Technology transfer

Technická univerzita Liberec FM

Penicillin

Jaroslav Doležal

Presentation contents

• Introduction • What is penicillin good for • History (patent?!) • Penicillin nowadays • Questions

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What is penicillin?

• Group of atibiotics • Penicillium fungi • First drugs effective against syphilis, staphylococci, streptococci • Still widely used today

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History

• 1928 – A. Fleming (University of London) • substance with antibiotic properties • no more research

• 1941 – Florey and Chain (Oxford) making crucial clinical experiments in mice and humans

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History

• 1945 – Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine shared by Flemming, Florey and

Chain for the discovery of Penicillin

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History

• 1944-45 – Production sufficient for broader clinical use • Still no patent

WHY?!

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History

• Penicillin „defence goods“ (US) – pharm. Corporations forced to cooperation and improvements by government – patent useless

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History

• Difficult to produce in sufficient quantity (fermentation) – searching new ways

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History

•US government not using option to patent Penicillin after WWII and applying more research

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Fleming patented penicillin!

• F. never tried to test it as antibiotics • Not fully described and characterised • Patent would be expired in 1941 (Florey and Chain)

Alternative history?!

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Penicillin nowadays

• Many types of bacteria resistant to penicillin • However penicillin still widely used

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Penicillin nowadays

• More than 60 big world pharmaceutical corporations producing their patented drugs containing „parts“ of the original penicillin (almost all situated in China)

Information resources

• http://orsp.umich.edu/research_guide/annual_reports/FY99/slides/sld018.htm • http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Str-Ti/Technology-Transfer.html • https://www.google.cz/search?q=technology+transfer+examples&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-

8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:cs:official&client=firefox-a • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin#Discovery • http://www.ec21.com/companies/penicillin.html • http://archive.mises.org/5216/patent-and-penicillin/ • http://www.zazzle.com/penicillin_most_widely_used_antibiotic_chemistry_invitatio

n-161046798057267078 • http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=35857 • http://www.commontales.com/story/206/skiing_in_brooklyn/ • http://cache.daylife.com/imageserve/02Zs4P33EI1X6/610x.jpg • http://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/showthread.php?223176-Kaiserreich-Legacy-

of-the-Weltkrieg-Global-Alternate-History-Mod-for-HOI2

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Time for questions and (maybe also) answers…

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Thank you for attention!