Tea gafrindaSvili egzistencialisturi tendenciebi ... Gaprindashvili, Disertacia.pdf · A. Lesky,...

Tea gafrindaSvili

egzistencialisturi tendenciebi Tanamedrove berZnul egzistencialisturi tendenciebi Tanamedrove berZnul egzistencialisturi tendenciebi Tanamedrove berZnul egzistencialisturi tendenciebi Tanamedrove berZnul

mwerlobaSi mwerlobaSi mwerlobaSi mwerlobaSi

(a.(a.(a.(a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi)frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi)frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi)frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi)

Tbilisi 2005

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sarCevi:

Sesavali________________________________________________ 3

pirveli nawili pirveli nawili pirveli nawili pirveli nawili

1. egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /________ 7

2. meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli

literatura_____________________________________________ 24

3. egzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literatura________ 35

4. a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)_ 42

meore nawilimeore nawilimeore nawilimeore nawili

1. andreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis

gmirebi_________________________________________________ 54

2. “Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi____ 80

3. adamianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSi__ 92

4. adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis “wylis

moqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi” mixedviT____________________ 108

5. s. plaskovitisi “kaSxali ” – sityva-simbolo__________________ 123

6. “Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaazreba s. plaskovitisis

romanSi “kaSxali”_________________________________________ 133

daskvna__________________________________________________ 140

gamoyenebuli literatura__________________________________ 145

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SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

egzistencializmi filosofiuri gamoxatulebaa Zalagamoclili

samyarosi - werda Jan pol sartri. berZeni mecnieris, markos avRerisis

azriT ki es aris filosofia, romelic sxva danarCeni ideologiuri

mimdinareobebisagan gansxvavebiT, yvelaze metad asaxavs adamianis

sulier da moralur mdgomareobas. igi gaJRenTilia im pesimizmiT,

romelic sul ufro da ufro Rrmad idgams fesvebs evropul azrovnebaSi.

egzistencializmi hegesiasis “sikvdilis mqadagebel” filosofiasac

mogvagonebs, romelic im epoqaSi aRmocenda, roca antikuri berZnuli

samyaro daRmavlobisaken miemarTeboda da cxovrebisagan

imedgacruebul adamianebs masobrivi TviTmkvlelobisaken ubiZgebda.

hegesiasis filosofiis Tanaxmad, cxovreba gausaZlisi tkivlia,

TviTmkvleloba ki erTaderTi gamosavalia cxovrebis problemebisagan

Tavis dasaRwevad.1 sainteresoa, rom jer kidev XIX saukuneSi berZenma

poetma, ioanis griparisma, gamoiyena ra “masobrivi TviTmkvlelobis”

Tema, Seqmna saucxoo leqsi, romelic udavod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

egzistencialisturi tendenciebiTaa gaJRenTili. aRniSnul leqsSi

mocemuli yvela detali sikvdilis simboloa, sicocxle warmodgenilia

rogorc sikvdilisaken mimavali gza. es ki aris Sexeduleba, romelsac

egzistencialur azrovnebaSi centraluri adgili ukavia. i. griparisis

pesimizmi saocar TanxvedraSia evropaSi gabatonebul pesimizmTan,

romelic XIX saukunidan moyolebuli sul ufro da ufro imyarebda

fesvebs. adamianebSi Cabudebuli grZnobebi gadamdebi seniviT edeboda

1 Sdr.: A. Lesky, Ιστορία της αρχαίας ελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, Θεσσαλονίκη 1990, 697.

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mTels samyaros, erTi qveynidan meoreSi inacvlebda, gansakuTrebiT ki

maSin, roca arsebuli garemoeba yvelgan erTmaneTis identuri xdeboda.2

Tanamedrove berZnulma literaturam ver SeZlo gverdi aevlo am

pesimisturi ganwyobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT im epoqaSi, (aq saubaria

meore msoflio omze da mis Semdgom periodze), roca sazogadoebis

ganwyoba identuri iyo egzistencialisturi tendenciebisa.

dasavluri egzistencialisturi ideebis berZnul inteligenciaSi

popularizaciasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove berZnuli literaturis

mkvlevarTa mxridan araerTi urTierTgamomricxavi azri iqna

gamoTqmuli. ase magaliTad, kritikosi d. ravtopulosi erT-erT

gamokvlevaSi werda: “igulisxmeba, rom egzistencializmis gavlena ar

iyo, vinaidan ar arsebobda kavSiri. Cvenamde mxolod im

antikonformistuli ideebis gamoZaxilebi aRwevda, romlebic

ganTavisuflebis pirvelsave wlebSi parizis axalgazrda inteligencias

aRelvebda. es iyo ZiriTadad sen-Jermen-de pres bulvaris Ramis klubebis

folklori da ara sartris wignebi. arc sorbonis universitetSi

Catarebuli misi leqciebis mosmena iyo SesaZlebeli... am ideebis

gamoZaxili maSin saberZneTSi iSviaTad aRwevda da isic cenzuris qveS

gatarebuli da saxecvlili iyo. saberZneTSi Jids, kamius, moruas,

kostlers da ra Tqma unda, sartrs “antikomunistebis” ricxvs

miakuTvnebdnen da maT amerikuli imperializmis mqadageblebs

uwodebdnen. “dasavlur” sazogadoebebSi, Cven varT Tanamedrove epoqaSi

samyarosagan yvelaze metad mowyvetili axalgazrdoba, pasportis,

ideebis, informaciis gareSe”.3 aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

2 Sdr.: Μ. Αυγέρης, Αφιέρωµα στην Φιλοσοφία του Υπαρξισµού 1, Ο Καµύ στην Ελλάδα, ∆ίµηνο περιοδικό λογοτεχνίας και προβλιµατισµού, Αθήνα 1971, 64. 3 ∆. Ραυτόπουλος, Άρης Αλεξάντρου, Ο εξόριστος, Αθήνα 1996, 21-25.

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gansxvavebul azrs ayalibebs d. cakonasi. misi azriT winaaRmdegoba, ara

imdenad, rogorc erovnuli moZraoba, aramed rogorc sazogadoebrivi

protesti, modernizmTan, dasavleTis moazrovneTa egzistencialur

filosofiasTan, froidizmTan da postsiurealizmTan erTad qmnis

omisSemdgomi periodis SemoqmedTa ideologiur polifonias.4 SesaZloa

nawilobriv orive kritikosis azrs daveTanxmoT. marTlac Znelad

savaraudoa, ramdenad SesaZlebeli iyo omisSemdgom periodSi

gabatonebuli politikuri atmosferosa da diqtaturis pirobebSi

sartrisa da kamius wignebs iseTive aRtacebiT Sexvedroden saberZneTSi,

rogorc es evropis sxva qveynebSi moxda, Tumca amis absoluturi

gamoricxvac SeuZlebelia.

vfiqrobT, rom egzistencializmis berZnul literaturaSi SeRwevisa

da funqcionirebis kanonzomierebani saTanadod ar aris gamokvleuli.

rogorc Tanamedrove berZnuli literaturis istoriis specialistebi

aRniSnaven, es Tema neogrecistikaSi erT-erT yvelaze nakleb Seswavlil

mxares warmoadgens. ucxour samecniero literaturaSic ar arsebobs

specialuri naSromi, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis

berZen mweralTa egzistencialisturi msoflmxedvelobis warmoCenas

eZRvneba.

Cveni naSromi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis berZnul

mwerlobaSi egzistencialisturi tendenciebis gamovlenisa da detaluri

Seswavlis pirveli mcdelobaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom spiros

plaskovitisis, andreas frangiasis da dimitris xaZisis Semoqmedeba

rogorc berZeni, ise ucxoeli kritikosebisa da mecnierebis mier sakmaod

kargad aris Seswavlili, maTi nawarmoebebi am kuTxiT sagangebod aravis

4 Sdr.: ∆. Τσακωνάς, Επίτοµη ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, πρώτη µεταπολεµική γεννιά,

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gamoukvlevia da am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mxolod sxvadasxva varaudia

gamoTqmuli.5 rac Seexeba qarTul samecniero literaturas, Cven ar

mogvepoveba araTu msgavsi Sinaarsis, aramed zogadi xasiaTis naSromi,

romelic zemoT dasaxelebuli mwerlebis Semoqmedebas eZRvneba.

winamdebare sadisertacio naSromis mizania, im ZiriTad

debulebebze dayrdnobiT, rac zogadad egzistencialistur filosofiasa

da egzistencialistur literaturaSi gamoikveTeba, monografiulad

Seiswavlos is, Tu rogor realizdeba egzistencializmi Tanamedrove

berZnul mwerlobaSi CvenTvis saintereso periodSi. aseve daadginos, Tu

ramdenad didia evropuli, kerZod ki franguli egzistencializmis

gavlena berZnul literaturaze da rac mTavaria, ra ZiriTad

Taviseburebebs gviCvenebs am TvalsazrisiT berZen mweralTa

Semoqmedeba. naSromSi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis sami

berZeni mwerlis, a. frangiasis, d. xaZisisa da s. plaskovitisis

Semoqmedebas ganvixilavT, romlebic, Cveni azriT, TavianT epoqaSi

mimdinare movlenebis qarcecxlSi adamianis arsebobis problemebiT

gansakuTrebiT arian dainteresebulni. calkeul TavebSi saTiTaod

ganvixilavT am mweralTa prozaul nawarmoebebs da maTSi warmodgenil

erTob saintereso da uxv masalas, rac egzistencialisturi

tendenciebiTaa gajerebuli, aseve paralelebs gavavlebT sxvadasxva

egzistencialisti mwerlis literaturul nawarmoebebTan.6 sainteresoa

Αθήνα 1999, 534. 5 amis mizezi, Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli epoqis prozaikosTa SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZafri politizirebaa. aqedan gamomdinare mecnierebi da mkvlevarebi, ZiriTadad, omisSedgomi periodis mweralTa Semoqmedebis politikur aspeqtze akeTeben aqcents da maT mier wamoWril zogadsakacobrio sakiTxebs nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben. 6 ZiriTad aqcents frangi egzistencialisti mwerlebis a. kamiusa da J. p. sartris Semoqmedebaze gavakeTebT, vinaidan isini ara mxolod XX saukunis

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berZeni mwerlebis mier wamoWrili adamianis arsebobis, misi sicocxlisa

da sikvdilis siRrmiseuli gancdebis amsaxveli problemebis kvleva. maTi

Semoqmedebis am TvalsazrisiT Sesawavlisas SevecdebiT vaCvenoT Tu

rogor aris maTTan gaazrebuli rogorc adamianis gaucxoebis, misi

martoobis, gariyulobis sakiTxebi, aseve Tavisuflebis, amboxisa da

absurdis koncefciebi.

Cveni kvlevis am etapze evropeli egzistencialisti mwerlebis

saerTo ganwyobidan da maTi Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare SevecdebiT

Tanamedrove berZnuli prozis warmomadgenelTa konkretuli

nawarmoebi detalurad SeviswavloT da gamovyoT is arsebiTi Strixebi,

rac safuZvels mogvcems maTi Semoqmedeba egzistencialisturi

literaturis prizmaSi ganvixiloT. kvlevisas mimovixilavT erTi mxriv

egzistencialisturi Teoriebis universalur da meore mxriv berZnuli

sinamdvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aspeqtebs.

pipipipirveli nawili / Tavi pirveli rveli nawili / Tavi pirveli rveli nawili / Tavi pirveli rveli nawili / Tavi pirveli

egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /egzistencializmis gza / filosofiidan literaturamde /

im literaturul mimarTulebaTa Soris, romelTac mniSvelovani

adgili daikaves XX saukunis evropul literaturaSi, egzistencializmi

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. egzistencializmi (arsebobis filosofia)

laTinuri sityvidan existentia momdinareobs. aRniSnuli filosofiuri

mimdinareoba XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi germaniaSi warmoiSva, saidanac

egzistencialisturi mimdinareobis centralur figurebad iTvlebian, aramed swored maTma literaturulma nawarmoebebma aqcies egzistencializmi popularul literaturul mimdinareobad mTels msoflioSi. aseve yuradRebas SevaCerebT f. kafkas Semoqmedebaze, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom berZeni mwerlebis Sexedulebebi absurdTan da religiur TematikasTan dakavSirebiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, TanxvedraSia avstrieli mwerlis ideologiasTan.

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msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gavrcelda, ganviTarebis mwvervals ki

safrangeTSi miaRwia. egzistencializmi erT-erTi gavrcelebuli

mimdinareobaa Tanamedrove burJuaziul filosofiaSi. “egzistencializmi

dRes sazRvargareT imdenad popularulia, rom mas zogi Cveni saukunis,

“atomisa da SiSis” saukunis filosofiad miiCnevs”, - aRniSnavs qarTveli

mecnieri r. gordeziani.7 egzistencialisturi ideebis farTo gavrcelebas

xeli Seuwyo im garemoebam, rom man filosofiuri meditaciis centrSi

adamianis arsebobis, misi sicocxlisa da sikvdilis siRrmiseuli

gancdebis amsaxveli problemebi daayena.

egzistencializmis mimdevarTa wre metad farToa. igi sxvadasxva

mrwamsis adamianebs aerTianebs, magaliTad aTeistebsa da qristianebs,

ris Tanaxmadac egzistencializmis mkvlevarni religiur (k. iaspersi, g.

marseli) da aTeistur (m. haidegeri, J. p. sartri, a. kamiu) egzistencializms

gamoyofen. egzistencialisturi mimdinareobis mTavari warmomadgenlebi

arian m. haidegeri, k. iaspersi, J. p. sartri, g. marseli, a. kamiu, s. bovuari,

m. merlo-ponti, rusi emigrantebi n. berdiaevi, l. Sestovi, espaneli

mwerali da filosofosi m. unamuno. Tumca egzistencialistebis

winamorbedebad sokrate, avgustine, T. aqvineli, luTeri, kalvini, kanti,

nicSe, kierkegori da dostoevski miiCnevian. isini, egzistencialistebis

azriT, is filosofosebi da moazrovneebi arian, romlebic TavianT

SemoqmedebaSi egzistencialur problemebs warmoaCendnen. 8

egzistencializmis mravalmxrivi gamovlinebis miuxedavad, mainc

SesaZlebelia misi zogadi tendenciisa da xasiaTis dadgena. igi

gamoxatavs imdroindeli dasavleTis inteligenciis mZafr sulier

7 r. gordeziani, egzistencializmi, narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, Tbilisi 1993, 412. 8 Sdr.: k. baqraZe, eqsistencializmi, Tbilisi 1962, 14.

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kriziss, ramac gansakuTrebuli ZaliT ori msoflio omis Sedegad iCina

Tavi. aRmoCnda, rom kapitalistur-industriuli civilizaciis pirobebSi

adamiani araadamianur mdgomareobaSia moqceuli, gaucxoebulia,

dakarguli aqvs Tavisufleba da pirovnuloba. aseT pirobebSi adamiani

ucxo da misTvis ucnob socialur Zalebs sulieri da fizikuri

katastrofisaken mihyavs. swored es ganwyoba gansazRvravs

egzistencialuri azrovnebis zogad xasiaTs.9 rusi filosofosis, n.

berdiaevis azriT, adamianis “gaburJueba”, misi proletarizacia

momakvdinebeli aRmoCnda pirovnebis arsebobisaTvis. kapitalizmi,

uwinares yovlisa, antipersonalizmia, anonimuri Zalaufleba, mTel

adamianur arsebobaze rom vrceldeba; is adamians epyroba, rogorc

nivTs. misi azriT, burJuaziul-kapitalisturi samyaro adamianTa Zmobisa

da erTianobis uaryofa iyo.10

am filosofiuri mimdinareobis qvakuTxedi “egzistenciis” cnebaa.

igi tradiciulad “arsebis arsebobas” gamoxatavda. egzistencia

gagebulia, rogorc sruliad Taviseburi mimarTeba Tavisi Tavisadmi da,

amgvarad, sxvisadmic, anu es aris sxvisadmi “TviTmimarTva”, rac

Tavisuflebas moaswavebs. “TviTmimarTvasa” da TavisuflebaSi

gamoixateba adamianis (Selbst) “sxva”, risaken “TviTmimarTvacaa” adamiani.

“TviTmimarTvis” xasiaTi da mimarTuleba egzistencialistebis mier

erTnairad ar aris gagebuli, magram maTTvis saerToa adamianis namdvil

arsebobad Tavisuflebis, “TviTmimarTvis”, pirovnulobis aRiareba.11

9 Sdr.: z. kakabaZe, egzistencializmi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IV, Tbilisi 1979, 22. 10 Sdr.: n. berdiaevi, adamianis bedi Tanamedrove samyaroSi, Tbilisi 2001, 15. 11 Sdr.: z. kakabaZe, egzistencializmi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IV, Tbilisi 1979, 22

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adamianis egzistencia auxsnelia, “arsebobis filosofia” ki mis

konkretul interpretacias axdens.

qarTveli filosofosi r. gordeziani gamohyofs im arsebiT niSnebs,

rac SesaZloa saerTo maxasiaTeblad CaiTvalos egzistencializmis

warmomadgenlebisaTvis: 1. egzistencialuri filosofiis centrSi dgas

adamiani, rogorc gansakuTrebuli konkretuli arseba - egzistenti;

2. adamianuri egzistenti yovelTvis individualuria. igi ara saeTod

adamians anda adamianTa simravles, aramed individualur, erTeul

adamians exeba; 3. egzistencializmi ar aRiarebs mxolod adamianis

izolirebul “me”-s arsebobas. egzistencializmSi adamiani ar ganixileba

TavisTavSi Caketil izolirebul individualur arsebad. piriqiT,

adamiani masSi gagebulia rogorc gaxsnili, Ria realoba, romelic

Tavisi arsebiT dakavSirebulia garesamyarosTan da sxva adamianebTan.

egzistencia dasawyisidanve samyaroSi, sxva individebTan yofnaa.

egzistencializmi erTeul adamians yovelTvis konkretul situaciaSi

ganixilavs, magram arasodes izolirebulad, aramed yovelTvis

samyarosTan da sxva adamianebTan kavSirSi; 4. egzistenti yofnis ucvleli

forma ki ara aris, aramed dinamiuria, Tavisi arsebiT drosTan da

droulobasTanaa kavSirSi; 5. egzistencialistebi aufasureben

inteleqtualur Semecnebas. realoba ganicdeba da gaigeba pirad

egzistencialur gamocdilebaSi. am cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis wyarod

ki maT miaCniaT “Zrwola”, romelsac adamiani ganicdis maSin, roca

gaacnobierebs amqveyniuri aramyari usafuZvlo yofnis sasrulobas anu

pirad sasrulo droul yofnas, romelic gardauvali sikvdiliT Tavdeba

(haidegeri); 6. Tanamedrove egzistencialistebi kvlevis dros met-

naklebad fenomenologiur meTods iyeneben: maTTan didi mniSvneloba

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eniWeba yofierebis uSualo wvdomas, rogorc amas fenomenologiuri

meTodis avtori, huserli moiTxovda, magram egzistencialistebi didad

daSordnen mis moZRvrebas rogorc gamosavali punqtis, ise saboloo

miznis mixedviT. maTTvis konkretuli egzistenti, adamianis arsebobaa

kvlevis mTavari sagani da ara huserliseuli zogadi, maradiuli

idealuri arsebebi.12

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad egzistencializmi calkeuli

filosofosebis Tvalsazrisi iyo. mogvianebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki meore

msoflio omis Semdeg, misi mimdevrebis ricxvi TandaTanobiT izrdeba.

egzistencialistebi TavianT mosazrebas adamianis arsebobis Sesaxeb ara

mxolod filosofiur naSromebSi, aramed mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi,

romanebsa da Teatralur piesebSi aviTareben. egzistencializmi

mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebSi Tavisi ideebis popularizaciisaTvis

farTod iyenebs mxatvrul literaturas. egzistencialistebisaTvis

mxatvruli literatura ara mxolod maTi Teoriis popularuli gziT

gadmocemis moxerxebul formas warmoadgenda, aramed maT eZleodaT

saSualeba am Teoriis realuroba da WeSmariteba “adamianuri arsebobis”

konkretuli magaliTebiT ufro metad TvalsaCino gaexadaT.13 swored ase

gaxda SesaZlebeli egzistencializmis gavrceleba da popularizacia

gansakuTrebiT im epoqaSi, roca sazogadoebis ganwyoba

egzistencialisturi tendenciebis identuri iyo.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom egzistencialuri msoflmxedveloba farTo

masStabebiT vrceldeba, rogorc geografiuli, ise qronologiuri

12 Sdr.: r. gordeziani, eqsistencializmi, narkvevebi filosofiis istoriaSi, ganaTleba, Tbilisi 1993, 413 13 И. Шкунаева, Современная Французская Литература, Экзистенциалистское направление в философии и художественной литературе, Москва 1961,122.

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TvalsazrisiT. igi espanur (m. unamuno), amerikul (n. meileri, j.

boldvini), inglisur (a. merdiuki, u. goldingi), dasavleT germanul (e.

nosaki, a. dioblini), iaponur (kobo abe) da sxva qveynebis literaturaSi

ikidebs fexs. “egzistencialuri romani ar gamoirCeva formaluri Tu

stilisturi siTamamiT: etyoba igi eswrafvis SeZlebisdagvarad

gaafarTovos mkiTxvelTa wre, da kidec poulobs maT, metwilad

axalgazrdebSi, romlebsac Zalian izidavs praqtikuli zneobis

sakiTxebi”,14 - aRniSnavs d. rabate.

am pesimisturma filosofiurma da esTetikurma koncefciam 40-50-ian

wlebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili frangi mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi daikava.

Jan-pol sartrma, alber kamium, simon de bovuarma, k. iaspersisa da m.

haidegeris burusiT mocul germanul filosofias TavianT

literaturul nawarmoebebSi Taviseburi saxe misces. franguli

egzistencializmi Tanamedrove epoqis sazogadoebriv-politikuri

movlenebis, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis axali, krizisuli etapis

gamoZaxili iyo. es iyo ideologiuri Sexeduleba meore msoflio omze,

faSizmze da mis mier Seqmnil mzakvrul garemoze, im epoqaze roca

individisa da sazogadoebis urTierToba aSkarad krizisul stadiaSi

Sevida.15 egzistencializmis franguli varianti ukiduresad pesimisturia,

romelSiac ZiriTadi debulebebi umowyalod gaSiSvlebul daskvnebamdea

dayvanili, pirvandeli “adamianuri arsebobis tragikuli WeSmaritebis

siSiSvlemde”, - aRniSnavs i. Skunaeva.16

14 d. rabate, franguli romani 1900 wlidan, morali da romanis formebi, Tbilisi 1998, 82. 15 i. RoRoberiZe, Jan Jirodus inteleqtualuri Teatri, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, Tbilisi 1989, 24. 16 И. Шкунаева, Современная Французская Литература, Экзистенциалистское направление в философии и художественной литературе, Москва 1961, 117.

13

13

frangi egzistencialistebi, TavianTi germaneli winamorbedebisagan

gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT mZafrad ayeneben pirovnuli da socialuri

eTikis sakiTxebs, konkretulad ki wamoWril problemebs Tanamedrove

politikur cxovrebas ukavSireben. 40-ian wlebSi safrangeTSi arsebulma

politikurma uTanxmoebam, skepticizmma da rwmenis uqonlobam, rac

farTo burJuaziul wreebSi sufevda safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg,

demoralizaciam, erovnuli damoukideblobis dakargvam da ubedurebebis

mTelma rigma, egzistencializmi wina planze wamowia da gansazRvra misi

zemoqmedeba mimdinare movlenebiT dezorientirebuli adamianebis gulsa

da azrovnebaze.17

“xelovnebam – werda alber kamiu – politika Tavis sagnad ar unda

aqcios, Tumca xelovans, warmoadgens ra Tavisi epoqis nawils, ar ZaluZs

zurgi aqcios mis tragedias”.18 aRniSnuli epoqis literaturisa da

xelovnebis nawarmoebebi savsea apokalifsuri, koSmarul-katastrofuli

xilvebiT. Sveicarieli dramaturgi f. diurenmati Tvlis, rom

Tanamedrove literaturisa da xelovnebis upiratesi forma groteskia

da am ukanasknels gansazRvravs rogorc “usaxo samyaros saxes”.19 “meoce

saukunis dasvlur xelovnebaSi, ZiriTadad, ori xazis gansxvaveba

SeiZleba. es aris, erTi mxriv, formaTa TamaSi, Sinaarsisagan da azrisgan

daclili formebis Tavisufali konstruireba, e. i. formalisturi

artistizmi, meore mxriv ki fantastiur-saocari da Semzaravi Sinaarsis

gamosaxva, e. i. radikaluri groteski. am or xazs xSirad erTi da igive

xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT, isini uSualod exebian erTmaneTs,

erTimeoreSi gadadian. cxadi xdeba, am gansxvavebul esTetikur poziciebs

17 Ibid., 123. 18 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург1999, 89. 19 W. Kayser, Das Groteske in Malerei und Dichtung, München 1961, 8.

14

14

erTi Sinagani motivi aqvs: Semzaravi samyaro, gaucxoebuli samyaro...

groteski Semzaravi, gamaucxoebeli samyaros uSualo gamosaxvaa”.20

istoriis mier gamowveulma imedgacruebam winaswar gansazRvra

SemoqmedTa metafizikisadmi interesi, Tumca es interesi mimarTuli iyo

ara abstraqtuli da yovlismomcveli metafizikisadmi, aramed pirovnebis

metafizikuri aRqmis, individualuri, adamianuri arsebobisadmi.

franguli literaturisa da filosofiis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenelma Jan-pol sartrma e. huserlis fenomenologiisa da m.

haidegeris ontologiis safuZvelze mogvianebiT Camoayaliba sakuTari

“aTeisturi egzistencializmis” moZRvreba. sartris literaturuli

Semoqmedeba, egzistencialuri msoflaRqma warmoiSva filosofiuri

egzistencializmis safuZvelze. misi Semoqmedeba filosofiuri TezisebiT

aris gaJRenTili. egzistencializmis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi _ martooba,

SiSi, Tavisufleba, pasuxismgebloba da sxv. sainteresodaa axsnili mis

literaturul nawarmoebebSi. misTvis mTavari obieqtia konkretuli

adamiani da misi cnobiereba. adamiani aris egzistencia, romelic TviTon

qmnis Tavisi arsebobis konkretul saxeebs. misi arseboba win uswrebs mis

arss.

sartrisaTvis samyaro saSiSi da carielia, amitom gulisrevis

SegrZnebasa da kaeSans iwvevs masSi. igi undoblobiT ekideba cxovrebas,

TiTqos SiSobs, rom igi, sandomiani saxis meZavis msgavsad Tavisi

akrZaluli mSvenierebiT acdunebs mas. imisaTvis, rom Tavi daaRwios

cxovrebis momxibvlelobas, sartri cdilobs gamoiWiros igi saZagel,

gulisamrev momentebSi da Semdeg daufaravi kmayofilebiT mouxmos

20 Sdr.: z. kakabaZe, “egzistenciuri krizisis” problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia, Tbilisi 1985, 8-9.

15

15

mkiTxvels, raTa man cxovrebis siave ixilos.21 misi gmirebi martoobis

morevSi arian CaZirulni da gulgrilobas ganicdian cxovrebis mimarT.

gardauvali sikvdilis SegrZneba ki maT srulebiT ukargavs cxovrebis

azris, mimzidvelobis, Rirebulebebis aRqmis unars. cxovreba, Tavis

uazrobiT, TiTqos sikvdils uTanabrdeba da sartris gmirebi sikvdilis

uaryofiT, Tavad sicocxlesac uaryofen.

sartrma Tavisi Semoqmedebis centrSi moaqcia individis sruli

Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. Tavisufleba ki gulisxmobs pasuxismgeblobas

yvelasa da yvelaferze, rasTanac ki adamians mimarTeba aqvs. es ki, mTeli

kacobrioba, mTeli samyaroa. adamianis samyaro, sartris azriT, misive

arCevanis Sedegia. sxvebTan erTad arseboba Tanaarsia misTvis, iseve

rogorc pasuxismgebloba yvelasa da yvelaferze. uamravi valdebuleba

awevs adamians imitom, rom is adamiania, e. i. Tavisufalia. aqedan naTelia,

Tu ra uzomod Znelia iyo adamiani, Tu ra tvirTia arseboba. amitom

werda sartri “adamiani dawyevlila TavisuflebiT”, adamiani amaod

cdilobs mas gaeqces.22 l. andreevis azriT, egzistencialisturi

“Tavisufleba” mkveTrad gamoxatuli, uxeSi da individualurad aRqmuli

Tavisuflebaa. sartrTan mxolod martoobaSi myofi adamiania

Tavisufali, “sxvebi” zRudaven Tavisuflebas, adamiani TiTqos “sxvebis”

tyveobaSi iyos, “sxvebis” yoveli Sexeduleba es ukve Tavisuflebaze

Tavdasxmaa. misi gmirebis Tavisufleba saboloo jamSi adaptaciisa da

morCilebis mistificirebuli burJuaziuli morali, marcxis moralia.

sartrisaTvis metafizikuri msjelobisasac ki “Tavisufleba” “araa

Tavisufali”. kamius miaCnda, rom pirovnebis TiTqmis paTologiuri

ganadgureba, sartrTan adamianis Tavisuflebis fundamentaluri

21 В. Ерофеев, В лабиринте проклятых вопросов, Проза Сартра, Москва 1990, 274.

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16

problemidan gamomdinareobs. misi gmirebi marTlac Tavisufalni arian,

Tumca maTi Tavisufleba arafrismTqmelia. adamiani ganTavisuflebulia

yovelgvari crurwmenisagan. igi martoa, sakuTar TavisuflebaSia

gamoketili. es Tavisufleba drosTan kavSirSia, sikvdili mis ukugdebas

iwvevs. aseTi adamianis bedi absurdulia.23 absurdSi Cafluli

yofierebisaTvis amboxi erTaderTi xsnaa, Tumca sartris da misi

gmirebis amboxi dafuZnebulia sasowarkveTilebaze da ara imedze.

absurdi, romelic adamiansa da mis cxovrebas ganagebs - aris swored

is sawyisi Tema, rac ZiriTadad akavSirebda da erTmaneTisagan aSorebda

sartrisa da kamius Semoqmedebas. alber kamius moRvaweoba safrangeTSi

egzistencializmis aRmocenebisa da damkvidrebis xanas ekuTvnis da mis

SemoqmedebaSi am mimarTulebis bevri debulebis mxatvrul asaxvas

vpoulobT. sartrisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic adamiansa da cxovrebas

amazrzenad miiCnevs, kamiu individis sidiades aRiarebs, romelsac ar

ZaluZs kavSiri daamyaros misdami gulgril, Tumca amavdroulad

mSvenier samyarosTan.24 swored es SegrZneba kamius SemoqmedebaSi aris

mizezi absurduli SegrZnebis gamowvevisa. Tavad kamius yovelTvis

aRizianebda is, rom mas egzistencializms akuTvnebdnen. igi aRniSnavda,

rom filosofosi ar aris da arc hqonia rodisme amis pretenzia. “me

mxolod imaze SemiZlia vilaparako, rac ganmicdia... intuitiurad Tu

SegrZnebiT, yoveldRiurobis uazrobas vgrZnobT, vgrZnobT sikvdilis

gardauvalobas, adamianis meqanizmad gadaqcevas”. kamius azriT

egzistencialistebi, acnobiereben ra adamianis bedis sasrulobas, mis

iracionalurobas da imas, rom samyaro miuwvdomelia, mogviwodeben

22 g. TevzaZe, XX saukunis filosofiis istoria, Tbilisi 2002, 455. 23 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 111. 24 В. Ерофеев, В лабиринте проклятых вопросов, Мысли о Камю, Москва 1990, 290.

17

17

vaRiaroT da vcnoT absurdi. adamiani, Tuki absurds aRiarebs, maSin igi

mas urigdeba. egzistencialistebis imedi mxolod Tavis damcirebaSi

gamoixateba. miwieri arsebobis absurduloba arwmunebs maT iwamon

zebunebrivi realoba, RmerTi. kamius azriT ki RmerTis imedi morCilebis

tolfasia, rac misTvis miuRebelia. kamiusaTvis absurdi aris yovelgvari

metafizikuri imedebisagan, transcendeciisagan daclili xedva samyarosi.

“metafizikuri uimedoba”, anu naTeli gacnobiereba yofierebis umaRlesi

Rirebulebebis ararsebobisa, udevs safuZvlad kamius absurdis

koncefcias. amgvari xedva absurdisa SeiZleba nihilistur

filosofiasTanac gavaigivoT.25

romaniT “ucxo” (1942) iwyeba kamius Semoqmedebis pirveli naxevari,

romelsac Tavad mwerali “absurdis cikls” uwodebs. l. andreevis

SexedulebiT, samyaros “absurdulobasTan” dakavSirebuli azridan

gamomdinare, kamiu spekulaciuri, metafizikuri gziT cdilobda

Tavisuflebis, sikvdilis problemebis gadaWras. kamiu gansakuTrebiT

samyaros da sakuTari Tavis Seucnobelobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

kamius Tanaxmad, absurdi ganagebs adamiansa da mis cxovrebas, magram igi

arc adamianSia da arc samyaroSi. absurdi da adamianuri yofa erTi da

igivea. mis SemoqmedebaSi absurds ori mniSvneloba aqvs: erTi _ es aris

mdgomareoba, absurdis instiqturi SegrZneba, xolo meore ki _ naTeli

Secnoba am mdgomareobisa _ absurdis cneba.26

termini “absurdi” jer kidev III saukuneSi, karTageneli

RvTismetyvelis, tertulianes mier iqna gamoyenebuli, romelic ambobda:

25 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 121, 157. 26 m. baqraZe, dasavleT evropis literatura (XX saukune), literaturis istoria, poetika, urTierTobani, sityvis poetika da mzis simbolika a. kamius “ucxoSi”, Tbilisi 1988, 317.

18

18

“rwmena SeiZleba mxolod absurdisa, rasac xedav imas ar iwameb” (Credo

qua absurdum). absurdis mcnebas mogvianebiT b. paskalis da s. kierkegoris

naSromebSi vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki is Tanamedrove filosofosTa da

SemoqmedTa nawarmoebebSi imkvidrebs adgils. absurdis Temis

damuSavebaSi kamius uSualo literaturul winamorbedad SeiZleba a.

malro CaiTvalos. am frangi mwerlis xatovani Sefasebis Tanaxmad,

liToniviT civi batonoba absurdisa, romelic evropas gveliviT

Semoxvexia – sikeTisa da borotebis Semecnebis xe, ufro da ufro Rrmad

da myarad idgams fesvebs Tanamedrove adamianis yofierebasa da

cnobierebaSi, imorCilebs ra mis gonebasa da qcevebs. sikvdili, rogorc

mTavari ganxorcieleba absurdisa, damajereblobiT amtkicebs, rom

maradiuli samyaro warmavali adamianisagan damoukidebelia. malros

azriT, sikvdili miwieri cxovrebis faseulobas srul absolutamde

zrdis. adamiani ver gaeqceva sikvdils, Tumca mas SeuZlia Tavi daaRwios

absurds cxovrebaSi. gaacnobierebs ra sikvdilis garduvalobas, is

agrZelebs yofas sikvdilis winaaRmdeg, anu absurdis winaaRmdeg da amiT

mis cxovrebas eZleva azri.27 absurdis gagebaSi kamiu malros

msoflmxedvelobasTan axlos dgas, Tumca misi filosofiuri koncefcia

ufro rTulia. kamiusTan “absurdi” adamianisa da samyaros Soris

damokidebulebaSi gaiazreba, sxva danarCeni egzistencialistebi, pirvel

rigSi ki sartri, absurdis mcnebas ufro ganazogadeben.28

individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi kamiusTan sikvdilis mcnebasTanaa

kavSirSi. misTvis yovelive, sikvdilis garda, aris Tavisufleba.

sikvdilis SiSisagan ganTavisuflebuli adamiani ki, romelic aRiarebs

27 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 130,131. 28 Sdr.: P. Ginestier, Η ζωή και η σκέψη του Καµύ, µετάφρ. Αλέξ. Βέλιος, Αθήνα 1965, 71.

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19

sikvdils da mis Sedegebs, anu cxovrebis tradiciuli Rirebulebebis

msxvrevas, misTvis WeSmaritad Tavisufali adamiania.

alber kamiu aseve aRiarebulia, rogorc “amboxis” Teoretikosi.

misi “absurduli” msoflaRqmis ganviTarebis pirvel fazaSi, meore

msoflio omis dawyebisas, kamium wamoayena e. w. amboxis koncefcia.

absurdis nihilisturi koncefciisagan gansxvavebiT, amboxis koncefcia

moralzea dafuZnebuli. kamiusaTvis amboxi adamianis metafizikur

dominants warmoadgens, romelic adamianuri Rirebulebebisa da

Rirsebebis dasacavad protests gamoTqvams yovelgvari Cagvris

winaaRmdeg.29 es aris RmerTisa da istoriis absolutizaciis winaaRmdeg

adamianis galaSqreba. kamiusaTvis amboxi uaryofilis mtkiceba, misi

aRiarebaa. codna, amtkicebs igi, SesaZlebelia mxolod Secnobadis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aRmocendes. aRmaSfoTebel wesrigs Tu

movaSorebT, aRSfoTebac gaqreba da amboxic aRar iqneba. misi azriT,

absurduli mdgomareoba imis aRiarebaa, rom yvelaferi uazrobaa, rac

Tavis Tavad amboxia.30

sartrma da kamium, rogorc “Tavisuflebisa” da “amboxis”

momxreebma burJuaziuli inteligenciis yuradReba miipyres, romelic

maT mimarT did simpatias gamoxatavda. frangi mwerali andre morua

kamius popularobis Sesaxeb werda: “kamius saxelmoxveWilobis, misi

xmauriani warmatebis axsna sakmaod ucnauri saqmea, kamiu xom arc axali

balzaki da arc tolstoia. misi xelovneba da ideebi ar warmoadgens

raRac WeSmaritad dids. Tumca gavixsenoT, rom “sizifosis miTi” omis

wlebSi iqna gamoqveynebuli _ saqme ki swored amaSia. pirveli msoflio

29 Sdr.: В. Ерофеев, В лабиринте проклятых вопросов, Мысли о Камю, Москва 1990, 308. 30 Sdr.: Л. Г. Андреев, О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 130-131.

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20

omis dros “imedi”, “progresi” azriT savse sityvebi iyo... meore msoflio

omma daamsxvria imedebi, kamiu ki ambobda – samyaro absurdulia, es

gavacnobieroT da viyoT mamacni”.31

arsebobis absurduloba amosavali wertilia franc kafkas

SemoqmedebisTvisac, rac mas metad aaxloebs frangi egzistencialistebis

ideologiasTan. kafkas nawarmoebebSi gamoxatulia adamianis

egzistencialuri SeWirveba, principuli da permanentuli

xelmocaruloba, martooba, sulieri uTvistomoba da socialuri

atomizmi. ukiduresi simkveTriTaa warmoCenili burJuaziuli evropis

agonia, sulier RirebulebaTa gaufasureba da usazRvro qaosis,

absurdisa da sasowarkveTilebis winaSe dgoma. kamius azriT f. kafka,

iseve rogorc s. kierkegori da l. Sestovi, “egzistencialisti

moazrovnea”, romlis egzistencialisturi msoflSegrZnebis sulier

dominants misi azrebis zebunebrivi realobisaken miswrafeba

warmoadgens, rac adamians miwieri samyaros uimedo cxovrebis

tvirTisagan anTavisuflebs.32

egzistencializmis aseTi gavrceleba gamoiwvia moazrovneTa

mxridan adamianis xvedriT gansakuTrebulma dainteresebam im epoqaSi,

“roca individumis da sazogadoebis urTierToba aSkarad krizisul

stadiaSi Sevida, roca adamians moaklda moqalaqeobrivi interesebi,

roca adamiani gamoeyo yoveldRiurobas, pirad emociebs, silamazes,

siyvarulsac ki, sartriseuli sityvebi “jojoxeTi – es sxvebia” – gaisma,

rogorc adamianis Sinagani Tavisuflebis damamtkicebeli sabuTi,

realurad ararsebuli Tavisuflebis da totaluri gaucxoebis

31 Л. Г. Андреев, О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 137. 32 Sdr.: С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург, 1999, 121.

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21

pirobebSi”.33 Semzaravi, gaucxoebuli samyaro da konkretulad ki

“gaucxoebuli adamiani – ai, Tanamedrove burJuaziuli mxatvruli

Semoqmedebis mTavari Tema. xelovani ki swored is adamiania, romelic

Tavis grZnobebsa da warmodgenebSi sazogadoebis arsebiT da tipiur

niSnebs asaxavs”.34

adamianis “gaucxoebis” fenomeni kacobriobis istoriis jer kidev

adreuli epoqis siRrmeebidan iRebs saTaves, rac SemdgomSi araerTi

filosofosisa da Semoqmedis gaazrebisa da interpretaciis sagnad iqca.

“gaucxoeba” maT mier sxvadasxva aspeqtSi iqna aRqmuli da misi araerTi

saxe gamoikveTa.

Tavad termini “gaucxoeba” 1935 wlamde arc erT sociologiur

leqsikonsa da enciklopediaSi ar gvxvdeba, Tumca azri mis Sesaxeb,

zogjer sruliad naTlad gamokveTili, zogjer ki gadakvriT jer kidev

XIX s. da XX s. pirveli aTwleulebis klasikur sociologiur

naSromebSi iqna Camoyalibebuli. Tuki ufro Rrmad moviZiebT mis fesvebs,

Cv. w.-is III s. neoplatonikosi filosofosis, plotinosis naSromebSi,

aseve wminda avgustinesa da luTeris TeologiaSic ki aRmovaCenT

“gaucxoebis” fenomenis sawyisebs.35 Tumca, mecnierTa azriT, yvelaze metad

sarwmuno wyaro, sadac mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli azri “gaucxoebis”

Sesaxeb, hegelis naSromebia. hegelisaTvis “gaucxoeba” ontologiur

movlenas warmoadgenda, bunebis im ganuyofel nawils, rac adamianis

samyaroSi arsebobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mis Tanaxmad, arsebobs

bunebrivi garCeva adamians, rogorc subieqtsa da adamians, rogorc

33 i. RoRoberiZe, Jan Jirodus inteleqtualuri Teatri, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, Tbilisi 1989, 24. 34 z. kakabaZe, “egzistenciuri krizisis” problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia, Tbilisi 1985, 9.

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22

obieqts Soris, anu adamians, rogorc Semoqmed subieqts, romelic

iswrafvis, rom iarsebos da sakuTari Tavis realizacia moaxdinos da

adamians, rogorc obieqts Soris, romelic sxvebis mier gamoiyeneba da

maTi gavlenis qveS eqceva.36

hegelisagan gansxvavebiT, marqsTan “gaucxoeba” kapitalisturi

wyobis klasobriv-antagonisturi sazogadoebis maxasiaTebeli obieqturi

procesia, romelic Sromis eqspluataciis faqtidan gamomdinareobs da

gamoxatavs mSromeli adamianis gaTiSvas mis mier Seqmnili materialuri

da sulieri Rirebulebebisagan. misi azriT, adamianis bunebaSi Tavad

arsebobs sakuTari Tavis SromiT realizeba, magram misi es SesaZlebloba

ekonomikuri sistemis mier iqna akrZaluli. maSasadame, mTavar

problemas kapitalistur wyobaSi gaucxoebuli samuSao warmoadgens.37

“gaucxoebasTan” dakavSirebuli garda marqsistuli tradiciuli

mosazrebisa, arsebobs kidev erTi Teoria, romelsac e. w. “masebis

sazogadoebis” (mass society) warmomadgenlebi ayalibebdnen. isini

“gaucxoebas” XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisSi industrializaciis Sedegad

tradiciuli sazogadoebis gauCinarebas ukavSireben. maTi azriT, adamiani

izolirebulia ise, rogorc arasdros _ anonimuri da usaxo im masaSi,

romelic mas burJuad aqcevs, igi mowyvetilia Zvel Rirebulebebs da arc

sagnebis axali racionalisturi da biurokratiuli wyoba swams.38

adamianis “gaucxoebis” problemiT gansakuTrebiT egzistencialisti

mwerlebi arian dainteresebulni. maTTvis “gaucxoeba” ufro metad

adamianis gariyulobasTan da martoobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

35 Sdr.: Πάπυρος Larousse Britannica, τ. VII , Αλλοτροίωση, Αθήνα 1981, 59. 36 Ibid. 37 Ibid. 38 Ibid., 60.

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23

kritikosTa azriT, egzistencialisti mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi adamianis

“gaucxoebis” sami ZiriTadi saxe gamoikveTeba: 1. adamianis bunebasTan

gaucxoeba, rac gulisxmobs adamiansa da bunebas Soris distanciis

arsebobis SegrZnebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi individumi grZnobs, rom samyaro

ar aris logikurad mowyobili garemo da igi Tavis Tavs aRiqvams,

rogorc samyaroSi SemTxveviT gadasrolils. 2. adamiani aseve sxva

adamianebTan mimarTebaSi gvevlineba “gaucxoebuli”. miuxedavad imisa,

rom individumi sxvebis gverdiT cxovrobs, mas ar ZaluZs maTi Sinagani

grZnobebisa da azrebis amokiTxva. igi, Tavisufali arCevanidan

gamomdinare, axdens diferenciacias imisa Tu ra aris misTvis da sxva

adamianebisaTvis mniSvnelovani da azriT savse samyaroSi. swored es

interesTa sxvadasxvaoba iwvevs adamianTa Soris gaucxoebas. 3.

“gaucxoebis” mesame varianti, rac konkretulad kamiusaTvis

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, vinaidan is absurdis Teoriis

principidan gamomdinareobs, aris adamianis samyarosTan “gaucxoeba”.

kamius azriT im samayaroSi, sadac sikvdili arsebobs, yvela adamiani

ucxoa. maSasadame sikvdilis gardauvaloba, is faqti, rom adamians ar

SeuZlia maradiulad iarsebos samyaroSi mas aqcevs “ucxod”. Tavad

samyaro ki indiferentulia rogorc adamianis dabadebis, aseve misi

sikvdilis mimarT. 39

martoobisaTvis ganwiruli adamianis tragediis Temaze mravali

evropeli Semoqmedis nawarmoebia agebuli. aRsaniSnavia franguli

“absurdis Teatris” erT-erTi iniciatoris, romanistisa da eseistis,

semuel beketis Semoqmedebac, romelsac SesaniSnavad aqvs gaazrebuli

Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianuri arsebobis krizisis problema. “yvela

39 Sdr.: P. E. Linda, Existential Literature, An Introduction, Existentialist Views on the Human

24

24

Tavis TavSia yrud gamoketili da erTmaneTis ar esmiT, urTierTobis

damyarebis nebismieri cda amaoa”,40 – aRniSnavs igi. sartrisa da

kamiusaTvis, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni egzistencialisti

filosofosisa Tu mwerlisaTvis, adamianis “gaucxoeba” SezRudul da

izolirebul samyaroSi, sadac igi Tavs “ucxod” grZnobs, bunebrivi

movlenaa (aRsaniSnavia, rom kamium Tavis erT-erT romans “ucxo” uwoda).

isini adamianis egzistencialuri aRqmis momentze amaxvileben yuradRebas.

Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili debulebebi aris is ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi, rac zogadad egzistencialistur filosofiasa da

egzistencialistur literaturaSi gamoikveTeba. evropeli

egzistencialisti mwerlebis saerTo ganwyobidan da maTi

Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare SevecdebiT Tanamedrove berZnuli prozis

warmomadgenelTa literaturuli nawarmoebebi egzistencializmis

farglebSi ganvixiloT.

nawili pirveli / Tavi meorenawili pirveli / Tavi meorenawili pirveli / Tavi meorenawili pirveli / Tavi meore

meore msoflio omis Semdgomeore msoflio omis Semdgomeore msoflio omis Semdgomeore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli mi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli mi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli mi periodis saberZneTi da berZnuli

literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

berZnul literaturaSi CvenTvis saitereso periodSi moRvawe

mwerlebis Semoqmedebis analizisaTvis aucilebelia mokled

mimovixiloT is epoqa da istoriuli garemo, romelSiac maT mouwiaT

cxovreba da moRvaweroba.

Condition, Belmont 2000, 50. 40 m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: egzistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, Tbilisi 1989, 47.

25

25

aq saubaria meore msoflio omze da mis Semdgom periodze, im

epoqaze, romelic rogorc saberZneTSi, ise evropasa da saerTod

msoflioSi didi politikuri ZvrebiTa da qartexilebiT aRiniSna. meore

msoflio omma adamianTa sulebs da maT cxovrebas, mTeli evropis

masStabiT, Rrma kvali daatyo. isini usaxur da sisxlian masad aqcia. maTi

erovnuli Tu kulturuli tradiciebi, sazogadoebrivi da pirovnuli

niSanTvisebebi miwasTan gaaswora. msoflio omma adamianur arsebobaSi

dagrovili boroteba, RvarZli, boRma da siZulvili gamoavlina,

gamoaaSkarava Cveni civilizaciis siyalbe. adamianebma dakarges

yovelgvari imedi, isini yvelgan Ralats da sicarieles awydebodnen. es

ganwyoba aRniSnuli periodis araerTi evropeli xelovanis

SemoqmedebaSi iqna asaxuli. gamonaklisi arc Tanamedove berZnuli

literatura iyo.

1940-50 wlebi saberZneTisaTvis didi omebisa da mravali ubedurebis

momtani periodi aRmoCnda. 1940 wlis 28 oqtombris Tavdasxmam berZnul

xasiaTSi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi miZinebuli da TiTqmis miviwyebuli

mebrZoli suli, erovnuli TviTgadarCenis instiqti gamoaRviZa. erovnul

brZolas aRar hqonda Zveli Taobebis TviTmpyrobeluri ocnebebis

romantiuli elferi. amJamad brZolis motivi ufro martivi,

elementaruli da primitiuli iyo. es iyo liberaluri paTosisa da

Seuracxyofili mamakacuri Rirsebis erToblivi gamoRviZeba, ramac

safrTxis winaSe aRmoCenili mTeli eri erT muStad Sekra. yvela berZeni,

miuxedavad misi ideologiuri mrwamsisa, erT did jgufad gaerTianda

sakuTari samSoblos dasacavad. Tumca erovnuli TviTSegnebis am

saocarma Zalam mxolod orweliwad naxevari gastana, omis

gamocxadebidan 1943 wlamde, ris Semdegac pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva

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26

politikur dajgufebas Soris ideologiuri ganxeTqileba,41 rac

mogvianebiT samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda.

saberZneTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebidan

moyolebuli, qveynis Sida daprispirebani saberZneTis Tanamedrove

politikur da kulturul cxovrebaze Rrma kvals tovebda. pirvel

msoflio omSi saberZneTis monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT mefe

konstantine I-sa da premierminstrs elefTerios venizeloss Soris

arsebulma uTanxmoebam qveyana erovnuli ganxeTqilebis zRvarze miiyvana

(1915-1917), rac Semdgomi araerTi dapirispirebis impulsad iqca.

mogvianebiT, berZnul sazogadoebaSi arsebulma ganxeTqilebam saxe

icvala da evropis sxva qveynebSi arsebuli politikuri

dapirispirebebis nakads SeuerTda, ramac xeli Seuwyo berZeni xalxis or

did politikur jgufad, memarjveneebad da memarcxeneebad Camoyalibebas.

mowinaaRmdege jgufebs Soris dapirispireba ukve 1943 wlidan

SeiaraRebul SetakebebSi gadaizarda. 1944 wels aTenSi egviptidan

devnili saberZneTis mTavroba dabrunda, romelmac ver SeZlo aelagma

TanamemamuleTa Soris gaRvivebuli SuRli. inglisis monarqistulma

politikam ki Zveli Wrilobebi gaaRviZa da 1944 wlis dekembris TveSi

aTenis quCebSi samoqalaqo omma ifeTqa, romelmac mogvianebiT, 1946-49

wlebSi, saberZneTis mTebSi gadainacvla.

aTwleulis dasasrulisaTvis, samoqalaqo omis dros, politikuri

polarizacia yvela sazRvars gascda. 1947 wlidan 1974 wlamde

komunisturi partia kanons miRma rCeboda. arsebuli winaaRmdegoba

gamarjvebul memarjveneebsa da memarcxeneTa SemorCenil nawils Soris,

41 am sityvebiT gadmoscems g. Teotokasi im ganwyobas, rac saberZneTSi omisa da winaaRmdegobis ganmavlobaSi sufevda. ix. περ. Πνευµατική πορεία, 1961, 118-9.

27

27

romlebic uaryofdnen maTi damarcxebis faqts, asaxavs civi omis

ganmavlobaSi evropaSi arsebul garemoebas.

saberZneTis samoqalaqo omi civi omis pirvel gamovlinebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos. saberZneTis mTavroba samxedro da ekonomikur

mxardaWeras pirvel rigSi didi britaneTidan Rebulobda, SemdgomSi ki,

1947 wlidan aSS-dan. berZeni komunistebi ki msgavs mxardaWeras sabWoTa

kavSiridan da CrdiloeTeli mezoblebisgan moelodnen, romelTa

gavlenis qveSac iyvnen moqceulni. 1949 wels memarjveneebma didi

msxverplis safasurad moipoves gamarjveba. komunistebis didi nawili

egeosis zRvis kunZulebze ganTavsebul sakoncentracio banakebSi iqna

gagzavnili, sadac mTeli momdevno aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi (1950-1960)

patimrobaSi imyofeboda. memarcxeneebi da maTi Tanamoazreebi TavianT

ojaxebTan erTad 60-iani wlebis dasawyisamde idevnebodnen.

politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa devnas da represiebs ufro mZafri saxe

saberZneTSi samxedro diqtaturis dros 1967-1974 wlebSi mieca. am Svidi

wlis ganmavlobaSi politikuri dapirispireba axal fazaSi Sevida.

samxedro saxelmwifo wyoba zogadad metaqsas saxelmwifo wyobis

ritorikaze iyo agebuli da im kanonebis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad,

romelTac samoqalaqo omis dros Caeyara safuZveli da mamarcxene

opoziciis saqmianobis arealis SezRudvas iTvaliswinebda. 1973 wlis

noemberSi saberZneTSi diqtatura daemxo. aTenis politeqnikur

institutSi ganviTarebulma sisxlianma movlenebma, saberZneTSi

diqtaturis damxoba danapiroba.

aseTi iyo is istoriul-politikuri garemo, romelSiac

yalibdebodnen omisSemdgomi periodis mwerlebi, romlebic jer kidev

sruliad axalgazrdebi, meore msoflio omis, “erovnuli

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28

winaaRmdegobisa”42 da samoqalaqo omis qarcecxlSi aRmoCndnen

gaxveulni. axalgazrda Semoqmedebi SeuZlebeli iyo gulgrili

darCeniliyvnen im mwvave istoriuli procesebis mimarT, rac berZen ers

masobrivi ganadgurebisaken miaqanebda. ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebisa

da samoqalaqo omis dros berZenTa urTierTJletis amsaxveli epizodebi

naTlad iqna asaxuli maT SemoqmedebaSi. cxadia, aRniSnul periodSi

saberZneTSi ganvTarebulma movlenebma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia

maTi msoflmxedvelobis, ideologiuri mrwamsisa da SemoqmedebiTi

xedvis Camoyalibebaze.

sainteresoa, am istoriul-politikuri mdgomareobis fonze, ra

ZiriTadi tendenciebi ikveTeba berZnul mwerlobaSi. amis

sailustraciod Cven gamovyofT aRniSnuli periodis berZen SemoqmedTa

moRvaweobis zogierT aspeqts.

XX saukunis berZnuli literatura sxvadasxva Taobis SemoqmedTa

SesaniSnavi nawarmoebebis siuxviTa da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva.

TiToeulma Taobam axali mimarTulebebiTa da saliteraturo gzebis

ZiebiT, garkveulwilad, sakuTari wvlili Seitana axali berZnuli

literaturis ganviTarebis procesSi. ase magaliTad, 30-iani wlebis

Taoba neoelinizmis TviTSemecnebis problemebiT iyo dakavebuli.

amasTanaa dakavSirebuli elinizmis fesvebis Ziebis sakiTxi da omebs

Soris periodis ideologiuri umoqmedoba, rac, nawilobriv, mcire aziis

katastrofisa da “didi ideis” warumateblobis Sedegi iyo. amas mosdevs

omis Semdgomi periodis SemoqmedTa pirveli Taoba, romelic 40-50-ian

wlebSi gamodis samwerlo asparezze da ukeTesi momavlis, omis Sedegad

42 Εθνική Αντίσταση – berZnulad erovnul ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobas niSnavs, rac meore msoflio omis dros germanel da italiel dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

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ganadgurebuli qveynis ayvavebis molodinSi, sabolood imedgacruebuli

rCeba.

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis mweralTa umetesi nawili

Tavdapirvelad 30-inelTa zegavlenis qveS imyofeba, Tumca mTlianobaSi

axalgazrda prozaikosebi gansxvavebul mimarTulebas iReben. isini,

ZiriTadad, Tanamedrove cxovrebis problemebiT interesdebian da

cdiloben Tavi daaRwion Txrobis tradiciul formebs da yofiTi

scenebis aRweris Zvel stils. aRsaniSnavia, rom romanis ganviTarebis

axali mimarTulebani, rasac dasavleTSi hqonda fexi mokidebuli, am

Taobis TiTqmis arc erT berZen mweralTan ar SeiniSneba. Tumca is

ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, rac omis Semdgomi periodis prozaSi

gamoikveTeba da rac mas 30-iani wlebis mwerlobisagan ganasxvavebs, aris

literaturis mZafri politizireba.

meore msoflio omis gamanadgurebelma Sedegebma mkveTri gavlena

iqonia omisSemdgomi periodis berZnuli literaturis Camoyalibebaze.

am epoqis SemoqmedTa interesi ZiriTadad mipyrobili iyo omis

Sedegebisa da misgan miyenebuli tramvebis aRweraze. omisa da “erovnuli

winaaRmdegobis” Tema mravali mwerlis SemoqmedebisaTvis metad

mniSvnelovan da aqtualur masalas warmoadgenda. isini metad

saintereso da gulis amaCuyebel nawarmoebebs qmnian, sadac omis

SemaSfoTebeli epizodebia asaxuli. am periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebidan

SeiZleba gamovyoT l. akritasis “iaraRasxmulni” (1947), g. Teotokasis

“wminda gza” (1950) da sxv.

im dros, roca saberZneTSi dampyrobluri Zalebis, gansakuTrebiT

ki nacisturi xelisuflebis cenzura metad Zlieri iyo, omis Temaze

Seqmnili wignebis Tavisuflad gamocema ver xerxdeboda. nawarmoebebi,

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30

romlis gamocemac SesaZlebeli iyo, ZiriTadad gardasuli wlebis

Tematikaze iyo Seqmnili an socialur problemebs asaxavda. ase

magaliTad, 1943 wels gamodis i. venezisis “eoliis miwa”, sadac mwerali

mcire aziis sanapiroebze bavSvobaSi gatarebul wlebs ixsenebs. aseve

aRsaniSnavia n. kazanZakisis romani “aleqsi zorbas cxovreba da

moRvaweoba” (1945), romelic ufro filosofiuri romanis Janrs SeiZleba

mivakuTnoT. qveynis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg iwyeba im nawarmoebebis

gamocema (ZiriTadad es iyo moTxrobebi), sadac aRwerilia omis

koSmaruli scenebi da “erovnuli winaaRmdegobis” sagmiro saqmeebi. am

periodSi gamoikveTa e. w. “winaaRmdegobis literatura”, rac xalxis

SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis paralelurad, literaturuli

saSualebebiT gamoxatul winaaRmdegobas gulisxmobda. Tumca es

naklebad SeiZleba iTqvas prozaze. am dros poeziis roli, ufro aqtiuri

iyo.

1967 wlis 21 aprils saberZneTSi ganxorcielebulma saxelmwifo

gadatrialebam berZnuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis procesebi

sagrZnoblad Seanela. diqtaturis pirvel wlebSi cenzura imdenad

gamkacrda, rom SemoqmedTa didma nawilma uari Tqva TavianTi

nawarmoebebis saberZneTSi gamocemaze da sazRvargareT gaemgzavra.

saberZneTSi darCenili sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsis mwerlebi erT

jgufad gaerTiandnen, raTa winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT im saxelmwifo

wyobisaTvis, romelsac isini “vulgaruls” da “mCagvrelurs”

uwodebdnen. 1970 wels, maT gadawyvites gamoecaT krebuli saTauriT

“Tvrameti teqsti”, romlis erT-erT TavSi “protestebi” isini

saxelmwifo wyobisa da cenzuris winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdnen. amgvari aqciis

gamo zogierTi maTgani mTavrobis mier iqna dapatimrebuli. momdevno

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31

wels, saxelovani berZeni poetis, georgios seferisis dakrZalvis

ceremonia moulodnelad saxelmwifo wyobis winaaRmdeg masobriv da

mSvidobian saxalxo gamosvlad gadaiqca. ori wlis Semdeg ki msgavsi

gamosvla uzarmazari msxverpliTa da savalalo SedegebiT dasrulda. 43

winamorbedi Taobis mwerlebisagan gansxvavebiT, erTaderT

siaxled, romelic am Taobis mwerlebma Semoitanes berZnul prozaSi,

weris teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba miviCnioT is faqti, rom maT

nawarmoebebSi mTxrobeli aRar rCeba siuJetSi mimdinare movlenebis

miRma, igi aqtiurad erTveba masSi da Tavad xdeba movlenebis monawile.

am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT r. prevelengiosis romani

“jvarosnuli omis qronika” (1945-58), a. koZiasis “alya” (1953), n.

kasdaRlisis “dolabis kbilebi” da sxv. sainteresoa aRvniSnoT, rom omis

Semdgomi periodis pirveli Taobis prozauli nawarmoebebis SeqmnaSi

didi wvlili mweral qalebs miuZRviT. eseni iyvnen e. vlami (1910), t.

grici-mileqsi (1920), m. kranaki (1922), m. limberaki (1919), g. sarandi (1919).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT SemoqmedebaSi ufro mZafrad SeigrZnoba epoqis

dramatuli movlenebi, gansakuTrebiT ki ZmaTa sisxlismRvreli omis

mier miyenebuli Wrilobebis tkivili.

omisSemdgomi periodis pirvel aTwleulebSi moRvawe mwerlebi

mebrZoli xasiaTiT gamoirCeodnen, Tumca maT ar hqondaT winamorbedi

TaobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli progresulobisaken swrafvis tendencia.44

qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri klimati da uxeSi ideologia am

periodis mwerlebis Semoqmedebaze Rrma kvals tovebda. maTi

43 1973 wlis noemberi, diqtaturis epoqaSi aTenis politeqnikur institutSi ganviTarebuli sisxliani movlenebi. 44 Sdr.: ∆. Τζιόβας, Η πεζογραφία του ∆. Χατζή, ιδεολογία και αισθητική λειτουργία, Ιωάννινα 1980, 5.

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SemoqmedebiTi unari winaaRmdegobriobaSi modioda maTive politikur

mrwamsTan. eris gaorebam, bunebrivia, daRi daasva literaturasac da

mwerlebic or banakad – memarjveneebad da memarcxeneebad daiyvnen. aman

gamoiwvia is, rom mwerlebis ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili iqna mimdinare

politikuri movlenebis zedmiwevniT aRweraze, ris gamoc maT TiTqmis

aRar rCebodaT dro mwerlobaSi axali formebisa Tu rame novatorulis

ZiebisaTvis. omisSemdgomi periodis pirveli Taoba, erTi mxriv

erovnuli tradiciebis aRdgenis (r. provelengiosi, d. frangulosi, a.

koZiasi da sxv. memarjveneebi), meore mxriv ki, socialisturi

cvlilebebis ocnebiT Sepyrobili (k. koZiasi, d. xaZisi, a. frangiasi da sxv.

(memercxeneebi), erTmaneTs devnis da qelavs. “ufro konkretulad, is rac

umeteswilad gamoarCevs mTeli Cveni axali Taobis mwerlebs aris

“konservatuloba” weris teqnikaSi, antipaTia formebis Ziebis

yvelanairi saxis eqsperimentisadmi. Cveni axalgazrdebi am mxriv nakleb

“gabedulni” arian 30-40-iani wlebis mwerlebTan SedarebiT”,45 –

aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi v. varikasi.

daaxloebiT 1960 wlamde arc erT romanistsa Tu novelists

aranairi mcdeloba ar hqonia axal berZnul literaturaSi, Tematikis

TvalsazrisiT, raime mniSvnelovani siaxle an axali mxatvruli formebi

Semoetana. isini, ZiriTadad, meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis

axalgazrda mwerlebi iyvnen, romlebmac maTi winamorbedebis msgavsad

samamulo da samoqalaqo omis dasrulebisTanave ganagrZes an ubralod

ganaaxles omebs Soris periodis realisturi weris ZiriTadi manerebi,

maTve gansazRvres Semdgomi aTwleulis mwerlebis Semoqmedebac.

45 Β. Βαρίκας, Συγγραφείς και κείµενα, Α΄, 1961-65, Αθήνα 1975, 316.

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ukve 1960 wlidan dasabami mieca Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul

literaturas. es iyo Tanamedrove berZnul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare im

cvlilebebis gamoZaxili, rac ZiriTadad burJuaziuli sazogadoebis

CamoyalibebasTan, emigraciis mkveTr zrdasTan, teqnologiis SemoWrasa

da paralelurad politikuri mgdomareobis gamZafrebasTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo

mwerlobaSi axali Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas. 60-iani wlebis

pirvelsave naxevarSi yofiT Temaze Seqmnil romanebsa da moTxrobebSi

axali perspeqtivebi Cndeba. centraluri figura kvlav qalaqSi

macxovrebeli adamiania, Tumca warmomavlobiT igi ukve aRar ekuTvnis

tradiciul glexur sazogadoebas, aramed patara Tu didi qalaqis

burJuaziuli sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevria. am kuTxiT

sainteresoa k. taxcisis, g. ioanus, m. kumandareasis, d. xaZisis Semoqmedeba,

romelTa nawarmoebebis Tematikas burJuaziuli mikrosamyaros realuri

suraTebis asaxva warmoadgens.

sagulisxmoa, rom 60-iani wlebis Semdeg mwerlebi ZiriTadad 40-50

wlebis movlenebis sulieri mxareebis gaSuqebiT arian dakavebulni da

ara maTi istoriuli mimoxilviT. gansxvavebuli midgoma warsulsa da

tradiciebisadmi metad mniSvnelovani iyo, vinaidan amgvarma xedvam maT

ufro meti gasaqani misca samwerlobo moRvaweobaSi. paralelurad,

omisSemdgomi periodis pirveli aTwleulebisagan gansxvavebiT,

yalibdeba meti optimizmiTa da TviTrwmenis SegrZnebiT gajerebuli

atmosfero. aRsaniSnavia t. grici-mileqsisa da s. cirkasis Semoqmedeba,

romelic arc Tu ise Soreuli istoriis analizisas, axali mxatvruli

formebis Ziebis TvalsazrisiT, eqsperimentaluria. aseve sainteresoa

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adgilobrivi burJuaziuli sazogadoebis warmoCenis maTTvis

damaxasiaTebeli stili, rac sakmaod scdeba “yofiTi Janris” tradicias.

amave periodSi, burJuaziuli samyaros yoveldRiuri, realuri

movlenebis aRwerisas, berZeni prozaikosebi axal formebs mimarTaven,

rac siuJetSi miTisa da fantaziis SemoWriT aixsneba. ase, magaliTad, v.

varilakosi Tavis “trilogiaSi” (“foToli”, “Wa”, “sikvdilis wina

agonia”) misi gmirebis yoveldRiur, autanel realur samyaros miTebisa

da fantaziebis samyaroSi aSuqebs. realuri movlenebis miTopoeturma

asaxvam sxva SemoqmedTa nawarmoebebSic daimkvidra adgili. am kuTxiT

aRsaniSnavia a. samarakisis Semoqmedeba. aseve sainteresoa s.

plaskovitisis romani “kaSxali” (1960), sadac fantastikur siuJetze

dayrdnobiT, gamoxatulia adamianTa is fsiqozuri ganwyoba, rac,

zogierTi berZeni kritikosis azriT, teqnologiuri progresisadmi

SiSTanaa dakavSirebuli.46

sagulisxmoa, rom am peirodis SemoqmedTa nawarmoebebSi epoqis

ekonomikur da socialur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT didi aRtaceba ar

SeiniSneba. piriqiT (Tumca es arc Tu ise mkafiod SeigrZnoba), SeiniSneba

skepticizmi epoqaSi mimdinare nebismieri siaxlis mimarT. isini axali

epoqis mier motanil keTildReobas eWvis TvaliT uyureben. Teotokasi,

romelic 1929 wels Tavisi sabrZolo suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul

manifestSi “Tavisufali suli” berZnuli literaturis dasavluri

modelisaken mimarTvas mouwodebs, 1966 wels did sifrTxiles iCens

dasavluri samyaros racionaluri da teqnokratiuli Rirebulebebis

mimarT, rasac ukve saberZneTSic karga xania fexi hqonda mokidebuli.

erT-erTi faqtori, ramac ueWveli gavlena iqonia am periodis berZnuli

46 M. Vitti, Ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, Αθήνα 1987, 441.

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prozis ganviTarebaze iyo 50-iani wlebis franguli “axali romani”

(nouveau roman), rac kritikulad miudga weris teqnikasa da siuJetis

tradiciul formebs. anti-realisturi proza, romelic saberZneTSi 60-ian

wlebSi ganicdis ayvavebas, umeteswilad 30-iani wlebis berZnuli prozis

eqsperimentebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. zogierTi mwerali, romelic

aRniSnul aTwleulSi aqveynebda nawarmoebebs, TavianT naSromebs

postmodernistuls (µετα-µοντέρνο)47 uwodebda.

Cvens mier zemoT dasaxelebuli mwerlebi is Semoqmedebi arian,

romelTac, 60-iani wlebis Semdeg, weris teqnikisa Tu Tematikis

TvalsazrisiT, progresuli nabijebi gadadges. 1967 wlamde berZnul

prozaSi mravali cvlileba aRiniSneba. Semdgomi winsvlis iniciativa

mwerlebis axal Taobas ekuTvnis. maT ganamtkices berZnuli

literaturuli tradiciebi da Tavadac myarad gaidges fesvebi im

saZirkvelSi, romelsac 1974 wlamde berZeni mwerlebis niWierebisa da

avtoritetis wyalobiT Caeyara safuZveli.

nawilnawilnawilnawili pirveli / Tavi mesamei pirveli / Tavi mesamei pirveli / Tavi mesamei pirveli / Tavi mesame

egzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literaturaegzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literaturaegzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literaturaegzistencializmi da XX saukunis berZnuli literatura

adamianis gaucxoebis, misi martoobisa da saerTod, Tanamedrove

samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis sakiTxebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

gansakuTrebiT egzistencialisti mwerlebi arian dainteresebulni. Cven

pirvel TavSi mimovixileT egzistencialisturi filosofiis

literaturaSi damkvidrebis procesebi. marTalia es literaturuli

47 aRsaniSnavia, rom es termini saberZneTSi daaxloebiT 1980 wlamde oficialurad ar iyo miRebuli; Sdr.: R. Beaton, Εισαγωγή στη νεοελληνική λογοτεχνία, Αθήνα 1996, 322.

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mimdinareoba ZiriTadad safrangeTTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram

sagulisxmoa, rom man sakmaod swrafad hpova gavrceleba evropis

danarCen qveynebSic da araerTi mweralis Tu poetis SemoqmedebaSi

aisaxa. gamonaklisi arc Tanamedove berZnuli literatura iyo. meore

msoflio omis periodSi da mis Semdeg saberZneTSi mimdinare movlenebma,

SeiZleba iTqvas, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli berZnul literaturaSi

egzistencializmis gavrcelebis process.

am etapze CvenTvis sainteresoa, Tu rogori iyo egzistencializmis

transformaciis gza Tanamedrove berZnul literaturaSi. mocemul TavSi

naklebad SevCerdebiT calkeuli mwerlebis nawarmoebebze, mxolod

meore msoflio omis Semgdomi periodis berZnuli literaturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel zogierT egzistencialistur tendencias gamovyofT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom egzistencilizms, rogorc literaturul

mimdinareobas, berZeni kritikosebi umeteswilad omis Semdgomi

periodis poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mimarTulebad miiCneven. isini

Tvlian, rom aRniSnuli Taobis berZeni poetebi Tanamedrove samyaroSi

disharmonias grZnobdnen, rac maTSi tragikulobis SegrZnebas iwvevda.

isini samyaroSi Tavs ucxod grZnobdnen. “pirovnebasa da samyaros Soris

disharmoniis arseboba qmnis antigmirs, rac egzistenciuri da istoriuli

gamouvali mdgomareobis SegrZnebis matarebelia”,48 _ aRniSnavs d.

cakonasi.

50-ian wlebSi, zogierTi kritikosi, t. sinopulosis (1917)

Semoqmedebas egzistencialur mimdinareobas ukavSirebda. misi poezia

dramatuli ganwyobiT gamoirCeva. erT-erTi leqsic, romlis saTauria

“absurdis Sesaxeb”, franguli egzistencializmis ZiriTadi debulebebiT

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aris gajerebuli. sainteresoa aseve poeti k. aTanasulisis (1919)

Semoqmedeba. igi Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel fazaSi, TiTqmis yvela

nawarmoebSi, Tanamedrove epoqis mRelvarebas asaxavs. poeti mwvaved

ganicdis Tanamedroveobis udabnoSi usasrulo xetials, saukunis

borotebis samsaxurSi yofnas, misTvis mtanjvelia uSedego molodini,

unayofo Tesva. am Semoqmedis ideologiur momwifebaze didi gavlena

iqonia r. m. rilkem, ris Semdegac berZeni poeti metafizikas uaxlovdeba,

ara imitom, rom zurgi Seaqcios gare samyaros, aramed imisaTvis, rom mas

arsebobis aRqmis axali TvaliT Sexedos. aRsaniSnavia agreTve m.

dimakisis (1915) Semoqmedeba. poeti acnobierebs, rom martooba Cveni

epoqis avadmyofobaa, Tumca is aris erTaderTi adgili, sadac adamiani

Tavs Tavisuflad grZnobs. dimakisisaTvis martooba ar aris sicocxle, is

sikvdilis tolfasia. poeti adamianis sulis bnel da miuwvdenel

sivrceebs ikvlevs, raTa koSmaruli samyaros suraTi dagvixatos.

g. kocirasi (1921) berZnuli egzistencialisturi poeziis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi figuraa. misTvis kamius gmiri sizifosi saocari meore

adamiania, romelic Tanaarsebobs CvenSi. energiuli, meamboxe, romelic

Tamamad ibrZvis umowyalo bedis winaaRmdeg. sizifosi, rogorc Cans,

Seegua Tavis beds, rac sikvdilTan usasrulo brZolaa, rac ar aris

sikvdili, aramed mtanjveli Sromaa. Cveni meore “me” ki gaocebulia misi

SeupovrobiT. egzistencialisturi tendenciebi aseve damaxasiaTebelia n.

karuzos (1926), d. papazicasis (1922), m. saxturisis da sxva poetebis

SemoqmedebisaTvis.

zemoT dasaxelebul poetebTan erTad aucilebelia aRvniSnoT amave

epoqis Tesalonikis “literaturuli skola”, romelsac Rrma

48 Sdr.: ∆. Τσακωνάς, Επίτοµη ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, πρώτη µεταπολεµική γεννιά,

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filosofiuroba da STambeWdavi poeturoba axasiaTebs. am “skolaSi”

gaerTianebuli Semoqmedebi dakavebulni iyvnen metafizikuri

problemebiT, rac maT sxva berZnuli saliteraturo skolebis

warmomadgenlebisagan gamoarCevda. am qalaqSive ibadeba miswrafeba

fsiqoanalizisadmi, rac egzistenciur filosofiasTan erTad “Sinagani

monologis”49 literaturas aZlierebda. am “skolis” warmomadgenlebi

cdilobdnen TavianTi xelovnebiT, sartris koncefciis Tanaxmad

daemtkicebinaT, rom sxva adamianebi CvenTvis jojoxeTs warmoadgenen an

is, rom jojoxeTi Tavad arsebobs CvenSi (joisi). Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom

am SemTxvevaSi saqme omebs Soris periodis Taobis literaturul siaxles

exeba, rac sazogadoebrivi interesebisgan daclilia da gajerebulia ara

socialuri, aramed adamianis arsebobis problemiT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1940-iani wlebidan ara marto berZeni

poetebis, aramed prozaikosebis SemoqmedebaSic mkafiod ikveTeba

egzistencialisturi tendenciebi. zogierTi kritikosi aqac gamohyofs

ramdenime mwerlis Semoqmedebas da maT egzistencialisturi

literaturis CarCoebSi ganixilavs. sagulisxmoa, rom aRniSnuli Taobis

berZnuli literaturis warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedebis ZiriTad Temas

saomari moqmedebebi da politikuri brZola, “erovnuli

winaaRmdegobis” moZraoba, sakoncentracio banaki, patimroba da

gadasaxleba, mSvidoba da adaptaciis problemebi, marcxis Sedegebis

Αθήνα 1999, 533. 49 Tesalonikis “saliteraturo skolam” e. w. “Sinagani monologis” literatura Camoayaliba. “Sinagani monologis” warmomadgenlebi (qsefludasi, penZikisi, deliosi, Rianopulosi da sxv.) Tavdapirvelad Tavs iyrian JurnalSi “makedoniis dReebi”. SemdgomSi JurnalSi «Κοχλίας» gadainacvleben. aRsaniSnavia, rom amave JurnalSi ibeWdeba dasavleTeli edzistencialistebis, simbolistebisa da surealistebis nawarmoebTa Targmanebi.

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gadmocema, politikuri paeqroba, arCevanis uflebis uqonloba da

nihilizmi warmoadgens.

berZeni mwerali a. samarakisi, romlis ideologiur

Camoyalibebazec didi gavlena iqonia f. kafkam, Tavis prozaul

nawarmoebebSi ZiriTadad meore msoflio omis Semdgomi, im absurduli

samyaros WeSmarit suraTs gvixatavs, sadac cxovreba uxdebaT adamianebs.

misi gmirebi imedgacruebulni arian, ver pouloben ra gamosavals am

samyaroSi. Tumca miuxedavad imedgacruebisa, isini ar nebdebian da

brZolaSi iwveven mas: uarvyof am absurdul samyaros da, amasTanave,

uarvyof sikvdils... – acxadebs erT-erTi gmiri moTxrobisa “uarvyof”. m.

limberakisis (1919) realisturi weris maneris impresionizmisaken

Setrialebis mizezebs sartris, kamius, bovuaris SemoqmedebaSi Tu

moviZiebT. “sartrisa da limberakis personaJebi ar arian gmirebi,

romlebic mxolod samyaros winaSe ilaSqreben. isini anti-gmirebi arian,

romlebic samyarosTan erTad sakuTar Tavsac ewinaaRmdegebian”,50 _

aRniSnavs d. cakonasi.

aRniSnuli epoqis berZen moazrovneTa Soris, romelTa

Semoqmedebazec didi gavlena iqonia egzistencialuri filosofiisa da

literaturis warmomadgenlebma, ZiriTadad sartrma, kamium, kafkam,

rilkem, aRsaniSnavia R. sarandi (1920), romelic Tavis moTxrobebSi,

novelebsa Tu romanebSi adamianis Sinagan, sulierebisa da cnobierebis

samyaros aSuqebs. “mis wignSi “gaxsovdes vilna”

(1972) ikveTeba mwuxareba, melanqoliuri ganwyoba, skeptikuri midgoma

adamianis bednierebisadmi. misi personaJebis umetesi nawili martosuli

adamianebi arian - an arsebebi, romlebic adamianebis garemocvaSi

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40

cxovroben da mainc mZafri martoobis SegrZneba euflebaT. maT ar aqvT

sxvebTan urTierTobis da maSasadame bednierebis xSiri SesaZlebloba. am

adamianebs sakuTari Sinagani samyaro gaaCniaT, magram maT yovelTvis

raRac akliaT: sulSi sicarieles grZnoben”.51 aranakleb sainteresoa

misive romani “sazRvrebi”, romelSiac Cveni azriT mkafiod gamosWvivis

egzistencialuri problematika.

t. xaZianaRnostu (1923), berZnuli egzistencialisturi prozis kidev

erTi warmomadgenelia. misi romani “cxovreba” sxva araferia, Tu ara

mwuxarebiTa da nostalgiiT aRsavse uimedobis qronika. misi personaJebi

aRiareben, rom isini Secdnen, vinaidan egonaT, rom amaRlebuli da

didebuli saqmeebisTvis iyvenen Seqmnilni. axla ki imedgacruebulni

arian, radgan gaacnobieres, rom TviTgadarCenisaTvis sxva araferi

darCeniaT garda imisa, rom Seeguon yoveldRiurobas, romelic mxolod

da mxolod sulmdablobiTa da vulgarulobiTaa gaJRenTili. dakarguli

imedebisa da amao Ziebis, mwuxarebisa da imedgacruebis samyaroSi

arseboben t. xaZianaRnostus romanis gmirebi. isini morCili,

damarcxebuli da warumatebeli admianebis ricxvs miekuTvnebian, rasac

qvecnobierad Tavadve aRiareben.

s. vavurisis (1925) literaturul nawarmoebebsac tragikuli elferi

gasdevs. misi gmirebis saSineli, umowyalo martooba, SiSi Soks mohgvris

mkiTxvels.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo da aRsaniSnavia x. aleqsandrus

Semoqmedeba, romelmac literaturul asparezze erT-erT saxelovan

berZen poetad daimkvidra Tavi. Tumca gansakuTrebuli aRiareba mas misma

50 ∆. Τσακωνάς, Επίτοµη ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, πρώτη µεταπολεµική γεννιά, Αθήνα 1999, 529 . 51 Α. Σαχίνης, Μεσοπολεµικοί και µεταπολεµικοί πεζογράφοι, Θεσσαλονίκη 1979, 118.

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erTaderTma romanma “zanduki” moutana. mis ideologiur momwifebaze

didi gavlena iqonia kafkasa da dostoevskis Semoqmedebam. “x.

aleqsandrus 40-50-ian wlebSi SesaZloa haidegeris, sartris an kamius

Semoqmedebidan originalSi erTi gverdic ki ar hqonda wakiTxuli, Tumca

mis Semoqmedebas Tavidanve bevri ram akavSirebda dostoevskis sulier

samyarosTan, romelSiac egzistencializmisa da fsiqoanalizis ideebs

aqvs Cayrili safuZveli”,52 – aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi r.

ravtopulosi.

romani “zanduki” Txrobis Taviseburi stiliT gamoirCeva. masSi ar

arsebobs konkretuli SemTxveveva, konkretuli scena da arc konkretuli

adamianebi gvevlinebian. epizoduri personaJebi, Tavad mTxrobelic ki,

ar gvesaxebian rogorc adamianebi, isini arian ubralod ricxvebi. maT ar

gaaCniaT piradi cxovreba, Sinagani samyaro da arc warsuli, romelic

maT adamianobaze migvaniSnebda. mweralma mTavari simbolos - carieli

zandukis warmoCeniT, miznad daisaxa absurdis SegrZneba, araadamianuri

zewola da brma morCileba mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro TvalsaCino gaexada.

“zanduki” - es aris fantazia, romelic istoriul sinamdviles asaxavs. is,

erTi mxriv, aris fantazia, romelic yoveldRiuri urTierTgaugebrobis,

zewolis, savaldebulo daTmobis koSmarisagan warmoiSva, meore mxriv,

ki warmoadgens adamianis arsebobis “mizandausaxaobis”, “gardauvalis”,

“gaTiSulobis”, “umotivo da gaumarTlebelis”, “amaoebis” simbolos –

gvixatavs ra sazogado da pirovnuli martoobis tragikul suraTs da

gveufleba SegrZneba, TiTqos Tavad “samyaroa oboli”.53

im berZen SemoqmedTa ricxvi, romlebic TavianT nawarmoebebSi did

interess gamoxataven samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis sakiTxebTan

52 ∆. Ραυτόπουλος, Άρης Αλεξάντρου, Ο εξόριστος, Αθήνα 1996, 26.

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dakavSirebiT, Cvens mier warmodgenili poetebiTa da mwerlebiT ar

Semoifargleba. yuradReba gavamaxvileT mxolod maTze, vinc

gansakuTrebiT mniSnelovnad miviCnieT da romelTa ZiriTadi

SemoqmedebiTi principebis formireba Tanxvdeba CvenTvis saintereso

Tematikas. berZnuli egzistencialisturi prozis umniSvnelovanesi

warmomadgenelebi ki, ra Tqma unda, omis Semdgomi periodis saukeTeso

prozaikosebi andreas frangiasi, dimitris xaZisi da spiros

plaskovitisi arian. TiToeulma maTganma SeZlo aesaxa cxovrebis esa Tu

is aspeqti da xelovanis originaluri xedvis wyalobiT didi wvlili

Seetana Tanamedrove qaoturi yofis aRqmaSi. maT Semoqmedebas Cveni

naSromis Semdeg TavebSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT.

nawili pirveli / Tavi meoTxenawili pirveli / Tavi meoTxenawili pirveli / Tavi meoTxenawili pirveli / Tavi meoTxe

a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)a. frangiasi, d. xaZisi, s. plaskovitisi (cxovreba da moRvaweoba)

migvaCnia, rom qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis, romelic TiTqmis ar

icnobs Tanamedrove berZnul literaturas da mis warmomadgenlebs,

mizanSewonili iqneboda, pirvel rigSi, Tavad mwerlebis cxovrebasa da

Semoqmedebas gacnoboda. aqedan gamomdinare, vidre a. frangiasis, d.

xaZisis da s. plaskovitisis konkretuli nawarmoebebis analizze

gadavidodeT, SevecdebiT mokled mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTganis

SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba.

im mweralTa Soris, romelTac gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes

Tanamedrove berZnuli prozis ganviTarebaSi, mniSvnelovani wvlili

andreas frangiass miuZRvis. igi 1921 w. qalaq aTenSi daibada. mama, emanuel

53 ∆. Ραυτόπουλος, Άρης Αλεξάντρου, Ο εξόριστος, Αθήνα 1996, 266.

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frangiasi saxelmwifo moxeled muSaobda. varvakiosis liceumis

damTavrebis Semdeg, 1939 wels, igi Cairicxa umaRles saswavlebelSi

finansebisa da vaWrobis ganyofilebaze, Tumca garkveuli mizezebis gamo

swavla maleve Sewyvita. 1947 wels mwerali, Tavisi politikuri

orientaciis gamo, k. ikariaze gadaasaxles. 1949 wels igi ubralo

jariskacis rangSi korinToSi msaxurobda, xolo 1950 wels gadagzavnil

iqna k. makronisosze. 1945 wlidan muSaobda Jurnalistad gazeTSi

“elefTeri elada”, mogvianebiT ki TanamSromlobda sxvadasxva gazeTsa

da JurnalSi. mas mWidro saqmiani da megobruli urTierToba hqonda d.

xaZisTan. a. frangiasi samwerlo asparezze 1955 wels gamoCnda Tavisi

pirveli romaniT “adamianebi da saxlebi”. misi romanebi germanul,

ruminul, ungrul, rusul da frangul enebze iTargmna. 1988 wels

romanisaTvis “xalxis masa” man miiRo saxelmwifo premia saukeTeso

romanisaTvis, 2000 wels ki saxelmwifo premia literaturaSi Setanili

wvlilisaTvis. andreas frangiasi 2002 wels gardaicvala.

andreas frangiasi XX saukunis Tanamedrove berZnuli prozis erT-

erTi saukeTeso warmomadgenelia. igi omis Semdgomi periodis pirveli

aTwleulis im memarcxene ideologiis mweralTa ricxvs miekuTvneba,

romlebic socialuri cvlilebebis ocnebiT arian Sepyrobilni da

TavianT epoqaSi mimdinare movlenebis qarcecxlSi adamianis arsebobiT

gansakuTrebiT arian dainteresebulni. “a. frangiasis literaturuli

xedva, arsebiTad, omis Semdgomi periodis adamiansa da misi

problemebiskenaa mimarTuli. igi mtkivneulad ganicdis adamianTa

idealebis msxvrevas, rac omis gamanadgurebelma Sedegebma da SfoTma

gamoiwvia. Tvals adevnebs ganxeTqilebas, romelic sazogadoebidan

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individebisaken miiwevs da maTi sulieri da moraluri dacemis mizezi

xdeba”,54 _ aRniSnavs d. ravtopulosi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom a. frangiasi omis Semdgomi periodis erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi mweralia, misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba ar

gamoirCeva didi moculobiT. man STamomavlobas oTxi,55 Tumca metad

saintereso romani uanderZa. misi SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

didi moculobis, mravalpersonaJiani romanebis Seqmna. es romanebi

Tanamedrove berZnuli prozisaTviis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

aRmoCnda.

a. frangiasis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebi mwerlis moRvaweobaSi sam

ZiriTad etaps gamoyofen. periodizaciis amosavali principi misi

SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli weris manera da erT konkretul

periodSi sxvadasxva niSan-Tvisebebis dominirebaa. mwerali Tavisi

Semoqmedebis pirvel fazaSi realisturi weris ZiriTad principebs

misdevs. am periods ori romani “adamianebi da saxlebi” da “gisosiani

kari” miekuTvneba, sadac ZiriTadad movlenebis realisturi,

zedmiwevniTi asaxva xdeba, rac zogjer detalebis aRweraSi gadadis.

Tumca realobis amgvari daJinebuli, dawvrilebiTi aRwera ar aris

statikuri. romanSi “adamianebi da saxlebi” im xalxis brZolis mowmeni

vxdebiT, romlebic cdiloben gadasarCenad warsuls Tavi daaRwion. “am

romanSi didi adamianuri tkivili SeigrZnoba, TiTqmis idumali, Tumca Tu

54 ∆. Ραυτόπουλος, Οι ιδέες και τα έργα, Αθήνα 1965, 151. 55 a. frangiasis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis nayofs Semdegi romanebi warmoadgenen: 1. “adamianebi da saxlebi” - aTeni 1955; 2. “gisosiani kari” – aTeni 1962; 3. “Savi Wiri” ukve 1967 wels mzad iyo pirveli gamocemisaTvis, Tumca 21 aprils, gamomcemloba, sadac wigni unda dabeWdiliyo ganadgurda. sabolood romani, mravali cvlilebebiT, 1972 w. gamoica; 4. “xalxis masa” - I tomi - aTeni 1985, II tomi - aTeni 1986. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs misi gamouqveynebeli eqvsi e. w. “ganuxorcielebeli romani”, romlebic 1995

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CavuRrmavdebiT, adamianTa saSinel tragedias amovikiTxavT”,56 _ werda

am romanTan dakavSirebiT kritikosi b. klarasi berZnul gazeTSi

“vradini”. “gisosiani kari” ki meore msoflio omis Semdgomi saberZneTis,

kerZod ki aTenelebis istorias mogviTxrobs. romanis gmirebisaTvis omi

da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi TiTqmis ukve miTiur warsulad aris

qceuli, Tumca, acnobiereben ra yoveldRiuri moraluri dacemisa da

gaucxoebis faqts, es miTi maTTvis mZime tvirTad iqceva.

SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis meore etapze, roca mwerali qmnis

romans “Savi Wiri” realizmi misTvis damaxasiaTebel yvelanair niSans

kargavs. am periodSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mwerali axdens realobis

metamorfozas, rasac igi metaforuli da alegoriuli transfiguraciis

gamoyenebiT axerxebs. aRniSnuli nawarmoebi, sadac epicentrSi

sakoncentracio banakis msjavrdebulTa araadamianuri cxovreba dgas,

warmoadgens “faSisturi zewolis” yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris totalitarizmisa da nacizmis winaaRmdeg

galaSqrebis qronika. Tumca mwerali, Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis

wyalobiT, realuri movlenebis saocar interpretacias axdens, rac misi

romanis warmatebis sawindarad iqca. 1992 wels, berZen prozaikosTa

Sexvedraze, a. frangiasma “Savi Wiris” SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada:

“mwerals Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs: qmnis ara imas rac unda, aramed rac

SeuZlia. mas ar ZaluZs yvelaferi akeTos..., rac ufro mets akvirdebi

realobas, mas miT ufro axlos miyavxar misi TviTsimbolizaciisaken.

realoba Tavisi intensiurobiT zogierT elements simbolod aqcevs.

dRevandeli movlenebis daZabuloba, cvalebadoba, zewola aadvilebs

wlis 24 noembers, mweralma s. tasopulosma Rulandri-xornis fondSi a. frangiasisadmi miZRvnil saRamoze warmoadgina. 56 Μπ. Κλάρας, Κριτική για το Άνθρωποι και σπίτια, εφηµ. «Βραδυνή», 1.02.1956.

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46

farTomasStabiani da zogadi saxecvlilebebisa da simboloebis

warmoSobas”.57

romanma “Savi Wiri”, romelic berZnuli mxatvruli literaturis

erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani, dramatuli da amaRelvebeli

nawarmoebia, rac bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmnila,

gansakuTrebuli daintereseba gamoiwvia rogorc kritikosebis, aseve

mkiTxvelis mxridan. berZeni mwerali da kritikosi a. koZiasi werda:

“andreas frangiasis am metad mniSvnelovani wignis qvesaTauri, albaT,

“araadamianurobis etiudi” unda iyos. es wigni, berZnuli

yoveldRiurobis amsaxveli ori mravalgverdiani, realisturi

romanisgan gansxvavebul kalapotSi miedineba. mwerals Tavisi mkiTxveli

yvelasaTvis cnobili aTenis Raribi ubnebidan erT anonimur “xriok

adgilze” gadahyavs... am amaRelvebel romanSi siuJeti ar viTardeba. rac

xdeba, adrec momxdara da momavalSic moxdeba. arsebiTad stagnaciuri

viTareba sufevs: es aris jojoxeTi, romlis sxvadasxva Sreebs romanis

TiToeul furcelze aRmovaCenT”.58

berZen kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom romanSi moTxrobili ambavi

kunZul makronisosze59 ganviTarebul istoriul movlenas asaxavs. maTi

57 Τ. Γουδέλης, Γύρω από την πεζογραφία, περ. «Το ∆έντρο», τ. IX, τευχ. 66, Ιαν.-Μαρτ. 1992, 6. 58 Αλέξ. Κοτζιάς, Κριτική για το Λοιµός, εφηµ. «Το Βήµα» 15.2.63, 31. 59 “makronisosi” saberZneTis erT-erTi kunZulia, sadac 1947-56 wlebSi xalxis masiuri gadasaxleba xdeboda. Tavdapirvelad iq samxedroebs asaxlebdnen, mogvianebiT saeWvo politikuri mrwamsis mqone adamianebs, 1948 wlidan ki politikur patimrebs. xelisuflebis mizani maTi ara mxolod sazogadoebisagan izolireba iyo, aramed saSineli wamebis Semdeg patimrebs sakuTr ideebze sajarod uaris Tqmas aiZulebdnen. makronisosi saberZneTis istoriis erT-erTi Savi laqaa. es movlena ara-erTi berZeni moazrovnis SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. ise rogorc i. ricosis leqsSi “qvis weliwadi” (1949), T. kornarosis romanSi “nacari da finikebi” (1957), m. ludemisis “qvesknelis quCa, nomeri 0” (1962), m. raftopulosis moTxrobaSi “ra ixila xaris Tvalma” (1957) da n. kaszaRlis “netari Semwyaleblebi, isini rom Seiwyales” (1977).

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azriT, frangiasis “Savi Wiri” makronisosis istoriis literaturuli

gardasaxvis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas warmoadgens. am saocari romanis

Seqmnisaken ki mas udaod makronisosze (1950) dagrovilma piradma

gamocdilebam da STabeWdilebebma ubiZges. marTalia Tavad romanSi

kunZuli makronisosi naxsenebi ar aris da saerTod, mwerali, ar

asaxelebs am “jojoxeTuri” adgilis aranair saxels. nawarmoebSi

mocemuli realuri monacemebis safuZvelze SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom

saqme konkretul kunZulsa da iq ganviTarebul konkretul movlenebs

exeba. mwerali romanSi mimdinare movlenebis adgilis Sesaxeb Semdeg

informacias gvawvdis: moqmedeba viTardeba erT xriok kunZulze, sadac

gamudmebiT Zlieri qari qris, sadac aris cixeebi, patimrebi da

zedamxedvelebi, romelnic yvelanairi Zaladobrivi xerxis gamoyenebiT

cdiloben msjavrdebulTa, viTomda, gamosworebis gzaze dayenebas.

berZeni kritikosi, eri stavropulu dabejiTebiT acxadebs, rom romanis

TiTqmis yvela epizodi realur movlenebzea dafuZnebuli da misi

gmirebic sinamdvileSi arsebuli adamianebi arian. marTlac Tanamedrove

saberZneTis istoriis mcodne mkiTxvels ar gauWirdeba gaaanalizos, Tu

sad viTardeba sinamdvileSi moqmedeba.

romani “xalxis masa”, romelic a. frangiasis Semoqmedebis mesame

etaps ganekuTvneba, realursa da alegoriuls Soris meryeobs. romanSi

adamianTa cxovreba mTlianad dagegmilia mmarTvelobis uxilavi

sistemis mier, romelic yvelafers aregulirebs, ucnobi, bneli da

absurduli Zalebi moqmedebaSi mohyavs. arsebuli meqanizmebi

funqcionireben ara mxolod imisTvis, rom dasajon damnaSaveebi, aramed

isinic, vinc maT SemTxveviT CauvardebaT xelSi. sistema, imisaTvis rom

Tavis mizans miaRwios organizebulad muSaobs. misi mizani is aris, rom

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adamianebs pirovnuloba daakargvinos, aRkveTos maTi winaaRmdegoba da

aiZulos isini maT mier gansazRvruli cxovrebis wesiT icxovron.

adamianebi mxolod marionetebs warmoadgenen, romelTa arsebobas

ganagebs mtruli, ukeTuri Zala.

a. frangiasi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas adamians da saerTod adamianis samyaroSi

arsebobis problemas uTmobs. mweralis Sexedulebebi adamianis

garesamyarosTan da sxva adamianebTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb mis yvela

romanSi Taviseburad aris warmoCenili. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom “Savi

Wiri”, sadac adamianis arsebobis sakiTxi ganskuTrebuli simwvaviT aris

dayenebuli, ara mxolod misi Semoqmedebis, aramed Tanamedrove

berZnuli prozis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes prozaul nawarmoebs

warmoadgens. swored aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom berZnuli

egzistencialisturi mimdinareobis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, Cvens mier es

konkretuli nawarmoebi iqna SerCeuli, romelsac qvemoT ufro

detalurad ganvixilavT.

XX saukunis berZen mweralTa Soris, romlebic TavianT

nawarmoebebSi adamianis arsebobis problemas asaxaven, gansakuTrebiT

saintereso da sayuradReboa dimitris xaZisi. igi TiTqmis yvela Tavis

nawarmoebSi, romansa Tu moTxrobaSi, metad mwvaved ayenebs Tanamedrove

samyaroSi adamianis gaucxoebis, martoobis, adamianTa Soris

gaTiSulobis, “arakomunikabelobis” sakiTxs.

dimitris xaZisi daibada 1913 wels q. ioaninaSi. 1925 wels igi qalaq

aTenSi gaemgzavra da ganaTleba aTenis erT-erT gimnaziaSi miiRo. xaZisi

1935 wels komunistur partiaSi Sevida da aqtiurad CaerTo politikur

saqmianobaSi, ris gamoc mTavrobis mxridan devnas ganicdida. igi

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49

araerTxel iqna gagzavnili gadasaxlebaSi. 1941-44 wlebSi xaZisi

monawileobas iRebda “erovnul winaaRmdegobaSi”. 1947 wels igi

daapatimres da gadaasaxles k. ikariaze. iq mwerali Sexvda Tavis

saukeTeso megobarsa da Tanamoazres, andreas frangiass. d. xaZisi, misi

politikuri orientaciis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda samoqalaqo omis

dasrulebisTanave (1949) mietovebina samSoblo da politikuri

emigrantis statusiT aRmosavleT evropis sxvadasxva qveynebisaTvis

Seefarebina Tavi. 1949 wlidan moyolebuli vidre 1974 wlamde igi aris

adamiani, romlis pirad sabuTebSic weria: “samSoblos gareSe”.60

berZeni kritikosebi d. xaZisis Semoqmedebas sam periodad yofen.

misi Semoqmedebis pirvel etaps (1940-1950) isini “sabrZolos” uwodeben. am

periodSia Seqmnili d. xaZisis moTxrobebis krebuli “samxedro

samsaxuri” (1947) da misi pirveli romani “cecxli” (1946). aRniSnul

romanSi meore msoflio omis periodSi, memarcxene partizanuli jgufis

mier rumelis mTebSi ganxorcielebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebia asaxuli.

kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom es ori nawarmoebi politikuri Sinaarsisaa da

literaturul Rirebulebas naklebad warmoadgens.

d. xaZisis Semoqmedebis meore etapi 1953-1976 wlebiT Semoifargleba.

es aris epoqa, rodesac samSoblos mowyvetili mwerali, saukeTeso

nawarmoebebs qmnis. 1966 wlamde man Tavisi moTxrobebi or krebulSi

gaaerTiana: “Cveni patara qalaqis dasasruli” (1963) da “daucvelni” (1966).

pirveli krebuli saberZneTis erT-erTi eparqiis patara qalaqis

(savaraudod ioaninas) mosaxleTa cxovrebas eZRvneba da ZiriTadad im

samyaros asaxavs, romelSiac Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoeba

ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebebis gamo daRupvis pirasaa misuli.

60 Sdr.: περ. ∆ιαβάζω, ∆εκαπενθήµερη επιθεώρηση του βιβλίου, αφιέρωµα στο ∆. Χατζή, αριθ. 180,

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masSi warmodgenilia adamiani da mTeli sazogadoeba istoriuli

cvlilebebis garemocvaSi. meore krebuli ki, romlis ZiriTadi Tema

kvlav Tanamedrove burJuaziul da mcireburJuaziul sazogadoebaSi

“daucveli” adamiania, ufro metad dramatulia. aRniSnuli krebulis

moTxrobebSi moqmedeba patara eparqiuli qalaqidan did qalaqSi

inacvlebs da sazogadoebidan gariyuli adamianebis, navsadguris uimedo

glaxakis, meZavis, invalidi bavSvis, lukma-puris mosapoveblad momuSave

muSis gauxareli cxovrebis aRweras emsaxureba. ramdenime wlis Semdeg

samSobloSi dabrunebuli mwerali aqveynebs Tavis meoTxe wigns

saTauriT “ormagi wigni” (1976).

mesame periods (1976-1981) kritikosebi “Ziebis xanas” uwodeben. am

periods mekuTvneba moTxrobebis krebuli “swavlani”, romelSic

mwerali Seecada harmoniulad Seerwya erTmaneTSi istoria, poezia da

xelovneba.

d. xaZisis SemoqmedebisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia elegiuri

da sevdiani toni, grZnobebis keTilSobileba, nazi melanqolia,

nostalgiuri ganwyoba. mwerali adamianis Sinagani samyaros, misi

sulieri da fizikuri gancdebis asaxvas emsaxureba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

mTeli misi Semoqmedeba adamianis Sinagani samyaros garegani proeqciaa.

d. xaZisis Tanamedrove mwerali, axali berZnuli literaturis

kidev erTi uniWieresi da gamoCenili moazrovne, spiros plaskovitisi

1917 wels kunZul kerkiraze daibada. saSualo ganaTleba man mSobliur

qalaqSi miiRo. 1931 wels ojaxTan erTad aTenSi dasaxlda, sadac

ganagrZo swavla gimnaziaSi. mogvianebiT ki Cairicxa aTenis

universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, romelic 1939 wels warCinebiT

9.12.87, 35-36.

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51

daamTavra. aqedan moyolebuli mwerali mraval sapasuxismgeblo

Tanamdebobaze msaxurobda. 1963 w. igi gaemgzavra parizSi, iuridiul

fakultetze filosofiisa da samarTlis leqciebis mosasmenad.

saberZneTSi diqtaturis wlebSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli winaaRmdegobis

moZraobaSi, ris gamoc gadasaxlebul iqna k. kasossze, sadac mas samxedro

tribunalma xuTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja. diqtaturis

damxobis Semdeg igi socialisturi partiis mandatiT xdeba saberZneTis

parlamentis wevri da misi warmomadgeneli evrosabWoSi. mwerali 2000

wels gardaicvala.

samwerlo asparezze spiros plaskovitisi pirvelad 1948 wels

gamoCnda moTxrobiT “saRamo”, romelic Jurnal “nea estiaSi”

gamoqveynda, Tumca misi pirveli literaturuli nawarmoebebi jer kidev

1929-33 wlebSi sxadasxva JurnalnalSi ibeWdeboda. SemoqmedebiTi

moRvaweobisaTvis igi 1956 w. dajildoebuli iqna saxelmwifo jildoTi

saukeTeso moTxrobisaTvis, 1980 w. pirveli saxelmwifo premiiT

saukeTeso romanisaTvis. misi nawarmoebebi mraval evropul enazea

Targmnili.

s. plaskovitisi araerTi moTxrobisa da lirikuli nawarmoebis

avtoria, romlebSiac igi Tanamedrove epoqis problematur da

saWirboroto sakiTxebs ganixilavs. misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis

nayofia Semdegi romanebi da moTxrobaTa krebulebi: “SiSveli xe” 1952,

“elva da Suqura” 1978, “kaSxali” 1960, “daCoqilni” 1964, “mavTulxlarTi”

1976, “qalaqi” 1979, “giJuri SemTxveva” 1984-1985, “moralis mwerloba” 1986.

s. plaskovitisis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili

miiCnevs, rom misi, rogorc egzistencialisti mwerlis Camoyalibebaze

didi gavlena iqonia f. kafkasa da a. kamius Semoqmedebam. Tumca, amasTan

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52

dakavSirebiT sapirispiro azric arsebobs. berZeni kritikosi k.

steriopulosi werda: “amboben, rom romanze “kaSxali” f. kafkasa da a.

kamius gavlena igrZnoba. vinaidan mqonda SesaZlebloba am wignis Seqmnis

istoriisTvis da winapirobebisTvis Tvali medevnebina, SemiZlia

davadasturo, rom s. plaskovitiss im periodSi arc erTis da arc meores

Semoqmedeba wakiTxuli ar hqonda. maTi gacnoba mxolod 1960 wels

moaxerxa, roca wignis wera ukve damTavrebuli hqonda. maT Semoqmedebaze

s. plaskovitisma erTi-ori wlis mogvianebiT Tavis leqciaze “moralis

mwerlobis Sesaxeb” sajarod isaubra, ramac gamoiwvia sxvadasxva

kritikuli gamoxmaureba, sadac zemoT aRniSnul gavlenaze iyo saubari.

Cemi azriT, is udao msgavseba rac romans kafkasa da kamius

SemoqmedebasTan aaxloebs, gamowveulia im mdgomareobiT, rom berZen

mwerals kafkasa da kamius msgavsad sulisSemxuTvel garemoSi mouwia

cxovreba”.61

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis saberZneTSi arsebuli

mdgomareoba mweralis SexedulebiT iyo katalizatori, ramac xeli

Seuwyo borotebis amofrqvevas, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

istoriaSi da saerTod adamianur cxovrebaSi iyo dagrovili. msoflio

da samoqalaqo omma mwerlis koncefciaSi istoriis absurdulobas Seasxa

xorci. omi plaskovitisis cnobierebaSi aRiqmeboda, rogorc yofierebis

absurdulobis ukanaskneli gansaxiereba. es ganwyoba gansakuTrebuli

simwvaviT aisaxa mis romanSi “kaSxali”.

realizmi lirikasa da poetur elementebTan, socialuri

problemtika egzistencialur da metafizikur mRelvarebasTan

sinqronuladaa Serwymuli s. plaskovitisis SemoqmedebaSi. yovelive es

61 Κ. Στεργιόπουλος, Παρουσίαση-ανθολόγηση, Η µεταπολεµική Πεζογραφία, τ. VI, Αθήνα 1988,

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ki, mTlianobaSi Sejamebuli, mis literaturul nawarmoebebSi

konkretul simboloebSi iyris Tavs, romelTa saSualebiTac mwerali

adamianis maradiul satanjvels, sazogadoebriv da Cveni epoqis sxva

problemebs warmogviCens. simboloebis gamoyenebiT mwerali gvaiZulebs

ufro Rrmad CaveZioT mis mier wamoWril sakiTxebs, raTa Tavadve

gavacnobieroT sakuTari cxovreba arsebul samyaroSi. ase magaliTad,

romanSi “kaSxali” mwerali simboloebis saSualebiT gvatyobinebs, rom

Cvens planetas teqnikuri kulturis gamo ganadgureba emuqreba.

paralelurad romanSi mocemulia egzistencialuri SeWirveba, mTeli

simZafriTaa gadmocemuli adamianTa mRelvareba, SiSi Tanamedrove

kulturis uzarmazari nagebobis winaSe.62

egzistencialuri da metafizikuri problemebiTaa gajerebuli s.

plaskovitisis TiTqmis mTeli Semoqmedeba. mis nawarmoebebSi

gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT metafizikuri sakiTxi da sikvdilis problemaa

wamoWrili.63 araerT moTxrobasa Tu novelaSi xSirad vxvdebiT

momakvdav adamianebs, romlebic sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebSi sikvdil-

sicocxlis problemebze fiqrdebian. Tumca moTxrobaSi “giJuri

SemTxveva” mwerali ukve sabolood darwmunebuli Cans, rom sicocxlisa

da sikvdilis amoxsna SeuZlebelia, logika uZluria miuaxlovdes

absurdiTa da saidumloebiT mocul samyaros radganac samyaro didia da

aravis ZaluZs Caswvdes mis birTvs aRniSnavs igi.

mis SemoqmedebaSi materialuri da sulieri samyaro, xsna da

daRupva winaaRmdegobriobaSi modis erTmaneTTan. benardi xaritosis

1992, 279-80. 62 Έ. Σταυροπούλου, Προτάσεις ανάγνωσης για την πεζογραφία µιας εποχής, Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Αθήνα 2001, 85. 63 Β. Βαρίκας, Η ωριµότητα ενός πεζογράφου, εφηµ. «Βήµα», 1965.

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ukanaskneli sityvebi romanSi “kaSxali”, romelic gveubneba, rom

yovelive dabrkoleba, romelic gvxvdeba miwaze, romelsac vabijebT,

iqneb gamocdaa, gza, romelic unda gaviaroT?64 – warmoadgens mwerlis

ideologiis ZiriTad birTvs.

meore nawili / Tavi pirvelimeore nawili / Tavi pirvelimeore nawili / Tavi pirvelimeore nawili / Tavi pirveli

andreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis gmirebiandreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis gmirebiandreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis gmirebiandreas frangiasis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaro da absurdis gmirebi

romanSi “Savi Wiri” andreas frangiasi Tavisi epoqis mwvave

socialuri, politikuri da adamianTa moraluri mdgomareobis amsaxvel

suraTebs gvixatavs. mweralma, iseve rogorc misma Tanamedrove

Semoqmedebma, sakuTar Tavze ganicada saberZneTis okupaciis wlebSi da

mis Semdgom datrialebuli dramatuli movlenebi. romanSi igi warsulis

istorias mogviTxrobs, rac misTvis koSmarul awmyos warmoadgens.

“aRwers ra Tavisi epoqis movlenebs, miuxedavad im optimizmisa, rac

romanis dasasruls SeiniSneba, mwerali aSkarad momavlis SiSiT

imsWvaleba... umeteswilad es aris cnobierebis, adamianis arsebobis

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli romani da safrTxeze miuTiTebs: Cvens

irgvliv meqanizmebia ganlagebuli, rac absurdamde dadis. maTi mizani

adamianis arseboba rodia. adamianebi maT sakuTari miznebis

ganxorcielebis saSualebad miaCniaT. maTi warmateba dafuZnebulia

adamianis cnobierebisa da Rirsebis Selaxvaze...”65 – werda berZeni

kritikosi t. karvelisi. a. frangiasis mTavari mizania warmoaCinos

64 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 211. 65 Τ. Καρβέλης, H µεταπολεµική πεζογραφία, παρουσίαση-ανθολόγηση, Αντρέας Φραγκιάς, τ. VII, Αθήνα 1988, 18.

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adamiani, adamianuri cxovreba da Rirseba, adamianuri Rirebulebebi, rac

sruli ganadgurebis piras dgas.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, romani “Savi Wiri” saberZneTis erT-erT

kunZulze ganlagebul sakoncentracio banakSi izolirebul patimarTa

araadamianur cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs. mwerali saocari sizustiT

asaxavs konkretuli epoqis (meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis

saberZneTis) suraTs, kerZod ki, e. w. “ganukiTxaobis epoqaSi” adamianis

arsebobis problemiT interesdeba. absurdis samyaro da absurdis

adamianebi metad sainteresodaa warmoCenili mis mier. “Sav WirSi”

mkveTrad SeigrZnoba amaoebis samyaroSi pirovnebis gaucxoebis momenti,

iseve rogorc TvalsaCinoa adamianis martoobis, izolaciis,

anonimurobis da TviTgaucxoebis elementebi.

mwerali Seecada istoriul movlenebze Camoyalibebuli sakuTari

azrebisaTvis da SexedulebebisaTvis konkretuli forma simboloebis

saSualebiT mieniWebina. man realoba Tavis romanSi ara pirdapir, aramed

alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT gadmosca, ise rom zustad ar mianiSnos

konkretul movlenebze da aseve araferi Secvalos sinamdvileSi momxdar

ambavSi. ra Tqma unda, am romanis Seqmna ara mxolod gansakuTrebulma

istoriulma pirobebma, aramed mis epoqaSi arsebulma literaturulma

atmosferomac ganapiroba. sainteresoa, rom fantaziisa da realobis

SerwymiT mwerali axerxebs im sinamdviles miuaxlovdes, rac movlenebis

realurad gadmocemis saxiT saSiSi da miuRebeli iqneboda. am

TvalsazrisiT, migvaCnia, rom a. frangiasi axlos dgas frangi absurdisti

mwerlebis SemoqmedebasTan.

Cven, kvlevis am etapze SevecdebiT aRniSnul nawarmoebSi gamovyoT

is arsebiTi Strixebi, rac safuZvels mogvcems berZeni Semoqmedis es

56

56

SesaniSnavi romani egzistencialisturi literaturis prizmaSi

ganvixiloT.

romanis kiTxvisas naTlad ikveTeba is analogiebi, romlebic

nawarmoebs cnobili egzistencialisti mwerlebis SemoqmedebasTan

aaxlovebs. upirveles yovlisa Tavad nawarmoebis saTaurze gvinda

SevaCeroT yuradReba. “Savi Wiri” gamoCenili frangi mwerlis, alber

kamius “Savi Wiris” asociacias iwvevs. berZen mweralTan, Cveni azriT,

iseve rogorc kamiusTan, Savi Wiri absurduli omis da zogadad

borotebis simbolodaa qceuli. a. frangiasis “Sav WirSi”

egzistencialuri azrovnebisa da istoriuli realobis Serwyma xdeba. es

aris swored is, rasac kamiu Tavis “Sav Wirze” ambobda: “realuri

Sinaarsi “Savi Wirisa” es aris evropuli winaaRmdegobis brZola nacizmis

winaaRmdeg”.66

berZen mweralTan Savi Wiri Tuki, erTi mxriv, sakoncentracio

banakSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis naTeli gamoxatulebaa, meore mxriv, is

qoleris daavadebis gavrcelebis saSiSroebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, risi

momaswavlebelic banakSi momravlebuli Tagvebia: saxifaTo. uTvalavi,

uzarmazari da msuqani Tagvebi, talaxis erTi nagleji, grZeli, gaqonili

bewviT modebulni arian yvelgan, yvelafers abinZureben, anadgureben,

aqeT-iqiT dasunsuleben, Tavi aqaurobis baton-patroni hgoniaT da

TiTqos yvelafris ufleba hqondeT. ufro metic, isini dampyroblebi

arian. adamianebs dascinian, lukmas piridan aclian, Tavsac ki esxmian maT:

Tagvis nakbeni tkbilia, kbenas ver grZnob. rogorc amboben, kbenisas

narkotikul siTxes gamoyofs, romelic xorcs abuJebs da ase Cumad

66 И. Шкунаева, Современная Французская Литература, Экзистенциалистское направление в философии и художественной литературе, Альбер Камю, Москва 1961, 173.

57

57

agrZelebs Tavis saqmes.67 iqauri binadrebi xSirad mokvnetili yuriT

iRviZebdnen, zogs ki fexis romelime TiTi aklda. adamianebi didi

safrTxis winaSe idgnen. mravali xerxi moigones Tagvebis SesaCereblad,

Tumca araferi Sveloda: aseTi urCxulebisTvis saTagurs versad

monaxavdi, katebic ki, maTgan SeSinebulni, mTebisaken kudamoZuebulni

garbodnen.68 droTa ganmavlobaSi Tagvebi ufro momravldnen, Sxamic

matulobda, jer tkbili da narkotikuli, SemdgomSi ki qoleris

gamavrcelebeli.

qoleris gaCenis SiSi, Tagvis sxva muxanaTur saqmeebTan erTad,

usasrulo tanjvadaa qceuli “Savi Wiris” personaJebisaTvis. amgvari

ganwyobis gadmocemiT mwerali cdilobs metafizikuri axsna mogvces

adamianis samyaroSi arsebobis maradiul mdgomareobaze.

Tagvi, rogorc cnobilia, uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli monobis

simbolos warmoadgenda. Tagvebis mier zianis uxmaurod miyeneba gaxda

mizezi imisa, rom iudaizmSi isini farisevlobis simbolod, qristianobaSi

ki boroti, damangreveli Zalis simbolod iqcnen.69 Tagvebi berZen

SemoqmedTan swored rom adamianisadmi borotad ganwyobil da

gamanadgurebeli Zalis simbolodaa gaazrebuli.

Savi Wiri frangiasis gmirebisaTvis mxolod qoleris SiSi da

Tavismomabezrebeli Tagvebi ar arian. es is araadamianuri tanjva,

mxecuri, faSisturi da fsiqologiuri zewola da propagandaa, rasac

isini sakoncentracio banakSi maTi zedamxedvelebisgan ganicdian. “Savi

Wiri” sakoncentracio banakSi Seqmnili araadamianuri pirobebidan

gamomdinare, warmoadgens erT-erT, yvelaze aRmaSfoTebel samxils

67 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 60, 62. 68 Ibid., 63. 69 Д. Тресиддер, Словарь Символов, Москва 2001, 232.

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58

mxecuri, “faSisturi” sistemis zewolisa. es eWvgareSea, miuxedavad imisa,

rom nawarmoebSi konkretulad ar saxeldeba “xelisufalTa”

politikuri ideologia”, _ aRniSnavs italieli kritikosi v. rotolo.70

nawarmoebSi xSirad vxvdebiT iZulebiTi mazoxizmis scenebs, rac

msjavrdebulTa mxridan sruliad absurduli danaSaulis aRiarebaSi

gamoixateba. xelisuflebas dasjis araerTi meTodi aqvs SemuSavebuli,

rogoricaa magaliTad adamianis xangrZlivi izolireba, misi zRvis

sanapiroze cicabo kldeze mibma da aboboqrebuli talRebis anabara

mitoveba, mcxunvare mzeze mavTul-xlarTebSi gabmuli adamianis mitoveba,

galiaSi gamoketva, misi umowyalo cema da sxva mravali. imisaTvis, rom

aaSenon axali Zegli, msjavrdebulebi sxvadasxva masalas zidaven, xolo

wylis gadasazidad xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi metad originalur

xerxs igoneben: TiToeuli Tqvengani wyals pirSi Caigubebs. roca miva

daniSnulebis adgilas iq cariel kasrSi CaafurTxebs. aq sad veZeboT

vedroebi? ... gzaSi wyals vinc dalevs da zust raodenobas ar CaafurTxebs

kasrSi, vai misi brali.71 sistematurad imarTeba damrigeblobiTi

xasiaTis Tavyrilobebi, msjavrdebulTa, viTomda, moraluri da sulieri

aRzrdisaTvis. Tumca, xelisuflebis mTavar mizans adamianis damcireba,

misi fizikurad, moralurad da fsiqiurad ganadgureba warmoadgens, im

donemde, rom adamians sakuTari Tavi SezizRdes. amgvari scenebis

aRweriT a. frangiass surs, erTi mxriv, mkiTxvelis yuradReba

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arsebul sazogadoebriv Tu saxelmwifoebriv

borotebasa da sisastikaze gaamaxvilos, meore mxriv ki, gvixatavs ra igi

“nacisturi”, araadamianuri sistemis realur suraTs, romlis

msxverpladac misi romanis gmirebi qceulan, Cveni azriT, xazs usvams

70 V. Rotolo, Ο Λοιµός του Αντρέα Φραγκιά, περ. «Νέα ∆οµή», τευχ. 1, 1976, 74.

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59

istoriuli movlenebiT ganpirobebul adamianuri arsebobis tragizms.

mwerali cdilobs individebis bedi istoriis CarCoebSi moaqcios. misi

nihilisturi damokidebuleba samyarosadmi ver uZlebs realuri,

istoriul-politikuri cxovrebis gamocdas da igi, iseve rogorc alber

kamiu Tavis filosofiur-publicistur nawarmoebSi “werilebi germanel

megobars”, aRiarebs, rom yovelgvari Rirebulebebisgan daclil

samyaroSi arsebobs erTi ram, rasac namdvilad aqvs azri – da es aris

adamiani.

romanSi warmodgenili saxelmwifo-sadamsjelo meqanizmi, romelic

daundoblad anadgurebs daucvel adamianebs, frangiasTan gaazrebulia,

rogorc samyaros absurdulobis kidev erTi gamoxatuleba. am

TvalsazrisiT metad saintereso paralelebis gavleba SeiZleba f. kafkas

novelasTan “damsjel koloniaSi”. kafkas nawarmoebebze saubrisas

SeuZlebelia ar aRvniSnoT, Tu raoden didi iyo misi Semoqmedebis

gavlena ara mxolod berZnul, aramed mTel evropul literaturaze. misi

absurduli da alogikuri samyaro, masSi gabatonebuli Zalebi, wesrigisa

da samarTlianobis cinikur niRbebs amofarebulni, TviTneburad

iWreboda evropis da masTan erTad saberZneTis realur cxovrebaSi.

okupaciis damRupvel morevSi CaZiruli adamianebisaTvis sirTules ar

warmoadgenda kafkas tragikul-simbolur saxeebSi maTi sakuTari bedis _

tanjvis, mwuxarebis, sikvdilis anarekli aRmoeCinaT.

“damsjel koloniaSi” warmoCenilia Zalauflebis fenomeni, ufro

metic, Tavad oficialuri xelisuflebis, SeiZleba iTqvas, saxelmwifo

xelisuflebisa... Tumca, vfiqrob, mTavari arsi amaSi ar aris, aramed im

Zaladobis kultis atmosferoSi, romelic totalur reJimebs axasiaTebs

71 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 190.

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60

da rac ostaturadaa asaxuli moTxrobaSi”,72 _ aRniSnavs rusi kritikosi

d. zatonski. sainteresoa, rom kafkasTanac da frangiasTanac saubaria

sakoncentracio banakze, romelic izolirebul, xriok kunZulzea

ganlagebuli. orive SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs msjavrdebulTa umowyalo

tanjvas. kafkasTan sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas msjavrdebulis sxeulze

tvifraven, rac misi sikvdiliT sruldeba, “Sav WirSi” ki msjavrdebulebi

“daRdasmulebi” arian da imisaTvis, rom laqa moicilon zogjer “tyavis

gaZrobac” ki saWiroa: ar megona ase rTuli Tu iyo laqis moSoreba, -

Caiburtyuna Zilmoreulma kacma, romelic efeqtur rCevas eloda. Seni

Zalian Rrmaa, albaT tyavis gaZroba dagWirdeba... – urCia mas Tavazianma

gancxadebebis mimRebma.73

ra Tqma unda, a. frangiasi ar iyo is erTaderTi evropeli mwerali,

romlis SemoqmedebaSic kafkas sasamarTlo-sadamsjelo procesebis

absurdulma samyarom hpova asaxva. es Tematika alber kamius

SemoqmedebaSic mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. sasamrTlo procesi masTan

gaiazreboda adamianis da istoriis SejaxebaSi, mwerlisaTvis Zvirfasi,

udanaSaulobis ideis sayovelTao braleulobis ideasTan

dapirispirebaSi, rac qristianuli koncefciis pirveli codvidan

gamomdinareobda da totaluri ideologiis sayrdens warmoadgenda.

kamiu Tavis “ucxoSi” procesebis samyaros – burJuaziuli, nacisturi,

komunisturi _ winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, rac misi azriT, “Tanamedroveobis

wylulia”.74

“Savi Wiris” sakoncentracio banakSi gabatonebuli, yovlad

absurduli sistemis absurduli Sedegi aris buzebis Wera. nawarmoebSi

72 Д. Затонский, Предисловие, Франц Кафка, Замок, Москва 1991, 9. 73 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 138. 74 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 91.

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61

zedmiwevniT aris aRwerili is scenebi, sadac msajavrdebulebi

yoveldRiurad iZulebulni arian Seagrovon buzebi (aucilebeli zRvari

aris 20 buzi), rac maTi Wamisa da wylis safasuradaa qceuli.

msjavrdebulTa Soris buzi SuRlisa da megobrobis sawindaradac kia

qceuli. saqme iqamde mivida, rom buzs “Sav bazarze” yidian. rac ufro

cotaa buzi, miT ufro iwevs misi fasi. ase rom, yvela mixvda, rom buzebis

sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovani iyo.75 imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom igi maTi

cxovrebis miznadaa qceuli: es gansakuTrebuli mweri misi cxovrebis

miznaadaa qceuli, misTvis Tvali ar unda moecilebina. mTeli gasuli

wlebi mas erTaderTi mizani amoZravebda, rom es buzi am SuadRes daeWira.

iqneb, swored amitom daibada igi. da Tu is xelidan dausxlteboda, albaT

mokvdeboda,76 – mogviTxrobs mwerali erT-erT msjavrdebulze.

aSkaraa, rom buzi frangiasTan simbolur mniSvnelobas iZens.

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is adamianTa yoveldRiuri, amao, uazro da

absurduli jafis gamomxatvelia: zemodan rom gadmoixedes, Takara mzis

damabrmavebel Suqze dainaxes aTasobiT adamiani, romelic haerSi xelebs

iqnevda, rom raRac uCinari daeWira, mimwvdariyo haerSi raRac uxilavs.77

buzebi, cxadia, maSinaTve sartris piesas “buzebs” gagvaxsenebs, sadac,

kritikosTa azriT, argosSi momravlebuli buzebi mwerals religiuri

ideologiis metaforad aqvs gaazrebuli. a. frangiasTan ki isini, Cveni

azriT, politikuri ideologiis metaforad SeiZleba iqnan miCneuli.

amasTanave, saerTod buzis simbolikidan78 gamomdinare, SeiZleba buzebi,

75 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 30. 76 Ibid., 82. 77 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 57. 78 “buzebi borotebisa da msoflio epidemiebis simbolodaa miCneuli. isini imdenad mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgendnen Zvel samyaroSi, rom maTgan dasacavad RmerTebsac ki mouxmobdnen... buzebs demonebs ukavSirebdnen. mogvianebiT isini

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62

romlebic sakoncentracio banaks epidemiasaviT mosdebian, xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebTan gavaigivoT, romelTa erTaderTi mizani adamianis

sulieri da fizikuri ganadgurebaa.

absurdis ciklTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi saintereso momentis

gamoyofa SeiZleba frangiasis “Sav WirSi”. garda buzebis Werisa,

msjavrdebulebi iZulebulni arian aSenon sxvadasxva nagebobebi,

moapirkeTon gzebi, aagon xidebi, dadgan Zeglebi, Seqmnan iseTi ram, rasac

aravin arasodes gamoiyenebs. aaSenon qalaqi, romelic arasodes

dasaxldeba. es absurduli Sroma, maTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesadaa

qceuli: mobinadreebi gaemarTnen TavianT samuSaoebze da maTi cxovreba

kvlav Cveul ritms daubrunda. qvaze momuSave brigada, miwis mTxrelebi,

cixesimagreebisa da xidebis mSeneblebi, navsadguris mtvirTavebi,

quCebisa da saflavebis mTxrelebi, moqandakeebi, qvis mzidavebi, wylis da

baTqaSis mtareblebi [...] samuSao win miiwevs, aqauroba saxes icvlis da

mravali profesia, xeloba dRiTi dRe ixveweba da umjobesdeba. iq, sadac

guSin xriok adgilze daabijebdi, dRes Sens winaSe administraciuli

Senobebi, saTavsoebi, eklesiebia aRmarTuli. muSaoba diliT iwyeba,

meore diliT ki Senoba ukve wamoWimulia, TiTqmis dasrulebuli. ra Tqma

unda, ufro masStaburi mSeneblobac midis, rogoricaa cixesimagreebis da

xidebis mSenebloba, rasac meti dro miaqvs. cvlileba iseTi tempiT xdeba,

rom TiTqos aTeulobiT weli gadiodes, saukune wyaliviT miedineba, dRe

usasruloa.79 absurduli Sroma, konkretulad ki qvis tareba, rac buzebis

WerasTan erTad mZime tvirTadaa qceuli msjavrdebulTaTvis, Zvel

berZnul miTs sizifosis Sesaxeb da sizifosis Sromas mogvagonebs, rac

moraluri da fizikuri gaxrwnis qristianul simbolod iqcnen”. ix. Д. Тресиддер, Словарь Символов, Москва 2001, 232. 79 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 23-24, 32-33.

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gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT mZime, dausrulebel uSedego da usargeblo

Sromas niSnavs.80

rogorc cnobilia, am Tematikis saocar interpretacias axdens a.

kamiu Tavis filosofiur eseSi “sizifosis miTi”, sadac igi werda: samyaro

ugunuria, mxolod amis Tqma SemiZlia masze. Tumca am ugunurobis

Sejaxeba misi Secnobis dauSretel survilTan, im ZaxilTan, romelic

adamianuri arsebis siRrmeebSi gaismis, aris swored absurduli. absurdi

imdenadvea damokidebuli adamianze, ramdenadac samyaroze. mocemul

SemTxvevaSi is maTi erTaderTi kavSiria.81 rusi mecnieris e. kuSkinis

azriT, kamiu konkretul nawarmoebSi adamianisa da samyaros absurdul

kavSirSi swored, rom fuW Sromas gulisxmobda.82 Cveni azriT, a.

frangiasis gmirebsa da samyaros kavSirSic sizifosis fuWi da absurduli

Sroma gaiazreba. qvis zidva maTi cxovrebis nawiladaa qceuli: buzebi da

qvebi, maSasadame, warmoadgenen bunebis Semadgenel or ZiriTad elements.

es ori ram gansazRvravs dRisiT Sens cxovrebas. RamiT sazomi icvleba.

TiTqos samyaros Seqmnidan moyolebuli sul ase xdeboda. qvebi da buzebi.

mTeli Seni cxovreba aTrevdi qvebs da iWerdi buzebs. [...] yvelaferi, aq da

yvelgan, exla da mudam, aris qvis tareba da buzis Wera.83 am absurduli

mdgomareobiT, rogorc Cans, frangiass imis aRiarebac surs, rasac

ambobda eJen ionesko: “adamianis yoveli moqmedeba uazrobaa, radgan

absurdulia da usargeblo, adamiani mokveTilia yovelgvari Zirebisagan.

80 RmerTebisagan dasjil sizifoss didi WapaniTa da oflis RvriT ahqonda lodi mTis wveramde, magram RvTaebrivi gangebiT zed mTis wveridan lodi isev ugordeboda da kvlav da kvlav grZeldeboda da meordeboda misi momqancveli, mZime, uSedego da usasrulo Sroma. Sdr.: n. gafrindaSvili, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1972, 276. 81 ix. А. Камю, Миф о Сизифе, Москва 1988. 82 Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 89. 83 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 47-48, 86.

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samyaro moCvenebiTia, iluzoruli... samyaro sayovelTao

ganadgurebisaken mieqaneba”.84

adamians isRa darCenia, rom Seeguos TviTnebobas, anu gaxdes

borotebis mokavSire, an uaryos TviTneboba da aqtiurad

SeewinaaRmdegos mas da amiT amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba. adamiani

Tavisi adamianurobidan gamomdinare amboxisTvis aris ganwiruli.85

frangiasis gmirebi miuxedavad imisa, rom umizno, ganadgurebuli,

yovelgvari potenciisagan daclili adamianebis STabeWdilebas toveben,

cdiloben gamoiCinon simamace, SeewinaaRmdegon absurdul sistemas, win

aRudgnen mCagvrelTa nebas: zogi qvas xmis amouReblad miaTrevda,

TiTqos isini ki ara, maT nacvlad manqanebi asrulebdnen samuSaos. ... iqneb

aRar stkivaT sxeuli, fexebi rkinis gauxdaT, weli da Tirkmelebi TiTqos

msxvili WanWikebiT hqondeT damagrebuli, iseTiT, rkinis xidebs, rom

kraven... ai isic, yviTelCaCiani, isic maseTia _ win miiwevs, TiTqos qvas

simZime ar hqondes da bambis qula iyos. mas yvelaze didi misces, ise

gasarTobad, Tumca amanac wona dakarga. SveliviT airbina aRmarTi.86

frangiasis gmirebi, rogorc Cans, acnobiereben im usamarTlo beds, rac

maT wilad xvdaT. amis gacnobiereba ki ukve maTi gamarjvebis tolfasia.

“Savi Wiris” zogierTi personaJi iseTive “absurdis da meamboxe adamiani”

aris, rogorc kamius romanis gmiri “sizifosis miTSi”.87 kamius es saocari

84 m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: eqsistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 71. 85 С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 231. 86 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 108. 87 kamius miaCnda, rom sizifosi gonieri da Rirseuli adamiani iyo. misi tanjvis mizezs Tavad igi ki ara, aramed RmerTebis gulmwyraloba warmoadgenda. igi pasuxs agebda, Tumca ar iyo damnaSave. mas maradiuli, fuWi da mZime Sroma hqonda misjili. miuxedavad amisa igi sakuTar bedze maRla dadga. roca mTidan dagorebuli qvis amosatanad eSveboda, icoda, rom rogorc ki kvlav mwvervals miaRwevda qva isev dagordeboda da is kvlav mwvervalze unda aetana. miuxedavad amisa igi eSveboda

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gmiri, Cveni azriT, frangiasis “yviTelCaCianSi” povebs gansaxierebas,

romelic acnobierebs ra sakuTar absurdul mdgomareobs, Tavis qvaze

ufro mtkice xdeba. mas amboxi exmareba, rom dasZlios sasowarkveTileba

da Tavs “gamarjvebulad” Tvlis: ratom midixar ase swrafad ase mZime

qviT? ratom akeTeb amas? - raTa ar Sevuqmna maT kmayofilebis grZnoba,

rom mtanjaven,88 - pasuxobs yviTelCaCiani mis gverdze myofs.

msjavrdebulTa “gamarjveba”, maTi “amboxi” es ubralod sakuTari

Tavisadmi nugeSiscemaa absurduli sistemis xelisufalTa klanWebSi

moqceuli frangiasis gmirebisaTvis, romelTac ar SeswevT Zala maTgan

sabolood Tavis daRwevisa: yvela Sromobs, iWers buzebs da elodeba

saRamos, rom misi cudi saqcieli davTarSi aRricxon. es misi Zveli da

axali codvebia, rac samaradisod tanjavs mis suls. amis iqiT araferi

arsebobs. arc adre iarsebebda da arc merea SesaZlebeli moxdes raime

sxva, rac ar iqneba imis msgavsi, rac aq xdeba. samyaro, sadac vcxovrobT,

maradiuli da ucvlelia. da ase iqneba samaradJamod. ar gegonos es

kedlebi aqve axlosaa. sicruea! isini samyaroSi usazRvrodaa gadaWimuli.

imis iqiT ki aRaraferi arsebobs. sibnele, umoZraoba da yinva. am

samyaros unda moergo. sxvanairad wasulia Seni saqme.89 rogorc vxedavT,

“Savi Wiris” personaJebs simamace imisTvis gaaCniaT, rom monobas

mTidan, raTa eSroma. igi am dros ufro diadi iyo, vidre misi damsjeli RmerTebi da is qvac ukve RmerTebs aRar ekuTvnoda, is sizifosis saqmed iyo qceuli. Zaldataneba ki, romlisganac TiTqos ar SeeZlo Tavis daRweva, sizifosis nebayoflobiT gmirobad iqca. igi ar daemorCila, ar iqca RmerTebis yurmoWril monad. ar Seswevda ra mas Zala maT mier miCenili tanjva aeridebina, gaacnobiera Tavisi mdgomareoba da amayi winaaRmdegobiT Tavisi monoba Tavisuflebad aqcia, Tundac bedis “kedlebSi”, “sazRvrebSi” datyvevebulma; Sdr.: И. Шкунаева, Современная Французская Литература, Экзистенциалистское направление в философии и художественной литературе, Альбер Камю, Москва 1961, 166. 88 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 111. 89 Ibid., 69-70.

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66

gauZlon da ara imisTvis rom gaimarjvon masze. berZeni mwerlis amboxi

imaSi gamoixateba, rom monas misi monuri mdgomareoba Seacnobinos,

nacvlad imisa, rom mas STaunergos Tavisufleba, unari da survili

borkilebis damsxvrevisa. misi gmirebis amboxi arafris momtania.

egzistenciuri amboxiT Sepyrobili qurumis sarkeSi areklilia

sicariele – arara.90 mwerals, rogorc Cans, surs dagvarwmunos imaSi,

rom arseboba wreze usasrulo trialia, iziarebs ra im Teziss, romelsac

absurdistebi yovelTvis eyrdnobodnen: “es asea, ase iyo da ase iqneba”.

kedlebi ki, romelic gars Semortymian adamianebs, aiZuleben maT

gaacnobieron maTi ganwiruloba. isini grZnoben, rom dakarguli aqvT

unari imisa, rom akeTon cxovrebaSi umTavresi ram: aSenon momavli.

im nawarmoebTa did nawilSi, romelic absurdis Temas moicavs,

rogorc wesi, fantastikuri elementebi Warbobs. ar aris gamonaklisi arc

a. frangiasis romani, romelSic fantastika da realoba erTmaneTSi

mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli. aq saqme gvaqvs gmirebis metamorfozasTan, maT

ucnaur arsebebad gadaqcevasTan. sakoncentracio banakis jalaTebi

uzarmazar urCxulebad iqcevian xolme. mwerali maT Ramis ucnaur

qmnilebebad moixseniebs, romlebic am jojoxeTuri adgilis

binadarTaTvis Ramis koSmaradaa qceuli: am ucnaur arsebebs, romlebic

mTidan eSvebian, grZeli klanWebi aqvT basri brWyalebiT da uxeSi,

ekliani javSani. oTxiT dadian, xoxaven mucelze, romelic zurgs ufro

waagavs. mZimed sunTqaven. arseboben iseTebic, romlebic arc sunTqaven da

Tvalebsac ar axamxameben. SeuZliaT dapataravdnen, mwerebad iqcnen da

qvebSi da ojaxur saflavebSi CaZvren, sadac SesaZlebelia erT Rames

moulodnelad gaizardon, TavianTi bunebrivi zoma daubrundeT, 90 Sdr.: m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: eqsistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri

67

67

SesaZloa ufro didic, mTeli teritoria moicvan, Sen ki, dabneuli da

damfrTxali dauwyeb cqeras dagorgosalavebul sxeulebs banjgvliani

sacecebiT. aseve SesaZloa sisxlic gamogwovon, ise, rom veraferi gaigo,

gulis cemis gareSe da sisxldaclili venebiT gaiRviZo.91 SesaZloa aseve

Sens winaSe mdgomi Cveulebrivi arseba moulodnelad saSinel urCxulad

gadaiqces: Tvalyurs adevneb mas, vinc Sens win dgas. kiserze muwuki aqvs,

saidanac Sededebuli Cirqi gadmosdis. gamomSrali kani naiarevis

adgilas SewiTlebuli aqvs. daeWvebuli Semobrunda. kargad Sexede.

kldeebsa da xevSi mobinadre Ramis frinvelia. saidan warmoiSva es

arseba, ra aris misi, rogorc bunebrivi organizmis istoria da ra

saxeobas ekuTvnis? ver gaigeb irgvliv ras xedavs, sinaTles amCnevs Tu

ara, ra ferebs arCevs, cas rogor aRiqvams? iqneb mweris prizmuli da

mravalwaxnagiani Tvalebi aqvs da yvelafers daqucmacebulad xedavs,

Savi da TeTri SeferilobiT? Semobrunda da giyurebs, TiTqos misma

sacecebma informacia miiRoo, patara, undo, moWutuli TvalebiT. aq

irgvliv bevri ucnauri arsebaa, romlebic kldeebidan aRmocendnen. Sens

azrebs kiTxuloben da grZnoben Sens zizRs, sunTqvas yurs ugdeben da

sacecebiT informacias iReben.92 amgvari elementebis gamoyenebiT,

mwerali miznad isaxavs am adamianebis Sinagani samyaro dagvanaxos da

metamorfozis saSualebiT xazi gausvas maTSi Cabudebuli cxoveluris

warmoCenas. literaturaSi adamianebis cxovelebad gadaqcevis Sesaxeb

aseT axsnas gvaZlevs berZeni kritikosi e. stavropulu: “... elementebi,

romlebic adamianebis ZiriTadad cxovelebad gadaqcevasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, rasac antikuri mxatvruli literaturis araerT

drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tsu, Tbilisi 1989, 57 91 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 35 92 Ibid.,162-163.

68

68

nawarmoebSi SevxvedrivaT, gamoiyeneboda umeteswilad, raTa dagvenaxa

moralurad dacemuli, instiqtebsa da SiSs damonebuli, saxeSecvlili,

gaucxoebuli adamianis saxe. XX saukunis mxatvrul literaturaSi es

motivi gamoiyeneba, raTa Tanamedrove sazogadoebis zewolis Sedegad

pirovnebis sruli saxecvlilebis saSiSroeba wina planze iqnas

wamoweuli”.93 gmirebis amazrzen arsebad gadaqceviT frangiasi adamianis

gaucxoebis faqts usvams xazs, irealuris realur samyaroSi SemoWriT igi

adamianuri arsebobis tragedias aRmoaCens. e. w. “jalaTebi”, absurdul

sistemas damonebulni, romelTac sruliad dakarguli aqvT sakuTari

pirovnuloba, totaluri gaucxoebisTvis arian ganwirulni.

adamianebis ucnaur arsebebad gadaqcevis elementebi berZen mwerals

f. kafkas SemoqmedebasTan aaxloebs.94 kafkas gmirebisaTvis samyaro

usaxo, usaxelo, adamianisTvis saSiS da misadmi borotad ganwyobili

arsebebiTaa dasaxlebuli.95 “kafkas asaxvis damaxasiaTebli maneraa

personaJis (faqtobrivad antigmiris) moulodneli gadayvana Cveuli,

banaluri situaciidan absoluturad ucxo, uCveulo da gaugebar

garemoSi. mis yvela TxzulebaSi ori sinamdvilea, ori sibrtye –

konkretuli, yoveldRiuri, empiriuli da simboluri, filosofiuri,

Sinagani”.96 a. frangiasis “Savi Wiris” realuri samyaroc ucnauri da

adamianisaTvis saSiSi arsebebiTaa dasaxlebuli: mTeli samyaro buzma

dafara, romelic uzarmazar da frTian urCxulad iqca, daberili

cecxlovani TvalebiT, wvetiani dingiT, sacecebiT, amouyoravi ybebiT,

javSniT da rkinis dagrexili fexebiT. ... SiSisagan tanSi gzaravs am

93 Έ. Σταυροπούλου, Προτάσεις ανάγνωσης για την πεζογραφία µιας εποχής, Αθήνα 2001, 155. 94 am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos f. kafkas novela “metamorfoza”. 95 Л. Г. Андреев, О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 138. 96 n. kakabaZe, franc kafka, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. V, Tbilisi 1980, 441.

69

69

cxovelis Semxedvare. mas cxoveluri Zala aqvs, rasac mas es auxsneli

manqana aZlevs”.97jalaTebis Semxedvare msjavrdebulebi imis SiSiT

itanjebian, Tavadac rame urCxulad ar gadaiqcnen: RmerTs vevedrebi

xvlikad, Tavfexianad, mravalfexad, javSnianad ar gadaviqce. [...] ar minda

viyo mweri, mZuls yvelanairi cxoveli, didic da patarac, Citebic da

Tevzebic,98 _ amboben sasowarkveTili msjavrdebulebi. am SemTxvevaSi

SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom frangiasi cdilobs gaucxoebuli adamianis

saxe Seqmnas da gamoiwvios tragikuli da usaSvelo martoobis SegrZneba.

aRniSnul nawarmoebSi adamiani, rogorc gansakuTrebuli,

konkretuli arseba, centralur adgils ikavebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom

mwerali mas xSirad mravlobiT ricxvSi moixseniebs _ “mosaxleoba”

(κάτοικοι), “adamianebi” (άνθρωποι), “xalxis masa” (πληθυσµός), misTvis

adamianuri egzistenti yovelTvis individualuria. a. frangiasi, iseve

rogorc mis sxva romanebSi, “Sav WirSic” TiToeul personaJs ar

warmogvidgens an mis Sesaxeb dasrulebul ambavs ar mogviTxrobs

romelime konkretul TavSi. igi TiToeuli gmiris ambavs sxvadasxva

TavebSi mokle siuJetebad, erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ganviTarebul

epizodebSi warmogvidgens. personaJis Sesaxeb erT TavSi dawyebuli

istoria romanis sxva TavSi grZeldeba. Tumca mTlianobaSi Tu

SevajamebT personaJTa Sesaxeb moyvanil monacemebsa da ambebs, miviRebT

TiToeul gmirze erT srulyofil istorias, rac maTi yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis, sulieri da fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis, maTi sxva

adamianebTan da garesamyarosTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs.

“Savi Wiris” tragikuli istoriis TiToeul monawiles TiTqos

97 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 91. 98 Ibid., 173.

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70

dakisrebuli aqvs Cvenamde moitanos sakuTari cxovrebis tvirTi, rac

erT mTlianobaSi mwerlis cxovrebiseul filosofias ayalibebs.

romanis kiTxvisas mkiTxvels ebadeba SegrZneba, rom yvelaferi

anonimuri da gasaidumloebulia. misTvis ucnobi rCeba siuJetSi

mimdinare movlenebis xangrZlivobac da adgilic, aravin icis ramden xans

grZeldeba msjavrdebulTa tanjuli cxovreba, romelTaTvisac dRe

iZulebiT da absurdul Sromad, Rame ki usasrulo koSmaradaa qceuli.

aseve ucnobi da anonimuria TiToeuli personaJis sakuTari saxeli,

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebian isini Tu Tavad msjavrdebulni.

mwerali Tavis personaJebs maTi sulieri an fizikuri mdgomareobidan

gamomdinare, aseve maT garegnul niSnebTan Sesabamisi zedmetsaxelebiT

moixseniebs.99 romanSi vxvdebiT iseT saxelebs, rogoricaa:

“ugunuri “ugunuri “ugunuri “ugunuri----gadawyvetilebis momlodine” gadawyvetilebis momlodine” gadawyvetilebis momlodine” gadawyvetilebis momlodine” _ pirvelad maSin Cndeba, roca

zedamxedvelis mxarze damjdar buzs iWers. zedamxedveli mas emuqreba,

rom aseTi saqcielis gamo sastikad daisjeba. aqedan moyolebuli igi

dausruleblad elodeba sasjels. maSin rodesac misi gancda imis gamo, Tu

ra moelis da gauZlebs Tu ara wamebas, kulminacias aRwevs, aRmoaCens

99 rogorc Tavad mweralic aRniSnavda erT-erT interviuSi, mas ar surda da arc SeeZlo mocemuli istoria realistur romanSi aesaxa, vinaidan, erTi mxriv, SeuZlebeli iyo sityvasityviT aRewera tragikuli movlenebi, meore mxriv ki miaCnda, rom personaJebisTvis sakuTari saxelebis darqmeviT es Tema nakleb farTomniSvnelobis da mravalsaxovani iqneboda: “romanSi movlenebis aRnusxva ki ar xdeba, aramed iq makronisosTan dakavSirebuli vrceli sakiTxia Sejamebuli. erTi mxriv, sistemis uazrobasa da barbarosobaze xazgasmiT, meore mxriv ki, personaJTa ara fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aramed jgufebad warmoCeniT, Sevecade mTlianobaSi amesaxa es fenomeni. mxolod aseTi saSualebiT SemeZlo warmomeCina movlenebis absurduli mxareebi: zewola, rasac ganicdida pirovneba da Zaladoba, romelic iq sufevda... is faqti, rom ar aris dasaxelebuli adgili, dro da saxelebi da yvela zogadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiTaa moxseniebuli, miznad isaxavs imas, rom ar moxdes sagnebis individualizacia da movlenebis konkretizacia”. Sdr.: nawyvetebi interviudan JurnalebSi: a) «Το ∆έντρο», χρόνος 14, τόµ. 9, τευχ. 66, Ιαν.-Μαρτ. 1992, 38-39; b) Γ. Η. Παππάς, Συνοµιλία µε τον Αντρέα Φραγκιά, «Ελί-τρόχος», τευχ. 2, Απρίλιος-Ιούνιος 1994.

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rom “Ramis ucnaur arsebebs” Soris aris misi megobari, romlisganac

Svelas eloda. misgan Seityobs, rom maTi megobrobac da sasjelis

molodinic xelisuflebis gegmis nawili iyo, rac masSi yovelgvari

winaaRmdegobis unaris aRmofxvrasa da mis ganadgurebas iTvaliswinebda.

a. frangiasis gmiris danaSauli iseve absurdulad warmogvidgeba,

rogorc es f. kafkas personaJis SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba romanSi

“procesi”.100 a. frangiasi, avstrieli mwerlis msgavsad, am konkretuli

personaJis SemTxvevaSi adamianis absurduli cxovrebis gaSuqebas isaxavs

miznad. mwerali migvaniSnebs imaze, rom misi epoqis adamiani

araadamianuri Zalebis tyveobaSia. es Zalebi ki adamianSive warmoiSoba,

raTa gaZlierdnen, iqcnen usaxur qmnilebebad da TiToeuli Cvengani

gaanadguron.

“utvino damaqceveli” “utvino damaqceveli” “utvino damaqceveli” “utvino damaqceveli” _ romelmac kiriT SeTeTrebuli biliki

SemTxveviT gaafuWa. cdilobs TviTon Seqmnas sakuTari arsebobis

konkretuli saxe da arsebul situaciaSi igi arCevans akeTebs. igi

yvelafers aRiarebs, cdilobs xelisuflebis ena iswavlos, wers himnebs,

aRiarebebs da gancxadebebs. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi

egzistencialur Tavisuflebas aRwevs, im Tavisuflebas, rac sartris

koncefciis Tanaxmad morCilebaSi gamoixateba. sainteresoa, rom is

erTaderTi ram, rac mis arsebobas azrs aZlevs aris himnebis,

aRiarebebis, gancxadebebis wera: mxolod ase SeiZleba iarsebo am

100 romanSi “procesi” kafkas gmirs erT dilas moulodnelad ori ucnobi adamiani atyobinebs, rom am wuTidan moyolebuli igi dapatimrebulia da unda daelodos mowvevas sasamarTlodan. es mowveva ki romanis dasasrulamde ar modis. aqedan moyolebuli iwyebs gmiri imis Ziebas, Tu ra brali miuZRvis mas, eZebs mosamarTleebs, fiqrobs Tu ra braldeba SeiZleba wauyenon da rogor unda imarTlos Tavi. surs monaxos adamianebi, romlebic mas daexmarebian, Tumca aRmoCndeba, rom es adamianebi arian mxolod niRbebi, misi fantaziis koSmaruli arsebebi, misi danaSaulis paradoqsuli mowmeni. Sdr.: Ф. Кафка, Процесс, Москва 1991.

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jojoxeTSi,101 _ acxadebs igi, swams ra, rom aseTi saSualebiT SesZlebs

Tavi daaRwios cxovrebis absurdulobas. es personaJi, erTi SexedviT,

sartris rokantensac mogvagonebs, romelic aseve weraSi poulobs Svebas,

gamoxatavs ra sityvebiT sakuTar gancdebsa da mRelvarebas. TumcaRa

misgan gansxvavebiT “utvino damaqceveli” imasac acnobierebs, rom igi ar

qmnis raime faseuls, rac adamianebs sixaruls da siamovnebas mianiWebs da

riTac SeiZleba adamianma gaamarTlos Tavisi arseboba.

“damfrTxali” “damfrTxali” “damfrTxali” “damfrTxali” _ cdilobs xelisuflebis yuradRebis centrSi ar moeqces.

hyavs bavSvobis megobari “qvelmoqmedi-optimisti”, romelic meqanikosia.

igi megobris ubedurebaSi sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebs da es danaSaulis

grZnoba mas gamudmebiT tanjavs.

“qvelmoqmedi“qvelmoqmedi“qvelmoqmedi“qvelmoqmedi----optimisti”optimisti”optimisti”optimisti” _ iRebs gadawyvetilebas gaakeTos gancxadeba

sakuTari monaniebis Sesaxeb. “damfrTxalis” misadmi gulgrili

damokidebuleba da imis SiSi, rom mas megobarTan erTad dainaxaven, xdeba

TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis mizezi. mas saavadmyofoSi moaTavseben, sadac

yvela, misi megobris CaTvliT, xels awers sabuTze, imis dasturad rom igi

nevrasTeniiTaa daavadebuli. mas “sasacilo TviTmkvlels” uwodeben.

sabolood igi manc moaxerxebs Tavis mokvlas.

“fermkrTali“fermkrTali“fermkrTali“fermkrTali----nacemi”nacemi”nacemi”nacemi” _ fsiqiurad gauwonasworebeli xdeba. gamudmebiT

eZebs “megafonSi molaparake” adamians, romelic mis winaaRmdeg gamodis.

erTxelac gamwarebuli megafons dauwyebs qvis srolas, ris gamoc mas

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi qvebiT Caqolaven. amis Semdeg igi

dainvalidebulia, rogorc fizikurad, ise sulierad: yvela kuTxes ara

mxolod unda yavdes, aramed Tavadac unda aqcios adamianebi giJebad102 -

ambobs mTxrobeli. sabolood “fermkrTali-nacemi” SemTxveviT naxavs

101 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 230.

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megafonSi mosaubres da aRmoCndeba, rom igi misTvis sruliad ucnobi

adamiania. mis mokvlas ganizraxavs, Tumca igi Tavad gaxdeba msxverpli.

erT dilasac mas megafonis qveS mkvdars naxaven.

“mtacebeli” “mtacebeli” “mtacebeli” “mtacebeli” _ mas gamudmebuli davidaraba aqvs Tavis “megobarTan”, risi

mizezic aris erTi buzi: maT qaosi aSorebda. es ki erTi buzi iyo103 _

vkiTxulobT romanSi.

“iRbliani adamiani”“iRbliani adamiani”“iRbliani adamiani”“iRbliani adamiani” _ Tavdapirvelad umniSvnelo da garesamyarosTan

adaptirebuli personaJis STabeWdilebas tovebs. mogvianebiT

xelisufleba mas mraval gansacdelSi Caagdebs, Seecdeba ra mis zRvaSi

daxrCobas, galiaSi gamoketavs, tomaraSi gareul katasTan erTad Casvams

da sxv. Tumca es adamiani mraval winaaRmdegobas dasZlevs, did

gambedaobas, sulier da fizikur gamZleobas gamoiCens. am SemTxvevaSi,

vfiqrobT, rom a. frangiasi sartris koncefcias emxroba, romlis

Tanaxmadac garemoeba totalurad gamouvali arasdros araa. adamianis

bedi mis SigniTaa da misi erTaderTi imedi misive moqmedebaa.104

“Semoqmedi” “Semoqmedi” “Semoqmedi” “Semoqmedi” _ xidis mSenebelia, romelic ar aRiarebs ra, rom xidis

mSeneblobas ganzrax aferxebs, saSinlad daisjeba. mas galiaSi

gamoamwyvdeven. yvelasagan izolirebuli “Semoqmedi” aRmoaCens, rom

martoobam gaanadgura. “Semoqmedis” Sromis unayofoba kidev erTxel

adasturebs berZeni mwerlis Sexedulebas adamianis samyaroSi arsebobis

Sesaxeb: adamianis yoveli moqmedeba amaoa.

“is, vinc TviTmkvleloba scada”“is, vinc TviTmkvleloba scada”“is, vinc TviTmkvleloba scada”“is, vinc TviTmkvleloba scada” _ jalaTobaze uars acxadebs, amis gamo

masac mravali gansacdeli elis. im dros, roca zurgzemokidebul

102 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 241. 103 Ibid.,100. 104 g. TevzaZe, XX saukunis filosofiis istoria, Tbilisi 2002, 461.

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daWrils iZulebiT miaTrevs Seecdeba Tavis mokvlas. bolos masac

gareul katasTan erTad tomaraSi svamen.

“mwyurvali”“mwyurvali”“mwyurvali”“mwyurvali” _ romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, pasiuri personaJia. igi

gamudmebiT im eWvis qveS cxovrobs, rom “SavCaCianma” daabezRa.

“SavCaCiani” “SavCaCiani” “SavCaCiani” “SavCaCiani” – metad saintereso personaJia. “SavCaCiani” ormxrivi

zewolis qveSaa. erTi mxriv, igi yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom

“mwyurvals” daumtkicos misi udanaSauloba. es mas did sulier tkivils

ayenebs. meore mxriv ki, igi xelisuflebis mxridan fsiqologiur zewolas

ganicdis. xelisufleba cdilobs masSi pirovnebis gaoreba gamoiwvios

(uwodebs ra mas “yviTelCaCians” da “gamyidvels”). xelisufleba

araerTxel ecdeba aTasgvari sasjeliT mis sulier da fizikur

ganadgurebas. mogvianebiT xelisufleba mas jalaTobis kandidatebis

gamocdaze gamoiyenebs rogorc sacdel cxovels, sadac “SavCaCiani” did

gamZleobasa da gambedaobas gamoiCens. misi saboloo ganadgurebis

mizniT xelisuflebi mas danarCeni msjavrdebulebis winaSe rogorc

TavianT moxeles ise waradgenen. yvelasagan izolirebuli “SavCaCiani”

sabolood giJdeba.

es adamianebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom gamudmebiT erTad arian,

ojaxur saflavebSi gverdigverd ZinavT, TiToeuli maTgani martosulia,

rogorc micvalebuli. [...] xSirad iseT adamianebTan erTad cxovrob,

romelic dRisiT arasodes ginaxavs, mas mxolod sunTqviT cnob105 _

aRniSnavs mTxrobeli. isini erTmaneTs eridebian, gaurbian erTmaneTTan

siaxloves, radganac ar ician, vin aris maTi mteri da vin moyvare: ise

daveciT, rom TiToeuli Cvengani kiTxvis niSnad iqca. gverdze myofs

erideba da daZabulia. bevrma Tvalebze celofani miikra, viTomda

105 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 16, 18.

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75

mtverisgan da xreSisgan dasacavad, Tumca ufro metad imisTvis, rom

anonimurobis niRabiT Seimosos.106 am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, mwerali

cdilobs Seqmnas tragikul da gamouval martoobaSi myofi gaucxoebuli

adamianis saxe.

erTia gqondes SiSi da eWvi sxvebis mimarT, sakuTari Tavisadmi SiSi

es yvelaze didi satanjvelia adamianisTvis. msjavrdebulebs RamRamobiT

erTmaneTis gverdiT CaZinebisac ki eSiniaT, ZilSi rame ar wamoscdeT da

Tavad ar gayidon sakuTari Tavi: ZilSi Tu rame wamogcda, cudad aris

Seni saqme, Seagrove buzebi, xelisuflebis risxvisagan Tavi Sors daiWire

da umjobesia aravin gicnobdes arc Seni cudi da arc kargi saqmisTvis.107 _

aseT daskvnamde midian “Savi Wiris” jojoxeTur da absurdis samyaroSi

mobinadre gmirebi. vfiqrobT, rom frangiasi asaxavs ra Tavisi

personaJebis martoobas, xazs usvams Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis

mier adamianis totaluri uaryofis, maT Soris komunikaciis

ararsebobis, gaucxoebis faqts.

rac Seexeba xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, frangiass Semdegi

usaxo da usaxelo personaJebi Semohyavs: xelisuflebis saTaveSi dgas

“mama”, Semdeg modian “mmarTveli”, “zedamxedvelebi”, “maregulireblebi”,

“damsaqmeblebi”, “organoebi”, “meTvalyureebi”, “TeTrperangianebi”,

“gancxadebebis Camwerebi”, “mcvelebi”, jalaTebi”, “niRabi”, “sqel kisera”

da sxv. v. rotolo ase axasiaTebs maT: “maSasadame usaxo da usaxelo

adamianebi. [...] es SemTxveviTi araa. am adamianebs ise cota ram SemorCaT

adamianuri garegnuli niSnebisgan, rom arc saxelisa da arc sxva

adamianuri Tvisebebis qonis Rirsni ar arian”.108

106 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 236. 107 Ibid., 25. 108 V. Rotolo, Ο Λοιµός του Αντρέα Φραγκιά, περ. «Νέα ∆οµή», τευχ. 1, 1976, 75.

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76

gaucxoebis savaraudo Sedegebs fsiqozi, TviTmkvleloba, stresi,

fsiqosomaturi moSlilobebi warmoadgens,109 rac “Savi Wiris”

personaJebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. SiSi, gaucxoeba, martooba,

erTmaneTisadmi undobloba frangiasis gmirebs sulierad da moralurad

anadgurebs, rac maTi fsiqiuri moSlilobiTa da TviTmkvlelobiT

sruldeba. nawarmoebSi xSirad vxvdebiT personaJTa TviTmkvlelobis

mcdelobis momentebs,110 bevri maTgani sigiJis zRvramde midis:111 maT Tan

hqondaT qaRaldi, sadac dawvrilebiT ewera qvelmoqmedis fsiqiur

daavadebaTa Sesaxeb, anu maszed, rom igi namdvili giJia, romelic xSirad

saubrobda cxovrebis amaoebaze.112 aseTi SemTxvevebi gaxSirda. es raRac

epidemiis msgavsia, uecrad moedeba aqaurobas, Semdeg ufro Zalas ikrebs,

cota xani mineldeba da Semdeg isev aboboqrebuli talRasaviT Tavs

gvesxmis.113 a. koZiasi amasTan dakavSirebiT Jurnal “vimaSi” werda:

“romanis dasasrulisken, roca sigiJe epidemiasaviT edeba iqaurobas, amas

metad bunebrivad aRviqvamT da TiTqos Svebasac vgrZnobT. es aris

sircxvilisa da zizRis samyarodan Tavis daRweva, romlis Sesaferisi

simboloc gasresili buzia”.114 Cveni azriT ki, yvelaze ufro metad

damaxasiaTebeli ganwyoba, romelic gveufleba romanis kiTxvisas, aris

SiSi amazrzeni sicocxlis winaSe. SiSi am adamianebis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebelia. isini arsebobis uazrobis winaSe dganan, rac maTSi

martoobis SegrZnebas da sasowarkveTilebas iwvevs. SiSis sagani ki

araraobaa: SiSi da araraoba erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli,

109 Sdr.: Πάπυρος Larousse Britannica, τ.: VII, Αλλοτροίωση, Αθήνα 1981, 61. 110 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 69, 80, 96, 130-131, 163-64, 167, 226. 111 Ibid., 41, 130, 132, 163, 168, 241, 243, 245. 112 Ibid., 131-132. 113 Ibid., 245. 114 Αλέξ. Κοτζιάς, Κριτική για το Λοιµός, εφηµ. «Το Βήµα», 15.02. 1963.

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77

erTmaneTs ganapirobebs.115 swored es SiSi xdeba “Savi Wiris”

personaJebis gagiJebis mizezi. maTi TviTmkvleloba ki, SesaZloa am SiSis

daZlevis saSualebacaa. frangiasi cxovrebis gulisamrev da bnel

mxareebs gvixatavs. misi gmirebi Zrwolas ganicdian da sicocxles

uaryofen. cxovrebis amgvari xedva ki berZen Semoqmeds kidev erTxel

sartris SemoqmedebasTan aaxloebs. Tumca, misi personaJebis

TviTmkvleloba winaaRmdegobaSi modis kamius absurdis koncefciasTan,

romlis Tanaxmadac TviTmkvleloba, ise rogorc egzistencialistebis

“naxtomi” RmerTisken, aris paradoqsi an iracionalurad cnobierebis

sikvdilis tolfasia.116

sainteresoa, rom XX saukunis metafizikuri SiSis daZlevis

saSualebad absurdistebi sicils gvTavazoben. isini uimedobis CixSi

momwyvdeuli adamianis umZimesi sulieri SeWirvebis gadmocemas

tragifarsul formas aZleven. tragifarsi absurdistebisaTvis maTi

msoflaRqmis ZiriTadi formaa.117 “Savi Wiris” gmirebi sicilis

saSualebiTac cdiloben gaimarjvon SiSze. “SavCaCiani” daxtis da icinis,

es misTvis simwris sicilia. igi damfrTxali da SeSinebulia, mas xom

Tanamobinadreebi moRalateobas abraleben. gorakis wverze ki adamiani,

romelmac uzarmazari rkinis kasri daagora icinis, kmayofilia Tavisi

miRweviT, xarxarebs da raRac abda-ubda sityvebs gaiZaxis.118

“sasicilo xelovnebas” Soreuli warsuli aqvs. m. baxtinis

mosazrebiT “Suasaukuneebis adamiani sicilSi grZnobda gamarjvebas

115 k. baqraZe, egzistencializmi, Tbilisi 1962, 26. 116 Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 89, 90. 117 Sdr.: m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: eqsistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 73. 118 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 243.

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SiSze. es iyo ara marto gamarjveba mistikur SiSze da bunebis amoucnob

Zalebze, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, daZleva moraluri SiSisa, romelic

adamians borkavda, abeCavebda, gonebas umRvrevda. sicili angrevda yvela

akrZalvas – “manas” da “tabus”, RvTisa da adamianTa Zalas, avtoritets,

sikvdilis SiSs, imqveyniur tanjvas, jojoxeTs, yvelafer imas, rac

adamians sicocxleze saSineli eCveneboda”. beketi ki gvTavazobs “sicilTa

sicils – risus purus”, romelic sicils dascinis. es aris yovlismomcveli,

didi sicili, romelic icinis maTze _ yuradReba! _ vinc ubeduria”.119

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi dascinian “SavCaCians”, uwodeben ra mas

“yviTelCaCians” da bralad sdeben “mwyurvalis” dabezRebas, ...is

sqelkiserac icinoda, romelmac mowyurebuls neba darTo.120 isini ubedur

adaminze maSinac icinian, roca xedaven rom, momakvdavi msjavrdebuli

zRvis talRebs ebrZvis.121

miuxedavad imisa, rom es adamianebi ver axerxeben gaimarjvon maT

garSemo arsebul absurdul sistemaze, romanis finali optimistur

interpretacias mainc SesaZlebels xdis. am operaciebze mravali miTqma-

moTqma iyo. isini saidumlod sruldeboda da xalxSic sxvadasxva

versiebi vrceldeboda. simarTle ki is iyo, rom es saocari adamianebi

gadarCnen.122 romanis amgvari dasasruliT, CvenTvis cnobili xdeba, rom

sakoncentracio banakis msjavrdebulTa Soris zogierTni gadarCnen,

romelTac mwerali “saocar adaminebs” uwodebs. berZeni kritikosebis

azriT am “saocar adamianebs” mxolod warmoudgeneli fizikuri da

sulieri Zala rodi gaaCniaT. isini, acnobiereben ra, rom maTi brZola

119 Sdr.: m. anTaZe, eduard olbi: eqsistenciuri intuicia, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 72. 120 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 12. 121 ix. Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 38.

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samarTliani da erToblivia, maTSi winaaRmdegobis dauSreteli survili

iRviZebs, rac erTaderTi saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom daicvan maTi

adamianuri arseboba da win aRudgnen SiSisa da gaucxoebis samyaros. es

“adamianuri solidaroba” kamius “Sav Wirs” gvagonebs da im meamboxe

adamianebs, romlebic ukeTesi momavlis imediT aRsavseni, yvelanairi

saSualebiT cdiloben SeewinaRmdegon borotebas. frangiasis “saocari

adamianebi” danarCeni personaJebis msgavsad, zurgs ar aqceven cxovrebas.

acnobiereben ra sikvdilis gardauvalobas, maTi sicocxle faseuli

xdeba.

andreas frangiasis mier adamianuri cxovrebis Rirebulebebis

sartriseuli xedva, rac radikalur pesimizmSi gamoixateba, romanis

dasasruls kamiusaTvis damaxasiaTebel optimistur ganwyobas iZens.

aSkaraa, rom nawarmoebis finalSi mwerali cdilobs adamianTa

cnobierebaSi imedis naperwkali gaaRvivos, rac, SesaZloa, romanis

optimizmis safuZvlad miviCnioT, Tumca mis mier daxatuli, adamianis

sulieri dacemisa da gaxrwnis uimedo suraTebis fonze Znelia misi

gmirebis srul gamarjvebaze laparaki. misi “saocari adamianebis”

cnobierebaSi arsebuli imedi absurdistuli dramis gmirebis imeds hgavs,

romelTac TiTqosda misjili aqvT iqonion is, romelic amave dros

imdenad mtkivneulad Soreuli da auxdenelia, rom sixaruliT

gainTavisuflebdnen Tavs misgan.123 a. frangiasis gmirebi mxolod imitom

ganagrZoben arsebobas, rom adamianuri buneba ar aZlevs maT raime sxva

arCevanis saSualebas.

122 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 252. 123 l. kereseliZe, eduard bondi: socialuri dramis niRabi, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 108.

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amgvarad, zemoT moyvanili dakvirvebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs

davaskvnaT, rom a. frangiasis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad Cans

egzistencialisturi tendenciebis gavlena. “Savi Wiris” personaJebi

absurdis samyaros absurduli da gaucxoebuli gmirebi arian. mwerali

Tavisi epoqis istoriul-politikuri movlenebis qarcecxlSi adamianis

arsebobis, misi sicocxlisa da sikvdilis siRrmiseuli gancdebis

amsaxveli problemebiT interesdeba. mwerali sisastikisa da absurdis

asaxviT cdilobs aCvenos kacobriobas Tavisi SeWirveba. adamianis

martooba, uimedoba, uZlureba da ususuroba, misi yofna sikvdilisa da

araras winaSe warmoadgens “Savi Wiris” ZiriTad Temas. igi aRiarebs

adamianebis piradul, profesiul Tu sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi

yoveldRiuri Zaladobisa da zewolis faqts. sasurveli sakiTxis asaxvas

ki mwerali alegoriebis, simboloebisa da metamorfozebis gamoyenebiT

axerxebs.

nawili meore / Tavi meorenawili meore / Tavi meorenawili meore / Tavi meorenawili meore / Tavi meore

“Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi“Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi“Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi“Savi Wiris” personaJebis mimarTeba bunebis elementebisadmi

martooba, avadmyofoba, sikvdili, Ronismimxdeli Sroma, rac

adamianur grZnobebs anadgurebs da aufasurebs, adamianuri arsebobis

bnel mxareebs warmoadgenen. Tumca cxovrebaSi sxva ramec arsebobs.

mSvenieri buneba, sulSi Camwvdomi peizaJebi, is siamovneba, rac warmavali

adamianis arsebobas sixaruliT avsebs – werda xmelTaSuazRvispireTis

ulamazes bunebaze Seyvarebuli alber kamiu.124 Tumca misi Semoqmedebis

gvian etapze, “sizifosis miTSi” igi dasZenda: “yovelgvari mSvenierebis

124 Sdr.: С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 145.

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miRma raRac araadamianuri imaleba. am gorakebma, cis saamo sigrilem, xis

varjebma erT wuTSi SeiZleba dakargon is iluzoruli mniSvneloba,

romliTac Cven maT vmosavT da ufro Soreulni gaxdnen, vidre

dakarguli samoTxe”.125

maSasadame buneba, egzistencialistebis azriT, zogjer SesaZloa

mtrulad iyos ganwyobili adamianis mimarT da miuwvdomeli gaxdes

misTvis. am SemTxvevaSi adamiani aris gaucxoebuli bunebasTan, vinaidan es

ukanaskneli iracionalur, ganusazRvrel, Tavdamsxmel Zalas flobs,

romlis gakontrolebac mas ar ZaluZs.126

sainteresoa, ra datvirTvas iZens buneba berZeni mwerlis

SemoqmedebaSi da ra ganwyoba euflebaT bunebis garemocvaSi myof “Savi

Wiris” absurdis samyaros personaJebs?

sagulisxmoa, rom romanSi mimdinare movlenebi xriok kunZulze

viTardeba. usasrulo zRvaSi dakarguli xrioki kunZuli, romelic

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom frangiasTan adamianis samyaroSi

mitovebulobis, misi bedis tragizmis, martoobis metaforadaa

gaazrebuli, migvaniSnebs, rom iq mobinadreni ar unda iyvnen

ganebivrebulebi bunebis mSvenieri peizaJebiT.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, a. frangiasis personaJebis garesamyaro

cxovrebis yoveldRiurobis monotonurobiTa da absurdis mZafri

SegrZnebiTaa gaJRenTili, razedac romanSi arsebuli araerTi faqtori

metyvelebs. “Sav WirSi” mwerali adamianis garesamyarosTan mimarTebis

sakiTxebs centralur adgils uTmobs. sainteresoa, rom swored

125 Sdr.: А. Камю, Миф о Сизифе, Москва 1988, 107-108. 126 Sdr.: P. E. Linda, Existential Literature, An Introduction, Existentialist Views on the Human Condition, Wadsworth, Belmont, 2000, 50

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personaJis garesamyarosTan urTierTobis prizmaSi axerxebs avtori

dagvanaxos Tavisi gmiris apaTiuroba, misi yofis monotonuroba da

uperspeqtivoba. igi adamians ganixilavs ara rogorc Tavis TavSi

Caketil, izolirebul individs, aramed rogorc garesamyarosTan

mWidro kavSirSi myofs, rameTu swored gmiris garSemo ganviTarebuli

movlenebi, mis garSemo Seqmnili situacia ganapirobebs gmiris xasiaTs.

im mraval elementTa Soris, romelTac a. frangiasi gamoiyenebs

gmiris xasiaTis Strixebis Sesaqmnelad mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT

bunebis elementebs. mis nawarmoebSi xSirad ar vxvdebiT bunebis aRweris

gavrcobil suraTebs, Tumca maSinac ki, rodesac mwerali amas akeTebs,

TiTqmis yovelTvis igi amas gmiris xasiaTTan akavSirebs. bunebis

movlenebis saSualebiT igi cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi gmirebis emociur-

fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba. metic, nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli

movlenebis mauwyebeli da mizezic ki zogjer bunebis elementia.

aRniSnul nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia bunebis

elementebis zemoqmedeba adamianis xasiaTze. Cven ar ganvixilavT yvela im

elements, romelsac kavSiri aqvs bunebasTan da romelTac iyenebs

mwerali Tavis romanSi. yuradRebas SevaCerebT mxolod ramdenime, Cveni

azriT, yvelaze ufro saintereso da gavrcobil elementebze,

rogorebicaa mze, zRva da qari. vidre TiToeul maTgans SevexebodeT,

unda aRvniSnoT, rom frangiasTan buneba ar aris warmodgenili, rogorc

esTetiuri tkbobis, dasvenebis, Svebis momgvreli an raime dadebiTi

funqciis matarebeli. igi “Savi Wiris” gmirebisaTvis yovelTvis SiSis

momgvreli da mkacria.

maSasadame samyaros adamianisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba,

bunebis stiqiuri Zliereba, romelic mtrulad aris ganwyobili

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83

warmavali adamianis mimarT “Sav WirSi” qaris, mzisa da zRvis saxiTaa

warmodgenili. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebis am elementebTan

dakavSirebiT, mwerali iseT leqsikur erTeulebs iyenebs rogoricaa:

mze, papanaqeba sicxe, xvati, simxurvale, sikaSkaSe, buRi, gavarvarebuli,

damabrmavebeli, Takara, acxunebs, wvavs, aduRebs, buRs adens, adnobs,

Tvbrus axvevs, CaxuTuli, qari, haeri, qrola, qris, zuzunebs, aSrobs, zRva,

aqoCrili, azvirTebuli, gaSmagebuli, talRebi, Relva, umoZrao,

Camuqebuli da sxv.

q a r i:

romanis dasawyisSi pirvelive winadadeba bunebis aRweriT iwyeba:

erT dRes, roca Zlieri q a r i qroda, viRacam ikiTxa: SeiZleba wyali

davlio? _ da es bunebrivi iyo, radgan igi dilidan miwas Txrida, qviSa

kbilebSi uxraSunebda, tuCebi ki gamomSrali hqonda. Tumca aq nebismieri

rame rom gaakeTo, neba unda dagrTon. es kanonia.127 nawarmoebis

dasawyisSive Zlieri qarisgan gaTanguli da mowyurebuli personaJis

gamoCena mkiTxvels momdevno arasasiamovno movlenebisaTvis ganawyobs.

aseve, am SemTxvevaSi, mwerali bunebis elementis SemotaniT kidev ufro

amwvavebs Tavisi personaJis isedac mZime cxovrebas.

qari, rogorc cnobilia, CineTSi asocirebuli iyo xmebTan – aseTi

simbolika, SesaZloa, nadirobidan da qarisgan motanili nanadirevis

sunidan gamomdinare warmoiSva.128 qaris es simbolika berZen

mweralTanac sainteresod aris warmoCenili. Ramis Semovlisas, roca

“Ramis ucnauri arsebebi” msjavrdebulebze sanadirod gamodian, qari

mZime emociur SegrZnebebs iwvevs personaJebSi: haerSi sxvanairi suni

dgas, nestoebsa da yels wvavs. roca mosaRamovdeba, q a r i s zuzunsa da 127 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 7.

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Ramis marilian, nestiT daxuTul haerSi, safrTxis momaswavlebeli

Setyobineba yurebSi giwuis. saeWvo nabijebis xmis gagonebamde, maTi

gafacicebuli mzadebis ritms grZnob. Tvalis gugebi SuSis mZivebs

emsgavseba da ase, fxizlad da daqaCuli TvalebiT momlodines mkacri

sikvdili saxsrebs gimsxvrevs, sunTqvisagan filtvebi gebereba, sisxli

gideddeba.129 qaris zuzuni frangiasis gmirebs, maTze monadire “Ramis

ucnauri arsebebis” moaxloebas auwyebs, maT ki sikvdilis SiSis grZnoba

euflebaT.

qari, romlis mudmiv tyveobaSic arian moqceulni frangiasis

gmirebi, aseve xSirad gaigivebulia gamZvinvarebul da gamandgurebul

ZalebTan. aq gamudmebiT q a r i qris. SfoTviT Semouqrolebs xolme

borcvebs, romlebic SiSvel da xriok kldeebad aqcia – xan qviSis, xreSisa

da qvebis aliaqoTs daayenebs xolme. gamudmebiT zuzunebs da yvelafers

zRvis aqoCril talRebs atans. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, q a r i c raRac

saerTo, Cveul movlenad iqca... q a r i, maSasadame, bunebis es stiqia,

maradiulobaSi gadaizarda, rogorc aucilebeli da imavdroulad

umniSvnelo, iseve rogorc talRebi, romlebic kldeebs exeTqebian.130 unda

gavacnoebieroT sicocxlis xanmokleoba da viCqaroT, rom Cvens momaval

Taobebs raime davutovoT. unda gavamarTloT Cveni arseboba SromiT –

qva, xidi, qva – unda veZioT is udidesi mizani, rac dagvakisres, raTa

davamtkicoT, rom fuWad ar Caiara Cvenma arsebobam, rom igi mtveriviT

ar waiRo q a r m a, romelic aqaurobas anadgurebs,131 _ aRniSnavs “Savi

Wiris” erT-erTi personaJi, romelSiac gamanadgurebeli qari amao, fuWi

128 Д. Тресиддер, Словарь Символов, Москва 2001, 40. 129 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 34. 130 Ibid., 16. 131 Ibid., 70.

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cxovrebis SegrZnebas iwvevs. qari, rogorc gamanadgurebeli Zala, Cveni

azriT, frangiasTan am SemTxvevaSi sikvdilis eqvivalenturia, im

gardauvali sikvdilisa, romelic yvela individumis cxovrebas

absurdulad aqcevs, vinaidan is miwasTan asworebs yvelafers, rasac

adamiani qmnis cxovrebaSi da rac mas mniSvnelovnad miaCnia.

m z e:

mze iseve, rogorc qari saintereso elements warmoadgens a.

frangiasis “Sav WirSi”. mzis simbolikasTan dakavSirebiT a. kamius

“ucxoSi” kritikosi m. baqraZe saintereso axsnas gvaZlevs: “mze, es

manaTobeli, sicocxlis mimcemi, sixarulis momgvreli, sinaTlisa da

siTbos niSani potenciurad sawinaaRmdego polussac moicavs. igi

harmoniis daSlis, adamianis gabruebis da gamofitvis niSania”.132 kamius

“ucxos” personaJis msgavsad, romelsac mze ukargavs simyares, azrovnebis

unars da misi ngrevisa da gamofitvis simbolod iqceva, frangiasis

personaJebic mzis didi gavlenis qveS imyofebian.

mze da mzis mcxunvareba gamoxatavs “Savi Wiris” personaJebis:

a) fizikur mdgomareobas, Trgunavs da aZabunebs maT: ena gaqvs

gadmogdebuli daRlilobisagan da m z i s g a n; qvis mzidavebis mwkrivi

win ucvlelad miiwevs, rogorc grZeli, m z i s g a n gabruebuli,

gaoflili matli. yvelafers cecxli ekideba da TrTis;133 m z e da qvebi

Tavbrus gaxveven, sicxeSi yvelaferi TrTis;134

132 m. baqraZe, dasavleT evropis literatura (XX saukune), literaturis istoria, poetika, urTierTobani, sityvis poetika da mzis simbolika a. kamius “ucxoSi”, Tbilisi 1988, 323. 133 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 49. 134 Ibid., 44.

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86

b) fsiqologiur mdgomareobas. igi SiSis momgvrelia: m z i s g a n,

wyurvilisagan, SiSisgan, eWvisgan yvelaferi erTmaneTSi ireva;135 aq

yvelaferi saxifaToa, m z e c, Crdilic, zRvac da megafonis simRerebic; mze

“Savi Wiris” personaJebis gagiJebis mizezia: mTeli samyaro nexvisganaa

Seqmnili. m z e batis Tvalia! me Toliebis winamZRvari da zRvis zRarbis

TanaSemwe var!136 _ gaiZaxis “Savi Wiris” absurdis samyaros

gonebaSeSlili personaJi. misTvis samyaro araraobadaa qceuli, mze ki,

romelic zecidan mTel samyaros Tvals adevnebs da mosvenebas ar aZlevs

mas, personaJSi frinvelis asociacias iwvevs.137

g) manaTobeli da sicocxlis momniWebeli mze a. frangiasTan

momakvdinebeli da gamanadgurebelia: Takara m z e yvelafers axmobs;138

yvela mopirdapire goraks gascqeris. Semoqmedi ar Cans! araviTari

niSani, arc ekliani mavTulxlarTi. xom ar mokvda? m z i s g a n dalRva da

ConCxad iqca, ase umoZraod da gulaRma dawolili.139 ferdobis Suidan da

qvemoT, ukve yvelafers vardisfrad xedav. cota xanSi bac iisferSi

gadadis. m z e carieli fuRuroa, erTi mocisfro naxvreti caze. izrdeba.

iisferi gaxrCobs. ara, es wyliT gamowveuli asfiqsiaa, romliTac piri

gaqvs gamovsebuli. nestoebidan oxSivari gamomdis. erTi wveTic ki ar

unda dageRvaros. Sens gverdiT sxvebi Savi muyaos Crdilebs gvanan.

TiTqos araferi. Semdeg sibnele. vardisferi qvebi, iisferi qvebi, Savi

135 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 106. 136 Ibid., 241. 137 mze miCneulia rogorc samyaros Tvali... igi Soridan xedavs, Tvalyurs adevnebs samyaros... mzis etls cxenebi miaqrolebs, Tavad mze ki warmodgenili aris rogorc ulayi an frinveli, aseve Zera an xari... Sdr.: М. Элиаде, Амбивалентность Солнца, Очерки сравнительного религиоведения, Москва 1999, 144. 138 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 107. 139 Ibid., 162.

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87

qvebi. araferi. TeTri m z e, cisferi m z e da maSinaTve sibnele.140 mzis

ambivalenturobasTan dakavSirebiT m. eliadesTan vkiTxulobT: “erTis

mxriv, igi WeSmaritad kacobriobis winaparia, meores mxriv ki, mzes

zogjer sikvdilTan aigiveben, vinaidan Sobs ra igi Tavis Svilebs,

imavdroulad STanTqavs maT”.141

d) aseve, SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom mze berZen SemoqmedTan realur

cxovrebaSi arsebuli gaurkvevlobisa da qaosis simboloa: m z i s g a n da

daRlilobisagan daelmebuli saxeebi. yvelaferi zuzunebda, yvelaferi

Camkvdariyo gulgrilobasa da gavarvarebul qaosSi.142

e) mze da mzis mcxunvareba saukeTeso saSualebadaa qceuli, raTa

xelisuflebam msjavrdebulTa dasjis meTodad gamoiyenos: visac

monaniebuli hqonda, erTad Cayares xeobaSi, raTa isini bnel xvats

STaenTqa.143 braldebuli fexze mdgomi borcvze daayenes m z e s a da qars

rom gamoefita igi.144 igi iq, Takara m z i s gulze, didi xniT datoves da

isic dawva, TiTqos eZina. mas WogritiT adevnebdnen Tvals. ixrukeboda

gavarvarebul qvebze...145 “meqsikaSi mzis ukvdaveba misadmi tyveebis

gamudmebuli msxverplSewirviT iyo “uzrunvelyofili”, romelTa

sisxliT mzis daSretili energiis aRdgena iyo SesaZlebeli”.146 a.

frangiasis sakoncentracio banakis tyveebic, Cveni azriT, meqsikuri

tradiciis msgavsad mzis samsxverploze gamoyvanili adamianebi arian,

140 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 191. 141 М. Элиаде, Культы Солнца в классических восточных странах и в Средиземноморье, Очерки сравнительного религиоведения, Москва 1999, 144. 142 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 119. 143 Ibid., 44. 144 Ibid., 74. 145 Ibid., 186. 146 М. Элиаде, Солярные герои; умершие и избранные, Очерки сравнительного религиоведения, Москва 1999, 149.

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88

romelTa fizikuri da sulieri daZabunebiT mze ufro da ufro met

sikaSkaSesa da mxurvalebas iZens.

mzes da mis mxurvalebas, rogorc Cans, a. frangiasis romanSi

gamanadgurebeli Zala da amavdroulad adamianis gabruebisa da misi

aqtiurobis daTrgunvis unari gaaCnia, rac “Savi Wiris” personaJebs kidev

ufro uZlierebs amqveyniuri amaoebis SegrZnebas.

z R v a:

zRva, romelic saberZneTis ganuyofeli nawilia, gansakuTrebul

simbolur datvirTvas iZens a. frangiasTan. “Savi Wiris” personaJebi Rrma

kavSirSi arian bunebis sidiadis am saocar sanaxaobasTan.

uformo, usazRvro, dauSreteli da moulodnelobebiT savse zRva,

romelic mraval kulturaSi sicocxlis pirvelad wyarodaa miCneuli,

berZen SemoqmedTan sruliad gansxvavebul datvirTvas iZens. zRvis

aRweriloba frangiasis nawarmoebSi umeteswilad sikvdilTan da

sikvdilis SiSTan aris asocirebuli:

a) zRva “absurduli sistemis” mkvlelobis iaraRia: mas maSinaTve

alya Semoartyes da gakoWili z R v i s k e n waaTries. es adamiani,

romelic tanjvas itanda, male z R v a S i aRmoCnda. igi panRurebis

rtymeviT tomarasaviT moisroles.147

b) zRva msjavrdebulTaTvis TviTmkvlelobis saukeTeso saSualebaa:

rogorc Cans nebayoflobiTi sikvdili sasiamovno ideaa, romelic bevrs

izidavs. zogierTma didi mondomebiT scada amis gakeTeba, magram ver

moaxerxa. isini droulad amoiyvanes zRvidan... Tumca erTma es SesZlo.

pirdapir TaviT gadaeSva kldeebSi. talRebi mas umowyalod axeTqebdnen

147 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 36, 37.

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89

maxviliviT wawvetebul kldeebze. z R v a S i adamiania! viRac daixrCo!148

amaoebisagan da yovlad uazro cxovrebisgan gadaRlili da goneba

Seryeuli “qvelmoqmedi”, romelic xSirad laparakobda cxovrebis

amaoebaze,149 gamosavals sikdilSi xedavs, xolo am miznis

gansaxorcieleblad isic, sxva msjavrdebulebis msgavsad, zRvas

mimarTavs. rogorc Cans, frangiasis gmirebisaTvis TviTmkvleloba aris

gamosavali, romelic adamians absurduli cxovrebisagan Tavis daRwevis

saSualebas aZlevs. amavdroulad xdeba maTi bunebasTn - samyarosTn

Serwyma.

g) zogjer zRvis elementis SemotaniT mwerali cdilobs mkiTxvels

Semdgomi arasasiamovno movlenis ganwyoba Seuqmnas: roca aRricxva

dasrulda, dadga saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis dro. sunTqvis xmac

ki ar ismis, aravin irxeva, mcvelebi Tavis adgilze arian, talRebi

kldeebs exeTqebian.150 rogorc aRmoCnda, mcdelobam Sedegi ver gamoiRo.

cariel yuTSi, sadac mkvdar buzebs yridnen, Ziric ki ver amoavses. maTi

ricxvi, visac erTic ar yavda daWerili, didi iyo. Savma Rrubelma Sekra

piri maT Tavze. xalxma gulgriloba gamoiCina kanonebis mimarT. z R v a c

ki ufro metad Camuqda da umoZrao gaxda.151 talRebi kldeebs exeTqebian.

zRva boboqrobs an muqi da pirquSi xdeba. amis Semdeg, orive SemTxvevaSi,

zedamxedvelis xma msjavrdebulebs ganucxadebs, rom isini dasjilebi

arian. mwerali cdilobs isedac daZabuli situacia bunebis agresiulobiT

kidev ufro gaamuqos da amavdroulad winaswar gangvawyos nawarmoebSi

ganviTarebuli momdevno movlenisaTvis.

148 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 79-80, 96. 149 Ibid.,132. 150 Ibid., 29. 151 Ibid., 27.

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90

d) zRva aseve personaJis sulier ganwyobas gamoxatavs: maT irgvliv

iyo qvebi, xrioki mTebi da cota qvemoT aboboqrebuli z R v a.152 _ bunebis

aRweris es monakveTi sruliad moulodnelad Semodis Txrobisas,

swored im dros, roca mwerali Tavisi erT-erTi gmiris Sinagan gancdebs

gadmogvcems. “SavCaCiani”, romelsac “mowyurebulis” dabezRebaSi sdeben

brals, aRelvebuli da aRSfoTebulia. aboboqrebuli zRva ki mkiTxvels

saSualebas aZlevs personaJis Sinagani ganwyoba ufro mZafrad aRiqvas.

e) gamoCndeba Tu ara zRva, maSinaTve icvleba Txrobis toni,

personaJs ewyeba emociuri asociaciebi, ZiriTadad uaryofiTi.

“Semoqmedi” roca zRvas gascqeris martoobis grZnobas ufro mZafrad

ganicdis: z R v a s rom gascqerodnen..., Semoqmedma Tavis megobars

CasCurCula: damtanja martoobam...153 aboboqrebuli talRebi

asocirebulia sikvdilTan, sicocxlis xelmyof ZalasTan: am

mogzaurobisas sruliad ganiwminde da TiTqos aboboqrebulma talRebma

mogtaca Seni mTeli ganvlili cxovreba,154 _ fiqroben sanapiroze

momlodine msjavrdebulebi, romlebic jojoxeTuri kunZulisaken

mimaval gzaze gaSmagebiT ebrZodnen uzarmazar zvirTebs. aravin icis

ramden xans gagrZelda es mogzauroba. iq, bnel triumSi, RelvaSi,

romelic navs zvirTebze aTamaSebda, qaoturi Ramis wyvdiadSi eflobodi.

fskeramde eSveboda da amodioda, bzrialebda da ikargeboda qaris,

wylisa da drois grigalSi.155 “wyalSi yvelaferi “ixsneba”, yvelanairi

“forma” irRveva, yvelanairi warsuli qreba; yvelaferi, rac adre

arsebobda, wyalSi CaZirvis Semdeg aRar arsebobs - aranairi kvali,

152 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001,13. 153 Ibid., 193. 154 Ibid., 122. 155 Ibid., 121-22.

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araviTari “niSani”, aranairi “movlena”. adamianTan kavSirSi CaZirva

sikvdilis eqvivalenturia... yvelanairi formis damrRvevsa da warsulis

gamqarvebel wyals aqvs ganwmendis, aRdgenisa da ganaxlebis unari,

vinaidan wyalSi CaZiruli “kvdeba” da wylidan aRmdgari axal cxovrebas

iwyebs”...156 – vkiTxulobT m. eliadesTan. Cveni azriT, a. frangiassac,

zemoT moyvanili nawyvetidan gamomdinare, swored imis Tqma undoda, rom

sakoncentracio banakisken mimavali msjavrdebulebi azvirTebul

talRebSi ganiwmindnen, raTa gamoTxovebodnen warsul cxovrebas da

absurdis samyaroSi axali, araadamianuri, cxovreba daewyoT.

maSasadame, zemoT moyvanili dakvirvebebis safuZvelze SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom bunebis Zalebi “Sav WirSi” simbolur mniSvnelobas

iReben, rac miuTiTebs personaJis Rrma kavSirze bunebis elementebTan.

mZafrad SeigrZnoba bunebasa da adamians Soris arsebuli disharmonia,

rac imis maniSnebelia, rom adamiansa da garesamyaros Soris

urTierTobam dakarga Sinagani sazrisi, rac, rogorc cnobilia, absurdis

erT-erTi niSania. bunebis adamianisadmi gulgriloba SeiZleba

gaazrebuli iqnas, rogorc samyarosa da adamians Soris gaucxoeba.

frangiasis gmirebisa da bunebis absurduli dapirispireba umeteswilad

adamianis sikvdiliT sruldeba. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali gvamcnobs, rom

sruli da saboloo Serwyma adamianisa da samyarosi, uZRebi Svilis deda-

bunebis wiaRSi dabruneba mxolod sikvdiliT aris SesaZlebeli. xolo

rac Seexeba qars, mzes da zRvas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen “Savi Wiris”

personaJebis fizikur, moralur Tu fsiqologiur mdgomareobaze,

romanSi arsebul sxva faqtorebTan kavSirSi qmnian absurdis atmosferos

156 М. Элиаде, Символизм погружения, Очерки сравнительного религиоведения, Москва 1999, 148-49.

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92

da adamianis Sinagani ganwyobis, misi absurduli yofis simbolod arian

qceulni.

nawili meore / Tavi mesamenawili meore / Tavi mesamenawili meore / Tavi mesamenawili meore / Tavi mesame

adamadamadamadamianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSiianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSiianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSiianis gaucxoebis problema dimitris xaZisis SemoqmedebaSi

dimitris xaZisi meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis im berZen

prozaikosTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebmac daundobeli da mkacri

cxovrebis gemo sakuTar Tavze gamocades. es ganwyoba, cxadia, mis

SemoqmedebaSic airekla, ramac ganapiroba mis literaturul

nawarmoebebSi iseTi sakiTxebis wina planze dayeneba, rogoricaa

Tanamedrove burJuaziul samyaroSi adamianTa Soris gaTiSuloba,

tragikuli martoobis SegrZneba, yoveldRiuri arsebobis absurduloba

da alogikuroba, borotebisa da ngrevis brma da bneli Zalebis batonoba

adamianebze, romeli Zalebic im uferul cxovrebasa da gare samyaroSi

arian Cabudebulni, romelic adamianebs gars axvevia. aRniSnuli

sakiTxebi swored im problematikas moicaven, romelmac araerTi

egzistencialisti mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi hpova asaxva.

es Tavi eZRvneba imis warmoCenas, Tu rogor axerxebs dimitris

xaZisi, sxvadasxva literaturuli formebis saSualebiT, dagvixatos

Tanamedrove samyaros mankieri mxareebi. aseve, Cveni mizania

gamovavlinoT, egzistencialisturi literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebli

ra ZiriTadi debulebebi gamoikveTeba mis SemoqmedebaSi da, rac

mTavaria, ra Taviseburebebs gviCvenebs am TvalsazrisiT berZeni

mwerali.

93

93

egzistencialisturi literaturis im mraval sakiTxTa Soris,

romelTa saintereso interpretacias gvTavazobs dimitris xaZisis

Semoqmedeba, gansakuTrebuli adgili adamianis “gaucxoebis” problemas

uWiravs. aRniSnuli sakiTxi Tavisebur asaxvas poulobs mis

literaturul nawarmoebebSi. mwerali, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

gansakuTrebiT aris dainteresebuli Tanamedrove samyaros klanWebSi

momwyvdeuli calkeuli individebis bediT. Tumca, sainteresoa, rom

zogierTi berZeni mkvlevaris azriT, xaZisi, umeteswilad, konkretuli

adamianiT ki ara, istoriuli movlenebis qarcecxlSi, zogadad berZnuli

sazogadoebis bediTaa dainteresebuli: “xaZisi, omis Semdgomi periodis

berZnuli prozis erT-erTi pirveli warmomadgenelia, romelic

istoriuli movlenebis mimdinareobisa da socialur, politikur-

ekonomikuri cvlilebebis procesSi berZnuli sazogadoebis problemiT

iyo dainteresebuli, maSin roca umetesi nawili mwerlebisa dakavebuli

iyo istoriuli sinamdvilisa da mogvianebiT ki pirovnuli da

egzistencialuri problemebis aRweriT”.157 _ berZeni kritikosis am

mosazrebas, rac xaZisis berZnuli sazogadoebisadmi interess

iTvaliswinebs, Cven nawilobriv veTanxmebiT, Tumca migvaCnia, rom

mwerali zogadad sazogadoebis problemebiTiT ar Semoifargleba.

xaZisis SemoqmedebaSi berZnuli sazogadoeba misi TiToeuli

warmomadgenelis problemiT ganixileba (“mTrimlavi siulasi”,

“sambeTai kabilisi” da sxv.) da piriqiT, TiToeuli, konkretuli adamiani

mTeli berZnuli sazogadoebis saxea. misi personaJebis martooba

157 ∆. Τζιόβας, Η πεζογραφία του ∆ηµήτρη Χατζή: Ουµανιστικός ρεαλισµός και η ποιητική της µεταβατικής αφήγησης, Επιστηµονικό σηµπόσιο, ∆. Χατζής, µια συνείδηση της ρωµιοσύνης, Πάτρα 1999, 49.

94

94

mwerlis epoqis berZnuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

martoobis SegrZnebis nayofia.

am etapze CvenTvis sainteresoa gamovikvlioT, Tu ra aris d. xaZisis

gmirebis gaucxoebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi? am TvalsazrisiT did

yuradRebas ipyrobs misi romani “ormagi wigni”.

d. xaZisis “ormag wignSi” ori erTmaneTisagan sruliad

gansxvavebuli samyaroa gaSuqebuli _ erTi mxriv, axali, Tanamedrove

sazogadoeba, samrewvelo ganviTarebis gzaze mdgomi qveyana,

ganviTarebuli teqnikiTa da uzarmazari fabrika-qarxnebiT (germania) da

meore mxriv, Zveli, dabeCavebuli samyaro volosis xe-tyis saamqrosi

(saberZneTi). romanSi ZiriTadi yuradReba 50-60-ian wlebSi germaniaSi

emigrirebuli berZnebis dramatul cxovrebazea mipyrobili, romlebic

mrewvelobis ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiur monawileobas iReben, Tumca

maTTvis metad rTulia Seeguon ucxo, ganviTarebul da teqnokratiul

samyaros. isini, SeiZleba iTqvas, “teqnikuri gaucxoebis” sindromiT

arian Sepyrobilni. romanis pirvelsave TavSi mwerali samrewvelo

warmoebis meqanizaciis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. maleve CvenTvis naTeli

xdeba muSis warmoebisgan gaucxoebis faqti, misi avtomatizacia, arsebuli

distancia massa da mis samuSaos Soris, sxva muSebisagan misi izolireba,

misi sruli martooba,158 _ aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi s. xristu.

ucxoobaSi yofnis mravali wlis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebuli d.

xaZisi cxovrebis Tanamedrove stils aRiqvams, rogorc gardauvals,

Tumca ki Sinaganad is mas uaryofs. xaZisi uaryofiTadaa ganwyobili

Tanamedrove, ganviTarebuli, industriuli qveynis sazogadoebis mimarT,

romelic, evropaSi misi mravali wlis cxovrebis periodSi, kargad

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95

hyavda Seswavlili. mwerals miaCnia, rom germaniaSi,

“industrialiazaciis” pirobebSi, adamiani sruliad kargavs Tavis Sinagan

samyaros, berZnul sazogadoebaSi ki, romelSiac teqnologias jer ar

SeuRwevia Tavisi gamanadgurebeli masStabebiT, adamiani ufro metad

inarCunebs adamianurobas, Sinagan samyaros.

mwerali gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT, uzarmazari qalaqis siyalbeSi

Cafluli, ubadruki adamianebis cxovrebas warmogviCens. romanis mTavari

gmiri, saberZneTis erT-erTi patara qalaqis, volosis mkvidri kostasi,

oTxi welia, rac germaniis industriul qalaqSi, StutgardtSi cxovrobs

da qarxanaSi (“auteli”) muSaobs. Tumca misTvis es uzarmazari qalaqi,

reklamebiT, vitrinebiTa da aTasferi SuqebiT aWrelebuli,

arastumarTmoyvare, adamianurobisagan daclilia. kostasi am qalaqSi

Tavs yvelasTvis ucxod, yvelasgan gaucxoebulad da mitovebulad

grZnobs: me aq var, gamzirze, asfaltze... me aravin melis, arsad meguleba

adgili, sadac wasvla momindeboda. TiTqos aq saxlic maqvs da Cemi

samSobloc aq aris, magram aranairi saxli, aranairi samSoblo...

ucxoebad viqeciT yvelani am uzarmazar qalaqebSi... me ki ucxoTa qalaqis

yvelaze WeSmariti moqalaqe var.159 sainteresoa, Tu ram gamoiwvia

mTavari gmiris amgvari mdgomareoba? am kiTxvaze igi Tavad gvcems pasuxs,

acnobierebs ra Tavisi gaucxoebis mizezs: ... asea dRevandeli samyaro.

CvenTvis yvelaferi gamzadebuli aqvs, gansazRvruli, araferi gvaklia –

mxolod sakuTar Tavs ar icis kacma ra uyos,160 _ ambobs kostasi. adamianis

gaucxoebis fenomenTan dakavSirebiT germaneli mecnieri, f. hainemani

158 Σ. Χρήστου, Σκέψεις πάνω σ’ένα βιβλίο, Αποξένωση και παρακµή, ∆ηµήτρη Χατζή, Αθήνα 1976, 51. 159 Α. Φραγκιάς, Λοιµός, Αθήνα 2001, 63. 160 Ibid., 67.

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96

werda: “gaucxoeba, es faqtia. Tanamedrove adamians gaucxoebis grZnoba

eufleba, romelic Tavisi intensiurobiTa da moculobiT bolo

aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan izrdeboda. gaucxoeba kavSirSia

adamianTa sazogadoebis garkveul cvalebadobasTan, bunebas mowyvetili

milionobiT adamianis did qalaqebSi TavmoyrasTan, kapitalizmis

saukunesTan da zogadad koleqtivizaciisaken tendenciasTan, romelic

manqanuri warmoebis wesidan gamomdinareobs... aseTi tendencia nebismier

sazogadoebaSi... gamoiwvevs adamianis sabolood daclas individualuri

Tvisebebisagan”.161 hainemanis Sexedulebidan gamomdinare mivdivarT im

daskvnamde, rom adamiani aris gaucxoebuli, vinaidan man dakarga

sakuTari Tavi, individualuroba, man Sewyvita arseboba, rogorc

adamianma, radganac igi gaxda masis, xalxis nawili. es ki, Cveni azriT, aris

swored is SemTxveva, rac xaZisis personaJis SemTxvevaSic mis gaucxoebas

ganapirobebs.

Tumca kostasi ara mxolod uzarmazar qalaqSi grZnobs Tavs

gaucxoebulad, aramed qarxanaSic da Tavis saxlSic yvelasTan da

yvelafris mimarT ucxoa. qarxanaSi igi, mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi,

Tvaluwvdenel koridorebSia datyvevebuli. mas TiTqos dakarguli aqvs

yovelgvari adamianuri Tviseba. derefnebSi “moZraobs rogorc tramvai”,

ufrosebTan erTi da imave Temaze saubrobs, rogorc robots,

datvirTuli sazidavi Sida ezoSi liftiT gadaaqvs. dReSi orjer, erTsa

da imave dros, samuSaoze yofnis damadasturebel talons xvrets,

xelfassac regularulad uxdian da Tanac kargad _ da es aris sul.

kostasis piradi cxovrebac iseve erTferovani da usaxuria, rogorc misi

profesiuli saqmianoba. saxlSi samzareulos kars patara RriWo aqvs.

161 F. Heinemann. Existenzphilosophie lebendig oder tot?, Stuttgart 1954, 17.

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97

aqedan vixdi xolme qiras. fuls konvertSi vdeb, gavivli derefnis mkvdar

zonas da iq vagdeb xolme... anu, igivea, rac “ autelSi” xdeba, Tumca aq

piriqiTaa. iq, me mixdian fuls da verafers vxedav. aq, me vixdi da aqac

verafers vxedav,162 _ ambobs kostasi. berZeni emigranti, romlis

cxovrebac germaniaSi, mxolod qarxanaSi, yvelasagan izolirebulad,

robotiviT SromiTa da frau baumis saxlSi, cariel kedlebSi

ganmartoebiT cxovrebiT Semoifargleba, cdilobs gaacnobieros Tavisi

adgili da moergos am axal, magram misTvis ucxo samyaros, miuxedavad

imisa, rom es arc Tu ise advilia misTvis.163

berZnuli xasiaTidan, tradiciebidan gamomdinare, germaniaSi

emigrirebuli berZnebis gaucxoebis mizezebs metad sainteresod xsnis

berZeni fsiqologi ianis Ralanisi,164 rac Cveni azriT swored d. xaZisis

mier “ormag wignSi” wamoWril “gaucxoebis” problemas asaxavs. i.

Ralanis miaCnia, rom berZeni emigranti-muSis gaucxoeba gamowveulia: a)

162 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 61. 163 saberZneTSi, berZen da evropel moazrovneTa erT-erT Sexvedraze, romelsac alber kamiuc eswreboda, araerTgzis iqna aRniSnuli im uzarmazari zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac mrewvelobis ganviTarebam da teqnologiebma moaxdines Tanamedroveobaze. maTi azriT es gardauvali iyo, Tumca imasac aRiarebdnen, rom sisulele iqneboda Zveli mrewvelobisa da meurneobis epoqaSi dabruneba moesurvebina vinmes. mTeli simdidre da bedniereba, rac teqnikis da mrewvelobis uzarmazar ganviTarebas moaqvs burJuaziuli sazogadoebisTvis ver gaaqarvebs im mRelvarebas, rac momuSave masebis ricxobrivad zrdasTan da mis gaZlierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am sistemebSi momuSave adamianebs ki maT axali saxeobis monebi uwodes. isini, maTi azriT, samSoblos mowyvetili adamianebi arian, romelTac aranairi ekonomikuri sayrdenebi, araviTari usafrTxoeba ar gaaCniaT cxovrebaSi. burJuaziuli pesimizmi maSin warmoiSoba, roca mrewvelobis zrdasTan erTad istoriuli axali Zala Semodis da safrTxes uqmnis ara mxolod burJuaziuli wyobilebis arakontrolebad batonobas, aramed Tavad mis arsebobas. amgvarad, burJuaziul cnobierebaSi adamianis bedi warmoisaxeba bundovnad, momavali ki bneli da safrTxiT savse; Sdr.: Μ. Αυγέρης, Αφιέρωµα στην Φιλοσοφία του Υπαρξισµού 1, Ο Καµύ στην Ελλάδα, ∆ίµηνο περιοδικό λογοτεχνίας και προβλιµατισµού, Αθήνα 1971, 64.

98

98

misi uecari mowyvetiT nacnobi da megobruli garemodan (saxli, moedani,

kafe, ubani) da arastumarTmoyvare, misdami mtrul, sxva zne-Cveulebebis

ucxoenovan samyaroSi SesvliT; b) sruliad gansxvavebul pirobebSi

cxovrebiTa da muSaobiT; wynari moednis, nardis, banqos, absoluturad

piraduli, daugegmavi cxovrebisa da samuSaos xmauriani, teqnikurad

ganviTarebuli, daprogramebuli, gaucxoebuli da usaxo sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebiTa da samuSaoTi SecvliT.165

qarxanaSi “teqnikuri gaucxoebis” msxverpli mxolod berZeni

emigrantebi ar arian. is adamianebi, romlebic patar-patara, SuSebiani

kedlebiT dayofil kabinetebSi telefonebis, sabeWdi manqanebis,

teleqsebis, diqtafonebis garemocvaSi saaTobiT sxedan ganmartoebulni

usaxo adamianebad, namdvil meqanizmebad arian qceulni: maT saxes

iSviaTad Tu dainaxav, mudam Tavdaxrilni arian, raRacas amboben,

telefonebs usmenen, manqanebze raRacas uCxakuneben... Cven xom varT da

varT sacodavebi da vwvalobT sakuTari xelebiTa da sxeuliT, eseni ki aq,

SigniT, marTlac rom dasjilni arian... maTTvis Tvalebi dauTxriaT da

maT adgilas autelis ori naTura CaudgamT, romelTac Cven vawarmoebT,

raTa sxva veRaraferi dainaxon dilis rva saaTidan naSuadRevis

oTxamde.166 lamazfexeba, qera qalebic ki, romlebic derefanSi midi-

modian xelovnur, meqanikur Tojinebs gvanan: vfiqrob, rom maT lamazi

fexebis mixedviT arCeven, Semdeg qoqaven da ase daqoqilebi arian mTeli

dRe.167 Tavad miuleri, ganyofilebis ufrosi erT usulo manqanadaa

164 XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi germaniaSi emigrirebuli berZnebis “gaucxoebis” problemam ara mxolod mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi hpova asaxva, aramed mravali berZeni fsiqologis kvlevis sagnadac iqca. 165 Γ. Γ. Γαλανός, Εφαρµοσµένη ψυχολογία, απελεύθερο Εγώ και κατεστηµένο, Αθήνα 1975, 35. 166 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 12,13. 167 Ibid., 13.

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99

qceuli: miulers aranairi suli ar gaaCnia, mas mxolod magnitofoni aqvs

- aq sxva arc araferia saWiro... igi yovelTvis Tavis oTaxSi zis da

TiTqos sakuTar skamTan erTad erT mTlianobadaa qceuli... yvelafers

adgilidanve agvarebs... gamudmebiT raRacas ambobs, arasdros yviris da

arafris gulisTvis xmas ar icvlis. misi sityvebi, yovelTvis erTi da

igive, oTxi sityva, TiTqos maT manqanaze beWdavdeso, romelic mis pirSia

moTavsebuli, pirSi Cadgmuli magnitofonis kaseta.168 berZen kritikos, m.

merakliss miaCnia, rom qarxanaSi momuSave ufrosebic da maTi

qveSevrdomebic im absurdulobis msxverplni arian, rasac warmoebis

sistema ewodeba.169 cxadia, rom xaZisis personaJebi sazogadoebis

industrializaciis gezs Seewirnen. es aris Tanamedrove civilizaciasTan

aSkara ganxeTqilebis SegrZneba, SiSi progresis epoqis winaSe, romelic

damangrevlad moqmedebs rigiTi adamianebis cxovrebaze. es adamianebi

teqnokratiuli sazogadoebis pirmSoni arian. mwerali cdilobs

yuradReba gaamaxvilos im faqtze, rom Tanamedrove civilizebulma

samyarom am adamianebs yovelive adamianuri waarTva da teqnikis

danamatad aqcia isini. Tumca mxolod amis warmoCena ar aris mTavari

xaZisisaTvis. misi mizania mkiTxvels daanaxos, rom zogadad teqnikis

ganviTarebam, sazogadoebis Tanamedrove ganaTlebam, mecnierebam

daimorCila da aiZula adamiani emsaxuros ganzraxvebs, saWiroebas,

aucileblobas. adamianebi gamudmebiT muqaris qveS cxovroben. maTi

goneba da cxovreba “urCxuli” manqanebis riTmSi Cajda. absurdsa da

winaaRmegobriobaSi Caflulni acnobiereben maTi arsebobis

SemTxveviTobas, TavianT martoobas.

168 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 15. 169 Μ. Γ. Μερακλής, Προσεγγίσεις στην ελληνική πεζογραφία, η επανεµφάνιση του ∆. Χατζή: «Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο», Αθήνα 1986, 121.

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100

“ormagi wignis” gmirebi ara mxolod “teqnikuri gaucxoebis”

msxverplni arian. gaucxoebuli da martoobisaTvis ganwiruli adamiania

romanis kidev erTi gmiri, skuroianisi. igi, sakuTar miwa-wyals

mowyvetili, oci welia cdilobs daimkvidros Tavi germaniaSi, magram

Stutgardti, uzarmazari Senobebi, ganaTebuli quCebi, kafe-barebi,

sanaxaobebi _ yvelaferi ucxo, sruliad ucnobi, misgan Sors, misTvis

umniSvnelo, ararsebulia _ kedelia aRmarTuli mis irgvliv.170 aq

aSkarad Cans, rom d. xaZisis gmiri sakuTar arsebaSi gamoketili

adamiania, romlisTvisac es qaoturi samyaro Soreuli da miuwvdomelia.

mTeli oci weli, rac ucxoobaSi gaatara, skuroianisi ocnebobda Tavis

mSobliur dobrinovoSi dabrunebas, mas imedi hqonda, rom mSobliuri

qveyana, axlobeli xalxi misi martoobis, misi xangrZlivi mogzaurobis

dasasruli iqneboda. Tumca dobrinovoSi dabrunebuli skuroianisi

aRmoaCens, rom misi axlobeli adamianebic ki misTvis ucxoni arian. igi

acnobierebs, rom dobrinovo misi samudamo martoobis adgilia,

ararsebuli adgili. oci weli itanja, iocneba, am ararsebul adgilas

rom dabrunebuliyo...171 adamianuri cxovrebis istoria, rogori

cxovrebac ar unda iyos is, aris istoria warumateblobisa _ werda Jan-

pol sartri Tavis filosofiur traqtatSi “yofiereba da arara”.172

“ormagi wignis” personaJebis cxovrebac erTob warumatebelia. “es aris

istoriebi”, _ ambobs a. karandonisi, “TavianTi miwa-wylidan mowyvetili

Cveni Tanamemamuleebisa, romlebic germaniis sawarmoebSi samuSaod

gaeSurnen im ocnebiT, rom rTuli cxovreba daeZliaT da Semdeg ukan

dabrunebuliyvnen TavianT monatrebul sofelSi, magram isini verc ucxo

170 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 117. 171 Ibid., 128. 172 J.-P. Sartre, L’ Étre et le Néant, Paris 1943, 588.

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101

qveyanas eCvevian da TavianT qveyanaSi dabrunebulni axal simartoves

aRmoaCenen. isini sruliad warumatebeli adamianebi arian”.173 aqedan

gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom skuroianisi ormagad gaucxoebuli

adamiania. igi, verc misTvis ucxo garemoSi (germania), da xangrZlivi

periodis Semdeg Sin dabrunebuli, verc misTvis kargad nacnob, mSobliur

mxareSi (saberZneTi) ver poulobs TavSesafars, im adamianebs, romelTac

guls gadauSlida da mis martoobaze, Tavis Tavze mouyveboda, igi

sakuTar qveyanaSic ki Tavs “martod” da “ucxod” grZnobs. germaniaSi

cxovrebis oci wlis Semdeg skuroianisi aRmoaCens, rom misTvis

dobrinovoc ucxo samyarod qceula. man ver SeZlo moenaxa Tavisi adgili

da daniSnuleba am cxovrebaSi da Tavi gaucxoebulad aRiqva. igi

gaucxoebulia samyarosTan, Tavis TavTan.

Tumca mainc arsebobs gamosavali. egzistencialisturi filosofiis

mixedviT komunikaciis damyareba SesaZlebelia, magram es SesaZlebloba

adamians mas Semdeg eZleva, rac igi martoobis aucilebel safexurs

gaivlis. skuroianisis martooba absoluturia. mas martoobis

aucilebeli safexuri gavlili aqvs da mzad aris “egzistenciuri

komunikaciis” dasamyareblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar gamosdis

adamianebTan urTierToba, martoobisagan da ukontaqtobisgan daRlili,

gamosavals cxovelTan urTierTobaSi poulobs. skuroianisis mier

komunikaciis damyareba amboxis tolfasia. igi sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCens

zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebs, romelic mas aaxloebs sxvebTan. igi

yvelasagan ganmartoebuli midis da guls pindosel daTvs gadauSlis: ...

mas Tavze moefera. cxoveli miendo mis xelebs. es iyo misi mwuxarebis,

martoobis, imedgacruebis amofrqveva – moexvia cxovelis sayvarel

173 Α. Καραντώνης, 24 σύγχρονοι πεζογράφοι, Αθήνα 1978, 227.

102

102

Tavs... Cven orni davrCiT aq – sxva aravin – sxva aRaraferi SemorCa

aqaurobas.174 d. xaZisi gulistkivils gamoTqvams im Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis gamo, sadac adamianebs uWirT erTmaneTis gageba da erTi

meorisagan gaucxoebuli da ganmartoebuli cxovrobs. igi Tvlis, rom

sazogadoeba, sadac adamianebi im donemde mivlen, rom daTvi adamianebze

metad eyvarebaT namdvilad daRupvis pirasaa.

swored es dakninebuli sazogadoeba da aranormaluri adamianuri

urTierTobebi gaxda mizezi imisa, rom faqizi bunebis adamiani, romanis

kidev erTi personaJi, anastasia SeSlilad moinaTla: TerZis

naxevradSeSlil gogos meZaxdnen ... vgrZnobdi, rom Cems garSemo qalebs

ukve eSinodaT surpeli gogonasi, Tavs maridebdnen, ar undodaT CemTan

laparaki,175 _ ambobs anastasia, kostasis da. anastasiasTvis realuri

samyaro metad mkacri da tkiviliT savsea, igi Tavs martod, yvelasagan,

sakuTari Tavisganac ki, gaucxoebulad grZnobs: yvelaze ufro ucxo ki

CemTvis Cemi sakuTari Tavia,176 _ aRniSnavs igi. frangi filosofosi

gabriel marseli werda: “...TviTgaucxoeba CemTvis is faqtia, rom adamians

Tavisi Tavi, sakuTari arseba sul ufro metad gaucxoebulad eCveneba”.177

sartrisaTvis ki TviTgaucxoeba, iseve rogorc sxva araerTi

egzistencialisti mwerlisaTvis, bunebrivi mdgomareobaa im samyaroSi,

romelic adamianisaTvis yovlad uazrod da umiznodaa qceuli. swored

aseTi adamiania anastasia. igi TiTqos SemTxveviT samyaroSi cxovrobs.

martosuli da TviTgaucxoebulia, romelic cdilobs, Tavi daaRwios

realobas da Tavis fantaziebSi hpovos sulieri simSvide, sakuTari Tavi.

174 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 131, 132. 175 Ibid., 159, 164. 176 Ibid., 167. 177 z. kakabaZe, “egzistenciuri krizisis” problema da edmund huserlis transcendentaluri fenomenologia, Tbilisi 1985, 8.

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103

igi sinamdvilesa da iluziaSi gzaabneuli adamiania. cisferi, oqrosferi,

momwvano-mooqrosfro, mzis Suqze molivlive Citebi arian is arsebebi,

romlebic cxovroben mis fantaziebSi, raTa yvelasagan gaucxoebul

anastasias cota xniT mainc daaviwyon martooba, amaoebiT savse realuri

samyaro. gasakviri arc aris, rom anastasias adamianebTan urTierTobis

survilis grZnoba sul ufro da ufro uqreba, misi gaucxoeba ki mas sxva,

sazogadoebisaTvis miuwvdenel samyaros, zmanebaTa samyaros

Seacnobinebs. es sxva realobis samyaro ki misTvis aris erTaderTi

WeSmariti simarTle, faruli cxovrebis arsi. is, vinc Seimecnebs mas giJad

Seiracxeba da ganwirulia dasaRupavad.

anastasias qorwineba misTvis ucxo adamianze gamoiwvevs misi

iluziebis damsxvrevas. igi sulierad daclilia da erTaderTi, rac mas

SemorCa, es aris yalbi rwmena. man icis, rom Citebi aRar movlen masTan da

iZulebulia Seeguos misi qmris, misTvis samudamod ucxo, samyaros: Cven

orni? erTmaneTisTvis yovelTvis ucxoni viyaviT, maSinac ki roca xeli-

xel Cakidebulebi vmuSaobdiT. exlac esea. amaze meti ucxooba or adamians

Soris SeuZlebebia. es orivem kargad viciT. mas ar vZulvar. ubralod ar

varsebob.178 Cveni azriT mwerali Seecada anastasias saxiT Seeqmna

adamiani, romelsac eSinia gaakeTos arCevani, romelic ar aris Sinaganad

Tavisufali da misdevs yalbi RirebulebebiT savse cxovrebas.

amrigad, SeiZleba mivideT im daskvnamde, rom dimitris xaZisis

“ormagi wignis” personaJebi, rogorc Tanamedrove, industriuli

samyaros anu “teqnikuri gaucxoebis”, aseve dakninebuli sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis msxverplni arian. sazogadoebasa da adamians Soris

gaTiSuloba, zogjer ki Tavad adamianebs Soris ukontaqtoba qmnis

178 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 168.

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“ormagi wignis” TiToeuli gmiris tragedias. Tumca d. xaZisi mxolod

konkretuli adamianis problemiT ar Semoifargleba. kostasis saxiT,

mwerali zogadad berZeni emigrantebis “gaucxoebis” problemas ayenebs.

skuroianisi ki samSobloSi dabrunebuli TiToeuli emigrantis “ormagad

gaucxoebuli” saxea: aq ise dawere, rom mis ukan sazogadoeba gamoCndes,

romelic dacemis pirasaa,179 _ ambobs skuroianisze Tavad mwerali

“ormagi wignis” dasasruls. rac Seexeba “TviTgaucxoebul” anastasias, igi

im dakninebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis anareklia, rac xaZisis

Tanamedrove berZnul sazogadoebaSi iCenda Tavs.

dimitris xaZisis gmirebi “ucxo” mxolod ucxo qveyanaSi rodi arian.

Tuki “ormag wignSi” mwerali germaniaSi emigrirebuli berZnebis ucxo

samyarosTan Sejaxebis problemebiT interesdeba, moTxrobaSi “sambeTai

kabilisi” misi gmirebi “ucxod” da sazogadoebisagan gariyulad TavianT

qveyanaSive warmogvidgebian.

dimitris xaZisis mcirericxovan nawarmoebTa Soris moTxroba

“sambeTai kabilisi” krebulidan “Cveni patara qalaqis dasasruli”,

omisSemdgomi periodis berZnuli literaturis erT-erTi saukeTeso

nawarmoebia, romelmac warmateba da aRiareba moutana avtors. aRniSnul

nawarmoebSi mwerali adamianis “gaucxoebis” zogadsakacobrio

problemas masStabur xasiaTs aZlevs. am SemTxvevaSi gaucxoeba ar

warmoadgens misi TiToeuli personaJis, calkeuli individis problemas.

aq saubaria adamianTa mTel jgufze, romelic gaucxoebis sindromiT

daavadebuli izolaciisaTvis da martoobisaTvis aris ganwiruli.

moTxrobaSi, romelic realur istoriul movlenazea agebuli,

saberZneTSi, kerZod ki qalaq ioaninaSi mcxovrebi ebrauli saTvistomos

179 ∆. Χατζής, Το ∆ιπλό βιβλίο, Αθήνα 1999, 176.

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105

cxovrebaa aRwerili. mwerali im Caketili sazogadoebis saerTo bediT

interesdeba, romelic cxovrebis ekonomiuri pirobebis cvalebadobis

gamo daRupvis pirasaa misuli. Tuki “ormag wignSi” or erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebul, Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da Zvel, tradiciul

samyaroebs Soris gzaabneuli, gaucxoebuli adamianebi warmogvidgebian,

am SemTxvevaSi ori, gansxvavebuli religiuri da erovnuli tradiciebis

mqone samyaro ejaxeba erTmaneTs.

nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri sambeTai kabilisi da misi saTvistomo

maTi winaprebis msgavsad, romlebic aseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi am miwa-

wylis Svilebi iyvnen, berZen xalxTan Tanacxovroben. Tumca TiToeuli am

adamianTagani, miuxedavad berZnebTan mravalsaukunovani

Tanaarsebobisa, mis irgvliv gablanduli ucxoobis qselSia gabmuli.

ebraelebi berZnebisaTvis arian “ucxoni”, iseve rogorc berZnebi

ebraelebisTvis,180 vinaidan isini sxvadasxva religiur da rasobriv

jgufs warmoadgenen: Cvengan araviTari safrTxe ar elodaT. da mainc,

mdidrebi Tu maTxovrebi, ganaTlebulebi da muSebi TavianTi ebrauli

kvartlebidan fexs ar icvlidnen. aq aris Cveni bude, eubneboda maT

sambeTai kabilisi. budesTan dakavSirebuli azri yvelas sworad da

brZnulad miaCnda _ ra gvinda im ucxo xalxSi? arc aravin tovebda Tavis

180 sakuTar mikrosamyaroSi Caketili sazogadoebisTvis yoveli ucxo adamiani Seucnobelis SiSTan, siZulvilTan da zizRTan asocirdeboda, vinaidan igi maTi samyaros daSlisa da aposinTezis elements warmoadgenda. ase, magaliTad, Zveli epoqis tradiciuli sazogadoebebi maT irgvliv arsebul garemos mikrosamyarod aRiqvamdnen, xolo am Caketili samyaros miRma maTTvis Seucnobeli da uformo sfero sufevda. antikuri kulturis xalxebisaTvis adamiani iyo gaucxoebuli, Tuki igi ar iyo maTi jgufis wevri, maTi gvaris warmomadgeneli. sxvadasxva kulturebSi aseTi adamianebi Sesabamisi epiTetebiT moixseniebodnen. ase, magaliTad, Zveli berZnebi ucxos “barbaross”, ebraelebi “warmarTs”, Cinelebi ki “ucxoel demons” uwodebdnen; Sdr.: M. Eliade, Οικόνες και σύµβολα (1991), Αθήνα 1994, 50; Ζαν Κάζνεβ-Νταβιντ Βικτόρωφ, Βασικά θέµατα της κοινωνιολογίας και κοινωνιολογικό λεξικό, Αθήνα 1988, 350-51.

106

106

budes. erT ebraelsac ki ver naxavdi mTels qalaqSi sxvis saxlSi rom

Sesuliyo.181 sagulisxmoa, rom xaZisis personaJebi am “ucxoobas”, rogorc

Tandayolil pirovnul an rasobriv bedad aRiqvamen da miaCniaT, rom

valdebulni arian bolomde ataron es tvirTi. miuxedavad imisa, rom

maTi mama-papani aseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi saxlobdnen ioaninaSi, es

sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom am qalaqSi macxovrebeli

ebraelebi ganTavisuflebuliyvnen “ucxosaTvis” damaxasiaTebeli

niSanTvisebebisagan.182 ebraeli saberZneTSi uZvelesi droidan

moyolebuli adgilobrivi ucxoelia,183 - aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi da

mecnieri frangiski ambaZopulu.

ebraelebis monoTeizmi, jer kidev Zvel berZnebTan, sarwmunoebrivi

sxvaobis kriteriumi iyo, xolo maTi aRmosavluri warmomavloba

nacionalurisa. Tanamedrove berZeni mwerlebi ebraelebs

garkveulwilad dadebiTad axasiaTeben. maT im erad miiCneven, romelic

aRmosavlur sibrZnes asxams xorcs. elinistur epoqaSi ki, SesaZloa

egviptis gavlenis qveS, romelic antiebrauli tradiciebis saxelmwifo

iyo, ebraelebs metad uaryofiTad axasiaTebdnen. berZnul tradiciaSi

181 ∆. Χατζής, Το τέλος της µικρής µας πόλης, Σαµπεθαϊ Καµπίλης, Αθήνα 1999, 46-47. 182 calkeul adamianTa jgufis CarCoSi moqceva qmnis akrZalul zonas maT irgvliv, rac am xalxis izolacias ganapirobebs. ebraelebi saberZneTSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis enasa da kulturas iTvisebdnen, Tumca TavianT religiasa da yofiT Taviseburebebs inarCunebdnen. isini saxldebodnen qalaqebSi, sadac TavianT kvartlebSi (geto) karCaketil Temebad cxovrobdnen. ebraelebs aiZulebdnen CaecvaT gansakuTrebuli tansacmeli, an gansxvavebuli niSnebi hqonodaT samosze, ecxovraT maTTvis gamoyofil ubnebSi. isini ZiriTadad vaWrobasa da xelosnobas misdevdnen, SeZlebulebi ki mevaxSeobas. iudaizmis dogmebi iTvaliswinebdnen ebraelebis Temis gancalkevebas, rasac gabatonebuli klasebisa da qristianuli eklesiis politikac xels uwyobda. adgilobriv vaWrebTan da xelosnebTan konkurencia saberZneTSi antisemitizms aRvivebda. Sdr.: Φ. Αµπατζοπούλου, Ο Άλλος εν ∆ιωγµώ, η εικόνα του Εβραίου στη λογοτεχνία, ζητήµατα ιστορίας και µυθοπλαθίας, Αθήνα 1998, 233.

107

107

“ebraeli” upirveles yovlisa anti-iudaizmis warmonaqmnia, rac

religiur sxvaobasa da maT mier qristes mokvdinebis braldebas

ukavSirdeba. berZnul xalxur simRerebSi gamoikveTeba ebraelis

stereotipuli Tvisebebi, rac Suasaukuneebis evropaSic iyo

gavrcelebuli. ebraelebi am simRerebis mixedviT arin binZurebi,

keTrovanni, jadoqrebi, ebraeli qalebi ki kudianebi da bavSvis

mkvlelebi.184 msgavsi braldebebi ebraelebis mimarT d. xaZisis

moTxrobaSic gaismis: zogadad isini araraobad, uvargis da binZur rasad

miaCndaT. maT gaTaxsirebul ebraelebs da wuwuraqebs eZaxdnen... maTze

aseve uamrav ambebs yvebodnen xolme, romelic mxolod yurmokvriT

icodnen, magram yvelas simarTled miaCnda. TiTqos yvelaferi Cvens

qalaqSi mcxovreb ebraelebs CaedinoT... dedebic Svilebs afrTxilebdnen,

saxlSi gvian ar dabrunebuliyvnen, radgan mobindebisTanave ebraelebi

av aCrdilebTan erTad quCaSi gamodian da bavSvebs iWereno. Semdeg maT

eklebs urWoben, maTi sisxlisgan ki macas akeTeben.185

antisemitizmis problemebiT araerTi Semoqmedi dainteresebula

msoflio literaturaSi, Tumca xaZisis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, am metad

mniSvnelovani sakiTxis miRma adamianis gaucxoebis problemac aSkarad

ikveTeba. berZeni mwerali, aRniSnul nawarmoebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

globaluri problemis winaSe gvayenebs. igi cdilobs istoriis

siRrmeebSi moiZios adamianuri arsebobis tragizmis saTaveebi.

183 Φ. Αµπατζοπούλου, Ο Άλλος εν ∆ιωγµώ, η εικόνα του Εβραίου στη λογοτεχνία, ζητήµατα ιστορίας και µυθοπλαθίας, Αθήνα 1998, 209. 184 Ιbid., 197. 185 ∆. Χατζής, Το τέλος της µικρής µας πόλης, Σαµπεθαϊ Καµπίλης, Αθήνα 1999, 45-46.

108

108

nawili meore / Tavi meoTxenawili meore / Tavi meoTxenawili meore / Tavi meoTxenawili meore / Tavi meoTxe

adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe d. xaZisis moTxrobebis

“wylismoqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”“wylismoqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”“wylismoqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”“wylismoqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”

XX saukunis xelovnebi da moazrovneebi erTsulovnad aRiareben

burJuaziuli sazogadoebis kriziss. maTi mzera Tanamedrove samyaroSi

martoobisgan, ukontaqtobisgan da araraobis SegrZnebiT daqancul

adamianzea mipyrobili. isini undoblobas ucxadeben burJuaziul

samyaros, misi uazro idealebis absurdulobas. amgvari damokidebuleba

Tanamedrove sazogadoebisadmi damaxasiaTebelia dimitris

xaZisisTvisac. Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis arseboba, adamianis

martooba da mitovebuloba, misi siRrmiseuli gancdebis asaxva _ is

Tematikaa, romelic misi Semoqmedebis birTvs warmoadgens. am

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa d. xaZisis moTxrobebi “wylis

moqcevis dro” da “wminda giorgi”.

d. xaZisi gansakuTrebul interess iCens adamianis mimarT, romelic

didi gardatexebis epoqaSi ebrZvis rogorc sazogadoebriv garemos,

aseve sakuTar Tavs. xaZisis gmirebi (mkeravebi, mtvirTavebi, muSebi,

meZavebi) Cveulebriv, dabal sazogadoebriv fenas miekuTvnebian. isini

yovelTvis Tavmdabalni arian da usamarTlobis msxverplni xdebian.

mwerali maT mimarT did simpaTias gamoxatavs. igi am xalxTan

ideologiur da sulier siaxloves grZnobda, da rogorc Tavad ambobda,

am adamianebSi mas maTi bunebrivoba da ubiwo suli aRelvebda.

mwerlisTvis adamianis Sinagani samyaro, misi sulieri ganwyoba metad

mniSvnelovania da es mis SemoqmedebaSic xazgasmulia.

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109

aRsaniSnavia, rom protagonistis Sinagani samyaros warmoCena ukve

XIX saukunidan moyolebuli berZnuli romanisaTvis siaxles ar

warmoadgens. gmiris fsiqologiur da sulier samyaroSi SeRwevis

mcdeloba damaxasiaTebelia modernizmisaTvis, romelsac saberZneTSic

1930-iani wlebidan moyolebuli araerTi mimdevari hyavda. aRniSnuli

tendenciebi d. xaZisis SemoqmedebaSic mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs.

“miuxedavad misi ideologiuri da politikuri poziciisa, rac mis

memarcxeneobaSi gamoixateba, igi moTxrobebSi adamians ar

warmogvidgens calmxrivad, rogorc umoZrao marionets, rogorc raime

ideis usaxur simbolos an ubralod mizezs qadagebisTvis. mis

personaJebs, soflisa Tu qalaqis macxovreblebs mdidari sulieri

samyaro gaaCniaT, isini mTeli Tavisi grZnobiT, mRelvarebiT, eWvebiTa

Tu winaaRmdegobebiT Semodian CvenSi”.186 _ ase axasiaTebs dimitris

xaZisis Semoqmedebasa da mis personaJebs cnobili berZeni kritikosi a.

saxinisi. gamonakliss arc misi moTxrobis “wylis moqcevis dro”

personaJebi warmoadgenen.

aRniSnul nawarmoebSi mwerali TiToeuli gmiris xasiaTisa Tu

sulieri ganwyobis warmoCenisas wina planze zogadsakacobrio

problemebs wamowevs. igi gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT Tanamedrove

samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis sakiTxs ayenebs. im problemaTa Soris,

romelTac mwerali wamoWris, Cven or ZiriTads gamovyofdiT:

a. sazogadoebidan gariyuli adamianis bedi.

b. Tanamedrove adamiani Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe.

moTxrobaSi mwerali erT-erT berZnul ojaxs warmogvidgens da mas

Tavisi epoqis sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs. “wylis moqcevis

186 Α. Σαχίνης, Είκοσι χρόνια νεοελληνικής πεζογραφίας: 1945-1965, Αθήνα 1984, 115.

110

110

dro” meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis realur cxovrebasa da

Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebis ganwyobas gadmoscems.

nawarmoebis personaJebi arian: meZavi deda, misi umcrosi invalidi vaJi,

romelsac Tavisi sakuTari samyaro aqvs Seqmnili da masSia gamoketili;

meore Svili, kostandisi, moTxrobis mTavari gmiri, aris axalgazrda

adamiani, romelic misTvis ucxo samyaroSi TviTdamkvidrebis mZime gzas

dasdgomia. igi skolas Tavs anebebs da navsadgurSi iwyebs muSaobas.

nawarmoebSi naTlad aris asaxuli adamianisadmi Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis agresiuli damokidebuleba, rac ZiriTadad meZav dedasTan

mimarTebaSi gamoixateba. martoxela qali, socialuri da ekonomiuri

pirobebis gamo, iZulebulia meZavi gaxdes, raTa arCinos Tavisi ori

arasrulwlovani Svili. misi xvedri ki lanZRva da gmobaa mis garSemo

myofi yvela adamianis mxridan. mezoblebi mas aRar esalmebian misi

“profesiis” gamo. igi sazogadoebidan gariyuli da yvelasgan

gaucxoebuli martosuli adamiania, romelsac sakuTari Svilic ki zurgs

aqcevs. misi gandegiloba da martooba, romelic SeiZleba Sefasdes,

rogorc individis socialuri statusi, swored rom sazogadoebrivi

sisastikis Sedegia.

mwerali gansakuTrebul interess gamoxatavs invalidi bavSvis

mimarT, romelic meZavi dedis erT-erTi yofili sayvarlis Svilia.

patara stratiss ori samyaro aqvs. es aris, erTi mxriv, realuri samyaro,

anu misi ojaxi, saxli, meore ki misi fantaziebis samyaro. bavSvis isedac

damaxinjebul cxovrebas ojaxuri garemoeba kidev ufro amZimebs. misi

cxovreba gamudmebiT saxlis (sadac dedis “muStrebi” dadian)

arasasiamovno garemocvaSi yofniT Semoifargleba. misTvis es realuri

samyaro metad rTuli da Seucnobelia. erTaderTi gamosavali sakuTari

111

111

gamogonili samyaros Seqmnaa, romelic naTeli, mxiaruli da

srulyofilia, sruliad gansxvavebuli imisagan, rasac mas cxovreba

sTavazobs. stratisi mxolod warmosaxviT samyaroSi axerxebs sakuTari

Tavis povnas da sulieri simSvidis mopovebas. mwerali muq ferebSi

gvixatavs bavSvis realur samyaros da misi gancdebis gadmocemisas

TiTqos winaswar gvauwyebs im uRimRamo, uimedo da usixarulo yofis

Sesaxeb, rasac bavSvs samomavlod cxovreba umzadebs.

moTxrobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gansakuTrebuli simwvaviTaa

warmoCenili bavSvis misadmi mtrulad ganwyobil, Seucnobel

samyarosTan Sejaxebis problema. d. xaZisi sazogadoebas warmogvidgens

rogorc ierarqiul struqturas, romlis safuZvelSic Zevs bavSvi,

vinaidan igi sazogadoebis yvelaze umweo wevria. misi azriT bavSvi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi yvelaze met agresias ganicdis, Tumca

oficialurad miRebulia azri, rom sazogadoeba yovelive saukeTesos

bavSvebisTvis qmnis. aTi wlis kostandiss, iseve rogorc mis umcros Zmas,

usamarTlod mowyobil samyaroSi uxdeba cxovreba. igi misi garemocvis

agresiis msxverplia. meZavis Svils sazogadoeba mtrulad ganwyobili

xvdeba. adamianebi, romelTa uxeSi da mtruli damokidebuleba bavSvis

sulier samyaros mZime daRs asvams, konstandisisaTvis saSiS arsebebad

iqcevian. es ki misi sazogadoebidan gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba: mxolod isRa

darCenoda, rom aravis aRarasodes dalaparakeboda... dedasTanac ki

arasodes arafris Sesaxeb ar esaubra.187 moswavlisaTvis gansakuTrebiT

rTuli skolis garemocvaSi yofnaa: mas eSinoda klasis maswavleblis,

187 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 60.

112

112

skolis darajis, ezoSi myofi bavSvebis _ am skolaSi yvelafris

eSinoda.188

zogadad gavrcelebulia azri, rom skola bavSvis aRzrdasa da mis

ganaTlebas emsaxureba, rom aq yvelanairi pirobaa Seqmnili imisaTvis,

rom moswavlem mis mimarT keTilganwyobil garemoSi igrZnos Tavi.

Tumca sainteresoa, moviyvanoT berZeni fsiqologis, i. Ralanisis

Sexeduleba zemoT aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelic

radikalurad gansxvavebulia. misi TvalsazrisiT skolis garemocvaSi,

sadac ilaxeba moswavlis Rirseba, ignorirebulia misi pirovneba,

ugulebelyofilia misi survili da gabatonebulia ufrosebis

TviTneboba, usamarTloba... moswavle iZulebas, Zaladobas, zewolas

grZnobs.189 migvaCnia, rom berZeni fsiqologis amgvari Sefaseba Cveni

literaturuli personaJis fsiqologiur aRqmas zustad esadageba.

skolis garemocvaSi adamianebisagan damcirebuli da SeSinebuli

konstandisi iZulebulia skolaSi aRar iaros da quCaSi gavides.

maswavlebeli arc ki intersdeba misi bediT.

skolisa da ojaxis garemocvas gaqceuli kostandisi navsadgurs

Seafarebs Tavs, sadac kvlav agresiul da daundobel samyaros aRmoaCens.

patara kostandisi SeSinebuli da gaucxoebulia da adamianebTan kontaqts

gaurbis.

metad sainteresoa is ori saxe, romelsac mwerali gvixatavs

nawarmoebSi da romlebTanac xdeba gaucxoebuli kostandisis mier

kontaqtis damyareba. es aris, pirvel rigSi, navsadguris mtvirTavi. igi

erTi uzarmazari tanis, veluri da uxeSi adamiania, romelic Tavisi

188 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 61. 189 Sdr.: Γ. Γ. Γαλανός, Απελεύθερο Εγώ και Κατεστηµένο, Εφαρµοσµένη Ψυχολογία, Αθήνα 1975, 116.

113

113

garegnuli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT cxovels ufro hgavs. mwerali

TiTqos gangeb amaxvilebs yuradRebas am personaJis cxovelur

Tvisebebsa da xasiaTze, raTa sazogadoebisagan gaTelili, saxecvlili da

gaucxoebuli adamiani warmogviCinos. meore, gansakuTrebiT saintereso

saxea. is aris ara adamiani, aramed navsadguris erT-erT misadgomTan

wlebis ganmavlobaSi mitovebuli gemi, kerZod ki masze gamokveTili

gorgona. navsadguris mtvirTavisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis garegnobaze

mwerali garkveul informacias gvawvdis, is arafers gveubneba am

miTologiuri arsebis Sesaxeb. Cven mxolod is viciT, rom mas uzarmazari,

mrgvali Tvalebi aqvs, romelic gamudmebiT kostandiszea mipyrobili.

adamianebisagan gamoqceuli da ukontaqtobisgan daRlili kostandisi

gorgonas saxeSi, adamianebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavis erTaderT

mfarvels190 amoicnobs da masTan Seecdeba kontaqtis damyarebas:

kostandisi marto darCa. SeCerda da Semdeg nel-nela dauyva gzas, wavida

iq, sadac yovelTvis midioda - gorgonasTan axlos, [...] gorgona mis win

Tavs zemoT-qvemoT iqnevda. isic, maSin roca navsadgurSi sxvebi

yayanebdnen da naCqarevad midi-modiodnen, ijda umoZraod, martosuli

da sxvebisagan gariyuli da mas Sescqeroda.191 sagulisxmoa, rom orive

SemTxvevaSi mwerals surs yuradRebis gamaxvileba imaze, rom kostandisi

araadamianuri niSnebis mqone arsebebTan axerxebs kontaqtis damyarebas.

am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, mwerals surs xazi gausvas im faqts, rom

adamians sxvebTan urTierTobis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia, Tumca aseve

190 sagulisxmoa, rom berZnul miTologiaSi Γοργόνειον – gorgonioni, romelic meduza gorgonas mokveTil Tavs ewodeboda, gamoiyeneboda rogorc amuleti da mas avi Tvalisagan damcavis funqcia hqonda. gorgonas Tavi gamosaxuli iyo xolme tanisamosze, samkaulebze, iaraRze, WurWelze, taZrebze, Senobebze, saflavebze, monetebze da gemebze; Sdr.: Π. ∆ρανδάκης, Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδια, Αθήνα, τ. VIII, 627. 191 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 67, 76.

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114

Zalian Znelia Tanamedrove samyaroSi moZebno iseTi adamiani,

romelTanac SesaZlebeli iqneba urTierTobis damyareba.

sainteresoa, rom moTxrobis dasasruls navsadgurSi Svilis

saZebnelad misuli meZavi dedis saxeSi kostandisi gorgonas saxes

amoicnobs: kostandisi mas Sescqeroda... TiTqos pirvelad xedavda dedis

saxes. da ai icno. igive saxe iyo – Zirgamompal gemze gamosaxuli

gorgonas saxe.192 rogorc cnobilia, berZnul miTologiaSi gorgona

msubuqi yofaqcevis qal-urCxulTanac igivdeboda.193 meZavi dedis qal-

urCxulTan gaigivebiT mwerals, albaT, surda kidev erTxel xazi gaesva

meZavi qalisadmi sazogadoebis agresiuli damokidebulebisaTvis.

sazogadoeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom meZavs swored rogorc urCxuls ise

aRiqvams, amitom mas epyroba rogorc ucxos da mis mimarT mtrulad aris

ganwyobili.

meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelsac d. xaZisi Tavis moTxrobaSi

“wylis moqcevis dro” ayenebs, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris adamianis

mier Tanamedrove samyaros Seucnobelobis problema. am sakiTxiT

gansakuTrebiT arian dainteresebulebi frangi egzistencialisti

mwerlebi. isini samyaros aRiqvamen rogorc ufskruls, romlis winaSec

Cafiqrebuli da SeSinebuli adamiani dgas. ufskruli ki maTTvis samyaro

ki araa mTlianobaSi, aramed burJuaziis mier Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi

sistemaa.194 Tumca egzistencialistebisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris imis

mtkiceba, rom sazogadoebaa autaneli. isini Tvlian, rom Tavad

adamianuri cxovrebaa gaugebari da saerTod, samyaro absurdulia.

192 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 81. 193 Π. ∆ρανδάκης, Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια, Αθήνα, τ. VIII, 628-629. 194 Sdr.: Л. Г. Андреев. О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 138.

115

115

berZeni Semoqmedis Tanamedrove samyarosadmi damokidebuleba ar

gansxvavdeba frangi egzistencialisti mwerlebis Sexedulebebisagan. misi

personaJebis uferuli da arafrismTqmeli cxovreba mwerlis

cnobierebaSi samyaros absurdulobis aRqmas uwyobda xels. es adamanebi

marTlac rom Cafiqrebulni da SeSinebulni dganan ufskrulis winaSe.

kostandisisaTvis samyaro idumalia. misi orive samyaro (1. ojaxi, skola;

2. navsadguri;) misTvis Seucnobelia. gansakuTrebulad ucxod igi Tavs

navsadgurSi grZnobs. es samyaro: misTvis u a z r o iyo. igi iq u c x o iyo,

misTvis yvelaferi a m a o iyo, a r a f r i s m T q m e l i,195 _ gveubneba

mTxrobeli. Cveni azriT, mwerali iseTi sityvebis gamoyenebiT,

rogoricaa uazro, ucxo, amaouazro, ucxo, amaouazro, ucxo, amaouazro, ucxo, amao, arafrismTqmeliarafrismTqmeliarafrismTqmeliarafrismTqmeli, rac berZeni kritikosis q.

milionisis SefasebiT egzistencialisti mwerlebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli terminebia,196 TvalnaTliv gamoxatavs Tavis

Sexedulebas Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

Seucnobeli samyaros winaSe mdgomi patara adamiani gorgonas

kiTxvebs usvams, Tumca pasuxs ver iRebs: roca cioda, eSinoda da surda

gaego ratom xdeboda es yvelaferi an ra moxdeba bolos da pasuxs ver

poulobda, Tvalebs misken miapyrobda – misgan eloda axsnas. gorgonas

Tvalebi umetyvelod iyo misken mipyrobili.197 adamianis mier dasmuli

kiTxvebis upasuxod datoveba, rogorc cnobilia, aris swored absurdis

SegrZnebis gamowvevis mizezi.198 absurdistuli nawarmoebis Zala da

Rirebuleba ki swored zogadsakacobrio sakiTxebze Segnebuli pasuxis

195 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 63. 196 Sdr.: Χ. Μηλιώνης, ∆ηµήτρης Χατζής: Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, µια ανάγνωση, Επιστηµονικό Συµπόσιο, ∆. Χατζής, µια συνείδηση της ρωµιοσύνης, Πάτρα 1999, 138. 197 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα1966, 65. 198 Sdr.: A. Camus, L’ absurde naît de cette confrontation entre l’appel humain et le silence déraisonnable du monde, Paris 1942, 44.

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gacemis SeuZleblobaSi mdgomareobs.199 absurdistuli nawarmoebi miznad

ar isaxavs amtkicos zeazri. samyaro iracionaluria, miuwvdomeli,

absurdistuli nawarmoebi ki mxolod samyaros uazrobis imitacias

axdens.

sainteresoa Tavad moTxrobis dasasrulic, rodesac navsadguris

mtvirTavi agresiulad gamoxatavs Tavis ganwyobas, gegoneba mTel

samyaros upirispirdebao: ... da maSin, sruliad moulodnelad, ifiqrebdi

goneba daebindao, daixara, xeli daavlo did lods, maRla aswia da

gametebiT moisrola, TiTqos zRvas unda daartyaso, romelic im dros

Suqisa da Crdilis monacvleobisas, mis winaSe naTels hfenda da Semdeg

isev nisliT buravda Tavisi fskeris Seucnobel saidumloebebs...200

migvaCnia, rom mtvirTavis es moqmedeba aris amboxi, usamarTlobiTa da

uazro mdgomareobiT aRSfoTebuli adamianis Seucnobeli samyaros

winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis gamoxatuleba. es aris dasturi imisa, rom

krizisi mZvinvarebs, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis atana SeuZlebelia. Tumca

egzistencialistebisaTvis nebismieri amboxi konkretul, istoriul

situaciaSic ki metafizikur xasiaTs iZens. adamianuri urCobis nebismier

gamovlinebaSi aRiqmeba qmnilebis protesti Semoqmedis winaaRmdeg.

amboxi mWidro kavSirSia samarTlianobis gagebasTan da igi mimarTulia,

upirveles yovlisa, im konkretuli usamarTlobisaken, rac adamianis

Wmunvis mizezia. amasTan dakavSirebiT alber kamiu werda: “revoluciuri

suli gamoxatavs adamianis protests sakuTari bedis winaaRmdeg. es

problematika, sxvadasxvagvari formebiT, xelovnebisa Tu religiis

199 Sdr.: l. kereseliZe, eduard bondi: socialuri dramis niRabi, Tanamedrove dasavluri drama, eseebi Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul literaturaze, Tbilisi 1989, 111. 200 ∆. Χατζής, Ανυπεράσπιστοι, Ώρα της φυρονεριάς, Αθήνα 1966, 81.

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maradiuli kvlevis sagnadaa qceuli. revolucia _ promeTes amboxidan

moyolebuli _ yovelTvis mimarTulia RmerTis winaaRmdeg, es aris

adamianis ajanyeba sakuTari bedis winaaRmdeg. am SemTxvevaSi tiranebi da

burJuaziuli marionetebi, mxolod da mxolod sababia”.201 rac Seexeba

berZen mwerals aSkaraa, rom igi aRSfoTebas gamoxatavs burJuaziuli

sazogadoebis mimarT, Tumca isic faqtia, rom misi gmiris amboxSi, rac

erTi SexedviT socialur konturebs iZens, adamianis metafizikuri

amboxicaa gaazrebuli. d. xaZisisTvis zRvazRvazRvazRva mTeli samyaroa, fskeris fskeris fskeris fskeris

Seucnobeli saidumloebaniSeucnobeli saidumloebaniSeucnobeli saidumloebaniSeucnobeli saidumloebani ki misTvis imis aRiarebaa, rom samyaro

Seucnobelia, adamians ar ZaluZs Cawvdes mis saidumloebebs. mwerali

moTxrobis finalSi amgvari metaforuli xerxis gamoyenebiT kidev

erTxel gamoxatavs Tavis Sexedulebas samyaros Seucnobadobaze da

bundovanobaze. finalis gabundovnebis es xerxi ki, romelsac berZeni

mwerali iyenebs, Cveni azriT, absurdistuli dramisagan nasesxebi xerxia

da realur cxovrebaSi arsebuli gaurkvevlobisa da qaosis simbolos

warmoadgens.

maSasadame, adamianis cnobiereba, misi TviTSegneba da mis mier

samyaros Secnobis mcdeloba moTxrobaSi centralur adgils ikavebs.

berZeni mwerali aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom absurds adamianur

cnobierebaSi Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi, Tumca imaSic darwmunebulia,

rom absurduli cnobierebisaTvis samyaros yovelgvari axsna uSedego da

amaoa, radganac samyaro Tavisi araadamianuri TviTmyofadobidan

gamomdinare gamudmebiT xelidan gvisxlteba da zurgs gvaqcevs.202

d. xaZisis kidev erTi, egzistencialuri xasiaTis moTxroba “wminda

giorgi” dakarguli bednierebis, adamianuri arsebobis tragizmis

201 Sdr.: A. Camus, Carnets I. P., Paris 1962, 105-106.

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118

simboloa, sadac mwerali adamianis cxovrebis, misi arsebobis sakiTxebs

kidev erTxel xazs usvams, raTa ufro Rrmad daafiqros Tavisi mkiTxeli.

fizikurad arasrulfasovani, gonji da kuziani mkeravi stamatisi

Tavis aseve maxinj colTan erTad TavianT Raribul saxlSi mSvidi da

uferuli cxovrebiT cxovroben: sakuTari cxovreba Taviseburad hqoda

mowyobili da misi Secvla arc ufiqria, arc is undoda vinme ucxos

misTvis cxovreba aeria. Tavis meuRlesTan, katerinasTan erTad mSvenier

dros atarebdnen _ sxva aravin WirdebodaT.203 ori dabeCavebuli da

ubeduri adamiani maT mier xelovnurad Seqmnili bednierebisa da

kmayofilebis samyaroSi cxovrobs. es samyaro ki, arsebul situaciaSi,

maT mier arCeuli samyaroa. aq SeiZleba am personaJebis egzistencialur

Tavisuflebaze vimsjeloT. Tumca sartris msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic,

saubaria martoobaSi myofi adamianis egzistencialur Tavisuflebaze.

sakmarisia, erTi sruliad SemTxveviTi movlena, rom es yalbi

bedniereba da kmayofileba namsxvrevebad iqces da isini yovlad

moumzadebelni da daucvelni aRmoCndnen amazrzeni realobis winaSe.

axalgazrda, lamazi da jan-RoniT savse wyvilis gamoCena, romelic maT

gverdiT binaSi dasaxldeba da maTTan megobrul urTierTobas daiWers,

erT dResac, ise rom amas Tavad verc ki acnobiereben, fantaziebSi

mcxovreb gonj col-qmars tragikuli realobis suraTs gadauSlis. aq ki

ukve xdeba maTi Tavisuflebis SezRudva. am SemTxvevaSic SegviZlia

sartris koncefcias daveyrdnoT, romlis Tanaxmadac adamiani

“sxvebisagan” itanjeba, “sxvebi” zRudaven mis Tavisuflebas, magram

Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli “sxvebi” aucilebelia adamianisaTvis, raTa

202 Sdr.: С. Фокин, Альбер Камю. Роман. Философия. Жизнъ, Санкт-Петербург 1999, 137. 203 ∆. Χατζής, Σπουδές, Αη Γιώργης, Αθήνα 1976, 12.

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man sakuTari Tavi Seicnos.204 mkeravis coli qorfa da mSvenieri ifigenias

gverdiT Tavis warmoudgenel simaxinjes, sakuTar TavSi seqsualurobis

ararsebobas aRmoaCens: SeCerda da sarkis win mdgom ifigenias Sexeda...

Txeli CiTis kabis qveS misi sxeuli moCanda. ubiwo, qaluri, saocari

siSiSvle. misi sxeuli mSvenierebis surnels afrqvevda... man ifigenias

sarkeSi sakuTari bedi Seicno.205 _ gveubneba avtori. katerinaSi Zlieri,

mtanjveli grZnoba, Suris grZnoba iRviZebs. am faqtis gamo ki stamatisi

Tavis Zvirfas myudroebas dakargavs, rac misi erTaderTi bedniereba iyo.

maTi simaxinjis gverdiT mSvenierebis gaCena, maT irgvliv arsebuli

sibnelis kaSkaSa sxivebiT gaCaxCaxeba iyo, rac maTTvis saocar

aRmoCenasTn erTad saSineli sasjelic iyo, vinaidan kaSkaSa SuqSi maT

erTmaneTi moralurad ganadgurebuli da erTmaneTis saSineli simaxinje

ixiles: da maSin manac dainaxa. iq katerina ki ara, erTi maxinji urCxuli,

ubedurebis nayofi iyo. cxovrebisagan daCagruli, ganadgurebuli, bolo

moRebuli.206 am or adamianSi iRviZebs sircxvilis grZnoba maTi

arsebobis gamo. amis Semdeg isini TavianT arsebobas, TavianT sxeuls

aRiqvamen rogorc raRac absurduls da gamousadegars. mwerali

axalgazrdobisa da sxeulis simSvenieris paralelurad zedmiwevniT

aRwers gonji col-qmaris fizikur nakls, raSic aSkarad gamoikveTeba

egzistencializmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli damokidebuleba dacemisaTvis

da gaxrwnisaTvis ganwiruli adamianis sxeulisadmi.

mkacri WeSmariteba katerinas gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. simaxinje,

uazroba da muqariT savse realoba mas aSinebs. igi acnobierebs, rom

204 Sdr.: Л. Г. Андреев, О современных декадентах, о литературно-художесвенных течениях XX века, Москва 1966, 129-130. 205 ∆. Χατζής, Σπουδές, Αη Γιώργης, Αθήνα 1976, 24, 28. 206 Ibid., 33.

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adamianebsa da mas Soris uzarmazari kedelia aRmarTuli, igi maTTvis

mxolod raRac uCveulo sanaxaobad aris qceuli: quCaSi gavidnen. igi

amdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi stamatisTan erTad yofnas iyo miCveuli da

Tavs usafrTxod grZnobda, exla ki ifigenias gverdiT igrZno, rom

TiTqos sxva, misadmi mtrulad ganwyobili samyaro iSleboda mis

irgvliv... maRaziaSi yvela mas misCereboda... quCaSic uamravi xalxis

garemocvaSi suli exuTeboda. undoda Sin male dabrunebuliyvnen,

damaluliyo, Tavi kvlav usafrTxod egrZno.207 – aqedan gamomdinare

mwerals aSkarad imis Tqma undoda, rom adamianis arseboba mkacri da

daundobelia. gansakuTrebiT mZime ki avadmyofi adamianis xvedria.

avadmyofobas “wminda giorgis” gmirebi, iseve rogorc invalidi stratisi

moTxrobaSi “wylis moqcevis dro”, gardauvali gaucxoebisaken miyavs.

“mxolod maSin mixvdnen, rom isini samudamod cxovrebis samoTxis miRma

iyvnen darCenilni, radganac am samoTxeSi mxolod axalgazrdobisTvis,

silamazisTvis da janmrTelobisTvis aris gankuTvnili adgili. yvela

adamians, rom am samoTxeSi moxvedra moesurvebina, umetesi maTgani

namdvilad gareT darCeboda. Tuki amas mkeravisa da misi colis msgavsad

gaacnobiereben? amas namdvilad tragedia moyveba”,208 _ aRniSnavs a.

karandonisi.

“wminda giorgis” gasacodavebul personaJebs raRac imedi mainc

SerCeniaT. stamatisi dReebs iTvlis sanam axalgazrda wyvili maTi

saxlidan wava, imis imediT, rom maTi wasvlis Semdeg cxovreba Cveul

ritms daubrundeba da mis cxovrebaSi kvlav myudroeba daisadgurebs,

Tumca: maSin stamatis siderakisi mixvda. ifigenia wavida – saSveli ki ar

iyo, da arc arasodes iqneboda... maT araferSi – araferSi miuZRodaT 207 ∆. Χατζής, Σπουδές, Αη Γιώργης, Αθήνα 1976, 26.

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brali – Tumca ki Weqa-quxili daacxraT Tavs.209 am usasrulo tragizmis

SegrZnebas mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom adamiani udanaSauloa,

boroteba ar aris masSi, aramed is Tavad miwier cxovrebaSi, umowyalo

bedSi, borot dasasrulSi, SemTxveviTobaSia.

d. xaZisi aRniSnul nawarmoebSi gauxareli da bediswerisgan

gaTelili adamianuri cxovrebis suraTebs gvixatavs, rac CvenSi badebs

kiTxvas: am or adamians, da ara mxolod ors, aramed maT msgavs

adamianebs, romlebic mravlad arian samyaroSi, vin daicavs, romeli

kanoni, romeli morali, romeli sazogadoebrivi sistema?

amgvarad, zemoT moyvanili dakvirvebebi saSualebas gvaZlevs

davaskvnaT, rom Cvens mier ganxilul nawarmoebebSi mkafiod igrZnoba

egzistencialisturi tendenciebis dominireba. aSkaraa, rom d. xaZisis

daJinebuli mzera samyaros ugunurebazea mipyrobili. Zneli ar aris imis

mixvedrac, rom berZeni Semoqmedis koncefciaSi gamoxatuleba hpova

garkveulma socialurma realobam, konkretulad ki Tanamedrove

burJuaziulma sazogadoebam. igi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs tragikul

WeSmaritebamde aSiSvlebs. aSkaraa, rom misi gmirebi Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis msxverplni arian. orive moTxrobis finali ki dasturia

imisa, rom berZeni mwerlisaTvis adamianis bedi Seucnobel samyaroSi

erTob bundovania.

nawili meore / Tavi mexuTenawili meore / Tavi mexuTenawili meore / Tavi mexuTenawili meore / Tavi mexuTe

s. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” _ sityvas. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” _ sityvas. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” _ sityvas. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” _ sityva----simbolosimbolosimbolosimbolo

andreas frangiasisa da dimitris xaZisis literaturuli

nawarmoebebis analizisas berZnuli egzistencialisturi

208 Α. Καραντώνης, 24 σύγχρονοι πεζογράφοι, Αθήνα 1978, 222.

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literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti

gamovyaviT, ramac saSualeba mogvca gamogvevlina maTi SemoqmedebiTi

azrovnebis, filosofiuri xedvis sakmaod saintereso mxareebi. maTi

Tanamedrove mwerlis, spiros plaskovitisis Semoqmedebis am kuTxiT

Seswavla aseve saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

dasavlur literaturaSi gavrcelebuli egzistencialisturi

mimdinareoba, romelic qaoturi samyaros suraTs xatavda, sadac

dezorganizacia, panika da absurdi iyo gabatonebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom msgavsive ganwyobiT saberZneTSi, pirvelad, swored spiros

plaskovitisis romanSi “kaSxali” gamoikveTa. aRniSnuli nawarmoebi,

sadac saocari ostatobiTaa asaxuli Tanamedrove epoqis tragizmi,

omisSemdgomi berZnuli sazogadoebis zogad ganwyobas gadmoscems.

s. plaskovitisi miznad isaxavs istoriuli movlenebis realuri

mxareebis gaSuqebas da cdilobs warmoaCinos maTi gavlena adamianis

bedze _ im martoxela, miusafari arsebebis cxovrebaze, romlebic

bedisweris nebiT moxvdnen samyaroSi da moTminebiT elian maTTvis

gaugebari, Seucnobeli movlenebis ganviTarebas. mwerali cdilobs

sworad gadmosces istoriis mTavari azri, romelSiac adamiani sakuTar

Tavze, individualur grZnobebze maRla sazogadoebriv gancdebs ayenebs.

s. plaskovitisisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi ar aris arsebiTi individebis

asaxva, misTvis mniSvnelovania daadasturos, daamowmos cxovrebis

saerTo ganwyoba, romlis mTavari Sinaarsic borotebasTan brZolaa.

realisturi pirobiTobisagan Tavis daRwevas mwerali simboloebis

saSualebiT axerxebs. “kaSxalSi” vigrZeni imis aucilebloba, rom

aRmewera Cveni qveynis tkivili, adgilobrivi koSmari, omisSemdgomi

209 ∆. Χατζής, Σπουδές, Άη Γιώργης, Αθήνα 1976, 33.

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periodis adamianTa mRelvareba. maSasadame, am nawarmoebSi konkretuli

raRac ganusazRvrelSi unda imalebodes, myari dilema movlenebis

cvalebadobaSi da uzustobaSi”,230 – aRniSnavs Tavad avtori sakuTari

nawarmoebis Sesaxeb.

“kaSxalis” personaJebi dramatuli movlenebiT daRdasmuli epoqis

warmomadgenlebi arian. isini itanjebian da xsnas eZeben. mwerali

cdilobs romanSi wamoWrili problebebi simbolurad misi epoqis

mRelvarebas da arasaimedoobas daukavSiros. “am nawarmoebSi mwerals

surs, rom erTi “transcendenturi” kaSxalis miRma daayenos

egzistenciuri problema, romelsac Cveni epoqis arsebiT, adamianur

problemad miiCnevs. mwerali gveubneba, rom samyaros garegani

wonasworoba, romelic logikazea dafuZnebuli, dakavSirebulia uazro

simSvidesTan, romlis Sedegic mxolod da mxolod panikaa. (miuxedavad

imisa sagubari gaskdeba Tu ara, yvela SemTxvevaSi, mis miRma arsebuli

samyaro erTi bneli ufskrulia). mkiTxveli Tanamedrove cxovrebis

fenomens ufiqrdeba, romelic kaSxalis msgavsad meryevi, mRelvarebiT

savse da SemaSfoTebelia, gamudmebiT grgvinavs, magram ar marcxdeba”.231 _

ase axasiaTebs plaskovitisis romans berZeni kritikosi d. cakonasi.

romanSi saubaria im saSiSroebaze, romelic SeiZleba kaSxalis

dazianebam gamoiwvios. es uzarmazari nageboba, romlis Zirasac patara

samrewvelo qalaqia gaSenebuli, sameurneo teritoriebis sarwyavadaa

Seqmnili. is wlebis ganmavlobaSi adamianebis samsaxurSia da aravis

arasdros Sehparvia eWvi mis mdgradobasa da gamZleobaSi. qalaqis

mosaxleni Rrmad arian darwmunebulni, rom es caSi aziduli, uzarmazari

kedeli uzrunvelyofs maT keTildReobas. udardeli cxovreba manamde

230 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Η πεζογραφία του ύθους και άλλα δοκίµια, τ. I, Αθήνα 1986, 160.

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grZeldeba, vidre kaSxalze momuSave adamianebi ar aRmoaCenen, rom raRac

saeWvo niSnebi gaCnda (SesaZloa kaSxalSi bzari arsebobdes, rac mis

gaskdomas gamoiwvevs da mTel qalaqs datboravs). isini, marTalia, amas

did mniSvnelobas ar mianiWeben, Tumca imis damalvac ar SeeZloT, rom

raRac xdeboda. rac Seexeba qalaqis macxovreblebs, isini sruliad

indiferentulni rCebian am movlenis mimarT. es adamianebi udardelad

ganagrZoben cxovrebas an ganzrax iqcevian ise, TiTqos ver amCnevdnen maT

Soriaxlo Casafrebul uxilav safrTxes, romelsac Seswevs Zala maTi

ubadruki cxovreba erTi Tvalis daxamxamebaSi jojoxeTad aqcios. isini

gaSmagebulebi ebRauWebian damamSvidebel tyuils, Tavs ikatuneben,

radganac simarTle Zalze SemaSfoTebeli da SiSis momgvrelia. is SiSi ki,

romelsac qalaqi grizas232 macxovreblebi Seupyria, Cveni azriT,

plaskovitisisaTvis ar aris SegrZneba, romelic garkveuli

warmodgenebis an movlenebis gamo warmoiqmneba, is aris usasrulo

koSmari arafris winaSe, adamianis egzistenciuri mdgomareoba, misi

ZiriTadi ganwyoba.

qalaq grizas mosawyeni peizaJebi mwerlis cnobierebaSi pirquS da

Savbnel dekoraciebad iqcevian, romlebic qalaqis mkvidrTa uintereso

cxovrebas ufro met pesimizms matebs. griza arafriT ar gvagonebs

xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis mSvenier qalaqebs: qalaqi griza kaSxalis

mimdebare teritoriaze bolo dasaxlebuli adgili iyo. is namdvil

saguSagos gavda, alag-alag mocimcime naTurebiTa da darajTaTvis

gankuTvnili Ramis gasaTevi SenobebiT... maSasadame, yveleferi ise iyo,

rom gegoneboda griza sakoncentracio banaki ariso... xeebi TiTqmis ar

231 ∆. Τσακωνάς, Επίτοµη ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, Αθήνα 1999, 547-548. 232 Γκρίζα - berZnulad nacrisfers niSnavs. saxelwodebac Cveni azriT, am qalaqis da mis mcxovrebTa “nacrisferi”, uferuli cxovrebis gamomxatvelia.

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arsebobda. eleqtroenergiis mavTulxlarTebi saxlis saxuravebze iyo

gadaWimuli... mxolod grizas centralur moedanze, ori patara duqniT,

Tu Sexvdebodi CitivaSlas eklian buCqebs, romlebic yvavilobis

periodSi daxlarTul spilenZis mavTulebs hgavda...233 maSasadame grizas

mwerali warmodgvidgens, rogorc Caketil qalaqs, romlis erT mxares

saguSagoebia ganlagebuli, meore mxares ki kaSxali kedladaa

aRmarTuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tematika, romelic daxurl sivrcesTanaa

kavSirSi, didi popularobiT sargeblobs frangi egzistencialisti

mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi. sakmarisia gavixsenoT J. p. sartris “kedeli”,

“cxraklituli”, aseve sapyrobilis daxuruli sivrce, sadac kamius mersoa

gamoketili, an Tundac igive kamius “saalyo mdgomareoba”, “iona anu

mxatvari muSaobisas” moTxrobaTa krebulidan “gadasaxleba da samefo”

da rac mTavaria “Savi Wiri”. sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa azriT “daxurul

sivrces” egzistencialisti mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi metafizikuri

gaazreba aqvs, rac sakuTar arsebaSi gamoketil adamians gulisxmobs.

aseve miaCniaT, rom am Tematikis aqtualoba ganpirobebuli iyo

omisSemdgomi periodis mweralTa sakoncentracio banakebSi piradi

gamocdilebiT.234 berZeni mwerlis SemTxvevaSi, romelmac mravali weli

gaatara patimrobaSi, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qalaq grizas daxuruli

sivrce sakoncentracio banakTanaa asocirebuli. s. plaskovitisi aseve,

Cveni azriT, am usaxuri suraTebis daxatviT, erTi mxriv, xazs usvams

adamianTa cxovrebis rutinas, meore mxriv ki ufro metad amZafrebs

moaxloebuli saSiSroebis SegrZnebas. grizas mcxovrebni didian-

patariana TiTqos cixesimagreSi iyvnen gamoketilni, sadac isini saSineli

safrTxis winaSe dganan. iq yvela msxverplia. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali ar

233 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 71, 73.

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ayenebs pirovnebis garemosTan Sejaxebis problemas, arc marTalTa da

mtyuanTa Soris brZola imarTeba. mTavari gmirebi aq ar arian calkeuli

pirovnebebi, aramed is xalxis masaa, romlis fsiqologiuri

mdgomareobis Seswavla da warmoCena warmoadgens mwerlis mTavr mizans.

aq saubaria uklebliv yvela adamianis usaxo safrTxesTan, uxilav

ZalebTan pirispir Sejaxebis Sesaxeb. mwerals erTi adamianis tragediis

CarCoebidan gamovyavarT da im katastrofis Sesaxeb gvafrTxilebs, rac

yvela adamianTan, mTels kacobriobasTanaa kavSirSi. xolo Tuki

konkretul adamianebze midgeba saqme maTi grZnobebi, fsiqologiuri

ganwyoba da reaqciebi yovelTvis sxvebTanaa kavSirSi.235 swored aseTi

adamiania romanis mTavari personaJi hidrologi valerisi.

hidrologi saministros mier wargzavnili mecnieria, romelmac

kaSxali unda gamoikvlios da gaarkvios, Tu ra xdeba sinamdvileSi.

plaskovitisma am personaJis saxiT dagvanaxa, rom samyaroSi arsebobs

iseTi ram, rac adamianis sulSi Zlier protests iwvevs. es protesti

nakleb mniSvnelovani iqneboda, Tu ki saqme mxolod individualuri

uflebebisa da interesebis dacvasTan gveqneboda. am SemTxvevaSi ki

hidrologis protesti imiT aris gasaocari, rom is uars ambobs iyos

gulgrili TviTmxilveli sxvisi ubedurebisa. mwerali gvamcnobs, rom

arseboben adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar interesebze maRla dganan,

mxolod da mxolod im mizezis gamo, rom isini adamianebi arian.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, berZeni kritikosebi miiCneven, rom

“kaSxalze” aSkarad igrZnoba a. kamiusa da f. kafkas Semoqmedebis

234 P. Ginestier, Η ζωή και η σκέψη του Καµυ, µετάφρ.: Αλεξ. Βέλιος, Αθήνα 1965, 80. 235 Αιµ. Χουρµούζιος, Πριν απο δεκάξι χρόνια, Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 8.

127

127

gavlena.236 es marTlac TvalSisacemia. Cveni azriT, berZeni mwerali maT

Semoqmedebas iyenebs, rogorc Tavisebur models, sakuTari filosofiur-

literaturuli amocanebis amoxsnis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebiT kamius “Sav Wirs” gamovyofdiT. kamiusTvis boroteba,

Cveulebriv, im moucilebel “absurdSia”, rac mudam Tan axlavs adamianis

beds. Tumca “Sav WirSi” boroteba im ubedurebaSi gaiazreba, romelic

anazdeulad atydeba Tavs adamianebs da maT sicocxles safrTxes uqmnis.

migvaCnia, rom swored am ganwyobas gadmoscems s. plaskovitisis

“kaSxalic”.

sagulisxmoa, rom plaskovitisis “kaSxalSi”, iseve rogorc

kamiusTan “Savi Wiris” SemTxvevaSi, sityva-simbolos saSualebiT xdeba

mwerlis azrebis mxatvruli da filosofiuri impulsebis sinTezireba.

amgvarad, am etapze CvenTvis sainteresoa gamovikvlioT, Tu ra funqciur-

simboluri datvirTva aqvs berZen mweralTan sityvas “kaSxali”.

s. plaskovitisis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT,

romanSi gamoxatulia SiSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis winaSe, rac

simbolurad swored kaSxalSia gaazrebuli da razedac araerTxel

mianiSnebs mwerali: ratom unda SevqmnaT nagebobani, romlebic

dagvanaxeben Tu raoden ususurni varT sakuTari xeliT warmoebuli

samuSaobis winaSe? Tavad Cven ratom unda CavagdoT sakuTari Tavi

safrTxeSi? eh moxuco, cxovreba erTi usasrulo mdelo rom yofiliyo,

Senobebis, gzebis, mimarTulebebis gareSe, ubralod Tavisufali sivrce,

sadac ar iqneba sasazRvro niSnebi.237 teqstSi arsebuli amgvari

miniSnebebis miuxedavad, migvaCnia, rom romani, Tavisi filosofiuri

236 Κ. Στεργιόπουλος, Παρουσίαση-ανθολόγηση, Σπύρος Πλασκοβίτης, Η µεταπολεµική πεζογραφία, τ. VI, Αθήνα 1992, 279. 237 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 211.

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128

foniT, ufro metad metafizikuri problemebis winaSe gvayenebs. rogorc

Tavad mweralic aRniSnavda, teqnologiebi ar aris arsebiTi problema

mis nawarmoebSi: “kaSxali ar aris romani, romelic teqnologiebTanaa

kavSirSi. ufro metad is aris ambavi Sinagani panikisa, romelic adamianSi

dRiTidRe Rvivdeba. panika ki im kulturis sistemidan momdinareobs,

romelic ukve didi xania CvenTvis sapyrobiledaa qceuli da jer kidev

ver gagvirkvevia, rogor SeiZleba misi Secvla, ra xdeba mis siRrmeebSi,

rogor SeiZleba is ufro adamianuri gaxdes”.238 cxadia, rom mwerali am

uzarmazari urCxuli meqanizmis miRma Tavisi droebis SiSismomgvrel

garemoebas asaxavs: kaSxali ar aris mxolod istoriuli Rirebulebebis

teqnikuri warmonaqmni. is ufro metia: mdgo-ma-re-o-ba... mdgomareoba,

rasac, ver warmomidgenia, ra SeiZleba mohyves,239 _ vkiTxulobT romanSi.

rogor unda iarsebos adamianma iseT garemoSi, romelic misTvis

sapyrobiledaa qceuli? es xom absurduli mdgomareobaa, gaTiSuloba

adamiansa da samyaros Soris. aseT situaciaSi ki, rogorc vxedavT,

adamianis bedi mwerals bundovnad esaxeba.

“kaSxali” is uxilavi Zalaa, romelic adamianebze batonobs da

safrTxes uqmnis maT cxovrebas. es aris istoria Sinagani panikisa,

sayovalTao muqara, romelic yoveli mxridan gars exveva adamianebs da

srul gaurkvevlobaSi agdebs, Zils ufrTxobs maT da panikas unergavs.

grizas mosaxleobis am uxilav ZalasTan Sejaxeba, Cveni azriT,

mweralTan gaazrebulia, rogorc kacobriobis Sejaxeba sakuTar bedTan.

“kaSxali” nawarmoebSi warmodgenilia aseve rogorc caSi aziduli

giganturi kedeli: es uzarmazari kedeli iseT STabeWdilebas qmnida,

TiTqos horozontis Rrublebidan iRebda saTaves, misi Ziri ki okeanis 238 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Η πεζογραφία του ύθους και άλλα δοκίµια, τ. Ι, Αθήνα 1986, 160.

129

129

piras ecemoda, rogorc diadi suli sikvdilis wyvdiadSi.240 adamianebi ki,

romlebic am kedlis tyveobaSi arian moqceulni, acnobiereben TavianT

ganwirulobas. am SemTxvevaSi metafizikuri gaazreba “kaSxalisa” es aris

adamianis maradiuli mdgomareoba samyaroSi. mwerals surs dagvanaxos,

rom absurdi, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis TviTneburi elementi, aRmarTavs

bnelsa da gadaulaxav kedels. adamiani ki ususuria am kedlis winaSe. igi,

mxolod da mxolod imis gamo, rom aRmoCnda am samyaroSi, iZulebulia

icxovros.

romanis kiTxvisas mkiTxveli “kaSxalis” saidumloebiT mocul

fenomenTan rCeba pirispir. aravin icis rogor Seiqmna is. misi agebis

istoria legendasaviT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas. adamianebma mxolod

is ician, rom Tavdapirvelad es nageboba, maTTvis ucnobi statikuri

gaangariSebis safuZvelze, patara xidze aRimarTa. misi struqturisa da

gamZleobis saidumloeba ki maTTvis samudamod amoucnobi rCeba.

saministrodan wargzavnili hidrologi valerisi swored am

saidumloebis gamoaSkaravebas daisaxavs miznad, Tumca maleve aRmoaCens,

rom mecnierebac yovlad uZluria amoxsnas am saocari qmnilebis

saidumlo. man, miuxedavad mravali mcdelobisa, ver SeZlo “kaSxalis”

siRrmeebSi SeRweva, igi mxolod garegnul monacemebze dayrdnobiT

cdilobs gamoitanos daskvnebi, Tumca mas varaudebi ufro meti aqvs,

vidre saboloo pasuxebi. da ai, igi midis daskvnamde, rom logikuri

codna da sxvadasxva mecnieruli meTodebi arasakmarisi da uZluria

imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gasces am erTob amoucnob fenomens. mweralis mier

sakiTxis amgvarad dayenebas, Cveni azriT, kvlav samyaros

egzistencialuri aRqmisaken mivyavarT. aSkaraa, rom “kaSxalSi” am

239 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 66.

130

130

SemTxvevaSi gaazrebulia ugunuri samyaro, hidrologis gamokvleva ki

aris adamianis mxridan mcdeloba samyarosTan kontaqtis damyarebisa, es

aris admianis survili Seimecnos samyaros saidumloebani, Tumca pasuxis

miReba SeuZlebelia. hidrologi saministrosTvis akeTebs “moxsenebas

daskvnebis gareSe”,241 maSasadame misi Zieba pasuxebis gareSe rCeba. igi

verasodes gaigebs, Tu ra imalema sinamdvileSi kaSxalis siRrmeSi.

rogorc Cans, berZeni mwerali darwmunebulia, rom samyarosTan

yovelgvari kontaqtis damyarebis mcdeloba uSedegoa.

samyaros absurduloba, misi adamianisadmi aragulisxmieri

damokidebuleba, anu masTan raime kavSiris dasamyareblad adamianis

yoveli mcdelobis sruliad upasuxod datoveba, iwvevs adamianis mxridan

Sesabamis reaqcias: gulgrilobas da mis uaryofas. da ai, grizas

mosaxleoba miatovebs kaSxals, is ki auRelveblad ganagrZobs arsebobas:

diax, is miatoves. Tavisi xalxis, momsaxure adamianebis gareSe kaSxali

marto ganagrZobda muSaobas, wyliT, misi Sinagani winaaRmdegobaniT da

misi wonasworobis ucnobi kanonebiT. rodemde? ganagrZobda iq yofnas,

eWvisa da ndobis sazRvrebTan.242

adamianebi ara mxolod samyaros aqceven zurgs. isini erTmaneTsac

wiraven martoobisaTvis. adamianis bediswera, rac mis mitovebulobaSi

gamoixateba, romanis TiTqmis yvela furcelze TvalnaTliv aRiqmeba. es

gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia mamis Svilebisadmi damokidebulebaSi,

romlebic mas gamudmebiT Tavs abezreben, or Zmas Soris urTierTobaSi,

romlebic Zalian gaxarebulni arian, rom erTmaneTs daSordnen da sxv.

martoobisaTvisaa ganwiruli hidrologic: doqtori dResac martoobis

240 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 18. 241 Ibid., 229. 242 Ibid., 205.

131

131

usasrulo zRvaSi curavda,243 _ vkiTxulobT romanSi. martooba, werda J.

p. sartri, ar aris pirveladi, sawyisi mdgomareoba adamianisa, igi

mxolod adamianTa erTianobis garkveul pirobebSi iCens Tavs.

hidrologis martoobac im sazogadoebis agresiis bralia, romelic mas

“ucxod” aRiqvams. misi gamoCena grizas mosaxleobaSi Tavidanve SiSsa da

mRelvarebas gamoiwvevs. es ucxo adamiani maT udardel cxovrebas

aaforiaqebs. sazogadoeba mas xvdeba rogorc mters da xdeba misi

gaucxoeba. hidrologi aris “ucxo” am sazogadoebaSi, radganac igi ar

cxovrobs maTi cxovrebis wesiT. is ar atarebs siyalbis niRabs, ambobs

imas, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba, amis gamo ki sazogadoeba Tavs safrTxeSi

grZnobs. me ucxo var... rogorc Cans didad ar moswonT ucxo stumrebi

grizaSi, Cemi bedi ar aris megobrebis SeZena,244 _ aRniSnavs

imedgacruebuli valerisi. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali saWirboroto

sakiTxis winaSe gvayenebs. igi gvamcnobs, rom adamianuri urTierTobebi

urTierTuaryofa da Seurigebeli mtrobaa. adamianisadmi siyvaruli

yvelaze adamianuri personaJis, hidrologis mierac ki eWvis qveS aris

dayenebuli: axalgazrdobaSi egona, rom ar arsebobs sxva WeSmariteba,

garda adamianisa da TiTqos isini uyvarda. magram romeli adamianebi...

mxolod ideaa adamiani... da maS ... maS Tuki asea, netav ra rCeba am

yvelasaTvis cnobili adamianisadmi saiyvarulisgan, garda akviatebuli

azrisa an carieli romantizmisa?245 aq mwerali aSkarad gvafrTxilebs,

rom Tu ar Sewyveten adamianebi agresias erTmaneTis mimarT,

kacobriobas ar eqneba momavali. igi imaves gulisxmobs, rodesac

gveubneba bolos da bolos, ra ggoniaT, ra aris kaSxali? kaSxali

243 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 233. 244 Ibid., 103, 108-112. 245 Ibid., 159 .

132

132

xalxia.246 da Tuki kaSxali ganadgurebis pirasaa maSasadame mwerali

gveubneba, rom Tavad xalxs / kacobriobas emuqreba daRupvis safrTxe.

nawarmoebSi gaismis gulwrfeli Zaxili da moxmoba sifxizlisken,

raTa mitovebul grizaSi dabrunebuli mosaxleoba, romelic cdilobs

cxovrebis Cveul ritmSi Cadges, fxizlad iyos, radganac safrTxis kvlav

warmoSobis muqara jer ar gamqrala. aq kvlav kamius “Savi Wiri”

gvagondeba, sadac eqimi rie usmens ra Wirisagan ganTavisuflebul

adamianTa mxiarul SeZaxilebs, fiqrobs, rom yvelanair sixarulSi

safrTxea Casafrebuli, vinaidan Savi Wiris bacila arasdros kvdeba.

SesaZloa is aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sadme iyos Cabudebuli. Tumca

erTxelac, “adamianebisaTvis Wkuis saswavleblad, Wiri gaaRviZebs

virTxebs da sasikvdilod gaagzavnis bednieri qalaqis quCebSi”.247

plaskovitisis hidrologi valerisic darwmunebulia, rom safrTxe

kvlav mZvinvarebs. da ai igi mouwodebs adamianebs: am wuTamde

konkretuli veraferi aRmovaCine. Tumca nu viqnebiT mSvidaT... sadac ar

aris konkretuli, savaraudod, aris zogadi.248

maSasadame CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom plaskovitisis “kaSxali”

samyaros sabediswero dasasrulis winaswarmetyvelia, sadac ar Cans

aranairi gamosavali, garda mRelvarebis metafizikuri gardaqmnisa

pirovnebis Sinagan buntad. adamianisa da samyaros urTierTmimarTebis

sakiTxi ki berZeni mwerlisaTvis kamiusaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

metafizikuri gaazrebaa, rac absurdamde dadis. igi, hidrologis saxiT,

iseve rogorc alber kamiu “sizifosis miTSi”, qmnis absurdul triadas _

246 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 228. 247 ix. А. Камю, Избранное, Чума, Москва 1990, 340. 248 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 235.

133

133

naTeli gonebiT dajildovebuli adamiani, uazro, iracionaluri samyaro

da maTi damakavSirebeli absurdi.

nawili meore / Tavi meeqvsenawili meore / Tavi meeqvsenawili meore / Tavi meeqvsenawili meore / Tavi meeqvse

“Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaa“Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaa“Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaa“Tavisufleba” da sikvdilis metafizikuri gaazreba s. plaskovitisis zreba s. plaskovitisis zreba s. plaskovitisis zreba s. plaskovitisis

“kaSxali”“kaSxali”“kaSxali”“kaSxali”

s. plaskovitisis SemoqmedebaSi individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi

centralur adgils ikavebs. igi adamianuri Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis

didi qomagia. aqedan gamomdinare, Tavisuflebis sakiTxi misTvis

gansakuTrebuli da absoluturia, romelsac viwro sazogadoebrivi

CarCoebidan gavyavarT da mis SemoqmedebaSi sxva masStabebs iZens. erTi

SexedviT, sakiTxi TiTqos sazogadoebriv mTlianobas, adamianTa jgufs

exeba, Tumca vacnobierebT, rom saubaria konkretul individze,

egzistencialur sakiTxze, misi upasuxo problematikiT da

winaaRmdegobriobebiT, yvela im sakiTxiT, rac egzistencialur

problematikasTan aris dakavSirebuli _ aRniSnavs berZeni kritikosi

vasos varikasi.249 plaskovitisis gmirebis umetesobas surs Tavi daaRwios

sulisSemxuTvel atmosferos. individsa da sazogadoebas Soris SuRli,

faqtobrivad, gamoxatavs individis ganwyobas, mis survils iyos

“Tavisufali”.

individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi berZen mweralTan calkeuli

personaJebis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxvagvarad aris gagebuli. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom igi Tavis romanSi, aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebul,

sartrisa da kamius Teoriebis saintereso sinTezs axdens.

249 Β. Βαρίκας, Συγγραφείς και Κείµενα, Α’ 1961-1965, Αθήνα 1975, 86.

134

134

rogori kargi urTierTobac ar unda iyos adamianTa Soris,

gaucxoeba da dapirispireba mainc rCeba. es urTierToba rogorc ki

stabiluri xdeba, is, SeiZleba iTqvas, yofierebad iqceva, romelic

gamoricxavs Tavisuflebas da pirovnebad yofnis SesaZleblobas. aqedan

gamomdinare sartrs miaCnia, rom adamiani “sxvebis” tyveobaSia. “sxva”

sartrisaTvis aris is “vinc me samyaro mompara”.250 maSasadame, sartrTan

“sxvebisagan” Tavis daRweva Tavisuflebis tolfasia. Cveni azriT,

plaskovitisis personaJebis, pierosa da lambrinosis SemTxvevaSi

wamoWrili individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, berZen mwerals sartris

koncefciasTan aaxloebs. is fizikuri msgavseba, romelic am ori Zmis

erTmaneTisagan garCevas SeuZlebels xdis, TiToeuli maTganis

cxovrebas Crdils ayenebs. sabolood maTi msgavseba dauwereli kanoni

gaxda orivesTvis.251 es adamianebi Tavisuflebas mxolod maSin aRweven,

roca erTmaneTisagan Sors, martoni arian: erTmaneTs Sordebodnen.

xedavdnen, rom maT Soris distancia ufro izrdeboda... pierom Tavi ukan

moatriala... axla erTmaneTisgan gagvarCeven! gaifiqra. aRar viqnebi is...

sxva! rogor vicxovre, marTlac, amdeni weli, am dawyevlili

msgavsebiT!252 am SemTxvevaSi berZen mwerals surs xazi gausvas im faqts,

rom adamianisaTvis arseboben sxvebi, romlebic misi wuxilis, misi

tanjvis mizezi arian da mis Tavisuflebas zRudaven.

Tuki Zmebi Tavisuflebis miRwevas lamoben, mxatvari rezosaTvis

Tavisufleba tanjvadaa qceuli. igi sicocxlesac ki miscemda imisaTvis,

rom sakuTari Tavi aiZulos daemorCilos raime kanons, raTa: Tavi

daaRwios qaotur Tavisuflebas... Tavisufleba, romelsac eTayvaneboda

250 g. TevzaZe, XX saukunis filosofiis istoria, Tbilisi 2002, 457, 459. 251 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 117. 252 Ibid., 215.

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135

axalgazrdobaSi _ es Troba da damcinavi udardeloba aTas rames rom

Caadeninebda, uzneobas daemsgavsa...253 Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSi,

plaskovitisi iziarebs sartris Sexedulebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

adamianis samyaro misive arCevanis Sedegia. “adamiani Tavis safuZvelSi

egzistencialuri Tavisuflebaa, igi “dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT”. roca

adamiani ar irCevs raimes, maSinac ki ararCevas irCevs. amitom igi

TviTonvea pasuxismgebeli Tavis cxovrebaze”.254 rac Seexeba kamius, igi

pirovnebis Tavisuflebis egzistencialuri gagebis winaaRmdegia. misi

azriT Tavisufleba, romelsac adamiani sakuTari survilebisa da

miznebis samsaxurSi ayenebs, monobis tolfasia. plaskovitisis personaJi,

mxatvari rezo swored, rom Tavisuflebis monaa. yvelanairi

Tavisuflebis bolos sasjeli gvelis; ai ratom aris Tavisufleba mZime

tvirTi.255

adamiani unda iyos meamboxe, raTa moipovos Tavisufleba iseT

garemoSi, romelic misTvis sapyrobiledaa qceuli. amboxi ki absurdis im

Rirebulebebs aaSkaravebs, rac Seurigebel cnobierebasa da

TavisuflebaSi gamoixateba. plaskovitisisaTvis kedlad aRmarTuli

“kaSxali” iracionalizmis kedelia, romlis tyveobaSic arian misi

perosnaJebi. “kedelSi” am SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianis

gnoseologiuri gaucxoeba gaiazreba. mecnierebas, romlisganac moelian

yovelives axsnas, mivyavarT mxolod hipoTezebamde. amgvari

msoflaRqmis dros, berZeni mwerlisTvis yvelaze metad sarwmuno

adamianis cnobierebaa, romelic aRiqmeba rogorc Tavisufleba.

253 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 167. 254 Sdr.: r. gordeziani, Jan pol sartri, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IX, Tbilisi 1985, 109. 255 Sdr.: Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 113.

136

136

hidrologis SemTxvevaSi, plaskovitisi adamianis gonierebas

amarjvebinebs, raTa man gaacnobieros samyaros usazRvro ugunureba,

moxdes racionalizmi iracionalurisa. gmiri, romelsac kariera da

sazogadoebrivi cxovreba aRar ainteresebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, Sinagan

srulyofas da egzistencialur Tavisuflebas aRwevs adamianebs

amboxisaken mouwodebs: Tavad gatexeT... vinaidan SeuZlebelia misi Zalis

gansazRvra! sanam dro gaqvT, sanam SegiZliaT gamoiCinoT iniciativa...

gaskdes kaSxali! radganac sikvdili... sikvdili... aris mxolod

erTaderTi im CaxlarTuli xafangis meqanizmTagan, romelic SeiZleba

kaSxalSi imalebodes.256 biZgi da mizezi misi amboxisa aris pirovnebis

uTanxmoeba Tavis mokvdav bedTan, romelic, misi azriT, samyaroSi

gabatonebuli uwesrigobisa da usamarTlobis mtkicebulebaa. igi

mouwodebs xalxs ibrZolon sicocxlisaTvis.

an unda gailaSqro gamoucnobi samyarosa da misi Semqmnelis

winaaRmdeg, romelic gulgrilad adevnebs Tvals udanaSaulo adamianTa

tanjvasa da sivdils an daijero saswauli da RmerTs daemorCilo. Tuki

hidrologi amboxs amjobinebs, “kaSxalis” kidev erTi personaJis, moxuci

xaritosis imediT savse mzera RmerTiskenaa mipyrobili.

progresulobisaken swrafvis liberalur-burJuaziuli

ideologiis krizisma, romelic TanxvdomaSi iyo qristianobis krizisTan,

evropelTa cnobierebaSi sikvdilis problemisadmi interesi gazarda.

evropeli moazrovneebi imisaTvis, rom garkveuliyvnen am mtanjvel

grZnobaSi, cdilobdnen sikvdili im formebSi gaeazrebinaT, rasac maT

msoflio omebs Soris epoqis zogadi filosofiur-ideologiuri

atmosfero STaagonebdaT. sikvdilis problemas egzistencialistebi


137

137

sxvadasxva kuTxiT udgebodnen. magaliTad, kamiu darwmunebuli iyo, rom

sikvdili adamianisaTvis yvelaze naTeli gamovlinebaa cxovrebis

uazrobisa. sikvdilis arseboba avaldebulebs adamians an uaryos

sicocxle, an SesZinos mas iseTi azri, romelsac sikvdili ver dajabnis.

kamiu meore gzas irCevs. igi sikvdilis problemas sicocxlis azris

ZiebiT Wris.257 sainteresoa, rom swored amis miRwevas lamobs

plaskovitisis personaJic: Tuki SevqmniT raime WeSmarits, iqneb

davZlioT es yvelaze saSineli SiSi,258 _ aRniSnavs hidrologi. Seavso

cxovreba azriT, romliTac “daiZleva” sikvdili _ am SemTxvevaSi

warmoadgens berZeni mwerlis mizans.

aranakleb sainteresoa is religiuri pasaJebi, rac berZeni mwerlis

im egzistencialist mwerlebTan siaxloves mowmobs, romelTac miwieri

cxovrebis absurduloba zebunebrivi RvTiuri realobis arsebobaSi

arwmunebs. amis dasturia romanSi iseTi elementebis dominireba,

rogoricaa transcendentulobisaken swrafva, “imedi” imqveyniurobis

arsebobisa da morCileba, rac qristianuli msoflSemecnebisaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli.

rogorc aRvniSneT, plaskovitisis Semoqmedebaze, kamius garda,

didi gavlena kafkas Semoqmedebamac iqonia. berZen mweralTan kafkas

msgavsad warmodgenilia ori samyaro. erTi mxriv, es aris yoveldRiuri

samyaro, sazogadoebriv Tu saxelmwifo meqanizmebSi Cabmuli, arafriT

gamorCeuli adamianebis uferuli cxovreba, meore mxriv ki samyaro,

romelic RvTiuri madlis imediTaa gajerebuli. plaskovitisi

gvarwmunebs, rom socialuri adamiani, es ar aris erTi mTlianoba. am

257 Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 83-84. 258 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 211-212.

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138

adamianis erTi nawili istoriis kuTvnilebaa, meore nawili ki

metafizikur kanons, miuwvdomel transcendencias, RmerTs eqvemdebareba.

a. kamius azriT egzistencialistebi, da maT Soris f. kafka. akeTeben

“naxtoms” RmerTisken. es ki niSnavs, rom isini absurdis winaaRmdeg

gamodian. isini adamianebs saiqio cxovrebas pirdebian, absurduli

nawarmebi ki pasuxs ar iZleva – ai aq aris gansxvaveba. dapireba saiqio

cxovrebaze aris swored miuRebeli absurdisTvis. absurdis adamiani

RmerTis gareSe cxovrobs. pirveladi codvis gageba misTvis sruliad

ucxoa. kamiu gamodis “udanaSaulobis” principidan.259 am SemTxvevaSi

plaskovitisis Sexeduleba kamiusagan gansxvavebulia. misTvis adamianis

“udanaSauloba”, maSin rodesac saubaria dauokebel survilebze da

Tavawyvetilobaze, gaumarTlebelia. plaskovitisi cdilobs wina planze

adamianuri codvis problema daayenos, rac misi personaJis zneobriv

satanjveladaa qceuli. misTvis gageba “yvelaferi nebadarTulia”

Tavisuflebis SeZaxils ki ar warmoadgens, aramed samwuxaro aRiarebas:

Tuki sadme gadaRma pasuxi ar unda vagoT, maSasadame am qveyanaze verc

codva iarsebebs.260 Tumca imis dajereba, rom Tuki ar arsebobs

WeSmariteba, arc araferi araa akrZaluli, “kaSxalis” personaJs ar surs.

moxuc xaritosSi adamianurma borotebam imZlvra. man naSvilebi,

oboli qalwulis gaupatiureba scada, Tumca igi ver ascdeba RvTis

wyromas. kaqtusis erTi patara ekali misTvis sasikvdilo iaraRad iqceva.

am movlenis Semdeg moxuci sulier simSvides kargavs, mas ar ZaluZs Tavi

daaRwios Tavis codvas. ra unda mouxerxos adamianma im borotebas,

romelic mis bunebaSia Cabudebuli? da ai, am SemTxvevaSi, mwerali

259 Е. П. Кушкин, Достоевский в зарубежных литературах, Достоевский и Камю, Ленинград 1978, 92. 260 Σπ. Πλασκοβίτης, Το Φράγµα, Αθήνα 1982, 212.

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139

gamosavals “metafizikur imedSi”, RmerTSi poulobs. xaritosi

martoobaSi iZireba da grZnobs srul gulgrilobas cxovrebis winaSe:

exla sicocxle, kidevac rom maCuqo, ar minda! mxolod Cems codvas nu

wamarTmev. amis imedi maqvs... Tuki codvis arseboba gwams, es imas xom ar

niSnavs, rom RmerTis imedi gaqvs?”261 xaritosi uaryofs sicocxles,

radgan swams imqveyniuri cxovrebis, RmerTis. rogorc Cans mas mxolod

RmerTis imediRa SerCenia, romelTanac SeZlebs moinanios Tavisi codva.

miuxedavad samyarosa da adamianis kavSiris amgvari metafizikuri

gaazrebisa, ar SegviZlia plaskovitisis egzistencialistur koncefcias

religiuri vuwodoT. Tuki misi erTi personaJi imqveyniuris arsebobaze

msjelobs, meore siamovnebiT icxovrebda aseTi ideis gareSe: ra aris

codva? Cven codva ki ar gvaSinebs, aramed RvTiuri samsjavro, romelic

sikvdilze ufro maRla dgas. SegiZlia warmoidgino ra bedniereba

iqneboda sikvdili RvTiuri samsjavros gareSe?262 – ambobs hidrologi

valerisi. arsebuli safrTxe mas aiZulebs mudam fxizlad iyos.

hidrologi yovelgavari metafizikuri imedisgan daclialia. es sifxizle

da metafizikuri imedis uqonloba masSi sakuTari Tavis srul

TviTSemecnebas iwvevs, mas vaJkacur Rirsebas SeZens, sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, igi inarCunebs Tavis Rirsebas, rac Tavisuflebis tolfasia. igi

ibrZvis sicocxlisaTvis, rac niSnavs amtkico misi tragikuli

TviTRirebuleba, yovelgvari imedebis gareSe imqveyniur netarebaze.

maSasadame hidrologi absurdis adamiania, romelic imarjvebs absurdze

Tavisi cnobierebiT da amboxiT Tavisuflebas aRwevs. xaritosi ki

“metafizikuri imediT” savse gamosavals RmerTSi, transcendentulobaSi

eZebs.


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140

amgvarad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom berZeni mwerali Tavis romanSi

sxvadasxva egzistencialisturi debulebebis saintereso sinTezs axdens.

Tu erT SemTxvevaSi plaskovitiss miaCnia, rom samyaro absurdulia,

meore SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT gamosavali adamianis pirad

gadawyvetilebazea damokidebuli. igi aseve, moxuci xaritosis

SemTxvevaSi fiqrobs, rom mdgomareobidan gamosavali arsebobs, Tumca es

RmerTisadmi rwmenis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

daskvniTi SeniSvnebidaskvniTi SeniSvnebidaskvniTi SeniSvnebidaskvniTi SeniSvnebi

Cveni kvlevis mizans meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis

berZnul mwerlobaSi egzistencialisturi tendenciebis gamovlena da

maTi funqcionirebis kanonzomierebebis gansazRvra warmoadgenda. Cvens

mier Catarebuli analizi, vfiqrobT, saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis

saSualebas gvaZlevs.

upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom a.

frangiasis, d. xaZisisa da s. plaskovitisis SemoqmedebaSi

egzistencialisturi tendenciebi sakmaod mravalferovnadaa

warmodgenili. maT romanebsa Tu moTxrobebSi sxvadasxva

egzistencialisturi debulebebisa da Teoriebis monacvleoba SeiniSneba,

rac erT mTlianobaSi maT ZiriTad ganwyobas, Tanamedrove adamianisadmi

da samyarosadmi maT damokidebulebas gamoxataven. sagulisxmoa is

faqtic, rom isini TavianT literaturul nawarmoebebSi absurdis,

amboxis, adamianis gaucxoebis Teoriebis Tavisebur interpretacias

axdenen. adamianuri arsebobis absurduloba, rac egzistencialisti


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141

mwerlebis cnobierebaSi metafizikur aRqmasTanaa dakavSirebuli, berZen

mwerlebTan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialur da

politikur konturebs iZens. meore msoflio da samoqalaqo omebma maT

koncefciaSi istoriis absurdulobas Seasxes xorci da maT cnobierebaSi

aisaxen, rogorc gansaxiereba yofierebis uazrobisa. realisturi

pirobiTobisagan Tavis daRwevas ki isini simboloebisa da alegoriebis

saSualebiT axerxeben (a. frangiasi, s. plaskovitisi).

marTalia, warmoudgenelia meore msoflio omisa da mis Semdgom

saberZneTSi ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebis fonze berZnuli

inteligencia da pirvel rigSi berZeni Semoqmedni Tavisdauneburad ar

dainteresebuliyvnen adamianis arsebobis sakiTxebiT, Tumca, migvaCnia,

rom frangi egzistencialistebis (ZiriTadad a. kamiu da J. p. sartri)

berZeni mwerlebis Semoqmedebaze mkveTri gavlena aSkarad sagrZnobia,

iseve rogorc, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, TvalSisacemia maTi ideologiis f.

kafkas msoflmxedvelobasTan siaxlove.

samive mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi adamians, rogorc gansakuTrebul,

konkretul arsebas centraluri adgili uWiravs, romelic yovelTvis

sxva adamianebTan da garesamyarosTan mimarTebaSi ganixileba. Tumca,

sainteresoa aRvniSnoT isic, rom maT nawarmoebebSi TiToeuli individi

yovelTvis mTeli berZnuli sazogadoebis saxes warmoadgens, romlis

miRmac zogadad kacobriobis tkivili aRiqmeba. es gansakuTrebiT

xazgasmulia d. xaZisis SemoqmedebaSi. konkretuli adamianis gancdebis

ganzogadebis mcdeloba SeiZleba berZeni prozaikosis Taviseburebadac

miviCnioT. faqtia, rom istoriis SemoWra amsxvrevs maTi personaJebis

individualur samyaros.

142

142

Tanamedrove berZnul mwerlobaSi egzistencialisturi debulebebi

Semdegnairadaa realizebuli: samive mwerali, berZnuli realobidan

gamomdinare, sainteresod warmogvidgens absurdisa da amboxis

koncefciebs, individis Tavisuflebisa Tu adamianis gaucxoebis

problematikas. isini gansakuTrebiT interesedebian adamianis

sicocxlisa da sikvdilis problematuri sakiTxebiT. sagulisxmoa is

faqtic, rom sxadasxva egzistencialisturi debulebebi samive mwerlis

SemoqmedebaSi Taviseburad aris warmodgenili. ase magaliTad:

1) a. frangiasTan absurdis koncefcia, erTi mxriv, misi personaJebis

absurdul SromaSi gamoixateba. maTi Sromis unayofobaze xazgasmiT

mwerali migvaniSnebs, rom adamianis yovelgvari moqmedeba uazrobaa,

radgan absurdulia, adamianis arseboba ki wreze usasrulo trialia. “Sav

WirSi“ absurdi aseve sakoncentracio banakis yovlad uazro, totalur

reJimSi gaiazreba, romlis saSualebiTac mwerali xazs usvams adamianebis

cxovrebaSi yoveldRiuri Zaladobisa da zewolis faqts. imisaTvis, rom

mkiTxvelma ufro mZafrad SeigrZnos adamianuri cxovrebis absurduloba

a. frangiasi metad originalur xerxs mimarTavs. igi bunebis elementebis

gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa mze, zRva da qari adamiansa da garesamyaros

Soris arsebul disharmoniaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

d. xaZisTan absurdi adamianis mier Tanamedrove samyaros

Seucnobelobis problemaSi aisaxeba. misi personaJebisaTvis samyaro

iracionaluria, miuwvdomeli. am adamianebis uferuli da

arafrismTqmeli cxovreba mwerlis cnobierebaSi samyaros

absurdulobis aRqmas uwyobda xels. Tumca isic naTelia, rom xaZisTan

gamoxatuleba hpova garkveulma socialurma realobam, konkretulad ki

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143

Tanamedrove burJuaziulma sazogadoebam. aSkaraa, rom misi gmirebi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis msxverplni arian.

s. plaskovitisis “kaSxali” gamoxatavs adamianis maradiul

mdgomareobas samyaroSi. mwerali cdilobs dagvanaxos, rom absurdi,

sicocxlisa da sikvdilis TviTneburi elementi, aRmarTavs bnelsa da

gadaulaxav kedels, romlis winaSec adamianebi ususurni arian. adamianis

mxridan samyarosTan kontaqtis damyarebis mcdeloba, misi survili

Seimecnos samyaros saidumloebani, upasuxod rCeba. berZeni mwerali

darwmunebulia, rom samyarosTan yovelgvari kontaqtis damyareba

uSedegoa.

2) a. frangiasTan amboxis koncefcia gaazrebulia, rogorc

kacobriobis galaSqreba totaluri reJimebis winaaRmdeg.

d. xaZisisaTvis ki amboxi, usamarTlobiTa da uazro mdgomareobiT

aRSfoTebuli adamianis Seucnobeli samyaros winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis

gamoxatuleba. amboxi misTvis mWidro kavSirSia samarTlianobis

gagebasTan da igi mimarTulia, upirveles yovlisa, im konkretuli

usamarTlobisaken, rac adamianis Wmunvis mizezia.

s. plaskovitisis personaJis protesti ki imiT aris gasaocari, rom

is uars ambobs iyos sxvisi ubedurebis gulgrili TviTmxilveli.

mwerali gvamcnobs, rom arseboben adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar

individualur Rirebulebebze maRla dganan mxolod da mxolod im

mizezis gamo, rom isini adamianebi arian.

3) a. frangiasTan adamianis gaucxoebis ori aspeqti gamoikveTeba.

mwerali SeiZleba iTqvas, gaucxoebuli adamianis or gansxvavebul saxes

qmnis. igi cdilobs sakoncentracio banakis msjavrdebulTa Soris

ararsebul komunikaciaze, maT gariyulobaze, martoobis grZnobaze,

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144

adamianis mier adamianis uaryofaze xazgasmiT Seqmnas gaucxoebuli

adamianis saxe. amave dros mwerali imisaTvis, rom instiqtebsa da SiSs

damonebuli saxecvlili adamianis saxe warmogvidginos da wina planze

wamoswios pirovnebis sruli saxecvlilebis saSiSroeba fantastikur

elementebs iyenebs, anu saqme gvqvs adamianebis metamorfozasTan.

d. xaZisisTan adamianis gaucxoebis mizezi, erTi mxriv Tanamedrove

industriuli samyaro, meore mxriv ki, arajansaRi sazogadoebrivi

urTierToebebia. aseve sainteresoa, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi misi

personaJebis gaucxoeba religiisa da erovnuli tradiciebis safuZvelze

xdeba. aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebasa da adamians Soris gaTiSuloba,

zogjer ki Tavad admianebs Soris ukontaqtoba qmnis misi TiToeuli

gmiris tragedias.

s. plaskovitisis personaJis gaucxoeba sazogadoebis agresiis

bralia. mwerali gvamcnobs, rom adamianuri urTierTobebi

urTierTuaryofa da Seurigebeli mtrobaa. misi azriT, Tu adamianebi ar

Sewyveten agresias erTmaneTis mimarT, kacobriobas ar eqneba momavali.

yvelaze mTavari ki, Cveni azriT, berZeni mwerlebisaTvis

istoriuli movlenebiT ganpirobebuli adamianuri arsebobis tragizmis

warmoCenaa. isini cdiloben yovelgvari Rirebulebebisagan daclili

samyaros suraTi dagvixaton, sadac erTaderTi, rasac namdvilad aqvs

azri, aris adamiani. isini TavianT nawarmoebebSi swored adamianuri

Rirebulebebisa da Rirsebebis dasacavad gamodian da protests

gamoTqvamen yovelgvari Cagvris winaaRmdeg.

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145

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