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q I
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1,['l LIJ?'I.]LLr.l%ttauaqnlTt?uug uvlo Lttudn Loil:vdrJhadlr5a u5oarqxir'L:-lruri'Lrr{sJ.turnlTr't{d6fleJr!1flo{'!'':'.----a-aa)ta,y\vY':.
rdnfr umnlio,:u5oeirfrr'Lo'qr'.t usi LL:n ris.J
5) d1eJ1?nrirul#rdn16'funr:d.:rffiruavnYoarut^,rq6neea.rfirJ:rn4'[oiaejr.::aor5? ?lrnrau,.g,Xv.v..iv,tty
flx.sx uurlaxn15ilsru1fl a{ Lonalq rilu L!o urrar6rtv^
o?1s.Jd16'ruto{nlthuffiunq6n6e.roirua6rftyryrto.r16n:Jgriu6'tneirr rfluqrueirfirfiefiuTouqr.l
ril 16n:Jga.riu zuant::ltvufiuqvrilufro4aeirdryrirrnirnrrariuar4ulri'rdn'toiSrnrrdt rd?elrfroarurnrroirua6
:IqryrlLri'rfluhole.JdutLavqra.rfrnunrn qaaoqulilu{o4adrrairnrrfierurnred'onrrGuuffLri'ft:-JrvfivrGnrntv
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airsraBa.rl^lq6nmaloiruaGflqryrto.rrdnilgffiu ,irrfluoi'otfirorra.rr{rlqifiuriiuqGnear6'rua6flr-uru'rro.s
16n:Jga.r{r'jrrflunqfrnma.rfiuaorsaanfi.so?r}Jdr3.J'r?nrr{d6flruryr 6'.:fifinr:aBrra.jr l^rq6n:ee.r6'rua6fltytyr
gasrfin:JgalSurfiurfratri:-rolla.Jdle.Jmavrr.rnrur'Lufriuo?1srLfr1hnr:er o?laJdrs.Jrmdruoi.rrar otararalenludF
I qe 6l
6'runrt Ldnnqzua'[unrtufi:ftyrnr ollaJdlaJrrn'[unrrt#naqzuarfitq:rn o?la.rd'ral1?noYruo.rrxqir o?1a.Jd'ra.r1roq ___ q -_"__
i-.---"; -a49-.-?.- d 6 e , ta 6: T 6' X- ^LX{nlTd.:Lnfl ttavo?tNd'l}.t1Tnr1.33.tetde{vrru5 rlluqtu (:J5uur rsoarlorrL:ou zssz:21.1.-21.2) uanqrnfiff.tfi
tAnrmcirrfiso:t13.td1il1rnilta6:1qryrfirfiurri':-llnrqGn:rarfiuaosoanoiiunr:cr oiruqr:nflrdq{ oirunr:sro.l
iltA a y a e - 1c4, u X , A , jttavlluvt oltuouelS orunr: Lfirsnrurravndrarrffaoirll rrav6'runr:6osiafioatefl!!ooadu (Fisher, i.992
dr.l6.:1u untuq? n'r?a.J:r?? 2549:68) rirrairlufif,qyuilunr:drvruor,,rqGn:rrdruafi:ftyrprro\rdnr]gel{ufiaYlY9e^
rfrenr rx.umqfinmaro'runr6o urq6n::a.rd'rlqrr:*r uawlqfina:ard'luiueurnrrudvo?lej6oa#i.raa:ci urq6n::al9.
uraeirdrflur,'rqGnt?a.rdrua6flr-uryrtor16n:Jga.r{ufio':rt6'5r-lnr:rdiarairs rflosqrnrflurirudrrYryfidtflurirr,rs:.roA^AvO-
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Page 8
11-8 ntsilevffiuuav*h'tt#xwq6nzru6nilgxiu
atnflqGnrrrd'sneirrarar1ro1.i1er1a61JrJ".',uru',oflo.inr?d5r{tdBa.rnqGnme.r6'rua6:1ryryrla.:16nt a
lfiiar4u nr:udadru':u ratanr:uf,auquhfludn\oifrea.rurnq6n::a.roirua6flryrproirui6116,.t?U l1UeJ1Un{ n1:6-d3-
-- -' q
nrrfi ao o o #asfl:ifrsNurnratua vnrtGuuftot 16n
il ^ d t v 6 r u 6' u da
2. narudtilryroffi..tcrttetai?uwqflnetuffiuaililryrylilontnnilgu?Et ronr:ga.riurfluiufifinr:
uq5e1usr! LerrayNo?1Ny1iaild1u:l-ln'r:yle?Jx[1yr.tyl1{i1{n1u aris.tttt-qql'Lq fisox mv66:JEUGUT drrniunq6n::a.rr - -),0 r f,a - Au ^u zi 6 v A A Y v o G
6'rua6flsururfrrrilufiqllurnreffrflur{o.tflunrtil.sruta{da.lo{14{tdnilssrauYloel Luflx.iINn1rflqilt,l'ld.:do{.:
6un.jr rir.:parfivrrirsir.rirvi.rTanrduiio (windows of opportunity) 6atvuvu':arfifinr:loBqr6lTorrrav6uuf
ltd.iruuuavtrerSr (arid #rxraai ZIEO:2l)6t#u nr:a#r.srd?e.rnq6nma.roiruafiflrprprtatr6nrJga.r{a6.:fto':ra.ri ^ uv- X
d1 0 fltYl d'trJlTnor'111 u Lo o.31.I
e/ < t d YA^ X t q r--^. a A q-viw- ^ v2.1 n'trdilnlontauintrBuu-l frrflofruaajrrrderltvdronlvl tl.ia{qlnton Lo?!n1?tdT}.1frt1{
rarq6n::e.roiruafiflryryrfirirrflusianraGuuf uiu nr:6o nlur Auqrr,l1n1?tLavo?'lru6oa5r.sataoi rflud'u.!. ,Xa 6 o - j.6lr6\4v!, lT t a Y ,-.,Le|firrurirfl6rriluoxleJdlfi'tufrvtt Lvt tdn Lonrrfl'Lanttu{nlTt?u%?o u'l.iel14 Lq
_ ^| a \4yv F .u d t
2.2 nlrMi,uilnatuw{autfronDGuil{ vllE)Gn::rdrua6:IrprXrfirdn'L65lnr:raBalairtfieiru
drdruqianr:rfisiluroarulnr{aa.rfiudnaru.rroril'hlfflunrt6uui.:hud]lnlrni rdu orfieoraq5 iilErrorae{v9
^)v6,vn1191 0Xt9t5 tLAvnlTrOAOli 114? t:J1,[Sl1.l
2.i nirililwun?'tlnrtenlrdir.rLmlvlqGn:aa.rfrruafi:Iqrprri'ru'[fi'16'fraoiuvllrfiurril6'rudn6l i Q v "1o4vv a y-' --y F A --- - --.F Y v ....-[ur6arla.:ox1Nd]tLa
o?1a{fla! o?1etnfio vn Lra [6doryadru5:rnreaaxtd-illNqetnr?3]1a{ton Loell}.Jfrn1?\45.3
lurir.: narfi tua.rlvdal fi.: tfl ulturvrttnrtfroalurfi fr.r fi u
2.4 n 1 r qi ? ubl 6 n rl ru a u w a th # o ? u n n G u u' { o n n n a h t m? u w q n^ m ru ilt u t 6 il ry y fr sLil
AA A -"-'':
?nn1?yrrfiNlydarnrrLon rriu nrel[ri'TanralunrtriuufuavrJfi:-Tfi rrfiotri'udn'Loi:ltudutlaGiltSariruouuo{ rav6Avta
rll iln1? L: u r{Ta u1{ e.J o?'l }.JdflUq 'v A <
'rltruulwtifrTvinatueitilryriunna{ttm?uwqilnrruffiuaililryryt2.5 n1rdrNuuanqtftll$ auII:)aldtuGrav)YvYvd
frdomndlaeitri.ry aurllurrurrl.:dnlTLTUugrdaooao{n!o?13.Jqa{n1?ttavo?'l3.Jnuoflo{!onv^av-aqdt6cvA
atno?te.Jd1druflo.:n1?d5r{r66eiv\q6nrreJoll,{dfriltUEUlfla.lLOnLlSN?uo{na1'l 1,[:Jtl-lllox'l].ldloIUvl
r I v d A o, rlsc \lsv .v ia rq
aitzua Louet:sri:-rrdn ufio.:qrntflunlrdli!dx+rlLri'rdn"[dilnr:airsrffialfrnunll^i61udfi:1ryryrfifio{"LuCIuto'l5le), G, v y 6ty.a\4Yt .- 6q d vLr['L6ruaoraon rraurflunltdit{oxre]rl5au Lytdn Lo:J:vdurua61t5q LunlTtrul,t?
fion::ru tt.t.to{ofir'lun11ilyxl'ruuasnlrrutirfiq;tornr:il:srfiutravnr:dg1{td5^urnrqGn::udtuaor'ilcgtyrtol
rd nrJ g ru5orL rlo udr rt rJ
u1{?nouaon:ril 11.1.1
nr:of;u10n?rilr.rrJruuo{nr:il:ylrJ^uuavnri dfll{ld?ilT{qsr^n::ldruafiflqtprtol16nrJgu{u
n,l:1#oqjlun:ouuo.luu?vr1{nr:iliyrn^ufiaoqn#o{fiurru?yr1{nrifrerurdruder'fl6U6U1to.rrdnrJgruiu
lraurlu?111{fl1:d51{[6IiulIqan::ila1udgrlJcu6u11o.:[9rnusil?ulrdoqaao{nil']u Tleilu'1fl1: tlavn?1ilild6o.:nr:toqtdn
Page 9
n'tilJxtfiuuavnteait,ttdixwqflneexdtutiilryryttaufinrlgxiu 1 1-9
4dfio$n 11.1.2
u o u dr u 1, o { n r : il r v rfi u ua v n r : fi #1 { ro? ru ru q 6 n : : ru si'r u oG fl ry q ld l. e)
uostofllJ6tJ?u, dg-
nrrlavufiuuraynr:a{r.:uaiernqGnmar16n:Jga.r{u rflufiqn::e{fi6'0.::-Jfr:-i6orr{ri'u l rq6nmaroirua6
:lqrprro.:16n:Jga.r{urflunl:urdo\:oonso.:16nrrrnqfin:ee.r niu orraraurrnlunr:5rf 6eLufnr:rirfiqn::s.rd3
nr:r-Jiroi'r nrrl#uraqzua nra6o nrrurirlqrar nreairta::6uavnrrl#nrur rfluolu sorrjrurosnr:rlrvufiuuavV^V^qGAdvA
n1?d?1{[d?8.Jv!qmn??8J011,tdsrilEUry1?0.5[OnilorJ? U &r?1 UAytA UOO{X+
tlaagraerctlv1'OUUIUUa{A15il:vniUilqein55ilOrUAgirJryql{O{16nilg il?eJ
tarrirurir::Jtvrfiuvtrq6nmxoiruafi:Jryryrta.:r6n:Jgffiu il:vna:-lefru ra:-rriluere{u6'nyrqufi uav
I o:Jdr uq'r sJ rnrx"rSs otuur utrunr:fi nur:Jg:.riu
1. troutirunnilrstfiuwqilnzruohuoililryryruaudnilgu{snrunilnngu4o nrrJrvrfiuvrq6n::erv ^u G u a a Aa v v ^q G , v\tY"o111der:lruruler0{ron:-Jse.J?u x{nQCI1Yru'rilFln:*'rilqJJu1n1?o114dqr_lruru11o.3ron!ss.J1u Lofl'1141.[o1o:.r11ufla.i
nrd:vufiu rfial#lir1Lfl#uflffirirraueyrq6nrmrfrrua6rftyrymro.:udnrJgar{ufiaral:n#,srneruail.ltvrfiuloTlu
^ i qv- danrv\q3{ frs"L{rirrdnr.Jqariuaeir.:n{i.:srr.r il:vnoroiru r) vrqufirfi'oarurnlryrl{dfiflruryrro,rrfiorrovl (piaget's
.d
Theory of Intellectual Development) 2) vrqujrfrw%1n1:vlt{d6flrpryrtaslgluo{ (Br,r.r"r's Theory of
-' 4 - rurnrryrrra6:Iqr;rtrot.firrafi' (Vygotsky's Theory ofIntellectual Development) 3) mqrgfiv\eil1.{1n1?yn{dqr!qrprtdl e
Intellectual Development) o'.::ruavr6uoqiotr.lfl (vroe.r#u uayoruv 2s46.17, qetseiloironvla2E4B:49-b0;
1.rR ruo? I.TT3.J:.1'1T 2549 : 45- 46 rUA ylrrrxfi yl d fiirmruq O I ZSSL, 3 9- 50)
t.t nqufifiarutnltn'tnil6ilryrytttotfiouoviLda}Lruradnfrerulnlrvn.:dArlryryrtor16nt v \4y
- | 6 - X1l6N1U LX 3 llTyLOUO.:1.{
dl
r.r.t tfroarurnrma.rrdnrflutrlaajr.:fidroir#ura.:lofinrrvtriarlnmritfetoiuaJ[uuusiav
" - Y d, o a, '- X i r ov^ u q " - Y ],
nlou?x{tlll.{o?'r8.Jal tL%?%?\l,{sl1,6Tiayna Lfi tnoili9il%1n1T [1,{alou?1,{fl a Ll]
t.1..2 fierurnrrsosrdnrflul:JeluJnr?dudNnm6uuf (tearning) fitdqrniltvalnr:nifiA 4 'av v d - - : ,
Ln oalnnlt8.J1-lafl e.J?\1,to tta ynl?:-li! q? nLd.: tL't oaaN
r.t.g tfrsilurnr:elo{rdnrfioduqrnnr?r.rd}lr.rd11.rrvra4rrvrqufi'1ofinr':v (marurational
theory) uravrqufi nr:Suuf (learning theory)
rafinto.tr,Vqr.J1.{rn'riyn{d6:ft-uryrto.:fiarrqyl rflunrefiovrfinrfisrurnr:fiaqjuurf,ugrutarrvo':.r
'1ofinrrv uavllrdudaln::16uffilfioornn2:fi:Jfr#a.nffu6:vra'jr{!ooauayf.:urofraa.rfizuaarzuaruflu qurirlfi'6
^ Av .aq .t 6t " - "- a lly o
" - Y v aqLOnrnoS.Jv!92.1u'rnlTvr1.ldsr:iryru10u1.3t:J1.{61o:J?J1.{ v\]01rqYl LooDjJ'ru61o!fl1.{fl0.tv!9il1.{1nlTyt-t.:dst:lruru1aon-G,vA
rflu g:volr 6a
ad,
tr?nLno-2 r_.1
t ) :vd'ufreJur nrtol a.rfdnrrr aiur v ro d autra': (sensorimotor phase) o qi'[uri'lr ar q
Page 10
1 1 : 10 ntetJzyfiuuavak,tdixwqflneaxtdntJgedu
2) :v6'ufisilurn1?Y1.to?1rl6ota:-Luoo (conceptual thought phase) org'[urirrarq t tr:tof.r vrSo zfl-tt uia tzfl
3) :vdufrslrurnr:ufrrleaEir.rfiuraqzua (cognitive thought phase) aqilurir.:arq 11,-1.2fl
, qrn:vdufieJurnr:rrtaGrlrytprorura6'nvrqufito.rfiarrqyl 16n:Jga.riudsfiryoYufrsuurnrra{tu
vAAvvvAujV1V0t1J14 1 ttav 2 fla ?vsiufifl1{'lntro?llJf,frnrrraiururo6o%tu? ttayftsY:ivlieJulnl:yltqo?ral6otr:Luoo
_._ .d A ._-q-y.-S-.4-- ^ v aq G tdlrJl?nito?'lu14LfioLLdo.l LtIutIufr.:vlq6n::e.ro'ruafirftyrprtar16n:Jgl5u ers.Jryeiur1otfrqlurnrr6'.:rrdo{tu
qrfl{fi tt.t
nr:rsfi 11.1 uflo{ilqfin::*rsTruafiflqryrtosrdnrJguiuorrru:vd'ufrcNurnr: Ios?rn:ryr{ornnqufi
tft'orurnr:mrsa6fl qryrrorfiorrori
olq :eouilolillnl: uqGnr:ur1rua6flqryr
[:ntno-2 1]
fr'or ur nr: na rufdnvrrs oiurv rndou'lna
:l:vna:-r6'ru o "fru drfi"- ,^^^ fu
1. fl l{lqn:U1dffi au (reflexive phase),9
ruaoslrqfin:relavfrau niu nr:q ofi:Vrg
n1? !fl1€]'11
z. dur&erurnr:oiur y ro 6 autyr oir u
:J:yalnr:rrirfl olol'u (primary clrcutar-
reaction)
u
vrrqGnrrsrcirl :J:roarnle{{y$r.r EJ
4--EAqvaB.^'rl,[a{a1n Lon3.Jn1? LtnalNLifailO uitu
4i v v,traufl1 roaou L14x LrJs.Jl rtu nr:mui'1fr o
. a eVn1?n1lo ntfltullltrLayryn [:J].J1,
s. #u?Veilurnr:aier:vurdau'lrarTri Eifi
no3{.114}.t1 U (secondary circular
reaction)
lnrqGn::alfi orlu#ot fi1o{.:rnxrer niu
^ -; i vn1TilUlqlLdttas nr:to60u'Ltttutguuav
-.-.-A , .-.^ s dvifl 1 w\odeJ zuddsso.:uuaystosnr: Lfi frssa.:
ajtoaouyl
a. #ufrsrurnr::-l:vflrugo.ra{ury (coordi-
nation of secondary reaction)
- y.n1n yi::ryrarir u1'Loilusa! m nfi
tn u'tn!d.: tt? oa o8.Jta:J9t14tO.3
- fi oauaurn#a ennufi u au'la'lud.roir.r1
:ar6'r
- 6e.r rd uurr:r:.l rqGnr:e.rrot {'Lnd8oul
s. frufiEarurnr:oara..r6o?6a.J uut_Jaa.:
fi oaatqn (tertiary circular reactions)
fl orJ14o a o.i rruua ot fi oa at q n
au'[q1u2 as aor q G n::e.rlrn ri; ^ ^:8JO?',t3.tOOTtT:.J
vta:lritlqGn::rdr1 umllfi noe.jsrar.r-ru
Page 11
nteilxrfruua yntsait.t tffixw q 6nnx oYtuafufl ry rytw,t &ntJgxiu 1 1 - 1 I
dnr, rYart:Ja.rqrn ilffirilfifl€5 fiBa::rxqoei (ztst) nqufidninaty,terutn.nn?{ryryr}.r1,11r.ror lwra.rn:niauarirsrd,s vth u-qz
- alnltqfin:ta.rdrua6:hyrprtostdnilgarr'uro.:fioruqf 6t:-hvnouoiru ?u6'Lfieiluln1?oa1sli6nyi1.r-y-.-. ai v q/-.-.- 6 Er v c, ., a., - a
u
o{uavuo6au'Lurttavtfielurnl?vl"t.:oi1].r6o:rt-luoorar16n'Luuqiaviu 'teiayfr'0u1fr'nf;u6tyrqGnrra.r6'rua6u )a -^!--.s-.-"-y-."y- e^A-.------4-re.q v q r G - tr vUEUEUITt0)ntldo{oonaul.:tilurird'u{uqail tfiofiilatnn1tfi:Jfrde.Jtiuo*u':rtrglnnlJUooaLLavd.jLr?oaaaJ ay-- -'6, q,duva.Y-.^.^----e--.-aq
. &vv v jLU%rr14?7t1.1 L14LOn LorJilsilr{]nl?ol}$dfr:JryrgrrfrofruLo',ereJ{uaEjr{qar%a,3
1-2 nqudv1liluln1in1niln^ilryrytwtuilaoi '16'o6urunr:rairgr6rTorrl{d6flryryr,jrrflu
n?uu1un1?Ylr.s#toxfi{6uuslasasfioilfifl6 uavair.:a.so{oxleJieixuouras Touftdugruaq;!%t-JrydunrrniA V^ y
- I
-- --di ---
ra5oo:ra.rf rdalda uud'n o :J:ynr: oY.:fia.
1.2.1 n-lttaeryr6:LTorvri.:a6:ftyryr fioarura.rrqrnn-rreaLd%ossiod.rr{1firfie.rduqrnanril
^q - )a ^t'?r8J5't 0 L1,la nBnrvYl nh.{o dTv
,' L.22 nrtro6rgufiuTstvlr{dfi:lruqrrotudnduoqjfi'r..r:.J*aunrtnifiriuufavaelufiailu
To:{a#r.:46:lrurlr rdnq'irfluei'asfiorurToa.:air.:yrrtafiflryrgr uftatri'lnriaa.rtunr:6uuf dsurod'oa.r uoy
fl 'r sr1?n q ou duo.l si o fi .t LLr e da e.rtoio ei rr 6'
,lrlud r1.r (eio)
olqvv
:souTIotulR'15 vrqGn::ruohuafiflqqr
o. #urfisr.rur nr:To:t a{rtaG:fty ryr rdo.:6'u
(invention of new means thought
internal mental combinationsj
- alrrau[n:_J[U1i1 Lo Lou Le.rgrar L6r5aa{gn
AA.:NOAyiv6Ao- nuu?ox1Nd3t?\1rDrjo.:d{ Lr,: o6oeld'1il1tn
vv€ol9lnutuo?'t3.JdN?\1t5:y?1?"1.1 t1,1sl 0.la
d e, M,- 1160{?\q9n5?}Jrauurr:JlJ14 tUty tOl-[ou0lFtunmq1
A^1. fl?lto?{ y?a
At d, A
2l-77 | vla
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-Y-vaav:uouT.tor1{1R1tn?1ilnot?lJUOO rfl U?{a.3p^..g_-t--y o ,_A -XnLtont.fi8.J',tu
'.JoU 2 {1J O.Jts
-*ut. frufrsJJurnr:riourfi ooels.J6om! uao
, 4sa U1.3 L{t1,1 gl r.la (preconceptual thought
phape) olrJ 1 ??uod^: uia 2qtu-+ltu
, qr/ uqd18J1:n L$nl:g] ttAytfl 1 [ao?'tr.Jue.J1 u90.3y y 661 v A tuetaruan:gn{ Luanl*ilyuoo?'t3Jr{1 La ttay
v a so in1??u?1o{gtl,{to{t[aytfl 1 [qd{s}l.tcl s'l'lrJ
nr:eras rfi urraunl:5!ifl a{0ura.:U
^ "- - I goz, ?14?\ AJl,{lnm Lna tno o?18.JOO:?:t UOO
r 0gOU'l.l Ll,t14Er.lA (intuitive thought phase
alq 4-7 fl?lt
---- e uq & u vo?13.JOOO',t13JL?J1 [Afl UO Hn]Jn1:5:J?
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Page 12
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Page 13
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A^ Osborn. (1963). Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures o{ Creative Problem Solvintg 3rd ed. New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Anna Rosefsky Saavedr-a and V., and Darleen Opfer. (201,2). Teaching and Learning 2ft Century Skills:
Lessons from the Leaming Sctences New York: Asia Society Partnership for Global Learning.
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