of
......i\la ill alleatu •• 0.11,t. of tbll eua•r-fl'N drJ wtatat.
.....,....
(19,7) au HuaNt't (1963) report lt •• t.et.aa 1a tbe
netahl>orhoocl of 11.
dr, wtatat. Ia thia -,.rl-t au tbe tn•t-t neraa• ••1•• •n Ml•
0.17)1. dry wl1llt aa4 abcml 1'1 4ry wetaht.
1:19 lalilDUIJ• The coeiae4 a.aalyaia of varl•c• ef 8•10
totar
•ocl••·Ma r~••l•d no a:lgaiflc••t •tfference f.or treat1lilata
but• 'bia,11 etaat.ftaaot OM for dat•• of ••11PU111. 8•10
t•t•nole•·Ha di.cl aot ebov
atsalftcaat correlation wtt.h ylelcte of naar.
The lewh of 8•10 lnt•ncHt••·ka wr• ta au cu•• llf.1lwr tlaaD
tlle crttlcal 1..-el o.'/ o.on. glffll b:, thtllbert (1 63).
It 1• latereatl111 to aot• llien tut tlllen v•• coutderel>l•
taenau
la plaat•lfa vttb laena•i• .. (I• Table YI).
S:•Js&n IMttll. The aver•&• ln•l• of abeatlt-Ca wn
re.latifflJ Ill.alt for
all treataeata •••Pt for tile c'bN.k wldcla •• at or klow ta
erl.tt.c•l
level. Cleaeat• (19,t) noted tbat crtttcal level 11•• eOMVNN
betwea
0.151. •ad 0.171 Ca ta ·tbll dr-, •tt•r.
http:coa1tl.Md
-
20
1'AILI Vt. tlfftS o, MACIIISIUM ll c:,.. 8111&.'l'B MID •-to
ms••• II PDCDT lll.Y UIGIT AT TWO DlfflUIIT
MIii a, Pl CIOP*
9DI! lliJ'** 1111..i.1 l!li**' , .......1 Sbuth 8•10 Sheath 8•10
&lhndtl &MtlMIU .......,_.~-i.:· .,,u.•d 0.10, o.oa1 0.156
0.139
,00 ........ ......1 • . per acl'e •• 0.099 O.OIS 0.1S7 0.112
olt•i•
2,500 peu ell ......1. per un •• 0.115 0.100 0.17l 0.1,1
ou....1..
.., ·, ..., soo powad.e..........
0.111 0.171 0.184 !,- Altper •c-r• •• 0.1,,
frD•t•nd.Mct lJy tllie Mtltod •f Jolla... .eacl Ulric
{ltJt),aodtftN ~, TueluJr (1957).
-.a.ch t.laun repn••t• •• ......,.of fwr plot•.
-
Zl
1·19 ilStDMtl• Tlae ••lt•• .for Ca ta the 1•10 tat...,•• are
ffl'J Id.all OOIIP•n• to the cd.tlcal ••1•• of 0.061 •• a1wa ~.,
I\IIINrt (lffJ).
!tJ111tvw
The r•• lt• tr• tlle aul79•• of eheath _. 8•10 latenoctea I: •
...._. tblt ,.t•••tu• ••• vltW.a tbe ao.,..l r-.• for 1804 1rowtll.
JJUm
'S11Mtll- alld. a-10 tat•nocte-Sl val•• are low, au a aot follow
••1 •laalfteat patten, INt tllAJ 4o •1111••• • hi1h atNUat of
••rt.abUit.f ..., plot• of the ..... tnat..u. ,,.. ••l•• of It ta
abeatu au 1•18 tatefllOd•• •n •ltow la Tat>t• Vll.
ttMr ll!Jllldt
Tbe 1 ...1. of P ta CIM •••tit, ,•• _. a-10 lateno4U "" at lnel•
re,.Tted to" ........,. for Mnal arwtll.
-
22
TA:ltl Vil. LIVIU Of 81LICCJl XN CAD SIIA'l'lt AID 8•10
Dft'DIODIS II ftllellff l>&Y WllOBT AT flle. D1ff1111T
MIS or T1II Cl.Of•
AYl!IIS 12,~.. S•1tf1!J1U .l!I~ .. Tnat•at Sheatlt 8•10 1•10
t11tmt41• .•l:N!DM!!
f
- ·-··" 1lo ugneat.aa
appU.•d 0.343 0.073 O.SJ4
,oo pouad•......,-..,.. aen •• 0.,1, 0.0-56 0.324 oU•iu
2 ,,oo ...... .....11111 per ..... •• o.,,, 0.072 o.,,,
ollvlH
soc pouada •aae•tua.. aore •• 0.,1• 0.072 o.,os .,... ••lt
'*l..,11.. ••• 4... at 10 aACl 22 aoatb• of.,••
http:ugneat.aa
-
COWCLUSIOIII
fr• crttlcal ...1711• of tlla ••t• et •1uaiua c•t•at la aoU ud
1D plnt, aad fr• the •t•tlatf.ul ••l,at• of )'ield of c•• aad -.•r
,-r acre lt .la eoaclu4ecl tll&t tllen ,... •• ••••1• def
ioieac7 Ulld.•r tbe cOlldtU,a• ef tllle ._....,...t, or •l..• tllat
•ua•rc ... v•• •·
•~1• to •Jaov 1t. •• 11 1a pnaeat la o1t'f'lM ill bf.all
ftlOUllta and •• lt vaa •-
that lacn••lD& ._..,. •f •U•t• a.,,lled dt aot f.MnaH tlle
•oU aad plaat leYela ef •••tlable St, it l• •uaa••t•4 that ettber
Sl i• aot nlea1ed la ...Nrabl• q.antiti••, or Ult 1, nle...4 ta
c•etd•l'••t•
aao•t• • it la not la • ton uHfwl to the plat.
c1-11t• (1965) foad tut ta pot •x,ert•nt• pla11tad to aua•n••
there traa •• re•poa•• to .....,iaa alllc•t• baarilla ..~ri•l•
(olt•tae
•• cinder) wldl• outatan4f.aa n,,..... ven .a.talaed wt.th
ealctua
eU1eate 11... 'l'llie atHwe·-Uoaed fllMlllla ..... to lMt
cOl'roborated by
tba fact tMt oltvlM 11 • •IM•l• Ma1"taa Mt•ri•l• faUecl to
.,,..c...
tu frnkU.111 pn'blN.
The Mped.ua leffle of t.M cue a1watb aacl 8•10 Latel'IIOU haif
•
e••lcl•r•ltl• tacr••N wttll iacna•taa aa• et tM erop.
ta a••r•l, thl lhlt.r1tloul etat • of •••re... •• aood for
tu
whole crop e7d• • except for the fact tut the l•ffl• o.f
....uot• Si
la pl•t •• ••U wen "TJ low.
http:outatan4f.aahttp:�t�tlatf.ul
-
,-r>.·-:·.·-·
LlT!IATUll CfflD
A,r••, A. s., ••cl l. P. llnllNTC. 1951. tnal• crittcel 1...1e
for NU pbHphon• ... ,ec•••t•..... ,....... Pl....... Esp. Sta.
Spactal lel•••• 1SS, 4.
Aaon,-u•. 19'7. Hawn. laser Pl. A11oe. lap. Sta. Au. lept.
----· l S7a. Crop lOU1Dla aaal7•l• of leaf, eheath aad &•10
iatel'II04e •-,1••. ,... h1•r Pl. •••oe. lap. Sea.
(M:ialo.>.
----· 19.S. • lutltuto para el Mejel'•l••t• •• l•
pro,ucct•Aeucarera. Mexlco. re,. 19Jt. pp. 2 •29.
----· 1961. The pol ratte (4eetat..rator) •thou of aaalyele.
Haw. user fl. Aaaoo. lxp. Sta. (Mt••·) •
•.o.A.c. 1960. !ft!taf.l .If. A11lut1. 9tll. "·
.., ..1., M. l. • ... 1'. .......... 19.1). • ......1.ueu of
CIM•h•l aut-,..1 of Mila ad fl'••h fllAl'caM U••• to arowt~ aa4
Ji•14. lat. soc. Sva•r c:... Tecll. Proc. tth eo.ar. pp. 24-29.
llack, c. A. 1957. !IU·!l!U ltltS1AID&JI• Jo• WUey -4 s....
tac. lew York.
Cl'tao, T. T•• aad Jt. Y. Lt. 1949. fiald nperlant• on t'he
...11onU.oa of latesitle •otlas •ffeet• of U• aad ......,.
appUcau.... Jl•pt. Tatwa Suaar E•P• ta. Ko. 4. 125•146.
c1,.a,._, n. o. , •Ad P. I'. l>ratt. 1961. Method• of
aul1af.1 for ao.Ua, pleat•• •d wtera. U.1•. of CaUfonia, Div. of
Aarf.c. Sci. hrkel•y, CaU.tonta.
c1....te, • r., J. I'. Mutia, flMl s. rtpcht. 1941. C.,oattloa
ef •ua•n- plat• 1rowa la fffid.eat autrt.•t toluttoea. h'Wll. 1'1 •
•••• 45. 227•2)9.
------· 19SJ. Cup loaina tra l•vaU. Prtaclpl•• ad
pracu.e.e,.lat. loe. Suaar C•• Tula. Ith. C-n•• hoc. pp. 79•97.
--------· 1957. Crop logt• of •ua•l'cae, the ataaclard attna•
tachtx •d the saorM1 nitrC111• 1•••• law. A&rlc. lsp. Sta.
T•c-.,.1.... ,,.
------· 19H. kceat d.,..1.,..•t• m tu crop loatna of •ua• cane,
pboepbons1 •ad ulctlua. !!aw. Aartc. hp. Sta. Prosre•• lot•• •••
114.
http:11onU.oa
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25
Cl•••t•, B. r. 1961. c.rop toalna of •ua•rc.ae tn avau. ?1!11
!Mltl&I 84 ftUUIIU lJ:alW• 14. Walter l.eutber. Aa. lut. liol.
Set. Publ. • .Lord Balttwon Pr•••.
------· 1 65. P•r1onal COIIIIIUllicaU.oa.
CU•. M. C • .11 ti• 195S. Soil avrve7 of tM 't•rr1tol')' of
lavaU. U.S .D.A. Soll tvrwJ Sert•• 1919. If•. 1,.
ltvn•, • 19'9. 114Ullb:8 otur tllaa aitros•, potaaat• ad
phNpbon• tn tbe •t•ral autril loo of na•r u•. lat. he. a a•r c-
!eeli. Proc. lOthC0111n••· PP• 41J•508.
F•tf•ll•, a. M. 19'4•55. I trttloa au aou,. Ill. PreUm.aawy
l'Uult1 of ll•iaa •oil• of nper ku•td •oae•. Au. l•-pt. Maurit1ua
Suaar IIICI. a.a. x..t. )J•J7.
Pa, I. L. 1 1. A. 01••• •d ti. r. load••· 1964. lvalu•tlag tha
aulfur atacua of the eon by plant •ad ,otl teata. Soil Set. Soc.
Alt • ..... 2-1(2)1 24'•246.
----· lffS. hraoul e_.tcatloa.
h•tu. I. J. 1963. Tlae .....tut m.trteat .1...at•1 nq•lr...t• ••
1ateracti•• .lo pl•ata. IJ.MS 1hU1olau. Vol. III. 14. , . c.
8twar41. Acacleata Pn••• lac. • lfew Yorit •114 IAMOD. pp.
1,1.36&.
BuaMn • a. ,. , net J. P. Martt•. 195'. htr1t1oul deflcieaoJ
.,_,,_ ta nsarc... 1... Pl. bo. 5!c 95• 102.
-----· 196J. ll&I. irnhl& at IVUUIU• 11N.t•r Publlald...
Co. • ._ter,... 1ft York.
Jukaaa, M. L., • A. Tyler a 11• 1948. fbya. Colleld. C11ea. S2:
12'7• 1260.
------• ad G. D. Sbenaa. 1953. Cllilatcal weathlrt• of atoerala
ta 1011•. A4vuc•• ta AanaGll1 Ss 219•Jl8.
- ----• 1.9S8. 1til S..tstl .!a!JD11• Pnatt•• Hall. lac,•
&qlewood
-
Loaaataf.f. w. H., •114 I. a. Crabta. 1951. lele•N of llf.nerat
...-11ua aa4 it• •ffeot oa anvth ad c-,oattl• of aoylMaa•. oil Set.
71: 167•174.
Mart:111, J. ,. 1934. S711PtC11111 ef ...1aatr1.tlo ...ueeted
1>7 the aua•r• ca• plant vll4ta ar,,.. te ••lcun 1oluu.... Raw.
Pl. lecOl'cl J81 3•30.
•-•· A. 1947. ta,roft•at of d..racled poor foreat •tb wf.tb.
1Mlp of .cru•M4 IMlelc enpttw rock•. c,1. 1A1 .• 26: 21•2'4. Abe.
ta Biol. Aba. 22(429).
Pa:,ae, J. JI. • nd B. I. Kthoa. 1959. Tba pol i-aUo •tbod tor
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10th C ...n••· pp. 436•446.
Pluclmatt. D. L. 1961. SOM pla11t nlatloubtp• in tM hawxlU.c
aoUa of ·r.ut. Tha111, Uatftraity of BavaU.. June.
lc..ltt, L. 194t. lAadr. rora~k. la 14•28. •~•· Soil ..d Jer,.
1,s 196.
Sea, o., aad A. Qle11. 1960. tre.Umt.ury tnwattaaU.ou oa tN
Uberatloa of •a••tua f~ oltvtM. Tl.4 ekr. ffol'all• Laadk. 67, Ro.
1•2, 24•30. Ab•. C.A. S:S (2970).
b.enaa, C:. D., aad G. Uehara. 1956. The ""tt.riaa of oUYiM
baealt la R••U aa4 it• peclo,eatc at1•tftcanc•. sou Scl. Soc. ••·
Proc. 20: ,:n-,•o.
Snedecor. O. V. 1956. §t•ll1£:!.u1 ldmdl• I•• St•t• Un1ver•1tJ
fru•. AM•, Iowa. Sth ed .
Tueku, ». M. 19'7. CalMill •• • iadtcator f• tbe tf.tratloe of
caletua wlth EM'.&. Aulyet 82t 284.
1"C1111kk, D. w. 1960. 'lntative 4•••rlptt'ff teaeu of the aotl
nl'ftlJ of tbe lalaad of r.tu.-1. S.U c._,. S•rv., State of BnaU.
Ma7.
Yonae, O. a., t.. D. PbtckMtt, u4 a. H. I• laa. 196J.
\faput>U.•W data.
1915. Pereoul c....atcattoa. . .. .... il -·
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011Gomez 012Gomez 013Gomez 014Gomez 015Gomez 016Gomez 017Gomez
018Gomez 019Gomez 020Gomez 021Gomez 022Gomez 023Gomez 024Gomez
025Gomez 026Gomez 027Gomez 028Gomez 029Gomez 030Gomez 031Gomez
032Gomez 033Gomez 034Gomez 035Gomez 036Gomez 037
