J. Njrvlt, J. Ulrich
Admixtures in Crystallization
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. D-69451 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1995
Distribution:
VCH, P. 0. Box 101161, D-69451 Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany Switzerland: VCH, P. 0. Box, CH-4020 Basel, Switzerland United Kingdom and Ireland: VCH, 8 Wellington Court, Cambridge CBI lHZ, Great Britain USA and Canada: VCH, 220 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4606, USA Japan: VCH. Eikow Building, 10-9 Hongo I-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113. Japan
ISBN 3-527-28739-6
Jaroslav Nfvlt , Joachim Ulrich
Admixtures in Crystallization
Weinheim - New York Base1 Cambridge - Tokyo
Dr. Sc. Ing. Jaroslav Syvlt Institute o f Inorganic Chemistry of thc Academy of Scicnces of the Czech Republic I’ellCova 24 16000 Prague 6 Czech Kcpublic
Priv.-Doz. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Ulrich Universitat I3remen Vcrfahrenstechnik/I;B 4 Postfach 330440 D-28334 Bremen Germany
I 1 This book wascarefully produced. Nevcrthelcss, authors and publisher do not warrant the information contained therein to be frec of errors. Readers are advised to kecp in mind that statements. data. illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Published jointly by VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (Fcderal Republic of Germany) VCII Publishers, New York, NY (USA)
Editorial Director: D r . Barbara Bock Production Manager: Claudia Gross1
Library of Congress Card No. applied for
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Die Deutsehe Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahmc N+vlt, Jaroslav: Admixtures in crystallization I Jaroslav NCvlt ; Joachim Ulrich. - Weinhcim : New York : Basel ; Cambridgk : Tokyo : VCH, 1995 ISBN 3-527-28739-6 KE: Ulrich. Joachim:
OVCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-69451 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1995
Printed on acid-free and low-chlorine paper
All rights reserved (including those of translation intoother languages). No part of this book may be rcpro- duccd in any form -by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means -nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printing: bctz-druck GmbH. 11-64291 I1armstadt 13ookbinding: CJroDbuchbinderei Josef Spinner, D-77833 Ottersweier Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany
Industrial crystallization has been considered for many years to be
more a magic than a science. One of the reasons has certainly been the fact
that additives or impurities even in the smallest amounts have tremendous
effect on nucleation. crystal growth, crystal forms and dissolution rates.
In recent years, not only has the level at which impurities are detec-
table decreased dramatically, but also the understanding of the interaction
of substances has increased by the same extent. Although there is still not a
complete understanding of the functioning of additives and impurities in
crystallization, there are many interesting new approaches in this field
which should lead to helpful models soon.
The authors want to contribute by gathering every piece of informa-
tion together in this book to help to contribute for a better understanding of
the whole matter. Data of crystallizing substances are presented here
together with the examined admixtures and the found effects, extracted
from the literature databases of both of the authors.
The authors hope that the use of the tables presented wffl lead to a
better design and understanding of crystallization processes, especially of
the functioning of additives. and thus facilitate a proper choice of additives
in order to obtain the required product properties.
The authors would acknowledge the support of the Czech Grant
Agency (Grant No. 203/93/0814) and of the Volkswagen Stiftung.
J. Njrvlt. J. Ulrich December 1994
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Classification of Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Influence of Admixtures on Nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1. Homogeneous Nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. Secondary Nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. Influence of Admixtures on Crystal Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1. The Role of the Solid Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2. 22 The Role of the Interphase Solid - Liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Influence of Admixtures on Crystal Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6. Influence of Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7. Distribution of Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.1. Solid Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.2. Isomorphous Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3. Anomalous Mixed Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4. Adsorption Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.5. Mechanism of Internal Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.6. Mechanical Inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.7. Materials Balance for Crystallization in Presence of Impurities . . . 45
7.8. Cascade Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
Contents 3
8 . Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9 . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
10 . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Formula Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
11 . References to Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
12 . SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Admixtures in crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
1. Introduction
Crystallization is one of the oldest separation operations in chemical
industries. I t serves not only to separate and purify substances, but also to
produce crystals with a required shape. Both of these aspects are closely
connected with the presence of admixtures in the solution. Among the
many factors affecting the process of crystallization I1 72,2261, [e.g.,
temperature, supersaturation, agitation). admixtures often exhibit the most
pronounced effect. Even traces of admixtures can influence the nucleation.
crystal growth, shape and size of product crystals, and also other properties
(caking. hygroscopicity. etc.). On the other hand, they may be entrained into
crystals and lower their purity.
A few years ago, a largely empirical approach was used to quantify
the effect of admixtures and solvents. A theoretical description of the effect
of admixtures has been developed only rather recently. Nevertheless, a
consistent theory of the effect of admixtures on individual aspects of the
process of crystallization is sti l l missing. Various admixtures probably
operate with different mechanisms. Some of them are selectively adsorbed
on crystal faces and deactivate individual growth centers, others can
change the structural properties of the solution or of the interface; they may
be incorporated into the crystal lattice or pushed away by the growing
crystal and sometimes there exists a chemical interaction between the
micro- and macrocomponents. I t is obvious that this situation enables u s to
give subsequent explanations of individual effects but the prediction is
1. Introduction 5
still difficult. Computer simulations available in recent years [2.123.124]
facilitate the choice of tailor-made admixture but their use is sti l l limited.
Although the literature on crystallization in the presence of admix-
tures is very extensive, most papers exhibit just an empirical character.
Reasonably complete information on the effect of admixtures can be found
in monographies on crystallization and in surveys. At this point we have to
mention in particular the books by Buckley [32], Khamski [101.102]. Mug
[ 1121. Kuznetsov [120], Matusevich [133j. Matz 11341. Melikhov (1421. Mullin
[152]. Njrvlt [169.171.172] and Ohara and Reid 11791. and papers by Broul
[30]. Cabrera and Vermilyea (411. Chernov [46]. Davey [SO]. Garrett I711 and
Wirges [2421. The purity of crystals and distribution of impurities is dealt
with in many papers, e.g. by Melikhov (1421. Stepin et al. [211] or Slavnova
12061. More detailed information can be found in the literature which
exceeds 2000 papers; the aim of this book is to give a survey of the state of
the art of this subject and of a number of these papers in appended tables.
Before we continue we must mentlon the pioneering work of late Dr. Broul
who started the work on survey of the effects of admixtures 1291.
Admixtures in crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
2. Classification of Admixtures
Crystallization from aqueous solutions can be understood as a
physical process where a pure solid A precipitates from its solution in pure
solvent B. Systems met in practice are usually more complex and in
addition contain several non-crystallizing substances, often in low concen-
trations. Crystallization itself therefore proceeds in a multicomponent
system and the result may be affected by these foreign substances - ad-
mixtures.
An admixture may be defined I301 as a substance present in a crys-
tallizing system that itself doesn’t precipitate as a separated solid under
given conditions. Such a broad definition comprises the solvent as an
admixture as well. This affects the crystallization parameters in many cases
encountered in crystallization from various pure or mixed solvents. Besides
the general term admixture we shall use a more specific term impurity for
substances, unintentionaly present in the solution (e.g.. coming from the
raw materials. from dissociation and other reactions, from corrosion of the
equipment). and addftlue for substances that we add to the solution in order
to modify its crystallization properties. The amount of admixtures is very
different in individual cases. Substances whose concentration is comparable
to that of the crystallizing macrocomponents are called macroadmixtures.
whereas those present in a concentration lower by two orders than that of
the macrocomponent are called microadmixtures or microcomponents [ 10 11 .
2. Classification of Admixtures 7
Additives are put into the solution with the purpose of affecting the
parameters of the process of crystallization and the product quality. Addi-
tives employed for aqueous solutions can be subdivided into several groups:
a) nee acids and/or bases, adjusting the pH value of the solution. The pH
modifies the nature and the concentration of ions in solution. particularly
when the latter contains salts of weak acids or bases 118). This pH value
has a dramatic effect on the shape (40,1291 or size I1681 of product crystals
and affects also the growth rate [148]. Acids or bases most frequently used
usually have a common ion with the crystallizing substance.
b) Inorganic additives can be subdivided into highly and less active ones.
High active additives include polyvalent cations such as Fe3+. Cr3+, A13+,
Cd2+, Pb2+, as well as certain anions like W0,2-. PO,3-. Very low
concentrations of these additives are sufficient to exhibit a dramatic effect
on crystallization (0.001 to 0.1 wt. %). In order to obtain a similar effect
with less active additives we have to use much higher concentrations (1 - 10
wt. 96). Inorganic additives affecting the crystal growth rate often exhibit a
similar influence on crystal dissolution 152.68.76.1991.
c) The most frequently used organfc addftfues exhibiting high effectiveness
are surface active substances and organic dyestuffs. I t has been observed
I461 that 1 molecule of such an additive per lo4 to lo6 molecules of an or-
ganic macrocomponent decreases its growth rate. The effect of big orga-
8 2. Classifiatlon of Admixtures
nic molecules is usually not specific to that molecule: a substance can
modify the growth of several macrocomponents and a similar modification
can be obtained using very different organic additives 1411. This property
may be ascribed to the fact that big organic molecules can be adsorbed at
any site on the crystal surface s o that their size is a deciding feature. Like
in catalysis, the position of substituents in the molecule should also be
very important [32]. The influence of organic substances on the growth rate
of crystals is usually very dramatic but their effect on the dissolution rate
can usually be neglected [41.46.240]. In many cases, where the additive is
very active on crystal growth, even a 1000 fold concentration has no effect
on dissolution 1321.
The effectiveness of an admixture is closely bound to the given sys-
tem and cannot be simply generalized. For the activity of additives on the
crystal shape, Buckley 1321 defined the measure of the effectiveness of the
additive as the number of weight units of the crystallizing substance per one
unit of the additive that causes a certain shape modification. Another way
of measurement and evaluation of the effectiveness of admixtures has also
been described in the literature I2191. The influence of admixtures drops
with increasing temperature and growth rate 1321.
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
3. Influence of Admixtures on Nucleation
Several mechanisms of nucleation can be distinguished according to
conditions in a supersaturated solution 11781:
nucleation - primary - homogeneous
- heterogeneous
- secondary - originatedfrom solid phase
- originatedfrom the interphase solid-liquid
- collision breeding
A basic criterion for this distinction I1 781 is the presence or absence of a
solid phase. While primary nucleation occurs in the absence of solid particles
of the crystallized substance, secondary nucleation is dependent on the
presence of crystals. For homogeneous nucleation. no solid phase is required,
while heterogeneous nucleation is catalytically initiated by any foreign
surface. Many details on the mechanisms of secondary nucleation can be
found in the literature 1152,177,178,214,215,225j.
Strong effects of the admixtures can be observed with primary
nucleation and with secondary nuclcation due to mechanisms of the
interphase. There are several papers dealing with the theory of the effect of
admixtures on nucleation: in addition to those mentioned below, i.e. papers
(23.78.1571.
10 3. Influence of Admivtures on Nucleation
3.1. Homogeneous Nucleation
According to the theory of homogeneous nucleation. the nucleation
rate increases as the interfacial surface tension, asl decreases. As the sur-
factants dramatically lower the surface tension, their presence in solution
strongly increases the nucleation rate [44.55.83.176]. We may expect,
however, that other admixtures when present in higher concentrations raise
the surface tension and thus decrease the nucleation rate.
Very active inorganic admixtures characterized by a strong tendency
to form coordination complexes decrease the nucleation rate: the stronger
their influence, the higher the complex stability. One of the explanations
tells that heteroclusters are formed in the bulk solution with the centre
formed by the active ion 179.803. The number of these heteroclusters cor-
responds to the number of ions of the admixture, their size being given by
the ratio of the supersaturation and the admixture concentration. The effect
then consists in redistributing of the solute forming supersaturation to
these heteroclusters s o that the supersaturation is effectively decreased.
Clusters can grow only when the supersaturation is increased again. The
effect of admixtures can here be explained by the electric field of the ad-
mixture affecting the behaviour of the macrocomponent [ 1551.
The inhibiting effect of polyphosphates on the nucleation of sparingly
soluble carbonates and sulphates is well known 186,1923. It can be explai-
ned thus: due to the geometric similarity of the active ion and the surface
3.1. Homogeneous Nucleation 1 1
structure of the macrocomponent. polyphosphate ions are adsorbed on the
surface of undercritical embryi of the macrocomponent so that these clus-
ters cannot continue to grow (33.55.1891. The static adsorption model as-
sumes that the embryo surface is covered by a monomolecular layer of
admixture molecules [62,146.147.180]: the dynamic model of adsorption
1144,160.1611 is based on the probability of collisions of the particles of the
macrocomponent with those of the admixture. Calculations of the Me time
of embryi and the time elapsed between two collisions of the embryi with
the admixture show that the collision mechanism prevails in the initial
periods of the nuclei formation, whereas later the adsorption mechanism
with adsorption of the admixture on active centres of the macrocomponent
prevails. The endothermic adsorption of the admixture decreases the
stability of the surface and raises the energetic barrier of critical nucleus
formation. For thts reason, the complex formed by adsorption dissociates
before it could form a critical nucleus. This leads to increased stability of
the system. Incorporation of admixture particles in the first period of
precipitation is not expected by thts model. Nevertheless, experiments have
shown 11801 that the first fractions of precipitated crystals contain much of
the admixture. so that the assumptions of thts model are not completely
realistic.
Admixtures belonging to the group of water-soluble wUoids (dextrin.
gelatlne) raise the solution viscosity: the diffusion and mobility of particles
are then decreased so that their growth to a critical size is more difficult
[ 133,1691.
12 3. Influence of Admixtures on Nucleation
There are also examples described in the literature 1167,1691 where
the admixture accelerates the nucleation. This may be encountered in cases
where the admixture reacts with the macrocomponent to form less soluble
substances. Admixtures that have a common ion with the macrocomponent
can decrease its solubility, this leading to a rise in supersaturation and
thus to a decrease of induction periods of nucleation [ 10 1,102.2441.
Another reason can be given in the case of admixtures with a significant
hydration ability: they remove water from the hydration spheres of the
macrocomponent [82.170,1741 and in this way decrease the solution sta-
bility 11331.
3.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation
Using a droplet technique for investigations of the induction time of
nucleation, Wen (2391 was able to differentiate between homogeneous and
heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms. With pure NaCl solutions he found
both the mechanisms but in the presence of Pb2+ ions the induction time
measurements indicated no effect on the homogeneous nucleation. H e
therefore concluded that impurities affected nucleation by working on the
substrate rather than the nucleating crystal. Nevertheless, measurements
carried out on only one system does not allow such a generalization. The
additive may adsorb onto the heteroparticles making them either more or
less active as catalysts [55]. This would either increase or decrease the
nucleation rate. Alternatively, the additive molecule may itself act
3.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation 13
as a heteroparticle providing a template 11961 for the precipitating sub-
stance. This would lead to an increase in nucleation rate proportional to the
additive concentration.
The heterogeneous nucleation can be treated as secondary nuclea-
tion with the mechanism of interphase layer. At the solid surface there are
more or less oriented clusters that may be removed by fluid shear back into
the bulk of solution 120.43.97.188.2161. These clusters, if they are of the
critical size, can survive and form new nuclei.
S@me mtlve substances deactivate heterogeneous particles and thus
increase the width of the metastable region 1165,1831. The extent of this
action is given by the amount and catalytic activity of foreign particles. An
opposite influence [203.204] can be explained by the fact that surface active
substances decrease the surface energy so that the nucleation rate can
increase. The shape of the curve of nucleation rate vs. the admixture
concentration resembles the adsorption isotherms of surface active
substances on solid surfaces so that there may be expected a direct link of
the nucleation rate rise with the adsorption of the admixture on the surface.
14 3. Infruence of Adrnivtures on Nucleation
3.3. Secondary Nucleation
One of the mechanisms of secondary nucleation is the mechanism of
interphase layer. At the solid surface there are a more or less oriented
clusters that may be removed b y w d shear back into the bulk of solution
143,188,2161. These clusters, if they are of the critical size, can survive and
form new nuclei.
Some admixtures call forth formation of rough surfaces or even
dendrltes [loo]. Due to fluid dynamic forces or due to partial dissolution
these dendrites can be removed back to the bulk of solution, where they
serve as new nuclei [6 1.1401.
Active inorganic admixtures dilate the metastable zone in super-
saturated solutions. In absence of admixtures, the probability of formation
of stable aggregates at the solid surface is higher than that in the bulk of
solution [177]. This is due to the physical adsorption of the particles of the
macrocomponent and thus due to higher local supersaturation. In analogy
with heterogeneous chemical reactions, adsorption occurs preferentially a t
energetically advantageous active sites on the surface. If these advanta-
geous sites are blocked by the admixture, however, then the probability of
formation of a critical cluster diminishes and the nucleation rate decreases
1203,2041. In addition, adsorption of ions of an admixture that possesses
higher charge than those of the macrocomponent damages the balance of
electric charges on the surface [156] and this leads also to a decrease in the
nucleation rate 1203,2041.
3.3. Secondary Nucleation 15
In systems where the admixture can easily be incorporated into the
growing crystals' lattice. the so-called impurity concentration gradient can be
effective I22.611. Nucleation in the bulk of solution is hindered due to
presence of the admixture at high concentration. Incorporation of the ad-
mixture into the crystal lattice leads to a decrease of its concentration close
to the surface so that spontaneous nucleation In the intermediate layer
becomes possible again. Presence of growth-restrainers also exhibits an
effect on nucleation I1261 (they enlarge the metastable zone width [ZlO]).
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
4. Influence of Admixtures on Crystal Growth
There exist a number of books and papers dealing with the theory of
crystal growth [ 100,112.130.152.178,179,184.185.202.243]. Quantities,
necessary for the application of these theories, are often not known so
several simplifications have to be adopted. Fundamental physical quantities
then lose their physical meaning and become adjustable parameters. I n
addition, experimental methods 172,1781 provide data of limited accuracy so
that the fit of experiments and theory often becomes a matter of statistics.
This must be kept in mind when discussing the effect of admixtures on the
growth rate of crystals.
Due to the different structures and energetical situations growth rate
of individual crystal faces is also different. This also holds for the effect of
admixtures on the growth rate of crystals and this is why individual crystal
faces must be considered separately. The effect of growth rate dispersion
can lead to different values on individual crystals, however, and this may be
one of the reasons why the literature data are scattered and differ from
those obtained by measurements in suspension [ 116. 2261.
4.1. The Role of the Solid Surface
Kossel 1114.1 151 and Stranski 1212.2131 recognized the importance
of atomic inhomogeneities of crystalline surfaces and its relevance to growth
processes. They distinguished three different regions on a crystal
4.1. The Role of Solid Surface 17
surface: a) frcct surfaces. which are atomically smooth: b) steps, which
separate flat terraces: c) kinks. which are formed in incomplete steps. Kinks
present the most probable position for solute integration because the
highest bonding energy associated with integration occurs here. Flat
surfaces are the least energetically probable sites for incorporation. Never-
theless. admixtures. according to their nature, can adsorb on different sites
on the surface: they can affect the relative interfacial energy of individual
faces or block the active growth centres [30,38J. The effect of admixtures is
different if they are adsorbed on different sites 1531.
Fig. 4.1: Surface growth sites
According to growth rate equations and considering that adsorption
lowers the edge or surface energies and the size of the critical two-dimen-
18 4. Infruence of Admixtures on Crystal Growth
sional nucleus, we see I181 that the expected result of adsorption is an in-
crease in the crystal growth rate. Other parameters must then act in the
opposite direction in order to explain the decrease of the growth rates
generally observed in habit change phenomena: the slow down of the flux
towards to the steps 1371, the decrease of the lateral advancement velocity
of growth layers due to step pinning [41.66.186.187.1981. a decrease of
number of kinks available for the growth [48,491.
In general, admixtures can be subdivided into strongly adsorbed and
weekly adsorbed ones. One can suppose that physical adsorption is
characteristic for weekly adsorbed admixtures whereas chemical bonds are
typical for strongly adsorbed substances 1491. Mechanism of strongly
adsorbed admixtures [41.158.179,234] assumes that immobile particles of
the admixture are spread over the crystal surface. When a moving growth
step hits such a particle, its edge becomes deformed. In the case where the
distance of two neighbourlng adsorbed particles is smaller than the size of
two-dimensional critical nucleus, the movement of the step will cease [67],
otherwise the step will be deformed and pushed through the slot between
adsorbed particles and continue in its movement but with a reduced rate l'i
[9.41,186,187].
(4.1)
where l', represents the growth rate in absence of an admixture and n is
4.1. The Role of the Solid Surface 19
assumed to be the average density of admixtures on the ledge ahead of the
step 1411. This equation indicates that the velocity of steps is reduced by an
amount proportional to the concentration of adsorbed admixtures on the
terrace. If such a foreign particle is incorporated into the crystal lattice, it
causes some deformation of the lattice. Joining of another particle of the
macrocomponent to such a deformed lattice may be difficult (1691. The re-
tardation of growth takes place only if the height of the adsorbed particle
can be compared with that of the moving step 1461. Some inorganic admix-
tures can form complex substances (double salts) in combination with the
macrocomponent: such complex nuclei are formed at the sites with strongly
adsorbed admixture. These complex nuclei are not stable, they may
redissolve but the admixture remains adsorbed on the surface [34].
Another mechanism is encountered with weakly adsorbed admixtures.
Here, the retarding action is due to blocking of the active growth centres.
The strength of bonds between the lattice particles and the admixture
determines the mobility of the admixture. Weakly adsorbed admixture can
diffuse two-dimensionally on the surface and can be expelled by the movlng
step, but at the cost of growth rate reduction. If the growth is sufficiently
slow and the amount of admixture is not too high, adsorption equilibrium
can be attained at the surface. The relationshlp between the linear growth
rate of the face r' and the concentration of admixture wi can be described
I12.151 by Wl 1' = 1 6 - ( 1 6 -1'- ) . - B +w,
(4.2)
20 4. Infruence of Admixtures on Crystal Growth
where lv0 and l ' , represent respectively the growth rates in absence of
admixture and in presence of admixture when all of active growth centres
are occupied 12341. The surface fraction covered by the admixture can be
determined using, for example, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with the
constant B. The linearized form of this equation I531 allows us to obtain the
value of free enthalpy of adsorption [ 13.16.171. The Langmuir isotherm has
been used also by other authors I581 considering surface diffusion to be the
rate-determining step. The equation above holds even here if we take l'=- 0
130.1 121.
Another model is based on a n estimate of the probability of occur-
rence of free growth active sites and uses the Freundlich adsorption iso-
therm to predict the movement rate of a growth step 14,661. All of the
models mentioned above have been experlmentally verified with a satisfac-
tory result [53]. A survey of adsorption models is given in several papers
153.55.58.1 121.
When the growth of a crystal face is governed by the mechanism of
two-dimensional nucleatton, then the effects of admixtures on nucleation that
are mentioned in the preceding chapter may come into consideration. The
size of a two-dimensional nucleus is [10.411
2a Q
kTS 21, =- (4.3)
4.1. The Role of Solid S@me 21
where a is the lattice constant, o the surface energy and S relative super-
saturation. Since the size Zc , which can be compared with the admixture
spacing on the surface, determines whether the step can advance or not,
this equation indicates a critical supersaturation that must be exceeded in
order to allow growth.
According to Glasner I79.801 the crystal growth is executed by
deposltlon of heteronuckl on the crystalline surface. The effective supersatu-
ration is then given by the product of the number of heteronuclei (i.e. of the
amount of molecules of the admixture) and of the average size of a
heteronucleus as expressed by the number of molecules of the macrocom-
ponent forming an average heteronucleus.
Su.@atants and organic dyesbgs usually exhibit a very sensitive effect
on the crystal growth rate; their big molecules are attached to the crystal
surface through their polar I301 or hydrocarbon Ill21 portions and prevent
the access of the macrocomponent molecules to the surface 1361. Complexlng
agents, e.g. EDTA. remove certain ionic admixtures from the solution and
therefore act in an opposite direction I116.2101.
Certain admixtures. when present in low concentrations. can accek-
rate the growth of crystals [121.148]. First, this are admixtures lowering the
surtace energy; one can expect those crystal faces possessing higher specific
surface energy adsorb more admixtures and thus grow faster (141. In some
cases, when the admixture has a similar structure parameters or forms
complexes with a structure close to the lattice of the macrocompo
22 4. Infieme of Admixtures on Crystal Growth
nent. adsorbed admixture molecules can form new active growth sites on
the surface that are energetically more advantageous for further growth
I 12,1691.
Available data thus clearly substantiates the necessity for geometric
simflarlties between the additive and the crystal surface 1551. Whether ad-
sorption occurs due to surface interaction between ionizable groups on the
additive molecule and ions in the crystal surface or due to a surface
replacement mechanism is unresolved 1551 and will probably be different in
different cases. In the case of crystal growth such adsorption mechanisms
are easily visualized to involve the blocking of key sites on the surface and
hence reduction in growth rates.
The effect of admixtures can be combined with other factors, like pH
(acid or base can be considered as a second admixture) or, if a higher
amount of admixture affects the solubility of macrocomponent. we can
speak of the combined effect of admixture and supersaturation I10 1,1341.
4.2. The Role of the Interphase Solid - Liquid
The growth of a crystal can be represented as three successive steps:
a) Transport of the substance from the bulk of solution to the crystal; b)
transport of the substance through the layer close to the crystal surface: c)
incorporation of the substance into the crystal lattice, either by surface
diffusion a t the kink or by formation of a two-dimensional nucleus. The first
step is largely affected by the fluid dynamics of the system
4.2. The Role of the Interphase Solid - Liquid 23
and its role is usually not too important. The last step has been discussed
in detail in the preceding chapter; we shall thus pay attention to the second
step.
The interphase or the "interface phase" 1511 is understood to be the
region between the "perfect" solid phase and the "perfect" liquid phase. It
can be diffuse (1.e. there are layers at the phase interface and it is
impossible to say clearly whether they belong to the solid or to the liquid;
the changes of physical quantities occur within the distance of several
lattice constants) or it can consist of a quasi-liquid layer, which usually has
a higher concentration of the solute in the bulk of solution 128,1751. The
structure of the interphase has been studied using the theory of fractals
[42.127.128.194] with the result that different growth models led to the
formation of clusters in the interphase with different fractal dimensions.
These characterize the shape of clusters or the roughness of the interphase.
Transport of molecules through the layer adsorbed on the crystal
surface is reallzed through diffusion. The admixture can play different roles
in this step. It can affect the viscosity of the solution. in particular at higher
concentrations. It has been shown 11 131 that even small amounts of surface
active substances can dramatically raise I1 13.1181 or decrease I1 191 the
viscosity.
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
5. Influence of Admixtures on Crystal Shape
Under conditions of extremely slow growth, the shape of a crystal is
determined by thermodynamics: the crystal tends to grow to a shape of a
polyhedron having rnfnirnum surface energy 1751: for i faces holds
a, A, = min. (5.1)
Such equilibrium shape can be affected by admixtures in the case that they
change the specific surface energy of individual faces in a different way.
This condition is. however, met only exceptionally, as crystals usually grow
under highly non-equilibrium conditions.
Crystal shape is usually determined by the growth rates of individual
crystal faces. According to the principle ofouerlapplngfaces [ 1691 the faces
that grow more slowly remain in the final crystal shape whereas the
I
Fig. 5.1: Principle of overlapping faces
5. Influence of Admixtures on Crystal Shape 25
rapidly growing faces disappear 165,701. The condition necessary for
changing the crystal shape is thus to change the relation in growth rates of
individual faces. As was pointed out earller. additives may influence the
crystal growth rate. If they are preferentially adsorbed on certain
crystallographic faces, the mode of growth is altered 1501. Parameters
influencing the occurrence of adsorption include the steric arrangement of
molecules in the additive and their charge and dipole moment, as well as
the electric field on the crystal surface [l69]. The rather pronounced effect
of oxygen anions on the crystallization of oxy-salts shows that not only
dimensional similarities but also similarities of the fields of force are of
importance here. The Hartman-Perdok I89.90.9 11 technique based on
calculations of the attachment energy reduces crystal structures to chains
of strong bonds: the slowest growing faces are those lying parallel to a t least
two bond chains. The faces most likely to be influenced by a n additive are
those for which the change of bond energy due to additive is minimized.
Some assumptions have to be made for the conformation of the additive
molecule in the lattice. so best results can be obtained with tallormade
addltlues [63.123.124.228,235] or lf crystallographic data is known for the
substance with additive [232]. Such organic additives are active in relatively
large concentralons > 1% 12421.
As the interatomic spacings and electric fields are different for dif-
ferent crystal surfaces [82], selectlue adsorption of individual admixtures
occurs on the most favoured ones [ 11.31.35.163.195]. I t is therefore often
26 5. I n t n c e of Admixtures on Crystal Shape
possible to predict the effect of individual additives on the shape of crystals
[ 18,168,2231 if relevant structural parameters are available. As calcu-lation
of the fields of force is generally possible only in the simplest cases, and
even then as a rule only with difficulty, it is advisable to base calculations of
structural analogies not on the absolute sizes of the ions but on epitaxial
considerations. i.e. on the crystallographic parameters of the lattices of the
crystallizing and the admixed substances [55.168,193.217]. Whetstone
12411 suggested that the charge centres of the polar groups should coincide
accurately with sites for similarly charged ions in the crystal surface and
any such group should not cause a disturbance of the lattice about the sites
in question. One may here consider both substances as having a common
ion 1162,1681 or as forming a complex compound [120.168], The closer the
lattice dimensions of the crystallizing and the admixed substances are the
more effective will the admixture be. As a condition for the incorporation of
the admixture into the lattice it is generally considered that the lattice
dimensions of the two substances should not differ by more than 5 to 15 %
[32.73,74.94,111.149.150.193.220].
Example: How would the addition of A13+ affect the habit of ammonlum sulphatc
crystals? The lattice dlmensions of ammonium sulphate are a = 0.595 nm. b - 1.056 nm, c - 0.773 nm. and that of aluminium ammonium sulphate is a = 1.22
nm. Each basal surface of arnmonlum sulphate cells contains two molecules. Their
mean distances are as follows:
5. Influence of Admixtures on Crystal Shape 27
(100) corresponds to (a+c)/2 - (0.77 + 0.59)/2 - 0.68 nm or 0.34 nm per
molecule
(001) corresponds to (a+b)/2 - (1.06+ 0.59)/2 - 0.82 nm or 0.41 nm per
molecule
(010) corresponds to @+c)/2 - (1.06 + 0.77) /2 - 0.91 nm or 0.46 nm per
molecule
The mean for (110) planes is (h2 + k2 + l2)-l i2 and is proportional to the particle
density. Its value I s thus given by its relation to (001)
One thus obtains for the dimensions in nm
Alum Ammonium sulphate Difference %
0.61 1 (1 10) 0.58 4.9
(100) 0.68 9.3
(001) 0.82 34.0
(0 101 0.91 49.0
The results show that one should expect (110) and (100) faces to be retarded in
growth so that flatter needle-like habits should result. This has been confirmed
experimentally I168l.
A more quantitative way I1221 consists in determination of atoms in the
upper layer of each crystal face from the crystallographic data of the sub-
stance. These layers are then plotted in the scale of Stuart-Brlgleb mole-
28 5. Infruence of Admixtures on Crystal Shape
cule models. The additive molecules are also modelled with these models. I n
this way, we get a two-dimensional model of the upper layers of the crystal
and a three-dimensional model of the additives. Assuming, that the growth
of a face may be influenced by an adsorbed additive, we try to find a well
fitting position of the admixture on the surface. A well fitting position is
characterized as a position, where the additive has as much ease to build
attractive interactions to the surface as possible. One possibility is to make
these fi ts with a computer program. If we find an additive. which has a well
fitting position on one specific face of the crystal. we may expect it will be
an effective habit modifier.
Another mechanism described in literature 12221 assumes that the
effectivity of the admixture depends only on its properties. The electric field
of the admixture 11561. given by the ionic charge, diameter [191 and
deformation ability of its electron envelope are responsible for the effec-
tiveness of the admixture. Ions present In the interphase accelerate the
orientation of nuclei or clusters, prevent their agglomeration and thus con-
tribute to a regular crystal growth. There exists also a possibility of
formation of complexes I1201 of various stability, contributing to a change in
properties of the interphase as well as of the bulk solution. Another factor
that can play a role is the hydratron of ions 11531: hydrated ions come into
the adsorbed layer, "dilute" the interphase. slow down the diffusion and so
retard the crystal growth. The reverse flow of the hydration water also acts
against the growth.
5. Infzuence of Admixtures on Crystal Shape 29
Another theory 12011 supposes that admixtures can affect the shape
of crystals only when they are incorporated into the crystalline body. An ad-
mixture particle adhering to a crystal face acts on the deposition of the
macrocomponent independently of its position; if it is incorporated into the
lattice, it can affect just particles lying very close to it. As the admixtures
are adsorbed on different faces in a different amount, they affect the growth
of these faces in a different degree.
An important class of additives are the so-called "tallor-made" addlti-
ues 1112.2361, which are designed to interact In very specific ways with
selected faces of the crystals. These compounds contain groups that are
similar to the crystallizing substance and are thus readily adsorbed at
growth sites of the crystal surface. These additives then expose the opposite
side, which chemically or structurally differs from the macrocomponent
molecule, thereby disrupting or retarding the growth of the affected face [ 11.
The design of these molecules can be achieved (45,601 with knowledge of the
stereochemisb$ and structure of the substrate crystal. In particular.
existing studies have relied on hydrogen bonding and chirality as powerful
recognition factors.
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
6. Influence of Solvents
Close to the interface, transport is restricted to diffusion through the
diffusion boundary layer. The width of the boundary layer is a function of
the fluid dynamics, viscosity and other mass transport-related properties.
After the solute molecules diffuse from the bulk liquid phase to the
interfacial region, they adsorb onto the surface and/or diffuse two-dimen-
sionally on the surface before being integrated into the crystal lattice I1 121.
During the surface diffusion step, bonds between the solute and solvent
molecules are broken. Depending on the ease in which desolvation occurs,
this step can be rate-determining to crystal growth.
A more quantitative approach is to analyze the solvent effect on the
molecular level 11591 . The solvent molecule can be divided into segments,
where its group similar to the solute is adsorbed and becomes part of one of
the crystal surfaces, while its other part emerges from that surface. Then,
the energy calculated as a sum of van der Waals and electrostatic
interactions and these calculations are then repeated for a number of low-
index faces.
Besides the structural conditions imposed by the crystal, it. is known
1181 that the affinity of solvents for a given face may vary considerably
1125,2371. The higher the number of PBC vectors piercing a face, the
stronger is the adsorption of the solvent [109.110]. Like admixtures,
strongly adsorbed solvents may cause noticeable changes in the crystalli-
6. ZnJuence of Solvents 3 1
zation behaviour of the macrocomponent 12301. Hydrogen bonding fre-
quently plays a dominant role in the action of solvents on the growth of
both inorganic and organic crystals. Especially illustrative is the importance
of these interactions in the action of polar and nonpolar solvents on
crystallization of many substances 12381. One may expect that polar sol-
vents that form a hydrogen bond with polar faces of the crystal reduce
growth rate of that face, thus increasing its relative area: conversely, non-
polar solvents do not exhibit such effects. Thus, large solvent effects are
expected in crystalline systems having faces of significantly different pola-
rlty 18.1 121. This general rule may be one of the best indicators of the abllity
to change crystal habit by the use of an alternative solvent. An example of a
solvent enabling laboratory investigation of the polarity effect is an
acetone/toluene mixture [ 1121. The knowledge of dielectric constants of
various solvents can be extremely helpful 12241.
It follows from the preceding paragraph that solvents which modify
the hterJbce structure can also alter the growth kinetics of the particular
crystal face. One of the most important results of growth theories has been
the quantification of the effect of solvents on crystal interface structure. A
parameter, called the surface enb-opy a-factor. now allows identtfication of
likely growth mechanisms based only on solute and solution properties
[ 1 12.1781. Precise values of a cannot be determined, but estimates may be
made from enthalpies or entropies of solution or of surface and edge
energies 154,1511. Increasing deviations from solution ideallty tend to de-
32 6. Infruence of Soluents
press the a value. Such calculations have been made for the growth of
hexamethylene tetramine from the vapour and from water, water/ethanol
and water/acetone solutions by Bourne and Davey 125.261 who were able to
postulate the appropriate growth mechanisms for various experimental
conditions, e.g. the BCF dislocation growth from the vapour. surface nu-
cleation limited growth from aqueous solution and surface integration
controlled growth from mixed solvents [ 1511. Interfacial structures of crys-
tals were first related to thermodynamics by Jackson [95]. Bourne 1241.
Bennema 15.61. Temkin 12181 and Davey 154.56.591. If s-s designates the
bond between solid species, f-f bonds between liquid specles and s-f bond
between solid and liquid species, then in formation of an s-f bond. an s-s
and an frf bond must be broken. The energy contribution is given by [ 1781
The surface entropy factor is then
or
a = 4 ~ / k T
a = Y(AH '+AW) /RT
(6.2)
(6.3)
where F is the ratio of numbers of nearest neighbours on the surface and
6. Infuence of Solvents 33
in the bulk 196,1121 and AHf and A k P are the enthalpies of fusion and of
mixing. respectively. Another equation relates the a factor to the solubility
xs 171 and communal entropyfsf:
2 a=( l -xs) . (q , - tnxs) (6.41
Results obtained from simulations permit determination of the mechanism
that will occur during growth [27.77,2051:
For a 2 4. the growth occurs by the dislocation mechanism alone and the
surface is very smooth.
For 3.2 5 a < 4.0, growth follows the nucleation mechanism (Nuclei Above
Nuclei or Birth and Spread) and the surface is somewhat rougher.
For a < 3.2, growth occurs through the mechanism of direct species incor-
poration and the surface is very rough.
This approach can eventually lead to methods of choosing optimal solvents.
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
7. Distribution of Admixtures
Increasing demands on the purity of product crystals, in particular in
the production of ultra-pure chemicals and in the separation of radio-
isotopes, led in recent years to an intensive study of the distribution of
impurities between the liquid and the solid phases. Nevertheless, first
studies on this subject have been published already at the end of the last
century. During this time. various mechanisms of impurity incorporation
have been described [30.85.166.202.211.221.2451:
1. Zsornorphous LncZusion - true isomorphism (solid solutions)
- isodimorphisrn
- isomorphism of second type
- anomalous mixed crystals
2. adsorption mechanisms - external adsorption
- internal adsorption
3. mechanical inclusions - of coUoids
- of liquid phase
7.1. Solid Solutions
Let us consider a three-component system: the macrocomponent A,
the admixture B and the solvent S . There exist three fundamental limiting
cases [171]: a) the macrocomponent and the admixture are completely
immiscible. b) the macrocomponent and the admixture are miscible in a
7. I , Solid Solutions 3 5
limited range of concentrations. c) the macrocomponent and the admixture
are completely miscible. As the admixture concentration is usually low,
cases b) and c) can be discussed altogether, but if the solubility of the
admixture is below 1 %, the substances cannot usually be considered
isomorphous. The condition for isomorphous incorporation is the fit of ionic
or molecular diameters within 10 to 15 940 [30] .
These cases are schematically shown in Fig. 7.1.
I \ \ I immiscible in s.lid
I \ \ B I I \ solid solution
S - B
Fig. 7.1: Schematic representation of a ternary system with components
a) immiscible in solid phase
b) miscible in solid phase
In the system of immiscible components (right) the diagram indicates that
for any composition of the ternary system only pure component A can
precipitate. If both the components are miscible (on the left) then they form
36 7. Distribution of Admixtures
solid solution. The relative amount of the impurity incorporated in the
crystalline phase is related to the energy change upon binding the admix-
ture relative to that upon binding the macrocomponent 181. 7Yu.e solid soh-
tions, t e . true isomorphous incorporation. are expected where the macrocom-
ponent and the admixture are similar in size and shape i93.1121: they form
a common lattice in a large interval of concentrations by mutual sub-
stitution in lattice centres - so they must have an identical lattice type and
very close lattlce dimensions. Isodimorphism is characterized by the ability of
two substances, having different modifications under given conditions, to
form a common crystal lattice identical with that of the macrocomponent:
their structures must be similar, however. I t is interesting to note that when
small mismatches in size occur, the solubility of small molecules in a host
lattice of larger ones is more probable than the solubility of large molecules
in a lattice of smaller ones [88,93,207]. The incorporation of ionic species
was directly related to the charge and molecular size and, for
isodimorphous substances, also to the distance from the transition
temperature of structures. There exist a number of studies quantitatively
describing the distribution of the admixture in the formation of solid solu-
tions 139.87.1 12,1901: the most frequent equations are
InK, =in[:]=>(---) AH' 1 1 R T TB (7.1)
7.2. Isomorphous Inclusion 37
where KB is the distribution constant, x ~ , ~ and xBf are mole fractions of the
impurity in crystals and in the solution, AHH$ is the heat of fusion (or
crystallization) of the admixture and TB is its melting point. The product
purity can be improved from solvents in which the admixture has a high
solubility. This also explains the effect of temperature on some separations
through its direct effect on component solubilities I 1 121. There exists a close
simllarity between the criteria for habit modification and solid solution
formation 12,601.
7.2. Isomorphous Inclusion
According to Hahn’s 1851 precipitation rule, coprecipitation of micro-
impurities in crystals of the macrocomponent always occurs when the
microcomponent is included isomorphously into the crystal lattice of the
macrocomponent or if it contributes to normal lattice formation. Two basic
distribution laws have been formulated for isomorphous impurity in-
corporation I1 38.14 1,166,17 11:
Doerner and Hoskins I641 assume that an exchange reaction between
macrocomponent particles in the lattice and microcomponent particles in
the solution occurs on the surface of each newly formed layer. Assuming
that crystallization is very slow so that equilibrium is established. they
derived the so-called logmtthrnic disMbution law
log- X O = R log- Y O
x o - x Y o - Y (7.2)
38 7. Distribution of Admixtures
where xo and yo are the initial concentrations of the microcomponent and
the macrocomponent, respectively, x and y are the precipitated parts of both
components and il is the logarithmic distribution coefficient.
If h > 1. the solid phase is enriched in the microcomponent during
the crystallization. otherwise, it is depleted in the microcomponent. In
addition, the logarithmic distribution law assumes that diffusion in solid
phase is negligible. Therefore, the admixture distribution in the solid phase
is inhomogeneous: for h > 1, the highest impurity concentration is in the
centre of the crystal and it decreases towards the surface, while for h < 1
this distribution is inversed.
The Nernst distribution assumes that the ions of the two components
are in equilibrium with the ions inside the crystal. The microcomponent
distribution is then homogeneous throughout the crystal and the ho-
mogeneous dIsMbution law holds [92.103,106.117.190~ in the form
X Y - - - D- x o - x Y o - Y
(7.31
where D is the homogeneous distribution coefficient. The homogeneous
distribution law states that, when two substances separate in the form of
isomorphous mixed crystals. the micro- and macrocomponents are dis-
7.2. Isornorphous Inclusion 39
tributed between the solid and liquid phases in a constant ratio. For D > 1.
the solid phase is enriched in the microcomponent. while for D < 1 it is
depleted, compared with the microcomponent contained in the solution.
A general solution of the distribution law [99.138.141.154.1911
originates from a general form of the equation
d x - = R ( x , y) . f ( a ) dY
(7.4)
where x and y are amounts of the micro- and macrocomponent in crystals, 12
k y ) is the differential distribution coefficient in time t andflcJ is the ad-
mixture concentration in the interphase. The shape of the function above is
determined by the relation between the rates of three subsequent steps: a)
transport of the microcomponent from the bulk of solution to the crystal
(uR), b) passage of the admixture through the interphase (up) and c) trans-
port of the admixture through the solid phase (vT). For very different rates
simple solutions can be found:
1) Kinetic reglme where uR s up s uT -0: intensive stirring and diifusion
guarantee a regular distribution of the admixture in solution so that NcA - c
. If the concentrations of the admixture and of the macrocomponent remain
constant, statlonary copreclpltation is described by the equation
X - = js4.c Y
(7.5)
40 7. Distribution of Admixtures
If the concentration of the macrocomponent remains constant whereas the
concentration of the admixture decreases (semistatbnary copreclpitatfon), an
exponential equation 123 11 is obtained
X
x o - = 1 - expCf(n,y)]
Finally, if both the concentrations of components change during the crys-
tallization (non-statbnury precipitation). one obtains the logarithmic distri-
bution law derived by Doerner and Hoskins (641.
2) Di_oirsional regime is characterized by the condition up >> uR >> uT -0.
Detailed analysis of this case 1391 confirmed that a homogeneous distri-
bution of the admixture in the solid phase is not necessarily contingent on a
multiple recrystallization.
3) Migration regime with vR >> up >> uT >> 0 assumes very slow crystal growth.
If the diffusion proceeds quicker than the growth, solution of these statio-
nary conditions leads 147.1411 to the logarithmic distribution law.
This general solution led to the following conclusions: a) Homogeneous
distribution holds for constant concentrations of the macro- and micro-
component in solution. b) Logarithmic distribution is obtained for constant
concentration of the macrocomponent and a variable concentration of the
microcomponent in solution. c) If neither the concentration of the macro-
component nor that of the microcomponent is constant, complicated ex-
7.3. Anomalous Mived Crystals 4 1
pressions are obtained that can be solved for the condition of a very slow
crystallization; applying several simplifications. both equations for homo-
geneous and logarithmic distribution can be obtained: this explains, why
the logarithmic distribution has been found in several cases where the ex-
perimental conditions differed from those applied for the derivation of the
law.
A number of authors investigated the effect of temperature 1108.1451,
agitation I131.1321. and acidity of the solution 1841 on the isomorphous
distribution of impurities.
7.3. Anomalous Mixed Crystals
Sometimes (e.g.. in syncrystallization of heavy metal chlorides with
ammonium chloride 1971). true mixed crystals cannot be formed a s the mi-
cro- and macrocomponent are not isomorphous owing to their chemical
nature and crystal structure parameters. The ions must have a similar
diameter but their charges must be different (e.g., Bas04 and KMnO, or
CaCO, and NaNO,). True solid solution is not expected here. Adsorption is
also not involved, as the admixture is distributed homogeneously
throughout the crystals and the distribution coefficient is Independent of
external crystallization conditions and of the specific surface area of crys-
tals. With this type of system, like PbSO, - RaS04 , a so-called lower Umff
42 7. Distribution of Admtvhues
of miscibiilty can often be observed [104.105.107.164]: on decreasing the
concentration of admixture in the solution below a certain limit, syncrys-
tallization of the two components suddenly stops. This phenomenon can be
explained thus: while in isomorphous inclusion the crystallizing units of
the macrocomponent are replaced with particles of the admixture in the
lattice being formed, here whole sections of the lattice are replaced. At very
low concentrations of the admixture, the formation of such lattice sections
on the crystal surface is improbable and hence a lower miscibility limit
appears.
7.4. Adsorption Inclusion
Coprecipitation of admixtures was first investigated by Paneth [ 1821
who formulated the following rule: The cation of a n admixture is the more
strongly adsorbed on the precipitate, the less soluble the component formed
together with the anion of the macrocomponent is. This rule was been later
modified by Hahn [55]. I t is thus required that the charge of the adsorbed
ion should be opposite to that of the adsorbing surface and that the
solubility of the component combined from the ions of both admixture
and macrocomponent should be low. In addition, the charge and the size of
the adsorbed ion are also of importance [19,70.81]: the polarisation of the
ion proportional to
lonix charge / (bnic dlameter)2
7.5. Mechanism of Internal Adsorption 43
is decisive. Adsorption of positively charged ions of the admixture can oc-
cur on a neutral or even on an also positively charged surface [155]. how-
ever. In any event, a direct dependence between the amount of admixture
adsorbed and the specific surface of crystals has been found.
7.5. Mechanism of Internal Adsorption
Internal adsorption is intermediate between isomorphous inclusion
and adsorption inclusion. In a similar manner to adsorption. it is charac-
terized by the variability of the distribution coefficient with changes in the
crystallization conditions. These anomalous mixed crystals exhibit a regular
but discontinuous distribution of the admixture, owing to Selective
adsorption on certain faces of the growing crystal I209). When the distri-
bution of impurity in the crystal is monitored (e.g.. visually with coloured
admixtures, or by autoradiographic methods I1671). the crystal is found to
be subdivided into individual sectors, identical with bipyramids of faces that
exhibit selective adsorption. This phenomenon is therefore also called
sectorial crystalgrowth [11,166,171,195.2311. The existence of such selective
adsorption is also reflected in the change of crystal shapes.
The term internal adsorption is also used for the adsorption occur-
ring on the internal crystal surface, closely connected with various defects
in crystal structure like breaches or microcavities formed in the block
44 7. Distribution of Admixtures
structure of real crystals. Admixtures trapped at such sites I2001 are cove-
red by new crystal layers so that they cannot be removed by washing with-
out substantial dissolution 1301. They can move, however, if a temperature
gradient is present across the crystal body 1197.2291.
Fig. 7.2: Sectorial crystal growth
7.6. Mechanical Inclusions 45
7.6. Mechanical Inclusions
Under certain conditions. trace amounts of admixtures in solutions
can form colloids, the centres of which can contain various impurities like
dust particles. During crystallization of the macrocomponent. these sub-
stances can be deposited on crystal faces and covered by subsequent layers
of the growing crystal. Another extreme case is inclusion of the other liquor
inside the growing crystals which usually occurs when crys-tallization
proceeds rapidly in unstirred solutions [30]. This sort of crystal
contamination can be avoided by slower crystallization, removal of colloidal
particles from the solution and better stirring.
7.7. Materials Balance for Crystallization in Presence of Impurities
Recycling of mother liquors is a frequently used method in crystalli-
zation that serves a] for minimalization of the amount of discharged mother
liquors, b) for adjustment of an optimal suspension concentration. As the
feed usually contains impurities. these impurities may accumulate in the
crystallizer and it would be advantageous to know the maximum recycling
ratio, a t which the product would still contain impurities within allowed
limits. An answer can give a complex materials balance of the
46 7. Distribution of Admixtures
crystallization and separation unit
unit is shown in Fig. 7.3.
Material balances of individual blocks can be calculated in a usual way; the
crystallizing macrocomponent and the solvent are considered. The impurity
is incorporated into crystals according to the Nernst law
11731. A simple block diagram of the
mcr Wor
mcl W O l - = D1f- (7.8)
where ma and m,., represent the mass of i-th impurity and that of the
macrocomponent in crystals, respectlvely. and war: and wOl are corres-
ponding concentrations in the solution. Another part of the impurity is
trapped on the surface of crystals with adhering mother liquor, proportional
to the liquid content withdrawn with the crystals of product crystals
(7.91
where the subscrlpt c represents crystals and f represents the mother
liquor. Percentage of the impurity in crystals is then
7.7 Materials Balance 47
I vapour recyc I e
product si Fig. 7.3: Block diagram of the crystallization / separation
unit with recycle of mother liquor
(7.10)
Mother liquor is divided into recycled part and withdrawn part in a ratio
given by the recycling ratio R:
recycled mother liquor total mother liquor
R = (7.11)
48 7. DLstribution of admixtures
An example of typical results 11731 is shown in Figs 7.4 and 7.5.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the simulations 11 731:
a) The time necessary to reach the steady state depends on the recycling
ratio.
b) The effect of the distribution coefficient of the admixture prevails in the
region D,, > 0.1, whereas the effect of adhering mother liquors becomes very
important a t D,, < 0.5.
c] The impurity content in the product from a cooling crystallizer is almost
independent of the mass of precipitated crystals and of the recycling ratio R.
In the products from evaporative crystallizers. the impurities increase with
the recycling ratio, in particular for admixtures with D,, c 0.5. whereas for
D,, - 1 the purity slightly increases.
Another paper 11431 deals with the optimization of conditions for
improving the purity of crystals.
7.7. Materials Balance 49
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0 1 2 3 4
log D,
Fig. 7.4: Dependence of the impurity contents in a product from a cooling
crystallizer as function of the distribution coefficient D,i and the
humidity of product crystals.
The curves correspond to the liquid content withdrawn with the
crystals wco (from the top) 0.20, 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01, respec-
tively
50 7. Distribution of Admixtures
4 2.5
2.0
15
1.0
0.5
0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
R
Fig. 7.5: Impurity contents in a product from an evaporative crystallizer as
a function of the recycling ratio R and the distribution coefficient
D,, (with a constant liquid content withdrawn with the crystals).
Values ofDI1:
6 ... 1.0 1 ... 0.005, 2 ... 0.01, 3 ... 0.05, 4 ... 0.1, 5 ... 0.5,
7.8. Cascade M i a t i o n 5 1
7.8. Cascade Purification
Crystal contamination can arise from a number of causes. This is an
undesirable phenomenon when high-purity products are required. In spite
of the different mechanisms, the distribution of a microcomponent a t
equilibrium can frequently be approximated by the homogeneous
distribution law 11381 that can be written as
Y = k , X (7.12)
where X and Y are the relative masses of the microcomponent related to unit
mass of the macrocomponent in the liquid and solid phases respectively. If
the initial mass fraction of the microcomponent in crystals is yo and its final
value is yf then [ 1371 Y and X are:
(7.13)
Y O Y' Wf - - (Wf - weq)- 1-yo 1 - yi X =
From the point of view of economy in discharge of solutions, the multistage
counter-current recrystallization seems to be most advantageous (Fig. 7.61.
52 7. Distribution of Admixtures
t ,,,k-I l c
m k t l sol
x k + l Q
Fig. 7.6: Definition of streams in the k-th stage of a cascade with
counter-current recrystallization
The balance of the microcomponent in the k-th stage can be written in the
form [ 135) :
m, Y k-l + mL x”-’ + m,, xk+l = m, Y + ( mL + mso, )xk (7.14)
where the subscripts c, L and sol represent the crystals, liquid adhering on
crystals and solutlon respectively, and the superscripts express the serial
number of the stage. The mass balance for the microcomponent over the
whoIe n-stage recrystalhation system can be written as:
7.8. Cascade Puriatron 53
m, Yo + mL X o + mso, Xn+' = m, Y n + m, X" + mso, X' (7.15)
The aim in solving this equation is to find the microcomponent contents in
the product, Y". and in the exit mother liquor. X1. For the condition
and after introduction of the dimensionless concentration parameters
zk = Y k / Y o (7.17)
and the recrystallization factor WW ~- Ww WL-
m d m c - W L - W ~ 1 - w ~ ~ ~ K = - WLWeq
kH+---- 1 - WLWeq
kH +mL I me
the equations above can be solved 1137.1393 with the result
z; = ( l + K - k , K ) - l
l /Z , " = ( l + K - k , , K ) ( l + K ) - K
(7.18)
(7.19)
(7.20)
(7.21)
54 7 . Distribution of Admixtures
Example: A saturated solution of KAl(SO4)z at 6OoC has been cooled down to 2OoC.
The original salt contained yo - 1.3 Na. After crystallization the Na content
dropped to 2 . lo-* Na. The respective solubilities are w1 - w (60) - 0.5585 , weq - w (20) - 0.1127. The distribution coefficient found in independent experiments was
kH - 0.035. Liquid content withdrawn with the crystals of separated crystals was
WL - 0.03. I t follows that the recrystallization coefflclent K - 6.50. We shall calculate
the number of stages necessary to obtain crystals with a Na content 100 tlmes
lower. We obtain:
Zf! - 0.1375
Zy - 0.0208
9.” - 0.0032 < 0.01
The required purification can thus be achieved in three stages.
An analogous solution has been found 11361 also for a cross-current
flow model with the result that this model requires higher solvent con-
sumptlon and is thus less advantageous.
In melt crystallization. additional purification steps like sweating and
washing can reduce the number of stages. Sweating is a temperature
induced process step which leads to a liquidizing of impurities in crystals
due to the temperature increase to the melting point of the major compo-
nent. Washing is a stripping of the crystals of the adhering residual mother
liquid by rinsing with pure product or by a so-called diffusion washing.
Dzfusion washing is a purification due to a liquid - liquid diffusion of
impurities out of the crystal (pores or cracks) into the surrounding purer
melt [181.197.227,228.2331.
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
8. Notations
A
a
B
C
D
K
KB
k
k
n
n
P
R
R
S
surface area
lattice constant
constant
concentration
homogeneous distribution coefficient
enthalpy of fusion
enthalpy of mixing
recrystallization factor
distribution coefficient
k-th stage
Planck constant
homogeneous distribution coefficient
growth rate of a face in presence of admixture
growth rate of a face in absence of admixture
growth rate of a face in full coverage by admixture
mass of crystals
total number of stages
average density of the admlxture on a surface
concentration (wt. %)
gas constant
recycling ratio
relative supersaturation
56 8. Notatlons
-T
TB
UR
UP
UT
W
X
X
Y
Y
z
a
6
R
P C
0
a
temperature
melting point of the impurity
mass transport rate in the bulk of solution
mass transport rate through the interface
mass transport rate in the solid phase
concentration (mass fraction)
relative mass of microcomponent in liquid phase
mole fraction of microcomponent
relative mass of microcomponent in solid phase
mole fraction of the macrocomponent
dimensionless concentration parameter
surface entropy factor
energy
logarithmic distribution coefficient
crystal density
surface energy
ratio of number of nearest neighbours
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
9. References
111 Addadi. L.. Berkovitch-Yellin. 2.. Weissbach. I.: Angew. Chem.
Int. 24 (1985) 466
121 Addadi. L.. Berkovitch-Yellin, 2.. Welssbach. I.. Lahav. M..
Leiserowitz, L.: Topics in Stereochem. 16 (1986) 1
[3l Addadi. L., Berkovitch-Yellin. 2.. Weissbach, I., van Mil. J.. Shimon.
L.J.V.. Lahav. M.. Leiserowitz, L.: Angew. Chem. 97 (6) (1985) 476
141 Albon, N., Dunnlng. W.J.: Acta Cryst. 15 (1962) 474
151 Bennema. P.: Progress in crystal growth from solutions: Implications
for lndustrlal crystallization. in: IndusMal Crystallization ‘78 (eds. de
Jong. E.J.. JaneiC, S.J.), p. 115. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1979
I61 Bennema. P.. Gllmer, G.H.,in: Crystal Growth - anIntroductlon (ed.
Hartman, P.), p. 263. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1973
I71 Bennema, P.. van der Eerden, J.P.: J. Crystal Growth 42 (1977) 201
I81 Berkovitch-Yellln. 2.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 107 (1985) 8239
[9] Black, S.N.. Davey. R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 90 (1988) 136
1101 Black, S.N., Davey. R.J.. Halcrow. M.: J. Crystal Growth 79 (1-3, Pt.
21(1986) 765
[ 111 Blank. A.B.. Komishan. N.I.: Stsintill. mater. 1 osobo chist. khim.
veshch. 3 (1979) 124
1121 Bliznakov, G.: Izv. Bulg. Acad. Nauk. Ser. Fiz. 4 (1954) 135
1131 Bliznakov, G.: 2. physik. Chem. 209. 5/6 (1958) 372
1141 Bliznakov, G.: Kristallografiya 4 (1959) 150
1151 Bliznakov. G.. Kirkova, E.: 2. physik. Chem. 206. 3 / 4 (1957) 271
58 9. References
1161 Bliznakov. G.. Kirkova. E.. Nikolaeva. R.: Z. physik. Chem. 228.
1 / 2 (1965) 23
I171 Bliznakov. G.. Nikolaeva. R.: Krist. Technlk 2 (1967) 161
1181 Boistelle. R.: Survey of crystal habit modification in solution. in:
Industrial Crystallization (ed. Mullin. J.W.). p. 203, Plenum Press,
New York 1976
1191 Bollmann. W.: Crystal Res. Technol. 16 (4) (1981) 521
I201 Botsaris. G.D.: Secondary nucleation - A Review, in: Industrial
Crystallization (ed. Mullin. J.W.), p.3, Plenum Press, New York
1976
I211 Botsarls, G.D.: Effects of impurities in crystallization processes, in:
Industrial Crystallization '81 (eds. JanCiC. S.J.. de Jong, E.J.). p. 109.
North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
[221 Botsarls, G.D.. Denk, E.G., Chua. J.O.: AICHE Symp. Ser. 68 (121)
(1972) 21
1231 Botsaris, G.D., Pagounes, J.O.: AICHE Symp. Ser. 83.1253) (1987) 19
1241 Bourne, J.R.: AIChE Symp. Ser. 76,193 (1980) 59
I251 Bourne, J .R . , Davey, R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 36 (1976) 278. 287
1261 Bourne, J.R.. Davey. R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 39 (1977) 267
[271 Bourne, J.R.. Davey. R.J.. McCulloch. J.: Chem. Eng. Sci. 33
(1978) 99
I281 Brice, J.C.: M e Growth ofCrystalsfrom Uqdds. North-Holland,
Amsterdam 1973
9. References 59
1291 Broul. M.: Res. Report Res.Inst.1norg.Chcm. osti n.L.. VUAnCh VZ-E-
612 (1972)
1301 Broul. M.. Nplt. J.: Chem. Listy 74 (1980) 362
1311 Buckley H.E.: 2. Krist. 85 (1933) 58
(32) Buckley, H.E.: Crystalgrowth, Wiley. New York 1951
1331 Buehrer. T.F., Reitmeier. R.F.: J. Phys. Chem. 44 (1940) 552
1341 Bunn. C.W.: Proc. Royal SOC. London A 141 (1933) 567
I351 Bunn, C.W.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (1949) 287
(36) Bunn, C.W., Emmett, H.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (1949) 119
I371 Burrill. K.A.: J. Crystal Growth 12 (1972) 239
1381 Burton, W.K.. Cabrera. N.. Frank, F.C.: Phil. Trans. Roy. SOC. A243
(1951) 299
1391 Burton, J.A.. Prim. R.C.. Slichter. W.P.: J. Chem. Phys. 21 (1953)
1987
(401 Byteva, I.M.: Rost kristallov 3 (1961) 296
[41] Cabrera. N.. Vermilyea, D.A.: in: Growth and Perfection of Crystals,
(eds. Doremus. R.H.. Roberts, B.W.. Turnbull, D.), p. 393, Wiley.
New York 958
[42] Cannel. D.S., Aubert. C.: Fractal Patterns in Physics, in: Growth and
Form (eds Stanly. H.E.. Ostrowski, N.), Nijhoff. Dordrecht 1986
1431 Cayey. N.W.. Estrin. J.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 6 (1967) 13
(441 Chatterji. A.C.. Rastogi, R.P.: J . Indian Chem. SOC. 29 (1952) 458
60 9. References
1451 Chen. B.D., Polts. G.. Davey. R.J., Garside. J., Bergmann, D..
Nieh6rster. S . . Ulrich. J.: J. Crystal Growth (in press)
1461 Chernov. A.A.: Uspekhi fiz. nauk 73 (1961) 277
147) Chernov. A.A.: Rost kristallov 3 (1961) 52
I481 Chernov. A.A.: in: Growth of Crystals (Shubnikov. A.V.. Sheftal. N.N.) .
3 (1962) 31. Consultants Bureau, New York 1962
I491 Chernov, A.A.: in: Adsorption et croissance CristaZline. p. 265. C.N.R.S.
Paris 1965
I501 Chernov. A.A.: Krlst. Tech. 6 (5) (1971) 577
I511 Chvoj 2.: J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 18 (1993) 201
1521 van Damme - van Weele. M.A.: in: Adsorption et croissance
cristaZUne. p. 433, C.N.R.S.. Paris 1965
I531 Davey, R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 34 (1976) 109
1541 Davey. R.J.: The control of crystal habit, in: Industrial CrystalUzation
'78 (eds. de Jong. E.J.. JanCiC, S.J.). p. 169. North-Holland,
Amsterdam 1979
1551 Davey, R.J.: The role of additives in precipitation processes, in:
Industrial Crystallization 81 (eds. Janeie. S.J.. de Jong. E.J.). p. 123.
North-Holland,, Amsterdam 1982
1561 Davey R.J.: in: Current Topics InMateriaZs Science, vol. 8 (ed.
Kaldis. E 1, p. 431, North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
1571 Davey. R.J., Mllosavljevic, B.. Bourne, J.R.: J. Phys. Chem. 92
(1988) 2032
9. References 61
1581 Davey. R.J.. Mullin. J.W.: J. Crystal Growth 26 (1974) 45
(591 Davey. R.J.. Mullin, J.W.. Whlting. M.J.L.: J. Crystal Growth 58
(1982) 304
1601 Davey. R.J.. Polywka. L.A.. Maginn. S.J.: The control of morphology
by additives, in: Advances in Industrial Crystallization. (eds. Garside,
J., Davey, R.J., Jones, A.G.). p. 150, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Oxford 1991
I611 Denk. E.G.. Botsaris. G.D.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14 (1972) 493
1621 Dhanasekaran, R.. Ramasamy. P.: Crystal Res. Technol. 16 (1981)
299
1631 Docherty, R., Roberts, K.J.: ModelUng the Morphology of Molecular
Crystals, Thesis, Univ. Strathclyde 1989
I641 Doerner. H.A., Hosklns, W.M.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 47 (1925) 662
1651 Donnay. J.D.H.. Harker. D.: Am. Mineral. 22 (1937) 446
(661 Dunning, W.J., Jackson, R.W.. Mead, D.G.: in: Adsorption et croissance
cristalline. p. 303, C.N.R.S. Paris 1965
1671 van der Eerden. J.P.. Muller-Krumbhaar. H.: Electrochim. Acta 31
(1986) 1007
1681 Fabian. J.. Ulrich. J . : Dissolution like crystal growth - a two-step
process, presentation of experimental evldence, in: Industrial
CrystaUization '93 (ed. Rojkowski. 2.). p. 4-041, Warszaw 1993
1691 Fajans, K.. Erdey. Gruz. T.: 2. physik. Chem. 158 (1931) 97
(701 Frledel. G.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Miner. 30 (1907) 326
62 9. References
I711 Garrett, D.E.: Brit. Chem. Eng. 4 (1959) 637
I721 Garside. J., Mersmann. A.. Nfil t , J. (eds.): Measurement of Crystal
Growth Rates, WPC-EFCE. Munich 1990
[73] Gaubert. P.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. 17 (1894) 121
[74] Gaubert, P.: Compt. Rend. 155 (1912) 649
I751 Gibbs. J.W.: On equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, in:
Collected works of J.W. Gibbs. Longman. New York 1878
1761 Gilman, J.J., Johnston, W.G., Sears, G.W.: J. Appl. Phys. 29 (1958)
747
1771 Gilmer. G.H.. Bennema, P.: J . Crystal Growth 13/14 (1972) 148
1781 Ginde. R.M.. Myerson. A.S.: J. Crystal Growth 126 (2-3) (1993) 216
1791 Glasner. A.: Israel J. Chem. 7 (1969) 633
1801 Glasner. A.. Skurnik. S.: J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 3687
18 11 Goldschmidt. V.M.: Geochernische Verteilungsgesetze WI, Oslo
1926
1821 Goldschmidt. V.M.: Kristallokhirniya, ONTI, Leningrad 1937
I831 Gopal, R.. Rastogi, R.P.: J. Indian Chem. SOC. 27 (1950) 401
I841 Grebenshchikova, V.I.: Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 3 (1958) 20
I851 Hahn, 0.: Applied Radfochernistry. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. New
York 1936
I861 Hall, R.E.: USP 1 956 515 (1934)
I871 Hall, R.N.: J. Phys. Chem. 57 (1953) 836
9. References 63
(881 Harano. Y., Yamamoto. H.: Impurity effect of some amino acids on
formation and growth of L-glutamic acid nuclei by secondary
nucleation in agitated solution, in: Industrial Crystallization 81 (eds.
JanCid. S.J.. de Jong. E.J.). p. 137. North-Holland, Amsterdam
1982
1891 Hartman, P.: 2. Krist . 119 (1963) 65
1901 Hartman. P.. Kern, R.: Compt. Rend. 258 (19641 4591
1911 Hartman. P.. Perdok, W.G.: Acta Cryst. 9 (19551 49, 521, 525
(921 Henderson, L.M.. Kracek. F.C.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 49 (1927) 738
[93] Hildebrand, J.H.. Scott, R.L.: The Solubility of NoneZectroZytes, 3rd
ed.. p. 300. Reinhold, New York 1950
1941 Hocart, R.. Vincent, E.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. Crist. 82 (1959)
398
1951 Jackson, K.A.: Liquid Metals and Solidi$cation, p. 174. Am. SOC.
Metals, Cleveland 1958
1961 Jetten. L.A.M.J.. Human, H.J. , Bennema. P., van der Eerden. J.P.:
J. Crystal Growth 68 (1984) 503
[971 Johnsen, J.: Neues Jahrb. Miner. ZZ (1903) 93
1981 de Jong. E.J.: Nucleation - a Review. in: Industrial Crystallization 78
(ed. de Jong. E.J.. Janeic. S.J.). p. 3. North-Holland, Amsterdam
1979
1991 Kliding. H.. Mumbrauer. R., Riehl, N.: 2. Physlk. Chem. 161
(1932) 362
64 9. References
I1001 Karma, A.. Kotliar. B.G.: Phys. Rev. A 31 (5) (1985) 3266
11011 Khamski. E.V.: KrlstaULzatslya iz Rastvorou, Nauka. Leningrad 1967
11021 Khamski. E.V.. Podozerskaya. E.A.. Freidin, B.M., Bykova. A.N..
Sedelnikova. N.D. : KristaUizatsiya I Mb-Khirnicheskie Suoystua
KristaUicheskich Veschestv. Nauka, Leningrad 1969
11031 Khlopin. V.G.: Z. anorg. Chern. 143 (1925) 97
I 1041 Khlopin. V.G.: Izbrannye W y , Izd. AN SSSR, Moscow 1957
I1051 Khlopin. V.G., Merkulova. M.S.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 65
(1949) 6
[lo61 Khlopin. V.G.. Nikitin. B.A.: Z. anorg. Chem. 166 (1927) 311
I1071 Khlopin. V.G.. Niki t in , B.A.: 2. physik. Chem. A 145 (1929) 137
11081 Khlopin. V.G.. Polessitski. A.E.. Tolrnachev. P.: 2. physik. Chem.
A145 (1929) 57
11091 Kleber. W.: 2. physik. Chem. 206 (1957) 327
Ill01 Kleber. W.: 2. Krist. 109 (1957) 115
I1111 Kleber. W.: 2. Krist. 111 (1959) 213
11 121 Klug. D.L.: The Influence of Impurities and Solvents on Crystal-
lization. in: Handbook of Industrial Crystallization, (ed. Myerson. A.S.),
p.65. Butterworth - Heinemann, Stoneham 1992
11131 Kiinig. A.. Emons. H.H.: Crystal Res. Technol. 23 (1988) 319
11141 Kossel. W.: Nachr. Ges. Wiss . Giittingen. Math. Phys. Kl. K1 (1927)
135
1115) Kossel. W.: Ann. Physik 21 (1934) 457
9. References 65
[ 1 161 Kruse. M.: Zur Modellierung der Wachstumskinetik in der Lcisungs-
kristalllsatlon. Thesis, Univ. Bremen 1992. VDI Verlag. Dfisseldorf
1993
11 171 Kurganetskii. N.V., Bzovyi. M.G., Savulyak. V.V.. Popov. M.M..
Lopushanskaya, A.I.: Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 57 (1) (1983) 38
[ 1181 Kuschel. F.. Kbnig. A.. Herold. S.: Crystal Res. Technol. 18 (1983)
427
[ 1191 Kuszlik. A.-K.: Efnt,4 der Pulsation auf die Stomennung in Apparaten
zur statIschengerichteten KristaULsation, Thesis, Univ. Bremen 1990
[ 1201 Kuznetsov. V.D.: KristaUy 1 Kristallizatsiya, Gostekhizdat, Moscow
1953
[ 1211 Lacmann. R.: Crystallization with two components, in: Industrial
C y s t d h t i o n '90 (ed. Mersmann, A.), p. 627. Munich 1990
[ 1221 Lacmann, R., Herden. A.. Rolfs, J., SchrBder. W.: O n the influence of
impurities on crystallization. in: Indusbial Cystallizatlon '90 (ed.
Mersmann. A.), p. 671, Munich 1990
[ 1231 Lahav. M.. Leiserowitz. L.: Tailor-made auxiliaries for the control of
nucleation, growth and dissolution of crystals, in: Industrial
Crystallization '90 (ed. Mersmann, A.), p. 609. Munich 1990
11241 Lahav. M.. Leiserowitz, L.: J . Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26 (8B) (1993) B22
[ 1251 Ledesert, M.. Monier. J.C.: in: Adsorption et croissance cristalllne, Coll.
Int. CNRS No. 152. p. 537. CNRS. Paris 1965
I1261 Leubner. I.H.: J. Crystal Growth 84 (3) (1987) 496
66 9. References
[ 1271 Lin. S.M.: Fractals and their Applications in Condensed Matter
Physics, in: Solid State Physics, VoL 39. p. 207. Springer, Berlin
1986
[ 1281 Mandelbrot, B.B.: The Ractal Geometry of Nature. Freeman. San
Francisco 1982
I1291 MareEek. V.. Dobi&GovA. L.. NovBk. J.: Kris t . Tech. 4 (1969) 39
(1301 Matuchov6, M., Nplt , J.: Chem. Listy 69 (1975) 1
11311 Matusevich. L.N.: Zhur. Prom. Khim. 32 (1959) 536
I1321 Matusevich. L.N.: Zhur. Prom. Khim. 33 (1960) 316
11331 Matusevich, L.N.: Kristallizatsiya iz Rastuorou u Khimicheskoi
Promyshlennosti, Khimiya, Moscow 1968
[ 1341 Matz, G.: Kristallisation, Grundlagen und Technik. Springer,
Heidelberg 1969
[ 1351 Mayrhofer. B.. Mayrhoferov5. J.. NeuZfl. L.. Npl t , J.: Collect.
Czech. Chem. Commun. 51 (1986) 2481
I1361 Mayrhofer. B.. MayrhoferovA. J.. NeuZil. L.. Nplt . J.: Collect.
Czech. Chem. Comrnun. 51 (1986) 2486
(1371 Mayrhofer. B.. Neuifl, L., Nplt, J.. Mayrhoferovii. J.: Chem.
prdmysl36 (1 986) 232
11381 Mayrhofer. B.. Nplt. J.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 52
(1987) 1198
I1391 Mayrhofer, B.. Nplt , J.: Mathematical modelling of salt purification
by recrystallization, in: Industrial Crystallization '87 (eds. Nyvlt, J.,
ZaCek, S.) , p. 567. Academia Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1989
9. References 67
11401 Melia, T.P., Moffltt, W.P.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 3 (1964) 313
11411 Melikhov. I.V.: Radiokhimiya 2 (1960) 509
I1421 Melikhov. I.N.. Merkulova. N.S.: Sokrlstallizatsiya, Khimiya, Moscow
1975
I1431 Melikhov, I.V., Mikhin. E.V.. Pekler, A.M.: Some aspects of optimi-
zing purification by crystallization, in: Industrial Crystallization '78
(eds. de Jong. E.J., JanEid, S.J.). p. 573. North-Holland, Amsterdam
1979
11441 Mel'nikov, B.I.. Tsygankov. G.T.. Krutov. V.N.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 61
(1) (1988) 79
[1451 Merkulova, M.S.: Trudy gos. rad. inst. III (1937) 141
I1461 Miura. M.. Otani, S., Kodama. M., Shinagawa, K.: J. Phys. Chem. 66
(1962) 252
11471 Miura, M.. Otani. S., Abe. Y.. Fukumura. C.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan
36 (1963) 1091
11481 Mohameed. H.A.. Ulrich. J.: Influence of the pH value on the growth
rate of potassium chloride, in: BIWIC '94 (ed. J. Ulrich), p. 112.
Verlag M a i m , Aachen 1994
I1491 Monier. J.: Compt. Rend. 236 (1953) 2089
11501 Monier. J., Raymond, H.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. Crist. 77
(1954) 1029
11511 Mullin, J.W.: Crystal growth in pure and impure systems, in:
Industrial Crystallization '78 (eds de Jong. E.J.. JanEiC, S.J.), p. 93,
North-Holland. Amsterdam 1979
68 9. References
11521 Mullln. J.W.: Crystallization. 3rd. ed.. Butterworth - Heinemann,
London 1993
11531 Mullln. J.W.. Amatavivadhana A.. Chakraborty M.: J. Appl.
Chem. 20 (5) (1970) 153
11541 Mumbrauer, R.: 2. Physik. Chem. A 156 (1931) 113
11551 Mumbrauer, R.: 2. Physik. Chem. A 163 (1933) 142
11561 Murat. M., El HaJjouji. A.: J . Chim. Phys. - Chim. Biol. 84 (2) (1987)
209
[ 1571 Murat, M.. Sadok el Habib: Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2, 310 (12)
(1990) 615
11581 Mutaftschiev. B.: Chem. Phys. Solid Surf. (1977) 73
(1591 Myerson. A.S.. Weisinger. Y.. Ginde. R.: Crystal shape, the role of
solvents and impurities. in: Industrial Crystallization '93, VoL I (ed.
Rojkowskl. 2.). p. 3- 135. Warsaw 1993
11601 Naono, H.. Mlura. M.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 38 (1965) 80
[I611 Naono, H.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 40 (1967) 1104
11621 Neuhaus, A.: 2. Krist. 103 (1941) 297
11631 Neuhaus, A.: Angew. Chem. 64 (1952) 158
11641 Nikitln. B.A.: Izbrannye tnrdy, Izd. AN SSSR. Moscow 1956
11651 Novlkov, A.N., Panov. V.I., Prisyazhniuk, V.A.: Prornyshlennaya
KristalUzatsfya, Trudy NIOKHIM 20 (1969) 89
[ l66] Novobilsky. V.. N@lt. J., Jager. L.: Chem. prfimysl 18 (1968) 14
[ 1671 Novobilsky. V.. N@lt. J,.. JBger. L.: Chem. prfimysl 18 (1968) 180;
ibid. 459
9. References 69
I1681 N j v l t , J.: Chem. prhmysl 12 (1962) 170
[ 1691 Njvlt, J.: IndusLTLal Crystallizationfrom solutions. Butterworth. London
1971
11701 Njvlt. J.: Chem. prhmysl29 (1979) 238
[ 1711 Nyvlt, J.: Solid - Lquid Phase Equilibria, Elsevier Amsterdam and
Academia Prague 1977
[ 1721 Njvlt. J.: Industrial Crystallization - Me Present State of the Art.
2nd. ed.. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1982
I1731 Njvl t . J.. Broul, M.: Chem. p r ~ m y s l 27 (1977) 597
I1741 Njvlt . J.. Eysseltovh, J.: Collect. Czech Chem. Commun. 59 (1994)
191 1
[175] Njvl t . J.. Gotffried, J.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 32 (1967)
3459
[ 1761 N j v l t , J., Gotffried. J., KilCkova. J.:Chem. prhmysl 14 (1964) 242
I1771 Njvl t . J.. Gottfried. J., KflEkova., J . : Collect. Czech. Chem.
Commun. 29 (1964) 2283
[ 1781 Njvlt . J., Sdhnel. 0.. MatuchovB. M.. Broul, M.: The Kinetics of
Industrial Crystallization, Elsevier Amsterdam and Academia Prague
1985
[ 1791 Ohara, M., Reid, R.C.: Modeling Crystal GrowthRatesfrom Solution.
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1973
I1801 Otant, S.: Bull. Chem. SOC. J a p a n 33 (1960) 1549
[ 18 11 ozoguz, Y: Zur Schichtkristalllsatn als SchmeIzkristalllsatio~ve~a~en,
Thesis. Unlv. Bremen 1991, VDI Verlag. Diisseldorf 1992
70 9. References
[ 1821 Paneth. F.: Radio-Elements as Indicators. New York 1928
[ 1831 Panov, V.I., Novikov. A.N., Prisyazhniuk, V.A.: Promyshlennaya
KristalUzatsia, Rudy MOKHLM 20 (1969) 72
11841 Potapenko. S.Yu.: Poverkhnost 8 (1988) 28
[185] Potapenko, S. Yu.: Rost Krist. 18 (1990) 31
[I861 Potapenko. S.Yu.: J. Crystal Growth 133 (1-2) (1993) 141
(1871 Potapenko. S.Yu.: J. Crystal Growth 133 (1-2) (1993) 147
11881 Powers, H.E.C.: Ind. Chemist 39 (1963) 351
[ 1891 Raistrick. B.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (1949) 234
(1901 Ratner, A.P.: J. Chem. Phys. 1 (1933) 789
(1911 Riehl. N.. Kading. H.: 2. Physik. Chem. A 149 (1930) 180
11921 Rosenstein. L.: USP 2 038 316 (1936)
[193] Royer. L.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. 51 (1928) 7
11941 Sander, L.M.: in: Kinetics ofAggregatlon and Gelation, (eds. Landau,
D.P.. Family, F.). p.13. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1984
11951 Sangwal. K.. Owczarek. I.: J. Crystal Growth 129 13-41 (1993) 640
11961 Sarig. S., Ginio, 0.: J. Phys. Chem. 80 (1976) 256
I1 971 Scholz. R.: Die Schichtkristallisation als thermisches Trennuerfahren,
Thesis, Univ. Bremen 1993. VDI Verlag, Dfisseldorf 1993
[ 1981 Sears, G.W.: J. Chem. Phys. 29 (1958) 1045
(1991 Sears, G.W.: J. Chem. Phys. 33 (1960) 1068
(2001 Senol. D.. Myerson, A.S.: AICHE Symp. Ser. 78 (215) (1982) 37
12011 Sheftal. N.N.: Rost kristallov 1 (1957) 5
9. References 7 1
[202] Sheftal, N.N.: Protsessy Realnogo Kristalloobraz. 101 (1977); CA 91
047479
I2031 Shor. S.M.: Thesis. Iowa State Univ., Ames. Iowa 1970
I2041 Shor, S.M.. Larson. M.A.: Chem. Eng. Progr., Symp. Ser. 67
(110) (1971) 32
12051 Simon. B., Boistelle. R.: Crystal Growth from Low-Temperature
Solutions, ZCCG-6, Moscow 1980
12061 Slavnova, E.N.: Rost kristallov 2 (1959) 223
12071 van der Sluls. S . . Witkamp, G.J., van Rosmalen, G.M.: J. Crystal
Growth 70 (1 986) 620
12081 Spangenberg, K.: Z Krist. 59 (1924) 383
12091 Stelnike. U.: Krls ta l l u. Technik 6 (1971) 7
12 101 Stepanski. M.: Zur Wachstumskinetik in der LlfsungskristaUisation.
Thesis, Univ. Bremen 1990
I2 1 11 Stepin, B.D.. Gorshtein. I.G.. Blyum, G.Z., Kudryumov, G.M..
Ogloblina. V.P.: Metody poluchenia osobo chistykh neorganicheskikh
ueshchesiu. Khlmia, Leningrad 1969
I2121 Stranski. I.N.: 2. Physik. Chem. B11 (1931) 342
I2131 Stranski. I.N.: Naturwiss. 19 (1931) 689
(2 141 Strickland-Constable, R.F.: Ktnetics and mechanism of crystafiation,
Acad. Press, London 1968
I2151 Strickland-Constable, R.P.: AIChE, Symp. Ser. 121 (1972) 1
12161 Sung, C.Y.. Estrin. J.. Youngquist. G.R.: AIChE J. 19 (1973) 957
72 9. References
12171 Tadros, M.E.. Mayes. I.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 72 (19791 245
[2 181 Temkin. D.E.: in: CystalUzatIon Processes. p. 15. Consultants Bureau,
New York 1964
12191 Terkhin. S.N. . Zherebovich. A.S.. Volkova. N.A.: Vysokochlst.
Veshchestva 1 (1989) 20
12201 Thomson. G.: Proc. Phys. Soc. 61 (19481 403
I2211 Tiller, W.A.: J. Crystal Growth 75 (1) (1986) 132
[222] Tilmans. Yu. Ya.: KristaUizatsiya Solei iz Vodnykh Rastoorov v Prisutstvii
PrimeseiRaznykhZonov, Izd. AN Kirg. SSR. Frunze 1957
[223] Titiloye, J.O., Parker, S.C., Dsuguthorpe, D.J.. et al.: J. Chem. Soc..
Chem. Commun. 20 (1991) 1494
12241 Treivus. E.B.: Kristallografiya 27 (1) (1982) 165
12251 Ulrich. J.: Zur Kristallkeimbildung durch mechanischen Abrieb, Thesis,
RWTH Aachen 1981
(2261 Ulrich, J.: Kristallwachsturnsgeschwfndigkeiten bei der KomkristaUisa-
tion. Einfihrl ikn und Mepechniken. Reihe Verfahrenstechnik,
Shaker, Aachen 1993
(2271 Ulrich, J., Kallies. B.: Developments in crystallization processes from
the melt, in: Current Topics in Crystal Growth Research, Research
Trends, Trivandrum (India) (1994)
12281 Ulrich. J.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 66 (1994) 1341
[229] Ulrich. J., Scholz. R.. Wangnick. K.: J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26 (1993)
B168
9. References 73
12301 van der Voort. E.. Hartman. P.: J. Crystal Growth 104 (1990) 450
12311 Walter, L.. Schlundt, N.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 50 (1927) 3266
1232) Wang. J.L., Berkovltch-Yellin, 2.. Leiserowitz. L.: Acta Cryst. B41
(1 985) 34 1
12331 Wangnlck, K. : Das Waschen als Nachbehandlungsprozesse der Schicht-
kristallisation, Thesis, Univ. Bremen 1994, VDI Verlag, Dnsseldorf
1994
12341 Weijnen. M.P.C.. van Rosmalen. G.M.. Bennema, P.: J. Crystal
Growth 82 (3) (1987) 528
[235] Weissbuch. I.. Shlmon. L.J.W.. Addadi. L.. Berkovitch-Yellin, 2..
Weinstein. S.. Lahav. M., Leiserowitz. L.: Israel J. Chem. 25 (1985)
353
12361 Weissbuch. I., Shimon, L.J.W., Landau, E.M., Popovitz-Biro. R..
Berkovitch-Yellin, 2.. Addadi. L.. Lahav. M.. Leiserowitz. L.: Pure
Appl. Chem. 58 (61 (1986) 947
12371 Wells, A.F.: Phil. Mag. 37 (1946) 184
12381 Wells, A.F.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (19491 197
(2391 Wen, Fu-Chu: Kinetic study of crystal growthfrom supersaturated
droplets, PhD Thesis, Georgia Inst. Technol. 1975
I2401 Westwood. A.R.C.. Rubln. H.: J. Appl. Phys. 33 (1962) 2001
(2411 Whetstone, J . : Nature 168 (1951) 663
12421 Wirges. H.P.. Scharschmldt. J.. Karbach. A., Reichel, F.: The lnfluen-
ce of addltives on crystallization processes, in: B M C ’ 94 (ed.
J.Ulrlch1, p. 82, Verlag Mainz, Aachen 1994
74 9. References
[2431 Yanson, Yu. A., Stekol'nikov. A.V.: Teplofiz. Krist. Veshch.1 mater.,
Novosibirsk (1987) 66
[2441 Yuan, J.J.. Stepanski, M., Ulrich. J.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 62 (8) (1990)
645
[2451 Zharikov. E.V.. Zavartsev. Yu.D.. Laptev. V.V., Samoilova. S.A.:
Crystal Res. Technol. 24 (1989) 751
TABLES
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
Crystal system
cubic
tetragonal
hexagonal
trigonal
rhombic
monoclinic
triclinic
10. Tables
Characteristics
a - b - c . a-B- t . -90°
a - b s c , a - / j - = y - 9 0 °
a l - a 2 = a 3 s c , a - ? - 9 0 0
a - b - c , a-b-y t :9O0
a s b g c , a - , 6 - r - 9 0 °
a s b s c , a - y - 9 0 ° / i s 9 0 °
a L b sc , a ,/1 ,y s 90°
I t is almost impossible to record all the papers dealing with the effect of
admixtures on the crystallization of substances from aqueous solutions. The aim of
this compilation is to give a qualitative survey of literature, providing the
possibility of finding references dealing with individual systems. In order to give a
uniform presentation, every table is divided into two parts: the first part gives
fundamental crystallographic information that might be useful for structural
considerations. The data include the molecular weight (g/mol), density (kg/m31,
crystal system with lattice parameters a, b, c (pm). a, b. y, number of particles per
unit cell of the crystal 2. The crystallographic characterization is limited to the
crystal system; more detailed information can be found in specialized literature or
in solubility tables I1931.
1O.Tables 77
In the lower part of the tables are listed admixtures with a qualitative description
of their effect:
N - nucleation, G - crystal growth. H - crystal habit, S - crystal size. D - distri-
bution of admixture and corresponding reference number.
In addition. there exists a number of reviews and survey papers I7.58.59.
137,139,147.153.156.222.234.250,284,285,286,346,377.414.626,682,777.779,
799.8 16.856.9 19,920.925.932.948.1 123.1 129,1158.1 166.1223.1224,1257,1302.
1305,14051. Those dealing with the effect of various solvents are [136,154.155,
158.287.758,932.953.1216,1310,1338].
78 10. Tables
t MBr SILVER BROMIDE Molecular weight: 187.80
System: cubic
a - 0.5755
Admixture
3D-, 4D-element complexes
Cd2+
K+
NH, . KBr
NH,OH 10Y0. pyridine
Pb2+
Pb2+. Cd2+
solvation
I- and gelatine
pH
p H . I-
dyes tuffs
Methylene blue
S-containing agent
surfactants
urea, tetraalkylammonium salts,
gelatine, Methylene blue
Density: 0470
Z = 4
Effect
D
coagulation
H
favourable
lower S and recryst. rate
G
H
H
G . H
H
Reference
I8911
17 12,13 131
15651
I11191
14721
[109,110.111]
I2581
12581
12561
(257,2591
12581
[ 10921
I4391
[ 13831
18491
I2581
10. Tables 79
4m SILVER CHLORIDE Molecular weight: 143.34
System: cubic
a - 0.5545
Density: 5660
2 - 4
Admixture
Ac/Cl ratio
3D-. 4D-element complexes
HgCI, 0.005-0.25%
NH,OH, pyridlne
C1-. CH,COOH. pH
benzvlalcohol
dyestuffs
Methylene blue
Na-dodecylsulphonate. benzylal-
Na-dodecylsulphonate, eosfne
polyvinylalcohol
S-containic agent
surfactants
Effect
G
G
favourable
favourable
G
H
G
G
G
Reference
12931
I8911
18 11
14723
I6661
12631
I10921
I4391
16041
I2941
19933
I13831
18491
80 10. Tables
Admixture
&2cr04
SILVER CHROMATE
Effect
Molecular weinht: 331.77
Ag+/ Cr0,2- ratio
glutamate, cltrate, tartrate,
G 15633
N I10151
Reference
&I
SILVER IODIDE Molecular weight: 234.79
System: cubic
a - 0.647
Admixture
Mg2+
Na'. I-
3D- . 4D-element complexes
Methylene blue, sodium dodecyl-
sulphate
surfactants
surfactants
surfactants
surfactants
Density: 6670
2 - 4
Effect
recryst.
G
H
N
S
Reference
I6091
I1 2791
I89 11
I1 3321
1303.369.3701
13021
I30 1.13 151
18491
AgNOS
SILVER NITRATE
Molecular weight: 153.874 Density: 4350
System: rhombic 2 - 8
E - 0.697 b - 0.734 c - 1.014
Admixture Effect Reference
ethylene glycol IN I I12371
- Admixture Effect Reference
AlC~(S0412 * 12 H2O
ALUMINIUM CESIUM SULPHATE dodecahydrate
Molecular weight: 668.185 Density: 1870
System: cubic I a - 1.2363
2 - 4
Bismarck brown, dyestuffs H - cube 117871
82 10. Tables
Admixture
AlCl, 6 HZO
ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE hexahydrate
Molecular weight: 241.432 Density: 1664
System: hexagonal 2 1 6
a - 1.1827 c - 1.1895
Effect Reference
Admixture
H F
~ 0 ~ 3 -
surfactants
electrolytes I G I 1551.5521 I I
Effect Reference
N 16451
1759,8261
1120.12 11
electrolytes I D I 15531
Ale, 3 HZO
ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE trihydrate
Molecular weight: 138.022
System: tetragonal 2 1 2
a - 0.7734 c - 0.3665
10. Tables 83
AlK(SO& 12 HZO
ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SULPHATE dodecahydrate I Molecular weight: 474.377
System: cubic
a - 1.2130
Admixture
Ag', Cd2+, Au3+. Cu2+
N3+. Fe3+
cationic admixtures
Cr3+
Cr3+
Fe2+
KC1. KBr, KI. (NH,),SO,. NaC1,
NaBr. NaNO,
Na,B,O,
Na,CO,
Na,SO,. CuSO,, H2S04, KOH,
Na,B,O,, NaOH
NH4+, T1'
rare earth elements
admixtures
Density: 1760
2- 4
Reference
retard N. not G
salting out, purification
G
G. dissolution
G
H, G reduces growth
H - cubeloctahedron
G
D
D
12991
14531
16221
19231
[1500.1502]
16231
17251
192.14891
I891
I10511
1581
16141
(1187,141 11
139,684,685,
725.951
84 1O.Tables
UK(S04)2. 12 HZ0
continued)
Admixture
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
HCl
Bismarck brown
Bismarck brown
Bismarck brown
Diamine sky blue
Direct blue 3B
Metanil yellow, Brilliant Congo
red. Bordeaux blue, Orange 1 and
other dyestuffs
methanol, ethanol
methanol, ethanol, propanol
polyvinylalcohol
Qulnollne yellow
saccharides, dyestuffs
H I +--- H - face /210/
I,,,
Reference
[ 10521
110511
1921
11 141
1198.7873
[4731
I13071
18961
[ 10521
[2 13.2 151
[1510.15111
I 14001
11041
[ 11331
10. Tables 85
Admixture
Cr3+, Fe3+, K+. TI+
Fe3+, Fez+, Mn2+, Zn2+
K+
Na,CO,
NaCl
NH,Fe(SO,l,
NH,Fe(SO,),. NaC1. H,SO,
admixtures
admixtures
Oxamine blue B. Diamine sky blue
AlNH,(SO,), . 12 HZO
ALUMINIUM AMMONIUM SULPHATE dodecahydrate
Effect Reference
D 1581
D I4931
D [ 1500,15021
H - cube/octahedron I891
D - C1- 18571
D - Fe3+ (8571
D - Fe3+ [4873
D I 1 187.74.10541
S I 13931
H - face / l o o / 1215,7873
Molecular weight: 463.317
System: cubic
a - 1.2220
Density: 1640
Z = 4
86 10. Tables
Al(N03), - 9 H 2 0
ALUMINIUM NITRATE nonahydrate
Molecular weight: 375.133
System: monoclinic * Admixture Effect
alkali metals + HNO,
Also3 M,O n SiO, m H 2 0 I ZEOLITES
Reference
12831
Admixture Effect Reference
NaOH
propyl-substttuted amines
surfactant
triethanolamine
N. G 19961
N , G 18981
11011
111931
1O.Tables 87
I3 - 85O26’ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~
Effect
N inhibition
H - pseudoboehmite
S. defects
D. solub.
G
G
G , N S
modif.
N
Density: 2420
2 - 8
c - 0.9699
Reference
1681
I1961
I4091
I5741
I 11851
[ 14491
[360.1390,353]
11441
111781
[ 14071
I 12761
Admixture
co,2-
cu2+
Li+
I,1C1
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
pH
citrate
oils ; - recryst. I I151 I8281
88 10. Tables
Admixture
admixtures
KF, NaOH
Effect Reference
H 12261
[ 10491
HC1. HNO, I 1 [ 10491
Admixture
Diamine Sky blue FF
AlRb(S04), 12 H20
ALUMINIUM RUBIDIUM SULPHATE dodecahydrate
Molecular weight: 520.747 Density: 1867
System: cubic 2 - 4
B = 1.2246
Effect Reference
H - /loo/ 12 151
10. Tables 89
Admixture
AlTl(S04)2 12 H 2 0
ALUMINIUM THALLIUM SULPHATE dodecahydrate
Molecular weight: 483.19
System: cubic 2 9 4
a = 1.221
Effect Reference
Admixture
K,SO,
Al2(SO& . 10 H2O
ALUMINIUM SULPHATE hexadecahydrate
Molecular weight: 630.379
System: rhombic
Effect Reference
N, H [ 14931
90 10. Tables
Admixture
NaCl
Ba(BO2l2
BARIUM BORATE
Effect Reference
G I1451
Admixture
BaBr, - 2 H 2 0
BARIUM BROMIDE dihydrate
Molecular weight: 333.178 Density: 3872
Syetem: monoclinic 2 = 4
a - 1.0449 b - 0.7204 c - 0.8385
- 113O29' ~ ~~~ ~ ~~
Effect Reference
10. Tables 91
BaC20,
BARIUM OXALATE
BaCO,
BARIUM CARBONATE
Molecular weight: 197.37
System: rhombic
a - 0.529 b * 0.888
Molecular weight: 225.382
Density: 4350
2 = 4
c - 0.641
Admixture
Ce4+, Th4+
Admixture
Effect Reference
D 12251
pH
polyglutamic acid, polyvinylsul-
phonate
polyglutamlc acid. polyvinylsul-
phonate
G [ 11651
11 1671
Ra(COO), I [lo651
92 1O.Tables
Admixture
Mn2+. Co2+, N@+, c$+ Mn2+, Co2+, N12+, Cu2+, Na+
RaC1,
admixtures
BaC12 2 H 2 0
BARIUM CHLORIDE dihydrate
Molecular weight: 244.276 Density: 3106
System: monoclinic 2 - 4
L - 0.6738 b - 1.0860 c - 0.7136
3 - 90°67'
Effect Reference
G
G. N. H [1254]
D
N
13743
I50 9.66 51
I5281
(C$35)$JI
TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM IODIDE
Molecular weight: 267.166
Admixture Effect Reference
solvents H, G D321
I
10. Tables 93
BaCrO,
BARIUM CHROMATE Molecular weight: 253.33
System: rhombic
Density: 4498
I Admixture
Ce3+. Sr2+, pH, EDTA
RaCrO, I RaCrO,
RaCrO, + HNO,
Sr2+
pH
pH
CH2COONH4
EDTA
gluconate, tartrate, citrate.
glutamate. EDTA
Effect
D - Ce3+. Sr2+
D decreases with tempera-
ture rise
D - mixed crystals
D - Ra2+
D - Sr2+
G. H. S
N
G. H. S
N
Reference
1971 .- - . I8821
[ 10651
16651
1951
1961
[lo141
1951
1961
[lo151
94 10. Tables
Admixttlre
Fe2". Fe3+
polyphosphonates
BaF2
BARIUM FLUORIDE Molecular weight: 175.36
System: cubic
a - 0.6184
Effect Reference
D 11 1801
dissol. I5 171
Density: 4830
2 - 4
Admixture
Ra(IO&
Effect Reference
D - mixed crystals [lo651
10. Tables 95
Ba(NO&
BARIUM NITRATE Molecular weight: 261 . S O
Syetern: cubic
a - 0.8110
Density: 3222
2 - 4
AdmiXilWe
inorg. a d d i t i v e s
MnO;, Fe(CNIe4-. Fe(CN),3-
Ni(NO,I,. Fe(NO,),, HNO,. LiNO,
NP+
N12+. Fe3+. Li+
pH
amine
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Effect
H - /loo/ + /lOl/ + /210/
N. G
N
D
G , H - / loo/ +/810/
D
Reference
[ 10421
12001
16571
I6431
[lo411
18611
1663,665,
10841
[ 13391
16431
12001
96 10. Tables
1 Admixture
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue, Malachite green
New blue
quinine nitrate
Effect
D. H - cube
G. H. D
H
N
H - / l o o /
H - tetraeder
Reference
[43 1.432.437.
438.44 1.442,
961,1402,
14221
11238.12391
I6421
16431
I2 151
12001
Ba(OH), 8 H 2 0
BARIUM HYDROXIDE octahydrate Molecular weight: 315.476 Density: 2180
Syetem: monoclinic 2 - 4
n - 0.9350 b - 0.9280 c - 1.1870
Admixture Effect Reference
C1- 0.5 Yo S
10.Tables 97
N, G
~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~
BaSO,
BARIUM SULPHATE
Molecular weight: 233.40 Density: 4600
System: rhombic 2 - 4
a - 0.885 b - 0.644 c - 0.713
[ 11051
Admixture
D - mixed crystals
H - spheric crystals
I Effect I Reference
1504,14231
19021
additives, Ba2+/S0,2- ratio
K+
D
D
D - logar. distr.
D
D
D
H - regular rounded cryst.
G. dissol.
K+. C1-
17031
111761
13101
[6651
194,7763
[ 12921
18461
18131
KMnO,
N a citrate
Na+ . K+
D
Pb2+
18681
Pb2+. Sr2+
S . H
N. G
RaSO A
13441
1794.7951
RaSO, + H N 0 3
Sr2+
Th4+
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
S 18151 I I
98 10.Tables
BaSO,
I Admixture
HQSO,
pH
pH - 12.3
gelatine + pH
inhibitor
nitrilomethylenephosphonate
DhosDhonate
polycarboxylic acids. polyphos-
Effect
G accel.
H . S
S
G - maximum growth rate
G, scales
G
N
agglomeration. S
G
G retard.
G, N
N
Reference
[ 11051
I 14241
[7601
18631
I14651
11127,11281
14201
[ 10641
17971
[ 186.796.1 1261
[ 11051
[805]
17981
19731
I3271
1O.Tables 99
Admixture
(NaPO,),
(NH4),S04
BaCI,
Ca2+. OH-
Ca2+ / c 0 ?2- ratio
Fe2+. Fe3+
CaCO,
CALCIUM CARBONATE - calcite Molecular weight: 100.09 Density: 2710
System: trigonal 2 - 2
a 9 0.6361
-
Effect
S
N. G
H
H
G
Molecular weight: 100.09
System: rhombic
a - 0.494 b = 0.794
Density: 2930
z = 4
c ~0 .572
CALCIUM CARBONATE - vaterite Molecular weight: 100.09
System: hexagonal 2 - 2
a - 0.4120 c - 0.8556 ~~ ~
Reference
110301
[ 14293
[ 14341
I8511
1668,6901
15291
100 10. Tables
I CaCO, I (continued)
I Admixture
KHVPO,
Mg2+
Mg2+
Mg2+
Mg2+
Mg2+
Mg2+
Mg2+. Mn2+. Cr3+, Ni2+
Mg2+. Ni2', Co2+, Fe2+. Zn2+, Cu2+,
Mn2+, Cd2+. Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+. Ba2+
Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+
G
lnhibition
polymorph.
D. N
G
transformation
N.G
G. H
modlf.
G
N - inhibited nucleation ol
calcite
G, H
H
Reference
1560.56 11
[ 10881
[998.13301
Ill811
131 1.348.562,
1088l
[611,630,6941
110311
I10681
[ 12591
11 1301
17491
[ 119,5051
I12591
[ 14341
113851
1O.Tables 101
CaCO, I (continued)
I Admixture
NH4+
NH,C1
NH4NOq
Pb2+, Mn2", Mg2+, Co2+, NOq-
Sr2+
Sr2+
Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+
uo,2+
Zn2+
Zn2+
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
Effect
N - stabilized supersatura-
tlon
modif.
G
N - low scale formation
N
H
D - aragonite/calcite
D
modif.
modif.
D
N. D
D, H - aragonite
H, G - aragonite
Reference
I4231
[2181
I12581
I2461
13661
[6891
1674.7 101
[1503]
[ 14661
11 164.13 111
I13481
I4791
16731
[ 11481
I6101
[ 14261
(503,8841
[ 10301
102 10. Tables
CaCO, I (continued)
I Admixture
hexametaphosphate. pyro-
phosphate
hexametaphosphate.
pyrophosphate. dihydrogenphos-
phate. borate, tetraborate,
vanadate
inhibitor
inhibitor
lanthanides, Cd2+
metaphosphates N a
oxalate
aH
pH
DhosDhates
Pod3-
S042-
tripolyphosphate, surfactants
acetate, gluconate. EDTA. tripoly-
phosphate
Effect
modif.
G
scale
G. D
N - stabilized supersat.
G inhib.
N. G
H
G inhib.
modif.
N
G. N
Reference
“2181
110931
I63 11
[ 13331
114151
[lo721
[4701
[ 11861
[682]
1903.9761
15601
11 2361
[ 140 11
13 11,3481
110171
10. Tables 103
CaCOs
(continued) c albumine
benzenepolycarboxylic acid
citrate, stearic acid
Congo red, other dyestuffs
fatty acid
gluconate. borogluconate. tartrate,
polyacrylate
glycerophosphate. PO,3-
organic colloids
organic polymers
organophosphonic acid
phenol. resorcinol, hydroquinone
phosphonates
phosphonates
polyethylene oxide
polyglutamic acid, polyvinylsul-
Dhonate
polyglutamic acid,
DolwinvlsulDhonate
Effect
G
G
G - retardation
G
inhibition G
G
N - low scale formation
G
G
Reference
[ 12461
1251
I1 0681
I7141
I491
I14141
[ 10861
[lo121
[1406]
[ 10481
12461
1 187,10871
I10871
I3941
[ 11651
[ 11671
104 10. Tables
Admixture
polymers
stearic acid
surface active substances
surfactants
tetrakis(phosphonomethy1)tetra-
azacyclododecane
CaCO,
(continued)
Effect Reference
S 114061
N [829,8301
H [ 14341
modif. [ 1280l
G 114301
~~ ~~ ~ ~~
Admixture
KF
Nb,O,. Ta,O,, Sb,O,, Bi,O,
Ba'NO,
BARIUM TITANATE
Molecular weight: 233.26
System: cubic
R 0.397
Effect Reference
H [ 1416,14171
114211
10. Tables 105
CaC20,. H 2 0
CALCIUM OXALATE monohydrate
Molecular weight: 146.12
N a citrate I Na pyrophosphate
Na,P20,. trlpolyphosphate.
phosphonates. EDTA, KH2P0,.
K,P,O,
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
Effect
G
H
G. N
G, aggreg.
N
N. G
inhibition
H
G
N
Reference
[SO 1,802,12833
I4251
I551
11 171
[72.8851
11 1421
[841.994.1142,
12831
173,513.84 1.964.
10991
14191
19651
[ 11731
1511
[499.12343
1413,12961
10 6 10. Tables
1 CaC204 H 2 0 I (continued)
I Admixture
phosphorus derivatives
p o p
% pyrophosphate
pyrophosphate, citrate
pyrophosphate, phosphonate
amino acids
amino acids
amino acids
carboxyglutamic acid
chondroitin sulphate, macro-
molecules
chondroitinsulphate.
j en tosansulphate
citrate
citrate, pyrophosphate
dodecylammonium chloride
dutamic acid
hcparinc, polyglutamic acid
Effect
G
G inhibition
G
N, G
G. aggreg.
transformation
G , transform.
S . G . N
transformation
G
G
G, N
G
G
modif., G. aggreg.
N
[73.419,512,1108,
I4181
I 1681 I
I1 1101 I1 1101 I I161.365.4981
I
L!aC,04 H,O
'continuedl
N. G
G
Admixture
[364.1107,11081
18181
181
15001
I12331
heparine
inhibitors in urine
Methylene blue
p H + adenosine phosphates
phosphonate
phosphonates
Dolvacrvlate N. G
polyacrylic acid
polyacrylic acid, heparin, organic
copolymers
polyhydroxycarboxylic acids
pyrophosphate, Methylene blue
pyrophosphate, Methylene blue
sodium dodecyl sulphate
urea
1269,12831
uric acld
N, G, S
N
inhob.
N
mect I Reference
13 141
I3 141
[ 12981
[6591
11 1721 I 12691
108 10. Tables
7 ~~ ~ ~~
Admixture Effect
CaS04 N - unfavourable. scaling
admixtures G
nucl. catalysts N
polyethylene oxide N
_ _ ~ ~ ~
ZaCl, - 2 H 2 0
ZALCIUM CHLORIDE dihydrate
Molecular weight: 147.016 Density: 835
3ystem: rhombic
L - 0.7190 b - 0.585
Reference
19761
16711
1764,14351
110701
Admixture Effect
Nd3+ G
CaC4H406
CALCIUM TARTRATE
Reference
1461
1O.Tables 109
Effect
D
dissolution
S
CaF,
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
Reference
11 1801
I5 161
I1 0451
Molecular weight: 78.08
system: cubic
i - 0.5451
Admixture
Fe2+, Fe3+
NaCl + additives
polyelectrolytes
~ 0 ~ 3 -
polycarboxyllc acids.
polyphosphates
polyphosphonate
G
Density: 3180
2 - 4
I351
G I641
G I [ 12261 I
Admixture
glucose. arabonate
Effect Reference
I7551
G I34.9421
1 10 10. Tables
CaHP04 2 H,O
CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE dihydrate lYoleeular weight: 172.09
System: trigonal
Admixture
M @2+
Mg2'
Mg2'
Mg2+
Na'. NH.+
SnF,, SnCl,, NaF
F-
I?-
P,O,
pH
pyrophosphate
U0,2+. SiF,2-. polyphosphates. F-.
sio
1 carboxvlic acids
chondroitin sulphate. urinary I macromolecules
citrate
di- and trlcarboxylic acids
Density: 2306
Effect
N, G
N
G
N
S
N - retardation
modif.
G
S
H
G, aggregation
Reference
I3621
1946.1 1501
121
I1 1501
I8 171
19471
I54 11
111691
12481
I3991
1844.94 11
11 1751
I12021
11 1101
~~ ~~
[ 10041
11671
10. Tables 111
I
(continued)
1
ICaHPO, 2 H,O
CaHPO, 3/2 H,O
CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE sesquihydrate, BRUSHITE
Molecular weiaht: 163.09
Admixture
organic acid
Admixture
P containing complexons
Effect Reference
polycarboxylic acids
surfactants
tricarbo Uc acid JI urine inhibitors
Effect
H
N. G
Reference I I3291 I
I6921 I I1671 I I4861 I
casein I II6361
112 10. Tables
Admixture Effect
A13+, Fe3+, Mg2+
Mg(N0Jp
NH,NO, lower hygroscopicity
Reference
19151
I4561
I9761
Admixture Effect
Feso,. Ca Salt H
NaC1. NaC10,. KCl G
ethyleneglycol. glycerol H
Reference
15911
I13311
I5911
10. Tables 113
Ca8H2(P0& - 5 H,O
OCTACALCIUMPHOSPHATE
Molecular weight: 982.581
Admixture Effect Reference
Mg2+ G 11 1501
I
Effect
transform.
transform.
transform.
Ca,(PO,),
TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Reference
112101
16671
11651
I1661
Molecular weight: 310.20
Admixture
Be2+
Mg2+
citrate. pyrophosphate
gelatine
polyacrylic acid
114 10.Tables
Effect Reference
di- and tricarboxylic acids 1261
1321
1301
Admixture Effect
Mg2+
Ca,(P04), CaFz
FLUORAPATITE
Reference
I361
Admixture
organic admixtures
CaS03
CALCIUM SULPHITE
Effect Reference
S 18641
Molecular weieht: 120.15 I
10. Tables 1 15
Molecular weight: 384.30
F
polyphosphates, polycarbaxylic acids
biophosphonic acids
glucose
, hydrolryhydroxyphosphonyl-ethane
Admixture
Zn2+
NaC1. LiCl. NH,Cl. CsCl. HCl
c1-
F
F-
I DH
G
G
G
H
precip. rate
fluorapatite
G
G
G
G
Reference
12781
I7461
1361
1946.11501
12791
19451
I7451
I5411
17441
19 101
1542.8861
I271
19431
12771
I2791
116 10. Tables
Ca3(PO4I2 Ca(OW2
Admixture Effect Reference
mellitic acid G I241
proteins G I9101
Casios
CALCIUM SILICATE
Molecular weight: 116.17
System: monoclinic
a = 1.531 b = 0.735 c = 0.708
p = 950 25' 1
Admixture Effect
sr2+ D
BaSO,. BaF,. BaCl, N. G
Reference
I1 5031
19241
10. Tables 117
Effect
H
N S
solubility
G
S, G. aggregation
N. D
G . H
N
D
G
S
D
G
~~ ~ ~ ~~
ZaSO, - 2 H20
XLCIUM SULPHATE dihydrate
Reference
114721
I1 1711
112811
I1 5041
12 161
I1 1711
18451
1635,8471
[ 13291
[ 1 1021
I1 1021
114611
[ 14401
14 151
dolecular weight: 172.168
jystem: monoclinic
L = 1.047 b= 1.515
L = 151° 33
Admixture
M3+, Cr3+
~ 1 3 + . F
M3+, Fe3+. Mg2+
A13+. Fe*, SPG2-
A13+, Na maleate
AlF,
AIF,
Ca2+/so42- ratio
Cd2+
Cd2+
Cd2+
CdF,. AlF,
Cu2+. Zn2+
F-modifiers, N3+
Fe3+. Fe2+
Density: 2310
2 = 4
c =0.659
[7351
118 10. Tables
Admixture
H+. Sr2+, Ag+. HSO;. NO3-. Na+ .
OH-
CaSO, - 2 H,O
[continued)
Effect Reference
H 13411
NaCl
NaNO,
NH,, CG+, PO,^-. co,2-, ~ 0 0 ~ 2 -
G 11641
G 114601
G 16081
10. Tables 119
I CaSO, 2 H,O
(continued)
1 HPSOA
HaSO, + H,P04
HQSO,. H,PO,
HqPOA
I Admixture
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
Cd2++I-. Br-, S1032-
F-. A13+
H3P04
pH
DH
p H
pH
pH, impurities
Effect
G
hvdration. G
H
G. H
N. hydration
scaling
D
S
N, S . G
hydration
G. H
affects hydration
N
G
S. H
G
H. D
Reference I I [ 11981
18 141
I5101
11851
[ 14621
I12291
I4801
B24.98 11
I5081
[ 15041
[ 11841
[ 12491
17181
120 10. Tables
CaS04 2 H,O
[continued)
Admixture
polyelectrolytes
surfactants + HNO, + H,PO,
tripolyphosphate
acrylates
acrylates
alkylbenzenesulfonic acid
aminomethylene phosphonic acid
anionic organic polymers, tri-
polyphosphate
calcium acetate and formiate,
pentaerythritol
carboxylic acids, phosphonates
carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids
citrate
citric acid, tartaric acid, gelatine
citric, succlnic. tartaric, polyacry-
lic. polymethacrylic acid, gelatine
Effect
D
D. S
G
G
H
caking
G
N
precipitation
N. G -accelerate
H, s G. H
S. H
G - retarding
precipitati on
Reference
15761
I5821
1371
114581
1441
I1 1151
112551
Ill20l
111511
I1 2481
1675)
113031
113031
110791
12381
12381
1O.Tables 121
CaS04 - 2 H,O
(continued)
Admixture
gelatine. saponlne
gelatine. sulphite liquor
gelatinc. waste liquor of cellulose
sulphate
gluconate. borogluconate. tartrate
hydroxyethylidenbiphosphonic
acid
hydroxyethylidene. diphosphonic
acid. polycarbonates
hydroxypropylene diamine
impurities, alcohols
naphtenate
organic phosphonates
organophosphonic acid
phosphonates
phosphonates, phosphates, orga-
nic polymers
phosphonic acid, acetate
polyacrylamide
H. S
N. G - retardation
N - retarding
precipitation
G
~
G
N,G
H
N
G
G
N
Reference
[ 1204)
I6751
1255,7371
I14141
[ 11251
[ 1122.14401
[ 11521
I7191
I13971
I326.3281
[ 1155.1 156,
11571
[14391
1311
I 1153,11541
19601
122 1O.Tables
CaSO, 2 H,O
(continued)
I Admixture
polyacrylic acid
polycarboxylates. hydroxyethy-
lene bisphosphonic acid
polymers
polyvinylsulphonate. polyglutamic
acid
succinic acid. polyacrylic acid
sulfonate
surfactant ~ ~~ ~
surfactants
surfactants
surfactants
xylenediamintetraphosphonic acid
Effect
N
N. S
G
H. S
S . H
H - short Drlsms
N
H
fflterabilitv
N. G
G
precipitation
N
Reference
I285.12481
I 14401
~~ ~
[1168]
1291
Ill681
11 121
I423.790.9761
13501
12851
I13861
I10051
I6371
I11911
I11911
I3271
10. Tables 123
Admixture
pH
Ca(C5H3N4031,
CALCIUM URATE
Molecular weight: 374.27
I I
Effect Reference
modif. I471
Admixture I Effect I Reference I I
Mg2+. K+ I N I [1308]
CaWO,
CALCIUM TUNGSTATE
Molecular weight: 288.00
System: tetragonal 2 1 4
a - 0.524 c - 1.128
124 10. Tables
I
Admixture
Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2', Ni2+. Cr3+,
WOd2-. Mn2+
CdCO,
CADMIUM CARBONATE
Molecular weight: 172.42
System: trigonal
a - 0.6112
a = 470 24'
Effect
D
Density: 4250
z = 2
Admixture Effect
Mn2+ D
Reference
158,601
Reference
14911
Cd(HCOO), 2 HZO
CADMIUM FORMATE dihydrate
10. Tables 125
Admixture Effect
LlCl anhydr.
COCl, hydrate
CdS
CADMIUM SULPHIDE
Reference
I1391
I1391
Uolecular weight: 144.48
System: cubic
L - 0.582
Admixture
anionic polymers
polymer, pH
proteins
Density: 4820
2 - 4
Effect
coagulation
N. G, S
G
Reference
[ 10291
[ 10321
I6031
126 10. Tables
Admixture Effect
Mg2+. Mn2+ D
Reference
158.601
Co(CH,COO), 4 H2O
COBALT ACETATE tetrahydrate
Molecular weight: 249.09 Density: 1705
Admixture I Reference I I
Mg2' I1581
10. Tables 127
Admixture
Fe2+. Cu2+
Ni2+. Fe2+, Zn2+. Cu2+
Co(NH,&(SO& 6 H2O
AMMONIUM COBALT SULPHATE hexahydrate
Molecular weight: 395.216 Density: 1901
System: monoclinic 2 - 2
a - 0.923 b - 1.249 c - 0.623
B = 106O 56'
Effect Reference
D [488,4891
D (581
Admixture
inorganic ions
Fe2+
COSO,. 7 H,O
COBALT SULPHATE heptahydrate
Molecular weight: 281.097 Density: 1948
System: monoclinic 2 - 16
a - 1.545 b - 1.308 c - 2.004
B = 104O 42'
Effect Reference
H. adsorption potential 12751
D (488,4891
128 10. Tables
Admixture
CrK(SO,), 12 H,O
POTASSIUM CHROMIUM SULPHATE dodecahydrate
Molecular weight: 499.43 Density: 1830
System: cubic 2 - 4
a - 1.214 Effect Reference
Cr(V1) N. G 19581
rl admixtures D 1581
Admixture
Cr3+
K+
A13+. Fe3+
CrNH,(SO,), 12 H20
AMMONIUM CHROMIUM SULPHATE dodecahydrate
Molecular weight: 478.362
Effect Reference
D. G I15071
D 1581
D [581
I Svstem: cubic
10. Tables 129
L
CsH&O,
CESIUM DIHYDROGEN ARSENATE
Molecular weieht: 273.836
Admixture Effect Reference
CSI
CESIUM IODIDE
Molecular weight: 259.810 Density: 4510
System: cubic Z=1
a - 0.4562
Admixture
Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Ni2+
Effect Reference
H [ 12531
130 10. Tables
Admixture
admixtures
polyethylene oxide
CSNO,
~~ ~
Effect Reference
16971
N I10711
CESIUM NITRATE
Molecular weight: 194.910
System: hexagonal
a - 1.074 c - 0.768
Density: 3685
2 - 9
CUCl, 2 HZO
CUPRIC CHLORIDE dihydrate
Molecular weight: 170.482 Density: 2514
System: rhombic 2 0 2
a - 0.744 b - 0.8126 c = 0.3764
1O.Tables 131
Admixture Effect
gluconates. citrate. tartrate, EDTA N
Reference
[ 10 151
Cu(HC0O)Z 2 HSO
CUPRIC FORMATE dihydrate
Admixture Effect
Co2+, Cd2+ D, structure
Reference
I12751
Admixture Effect
sulfanilic acid, metanilic acid H
Reference
I3901
132 10. Tables
Admixture
CUPRIC HYDROXIDE
Effect Reference
CU~(OH)~CO,
BASIC CUPRIC CARBONATE
Molecular welght: 221.107 I
H,O, filtrability [1399] .
Admixture
Zn2+
Ni2+, Zn2+. Fe2+, Co2+, Mg2+
Molecular weight: 399.829 I System: monoclinic
Effect Reference
D I488.4891
D 1581
Density: 1926
10. Tables 133
CuSO, 5 H,O
CUPRIC SULPHATE pentahydrate
Molecular weight: 249.680
syetem: Mclinic I Density: 2286
2 - 2
b - 1.070 c - 0.597
a - 82O 16' j3 - 107O 26' y 11020 40'
Reference
[487,852.854]
[8571
112121
19851
I9861
I621
I7161
[8531
[ 12871
19881
1423,9761
16321
[ l066]
I13411
134 10.Tables
Admixture
M3+. Cr3+
rare earth elements
Zn2+
Zn2+. Co2+, Mg2+. Cu2+. Ni2+
admixtures
Effect Reference
D I581
D 16141
D [ 488,4891
D 1581
D 1741
I
Admixture
c1-
I I17111
Effect Reference
1265.3 121
1O.Tables 135
Admixture Effect
Cu2+, Ag+. Au3+. Ge4+. Sn4+. Pt4+, D
Mn2+. Ca2+
EDTA. diaminocyclohexanetetra- intermediates
Fe(OH13
FERRIC HYDROXIDE
Molecular weight: 106.87
Reference
I1971
I701
I System: hexagonal
Admixture
Ni2+
oxidizing agent
HC1
dioxyethylglycine, urea
organic anions
Density: 3400 - 3900
2-1
Effect Reference
conversion of hydroxide I2661
N. S [ 1 1401
L9671
I9671
12671
Fe203
FERRIC OXIDE (GOETHITE)
Molecular weight: 159.70
System: cubic
a - 0.830
Density: 5250
136 1O.Tables
Admixture
Fe304
FERROUS-FERRIC OXIDE (MAGNETITE) Molecular weight: 231.55
System: cubic Z = 8
a - 0.837
Density: 5100 - 5200
Effect Reference
admixtures I
FeSO, - 7 H20
FERROUS SULPHATE heptahydrate I Molecular weight: 278.011
Syetem: monoclinic
a - 1.4020
f i - 105O 34'
b - 0.6600
I Cd2+, Cu2+
I TiOSO,
admixtures
Density: 1899
2 = 4
c - 1.1010
Reference
S I6501
10. Tables 137
I H2O ICE Molecular weight: 18.016
System: hexagonal
a - 0.462 c = 0.734
Density: 917
2 - 4
I Admixture
Ag halogenides
AgI
impurities
LiCl
LiI. CsF. KF I NaCl
NaCl, Agl. CuS
admixtures
admixtures
a-fenazine, floroglucine
alcohols, org. acids
aliphatic alcohols
amino acids
CXHROX. CliHgq011
glycopro teins
Effect
N
N
N - retardina
N. H
G
G
D
G , D
N
H - dendrites
N
N
N
N
N
G. D
l i
Reference
17431
I342.12511
[lo241
13761
11 1431
15211
I 14781
I11901
1355.41 11
I 1 1 13.1 1141
110911
13541
[4473
[lo501
[4481
I1 1901
I6401
138 10. Tables
Effect
N
H2O
[continued)
Reference
[355,411]
Admixture
N
H
G
N
organic substances
[396.397.9921
[822l
18231
111211
starch
sucrose
sucrose
ternene
HSPO4
PHOSPHORIC ACID
Molecular weight: 98.00 Density: 1870
Admixture Effect Reference
organic impurities 16911
I
10. Tables 139
H3BO3
BORIC ACID Molecular weight: 61.832
System: triclinic
a - 0.704 b - 0.704
a - 9 2 O 30' 0 - 1010 10'
Density: 1435
2 - 4
c - 0.658
Y - 1200 00'
Admixture
H,SiO,
KMnO,
s o p
flaking agents
gelatine. caseine
polyacrylamide.
polymethacrylamlde
polyelectrolytes
Effect
D
G
H. S - favourable
S. N. G
H - flakes
S
Reference
(13141
191
I2151
16161
11 1821
1423.9763
[ 13881
I2201
140 10. Tables
Admixture
HgBr2
MERCURIC BROMIDE
Effect Reference
Molecular weight: 360.398 Density: 6053
Admixture
System: rhombic 2 - 4
a - 0.4624 b - 0.6978 c - 1.2445
Effect Reference .
H€!(CN),
MERCURIC CYANIDE Molecular weight: 252.625 Density: 3996
System: tetragonal Z = 8
a - 0.9670 I c - 0.8920
10. Tables 141
Admixture
pH
KBSO, 4 Ha0
POTASSIUM PENTABORATE te trahydrate Molecular weight: 293.26
Syetem: rhombic 2 = 4
a - 1.108 b - 1.114 c - 0.897
Effect Reference
N 19401
I
Molecular weight: 166.228 Density: 2155
Syetem: monoclinic I Admixtare Effect
admixtures G
polyethylene oxide N
Reference
112871
[ 10701
142 10. Tables
-~
Admixture
KBr
POTASSIUM BROMIDE Molecular weight: 119.002
System: cubic
a - 0.0660
' inorganic anions , Pb2+
Dh2t
admixtures
c1-
OH-
alifatic carbon acids
Brilliant Cr o cein 9 B
phenol I
Density: 2750
2 - 4
Effect
G - decrease
D ~
D
G
H - cube/octahedron
D
D
N
G - retard growth of / l o o /
H
G
Reference
I3401
12611
I3 181
- t3223
1274,3191
I2 15.4723
[1161]
I391
I3231
I10231
"7041
I1311
14101
[126.127,128.
1O.Tables 143
Admixture
NaNO,. Pb2+, Th4+. Te(1V). V
Pb(NO,),. NaNO,
Cr3+, Pb2+. Ca2+. Na+. K+,
admixtures
KBrO,
POTASSIUM BROMATE Molecular weight: 167.000
System: trigonal
L - 0.4403
3 - 8 6 O 00'
Effect Reference
favourable I4721
G [669l
N [628l
N El91
Density: 3270
Z = 1
KCN
POTASSIUM CYANIDE Molecular weight: 65.1 1 Density: 1520
System: cubic 2 - 4
R - 0.656
Admixture I Effect I Reference
K,Fe(CN), N(CH,CONH,), H. caking
144 10. Tables
Admixture
admixtures
K2C2O4 * H a 0
POTASSIUM OXALATE monohydrate
Molecular weight: 184.231 Density: 2145
System: monoclinic 2 - 4
a - 0.9320 b - 0.6170 c - 1.0650
Effect Reference
G I7821
Admixture
admixtures
Effect Reference
G I7821
Admixture
KC1
Effect Reference
D - C1- I8571
10. Tables 145
Admixture
A13+, Ba2+, Cd2+. Cu+. Cu2+, Fe2+,
Fe3+, Hg2+. KCN. K3Fe(CN)6.
K,Fe(CN)6, Mg2', Mn2+ , NH,+.
Ni2+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Sr2+, Zn2+
Ba2+
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
.
KCl
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Molecular weight: 74.551
System: cubic
a = 0.0293
I Cd2+
I Cd2+
C02+
Density: 1989
2 - 4
Effect
N. H. D
~
N, G. H
D
D, G. hardness, el. c o n d u -
2uvity
n d
D
hardness
D
D
D. melt
Reference
I7801
I7341
13 181
[ 12671
[32 11
113201
I12681
11264.12651
[ 1265,1269,
12701
12711
146 10.Tabbs
G, D
D
G - strong retardation
H
N
G
D
H
H - favourable
H - favourable
G
N. G
K,Fe(CN),
K,Fe(CNIR. Pb2+. Co2+, Cu2+
K,Fe(CN)6. PbCl,, BeCl,, MgCl,,
LiC1, ZnCl,.. CdCl,. NiC1,. SnC1,
112631
12963
18031
18661
11 2881
113531
I13211
I12201
19261
19273
I1481
I 14571
K,Fe(CNl,. K,Fe(CN),
KNO,
KPbCl,
Effect Reference
G, H 1956,9571
G - retarding effect 13401
H, caking [ 1036,10551
G
H I 1881
1O.Tables 147
KCl
(continued)
Admixture
NaCl
NaC1. MgC1,
NaC1. NH,Cl. MgC1,. AlCl,
NaCl
NH4Cl
NH,Cl + KBr [+K$X),)
N@+, C O ~ + . C U ~ + , 29'. Mn2+.
Sn2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Cl-, NO,., sod2-
0-containing ions
Pb2+, Fe3+
I pb2+
Effect
G
~
D
D for creep crystallization
D
D
G. D
D. G. N - retards nuclea-
tion ~~ ~~
G.H - change growth rates
of faces
N
Reference
I73 11
I11831
17301
I727.7293
I7321
17201
I 1269,1270)
[1461
I11611
I149.150.15 1.
1521
i474.475.476,
4781
16071
1638,9831
I4771
148 10. Tables
Admixture
I Pb2+ I pb2+
PbC12 I PbC12
PbC1,
PbCl,,, BaC1,. K,Fe(CN),
PbCl,. K,Fe(CN),, Cu2+, Cd2+.
Zn2+, Hg2+
Effect
G. H
S - favourable
S - favourable
D
favourable
N - retarding
N. H
H, caking
G - retards /loo/
H , D
N. D
N
Reference
[917.1260,
12321
[149,1408.
1474.3203
1541
19761
[4231
14771
14723
19551
19541
[ 1036,1055.
1095l
111951
I1 1961
I7811
[7781
1O.Tables 149
Admixture
phosphate
ZnC1,
Rb+
RbCl
Sr2+
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
Br-
HC1
HC1. KOH
irn p urities
Effect
caking
G
D
D. recrvstallization
D
N
H
agglomeration
D
N , G
Lf. H
n La
s
r 7 J
D
Reference
[ 10471
17801
1102.488.4891
18791
11 1 1 1,7681
1528.771
I705.7171
11287,12741
I11701
13231
114121
1868.5 141
[11.121
11 1121
[lo231
15641
[go51
[50.5921
17041
[695.721]
150 10. Tables
caking
KCl
(continued)
AdmiXtUre
aliphatic amines (2OC)
aliphatic amines
amaranth
13851
amines
N. G. S
N. H. D
bromobenzole, phenole. aniline
I14941
17801
dyes
ethyl-hexanoic acid, octanoic acid.
monochloracetic acid
ethylenglycol. diethylenglycol
laurylaminoacetate
N(CH2CONH2)3, octadecylamine
acetate
octadecylamine
octadecylamine hydrochloride, pH
caking
H - cube + octahedron
G - retardation
H
N, D, yield
caking
I organic substances with free
I13951
17401
14101
17811
113801
Effect Reference I
H I I3871 I I
I 110361 I H. caking H. caking 110361
caking I10551
H.G 110671
I10551
110671
caking I I10471 I I
caking I45 1 I
D I16811 I
1O.Tabks 151
~~
Effect
Ostwald ripening
KC1
(continued)
Admixture
surfactants
surfactants
~ ~~~~~
Reference
[ 14561
I 123,102 1,
1022,14551
Effect
H - /Oll/ + /001/
H
H
H
H - /011/
H
D. H
t
Reference
DO41
[205.2 121
[2151
12141
14391
[207.2 10,2 14.
2151
13 15.8351
KC103
POTASSIUM CHLORATE Molecular weight: 122.549
System: monoclinic
a - 0.4647
R - 10QO 38' b - 0.5585
Density: 2320
2 - 2
c - 0.7086
I Admixture
s,o,~-, CrO,2-, Cr,0,2-
Biebrich scarlet
organic dyestuffs
Ponceau red
152 10.Tables
KCIO,
POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE Holecular weight: 138.549
System: rhombic
a - 0.8834 b - 0.6660
sop Bordeaux B. Chromotrope 8B.
Wool scarlet, Solochrome black.
Fast red extra
Brilliant Congo red, Chlorazol fast
orange, Brilliant &urine. Trypan
red, Bordeaux B
Chromotrope 2B
Chromotrope 2R. Chromotrope 2B.
Acid magenta, Alizarin Delphinol,
Alizarin cyanine
Erio fast fuchsin. Cr,0,2-
Ponceau red
sulphonated dyestuffs
Density: 2520
2 - 4
c - 0.7240
Effect
D
H - /001/
H - / l l O /
H - / O l l /
H - /102/
~~ ~
H - / loo /
H - / l o o /
~~
H - /001/
H - /Oil/, /102/
Reference
I8921
I211.2151
I2141
I2 11,2151
~
121 1.2151
12 11.2 151
I2141
12141
11281
12141
1O.Tables 153
7
Admixture
(NH,J2Cr04 + K 2 S 0 4 . %SO4 + KC1.
(NH4),Cr04 + K,S04 + KC1
1
s,o,2-
Trypan red, Acid green DD extra
Water blue, Methyl blue, Wool
green, Naphthol red S, Scarlet
GR. Past acid magenta, Tartrazine
azo acld red. Acid yellow, and
other dyestuffs
K,CrO,
POTASSIUM CHROMATE Molecular weight: 194.190
System: rhombic
a - 0.6920 b - 1.0400
Density: 2732
2 9 4
c - 0.7610
Reference
H - /001/ [ 2 13.2 14.2 151 + H - /010/ - /Oll/ I213.214.2 15)
154 10. Tables
KH2As04
POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN ARSENATE
Molecular weight: 180.033 Density: 2867
Syetem: tetragonal Z = 4
a - 0.7610 c - 0.7150 A
qCr2O7
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
Admixture Effect
pH G . H
Molecular weight: 294.184
System: triclinic
a - 0.7340
a 0 82O 00'
b - 0.7490
I3 - 97" 56'
Reference
I1221
Density: 2690
z = 4
c 11.3390
y =90° 30'
I Admixture
KMnO,
Scarlet 2R. Naphthol black B.
Bordeaux S, Ponceau S extra, and
other dyestuffs
Methyl orange, Chloramlne yellow
Effect
H - /010/
H - /010/. /111/
Reference
1213.214.2 151
213.2 14.2 15
19761
10. Tables 155
System: tetragonal
a - 0.7430 c - 0.6940
Admixture
AlWO,):,
Al(NO,),, KOH
Al3+
Al3+
I POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
Fe3+
~ r 3 + -
Cr3+
Fe3+
Fe3+
Density: 2338
2 - 4
Effect
dissolution
G
G
H. D ~~
N, G
G
G . H, N. D
H - dendrites
optical properties
-~ ~
Reference
1911
[lo531
[931
15371
1535,5393
[ 1344.13451
I1 691
1171
12801
15401
12151
18391
16211
17751
I12711
156 10. Tables
I Admixture
FeCl,, pH
KAI(SO,),. A3+
KCIO,
KOH. Ni2+, Fe3+
Na,B407
Na,B,07
Pb2+, KNO,
pH > 4, Cr3+, Fe3+. A3+ < 50 ppm
admixtures I admixtures
Effect
H
G. H
optical properties
favourable
G . H
H - prisms without
pyramids
G
G. H
D
Reference
I8401
18393
13951
15381
1 12081
1449,7751
14721
I 1207.12 151
[281.989.1206,
14821
[536.1081]
12981
13431
IO.Tables 157
Admixture
pH
KIOS
POTASSIUM IODATE Molecular weight: 214.001
System: cubic
a - 0.8920
Effect Reference
N I9401
Density: 3930
Z = 1
158 10. Tables
H - /111/
G
G
H - /010/
G
POTASSIUM HYDROGEN TARTRATE
Molecular weight: 188.184 Density: 1956
System: rhombic 2 - 4
a - 0.7614 b - 1.070 c - 0.780
1213,2141
[ 10851
17131
12 13.2 141
[ 10851
Admixture
cu2+
K g S 0 4
admixtures
dyes
tannin, red polyphenol. pectin
D
G
G. H
Effect I Reference
15591
14541
[557.5581
19951
~~
KHC8H404
POTASSIUM HYDROGEN PHTHALATE
Kolecular weight: 204.23
Admixtove
Fe3+, Ce3+
admixtures
admixtures
glycerine, polyethylene glycol
Density: 1630
I Effect 1 Reference
10. Tables 159
Admixture
KBr
N a + , Rb', Cs'. Cl-, Br-. NOR-
Pb2+
Pb2+. Ti4+, Sn4+. Bi3+, Pe3+
admixtures
KI
POTASSIUM IODIDE
Molecular weight: 166.002 Density: 3123
System: cubic 2 - 4
D = 0.7062
Reference Effect
D - mixed crystals 1421
D 1401
H - octaeders D151
favourable 14723
I3231
OH-
Fast acid magenta, Brilliant yellow
surfactants
G 17041
H I4 101
G-retard 17401
LiNH,C,H,O,
AMMONIUM LITHIUM TARTRATE
Molecular weight: 173.056
Admixture
A3+, Mg2+. Ca2'. Pb2+, Si. pH
Effect Reference
H I8401
160 10. Tables
_ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~~
Admixture
Fe2+
mo2 POTASSIUM NITRITE
Effect Reference
favourable 14721
Molecular weight: 85.104 Density: 1915
Syatem: monoclinic 2 = 2
R = 0.4450 b - 0.4990 c = 0.7310
0 - 114O 50'
KMnO,
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Molecular weight: 158.034 Density: 2738
System: rhombic 2 = 4
a - 0.9099 b = 0.5707 c - 0.7411
Admixture Effect Reference
Cr,O,2- H - /001/ I20 1,2021
CrO,2-. Se0,2-. CO,~- H - / l o o / 12151
H3.P04- H - /loo/ + /011/ I2 151
HP042-. HA SO,^-, As0,3- H - /011/ + /loo/ 12151
HQAsOd-
pH, CO, H, S I979.9841
10. Tables 161
KNO,
POTASSIUM NITRATE Molecular weight: 101.103
System: rhombic
a - 0.5430 b - 0.9170
Density: 2110
2 - 4
c - 0.6450 I Admixture
Cr3+
Cr3.’, Na+
cs+
Fe3+, Ni2+. Li+
isomorphous admixtures
K2Cr,0,. Cu(N0219
KC1
Pb2+
Pb2”, Th4+. Bi3+
Sr2+
admixtures
admixtures
I CH,NH,Cl, C, ?,H,f;NH,.HCl
Effect
D
N. G . S
clusters
N
D
diel. permeability
G , D
D
D - c1-
H
favourable
D
H
G
N. G
Reference
16791
11222.12241
18251
[12141
[ 12951
[6431
[6781
(6491
18571
(6421
[4721
[6831
16981
I163.1116.
11 171
r 12221
162 10. Tables
Admixture
C9+
mo3 continued)
Admixture
dy estufs
Fast red extra, Bordeaux S.
Tartrazine. and other dyestuff's
Fast red extra, Naphthol red S,
Tartrazine. 1.4-diaminoanthra-
quinon-2-sulphonate
methylamine hydrochloride,
dodecylamine hydrochloride,
fluorocarbon
surfactant
surfactant
Effect
D
Effect
H - /001/ platelets
H, caking
N. G. S
N
Reference
110981
12241
I14481
[ 12241
I8601
11231
KTiOPO,
POTASSIUM TITANYL PHOSPHATE
Molecular weight: 197.975
Reference
I1431
10. Tables 163
CNaC,H,O,
SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE
Nolecular weight: 210.167
Admixture
A P . cuco,
Cu2+. H,BO,
cuco ,
cuso ,
MnCI,
(NH&M004. Na2Mo04. NH4Cl.
H2B01, CuSO,, Cu acetate, MgSO&
Na+
Na3B4O7
NH4+
Effect
H
H - /210/
H - retards /001/, shortening.
decreases with decreasing pH
H - retards /001/, effect rises
with raising pH
H - retards /210/, stronger
effect with decreasing pH
H -retards /111/ and /Oil/,
alkalis - stronger effect
H
H - /LOO/
G - retards, H - /210/
Reference
[ 12931
12 13.2 151
I901
1901
I901
I901
13473
I2 13.2 151
I891
I213.2151
164 10. Tables
Admixture Effect
C103-, B,0,2- H
OJaC4H,0,
continued)
Admixture
admixtures
Crocein scarlet 3B. Diamine sky blue
Reference
12151
effect
H
H, D
ref.
1 1334.13351
18961
10. Tables 165
K2S04
POTASSIUM SULPHATE
Molecular weight: 174.254
System: rhombic
a = 0.5731 b = 1.0008
Admixture
N3+
Ca2+, Sr2+. Ba2+. &+, Pb2+, C s + .
Ni2+
Ce3+
K,Cr04 + KC1
Density: 2662
2 = 4
c = 0.7424
2, dissol.
v
D . retards reaystalliza-tion
N
G
dissol.
G
D
D
H. caking
N.G
D
D - creep cryst.
Zeference
11791
12131
52,874,875,876l
762)
767.918.14971
13571
I 13561
[5201
12401
[182,1036]
I1 1311
[680,1499.1500.
15021
17201
166 10. Tables
I Admixture
K,Cr04. Pb2+
K,Fe( CN)
KCIO,, K9Cr0,
KCr(S04)?
Li +
Mn2+. U 0 2 2 + . V 0 2 2 + . Cd2+.
Fez+, CS+. Cu2+, A13+, Mg2+,
sio,2-
(NH,),SO,
Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+
NiSO,, MnSO,
PbCl,
admixtures
2 inor anic anions
Effect
G. dissol.
H, I)
G ~
N
favourable
D
D
D
N, H
D
N
G
D
Reference
16 171
114.95)
12211
[ 14951
[ 14331
14721
I2961
I3 171
12391
19541
15721
[11001
1424.14321
1757,766,906.
1273,1274,1355,
1357.14981
18731
10. Tables 167
I K2s04
(continued)
Admixture Effect
s,o,2-. s,o,2- H - platelets /001/
Alizarin yellow H - /loo/
Amaranth H, caking
Crystal Ponceau D
dyestuffs H
solvents
surfactants G
Reference
1203.2 14.2 153
12081
[182.1036]
[6001
1209,210,214, 215.
391.14471
[ 12731
18341
19301
[ 23 7,7 721
LiCl H2O
LITHIUM CHLORIDE monohydrate
Molecular weight: 60.409 Density: 1762
System: tetragonal 2-8
a - 0.7669 c = 0.7742
Admixture Effect Reference
Mn2’. Cd2+. Sn2+, Sn4+, Co2+, favourable 14723
Ni2+, Fe3+. Ti4+. Cr3+. Th4+
168 10. Tables
Admixture Effect Reference
M gF2 D I8081
FeF, G, N 111971
Molecular weight: 26.94 Density: 2300
System: cubic 2 = 4
a - 0.401
LiI 3 HzO
LITHIUM IODIDE trihydrate Molecular weight: 187.891 Density: 2290
System: hexagonal 2 x 2
a - 0.7460
Admixture Effect Reference
admixtures D. H [ 11371
c - 0.6460
10. Tables 169
~ ~~
Admixture Effect
MnO; H
admixtures D, G
pH G
LiIO,
LITHIUM IODATE
Molecular weight: 181.85 Density:
System: hexagonal 2 = 2
a - 0.5469 c - 0.5155
Reference
I9901
I3631
I2471
- ~ ~~ ~
Admixture Effect Reference
Mg(CH,C00)2 . 4 H2O
MAGNESIUM ACETATE tetrahydrate
Molecular weight: 214.47 Density: 1450
170 10. Tables
Effect
D
H
H
lower pH - better crystals
H - shorter crystals
H - longer crystals
LizSO, HZO
LITHIUM SULPHATE monohydrate
Reference
[ 13501
[ 10801
I1 1091
[959]
[ 10571
110571
Molecular weight: 127.955
Syetem: monoclinic
a - 0.5430
B - 107O 35'
b - 0.4830
Density: 2051
2 1 2
c - 0.8140
Admixture
H,SO,
pH
pH - 5.0
pH 6.0 - 6.5
DH 6.5 - 6.7 favo urab le 1 I4721
M@,&SO& 6 HzO POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM SULPHATE hexahydrate
I Molecular weiaht: 402.742
I Admixture Effect I Reference
D [1189]
10.Tables 171
Effect
Mgcos MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
ldolecular weight: 84.33
System: trigonal
L - 0.561
L - 48O 12'
Reference
Deneity: 2980
2 - 2
S
H. precipitation
G
N
p H
complexons
hydroxyethylenediphosphonic
acid, EDTA
DhosDhonates
[1035.1167]
IlO2Ol
I6531
I8121
[ 11671 polyglutamic acid, polyvinylsul-
Admixture
surfactants
Effect Reference
G 19441
I
Mgc204
MAGNESIUM OXALATE
172 10. Tables
Molecular weight: 160.388 I I
MgF2
MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE Molecular weight: 62.32
System: tetragonal 2-2
1
a - 0.466 c - 0.308
Admixture
Mn2+. Zn2+, Co2+, N12+
Admixture
Effect Reference
D 158,603
Ni2+. Co2+
admixtures
Effect
D
G
7
Reference
I 14961
131
10. Tables 173
Effect
D
Molecular weight: 360.688 Deneity: 1723
Reference
1621
System: monoclinic 2 - 2
a - 0.9324 b - 1.2597 c - 0.6211
p - 107O 08'
Admixture Effect Reference
Ni(N134)2(S04)2 D [9281
Ni2"-, Fe2+, Cu2+ D 1581
174 10. Tables
Admixture
admixtures
pH
saccharides. glycerine
Molecular weight: 58.34 Density: 2400
Effect Reference
periodic crystallization 1201
S 17881
G - retarding 113091
System: hexagonal z=1 a - 0.311 c - 0.474
Admixture
Sod2-. Se0,2-. Ni2+, Cu2+, c02+,
Effect Reference
D 18381
MnCOS
MANGANOUS CARBONATE Molecular weight: 114.95
System: trigonal
a - 0.584
a - 470 45'
Density: 3400
2 5 2
1O.Table.s 175
MgSO, 7 HzO
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE heptahydrate I Molecular weight: 246.469
System: rhombic
a - 1.1940 b - 1.2030 Density: 1680
2 - 4
c - 0.6870
Admisture
cationic admixtures
Co2+, Fe2+, Cu2+
Na2B407 I
Ni2+, Zn2+
H,BO, + NaOH
pH
methanol, ethanol
p- phenylendiamine
tensides
Effect
G
H. D
D
H - shortening, H2S0,
decreases this effect
G - retarding, H - shortening
H - needles
D
G
D
H - shortening
G
N
G
Reference
16221
1571
1621
191
I90.524.9761
[907.908]
12331
1488,4891
19293
1581
1901
1728.7331
176 1O.Tables
MnS04 H,O
MANGANOUS SULPHATE monohydrate
Molecular weight: 169.011 Density: 2950
System: monoclinic (rhombic)
a - 0.6740 b - 0.8100 c - 1.3300
Admixture I Effect I Reference I I
Mn(HC00)2 - 2 H 2 0
MANGANOUS FORlMATE dihydrate
Molecular wefPht: 181.007
Admixture Effect
1O.Tables 177
UH,Br
WMONIUM BROMIDE dolecular weight: 97.942 Density: 2429
bystem: cubic 2-1
L = 0.4047
Admixture
Cr3", Fe3+, Cu2+, Nl2+, Co2+, Fe2+.
Zn2+. Mn2+. Cd2+. Be2+
Cu2+ + Fe3+
Cu2+, Cd2+
Fe2+, Na+
admixtures
aliphatic monoamines
hydrazlne and guanidine
derivatives
lactame oil
0- and p-vinylphenylmethan
sulfoaclds
H
D
caking
H
caking
caking
caking
caking
Reference
11322.1323,
13241
I6021
I60 11
110431
[ 11701
I5901
I4021
110431
[13721
1221.10971
178 10. Tables
NH,Cl
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE Molecular weight: 53.491
System: cubic
B - 0.3866
Density: 1527
Z = 1
Admixture
Be2+
Cd2+, Fe3+, A13+
Cd2+
Cd2+
CdCl,. K4Fe(CN)6. pectine.
N(CH,CONHY)?
Co2+, Mn2+. Fe2+, Cr3+, NaSCN,
CH3COONH4, (NaPO,),
Co2+, N12+, Mn2+, Cu2+
Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+
c U 2 + , Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Sn2+
CUCI,
c u s o ,
Fe3+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Mn2+, ~ p + , c02+,
Cd2+
Effect
H
D. H
H. caking
G , N
D
D
D
D
H - cube
D
Reference
[ 1322.1323.
13261
16021
[5991
[ 1324.13261
I10361
[1427j
112691
15811
[ 1264,1269,
12701
13 161
I1 131
I600.1322,
1323.13263
I
NHaC1 I (continued)
I Admixture
Fe3+. Cu2+
Fe3+. Ni2+, Co2+, CuSO,
FeCl,, CuSO,. CuC1,
KC1 + KqSO,
Mn2+, Mg2+, phosphatcs
Mn2+. Zr4+, Cd2+. Fez+. Cuz+,
Co2+, Ni2+, Fe3+. Cr3+
Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+. Cu2+
Cd2+. Mn2+. Co2+, Cu2+,
Ni2+, Fe3+. Sod2-. NO3-.
ammonium acetate and formate
NaCl
NiCl,
Pb2+
C032-. SO,2-. F-. I-. I
Effect
H
H - dendrites/cubes
H - transparent cubes
D for creep cryst.
H - favourable
favourable
H , anomalous mixed
crystals
H
H
S - favourable
H - dendrites/cube
favourable
Reference
16421
1773,7741
16601
17201
19261
14721
12601
14401
I12911
18201
[4231
14231
180 10. Tables
m,c1
(continued)
I Admixture
ZnC1,. AICl,, NiC1,. CoC1,. MnC1,.
FeCl,. CdC1,. (NH4),S0,. CuC1,.
(NH,),MoO,. HgCl,
admixtures
C0,2-. HCOR-.Na+.NH,
HC1
inorganic anions
phosphates
phosphates. CO,,-. SO,,-
alkylarninoacetate and -chloride
dyes
extract of peanuts
laurylaminoacetate
murexide
octadecylamine hydrochloride
pectine. pectinlc acid
pectine
phenolsulphonic acid
I solvents
Effect
H
N
H
caking
H ~~ ~
G
H - dendrites/cube
caklna
~ ~
favourable
H
H ~~ ~~
caking
H - prolongated trans-
parent crystals
N. S
S. caklna
Reference
[ 10961
I12181
I8041
13871
I440.6421
I3391
13451
18811
15871
I12051
10. Tables 181
Admixture
urea
urea
urea
urea
urea, lactose
urea, pectin
NH,CI
[continued)
Effect Reference
H 122 1 I
H - cube aggregates 1773.7743
H - dendrites/octahedron 19761
H - cubes
G 112191
G . N 114271
I 1096.1 0971
Admixture
Cu2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Th4+
Zn2', Cd2+. Mn2+. Ca2+. Mg2+,
Sc3+, Co2+, Ni2+
Effect Reference
favourable 14721
"7231
182 10. Tables
Admixture Effect
Ca,(PO,), caking
so,2- H - /llO/ dyes H - /Oil/, /102/
surfactants
NH4ClOs
AMMONIUM CHLORATE
Reference
114131
[ 2 14.2 151
1214,2151
15323
Molecular weight: 101.50
Admixture
admixtures H [ 11701
surfactants inclusions
10. Tables 183
System: rhombic 2 1 8
a - 0.7290 b = 1.0790 c = 0.8760
Admixture
dehydrating substances
NaHSO,. MgCl,, CaSO,
admixtures
hydrocarbons
oil, sugar
Effect Reference
stabilization 14631
caking 14573
I781
stabilization 14631
13. favourable 14591
Admixture
dyes
glycerine. Na,B40,. sucrose
Effect Reference
I-I [2 14.2 1 51
favourable 14721
184 10. Tables
Admixture
NH4HC4H40,
AMMONIUM HYDROGEN TARTRATE I Effect Reference
1lKolecdar weinht: 167.124
(NH,),HPO4
AMMONIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE I I Molecular weight: 132.056 Density: 1619 I Svetem: monoclinic
lAd*ture I meet I Reference I I H - platelets/cubes I
10. Tables 185
NH4H2P04
AMMONIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE Molecular weight: 116.026
System: tetragod
a - 0.7610 c - 0.7630
Density: 1803
z = 4
Admixture
Al3+
AlCI,, FeC1,. Cr3+
Ba2+, Sod2-
Co(NO2)q
cr3+
I Cr3+, N 3 + . Fe3+
Cr3', Fe3+ I CrCI,
Effect
G.H
higher electric conduct.
G. D
green prismatic faces
H
H
G - retarding, N - wider
metastable zone
N. G
G
H. G - lower growth rate of
prismatic faces
H
If - wedges
Reference
I5351
[289.2901
14231
[ 14431
14233
1176,13361
15783
P763
"2893
I5791
13751
14231
ll6l
19743
186 10.Tables
NH,H,PO,
(continued)
lAd*e
pH. FeC13. CrPO,
I pH-3.9. Fe3+, Cr3+, A3+. Sn2+.
NH,
Sn4+. Cr3+, Fe3+, Ti4+, Au3+. H3+,
Be2+
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
Effect
G. H
G. H
H, G
G fluctuations
D. H - wedges
H - thicker crystals
D. H - rhombic shape
H - prisms
G. H
favourable
H - wedges
D - purity
ti
G. H
H -platelets
Reference
12641
12951
17711
I15141
I15141
1161
I161
I12943
1161
I9211
1227,228,229,
2301
I4721
I7221
19341
1249,14823
ll08ll
10. Tables 187
Admixture
H,P04
PH
pH
p H
p H > 3.6
pH. gel
PH. NH,OH. H3P04
EDTA
surfactant
surfactants
(continuedl
Effect
N - slowning
H - at higher pH regular
growth
G
S , H
H - shortening
G
H
H
N
G - lower rate
Reference
17221
11 1091
19521
I14181
16061
Molecular weight: 80.043
system: rhombic
b - 0.7660
Density: 1652
Z = 4
c - 0.5800
I
' D
S. decreases
caking
safety
H. caking
lower hygroscopiclty. tight
hygroscopicity
coarsening of dendrites
caking
stability
Reference
' 16521
1 ' [ 13 16.13 171
' [?I861
16701
(10361
13521
16481
13241
[2971
10. Tables 189
acid
sodium ethylsiliconate
sulphonates
toluidine, azobenzole, anthranilic
acid w
NH4NO3 I (continued1
Admixture
admixtures
admixtures
Acid magenta, Bordeaux S.
Azofuchsine. Chromaeol yellow
Acid magenta, N(CH2COONa)3.
Bordeaux S
alkylamines, Sod2-. sulphonates
amine
aminoalcane salts
dyes
dyes
glycole. glycerine
laurylaminoacetates
hosphate solids
salts of p-rosaniline disulphonic I
~~ ~
Effect
N
H. stability
caking
H. caking
H
H - /010/ platelets
noncaking platelets
caking
H
S
caking
caking
hygroscopicity
~~
Reference
I 13641
13251
[ 14481
[ 10361
I13471
16431
I3881
[224.1098]
W63
14621
13871
I6611
I4001
I13941
[ 1 3 76.1 3 771
if3581
190 10. Tables
Admixture
toluidine. resorcin. azobenzene.
malelc acid
urea
wax. dves
NH4NOs
[continued)
Effect Reference
hygroscopicity 16431
[1391]
cakina I2971
“H412BeF4
AMMONIUM BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE
Molecular weight: 121.263
System: rhombic
m - 0.58 b - 1.020 c - 0.75
Admixture I Effect I Reference
(NH4)&rO4 D
10. Tables 191
dolecular weight: 132.134 Density
System: rhombic 2 = 4
L = 0.5951 b = 1.0560 c = 0.771
Admixture Effect
M,(SO,), H
M2(S04)3 150-200 ppm H, decreasing mois-
ture
M3+ caking
A13+. Cr3+, Fe3+ S. H. N
A13+. Fe3+ S decreasing
M3+. Fe3+, Cd2+, K+
M3+. Mg2+. Fe2+, pH, urea
A13+. Mn2+. Cu2+
A13+, p H H, noncaking flakes
As5+ H - needles
H. S
H - rice corn
N. G . S . H
As5+ 0.03 % yellow crystals
Ca2+. Fe2+
cakin
S. H. favourable
1769
b
I
1 Reference
1114633
I 18831
15831
(1365,13661
I79 11
13041
1977,9821
11881
14641
I48 11
15731
15271
1481
14811
192 10. Tables
I Admixture
cr3+
Cr3+
Cr3+
cr3+
Cr3+ + H,SO,
Cr3+ >50 ppm
Cr3+. Fe3+
Cr3+, H,PO,
cu2+
Cu2+, A13+. Mn2+
Fe2+
Fez+. A13’
Cu2+, Na+. pH
Effect
caking
H
G
N. G. S
N
H - prisms
H - longer,
decolorUed
G
S. colouring
N. G. S , H
D
N. H. S
Reference
I181
14031
I7151
I6931
17861
17631
I661
I661
[ 14731
15881
I1951
192
113181
1378,379,3801
972
[ 977,9821
10. Tables 193
Fe3+, A13+. Cr3+, H,S04. P,O,
Fe3+, As+, Cr3+, Mn2+
Fe3+, A3+, Mg2+. CaC,04
Fe3+. C1-
Fe3+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+
Fe3+. Fe2+
Fe3+. Fe2+. Na,S,03
Fe3++, Fe2+. pH
Fe3+, organic admixtures
Effect
H. S. caking
favourable
at high conc. unfa-
vourable
H - prisms
D ~
H - needles
H. S - needles
G. H - needles
H. S
S. caking
H
D
D
S
D. H. N
H. colourlng
Reference
12761
14821
I830al
[ 170.17 11
19711
(84,4291
I482.5431
I14711
[105.106.107]
[ 13611
I14381
[ 13961
14901
[969.970.9711
13001
19721
1706.7071
194 10. Tables
sulphonlc acids
Mg2+. Mn2+, Zn2+, organic
sulphonic acids
MgS04 + HqC,04
Mn2+
Mn2+
Mn2+, Cu2+, Al3+
Admixture I Effect
H. S
H - shortening
G, S
N. G, S
H. S
H,C,04. Na3S,03. Mg2+ H - shortening
HqSO, 2g/L1 A1903 8g/L
H,S04. A13+. Fe3+, Mg2+. Na,S,O,
H,S04, Fe3+. Cu2+, Mn2+, Na,S,03
isomorphous sulphates
K 3 S 0 4 . K2Cr04
Mg2+
Mg2+, Mn2+. Zn2+. Cr3+, NaC1.
H - hexagonal rice
corn
H - rice corn
H - rice corn
H - rice corn
H
H. D
H, S
N, H, S
Reference
13511
i3511
1651
13821
13811
14551
12211
14651
151
19751
11941
11911
1O.Tables 195
(NH4)2s04 I fcontinuedl
pH, urea, A13+, Fe3+. Mg2+, Cu2+,
admixtures
Effect
N. 13. S . D
caking
G
D
H - rice corn
G . H
H _____ ~~
H - rice corn
H. S
H. S
D
G. I3
S
Reference
[189,1901
I977.9821
(13041
r9771
[1200]
[ 10271
19761
15201
[ 14701
[307.1211,
14281
[7651
I40 11
196 1O.Tables
Bordeaux S, Azofuchsine.
Tartrazine. Diamine sky blue
cyclohexanone oxime. hydroql-
amine sulphate. caprolactame i
“H,),SO, I [continued]
I Admixture
CN-. SCN-
H,S04
H 9 S 0 4
HSPOI
P,05 + 0.5 Yo H,SO,
PnOc. HnSO,
pH
p H 6 - 7
pH. C1-
alkylarylsulphonates ’
amines
Bordeaux S
Effect
unfavourable
minimum
H - favourable
€1. s
S
G. H
H. S
G. S
cakinr!
caking
II - noncaking long
brittle crystals
H. caking
Reference
17911
[2701
[ 172.5851
[ 9 7 7.98 2,19 51
I2331
I13591
I10341
[ 12873
113631
I3041
[ 10691
14231
I2411
[2241
[ 14481
18331
10. Tables 197
I13671 I
I 15061
748 I
I Admixture
dyes
I dyes
glucose, molasses
glycerine. urea, pectine
glycol, glycerine
imidazoline salts
impurities from caprolactam
nonionic surfactants
I
organic admixtures
organic dyes
organic substances
organic sulphonic acid
pectine. wood extract
phenol, pyridine
phenol, pyridine
polyacrylamide
polyvinylalcohol
surfactant. dye
I Effect
I
1 caking
‘ H . S
H. S
caking
caking
N
H
H
G - higher
H. S
S. H
G. H
H
S
caking
Reference
1706,7071
13911
1661
14651
14601
15271
[ 14381
I14041
I13961
[ 13601
198 10. Tables
~~
Effect Admixture
surfactants
tar
urea
urea, phenol, glycerine, starch,
glue
Reference
caking
H
S - favourable
[789,1289]
(4811
1461.1 1921
[ 9 7 7.9 821
I
Admixture Effect
H,S04. (NH4),S04
H2S04. (NH4)2S04. Nb205, Ta205
N. G
N. G Nb retards, Ta
I accelerates
- Reference
[6541
1655,6561
10. Tables 199
Admixture Effect Reference
UO,Fq, F- S , N. G I2541
“H,),W04
AMMONIUM TUNGSTATE
Molecular weight: 283.998
pods-, ~ ~ 0 , 3 - . sio,2- I yield I I3561
200 10. Tables
Admixture Effect Reference I
Na,AlF6
SODIUM HEXAFLUOROALUMINATE (CRYOLITE)
Molecular weight: 209.941 Density: 2900
Syetem: monoclinic 2 - 2
a - 0.5460 b - 0.6610 c - 0.7800
I B - 900 12'
~~~~~~ ~ ~
Effect
G
Reference
133 1,3331
1184,236,251.
253.330.3921
I I 114831
YaBOs 4 H,O
SODIUM PERBORATE tetrahydrate
blolecular weight: 153.87
Admixture
surfactants
surfactants
10. Tables 201
Admixture
ionic impurities, surfactants
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
surfactant
surfactant
surfactant
NaBO, H202 3 H,O
SODIUM PEROXOBORATE trihydrate
Molecular weight: 153.875
Effect Reference
I3931
G I7821
13941
N I12501
N I3321
G I3331
N, G. H I2521
Admixture Effect Reference
202 10. Tables
Na2B407 10 H 2 0
SODIUM TETRABORATE decahydrate
Molecular weight: 381 367 Density: 1692
System: monoclinic 2 - 4
a - 1.1820 b - 1.0610 c = 1.2300
B - 106O 35'
I Admixture
CUCI,, c u s o ,
admixtures
H,BO,
pH = 9.7
Azoflavine RS, Chrome fast yellow.
Ponceau 4. Acid brown R. Alizarin
yellow, Orange 1, Naphtol black,
Ponceau S extra, and other dyes
oleic acid
sodium oleate, dodecylbenzene
sulphonate
surfactant
Effect
H - /010/
N. H
caking
H - cubes
H
S, H - favourable
N. G, S
H. N
Reference
[213,214,2151
142 I, 10771
113701
[423,976]
[213,214.2151
1422,423,9761
[ 10771
[123, 10781
10. Tables 203
NaBr - 2 H,O
SODIUM BROMIDE dihydrate Molecular weight: 138.924 Density: 2176
System: monoclinic
a = 0.6590 b - 1.0200 c = 0.6510
p = 1120 05'
Admixture Effect Reference
Na,Fe(CN16, CdBr2, PbBr2, H, caking 110361
NaBrO,
SODIUM BROMATE
Molecular weight: 150.892 Density: 3325
System: cubic 3 - 4
a - 0.6705
Admixture I Effect I Reference
pH G
204 10. Tables
Admixture
N a pyrophosphate
Na2HP04
Na2PO,
admixtures
cyclo hexane
NaCHsCOO 3 H 2 0
SODIUM ACETATE trihydrate
Molecular weight: 136.080
Effect Reference
N [ 14191
N [1420,1436]
N (14371
G [ 11381
H I3091
Admixture Effect
CaO, pH
admixtures H
lysine H - prisms
H - prisms. cubes
Reference
I13751
[1159]
[ 13741
10. Tables 205
Admixture Effect
admixtures N
olecular weight: 286.141 Density: 1460
b = 0.9009 c = 1.2597
Reference
[3051
206 10. Tables
NaCl
SODIUM CHLORIDE Molecular weight: 88.443
System: cubic
a - 0.5627
Density: 2163
3 - 4
Admixture
admixtures forming double salt
AgCl
A@C1
Al3+
Ba2+
Ca2+, Sr2+. Ba2+. Cd2+
Ca2+. Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+. pH
Ca2+, Sr2+, Cu2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Fe2+
+ polyvinylalcohol
CaC1,
CaC1,
CaCl,, Fe(CNIe4-
Cd2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Hg2+,
Effect
H
D - ultrasound
D, Ostwald ripening
caking
H
D
D
H - fibers
H - octahedrons
dissolution
caking
H
H
Reference
I l O O l l
I7411
I877.8781
14061
[ 10391
[ 14101
1381
[ 10741
I5221
I8001
[ 12251
15471
1141.1421
10. Tables 207
I NaCl
(continued) : 1 Admixture
Cd2+. Zn2+, Mn2+
CH2NH2CH2COOH, Cd2+, Mn2+,
Hg2+
cu2+
CllC1,
Fe2+, Mg2+. alkaline carbonates
and hydroxides
Fe3+, A13+, Zn2+
HgC1,
25 inorganic cations
1n3+
K,Ti0(C904),
K,Fe(CN),
K,Fe(CN),
K4Fe(CNI6 5 ppm
K4Fe(CNI6, K,Fe(CN),
K4Fe(CN)6, Mg2+
KCaCl,
Effect
G, H
D
G , H, D
caking
S - favourable
H
G - decrease
D
caking
N, S
H
caking
caking
n
Reference
[ 11361
I53 I1
I13201
[699.700.70 11
14041
19761
1138,10901
I3401
18721
I5891
I7831
12821
11751
11401
[I 15,6721
1411
208 10. Tables
Na,Fe(CNj6, Na3Fe(CNjG
I
dendrites
H. noncaking
NaCl
(continued1
Reference
i2731
1391
[ 13531
[1481]
[5481
I13811
(569,132 11
14051
161
[ 10371
I423.9761
[1362]
11 1601
11741
10. Tables 209
NaCl
I continuedl
Admixture
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH. Na2C03
Pb2+. Cd2+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Pb2+, H,S04
Pb2+, K,Fe(CNIG
Pb2+, Mn2+, Bi3+, Sn2+, Ti3+, Cd2+.
Fe2+, Hg2+
Pb2+. urea I Pb2+, urea, Cd2+ I
Effect
H
H. electrical
properties
caking
S - favourable
N, G. D
D
D
N, G , H, solubility
favourable
D on /111/ and
/loo/
H
- Reference
[lo101
111941
[ 11391
113731
(423,9761
I4771
I9361
18271
Ill611
14771
[1349]
"2601
14721
16201
[ 14 1,142,190.
530.53 11
2 10 10. Tables
Admixture
PbC1,
PbC1,
PbCl,, CdClQ
PbC1, , K,Fe( CN),
ZrOC1,
Rb+. Cs+
small ion admixture
s o p
NaCl
Effect
D
G
D
G
caking
D
G - rise
H
Ti K oxalate
T1+
caking
D
water-containing substances
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
1869,8711
[ 14951
(13711
(12471
12731
I1 771
decrease caking
H, low attrition
H
N
D
I8481
[870,87 11
(37 11
I1801
11 170,1221,
14801
10. Tables 2 1 1
Effect
H
caking
caking
G
H
D
H. caking
G. H. lower attrition
N. G. S
H - cube +
octahedron
caking
I NaCl
Reference
I7363
I5451
I5461
I7041
I13361
I7211
110361
I12621
I 14941
I7401
14061
I (continued)
Admixture
CH,COO-. CdCl,, CaCl,+MgCl,
complex cyanides, sfloxanes
complex cyanides, urea
OH-
pH
26 admixtures
alanine , glycine , CH,CO 0 H
aliphatic amines
brornobenzene. phenol, aniline
citric acid. tartaric acid
cysteine. creatinine. pepsine,
sodium glutamate, sodium
phosphate
glycine
laurylaminoacetate
I1 16,138.10891
212 10. Tables
(continued)
Admixture
Methylene blue, Erythrosine
N a salt of carboxymethyl-cellulose
organic acids
phenol
golysaccharides
polyvinylalcohol
golyvinylalcohol
sodium dodecylsulphate
sodium sulphonaphtalate
surfactants
surfactants
surfactants
surfactants
surfactants
synth. polyelectrolyte
urea
10. Tables 2 13
~ ~~~ ~
Admixture
urea, aliphatic acids
urea, CrCIR
urea, formamide, glycine
urea, pyridine. formamide
~ ~~
Effect Reference
~
Effect
Na,SO,
NO,-. Cl-, Br-. COS2-.
H
N - accelerates 13721
G - accelerate I3721
caking
H
H
H - octahedrons
Reference
IlOOO. 1002.
11 18.1244.
1261,1487.
14711 I
NaC,H,O,N,
SODIUM PICRATE
Molecular weight: 251.096
214 10.TabZes
Admixture
cu2+
Na dithionate
Na,B,07
Na2B,0,
Na2Cr0,
Na,S, 0
Na,SO,
Na,SO,
Na,SO,. NaClO,
NaBO,
NaBO,
S2062-, B4072-, S2032-. SO,^-,
Cr,.0,2-. CrO,2-, C10,2-
NaClO,
SODIUM CHLORATE
Molecular weight: 106.441
System: cubic
a - 0.6570
Effect
H - /llO/ - /111/
H. G
H. G
N
D
H - /loo/ - /111/
G. H
N. H
H - /111/
H, G
N
H - /111/
admixtures
admlxtures
Reference
113361
[1103,1104]
I4851
11531
16871
[ 1991
[124.125.132]
18621
15231
17261
I14091
12151
114901
I12821
19761
10. Tables 2 15
Admixture Effect
Na,S04 G
Reference
11281
~~~~
SODIUM FLUORIDE
Molecular weight: 41.988
System: cubic
Admixture Effect
Ponceau 4GB. Solochrome black, H - cube/octahedron
Alizarin red S
polyacrylic acid
Density: 2790
Z = 4
Reference
[4101
[4521
2 16 10. Tables
N. G
N
N. G - accelerate
N
S
H
G
NaHCO,
SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE Molecular weight: 84.007 Density: 221 1
System: monoclinic 2 - 4
a - 0.7510 b = 0.9700 c = 0.3530
B - 930 19'
17501
[ 18 1.3841
18421
1861
18421
19761
[ 13691
[1217]
[4071
I3671
I Admixture
Na,SO, + hexamethylenimine
NaCl
NaCl
NaC1, NaNO,, Na,SOd
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
benzenesulp honates
carbamate
surfactants
Effect 1 Reference
I I13921
10. Tables 2 17
Admixture Effect Reference
Mg2+. K+ N [ 13081
I
_1
NaCsH3N,0S
MONOSODIUM URATE
Molecular weight: 190.11 I
Na3H(CO3I2
TRONA
Molecular weight: 190.448
Admixture Effect Reference
organic substances S - favourable I4211
benzenesulphonates I4071
surfactants G. H, S I1368.13791 ,
2 18 10. Tables
Admixture
Pb(NO,),. Hg(NO,),
Ca2+
surfactants
NaI 2 H,O
SODIUM IODIDE dihydrate Molecular weight: 185.925 Density: 2448
System: triclinic 2 - 4
a - 0.6850 b - 0.5760 c = 0.7160
a - 98000' 0 = 119000' y ~68~30'
Effect Reference
H [3731
favourable I4721
hydrophobization [ 1464)
Admixture Effect
Cu2+, Fe2+. Pb2+, SO,2- D
NaNO,
SODIUM NITRITE
Molecular weight: 68.995 Density: 2144
System: rhombic 2 9 2
a - 0.3550 b - 0.6660 c = 0.5380
10. Tables 219
NaNO,
SODIUM NITRATE Molecular weight: 84.995
System: trigonal
a - 0.6320
a 4 7 O 14'
Density: 2257
3-2
Admixture
Fe3+
I HN03, Na2C03, NaC1. NaN02,
Fe,O,
Pb2+, Ca2
solid impurities
aniline sulphonate, Wool scarlet,
Chloramine sky blue FF, Acid
green GG extra, Soluble blue,
Induline, Gallophenine D
Congo red, Oxamine blue B.
Magenta, Fuchsine. Methylene
bllie
Effect
Ostwald riDenina
N
n
S . H
N. G
unfavourable
H - /001/ faces on a
rhombohedron
H
caking
hydrophobization
Reference
[ 14531
14121
I57 11
[ 10271
[2721
19761
[2241
[ 1442)
220 10. Tables
Admixture
CH,COOH
s10,2-, VO;
NaOH - H20 SODIUM HYDROXIDE monohydrate
Molecular weight: 58.012 Density: 1750
System: rhombic Z = 8
B - 0.6210 b - 1.1720 c - 0.6050
Effect Reference
N I8871
16341
NaOH
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Molecular weight: 39.997 Density: 2020
System: rhombic
B - 0.3397 b - 0.3397 c = 1.1320
Admixture I Effect I Reference
Na,PO, 12 H 2 0
SODIUM PHOSPHATE dodecahydrate
Molecular weight: 380.123 Density: 1589
System: hexagonal 2 = 2
a = 1.2020 c = 1.2660
10. Tables 22 1
Admixture
surfactants
Effect Reference
G 1549, 13461
~
Na2S20, 5 H20
SODIUM THIOSULPHATE pen tahydrate
Molecular weight: 248.174 Density: 1756
System: monoclinic 2 - 4
Admixture Effect
Na,S, pH > 8 D
a = 0.5944 b = 2.1570 c = 0.7525
Reference
1101
222 10. Tables
Na,S04 10 H,O
SODIUM SULPHATE decahydrate
Molecular weight: 322.189
System: monoclinic
a - 1.1430 b = 1.0340
SODIUM SULPHATE
Molecular weight: 142.037
System: rhombic
a = 0.5860 b = 1.2300
Density: 1468
2 = 4
c = 1.2900
Density: 2665
2 - 8
c = 0,9820
Admixture I Effect I Reference
Na9B,O7 N I56.13121
admixtures I9141
admixtures N, G I5071
NOn-. sulphamate H. G I4831
impurities from caprolactam I5061
surfactants H - rounded crystals 1423,9761
surfactants I8581
10. Tables 223
Admixture
Mg2+, Ca2+, N3+, H,PO,
Pod3-
Na2SiF6
SODIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE
Molecular weight: 188.056 Density: 2679
System: hexagonal 2 = 3
a - 0.8860 c - 0.5020
Reference
18991
Effect
G [lo591
Admixture Effect
Ca2+. M3+ D
Na2Si03 - 9 H 2 0
SODIUM SILICATE nonahydrate
Reference
[531
224 10. Tables
Admixture
Ni(HC0O)Z 2 H2O
NICKEL FORMATE dihydrate
Molecular weight: 172.747
Effect Reference
Admixture Effect Reference
Mg2+ D I581
Mg2+. Mn2+ I D I[58.601 I
Ni(CH3COO)Z 4 H2O
NICKEL ACETATE tetrahydrate
Molecular weight: 236.831
10. Tables 225
Admixture
Mg2+, Zn2+
Ni(NO& 6 H2O
NICKEL NITRATE hexahydrate
Molecular weight: 290.81 1 Density: 2050
System: triclinic z = 2
a - 0.5790 b - 0.7690 c = 1.1890
cc - 106" 38' B = SOo 32' y =lolo 27'
Effect Reference
D, H IS21
Admixture
H,O,
Ni[OH),
NICKEL HYDROXIDE I Effect Reference
filterability 113991
Molecular weight: 92,706
System: hexagonal Z = 1
a - 0.307 c - 0.4605
226 10. Tables
Admixture
Fe2+
Ni(OH),CO,
BASIC NICKEL CARBONATE
Molecular weight: 152.717
Admixture Effect Reference
H,O, filterability [ 13991
Effect Reference
D [488,489]
NiSO, 7 H2O
NICKEL SULPHATE heptahydrate
Molecular weight: 280.874 Density: 1948
System: rhombic 2 - 4
a - 1.1800 b - 1.2000 c = 0.6800
inorganic ions
Zn2+, Mg2+ ,
gelatin
H. adsorption poten- [2751
tial
D 1581
H. dissolution [2231
10. Tables 227
~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~
Admixture
Ag+
PbBr2
LEAD BROMIDE
~
Effect Reference
[1235]
Molecular weight: 367.008 Density: 6667
System: rhombic z = 4
Admixture
uo,2+
polyglutamic acid, polyvinyl-
sulphonate
a = 0.4720 b = 0.8040 c - 0.9520
Effect Reference
transform. 11 1641
N [1167]
gum arabic H I I2151
PbCOs
LEAD CARBONATE
Molecular weight: 267.221
System: rhombic 2 = 4
228 10. Tables
Admixture Effect
pH G. H
Pb(CH3COO)z 3 H2O
LEAD ACETATE trihydrate I Reference
I8071
PbC1,
LEAD CHLORIDE
Molecular weight: 278.106 Density: 5850
Syetem: rhombic Z = 4
a - 0.4520 b = 0.7610 c = 0.9030
I Admixture
KC1, NH,C1, CdCl,, HC1
Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+
Mn2+. Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Na+
PbFQ
admixtures
dextrine
Effect
H
e.
H, N. G
D
N
N, large metastable
zone
H - rounded crvstals
Reference
110191
I3741
I 12541
16761
I4131
1894,8951
10.Tables 229
Admixture
glutamate, gluconate,
citrate. tartrate, EDTA
acetate, gluconate. EDTA,
citrate. tripolyphosphate
PbCrO,
LEAD CHROMATE
Molecular weight: 323.22
System: monoclinic
x - 0.682
3 = 1020 33’
b - 0.748
Effect Reference
N I10151
N I10171
Density: 6100
2 - 4
c - 0.716
Admixture
pH
pH
Effect Reference
G [ 12773
modif. [1278]
230 10. Tables
Effect
D
D
D
H
G, H
D - pleochroism
Pb"O,),
LEAD NITRATE
Molecular weight: 331.210
System: cubic
R 0.7810
Reference
(928.10461
I8571
[ 10841
I8671
I1241
[130.391,43 1,
597,598,664,
Density: 4535
2 = 4
H - cubes
G
G, D, H
Admixture
Ba(NO,),
Ba(NO,), + NaCl
RalNO,I,
[200,430,432,
437.44 1,442.
443,96 1,14021
I1331
[ 1238.1239,
1240.12431
Capri blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
Methylene blue
10. Tables 231
Pb,(P04)2, PbHPO4, Pb2P20,
LEAD PHOSPHATES
Pb(N03)2
(continued)
Admixture Effect Reference
Methylene blue N 113411
Methylene blue, Bismarck brown D I3891
Methylene blue, Thionine blue S 18571
Thionine blue H. D [ 124 1.12421 i
1 Admixture Effect
uo,2+
Reference
[1164,13111
232 10. Tables
I PbS
Admixture Effect Reference I
EDTA equilibrium, G 113511 _I
LEAD SULPHIDE
Molecular weight: 239.28
System: cubic
a = 0.597
PbS
LEAD SULPHIDE
Molecular weight: 239.28 Density: 7500
System: cubic
a = 0.597
PbSO,
LEAD SULPHATE
Molecular weight: 303.28
System: rhombic
a - 0.845 b - 0.538
Density: 6200
c = 0.693
Admixture
RaSO, + HNO,
admixtures
pyrophosphate, tetrameta-
acetate, gluconate, EDTA, citrate.
tripolyphosphate
alcohols
surfactants
Effect
D
G. H
precipitation
Reference
I6651
[ l O O S l
I8 101
[lo171
I10131
I8101
10. Tables 233
Admixture
Pb2+. Sn2+, Zr4+, Ti4+
RbCl
RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE
Molecular weight: 120.921 Density: 2760
System: cubic 3 = 4
a - 0.6540
Effect Reference
favourable I4721
Admixture Effect
OH- I G I I7041
Reference
RUBIDIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
Fe3+, Mg2+, SiOS2-, Ca2+, Ag+, BiS+, I H 118401
Fe3+, pH H
234 10. Tables
Admixture
p olyglutamic acid, polyvinyl-
sulphonate
SrCO,
STRONTIUM CARBONATE
Molecular weight: 147.64 Density: 3700
System: rhombic 2 = 4
a - 0.513 b 0.842 c = 0.610
Effect Reference
N [1165,1167]
Sr(HCOO), 2 H 2 0
STRONTIUM FORMATE dihydrate
Molecular weight: 213.686 Density: 2255 ~
System: rhombic 2 - 4
a - 0.7300 b - 1.1990 c = 0.7130
Admixture I Effect I Reference
cations G
10.Tables 235
Admixture
Fe2+, Fe3+
inhibitors, Mg2+, Zn2+
Mg2+
phosphonates
~
3rF,
STRONTIUM FLUORIDE
Holecular weight: 125.63
System: cubic
L - 0.586
Effect Reference
D I 11801
G. dissolution 13.41
G I5 151
G I1351
I uo,2+ I transform. I I1164.13111 I
SrHPO,, Sr,P,O,, Sr,(PO,),
Admixture Effect
F- G
Reference
I36 11
Admixture Effect
F- G
Reference
I36 11
uo,2+ transform. I 1 164,13 1 11
236 10. Tables
System: cubic 3 6 4
a - 0.7763
Sr"O&
STRONTIUM NITRATE
Molecular weight: 21 1.630
Admixture Effect r
Density: 2930
Ba2+ D
- L
Admixture Effect Reference
Mn2+ D (1031
cu2+ D 1277,10261 /
I saphranine, wood extract 1 H . D
Reference
[ 11451
[12011
ZnC204 - 2 H20
ZINC OXALATE dihydrate
Molecular weight: 189.432
10. Tables 237
Admixture
N a phosphates
N a phosphates
N a triphosphate
pH, phosphates, Fe3+, Cr3+
3rS0,
STRONTIUM SULPHATE Kolecular weight: 183.70
System: rhombic
I - 0.836 b - 0.536
Effect
H. G
N - retarding
N
H
p H
pH = 4.6
pyrophosphate
tripolyphosphate
tripolyphosphate
S
G - maximum
G
H, aggregation
N. G
z = 4
c = 0.684
Reference
[900,9011
[950.951,10061
[ 12481
[g041
18061
18631
13081
110071
CVHSOH
CH,OH
phosphonate
polyvinylsulphonate
polyvinylsulp honate
S
N
H. S
1904.949.950
1007.10 171
[ 12451
13411
(10631
[1163.11681
11 162,11731
238 10. Tables
Admixture Effect
SrSO,
(continued)
Reference
Admixture Effect Reference
sodium cltrate. EDTA H (1006, 10091
surfactants. citrate. EDTA 110061
water soluble polymers H. inhibition N 11162, 11741
Fe2+
alcohol + surfactant
TITANIUM DIOXIDE (anatase) lmo2 W301
N, G I5931
10.Tables 239
Admixture Effect Reference
Mg2+, Mn2+ D [58,601
Zn(HCOO), 2 H 2 0
ZINC FORMATE dihydrate
Molecular weight: 191.447
Admixture Effect
gluconate. tartrate, EDTA. N
Reference
I10151
ZnC4H604
ZINC ACETATE
Molecular weight: 183.48
I I Admixture I Effect I Reference
I I I Co2+, Cd2+ D I [63l I
240 10. Tables
Admixture Effect Reference
Ni2+ D [ 150 1, I5021
ZnK2(S04), 6 H20 I ZINC POTASSIUM SULPHATE hexahydrate
Zn(NH4)2(S04)2 6 H20 ZINC AMMONIUM SULPHATE hexahydrate I Molecular weight: 401.687
System: monoclinic
a - 0.920
!3 = 106O 52'
b = 1.247 c = 0.623
Admixture
Fe2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+
Effect
D
n
Reference
11499,1500,
15021
10. Tables 241
Admixture Effect Reference
Zn(NO& - 6 H,O
ZINC NITRATE hexahydrate
Molecular weight: 297.481 Density: 2067
System: rhombfc z = 4 a = 1.2240 b - 1.2850 c = 0.6290
ZINC SULPHIDE
Molecular weight: 97.45
System: hexagonal
242 10. Tables
~ ~~ ~~ ~
Admixture
co2+
ZnSO, 7 H,O
ZINC SULPHATE heptahydrate Molecular weight: 287.544 Density: 1957
System: rhombic 2 = 4
a - 1.1850 b - 1.2090 c - 0.6830
Effect
D
Admixture
CU2+ I D I
Effect
+ Cu2+, Fe2+, Co2+
Reference
[ 13431
162,9851
I9861
[57,611
f488.4891
~
ZnWO,
ZINC TUNGSTATE Molecular weisht: 313.3
Reference
11831
10. Tables 243
H
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
I
I991
Molecular weight: 60.06
System: tetragonal
caking
H
H - prisms
H
H
N
H
H
caking
H
G
G. H - cubes
admixtures, solvents
I9781
I991
[22 11
I4 161
[ 11411
I6291
I4 171
113481
[ 12891
I1001
12921
13831
[ 10821
alkylamines, HCOOH
biuret
biuret
- biuret 3-5 YO
biuret, cyanuric acid
biuret, formamide
Density: 1335
332
Effect I Reference
244 10. Tables
Admixture Effect
dyes
solvents capping growth
solvents G
surfactants caking
Reference
I1781
I5661
113421
19781
CH4NZS
THIOUREA
Molecular weight: 76.12 Density: 1405
System: rhombic 2 - 4
a = 0.550 b = 0.708 c = 0.857
Admixture Effect Reference
NH,SCN I6273
CH,OH N I5191 I
10. Tables 245
Molecular weight: 123.075
Admixture Effect Reference
Methylene blue D. H - prisms 1434.43 51
Admixture
Ca2+
Fe2+, Cu2+, Pb2+
C2H204 2 HZO
OXALIC ACID dihydrate Molecular weight: 126.04
System: monoclinic
a - 0.612
I3 - 106O 12'
b - 0.361
Effect Reference
D 13591
D 14941
Density: 1653
3 = 2
c - 1.203
246 10. Tables
Z,HBO,N
WINOACETIC ACID
aolecular weight: 75.07
Admixture
Trypan Red, Chloramine Sky Blue
FF. Chromotrooe 2B
Methyl Blue MBJ
aminoacids
Effect
H - long needles
/(Ill/
H - suppresses
needles
N
Reference
12 151
[2151
1784,1444,
14461
CSH4O4N4
UREA OXALATE
Molecular weight: 160.097
I Admixture
Magenta , Fuchsine , Tartrazine ,
Eosine
Neutral red
Victoria blue, Brilliant green,
Malachite green, Gentiana blue
Effect
H - /010/
H - needIes
H - /201/
Reference
14441
(4441
I4441
10. Tables 247
Admixture
C3H702N
AMINOPROPIONIC ACID (L-ALANINE)
Effect Reference
Brilliant yellow I G I I7781 I I I
admixtures I G , H I I7921 I
C4H604
SUCCINIC ACID
Molecular weight: 118.092
System: monoclinic
a = 0.506
B = 133O 37'
b - 0.881
2-2
c = 0.757
Admixture
solvents
isopropanol
Effect
H
G, solubility
Reference
129 11
[ 14501
248 10. Tables
Admixture
Fe2+. Cu2+, Sb3+. S d + , Co2+,
so42-. c1-
cuso,
admixtures
C ~ H ~ O B HSO
TARTARIC ACID monohydrate Molecular weight: 168.09
System: triclinic
a - 0.809
a - 8 2 O 20'
b - 1.003
B - 1180 0'
Effect Reference
D I4921
H I6051
n I 1 1471
Density: 1697
2 = 2
c - 0.481
y =72O 58'
Admixture
solvents
Effect Reference
I3381
C4H808N8
OCTOGENE (TETRANITRO-TETRAZA OCTANE)
1O.Tables 249
Admixture
1-glutamlc acid
C4HQOSN
L-THREONINE
Molecular weight: 119.124
Effect Reference
D "7691
Admixture
Magenta, Fuchsine
Bismarck brown. Neutral red.
Safranlne, Methylene blue
C4HeO4N
y-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID
Molecular weirtht: 136.124
Effect
H - width prolonga-
tion
H - length prolonga-
tlon
surfactants IN, H I I8091
CsH4OsN4
URIC ACID I Molecular weight: 168.11 Density: 1893
I
Reference
I4461
I4461
250 10. Tables
Admixture
amino acids
1-aspartic acid, 1-valine, 1-leucine,
I-p henylalanine
1- aspartic acid
C6H904N
L-GLUTAMIC ACID
Molecular weight: 147.14
Effect Reference
111141
N, G I5181
N. G [ 14751
Admixture
Ca formiate and acetate
CSH1006
XYLOSE Molecular weight: 150.13 Density: 1530
System: rhombic Z = 4
a - 0.921 b - 1.248 c = 0.556
Effect Reference
G - acceleration 19381
10. Tables 251
Admixture
admixtures
Effect Reference
113891
Admixture
Ca[HCOO),
dipentaerythritol
dipentaerythritol
dipentaerythritol
Effect Reference
N. G [ 15121
N. S 115131
N I6181
G. N. S 16191
252 10. Tables
CBH,OZNCl
m-CHLORONITROBENZENE
Molecular weight: 157.663
Admixture Effect Reference
admixtures I2441
structurally similar additives H I2451
COHO
BENZENE
Effect Admixture
Molecular weight: 78.12
System: rhombic I Reference
2 = 4
10. Tables 253
Admixture
C6H602
RESORCINOL
Molecular weight: 110.12
System: rhombic
a - 0.966 b = 1.05
Effect Reference
Density: 1285
2 - 4
c = 0.568
Admixture
Magenta, Fuchsine, Toluidine blue
Effect Reference
H 14451
C6H603
PHLOROGLUCINE (1,3,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZENE) I IMolecular weight: 126.114 1
254 10. Tables
Molecular weight: 134.146
I I t
C6HS06
ASCORBIC ACID
Molecular weight: 176.13
Admixture Effect Reference
methanol I8591
Admixture I Effect I Reference I I I
CITRIC ACID
Molecular weight: 192.13 Density: 1542
surfactant I I [9161 I
Admixture Effect Reference
H,SO, G I9871
10. Tables 255
Admixture Effect
amino acids H
Reference
I6251
C6H 10°4N2
ETHYLENEDIAMINE TARTRATE
Molecular weight: 174.162
I Admixture Effect r
Ca2+. Mg2+. Cu2+, A13+ H
Fe3+. A13+, Ca2+, Mg2' H - wedge
pH H
9 H = 6.0
pH = 6.0
pH = 7.5
H, S favourable
H - needles
low sensibility to
Reference
18401
17091
18401
256 10. Tables
G - decreasing
H - needles, thin
plates
physical properties
G Inhibition
N, G
H
C6H1004
ADIPIC ACID Molecular weight: 146.15 Density: 1366
System: monoclinic z = 2
a - 1.027 b - 0.516 c = 1.002
0 - 137O 5'
[888,889,
8901
[888,889.
8901
I4961
12881
19661
I9331
I Admixture I Effect I Reference trimethyldodecylammonium
chloride
sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate
n-alkanoic acids
n-alkanoic acids
related compounds
succlnic acid, solvents, formic acid
10. Tables 257
Admixture Effect Reference
' cyclohexanone D I13521
cyclo hexanone G I9621
' solvents H I981
trichlorethylene N, S . D [ 13021
C6H110N
CAPROLACTAM
Admixture
Fe3+, Pb2+, As3+, SiOS2-, T1+. Cu2+
Ni2+. Cu2+, Fe3+
Tl+. Li+. Na', K+. Rb+. Cs+
HqSO,
p H
1-alanine
Molecular weight: 113.162
Effect Reference
H [8401
H. D I9091
H [ 13821
H, G - retards 17241
H 18401
G I5961
C6H1104N3 ' H2S04
FRIGLYCINE SULPHATE
Yolecular weight: 287.26
258 10. Tables
Admixture Effect Reference L
c6H1206
GLUCOSE Molecular weight: 180.17
System: rhombic
a - 1.040 b - 1.489
fructose
fructose
fructose
Density: 1544
2 = 4
c = 0.499
mutarotation 1751.7531
N [980.7531
H, G [752.753]
c6H1206
SORBITOL
Molecular weight: 182.13 I
Admixture Effect Reference
soap [7701 _i
10. Tables 259
1 C6H12N4
HEXAMETHYLENETETMINE, (UROTROPIN)
Molecular weight: 140.20
System: cubic
Admixture Effect
z = 2
Reference
benzylalcohol + Si02
Ca and Mg stearates
solvents
caking 1831
caking [831
G [ 159.1 SO]
L-ISOLEUCINE
Molecular weight: 131.178
Admixture Effect Reference
surfactants H [ 1134,1508,
15091
260 10. Tables
Admixture
admixtures
Effect Reference
D I6961
C7H602
BENZOIC ACID
I Molecular weight: 122.13 Density: 1266
Admixture Effect Reference
ethylalcohol G I7381
admixtures G I10581
.
System: monoclinic
a - 0.544 b = 0.518
D - 970 5'
2 = 4
c = 2.16
10. Tables 26 1
Admixture Effect
derivates of benzoic acid N
I p-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID
Reference
[ 14451
Admixture Effect Reference
tailor-made additive H 1
262 10. Tables
~
Admixture Effect Reference
Li, Na. K, C s halides I7391
a-naphtylamine sulphonate, H - thin plates /010/ I2151
Bismarck brown, Fuchsine
diphenylamine. Methylene blue, H 14333
Malachite Preen
%*6O4
PHTHALIC ACID
Molecular weight: 166.14 Density: 1593
System: monoclinic 2 - 2
a - 0.933 b = 0.713 c = 0.510
B - 9 4 O 36'
Admixture Effect Reference
admixtures 193 11
I
10.Tables 263
Admixture Effect
dyes H - / l o o / >> /llO/
Reference
[215]
C1oHs
NAPHTHALENE Molecular weight: 128.17
System: monoclinic
a - 0.834
D * 122044'
b = 0.598
Admixture
fenantrene, anthracene
biphenyl
Density: 1145
Z = 2
c = 0.868
Effect Reference
G. H I10401
G I9633
264 1O.TabZes
~~~
Admixture Effect
solvents N
C12HlO
ACENAPHTHENE Molecular weight: 154.21 Density: 1024
System: rhombic 3 = 4
a - 0.892 b = 1.415 c = 0.726 =
Reference
I8361
Admixture
solvents
solvents I G I I8371
Effect Reference
G. H I5671
ClZHlO
BIPHENYL
Molecular weight: 154.21 Density: 11 80
System: monoclinic 2 = 2
m - 0.811 b - 0.567 c = 0.957
10. Tables 265
Admixture Effect Reference
acetone S D171
C12H1,OTNdP2S HCl
COCARBOXYLASE HYDROCHLORIDE
Molecular weight: 460.789 I
Admixture
CaCI, , AlCl,, FeCI,
Effect Reference
G I3131
Cl2H22Oll H2O
LACTOSE mono hydrate Molecular weight: 360.31
L
266 10. Tables
C12H22O11
SUCROSE
Molecular weight: 342.31
System: monoclinic
a - 1.065 b 0.870
p = 105O 44'
Admixture
Ca2+, Na+, K+
CaCl,, Na,C03
inorganic salts
KC1, CaCl,, MnSO,. NH,NO,. CdI?
MnSO, I Na+. K+, Ca2+, Fe2+. Cu2+
NaCl, KCI, CaCl,, CaSO,, CaHPO,
admixtures
admixtures
admixtures
Density: 1588
2 = 2
c = 0.800
Effect
H
N. G, H. S
G
G.H
H
Reference
I14841
[ 14861
[6 131
13371
[1284.1285,
12861
W 4 1
19971
11 188,13401
1451
13061
10. Tables 267
C,2€€2,0,, (SUCROSE)
(continued) ~
Admixture
amino acids
betaine
colouring impurities
dextrose
dextrose
impurities
impurities, colouring substances
raffinose I raffinose. glucose
I saccharides
starch, dextrine
Effect
c,
G, H
D
G
G
~
H
G. H
G. H
c,
Reference
12 191
I83 11
I14921
I131
[3361
(525.5261
11485,149 11
I14.334.335.
33 7,554.
12521
I337.568.
8321
[555,556]
I3371
[ 14861
268 10. Tables
Admixture Effect Reference
i tolan D periodicity I7541
C14H14
DIBENZYL
Molecular weight: 182.266
System: monoclinic Z = 2
a - 1.282 b - 0.618 c = 0.774
0 = llSO 0'
Molecular weight: 252.277
Admixture Effect Reference
pop, ci- G 115061
I
.
C15H1202N2
PHENYTOIN I
10. Tables 269
H. polymorphs
H
G . H
C16H3202
PALMITIC ACID Molecular weight: 256.432
System: monoclinic 2 = 4
a - 0.941 b = 0.500 c = 4.59
B - 50° 50'
14271
[4281
[761
[lo611
Admixture Effect
~~ ~ ~~~~~
C18H3602
STEARIC ACID Molecular weight: 284.49
System: monocIinic
a - 0.5546 b = 0.7381
3 = 63O 38'
Density: 941
2 = 4
c = 4.884
Admixture
solvents
surfactants
butanone + emulsifier
unsaturated homologues
solvents, sorbitone monostearate
Effect I Reference
G. H I I751
270 10. Tables
Admixture
hydrocarbon solvents
CnH2n+2
PARAFFIN
Admixture Effect
admixtures
inhibltors G
polymers N, G
solvents H. G
Effect Reference
N I2431
15501
10. Tables 271
Admixture
solvents
C27H460
CHOLESTEROL I Effect Reference
H [4261
Admixture
C32H60
N-DOTRIACONTANE
Effect Reference
Molecular weight: 450.88
polymers I I [801 I
272 10. Tables
PROTEINS I I Admixture EXfect Reference
phospholipids 18651 L
%*74
HEXATRIACONTANE
Molecular weirrht: 506.988
Admixture Effect Reference
G , H I12311
FORMULA INDEX
Inorganic substances
AgBr
AgCl
4 1
AgN0,
AlCs(S04)2 * 12 H2O
AlCl, . 6 H 2 0
AlF3 . 3 H2O
AlK(SO4)2. 12 H 2 0
AlNH,(SO4)2 * 12 H2O
Al(NO,), * 9 H2O
Al(OH),
A1203.M20.n SiO, m H20
AlPO,
AlRb(SO,), * 12 H2O
AITl(SO,), . 12 H 2 0
Alz(SO4)3 . 16 H20
Ba(B0&
BaBr2 - 2 H 2 0
BaC0,
BaC204
silver bromide
silver chloride
silver chromate
silver iodide
silver nitrate
aluminium cesium sulphate
aluminium chloride
aluminium fluoride
aluminium potassium sulphate
aluminium ammonium sulphate
aluminium nitrate
aluminium hydroxide
zeolites
aluminium phosphate
aluminium rubidium suIphate
aluminium thallium sulphate
aluminium sulphate
barium borate
barium bromide
barium carbonate
barium oxalate
78
79
80
80
81
81
82
82
83
85
86
87
86
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
91
274 10. Tables
BaC12 - 2 H20
BaCr04
BaF,
Ba(I0312 . H20
Ba(N0312
Ba(OH), . 8 H,O
BaS04
BaTiOQ
Be(NH412F4
(C2H,I4NI
CaC03
CaCz04 - H20
CaC4H,0,
Ca(C&, 10712
CaC12. 2 H20
CaFz
CaHP04. 2 H20
CaHPOq. 3/2 H 2 0
Ca(N0312 . 4 H20
Ca(OH12
Ca3(P04)2
Ca2P20, - 2 H 2 0
Ca3(PO4l2 CaF2
barium chloride
barium chromate
barium fluoride
barium iodate
barium nitrate
barium hydroxide
barium sulphate
barium titanate
ammonium beryllium fluoride
tetraethylammonium iodide
calcium carbonate
calcium oxalate
calcium tartrate
calcium gluconate
calcium chloride
calcium fluoride
calclum hydrogen phosphate
calcium hydrogen phosphate
calcium nitrate
calcium hydroxide
tricalcium phosphate
dicalcium phosphate
ff uorapatite
92
93
94
94
95
96
97
104
190
92
99
105
108
109
108
109
110
111
112
112
113
114
114
10. Tables 275
Ca3(PO4I2 - Ca(OHI2
CaSO,
CaS04 - 2 H20
CaSi03
Ca(C5H3N403),
CaWO,
Ca,H2(P04), - 5 H20
CdCOs
Cd(CHO2)2 * 2 H,O
CdS
C0C03
Co(CH02)Z 2 H2O
Co(CH,C02)2 * 4 H2O
CO(NH~)~(SO& * 6 H2O
C0S04 - 7 H 2 0
CrK(S04), - 12 H20
CrNH4(S04)2 . 12 H20
C~Al(SO4)121 * 12 H2O
CSH~ASO,
CSI
CsN0,
CUClz * 2 H2O
Cu(CH02)2 * 2 HZO
hydroxyapatite
calcium sulphite
calcium sulphate
calcium silicate
calcium urate
calcium tungstate
octacalcium phosphate
cadmium carbonate
cadmium formate
cadmium sulphide
cobalt carbonate
cobalt formate
cobalt acetate
ammonium cobalt sulphate
cobalt sulphate
potassium chromium sulphate
ammonium chromium sulphate
aluminium cesium sulphate
cesium dihydrogen arsenate
cesium iodide
cesium nitrate
cupric chloride
cupric formate
115
114
117
116
123
123
113
124
124
125
125
126
126
127
127
128
128
81
129
129
130
130
131
276 10. Tables
cupric acetate
cupric chromate
ammonium cupric sulphate
cupric hydroxide
basic cupric carbonate
cupric sulphate
ammonium ferrous sulphate
ferric oxide hydroxide
ferric hydroxide
ferric oxide
magnetite
ferrous sulphate
ice
boric acid
phosphoric acid
mercuric bromide
mercuric cyanide
aluminiumpotassium sulphate
potassium pentaborate
potassium bromide
potassium bromate
potassium cyanide
potassium carbonate
13 1
131
132
132
132
133
134
134
135
135
136
136
137
137
138
140
140
83
141
142
143
143
141
1O.TabZes 277
QcZ04 ' H2°
KC1
KClO,
KCIO,
K2Cr04
%,cr207
KCr(S0412 - 12 H,O
K4Fe(CN16 * 3 H,O
KH2As04
KH2PO4
KHC,H,O6
KHCSH404
KI
uo3
K2Mg(SO,l2 * 6 H2O
KMn0,
KNO2
KNo3
KNaC4H40,
K2s04
K2s206
KTiOPO4
K2Zn(S04)2 6 H,O
potassium oxalate
potassium chloride
potassium chlorate
potassium perchlorate
potassium chromate
potassium dichromate
potassium chromium sulphate
potassium ferrocyanide
potassium dihydrogen arsenate
potassium dihydrogen phosphate
potassium hydrogen tartrate
potassium hydrogen phthalate
potassium iodide
potassium iodate
potassium magnesium sulphate
potassium permanganate
potassium nitrite
potassium nitrate
sodium potassium tartrate
potassium sulphate
potassium dithionate
potassium titanyl phosphate
zinc potassium sulphate
144
145
151
152
153
154
128
144
154
155
158
158
159
157
170
160
160
161
163
165
164
162
240
278 10. Tables
lithium chloride
lithium fluoride
lithium iodide
lithium iodate
ammonium lithium tartrate
lithium sulphate
magnesium carbonate
magnesium acetate
magnesium fluoride
magnesium formate
magnesium oxalate
potassium magnesium sulphate
ammonium magnesium sulphate
magnesium nitrate
magnesium hydroxide
magneslum sulphate
manganous carbonate
manganous formate
manganous sulphate
aluminium ammonium sulphate
ammonium beryllium fluoride
ammonium bromide
ammonium oxalate
167
168
168
169
159
170
171
169
172
172
171
170
173
173
174
175
174
176
176
85
190
177
181
10. Tables 279
ammonium chloride
ammonium chlorate
ammonium perchlorate
ammonium cobalt sulphate
ammonium chromium sulphate
ammonium cupric sulphate
ammonium ferrous sulphate
ammonium hydrogen carbonate
ammonium hydrogen oxalate
ammonium hydrogen tartrate
ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
ammonium hydrogen phosphate
ammonium lithium tartrate
ammonium magnesium sulphate
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nickel sulphate
ammonium sulphate
ammonium titanyl sulphate
ammonium uranate
ammonium tungstate
zinc ammonium sulphate
sodium hexafluoroaluminate
sodium perborate
178
182
182
127
128
132
134
183
183
184
185
184
159
173
188
190
191
198
199
199
240
200
200
280 10. Tables
NaB02 . H20, - 3 H20
Na2B40, - 10 H,O
NaB508. 5 H20
NaBr . 2 H20
NaBr03
NaC2H302 - 3 H20
Na2C03 10 H 2 0
NaC5H804N - H 2 0
NaC6H20,N3
NaCl
NaClO,
NaC10,. H20
NaHCO,
NaC5H3N403
N a F
Na3H(CO3I2
NaI . 2 H20
NaKC4H406
N a N 0 2
NaN0,
NaOH
Na3PO4 I 12 H20
Na5P3OI0 a 6 H20
sodium peroxoborate
sodium tetraborate
sodium pentaborate
sodium bromide
sodium bromate
sodium acetate
sodium carbonate
sodium glutamate
sodium picrate
sodium chloride
sodium chlorate
sodium perchlorate
sodium hydrogen carbonate
sodium urate
sodium fluoride
trona
sodium iodide
potassium sodium tartrate
sodium nitrite
sodium nitrate
sodium hydroxide
sodium phosphate
sodium triphosphate
20 1
202
20 1
203
203
204
205
204
2 13
206
2 14
215
216
217
215
217
218
163
218
219
220
220
22 1
10. Tables 281
sodium sulphate
sodium thiosulphate
sodium hexafluorosilicate
sodium silicate
sodium zincate
nickel formate
nickel acetate
ammonium nickel sulphate
nickel nitrate
nickel hydroxide
basic nickel carbonate
nickel sulphate
lead bromide
lead carbonate
lead acetate
lead chloride
lead chromate
lead fluoride
lead nitrate
lead phosphates
lead sulphide
lead sulphate
aluminium rubidium sulphate
222
22 1
223
223
205
224
224
190
225
225
226
226
227
227
228
228
229
229
230
23 1
232
232
88
282 10.Tables
RbCl
RbH2P04
SrC03
Sr(CHO2I2. 2 H,O
SrFz
Sr(N0312
SrHP04
SrS04
7302
TlAl(S04)2. 12 H2O
Tio(NH&(S0412
ZnC204 2 H20
Zn(CHO2I2 - 2 H20
ZnC4H604
ZnCrO,
ZnK2(S0,), a 6 H 2 0
Zn(NH412(S0412 . 6 H20
Zn(N0312 . 6 H20
ZnS
ZnS04. 7 H20
ZnWO,
rubidium chloride
rubidium dihydrogen phosphate
strontium carbonate
strontium formate
strontium fluoride
strontium nitrate
strontium phosphates
strontium sulphate
titanium dioxide
aluminium thallium sulphate
ammonium titanyl sulphate
zinc oxalate
zinc formate
zinc acetate
zinc chromate
zinc potassium sulphate
zinc ammonium sulphate
zinc nitrate
zinc sulphide
zinc sulphate
zinc tungstate
233
233
234
234
235
236
235
237
238
89
198
236
238
238
238
240
240
24 1
24 1
242
242
10. Tables 283
Organic substances
urea
thiourea
urea nitrate
oxalic acid
aminoacetic acid
urea oxalate
L-alanine
succinic acid
tartaric acid
octogene
L-threonine
y-aminobutyric acid
uric acid
L-glutamic acid
xylose
trimethylolethane
pentaerythritol
m-chloronitrobenzene
benzene
allopurinol
resorcinol
phloroglucine
243
244
245
245
246
246
247
247
248
248
249
249
249
250
250
25 1
25 1
2 52
252
254
253
253
284 10. Tubks
C6H806
C6H807
C6H902N3
C6H 10'4
C6H 1 0°4N2
loN
C6H1104N3 ' HzS04
C6H1206
C6H1206
C6H12N4
C6H 1 3°2N
C6H16N2
C7H602
C7H603
C7H7ON
C8H604
C8H604
C9H9'3N
'loH,
C12HlO
C12H10
C1,Hl,O,N4P,S * HCl
ascorbic acid
citric acid
L- histidine
adipic acid
ethylenediamine tartrate
caprolactam
triglycine sulphate
glucose
sorbitol
hexamethylenetetramine
L-isoleucine
hexame thylenediamine
benzoic acid
p-hydroxybenzoic acid
benzamide
phthalic acid
terephthalic acid
hippuric acid
naphthalene
acenaphthene
biphenyl
cocarboxylase hydro-
chloride
254
2 54
255
256
255
257
257
258
258
259
259
260
260
26 1
26 1
262
262
263
263
264
264
265
10. Tables 285
C12H22Oll * H2O
c 12H22O 1 1
C14H14
C15H1202N2
C16H3202
C18H3602
CnH2n+2
C24H50
C27H460
C32H66
C36H74
lactose
sucrose
dib enzyl
phenytoin
palmitic acid
stearic acid
paraffin
tetracosane
cholesterol
N-dotriacontane
hexatriacontane
proteins
265
266
268
268
269
269
270
270
271
27 1
272
272
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
11. References to Tables
[ 11 Abakumov. V.I., Diarov. M.D., Kardashina. L.F., Kalacheva. V.G.: Izv.
Akad. Nauk Kaz. SSR. Ser. Khim. 4 (1988) 3
[2] Abbona. F.. Madsen. H.E.L., Boistelle. R.: J. Crystal Growth 74
(1986) 581
[31 Abdul-Rahman, A.: Unlv. Microfilms No. DA8824030 :CA 110 (26)
40426
[4] Abdul-Rahman, A.. Hamza. S.M.. Nancollas. G.H.: AICHE Symp. Ser.
83, 253 Fundam. Aspects Cryst. Precip. Processes (1987) 36
[51 Abram, T.: G a s World 136, No. 3559 (1952) 71
[6] Acharya. C.S., Tandon. S.P.: J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India) 200 (1961) 464
[7] Addadi. L.. Berkovitch-Yellln, 2.. Weissbuch. I., Lahav. M..
Leiserowitz, L.: Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 96 (1-4) (1983) 1
[81 Ahmed, K.. Tawashi. R.: Urol. Res. 6 (1978) 77
[9] Akakumov, V.I.. Kardashina. L.F.. NedopeMna. V.A.: Obogashch.
Rud (Leningrad) 5 (1989) 16
[lo] Akhmetov. T.G., Kuznetsov-Fetisov. L.I.: Tr. Kazan. Khim.-Tekhnol.
Inst. 34 (1965) 25
1111 Akl. M.M.. Nassar. M.M.. Sayed. S.A.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 63 (1991)
935
I121 Akl. M.M.. Nassar. M.M.. Sayed. S.A.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 63 (1991)
939
[13] Albon, N., Dunning. W.J.: Proc. Int. Conf. Growth and Perfection of
Crystals, p. 450. New York 1958
288 11. References to Tables
[14] Albon. N.. Dunning, W.J.: Acta Cryst. 15 (1962) 474
I151 Aldcroft. D.. Bye, G.G., Hughes, C.A.: J. Appl. Chem. 19 (1969) 167
[16] Alemaikin. F.M.: Uch. Zapiski Mordovsk. Gos. Univ., Saransk 16
(1962) 20
I171 Alfimova. L.D.. Velikhov. Yu.N.. Demirskaya. O.V.: Vysokochist.
Veshch. 5 (1991) 153
I181 Alkashi, H., Kagaku. N.R.: J. Japan Chem. Soc. 2.(1948) 212
[ 191 Alybakov. A.A.. Umurzakov, B.S.: Tezisy Dokl. Vses. Soveshch.
Rostu Krist. 5th 1 (1977) 206
1201 Ambrose. S., Kanniah. N.. Gnanam, F.D., Ramasamy. P.: Crystal Res.
Technol. 17 (1982) 299
I2 11 Amelina. E.A., Vaganov. V.P., Shchukin. E.D.: Kolloidn. Zhur. 42 (4)
(1980) 611
1221 Ameneiro Perez, S.: Rev. Cubana Fis. 4 (1) (1984) 129
1231 Amin, A.B., Larson. M.A.: Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Devel. 7 (1)
(1968) 133
1241 Amjad, 2.: Roc. Symp. Adsorpt. Surface Chem Hydroxyapatite (1984)
1-11; CA 100 18347.7
I251 Amjad. 2.: Langmuir 3 (2) (1987) 224
[26] Amjad, 2.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 117 (1) (1987) 959
I271 Amjad, 2.: Langmuir 3 (6) (1987) 1063
I281 Amjad, 2.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 11 7 (1987) 98
I291 Amjad, 2.: Can. J. Chem. 66 (6) (1988) 1529
1301 Amjad. 2.: Can. J. Chem. 66 (9) (1988) 2181
11. References to Tables 289
I311 Amjad. 2.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 123 (1988) 523
I321 Amjad. 2.: Langmuir 5 (5) (1989) 1222
1331 Amjad. 2.: Colloids and Surfaces 48 (1990) 95
I341 Amjad. 2.: Langmuir 7 (3) (1991) 600
1351 Amjad. 2.: Langmuir 7 (10) (1991) 2405
I361 Amjad. 2.. Koutsoukos, P.G.. Nancollas. G.H.: J. Colloid. Interface
Sci. 101 (1) (1984) 250
I371 Amjad, Z., Mooley. J.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 111 (2) (1986) 496
I381 Andreev, G.A.: Rz. Tverd. Tela 7 (1965) 1653
I391 Andreev, G.A.: Kristallografiya 12 (1967) 104
I401 Andreev. G.A.: Kristallografiya 13 (1968) 872
l411 Andreev, G.A.. Buritskova. L.G., Hartmanova. M.: Krist. Tech. 13
(1978) 805
I421 Annede Cugnac. H.J.. Pouradier. J.: Compt. rend. 264 (1967) 1149
I431 Antinozzi, P.A.. Brown, C.M.. Purlch. D.L.: J. Crystal Growth 125
(1-2) (1992) 215
I441 Aoki. S.. Yoshida. M.. Aral, Y.: Gypsum Lime 178 (1982) 129
I451 Aquilano, D.. Rubbo. M.. Vaccari, S.. Mantovani, G.. Squaldino, G.:
Growth mechanisms of sucrose from face-by-face kinetics and
crystal habit modifications from impurities effect, in: Industrial
Crystallization '84 (eds. JanW, S.J.. de Jong. E.J.), p. 91, Elsevier,
Amstardam 1984
I461 Armington, A.F., et al.: U S Govt Res. Dev. Rept 68 (1968) 100
290 11. References to Tables
1471 Atademir. M.R.. Kitchener, J.A., Shergold, H.L.: J. Colloid Interface
Sci. 71 (1979) 466
(481 Austrian Pat. 248 479 (1963)
1491 Austrian Pat. 343 597 (1978)
1501 Autenrieth. H., et al.: Chem. Ing. Tech. 29 (1957) 709
1511 Azoury. R.. Garside. J.. Robertson. W.G.: J. Crystal Growth 76 (2)
(1986) 259
1521 Babayan. S.G.. et al.: Radiokhimiya 4 (1962) 521
(531 Babayan. S.G.. Isakhanyan. S.S.: Armen. Khim. Zhur. 22(2) (1969)
119
1541 Babich. S.A.. Soifer, L.M., Chubenko, A.I., Shakhnovich, M.I.: Sb.
Nauch. Tr. VNII Monokr., Otd. Mater. i Osobo Chist. Khim. Veshch.
1, 80
1551 BabiC- IvanEiC, Ftiredi-Milhofer. H.. PurgariC, B.. BrniceviC, N..
Despotovie. 2.: J. Crystal Growth 71 (1985) 655
I561 Babin. L., Clausse, D., Sifrini. I., Broto. F.. Clausse, M.: J. Phys.
Lett. (Paris) 39 (201 (1978) 359
1571 Balarew, Khr.: Effect of isodimorphously included Co(II), Fe(I1) and
Cu(I1) on the crystal structures of ZnSO4 and MgS04, in: Industrial
Crystallization (ed. Mullin, J.W.), p. 239, Plenum Press, New York
1976
I581 Balarew. Khr.: Inclusion of isomorphous admixtures in crystal
hydrate salts, in: Industrial Crystallization '81 (eds. S.J. JanEiC. E.J.
de Jong), p. 117, North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
1 1 . References to Tables 29 1
I591 Balarew. Khr.: Zukonornernosti nu ruvnovinogo polucuvune nu srneseni
kristuli u dvojku soli iz trikornponentni vodno-solevi sisterni, Thesis, Univ.
Sofia 1983
I601 Balarew, Khr.. Stoilova, D.. Vassileva. V.: Inclusion of isomorphic
admixtures in co-crystallization of metal formiates. in: Industrial
CrystnllizutSon '81 (eds. Jan&, S.J.. de Jong. E.J.), p. 331, North-
Holland, Amsterdam 1982
I611 Balarew, Khr.. Karaivanova V.: Krist. Tech. 10 (1975) 1101
[62l Balarew. Khr.. Karaivanova. V., Stefanov. I.: Effect of isodimorphic
guest component on the host crystal structures and habits, in:
ZndustrialCrystuZlizution '84 (eds. JanEiC, S.J., de Jong. E.J.), p. 335,
Elsevier. Amsterdam 1984
I631 Balarew, Khr.. et al.: Izv. Inst. Obsch. Neorg. Khim. Bulgar. AN, 4
(1966) 31
[641 Balarew. Khr., Karaivanova, V.G.: Dokl. Bulgar. Akad. Nauk 28
(1975) 1497
[651 Bamforth, A.W.: Chem. Proc. Eng. 33 (1952) 367
I661 Bamforth. A.W.: Chem. Proc. Eng. 46 (1965) 81
1671 Barbarin. B.V., Koshchurnikov. I.N.: Sbor. Nauch. Tr., Kat. Mat . 31
(1960) 159
I681 Bardossy. G. . White, J.L.: Hung. Alum. Corp. Budapest, Hung. Sci.
(Washington, D.C.) 203 (4378) (1979) 355
I691 Barsukova. M.L.. Kuznetsov, V.A.. Okhrimenko. T.M.. Naumov. V.S.,
Kachalov, O.V.. Klimova. A.Yu.. Kolybaeva, M.I.. Salo. V.I.:
Kristallografiya 37 (4) (1992) 1003
292 11. References to Tables
[70] Barton, T.F., Price, T., Dillard. J.G.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 141 (2)
(1991) 553
I711 Basak. B.. Glasson, D.R., Jayaweera. S.A.A.: in: Particle Growth in
Suspensions (ed. A.L. Smith), p. 143, Acad. Press, New. York 1973
I721 Baumann. J.M., Ackermann. D.: Urol. Res. 17 (1989) 153
I731 Baumann. J.M., Wacker. M.: Urol. Res. 7 (1979) 183
[74] Bazhal, I.G., Dzyubenko. E.P.. Mikhalik, V.A.. Trebin. L.I.,
Shtangeeva. N.I.: Radiokhimiya 20 (4) (1978) 481
I751 Beckmann, W.: Growth mechanism of the B and C modifications of
stearic acid from pure and impure solutions, in: IndusMal
CrystalUzation '87 (eds. Nfi l t , J.. ZriEek, S. ) , p. 481, Academia
Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1979
I761 Beckmann, W., Boistelle, R.: J. Crystal Growth 72 (3) (1985) 621
I771 Beckmann, W.. et al.: Zur Fremdstoffbeeinflussung von Kristalli-
sationsvorgiingen. in: Int. Arbeitssitz. Kristallisatlon, GVC-VDI.
Luneburg 1988
[78] Beglov. B.M.. et al.: Uzbek. Khim. Zhur. 8(6) (1964) 5
I791 Behrens. M.. Schriider. W., Lacmann. R.: Growth of potassium
chloride in batch cooling crystallization experiments and influence
of potassium hexacyanoferrate(I1). in: Arbeitssitz. Kristallisation
GVC-VDI. Delft 1992
[80] Beiny, D.H.M., Mullin. J.W., Lewtas. K.: J. Crystal Growth 102 (4)
(1990) 801
[Sll Belg. Pat. 639 180 (1964)
11. References to Tables 293
I821 Belg. Pat. 657 346 (1965)
1831 Belg. Pat. 658 160 (1965)
I841 Bell, J.: Gas World, Cok. See. 15 (1938) 2838
I851 Belopolskii. A.P.: Gips i Fosfogips 1933, 45
1861 Belopolskii. A.P.. Margolis. F.G.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 20 (1947) 331
1871 Belov, V.N., SokolSkii. Yu. M., Khor’kova. N.Ya.: Tr. Leningr. Gos.-
Nauchno-Issled. Proekt. Inst. Osnov. Khim. Prom-sti 25, 33
I881 Belyshev. M.A.. Baranov. G.P.: Investigation of crystal rounding-off in
salt mass crystallization, in: Industrial Crystallization ’87 (eds.
Njvl t . J.. ZBEek, S.), p. 291. Elsevier Amsterdam and Academia
Prague, 1989
[891 Belyustin. A.V.. Dvoryankin. V.F.: Rost Krist. 1 (1957) 174
[901 Belyustin. A.V.: Rost Krist. 4 (1964) 10
1911 Belyustin. A.V., Levina, I.M.. Stepanova, N.S., Kolina. A.V.. Maslova,
T.M.: Tezisy Dokl. Vses. Soveshch. Rostu Krist. 5th, 2 (1977) 73
I921 Belyustin. A.V.. Portnov, V.N.: Rost Krist. 4 (1964) 36
I931 Belyustin. A.V.. Portnov, V.N.: Acta Cryst. 21 (1966) 266
1941 BeneS. J.. Vobecky. M.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 31 (1966)
4398
1951 BeneS, J.. KyrS. M.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 33 (1968) 2822
[96l BeneS. J.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 34 (1969) 1514
I971 BeneS. J.. Vobecky, M., BBrta, K.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 34
(1969) 1523
I981 Bennema. P.: J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 24 (2) (1991) 123
1991 Bennett, A.E.. et al.: Chem. Proc. Eng. 48 (1967) 43
294 11. References to Tables
[loo] Bennett, R.C., van Buren. M.: Chem. Eng. Progr. 95, Vol. 65 (1969) 44
[loll Berak, J.M.. Borowiak. M.A., Sznajder, J.: Chem. Stosow. 23 (2)
(1979) 129
I1021 Berdonosova. D.G., et al.: Radiokhimiya l O ( 2 ) (1968) 145
[ 1031 Berdonosova, D.G., Pencheva. Zh., Melikhov. I.V.: Radiokhimiya 26
(2) (1984) 153
[ 1041 Berezhkova. G.V.. Rozhenskil, V.N.: Kristallografiya 8 (1963) 420
[lo51 Berkhoff, G.: Chem. Weekbl. 32 (1935) 186. 190. 195
I1061 Berkhoff. G.: Chem. Apparatur 23 (1936) 104. 118, 125
I1071 Berkhoff, G.: Chem. Met. Eng. 44 (1937) 366
[ 1081 Berkovich-Yellin, 2. Addadi, 2.. Idelson, M.. Lahav. M.. Leiserowitz,
L.: Angew. Chem. 94 (8) (1982) 640
I1091 Berry, C.R., Sklllman, D.C.: J. Phys. Chem. 68 (51 (1964) 1138
(1101 Berry, C.R.. Skillman. D.C.: J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 1871
11111 Berry, C.R.. Skillman. D.C.: Photogr. Sci. Eng. 11 (1967) 411
I1 121 Bertoldi. G.A.. 2em.-Kalk-Gips (Austria) B 31 U Z ) (1978) 626
[113] Beudant, F.S.: Ann. Mines 3 (1818) 259
11 141 Beudant. F.S.: Ann. Mines 3 (1818) 293
[115] Bhatt , M.P., Datar. D.S.: Salt Res. Ind. 5 (3-4) (1968) 57
[116] Bienfait. M.. Boistelle. R.. Kern, R.: in: Adsorptionet Croissance
Cristalline, Colloq. Int. Centre Nat . Rech. Sci. 152 (1965) 577
11 171 Bijvoet. O.L.M.. Blomen. J.M.J.. Will, E.J., van der Linden, H.: J.
Crystal Growth 64 (1983) 316
I1181 Birchall. J.D., Davey. R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 54 (2) (1981) 323
11. References to Tables 295
(1191 Bischoff. J.L.: J. Geophys. Res. 73 (lo) (1968) 3315 [ 120) Blaszczak. J.. Krysztafkiewlcz. A.. Maik, M.: Wplyw zwiazkow
powierzchniowo czinnych na krystalizacje fluorku glinowego, In:
11. Symp. Industr. C r y s t , Jaszowiec 1986. p. 71
[ 12 11 Blaszczak, J.. Krysztafkiewicz, A., Maik. M., Rager. B.: Przem.
Chem. 67 (7) (1988) 345
I1221 Blaszkiewlcz. B.: Poznan. Tow. Przyj. Nauk, Wydz. Mat . - Przyr. Pr..
Kom. Mat. Przyr 4 (1968) 165
11231 Blinova, N.P., Matusevich. L.N.. Postnlkov. V.A.: Teor. Osn. Khim.
Tekhnol. 6 (21 (1972) 169
[124] Bliznakov. G., Kirkova, E.: 2 physik. Chem. 206 (1957) 271
[ 1251 Bliznakov, G.: 2. physik. Chem. 209 (1958) 372
(1261 Bliznakov, G., et al.: Dokl. Bulgar. AN 12 (2) (1959) 121
(1271 Bliznakov. G.. et al.: Godish. Soffl. Univ.. Khim. Fak. 47 (1962-
1963) 63
[l28] Bliznakov. G.: Colloq. Int. Centre Nat. Rech. Sci. 152 (1965) 291
11291 Bliznakov. G.. et al.: 2. physik. Chem. 228 (1965) 32
(1301 Bliznakov. G., e t al.: Krist. Tech. 1 (1966) 503
11311 Bliznakov, G., Nikolaeva, R.: Krist. Tech. 2 (1967) 161
11321 Bliznakov. G.. Kirkova. E.: Krist. Tech. 4 (1969) 331
(1331 Bliznakov, G.. Kirkova. E.: 2. physik. Chem. 206 (1957) 271
[ 1341 Blomen, L.. Bijvoet, 0.. Blomen-Kuneken, W.: Fortschr. Urol.
Nephrol. 22 (1984) 354
(1351 Bochner, R.A., Abdul-Rahman. A.. Nancollas, G.H.: J. Chem. SOC..
Faraday Trans. 1 80 (1) (1984) 217
296 11. References to Tables
[ 1361 Boistelle, R.: NATO Adv. Study Inst. Ser., Ser. C 87, 531; CA 97
227660
[ 1371 Boistelle. R.: Impurity effects in crystal growth from solution, in:
NATO Adv. Study Inst. Ser.. Ser. C 87. 621
I1381 Boistelle, R.: Thesis, University Nancy 1966
I1391 Boistelle. R.: Survey of crystal habit modification in solution, in:
Industrial CrystalZizatbn (ed. Mullin. J.W.). p. 203, Plenum Press,
NewYork 1976
I1401 Boistelle. R.. et al.: Bull. SOC. Lovraine Sci. 2 (3) (1962) 62
I1411 Boistelle. R., Mathieu. M.. Simon, B.: Surface Sci. 42 (1974) 373
I1421 Boistelle. R.. Simon, B.: J. Crystal Growth 26 (1974) 140
I 1431 Bolt, R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 126 (2-3) (1993) 175
I1441 Bongiovanni, R.. Castellano, M., Borgarello, E., Minero. C . , Maurino,
V., Pelizzetti. E.: J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 11 (2) (1990) 169
11451 Bordui, P.F.. Calvert, G.D., Blachman, R.: J. Crystal Growth 129
(1-2) (1993) 371
[ 1461 Borodulln, E.E., Erofeev. V.N.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Neorg. Mater.
19 (6) (1983) 1030
[ 1471 Botsaris, G.D.: Effects of impurities in crystallization processes, in:
Industrial Crystallization '81 (eds. JanB6. S.J.. de Jong. E.J.). p. 109,
North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
(1481 Botsarls, G.D.. et al.: U S Atomic Energy Comm. MIT-2909-4 (1965)
462
11. References to Tables 297
I1491 Botsaris, G.D.. Mason, E.A., Reid, R.C.: J. Chem. Phys. 45 (1966)
1893
I1501 Botsaris. G.D.. et al.: Brit. Chem. Eng. 12 (1967) 331
[151] Botsaris, G.D., et al.: AICHE J. 13 (1967) 764
I1521 Botsaris, G.D.. Reid, R.C.: J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 3689
I1531 Botsaris, G.D.. Sutwala. G.: AICHE Symp. Ser. 72 (153) (1976) 7
I1541 Bourne, J.R.: AICHE Symp. Ser. 76 (193) (1980) 59
I1551 Bourne, J.R.: Chimia 32 (21 (1978) 47
I1561 Bourne, J.R., Davey. R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 36 (1976) 287
11571 Bourne, J.R., Davey, R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 43 (1978) 224
I1581 Bourne, J.R., Davey, R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 44 (5) (1978) 613
[159] Bourne, J.R.. Davey, R.J.: Solvent effects in the growth of
hexamethylenetetramine crystals. in: Industrial CrystaZZizatIon (ed.
Mullin, J.W.). p. 223. Plenum Press, New York 1976
I1601 Bourne, J.R., Davey, R.J.. McCullach, J.: Chem. Eng. Sci. 33 (1978)
199
I16 11 Bowyer, R.C.. Brockis. J.G.. McCulloch, R.K.: Clin. C u m . Acta 95
(1979) 23
I1621 von Brachel. G., Offermann, H., Farelo, F.: Zur Beeinflussung der
Kristallwachstumsgeschwindigkeit von NaCl Kristallen durch die
Anwesenheit von KCI in hohen Konzentrationen, in: fnt. Arbeitssitz.
Kristallisation GVC-VDI. Aachen 1989
I1631 von Brachel, G.. Offermann. H.. Farelo. F.: Beeinflussung der
Kristallwachstumskinetik von NaCl und KNO, Kristallen durch
298 1 1 . References to Tables
weitere gelBste Fremdsalze in hohen Konzentratlonen. In: Int
Arbeftssltz. KrlstaZUsatlon GVC-VDI. Delft 1992
I1641 Brandse. W.P.. van Rosmalen, G.M.. Brouwer. G.: J. Inorg. Nucl .
Chem. 39 (19771 2007
1 1651 BreCevId, L.. Ffiredi-Milhofer, H.: The transformation of amorphous
calcium phosphate into crystalline hydroxyapatite. in: Industrial
Crystallization (ed. J.W. Mullin). p. 277, Plenum Press, New York
1976
[ 1661 BreEevie, L.. Hlady. V., Fiiredi-Mflhofer. H.: Colloids and Surfaces 28
(1987) 301
I1671 BreEevle. L.. Sendijarevie. A., Fiiredl-Milhofer, H.: Collolds Surf. 11
(1-2) (1984) 55
[I681 BreCevid. L.. Kralf. D.: J. Crystal Growth 79 (1-3, Pt. 1) (19861 178
11691 Bredikhin, V.I.. Ershov, V.P.. Korolikhin. V.V.. Lizyakina, V.N.:
Kristallografiya 32 (1) (1987) 214
I1701 Brit. Pat. 330 945 (1929)
I1711 Brit. Pat. 330 947 (1929)
11721 Brit. Pat. 569 918 (19431
11731 Brit. Pat. 649 240 (1951)
11741 Brit. Pat. 667 101 (1951)
11751 Brit. Pat. 752 582 (19541
I1761 Brit. Pat. 765 946 (1954)
I1771 Brit. Pat. 811 468 (1959)
11781 Brit. Pat. 812 476 (19591
11. References to Tables 299
I1791 Brlt. Pat. 822 893 (1959)
11801 Brlt. Pat. 848 328 (1960)
11811 Brit. Pat. 895 690 (1960)
[182] Brit. Pat. 917 567 (1963)
(1831 Brit. Pat. 1 126 615 (1968)
11841 Brit. Pat. 1 383 655 (1975)
[1851 Brit. Pat. 1 412 938 (1975)
[1861 Bromley, L.A., Cottier. D.. Davey, R.J.. Dobbs. B., Smith. S..
Heywood, B.R.: Langmuir 9 (12) (1993) 3594
I1871 Brooks, R.. Clark, L.M., Thurston, E.F.: Phil. Trans. Roy. SOC.
(London) A243 (1950/51) 145
I1881 Broul, M.: Kinetics ofcrystallization of ammonium sulphate in presence
of admiutures, PhD Thesis, Univ. Chem. Technol. Prague 1979
11891 Broul. M.. et al.: Rept. Res. Inst. Inorg. Chem.. Usti n.L., No. 575
(1971)
I1901 Broul, M.: Influence of impurities on the (NH,),SO, crystallization, in:
Conf. on Industrial Crystallization. Proc. p. 41, U s t i n. L. 1971
I1911 Broul. M.: Influence of Mn(II), Cu(I1) and Al(II1) on the size and habit
of ammonium sulphate crystals, in: Industrial Crystallization (ed.
Mullin, J.W.), p. 253. Plenum Press, New York 1976
(1921 Broul M.: Kinetics of crystalllsatlon In the presence of lmpurltles.
in: IndustrialCystallization’Bl (eds. JanEle. S.J.. de Jong. E.J.), p.
325, North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
300 11. References to Tables
(1931 Broul. M., N*lt, J.. Sdhnel. 0.: Solubility in Inorganic Two-
Component Systems, Elsevier. Amsterdam 198 1
1194) Broul, M., Provaznik, L.. Nfilt, J.: Chem. prhmysl23 (1973) 605
(1951 Broul, M., Provaznik. L.. Nfilt. J.: Chem. prhmysl25 (1975) 587
(1961 Brown, N.: J. Crystal Growth 87 (2-3) (1988) 281
(1971 Bruninx. E.: Phflips J. Res. 33 (1978) 264
I1981 Buckley. H.E.: 2. Krist. 73 (1930) 443
11991 Buckley, H.E.: 2. Krist. 75 (1930) 15
(2001 Buckley. H.E.. 2. Krist. 76 (1930) 147
1201) Buckley, H.E.: 2. Krist. 78 (1931) 412
I202l Buckley. H.E.: 2. Krist. 80 (1931) 238
12031 Buckley. H.E.: 2. Krist. 81 (1932) 157
I2041 Buckley, H.E.: 2. Krist. 82 (1932) 37
12051 BucMey. H.E.: 2. Krist. 82 (19321 46
I2061 Buckley. H.E.: 2. Krist. 82 (19321 285
12071 Buckley. H.E.. Cocker, J.M.: 2. Krist. 85 (1933) 58
12081 Buckley, H.E.: 2. Krist. 88 (19341 122
12091 Buckley. H.E.: 2. Krist. 88 (1934) 248
12101 Buckley. H.E.: 2. Krist. 88 (1934) 381
12111 Buckley, H.E.: 2. Krist. 91 (1935) 375
12121 Buckley, H.E.: 2. Krist. 97 (1937) 370
[2131 Buckley. H.E.: Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. SOC. 83 (1939) 31
[214] Buckley, H.E.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 11949) 243
12151 Buckley, H.E.: Crystal Growth, Wiley, New York 1951
1 1. References to Tables 30 1
I2161 Budz, J., Jones, A.G., Mullin, J.W.: J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 36
(1986) 153
I2 171 Budz. J.. Karpinski, P., Mydlarz. J . , N*lt, J.: Ind. Eng. Chem..
Product Res. Devel. 25 (1986) 657
I2181 Buehrer, T.F.. Reitemeier. R.F.: J. Phys. Chem. 44 (1940) 551
I2191 Buket. F., Akyav. O.C., Cakaloz, T.: Construction of a crystallizer
and measurement of crystallization rate of sucrose in the presence
of some amino acids, in: Process TechnoL Roc. 2, Ind. Cryst., (1984)
32 1
I2201 Bulutcu. N., Sayan, P., Yavasoglu. N.. UIrich, J.: The effect of
additives on growth and dissolution rates of boric acid, in: Industrial
Crystulllzation '93 (ed. Rojkowski. Z . ) , 1-3-129, Warsaw 1993
I2211 Bunn. C.W.: Proc. Roy. SOC. LondonA141 (1933) 567
[2221 Bunn. C.W.. Emmett, H.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (1949) 119
I2231 Burt, H.M.. Mitchell, A.G.: Int. J. Pharm. 5 (3) (1980) 239
I2241 Butchart. A., Whetstone, J.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (1949) 254
I2251 Bykhovskii. D.N., Petrova, I.K.: Radiokhimiya 10 (1968) 520
I2261 Byrappa, K.. Srikantaswamy, S . . Gopalakrishna. G.S. . Venkatachala-
pathy. V.: J. Mater. Sci 21 (€9 (1986) 2202
[2271 Byteva. I.M.: Rost Kristallov 3 (1961) 296
[2281 Byteva, I.M.: Rost Kristallov 4 (1964) 22
I2291 Byteva. I.M.: Rost Kristallov 5 (1965) 219
I2301 Byteva. I.M.: Kristallografiya 10 (1965) 130
I2311 Byteva. I.M.: in: Crystallization Processes (eds Sirota, N.N.. Gorskii.
F.K.. Varikash. V.M.) , p. 199, Consultants Bureau, New York 1966
302 1 1 . References to Tables
12321 Cadoret. R., Monier, J.C.: in: Adsorption et Croissance CristaUine, ColL
Int. CNRSNo. 152 (1965) 559
I2331 Caldwell. H.B.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 53 (1961) 115
[234] Canselier. J.P.: Comun. Jorn. Com. Esp. Deterg. 22 (1991) L
I2351 Canselier. J.P.: Dispers. Sci. Technol. 14 (6) (1993) 625
I2361 Canselier. J.P., Chianese. A.: Jorn. Com. Esp. Deterg. 23. p. 261.
CED. Barcelona 1992
12371 Canselier. J.P.. Frances, C.: ref. 39 in: Canselier. J.P.: Dispers. Sci.
Technol. 14 (6) (1993) 625
I2381 McCartney. E.R.. Alexander, A.E.: J. Colloid Sci. 13 (1958) 383
I2391 Caven, R.M.. Johnston, W.J.: J. Chem. SOC. 129 (1926) 2628
I2401 Caven, R.M.. Johnston, W.J.: J. Chem. SOC. 131 (1928) 2506
I2411 Chem. Eng. News 37 (1959) 52
l2423 Chem. prbmysl9 (19591 258
12431 Chen. B.D., BreCeviC. L., Garside. J.: Nucleation of tetracosane in
hydrocarbon solvents, in: Industrial Crystallization '93, VoL II (ed.
Rojkowski. 2.). p. 4-059. Warsaw 1993
I2441 Chen. B.D.. Garside. J.: Morphology control in melt crystallization:
a study of m-chloronltrobenzene, in: D+BIWIC 1993, p.100. Delft +
Bremen 1993
I2451 Chen, B.D., Garside. J.. Davey. R.J.. Maginn, S.J.: m-chloronitro-
benzene: the description and prediction of polar morphologies, in:
Industrial Crystallhation '93, VoL I (ed. Rojkowski. 2.). p. 3-069,
Warsaw 1993
11. References to Tables 303
I2461 Chen. N.G.. Kurando. N.N.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 39 (1966) 2417
12471 Chen. W.C.. Ma, W.Y., Liu, D.D., Xie. A.Y.: J. Crystal Growth 84
(1987) 303
I2481 Chepelovski, M.L.: Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 13 (1939) 561
I2491 Chernov, A.A.. Malkin. A.I.: Kristallografiya 33 (6) (1988) 1487
I2501 Chernov, A.A.. Parvov, V.F.. Kliya. M.O.. Kostomarov. D.V..
Kuznetsov. Yu.G.: Krlstallografiya 26 (5) (1981) 1125
I2511 Chianese. A.. Di Cave, S., Mazzarotta. B.: Encrustation throughout
sodium perborate crystallization, in: Industrial Crystallization '80 (ed.
Mersmann. A.), p. 453, Munich 1990
I2521 Chianese. A.. Condo, A.. Di Bernardino. F.. Mazzarotta. B.: Effect of
a surfactant on the crystallization of sodium perborate from
aqueous solutions. in: Industrial Crystallization '87 (eds. NFlt. J..
Zrieek. S.1, p. 261, Academia Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1979
I2531 Chianese. A.. Mazzarotta. B.. Biscans. B.: Ink Colloid and Surface
Chem Symp., Roc. Symp. B1 , p. 55. Compiegne 1991
I2541 Chiang, P.T.: AICHE Symp. Ser. No. 240. 80 (1984) 123
I2551 Chudakov, M.I.. et al.: Gidroliz lesokhim. prom. 4 (1955) 20
I2561 Claes. F.H.. Peelaers. W.: Photogr. Korresp. 103 (1967) 161
12571 Claes. F.H., Peelaers. W.: Compt. rend. 265 B (1967) 323
I2581 Claes. F.H.. Peelaers, W.: Photog. Sci. Eng. 12 (1968) 207
I2591 Claes, F.H.. Peelaers. W.: Photogr. Korresp. 104 (1968) 12
I2601 Clendinnen. Rivett: J. Chem. SOC. 119 (1921) 1329: ibid. 121 (1922)
801: ibid. 123 (1923) 1344,1634
304 11. References to Tables
12611 Collins, P.R.. Fredericks, W.J.: J. Crystal Growth 71 (1985) 739
I2621 Cooke. E.G.: Krist. Tech. 1 (1966) 119
[263] Cooper, W.D., Jones, P.. Parfitt, G.D.: Kolloid-2. u. 2. Polymere 246
(1971) 704
I2641 Comer, J.J.: J. Colloid Sci. 14 (1959) 175
12651 Cornell. R.N., GiovanoIi, R.. Schneider. W.: J. Chem. Technol.
Biotechnol. 46 (1989) 115
12661 Cornell, R.N., Giovanoli. R., Schneider. W.: J. Chem. Technol.
Biotechnol. 53 (1) (1992) 73
I2671 Cornell. R.M.. Schwertmann, U.: Clays Clay Miner. 27 (6) (1979) 402
I2681 Couling. S.B.. Mann. S.: J.Chem.Soc., Chem. Commun. 23 (1985)
1713; CA 104 (16) 139464
12691 Crawford. J.E., Crematy. E.P.. Alexander, A.E.: Aust. J. Chem. 21
(1968) 1067
[2701 Cunnings: Gas J. 172 (1925) 358
I2711 Czapelski. M.: Crystal Res. Technol. 27 (1992) K83
[2721 Czech Pat. 109 611 (1964)
12731 Czerwinski, 2.. Rynski, B.: Przemysl Chem. 12 (1956) 678
[2741 Czerwinski, 2.. et al.: Studia SOC. Sci. Torun B2 (4) (1960) 1
I2751 Czerwinski. 2.. et al.: Studia SOC. Sci. Torun B6 (1) (1966) 1
12761 Dal. V.I.. et al.: Koks i khim. 1957 (3) 38
12773 Dalas. E.. Koutsoukos. P.G.: J. Chem. SOC.. Faraday Trans. 1 85 (8)
,
(1989) 2465
[2781 Dalas. E.. Koutsoukos. P.G.: J. Chem. SOC., Faraday Trans. 1 85 (10)
(1989) 3159
1 1 . References to Tables 305
12791 Dalpi, M.. Karayianni, E., Koutsoukos. P.G.: J. Chem. SOC.. Faraday
Trans. 89 (6) (1993) 965
[280] Dam, B.. van Enckevort, W.J.P.: J. Crystal Growth 69 (2-3) (1984)
306
[281] Dam, B.. Polman. E., van Enckevort. W.J.P.: In situ observation of
surface phenomena on / 100/ KDP related to growth kinetics and
impurity action, in: Industrial Crystallization '84 (eds. J a n W S.J.. de
Jong, E.J.), p. 97. Elsevler. Amstardam 1984
12821 van Damme-van Weele, M.A.: PhD Thesis, Technical Univ. of
Twente. Netherlands. 1965
I2831 Danilova. A.G.. Abdullaeva, A.B.. Ismatov. Kh. R.: Deposited doc.
VINITI 331 1-81 (1 98 1)
12841 Davey, R.J.: The control of crystal habit, in: Industrial Crystallization
'78 (eds. de Jong. E.J., JanW, S.J.). p. 169, North-Holland,
Amsterdam 1979
12851 Davey. R.J.: The role of additives in precipitation processes, in:
Industrial CrystaUizQtion '81 (eds. JanCie, S.J.. de Jong, E.J.). p. 123.
North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
12861 Davey. R.J.: Curr. Top. Mater. Sci. 8 (1982) 429
I2871 Davey. R.J.: J. Crystal Growth 76 131 (1986) 637
[288] Davey. R.J.. Black, S.N.. Logan, D., Maginn, S.J.. Fairbrother J.E..
Grant, D.J.W.: Chem. SOC., Faraday Trans. 88 (23) (1992) 3461
I2891 Davey. R.J.. Mullin. J.W.: J. Crystal Growth 26 (1974) 45
306 11. References to Tables
I2901 Davey. R.J.. Mullin, J.W.: The effect of ionic impurities o n the
growth of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals, in: Industrial
CrystaZUzation (ed. Mullin, J.W.). p. 245, Plenum Press, New York
1976
12911 Davey, R.J., Mullin, J.W.. Whiting, M.J.L.: J. Crystal Growth 58 (2)
(1982) 304
[2921 Davey, R.J., Fila. W.. Garside, J.: J. Crystal Growth 79 (1-3, Pt. 2)
(1986) 607.
12931 Davies. C.W., Nancollas. G.H.: Trans. Faraday SOC. 51 (1955) 818
[294] Davies. C.W.. Nancollas. G.H.: Trans. Faraday SOC. 51 (19551 823
I2951 Debskci-HoreckB, A.. Wagler, H.. Flachovslj . J.: Radiochem.
Radioanal. Lett. 44 (61 (1980) 369
12961 Dejewska, B.: Crystal Res. Technol. 27 (1992) 385
12971 Delfosse. P.: Fertiliz. Feed. Stuffs J. 45 (1956) 333
I2981 Demirskaya, O.V.. Kislomed. A.N., Velikhov, Yu.N.. Glushkova, L.V..
Vlasova. I.D.: Vysokochist. Vestch. 1 (1989) 14
12991 Denk, E.G.: Growth of aluminium potassium crystalsfrom aqueous
solutions. M.S. Thesis. Tufts University 1968
[300] Deshalit. G.I., et al.: Koks i Khim. 1958 (8) 33
[301] DespotoviC, R.: Croat. Chem. Acta 45 (1973) 163
[302] Despotovie, R., Filipovi&Vincekovik. N.. Mayer, I) .: Heterogeneous
nucleation in surfactant solutions, in: Industrial Crystallization’78
(eds. de Jong. E.J., JaneiC. S.J.), p. 509. North-Holland. Amsterdam
1979
12. References to Tables 307
I3031 Despotovie, R.. Filipovie-VincekoviC. N., Subotie, B.: in Roc. 50th Int.
Con3 on Cottoid Inte@zce Sci. fed. Kerker, M.), vol. 4. p. 293. Academic
Press, New York 1976
13041 Desvignes. J.M., et al.: Krist. Tech. 6 (i971) 203
I3051 Dmitrenko. V.E.. Zubov. M.S.. Baulov. V.I.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 58 (2)
(1985) 408
I3061 Doehl. B.. Follner. H.: Crystal Res. Technol. 27 (1992) 3
[3071 Dombalov. I., Pelovski. I., Bozhinova. D.: Godish. Vissh. Khim.-
Tekhnol. Inst. , Sofia 29 (1) (1984) 177
[3081 Doremus. R.H.: Croat. Chem. Acta 42 (1970) 293
13091 Doxsee, K.M.. Stevens, R.C.: J. Inclusion Phenom. Mol. Recognit.
Chem. 9 14) (1990) 327
I3101 Dijrner. H.A.. Hoskins, W.M.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 47 (1925) 662
I3111 Douglas, H.W.: CEPAS 78 Abstract Book (ed. A.E. Nielsen). p. 128,
Univ. Copenhagen 1978
I3121 Dousma, J.. de Bruyn, P.L.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 64 (1978) 154
13 131 Drabent, 2.. Piotrowski. S.: Zeszyty Nauk Wyszej Szkoly Rolniczej w
Olstynie 21 (1966) 2 13
I3141 Drach. G.W.. Randolph, A.D., Mffler, J.D.: J. Urol. 119 (1978) 99
I3151 Draganova. D.: Godish. Sofii Univ., Khim. Fak. 59 (1966) 171
13161 Draganova, D.: Godish. Sofii. Univ.. Khim. Fak. 60 (1968) 169
13171 Draganova. D., Kovacheva. P.: Godish. Sofii. Univ., Khim. Fak. 60
(1968) 169
[318] Draganova. D.: Godish. Sofii. Univ.. Khim. Fak. 69 (1974-1975)
22 13
308 11. References to Tables
13191 Draganova, D.: Godish. Sofii. Univ.. Khim. Fak. 73 (1983) 157
I3201 Draganova. D.: Izv. Khim. 14 (2) (1981) 229
I3211 Draganova. D., Koleva. R.: Izv. Khim. 13 (4) (1981) 631
13221 Draganova. D., Koleva. R.: Godish. Sofii. Univ.. Khim. Fak. 74 (1984)
300
I3231 Draganova. D. Koleva. R.: ICCG-A. Sendai (1989) 21A C 0 8
(3241 v a n Driel. C.A., v a n der Heijden. A.E.D.M.. v a n Rosmalen. G.M.:
Granule structure formation by isothermal coarsening of dendritic
ammonium nitrate phase 11, in: Industria2 Crystallization '93, Vol. f
(ed. Rojkowski, 2.1, p. 3-117, Warsaw 1993
I3251 v a n Driel. C.A.. v a n der Heijden, A.E.D.M.. Tjioe, T.T.:
Polymorphism a n d mechanical stability of ammonium nitrate
granules: the influence of additives, in: D+BIWIC 1993. p. 51. Delft +
Bremen 1993
(3261 Driker. B.N., Protsakov. S.M.. Rempel. S.I., Vakulenko. V.A..
Samborskii, I.V.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 54 (1981) 1006
13271 Driker, B.N., Belyaeva. N.A., Vakulenko. V.A., Prostakov, S.M.:
VINITI Depos. Doc. 2991 (1983); CA 101 046479
13281 Driker. B.N.. Prostakov. S.M.. Rempel. S.I.. Vakulenko. V.A..
Samborskii. I.V.: Kompleksn. Ispol'zov. Miner. Syr'ya 12 (1981) 22
I3291 Druker. B.N.. Belyaeva. N.A.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 61 (1988) 610
I3301 Dugua, J.: Thesis, Univ. Aix-Marseille 1977
13311 Dugua, J.. Simon, B.: CEPAS 78, Abstract book (ed. A.E. Nielsen).
p.5. Univ. Copenhagen 1978
1 1 . References to Tables 309
I3321 Dugua. J.. Simon, B.: J. Crystal Growth 44 (3) (1978) 265
13331 Dugua, J.. Simon, B.: J. Crystal Growth 44 (3) (1978) 280
I3343 Dunning. W.J.: Acta Cryst. 15 (1962) 474
[335] Dunning, W.J.: Ind. Saccar. Ital. 60 (1967) 225
I3361 Dunning, W.J.. Albon. N.: in: Growth and Perfection ofcrystals (eds.
Doremus. R.H.. Roberts, B.W.. Turnbull. D.), p.446, Wiley. New
York 1958
I3371 Dunning, W.J., Jackson, R.W., Mead, D.G.: Colloq. Int CentreNat.
Rech Sct 152 (1965) 303
I3381 Duverneuil. P.. et al.: Solvent effect on the crystallization of HMX
(octogene). in: Japan-French Working Party on Industr. Cryst ,
Toulouse 1988
I3391 Dvornichenko, K.I.. Zubkova, E.M.: Khim. Prom. 43 (1967) 51
13401 Dybwad, J.P., Engelhardt. W.V.: 2. Krist. 124 (1967) 161
I3411 Edinger. S.E.: J. Crystal Growth 18 (1973) 217
[342] Edwards, G.R., Evans, L.P.: Trans. Faraday SOC. 58 (1962) 1649
I3431 Efremova, E.P.. Zaitseva, N.P.. Klimova. A.Yu., et al.: Neorg. Mater.
27 (12) (1991) 2600
I3441 Egel. Hess: Fremdstoffeinflfisse auf Grbsse und Form gefwter
Bariumsulfat- Partikeln, Ink Arbeitssitz. Kristallisation GVC-VDL
Heidelberg/Ludwigshafen 1990
I3451 Ehrlich, F.: 2. anorg. allg. Chem. 203 (1931) 26
(3461 Eldelman. N., Azoury, R.. Sarig, S.: J Crystal Growth 74 (1986) 1
3 10 1 1. References to Tables
I3471 Eisner, Ya.: Mineral. Sb. Lvov. Geol. Obshch. 11 (1957) 329
I3481 Elliot. M.N.: Desalination 6 (1969) 87
I3491 Enfistfin. B.V.. Turkevich, J.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 82 (1960) 4502
I3501 Estefan. S.F.. Awadalla. F.T.. Felix. N.S.. Yousef, A.A.: Aufbere1t.-
Tech. 21 (9) (1980) 463
I3511 Ettle. G.W.: Proc. Fertilizer SOC. 5 (1949) 47
I3521 Europ. Chem. News 8 (1965) 33
I3531 Eur. Pat. Appl. 465 055
I3541 Evans, L.F.: J. Appl. Phys. 38 (1967) 4930
I3551 Evans, L.F.: Trans. Faraday SOC. 63 (12( (1967) 1
I3561 Evstlgneev. E.D., Makarov, A.N., Shapiro, K.Ya.. Rumyantsev, V.K.:
Tsvet. Met. (12) (1979) 59
I3571 Fabian, J.. Ulrich. J.: Dissolution - a two step process - Presen-
tation of experimental evidence, in: Industrial Crystallfzation '93 (ed.
2. Rojkowski). vol. 2, p. 4-041, Warszawa 1993
I3581 McFadyen. P., Matijevie, E.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 35 (1973) 1883
I3591 Falin, V.A.. Tatarenko. N.P.. Serebrennikova. G.M.: Massov. Krist. 3
(1977) 121
[360] Fedorova. L.L.. Volokhov, Yu.: Depos. Doc. VINITI 3995 (1984)
I3611 Feenstra, T.P.. van Straten, H.A.. de Bruyn, P.L.: J. Colloid Interface
Sci. 80 (1981) 255
I3621 Feenstra. T.P.. Hop, J., de Bruyn. P.L.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 83 (2)
(1 98 1) 583
13631 Feliksinski, T.. Szewczyk. J.: Mater. Res. Bull. 16 (1981) 1505
11. References to Tables 3 1 1
13641 Felix. R., Monod, A.. Broge. L., Hansen, N.M.. Fleisch, H.: Urol. Res.
5 (1977) 21
I3651 Fellstroem. B., Danielson, B.G.. Linsjoe, G. et al.: Fortschr. Urol.
Nephrol. 23 (1985) 24
I3661 Fillpescu, L.. Cretu. M.. Mocioi. M.. Zaharia. A.: Rev. Chim.
[Bucharest) 32 (4) (198 1) 347
I3671 Fillpescu, L., Meghea. A., Mociol. M.: Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 34
(1983) 1000
I3681 Filipescu, L.. Meghea. A., Zaharia. A.: Rev. Roum; Chim. 37 (8)
(1992) 927
13691 FilipoviC-VincekoviC. N.: Tensides, Surfact., Deterg. 26 (6) (1989)
417
I3701 Filipovie-VincekovlC, N.. Despotovie. R.: h-oc. 34th Meeting SOC. Chim.
Phys., p. 197, Paris 1981
I3711 Finch, G.I.: J. Sci. Ind. Res. A 15 (1956) 539
I3721 Fisher, V.M.: Issledovania nad peresyshchennymi rastvorami solei.
Riga 1913
I3731 Fock. A.: 2. Krist. 17 (1890) 177
I3741 Font-Altaba. M.. Solans-Huguet, J.: Acta Cryst. 21 (1966) 267
13751 Fontcuberta. J., Rodriguez. R.. Tejada. J.: Mossbauer studies of the
Fe(II1) effect on the morphology of ADP, in: Industrial CystaZliza-
tion’78 (eds. de Jong. E.J.. Janeiie, S.J.), p. 523, North-Holland,
Amsterdam 1979
I3761 Fornazero. J.. El Hachadi. A.. Dupuy-Phflon. J.: J. Non-Cryst.
Solids 150 (1-3) (1992) 413
3 12 1 1 . References to Tables
13771 Fox, D.K., Mazelsky. R.: J. Crystal Growth 106 (1) (1990) 1.
I3781 Fr. Pat. 637 977
[3791 Fr. Pat. 638 997
I3801 Fr. Pat. 663 105
I3811 Fr. Pat. 917 528 (1945)
[3821 Fr. Pat. 918 146 (1947)
I3831 Fr. Pat. 1 127 788 (1955)
I3841 Fr. Pat. 1 188 512 (1956)
[385] Fr. Pat. 1 344 890 (1965)
I3861 Fr. Pat. 1 466 070 (1966)
13871 Fr. Pat. 1 475 959 (1967)
13881 Fr. Pat. 1 540 860
I3891 France, W.: Coll. Symp. Ann. 60 (1930)
13901 France, W.. Wolfe. K.M.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63 (1941) 1505
I3911 France, W.: Coll. Chem. 5 (1944) 443
[3921 Frances, C.: Thesis, Polytechnique Toulouse 1991
[3931 Frances, C.. Blscans. B.. Laguerle. C.: Effect of ionic impurities and
surfactants on the crystallization of tetrahydrate sodium perborate,
IV. Congr. Chem Eng., Karlsruhe 1991
13941 Frances, C., Blscans, B.. Gabas. N.. Laguerle, C.: J. Crystal Growth
128 (1-4) (1993) 1268
13951 Franke. V.D.. Bubnova. R.S., Artamonova. 0.1.: Tezlsy Dokl. Vses.
Soveshch. Rostu Krist. 5th 2 (1977) 305
1 1. References to Tables 3 13
13963 Franks, F.. Mathias. S.F., Parsonage, P.. Tang, T.B.: Thermochim.
Acta 61 (1-2) (1983) 195
(3971 Franks, F.. Mathias. S.F.. Trafford. K.: Colloids Surf. 11 (3-4) (1984)
275
(3981 Franses. E.I.. Davis. H.T.. Miller, W.G.. Seriven, L.E.: J. Phys. Chem.
84 (1980) 2413
(3991 FrCche, M., Heughebaert, J.G.: J. Crystal Growth 94 (1989) 947
I4001 FRG Pat. 838 286 (1948)
14011 FRG Pat. 877 297 (1953)
14021 FRG Pat. 1 155 100 (1963)
I4031 FRG Pat. 1 197 858 (1965)
(4041 FRG Pat. 1 198 662 (1965)
I4051 FRG Pat. 1 216 858 (1966)
[406] FRG Pat. 1 217 936 (1966)
[4071 FRG Pat. 1 237 550 (1966)
I4081 FRG Pat. 1 265 151
[409] Frenkel, M.. Glasner. A.. Sarig. S.: J. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980) 507
14101 Frondel, C.: Amer. Mineral. 25 (1940) 91
I41 11 Fukuta, N.: J. Atmos. Sci. 23 (1966) 191
[4121 Fumes. W.T.. Larson, M.A.: Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 58, Sol.
Separ. Proc. 7/5/1-7/5/18 (1980)
[413] FQredi-Milhofer. H.. Babie-Ivan&?. V.. BreEevie. Lj., Fflipovi&
Vincekovie, N., Kralj. D., Komunjer. L.. MarkovfC. M., Skrtie:. D.:
Colloids Surf. 48 (1-3) (1990) 219
3 14 1 1. References to Tables
I4141 Ftiredi-Mflhofer, H.. SkrtiC, D.. Markovie, M.: Croat. Chem. Acta 60
(3) (1987) 587
I4151 Gabryel, H.: Effect of fluorine modifiers on phosphogypsum
crystallization in wet process of phosphoric acid manufacture, in:
Mater. OgoZnopoL Syrnp. Zwiazki Fluorowe (198 1) 65
[4161 Gaedeke, R.. Wolf, F.. Bernhardt, G.: Crystal Res. Technol. 14 (1979)
913
I4171 Gaedeke. R., Wolf, F.. Bernhardt, G.: Crystal Res. Technol. 15 (1980)
557
I4181 Gardner. G.L.: J. Crystal Growth 30 (1975) 158
14191 Gardner. G.L.: J. Phys. Chem. 82 (1978) 864
I4201 Gardner. G.L.. Nancollas. G.H.: J. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 4699
[4211 Garrett, D.E., Rosenbaum, G.P.: Chem Eng. 65 (11) (1958) 127
I4221 Garrett, D.E.. Rosenbaum, G.P.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 50 (1958) 1681
[4231 Garrett, D.E.: Brit. Chem. Eng. 4 (1959) 673
[4241 Garside. J., Komarov, V.F.: Krist. Tech. 11 (1976) 699
I4251 Garside. J.. Nishio, S., Kavanagh, J.P., et al.: Brit. J. Urology 66
(1990) 351
I4261 Garti, N.. Karpuj. L.. Sarig, S.: Crystal Res. Technol. 16 (1981) 11 11
I4271 Garti, N., Wellner. E., Sarig, S.: Krlst. Tech. 15 (1980) 1303
[4281 Garti. N.. Wellner, E., Sarig, S.: J. Crystal Growth 57 (3) (1982) 577
[4291 Gas World, Cok. Sec. 1939 7. 12
[4301 Gaubert. P.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. Crlst. 17 (1894) 107
I4311 Gaubert, P.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. Crist. 17 (1894) 121
11 . References to Tables 3 15
(4321 Gaubert, P.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. Crist. 23 (1900) 211
[433] Gaubert, P.: Compt. rend. 142 (1906) 219
I4341 Gaubert. P.: Compt. rend. 143 (1906) 936
14351 Gaubert. P.: Compt. rend. 145 (1907) 378
(4361 Gaubert, P.: Compt. rend. 151 (1910) 1134
14371 Gaubert, P.: Rev. Sci. 48 (1910) 74
[438] Gaubert, P.: Compt. rend. 155 (1912) 649
14391 Gaubert. P.: Compt. rend. 157 (1913) 1531
I4401 Gaubert, P.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. Crist. 38 (1915) 149
I4411 Gaubert, P.: Compt. rend. 167 (1918) 491
14421 Gaubert. P.: Compt. rend. 180 (1925) 378
14431 Gaubert. P.: Bull. SOC. Franc. Mineral. Crist. 53 (1930) 157
I4441 Gaubert, P.: Compt. rend. 192 (1931) 965
I4451 Gaubert. P.: Compt. rend. 200 (1935) 1120
(4461 Gaubert. P.: Compt. rend. 202 (1936) 1192
14471 Gavish. M., Popovitz, R., Lahav. M.. Leiserowitz, L.: Science 250
(1990) 973
(4481 Gavish, M., Wang, J.L.. Eisenstein, M.. Lahav. M.. Leiserowitz. L.:
Science 256 (50581 (1992) 815
I4491 Gavrilova, I.V.. Kuznetsova, L.I.: Rost Krlstallov 4 (1964) 85
I4501 GDR Pat. 39 660 (1964)
(4511 GDR Pat. 55 969 (1966)
[4521 GDR Pat. 211 103; CA 102 027521
(4531 Gee, E.A.. et al.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 39 (1947) 1178
3 16 1 1. References to Tables
14541 Gerasimov, Y.M., Distler. G.I., Kanevskii, V.M.. Kortukova. E.I.,
Suvorova, E.I., Okhrimenko, T.M.. Belikova, G.S.: Crystal Res.
Technol. 18 (1983) 1283
(4551 Gerhart. H.: Tschermaks Min. Petr. Mitt. 24 (1906) 359; ibid. 28
(1910) 347
I4561 Ger. Pat. 56 713 (1914)
14571 Ger. Pat. 336 100 (1918)
14581 Ger. Pat. 425 335
14591 Ger. Pat. 485 054 (1925)
14601 Ger. Pat. 519 597 (1927)
(4611 Ger. Pat. 612 744 (1935)
(4621 Ger. Pat. 621 739 (1935)
14631 Ger. Pat. 622 876 (1935)
14641 Ger. Pat. 636 057 (1936)
(4651 Ger. Pat. 648 539 (1937)
[4661 Ger. Pat. 651 311 (1937)
(4671 Ger. Pat. 666 546 (1938)
14fj81 Ger. Pat. 693 986 (1940)
14691 Getsinger: J. Agr. Food Chem. 5 (1955) 433
14701 Giannimaras, E.K.. Koutsoukos, P.G.: Langmuir 4 (1988) 855
14711 Gille, F., Spangenberg. K.: 2. Krist. Miner. Petrograd A 65 (1927) 204
(4721 Gilman, J.J.: The Art and Science ofGrowing Crystals:”Wiley, New 1
York 1963
14731 Girolami, M.W.. Rousseau, R.W.: J. Crystal Growth 71 (1985) 220
1 1. References to Tables 3 17
(4741 Glasner, A., Skurnik. S.: J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 3687
(4751 Glasner, A., Skurnik, S.: Israel J. Chem. 6 (1968) 69
(4761 Glasner, A.. Kenat, J.: J. Crystal Growth 2 (1968) 119
(4771 Glasner. A.. Skurnik, S., Zidon. N.: Israel J. Chem. 7 (1969) 649
(4781 Glasner, A.. Kenat, J.: J. Crystal Growth 6 (1970) 135
(4791 Glasner, A., Weiss, D.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 42 (5) (1980) 655
(4801 Glazyrina, L.N., Savinkova. E.I., Desyatnik, V.N.. Cherepanova, I.S.
Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 56 (2) (1983) 241
[481] Gluud, W., Ritter, H.: Ber. Ges. Kohlentech. 3 (1931) 208
(4821 Gluud, W., et al.: Ber. Ges. Kohlemtech. 3 (1931) 371
1483) Goatln, C.: ICP 16 (11) (1988) 140
[484] Gomez, R.A.: Effect of some metallic impurities on sugar crystal
formation and growth, in: Industrial CrystaZlization'78 (eds. de Jong,
E.J., JanEiC S.J.). p. 519. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1979
(4851 Gonzales, M.A., de Andres. A., Balcazar, J.L.: Estud. Geol. (Madrid)
38 (3-4) (1982) 27
I4861 Gorecki, H., Hoffmann, J., Schroder, J.: Pr. Nauk. Akad. Ekon.
Wroclaw 200 (1982) 141
14871 Gorshtein, G.I.: Tr. Vsesoy. Nauch.-Issl. Inst. Khim. Reaktivov 20
(1951) 3, 44
(4881 Gorshtein, G.I.: Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 3 (1958) 51
14891 Gorshtein, G.I.: Radiokhimiya 1 (1959) 497
(4901 Gorshtein, G.I., Tyutyueva, N.N.: Radiokhimiya 5 (l( (1963) 11
14911 Gorshtein, G.I., Tyutyueva, N.N., Puzyreva, A.I.: Kristallizatsiya 2
(1976) 55
3 18 1 1. References to Tables
14921 Gorshtein, G.I., Dmitrieva. N.S.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 36 (1963) 1725
I4931 Gorshtein, G.I.: Tr. Vsesoy. Nauch.- Issl. Inst. Khim. Reaktivov 25
(1963) 123
I4941 Gorshtein. G.I.. Bashkina. N.F.: Tr. Vsesoy. Nauch.-Issl. Inst. Khim.
Reaktivov 26 (1964) 369
I4951 Gracheva, R.A., Syzdykbaeva. M.B.. Kozhakova, A.A.: Depos. Doc.
SPSTL 865 KHP-D81 (1981)
I4961 Grant, D.J.W., Chow, K.Y., Chan. H.K.: AICHE Symp. Ser. 87 (284).
Part. Des. Cryst., 38
I4971 Grases. F., Genestar. C.. Palou, J.: Colloids Surf. 44 (1990) 29
I4981 Grases. F., Gil, J.J.. Conte. A.: Colloids Surf. 36 (1989) 29
14991 Grases. F., March, J.G.. Bibfloni, F., Amat. E.: J. Crystal Growth 87
(2-3) (1988) 299
[500] Grases. F., March, J.G.. Costa-Bauza, A.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 128
(2) (1989) 382
15011 Grases. F., March. P.: J. Crystal Growth 96 (41 (1989) 993
15021 Grases. F., Millan. A., Garcia-Raso. A.: J. Crystal Growth 89 (1988)
496
[503] Gratz, A.J., Hfllner. P.E.: J. Crystal Growth 129 (3-4) (1993) 789
15041 Grimm, Wagner.: 2. physik. Chem. 132 (1928) 131
15051 de Groot, K.. Dyuvis, E.M.: Nature 12 (5058) (1966) 183
15061 Gufaro, G.. Goatin. G., Zanetti. R.: Process Technol. Proc. 2, Ind.
Cryst. (1984) 333
1 1. References to Tables 3 19
I5071 Gufaro. G., Goatln, C.. Petrone, A., Talamini. G.: J. Crystal Growth
66 (1984) 621
I5081 Haas. K.. Jager, L., N@lt. J.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 37
(1972) 744
15091 Hahn, 0.: Sltzung Preuss. Akad. 30 (1930) 3
I5101 el Hagouji, A., Murat. M.: Compt. rend. Acad. Sci.. ser. 2. 303 (8)
(1986) 657
I5111 Haley. V.. Mattloll, T.A., Wiles, D.R.: Can. J. Chem. 63 (1985) 2290
15121 Hallson. P.I.. Rose, G.A., Sulalman, S . : Urol. Res. 11 (1983) 151
I5131 Hallson. P.I.. Rose, G.A.. Sulaiman. S.: Urol. Int. 38 (1983) i 7 9
I5141 Hamidanl, A.U.. et al.: Res. Ind. 36 (4) (1991) 283
15151 Hamza, S.M., Abdul-Rahman, A., Nancollas, G.H.: J. Crystal Growth
73 (2) (1985) 245
I5161 Hamza. S.M.. Hamdona. S.K.: J. Phys. Chem. 95 (81 (1991) 3149
I5171 Hamza. S.M.. EIHamouly: J. Chem. SOC.. Faraday Trans. 1 85 (1989)
3725
I5181 Harano. Y.. Yamamoto. H.: Impurity effect of some amino acids on
formation and growth of L-glutamlc acid nuclei by secondary
nucleation in agitated solution, in: Industrial Crystallization '81 (eds.
J a n W S.J., de Jong. E.J.). p. 137, North-Holland, Amsterdam
1982
[519] Harano. Y.. Matsul. T.: Metastable zone width and nucleation rate
effects of agitation and impurity for KBr0,/H20 and (H,N),CS/
MeOH, in: Industrial Crystallization '84 (eds. JanEie, S.J., de Jong.
E.J.), p. 249, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1984
320 11. References to Tables
[5201 Hariharan. S., Murthy, A.S.A.. Mahadevappa, D.S.: Curr. Sci. 49 (141
(1980) 547; CA 93 123747
[5211 Harriott, P.: AICHE J. 13 (1967) 755
15221 Hartmann, E.: Kristallografiya 14 (1969) 1120
15231 von Hauer. C.: Verhandl. Geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 4 (1877) 57
[524] von Hauer, C.: Verhandl. Geol. Reichsanstalt Wien 17 (1880) 296
15251 Havighorst, C.R.: Chem. Eng. 71 [7( (1964) 72
[526] Havighorst, C.R.: Chem. Eng. 71 (7) (1964) 162
[5271 HavrBnek, P.: Thesis, Techn Univ. Chem. Pardubice 1971
15281 Herden, A.. Lacmann, R., Mayer, C., Schriider. W.: J. Crystal Growth
130 (1-2) (1993) 245
[5291 Herzog, R.E.. Shi. 9.. Patil. J.N.. Katz. J.L.: Langmuir 5 (1989) 861
15301 Hille, M., Jentsch. Ch.: 2. Krist.118 (1963) 283
I5311 Hflle, M.. Jentsch. Ch.: 2. Krist. 120 (1964) 323
I5321 Hiquily, N., Canselier, J.P.: ref. 31 in: Canselier, J.P.: Dispers. Sci.
Technol. 14 (6) (1993) 625
[533] Hiquily, N., Couderc, J.P., LaguCrie, C.: Chem. Eng. J. 30 (1985) 1
I5341 Hiquily, N., Laguerie,, ,C,: Inclusion formation in the ammonium
perchlorate crystals - influence of surfactants. in: Industrial
crystallization '84 (eds. Jan&% S.J., de Jong. E.J.). p. 79, Elsevier,
Amsterdam 1984
I5351 Hirota, S.: Effect of aluminium ion on KDP, ADP crystallization.
ICCG-A, Sendai (1989) 21A C06
1 1. References to Tables 32 1
I5361 Hirota, S., Nakajima, M.: Chem. Eng. J a p a n Symp. Ser. 18 (1988)
151
[5371 Hirota, S.: Inclusion of aluminium ion and I t s effect on crystal
growth of KDP. Intern. Syrnp. o n Repar. of F'unct. Mat. and Crystall.. ,
Osaka 1988
[5381 Hirota. S., Fukui. K., Nakajima, M.: The effect of the additive on
potassium dihydrogen phosphate growth, in: Industrial Crystallization
'87 (eds. N@lt, J.. TaEek, S . ] , p. 257, Elsevier Amsterdam and
Academia Prague, 1989
15391 Hirota, S.: Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 15 (6) (1989) 1195
15401 Hirota. S., Setoguchl, K.: Effect and incorporation of chromic ion
when KDP crystallizes. in: Industrial Crystallization '93, VoL I , (ed.
Rojkowski, 2.). p. 3-087. Warsaw 1993
I5411 van der Hoek. W.G.M.. Feenstra, T.P.. de Bruyn. P.L.: J. Phys. Chem.
84 (1980) 3312
15421 Hohl. H.. Koutsoukos, P.G., Nancollas, G.H.: J. Crystal Growth 57
(1982) 325
I5431 Hol. Pat. 43 094 (1938)
[5441 Hol. Pat. 88 978 (1956)
I5451 Hol. Pat. 296 567 (1965)
[5461 Hol. Pat. 6 414 181 (1966)
I5471 Hol. Pat. 6 502 043 (1966)
I5481 Hol. Pat. 6 515 934 (19661
I5491 Hol. Pat. 6 709 044 (19681
322 11. References to Tables
15501 Holder, G.A., Thorne. J.: Polymer Prepar., Am. Chem. SOC., Div.
Polymer Chem. 20 (1) (1979) 766
[5511 Holldorf. H.. Menzel, N.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 671 (1983) 120
15521 Holldorf, H., Menzel, N.. Neubauer, R., Schleicher, V.: Freiberger
Forschungsh. A 671 (1983) 130
I5531 Holldorf. H., Trapp, R., Petzold. D.. Schure. W.: Freiberger
Forschungsh. A 671 (1983) 103
15541 v a n Hook, A.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 38 (1946) 50
15551 v a n Hook, A.: Acta Cryst. 21 A (1966) 272
15561 v a n Hook, A.: Rost Kristallov 8 (2) (19681 45
[557] Hottenhuis, M.H.J., Lucasius, C.B.: J. Crystal Growth 78 (2) (1986)
379
[558] Hottenhuis, M.H.J.. Lucasius, C.B.: J. Crystal Growth 91 (4) (1988)
23
1559) Hottenhuis, M.H.J., Oudehampsek, A.: J. Crystal growth 92 (3-4)
(1988) 513
[560] House, W.A.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 119 (2) (1987) 505
15611 House, W.A.. Donaldson, L.: J. Colloiod Interface Sci. 112 (1986)
309
(5621 House, W.A., Howson, M.R., Pethybridge, A.D.: J. Chem. SOC..
Faraday Trans. 84 (8) (1988) 2723
15631 Howard, J.R.. Nancollas, G.H.: Trans. Faraday SOC. 53 (1957) 1449
15641 Howe, P.M.: Crystal Growth and Habit Mod@ation, Thesis, J o h n
Hopkins Univ. 1968
11. References to Tables 323
15651 Hrust. V., Teiak. B.: Croat. Chem. Acta 49 (1977) 15
[566] Huang, B.. Su, G.. Pan, F.: Crystal Res. Technol. 26 (6) (1991) K147
[5671 Human, H.J.. van der Eerden. J.P.. Jetten. L.A.M.J., Odekerken,
J.G.M.: J. Crystal Growth 51 (1981) 589
[5681 Hungerford. E.H.. Nees. A.R.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 26 (1934) 462; ibid. 28
(1936) 893
[569] Ikeno, S.. et al.: J. Crystal Growth 3-4 (1968) 683
[570] Ikornlkova. N. Yu.: in: Crystal Growth (Shubnikov, A.V.. Sheftal.
N.N.). 3 (1962) 297, Consultants Bureau, New York 1962
15711 Iskhakova. L.D.. Korotkevlch. I.B., Sorokina, R.I.. Bolotina. 1.1..
Bomshtein. V.E.: Issled. v Obl. Khimii i Tekhnol. Osobo Chist.
Veshch. M (1979) 38
15721 Ismailov, F.Kh., Osichkina, R.G.:Uzbek. Khim. Zhur. 35/60 (5) (1985)
252
I5731 Isobe, T.: Coal Tar (Japan] 7 (19551 269
15741 Isupov. V.P., Chupakhina, L.E., Kotsupalo, N.P., et al.: Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR 316 (5) Phys. Chem. (1991) 1144
[5751 Ivanchenko, L.G.. Guller. B.D., Zinyuk, R.Y., Balykov. A.G.: Mezhvuz.
Sb. Nauch. Tr. Leningrad. Tekhnol. Inst. 4 (1980) 3
t5761 Ivanchenko, L.G.. Guller, B.D., Zinyuk. R.Y., Vashkevich, N.G.:
Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 54 (1981) 1001
I5771 Iwata. H.. Suzuki, S.. Sasaki, Y.: J. Crystal Growth 125 (3-41 (1992)
425
[5781 Jaffe. H., Kjellgren, B.R.F.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (1949) 319
324 11. References to Tables
15791 Jaffe, H.. Kjellgren. B.R.F.: Sb. Nouye Issled. PO Kristalbgrafii i
Kristalbkhim. II, p. 82.Izd. Inostr. Lit., Moskva 1950
[580] Jalava, J.P.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 31 (1992) 608
I5811 Jancke, K.. Steinlke, U.: Krist. Tech. 3 [1( (1968) K9
15821 Jansen, M., Waller, A., Verbiest, J.. van Landschoot. R.C.. van
Rosmalen. G.M.: Incorporation of phosphoric acid in calcium
sulfate hemihydrate from a phosphoric acid process, in: Industrial
Crystallization '84 (eds. JanCie. S.J., de Jong. E.J.). p. 171, Elsevier.
Amsterdam 1984
I5831 Japan. Pat. 177 414 (1949)
15841 Japan. Pat. 1 258 (1951)
15851 Japan. Pat. 1363 (1953)
I5861 Japan. Pat. 9 965 (1955)
I5871 Japan. Pat. 4 965 (1958)
I5881 Japan. Pat. 18 459 (1962)
I5891 Japan. Pat. 11 934 (1963)
I5901 Japan. Pat. 25 351 (1963)
I5911 Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 85 86 066
15921 Jaschkel. R.: 2. Naturforsch. A 15 (1960) 171
I5931 Jean, J.H.. Ring, T.A.: Br. Ceram. Proc. 38 (1986) 11
I5941 Jesczensky, B., Hartmann. E.: Magyar Fiz. Folyoirat 10 (3) (1962)
183
15951 Jian J u n Yuan, Stepanski. M., Ulrich. J.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 62
(1990) 645
11. References to Tables 325
[596] Jimenez. F.. del Cerro, J.: An Quim. 87 (4) (1991) 535
15971 Joffe. E.M.. Nikitin, B.A.: Izv. AN SSSR. otd. khlm. nauk 1 (1943) 15
[598] Joffe, E.M., Nikitln. B.A.: Izv. AN SSSR. otd. khim. nauk 1 (1943)
191
[599] Joffe, E.M.: Izv. AN SSSR, otd. khim. nauk 12 (1956) 1429
[SO01 Joffe. E.M.: Zhur. Neorg. Khlm. 3 (1958) 29
[601] Joffe, E.M.: Radiokhimiya 2 (1960) 381
16021 Joffe, E.M.: Radiokhimiya 4 (1962) 249
[603] Johnson, J.E., Matijevlc’. E.: J. Coll. Interface Sci. 138 (1) (1990)
255
[604] Jones, P., Parfitt. G.D.: Kolloid-2. u. 2. Polymere 250 (1972) 239
(6051 Joshi. N.D.. Shah, B.S.: J. Maharaja Sayajirao Univ. Baroda 1976-
1977. 25-26 (1978) 17
I6061 Jozefowicz, E., Sobierajska. K.: Rocz. Chem. 42 (1968) 761
I6071 KBding. H.: 2. physik. Chem. A 162 (1932) 174
[6081 Kagawa, M.. Sheeman, M.E., Nancollas. G.H.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.
43 (1981) 917
(6091 Kallay, N., TeZak, B.: Croat. Chem. Acta 45 (1973) 169
[SlOl Kameyama. K.. Ueno. S . : Okayama-ken Kogyo Gijutsu Senta
Hokoku 17 (1991) 37
[S l l ] Kamiya. K.. Sakka. S.. Terada, K.: Mater. Res. Bull. 12 (1977) 1095
I6121 Kamkha. M.A.. Sibiryakov, P.B.. Bizyaev. V.L.: Kinet. Katal. 30 (1)
1989) 78
I6131 Kamoda, M.: Proc. Res. SOC. Japan Sugar Ref. Tech. 1957 660
326 11. References to Tables
(6141 Kanno, H., Wakita, H., Hamaguchi, H.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 51
(1978) 1557
(6151 Kapralis, I.P.. Krukle, H.: Eur. Pat. Appl. , CA96 191177
(6161 Karakaya. C.. Bulutcu, A.: Effect of sulphate ions on the crystal-
lization of boric acid, in: BIWIC 91. p. 12, Bremen 1991
(6171 Karel, M.. Njrvlt, J.: Collect. Czech Chem. Commun. 58 (1993) 1997
I6181 Karel, M., Njrvlt, J., Chianese, A.: Collect. Czech Chem. Commun. 59
(1994) 1261
(6191 Karel, M., N@lt, J., Chianese, A.: Collect. Czech Chem. Cornmun. 59
(1994) 1278
(6201 Karge, H.: Krist. Tech. 3 (1968) 537
(6211 Karniewicz, J., Posmykiewicz, P.. Wojciechowski, B.: The effect of
Fe(II1) ions upon the growth of potassium dihydrogen phosphate
monocrystals. in: Industrial Crystallization (ed. Mullin, J.W.). p. 285.
Plenum Press, New York 1976
[6221 Karpinski, P.H.. Budz, J., Larson, M.A.:Influence of cationic
admixtures on kinetics of crystal growth from aqueous solution, in:
Industrial Crystallization '84 (eds. J a n W S,J., de Jong, E.J.). p. 85.
Elsevier. Amsterdam 1984
(6231 Karpinski. P.H.. Larson, M.A.: Crystal Res. Technol. 20 (1985) 951
(6241 Karpinski. P.H.. Njrvlt, J.: Crystal Res. Technol. 18 (1983) 959
(6251 Kasatini, R., Miyazawa, T., et al.: Effect of amino acids on poly-
morphism of L-histidine. Intern Symp. on Prepar. ofFunct. Mat. and
CrystalL., Osaka 1988
11. References to Tables 327
[626] Kashihara, 0.: Kemikaru Enjiniyaringu 30 (3) (1985) 170
16271 Kashlhara, 0.. Hibi, T., Harano, Y. : Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 13
(5) 11987) 581
I6281 Kashihara. 0.. Nakata, T., Harano, Y . : Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu
12 (5) (1986) 513
I6293 Kashihara, 0, Yamaguchi, Ch., Harano, Y. : Kagaku Kogaku
Ronbunshu 14 14) (1988) 504
[630] Katz. A.: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37 (1973) 1563
[63 11 Kavanagh, A.M., Rayment. T.. Price, T.J.: J. Chern. Soc., Faraday
Trans. 86 (6) (1990) 965
[6321 Kawakami, T., et al.: Nagoya Kogyo Gijuku Shikensho Hokoku 4
(1965) 97
[6331 Kazakov, A.P.: Tr. 2. soveshch. PO eksper. miner. i petrogr. 1937
137
[6341 Kazov. M.N.. Trebukhova. T.A., Kazova. R.A.: Depos. Doc. VINITI 523
(1979)
I6351 Keller. D.M., Massey, R.E., Hlleman, O.E.: Can. J. Chem. 56 (1978)
83 1
16361 van Kemenade, M.J.J.M., de Bruyn, P.L.: Colloids Surf. 36 (3) (1989)
359
16371 Kempe, G., Netimann, H., Winzer, A.: Mezhvuz. Sb. Nauch. Tr.
Leningrad. Teknol. Inst. 6 (1982) 146
16381 Kenat, J.: The crystallization ofKC2 in solutions containing small
amounts of lead, Thesis, The Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem 1962
328 11. References to Tables
16391 Kern, R., Dassonvflle, R.: J. Crystal Growth 116 (1-2) (1992) 191
16401 Kerr. W.L., Osuga, D.T.. Feeney. R.E.. Yeh, Y.: J. Crystal Growth 85
(3) (1 987) 449
16411 Khamskii, E.V.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 32 (1959) 948
(6421 Khamskii, E.V.: Some problems of crystal habit modification, in:
Industrial CrystalUzation fed. Mullin. J.W.), p. 215, Plenum Press.
New York 1976
16431 Khamskii, E.V.: The role of impurities in crystallization, in: Industrial
Crystallization '78 (eds. de Jong, E.J.. JanEie. S.J.). p. 105, North-
Holland, Amsterdam 1979
16441 Khamskii. E.V.: Kristallizatsia t2 rastuorou, Nauka. Leningrad 1967.
I6451 Khamskii. E.V., Bogatyrenko. A.S.: Zhur. Prikl. Khlm. 54(21 (1981)
392
16461 Khamskii. E.V.. Bondarenko, S.I., Smirnova, O.M., Shkarupa. L.N.:
Ukr. Khim. Zhur. 51 (91 (1985) 920
16471 Khamskii. E.V., Bykova, A.N.: Zssledouania u oblasti khimii i tekhrwlogii
mineralnykh solei i okislou, p. 79, Nauka. Moscow 1965
16481 Khamskii, E.V., Kondrashenko. T.A.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 36 (1963)
263 1
16491 Khamskii, E.V., Kozina. Z.A.: Dokl. AN SSSR 149 (1963) 915
I6501 Khamskii, E.V., Maidurova. O.E.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 65 (8) (1992)
1681
16511 Khamskii, E.V., Marcenko, L.I.: Ukr. Khim. Zhur. 49 (3) (1983) 236
16521 Khamskii, E.V., Nazarova, E.G.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 35 (1962) 1206
1 1 . References to Tables 329
(6531 Khamskii. E.V., Panfilov, V.V., Shakitskaya, N.A.: Ukr. Khim. Zhur.
50 (1) (1984) 26
[654] Khamskii, E.V., Podozerskaya, E.A.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 41 (1968)
245
I6551 Khamskii. E.V.. Podozerskaya. E.A.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 41 (1968)
252
16561 Khamskii. E.V., Podozerskaya. E.A.: Krist. Tech. 3 (1968) 605
[657] Khamskii. E.V., et al.: KristaZUzatsfya f_fiziko-khirnicheskie suofstua
laistallichesklkh ueshchestu. Nauka. Leningrad 1969
(6581 Khamskii. E.V.. Yagodkina. G.N.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 36 (1963) 2620
16593 Khamskii. E.V., Zelenkova, L.V., Novikova, E.P.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim.
63 (9) (1990) 1976
(6601 Khartanovich, A.Z.: Kristallizatsiya i fazouye perekhody. p. 118, AN
SSSR, Minsk 1962
[661] Khausankhodzhaev. M.G., Khairullaev. Ch.K.. Tadzhiev. S.M.:
Uzbek. Khi. Zhur. 3 (1984) 23
[662] Khlopin. V.G., NiMtin. B. A.: 2. anorg. allg. Chem. 166 (1927) 311
(6631 Khlopin, V.G., et al.: 2. physik. Chem. A145 (1929) 57
[664] Khlopin. V.G.. Tolstaya, M.A.: Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 14 (1940) 941
(6651 Khlopin. V.G.: Izbrannye Trudy I, Izd. AN SSSR. MOSCOW 1957
I6661 Kholakova, I.: God. Vissh. Khim.-Tekhnol. Inst., Sofia, 23 (1) (1977)
297
16671 Klbalczyc, W.. Bondarczuk, K.: J. Crystal Growth 71 (1985) 751
[668] Klbov, V.K., Veselinov, I., Cherneva, 2.: Krist. Tech. 7 (1972) 497
330 21. References to Tables
I6691 Kidyarov. B.I.. Nevyantseva, R.R., Dandaron. N.D., Zaitseva. L.F.: Izv.
Sibir. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. Nauk 5 (1984) 51
I6701 Kil’man. Ya.1.. Usachev. V.A.. Vakhrushev. Yu.A.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim.
58 (1985) 7
[6711 Kimura. H.: J. Crystal Growth 73 (1985) 53
16723 McKinnon, C.E.: 2nd Symp. Salt, Cleveland 1965. 1 (1966) 365
I6731 Kinsman, D.J.J., Holland, H.D.: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 33
(1969) 1
16741 Kinsman. D.J.J.: Sediment. Petrology 39 (1969) 486
I6751 Kinzhalov. A.A.. et al.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 42 (1969) 2700
I6761 Kirgintsev. A.N.. et al.: Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 1025
I6771 Kirgintsev, A.N., Nikashina. T.A.: Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 1450
I6781 Kirgintsev. A.N.. Avyakumov, E.G.: Fiz. Tverdogo Tela 6 (1964) 1167
16791 Kirgintsev, A.N.. Avyakumov, E.G.: Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 10 (1965)
2187
[680lKirkova, E., et al.: Godish. Sofii. Univ.. Fiz. Mat. Fak. 53 (3) (1958/59)
37
I6811 Kirkova, E.. et al.: Godish. Sofii. Univ., Fiz. Mat . Fak.. 53 (3)
(1958/59) 43
[682] Kirkova, E., Bllznakov. G.. Nikolaeva, R.: Godish. Sofii. Univ., Khim.
Fak. 75 (1981) 193
I6831 Kirkova. E.: Krlst. Tech. 1 (1966) 155
I6841 Kirkova, E.. Nikolaeva, R.: God. Sofii. Univ., Khim. Fak. 65 (1973)
533
11. References to Tables 33 1
I6851 Kirkova. E.. Nikolaeva, R.: Kristall u. Tech. 8 (1973) 463
(6861 Kirkova. E.. Pencheva. J.: On the mechanism of incorporation of
Cu(I1) in ZnC20,.2 H,O, in: Industrial Crystallizaffon ‘87 (eds. N p l t .
J., ZBEek, S.), p. 299. Academia Prague and Elsaevier Amsterdam
1989
I6871 Kirkova, E.. Yaneva. S.B.: Krist. Tech. 2 (1967) 21
I6881 Kirov. G.: Geokhlm. Mineral. Petrol. 12 (1980) 18
I6891 Kirov, G.K.. Filizova. L.: Krist. Tech. 5 (1970) 387
I6901 Kirov, G.K., Vesselinov. I.. Chernova. 2.: Krist. Tech. 7 (5) (1972) 497
I6911 Kir’yanova. E.V.: Neorg. Mater. 28 (6) (1992) 1236
I6921 Kir’yanova, E.V., Franke. V.D., Kopyleva, B.B.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 64
(11) (1991) 2233
L6931 Kitamura. M.. Ikemoto, K.. Kawamura, Y., Nakai. T.: Kagaku
Kogaku Ronbunshu 16 (2) (1 990) 232
I6941 Kitano. Y., Hood, D.W.: 0ceanogr.Soc. Japan 18 (1962) 35
I6951 Kiyoshi, S.: Rev. Phys. Chem. Japan 29 (1) (1959) 18
I6961 Klapshin. Yu. P.. Korshunov, I.A.: Vysokochist. Veshch. 1 (1987) 43
[6971 Kleber, W.. Steinike, U.: 2. Krist. 111 (1959) 213
I6981 Kleber, W., Verwoner. 0.: 2. Krist. 111 (1959) 435
I6991 Kleber. W., et al.: Naturwiss. 50 (1963) 222
I7001 Kleber. W.: 2. physik. Chem. 227 (5-6) (19651 289
[7011 Kleber, W., Schlemann. S.: Ber. Deutsch. Ges. Geol. Wiss. B 11
(1966) 187
(7021 Kleber. W., Schlemann. S.: Krist. Tech. 1 (1966) 553
332 11. References to Tables
[7031 KIein, D.R., Fontal, B.: Talanta 12 (11 (1965) 35
17041 Klein. M.V., et al.: Mater. Res. Bull. 3 (1968) 677
17051 Kleinert. P.: Freiberger Foreschungsh. A 267 (1961) 281
I7061 Klempt. W.: Ber. Ges. Kohlentech. 4 (1933) 191
17071 Klempt. W.: Brennstoff-Ch. 33 (1952) 114
17081 Klepetsanis. P., Koutsoukos, P.G.: Crystal growth and inhibition of
calcium sulfate in aqueous solutions, in: Industrial Crystallization '90
(ed. A. Mersmann). p. 261, Munich 1990
17091 Klier, E.. Shaki. M.: eeskosl. Easop. fyz . 4 (6) (1954)
17101 Kloatzer, D., Levi. H.W.: Radiochim. Acta 6 (2) (1966) 81
I7111 Knight, R.J.. Sylva. R.N.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 36 (1974) 591
17121 Koch, E., Wagner, C.: 2. physik. Chem. 381 (1937) 295
17131 Koch, J., Schiller. H.: 2. Lebensmittel- Unters. Forsch. 124 (1964)
180
I7141 Kohlschfitter, V., Egg, C.: Helv. Chim. Acta 8 (1925) 697
17151 Kokubo. R., Sasaki. S.: Chem. Eng. Japan 28 (5( (1964) 386
17161 Kolarov. N.: Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Bulgar. 3 (1950) 21
17171 Kolarov. N., Boncheva, 2.: Monatsh. 93 (1962) 1254
17181 Kolarov. N.. et al.: Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 760
17191 Kolarov, N., Kolarova, M.: Godish. Khim.-Tekhnol. Inst. Sofia 13 (2)
(1966) 217
17201 Kolarov. N.. Dobreva. R.: Monatsh. 99 (1968) 409
[7211 Kolarov. N., Shopova, R.: Godlsh. Vissh. Khim. Tekhnol. Inst.. Sofia,
24 (1) (1981) 147
11. References to Tables 333
17221 Kolb. H.J., Comer. J.J.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 67 (1945) 894
I7231 Kolb, H.J., Comer, J.J.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 68 (1946) 719
I7241 Koldobskaya. M.F.. Gavrilova, I.V.: Rost Kristallov 3 (1961) 278
I7251 Komarova. T.A.: Issledovanie kinetiki kristallizatsii solei iz rastvorov.
Thesis, Mosk. Gos. Univ.. Moscow 1953
[7263 Komatsu, H.. Shigematsu, K.: Koen Yoshibu-Jinko Kobutsu Koronkai
24th. (1979) 5-6
I7271 Konag, A., Emons, H.H.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 683 (1983) 46
17281 Konig, A., Emons. H.H.: The influence of tensides on crystallization
kinetics and crystal habit of magnesium sulfate, in: Industrial
Crystallization '87 (eds. N p l t , J., ZaCek, S . ) , p. 281, Elsevier
Amsterdam and Academia Prague, 1989
(7291 Konig, A., Emons, H.H.. Njvl t . J.: The effect of electrolyte -
admixtures on the crystallization of potassium chloride, Internat.
Con!. on Industrial Crystallization. Liberec 1983
(7301 Konig, A.. Emons. H.H.. N@lt. J.: The effect of electrolyte
admixtures in high concentration on the crystal growth of highly
soluble salts, in: Industrial Crystallization '87 (eds. Nplt , J., ZaCek,
S.), p. 285, Elsevier Amsterdam and Academia Prague. 1989
I7311 Konig. A., Ernons, H.H.. Nyvlt. J.: Crystal Res. Tcchnol. 22 (1987) 13
[732] Konig, A., Emons, H.H., Troschitz, B.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 690
(1984) 60
I7331 Konig, An., Emons, H.H.: Crystal Res. Technol. 23 (3) (1988) 319
I7341 Kononenko. V.G.. Heichler, W.: Ukr. Fiz. Zhur. 23 (8) (1978) 1261
334 11. References to TabZes
17351 Kopylev, B.A., et al.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 42 (1969) 2429
17361 Korbe, A.: Beobachtungen iiber Variation der Kristalltracht des
Chlomatriurns , Leipzig 1 9 0 7
17371 Korolkov, I.I., Qgunova . Z.A.: Gidroliz. Lesokhim. Prom. 8 (1956) 8
(7381 Korovkina, E.K.. Komarova, T.A.: Vest. Moskov. Univ.. ser. I1 - khlm.
20 (5) (1965) 34
17391 Korovkina. E.K.. Komarova. T.A.: Vest. Moskov. Univ.. ser. 11 - kNm.
21 (2) (1966) 39
17401 Korshunov, G.S.. Mokievskii. V.A.: Zhur. Obsch. Khim. 18 (19481
569
17411 Korshunov, I.A., Polikarpov, J.S.: Radiokhimiya 3 (196 1) 50 1
I7421 Kosevich, V.M.. et al.: Dokl. AN SSSR 180 (1968) 341
17431 Koutsky, J.A., et al.: Surface Sci. 3 (2) (1965) 165
17441 Koutsoukos, P.G., Amjad. Z., Tomson, M.B., Nancollas, G.H.: J. Am.
Chem. SOC. 102 (1980) 1553
17451 Koutsoukos. P.G., Nancollas. G.H.: J. Crystal Growth 55 (2) (1981)
369
17461 Koutsoukos. P.G., Nancollas. G.H.: Colloids Surf. 17 (41 (1986) 361
I7471 Kozhevnikov. A.F., Maidanik. V.F., Ekimova, V.I.: Probl. Khimii i
Khim. Tekhnol. Dvuokisi Titana i Zhelezosoder. Pigmentov. M 69
(7481 Koziol. K.. Pujanek, M.: The dependence of nonionic surfactants on
the metastable zone, in: Industrial Crystallization '81 (eds. Janeii.,
S.J., d e Jong. E.J.). p. 319, North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
17491 Kranz, M., Domka, L.: Cem.-Wapno-Gips 32 (3) (1978) 89
11. References to Tables 335
[7501 Krashennikov. S.A.. Liyanage, N.. Hausman. A.. Hausman. R.:
Deposited Doc. VINITI 21 03 (1978)
[7511 Kraus, J.. NjWt , J.: Zuckerind. 119 (1) (1994) 24
17521 Kraus. J.. N p l t . J.: Zuckerind. 119 (4) (1994) 298
17531 Kraus, J., NJivlt, J.: Zuckerind. 119 (1994) 407
(7541 Krivandina. E.A.. Khaimov-Mal'kov, V. Yu.: Kristallografiya 25 (1980)
889
I7551 Krol. B.W.: Process Technol. Proc. 2. Ind. Cryst. (1984) 425
I7561 Kroupa, M.: Precipftation Study of calcium oxalate by thermometric
methods, Thesis. Univ. Pardubice 1994
17571 Kruse. M.. Stepanski, M.. Ulrich. J.: On the growth of small single
crystals with and without additives. B M C 1990, Bremen 1990
17581 Kruse, M.. Ulrich, J.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 65 (1) (1993) 60
I7591 Krysztafkiewicz, A., Maik. M., Miedzinski. M., Blaszczak. J.. Rager.
B.: Przem. Chem. 65 (4) (1986) 207
[760] Kubol. R., Harada. M., Winterbottom. J.M.. Anderson, A.J.S..
Nienow, A.W.: Roc. World Corgr. 111 Chem. Eng., p. 1040, Tokyo 1986
[761] Kubota. N., Akazawa, K., Shimizu, K.: Kinetics of BaCO,
precipitation in an MSMPR crystallizer, in: Industrial Crystallization
'90 (ed.A. Mersmann). p. 199. Munich 1990
[7621 Kubota, N.. Shimizu. K., Uchiyama, I., Nakai, T., Mullin. J.W.: The
effect of small amount of chromium (111) ion on the solubility of
potassium sulfate in water, World Congress UI. Chem. Erg., Tokyo
1986
336 11. References to Tables
I7631 Kubota, N., Ito, K.. Shimizu, K.: J. Crystal Growth 76 (1986) 272
I7641 Kubota. N.. Oikawa, A.. Shimizu. K.: Chem. SOC. Japan Symp. Ser.
18 (1988) 14
17651 Kubota, N., Takahashi, H.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 26 (9) (1987) 1936
17661 Kubota, N.. Uchiyama, I., Nakal, K., Shimizu. K.: Ind. Eng. Chem.
Research 27 (1988) 930
[767] Kubota, N.. Uchiyama, I., Shimizu, K., Mullin. J.W.: Anomalous
effects on the solubility of potassium sulfate, in: lndusfrial
Crystallization '87 (eds. N3fvlt. J.. ZkEek. S . , ) , p. 249, Elsevier
Amsterdam and Academia Prague 1989
I7681 Kullgina. V.P.. Ptitsyn, G.V., Rozenberg, G.Kh., Shakhnovich, M.I.,
Krasovitskaya, I.M.: Fiz. Tverd. Tela (Lenlngrad) 31 (6) (1989) 209
17693 Kumon, S., Tanegawa, T., Kawabata. Y., Kawakita. T.:
Incorporation of L-glutamlc acid to L-threonine crystals prepared
from solution, in: D+BIWIC 1993, p. 154, Delft + Bremen 1993
17701 Kunimi. Y.A., Tabata, A.. Fujita, Y.: Europ. Pat. EP 330352 (1989)
[771] Kunisakl: Nature 183 (4654) (1959) 105
17721 Kuschel, F., Kijnig, A., Herold, S.: Crystal Res. Technol. 18 (1983)
427
17731 Kuznetsov, V.D.: Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 6 (1935) 817
I7741 Kuznetsov. V.D.: Kristally i Kristallizatsiya. Gostekhizdat. Moscow
1953
I7751 Kvapfl. J.. et al.: Chem. prfimysl 18 (1968) 67
17761 KyrtS, M., et al.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 31 (1966) 34
11. References to Tables 337
17771 Lacmann. R., Behrens, M.. Herden. A.. et al.: Experimentelle Unter-
suchungen. strukturelle Betrachtungen und Literaturauswertung zur
Fremdstoffbeeinflussung der Kristallisation, in: GVC JahrestreJ der
Verjhhrensing., Wien (1992) G3/105
I7781 Lacmann, R., Behrens. M.. Herden, A.. Mayer. C.. Schroder. W.: The
influence of additives on crystallization - experiments, structural
considerations and evaluation of literature, in: Industrial
Crystallization '93, VoL I. (ed. Rojkowski. 2.). p. 3-045. Warsaw 1993
[779] Lacmann, R., Behrens, M., Schroder. W.: Additive in der Losungs-
kristallisation, in: Ink Arbeitssitz. Kristallisation GVC-VDI, Heidelberg/
Ludwigshafen
I7801 Lacmann. R.. Herden, A.. Rolfs. J.. Schroder,W.: O n the influence of
impurities on crystallization. in: Industrial Crystallization '90 (ed.
Mersmann. A.), p. 671, Munich 1990
17811 Lacmann. R., Mittmann, M.. Walter, M.. Shaper, A.. Bozkurt. H.:
Influence of impurities on the crystallization of potassium chloride,
in: Industrial Crystallization '87 (eds. N*lt, J.. Z9Eek. S . ) , p. 239.
Elsevier Amsterdam and Academia Prague, 1989
[782] Laguerie, C.. Ratsimba, B., Frances, C.: Effect of impurities on
crystal growth, BIWIC 1990. Bremen 1990
I7831 van't Land, C.M.. Wienk. B.G.: Control of particle size in Industrial
NaCl crystallization, in: Industrial CrystaZZizaffon (ed. Mullin, J.W.), p.
51, Plenum Press, New York 1976
338 11. References to Tables
I7841 Landau, E.M.. Levanon. M.. Leiserowitz. L.. Lahav. M.. Sagiv. J.:
Nature 318 (1985) 353
I7851 Landau, E.M.. Popovitz-Biro. R.. Levanon. M.. Leiserowitz. L.. Lahav,
M., Sagiv. J.: Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. 134 (1986) 323
I7861 Larson. M.A., Mullln. J.W.: J. Crystal Growth 20 (1973) 183
I7871 Lash. M.E.. France, W.G.: J. Phys. Chem. 34 (1930) 724
I7881 LBska, M.. Valtyni, J., Fellner, P.: Crystal Res. Technol. 28 (1993)
93 1
I7891 de Launoit. J.: Proc. Int. Congr. Surface Activity. London 4 (1957) 83
17901 Lea, F.M., Nurse, R.W.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (1949) 345
17911 Lebedeva. G.N., e t al.: Koks i Khim. 1965 (10) 39
17921 Lechuga-Ballesteros, D.. Rodriguez-Hornedo, N.: Part. Sci. Technol.
10 (1 -2) (1 992) 49
[7931 Ledesert. M.. Monier, J.C.: Colloq. Int. Centre Nat . Rech. Sci. 152
(1965) 537
I7941 van der Leeden. M.C., Kashchlev, D.. van Rosmalen, G.M.: J. Colloid
Interface Sci. 152 (2) (1992) 338
I7951 van der Leeden, M.C., Kashchiev, D., van Rosmalen, G.M.: J. Crystal
Growth 130 (1-2) (1993) 221
[7961 van der Leeden. M.C., Reedijk. E.E.. van Rosmalen, G.M.: Estudios
Geol. 38 (1982) 279
I7971 van der Leeden. M.C.. van Rosmalen, G.M.: The role of additives in
the agglomeration of barium sulfate, in: Industrial Crystallization '84
(eds. S.J. JanCie, E.J. de Jong), p. 325, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1984
11. References to Tables 339
I7981 van der Leeden, M.C., van Rosmalen, G.M.: Effect of the molecular
weight of polyphosphinoacrylates on their performance in BaSO,
crystallization. ICCG-A, Sendai (1989) 21A C 0 5
17991 van der Leeden. M.C.. van Rosmalen, G.M., Devreugo. K.. Witkamp,
G.J.: Chem.- 1ng.-Tech. 61 (5) (1989) 385
I8001 Lehmann. 0.: Molekularphys. 1 (1888) 305
[8011 Leskovar. P., Harting, R.: Fortschr. Urol. Nephrol. 9 (1977) 30
18021 Leskovar. P.. Kratzer. M., Baustaedter. R.: Therapiewoche 30 (1980)
429 1
[803] Lessieux. J.C.. Svoronos. D.R.: Compt. rend. 263 (19) (1966) 1146
I8041 Leszczynski, S.: Krystalizaqja w przemysle chemicznym, PWT, Warszawa
1956
18051 Leung. W.H.. Nancollas. G.H.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 40 (1978) 1871
I8061 Lewin, S.Z.. Vance, J.E.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 74 (1952) 1433
[8071 Liaw, H.M., Faust. J.W. Jr.: J. Crystal Growth 13/14 (1972) 471
(8081 Lilley, E., Newkirk. J.B.: J. Mater. Sci. 2 (1967) 567
[SO91 Lin, C.H., Gabas. N., Canselier, J.P.. Pepe, G., LaguCrie. C.:
Surfactant effects on y-aminobutyric acid crystallization, in:
Industrial Crystallization '93, VoZ. I (ed. Rojkowski, 2.). p. 3-051,
Warsaw 1993
[810] Little, D.M.S.. Nancollas, G.H.: Trans. Faraday SOC. 66 (1970) 3103
I8111 Lin, J., Cai, Zh.: Rengong Jingtl Xuebao 20 (2) (1991) 179
f8121 Liu, S.T., Nancollas, G.H.: Desalination 12 (1973) 75
[8131 Liu. S.T., Nancollas. G.H.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 52 (3) (1975) 582
I8141 Liu. S.T.. Nancollas, G.H.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 52 (3) (1975) 593
340 11. References to Tables
I8151 Liu. S.T.. Nancollas. G.H.. Gasiecki, E.A.: J. Crystal Growth 33
(1976) 11
18161 Liu. Y.A., Botsaris. G.D.: Impurity effects in a continuous-flow
mixed-suspension crystallizer. in: 63-rd AICHE Ann. Meeting. Chicago
1970
18171 Lopez-Valero. I.. Gomez-Lorente, C.. Boistelle. R.: J. Crystal Growth
121 (3) (1992) 297
18181 Luptak. J.. Bekjensen. H.. Fornander, A.M. et al.: Scanning Microsc.
8 (1994) 47
I8 191 Lux, H.: Anorganisch-chemisehe Experimentierkunst. p. 227, Leipzig
1959
I8201 Lyubchenko, A.P.. Sherman. D.G.: Fiz. metal. metalloved. 16 (1963)
636
[821] Lyubchenko. T.V., et al.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 40 (1967) 2225
18223 Macklin. W.C., Ryan, B.F.: Phil. Mag. 14 (130) (1966) 847
18231 Macklin. W.C., Ryan, B.F.: Phil. Mag. 27 (1968) 83
[8241 MaCek, J.. ZakrajBek, S . . N-lt, J.: Crystal Res. Technol. 28 (1993)
847
18251 McMahon, P.M.. Berglund. K.A., Larson. M.A.: Raman spectroscopic
studies of the structure of supersaturated KNO, solutions, in:
Industrial Crystallization '84 (eds. JanEiC. S.J.. de Jong, E.J.), p. 229,
Elsevier, Amsterdam 1984
I8261 Maik. M., Krysztafkiewicz. A.. Blaszcak, J.: Wplyw fosforanow na
krystalizacji fluorku glinowego, in: II. Symp. Industr. Krfst.. Jaszowiec
1986, p.65
11. References to Tables 34 I
[8271 Malitsko. L.. Jeszenski, L.: J. Crystal Growth 15 (1972) 243
I8281 Mal'tsev. G.Z.. Dyachenko. M.G.. Alekseev. A.I.: J. Appl. Chem.
USSR 50 (1977) 1851
I8291 Mann, S., Heywood, B.R., Rajan, S.. Birchall. J.D.: Nature 334
(6184) (1988) 692
(8301 Mann. S.. Heywood. B.R.. Rajan, S., Birchall. J.D.: Proc. Roy. SOC.
London A 423 (1 865) (1 989) 457
[830a] Mantel, W., Hansen. H.: Brenstoff-Chem. 33 (1952) 80
I8311 Mantovanl, G.: Zuckerind. 13 (1963) 559
I8321 Mantovanl, G.. Fagioli. F.: Zuckerind. 14 (1964) 202
[833] Maranidze, M.V.. et al.: Soobch. AN Gruzin. SSR 47 (1967) 581
I8341 Marc, R.: 2. physik. Chem. 68 (1910) 112
I8351 Marc, R.: 2. physik. Chem. 79 (1912) 71
I8361 Marciniak. B.: Characterization of acenaphtene nucleation in
organic solutions, in: Kryszt. MoL '91 OgolnopoL KO@ , Lodz 1992, 92
(8371 Marciniak, B.: Growth of acenaphtene crystals from organtc solution,
in: Kryszt. Mol '91 OgolnopoL KO$ , Lodz 1992, 89
I8381 Marcy, J.. et al.: Chem. Tech. 21 (1969) 627
[839] MareCek. V.. et al.: Krist. Tech. 4 (1969) 39
[8401 MareCek, V.. NovBk. J.: Kris t . Tech. 5 (1970) 109
I8411 Marimeto. S.: Nippon Hyniokita Gakkai Zasshi 76 (1985) 998
I8421 Markalous, F.. N p l t , J.: Chem. prdmysl 15 (1965) 618
18431 MarkoviC. M., Komunjer. L.. Fiiredi-Milhofer. H., SkrtlC, D.. Sarig. S.:
J. Crystal Growth 88 (1) (1988) 118
342 1 1 . References to Tables
18441 Marshall, R.W.. Nancollas. G.H.: J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 3838
18451 Martynowicz. E.T.M.J.. Witkamp, G.J.. van Rosmalen. G.M.: Control
of phosphogypsum crystallization in the presence of impurities, in:
Industrial CrystaUization '93, VoL 1 (ed. Rojkowski. Z.), p. 3-123,
Warsaw 1993
I8461 Masaji, et al.: J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. A 19 (1956) 513
18471 Massey. R.E.. Hileman, O.E.: Can. J. Chem. 55 (1977) 1285
I8481 Masuzawa, T.: Nippon Senbai Kosha Chuo Kenkyusho Hokoku 106
(1964) 209
18491 Matijevie, E., Ottewill, R.H.: J. Colloid Sci. 13 (1958) 242
I8501 Matsuda. K.. Sumida. M.. Fujita. K.. Mitsuzawa. Sh.: Bull. Chem.
SOC. Japan 60 (1987) 4441
18511 Matsushita. T.. Sekita, T., Suzuki, T.. Moriga, T.. Ashida, T.,
Nakabayashi. I.: Zairyo 42 (473) (1993) 195
18521 Matusevich, L.N.: Tsvetnye metally 32 (11) (1959) 37
18531 Matusevich. L.N.: Tsvetnye metally 33 (9) (1960) 48
I8541 Matusevich. L.N.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 33 (1960) 316
18551 Matusevich, L.N., Blinova, N.P.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 38 (1965) 721
I8561 Matusevich, L.N., Blinova. N.P.. Postnikov, V.A.: Teor. Osn. Khim.
Tekhnol. 6 (2) (1972) 169
I8571 Matusevich, L.N.: Krist. Tech. 1 (1966) 127
I8581 Matynia, A.: Wlokna Chem. 10 (3) (1984) 257
I8591 Matynia. A.. Wierzkowska, B.. Kot, J.: Wplyw metanolu na
11. References to Tables 343
krystalizacju kwasu I-askorbinowego, in: II. Symp. Industr. Cryst.,
Jaszowiec 1986. p. 56
I8601 Matynia. A.. Wonvag, W.: Inz. Chem. 9 (4) (1979) 739
I8611 Matz, G.: Symp. ZonenschmelzenKolonenkrist. .. Karlsruhe 1963, p.
345
18621 Matz. G.: Colloq. Int. Centre Nat. Rech. Sci. 152 (1965) 451
I8631 Matz, G.: Kristallisation - Grundlagen und Technik, Springer, Berlin
1969
[864] McCall. M.T., Tadros, M.E.: Colloids and Surfaces 1 (1980) 161
I8651 McPherson. A.. Koszelak. S.. Axelrod. H., Day, J. et al.: J. Biol.
Chem. 261 (4) (1986) 1969
[866] Mehmel. Nespital: 2. Krist. 88 (1934) 345
[867] Melankholin. N.M.. Slavnova. E.N.: Kristallografiya 4 (1959) 563
I8681 Melikhov. I.V.: Protsessy v Dispers. Sredakh. Mezhvuz. Sb. Nauch.
Tr. , p. 6
18691 Melikhov, I.V., et al.: Radiokhimiya 1 (1959) 3
[870] Melikhov, I.V., et al.: Radiokhimiya 2 (1960) 144
18711 Melikhov. I.V.: Radiokhimiya 2 (1960) 509
I8721 Melikhov. I.V.. et al.: Dokl. AN SSSR 133 (1960) 401
[8731 Melikhov. I.V., et al.: Radiokhimiya 3 (1961) 520
[8741 Melikhov, I.V., Kirkova, E.: Radiokhimiya 6 (1964) 5
[875] Mellkhov, I.V.. et al.: Radiokhimiya 6 (1964) 165
[876] Melikhov, I.V., Babayan, S.G.: Radiokhimiya 6 (1964) 153
I8771 Melikhov. I.V., et al.: Radiokhimiya 7 (1965) 377
344 11. References to Tables
18781 Melikhov. I.V., Evald. G.: Radiokhimiya 10 (1968) 129
18791 Mellkhov. I.V.. Berdonosova, D.G.: Radlokhimiya 10 (1968) 137
I8801 Melikhov. I.V., Vukovich, Zh.. Nebylitsin. B.D.: Zhur. fiz. khim. 46
(1972) 1952
I88 11 Melik-Gaikazyan. V.I., Melik-Gaikazyan. I. Ya.: Krlstallografiya 4
(1959) 435
I8821 Merkulova, M.S.: Trudy Gos. Rad. Inst. 3 (1937) 141
18831 Messing, T.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 42 (1970) 1141
18841 Meyer, H.J.: J. Crystal Growth 66 (3) (1984) 639
[885] Meyer. J.L.. Bergert, J.H., Smith, L.H.: Colloq. Renal Ltthiasis, Proc.
Int. Colloq. (1975) 66
18861 Meyer, J.L.. Nancollas. G.H.: Archs. oral. Biol. 17 (1972) 1623
18871 Mezhidov, B.Kh., Guzhov. A.I.. Krasnobryzhev, V.G.: Zhur. Prikl.
Khim. 52 (1979) 2342
I8881 Michaels, A.S.. Colville. A.R.: J. Phys. Chem. 64 (1960) 13
18891 Michaels, A.S., Tausch. F.W.: Int Kongr. Grenzfliichenaktiue Stone,
Koln 1960, p. 221
18901 Michaels, A.S.. Tausch. F.W.: J. Phys. Chem. 65 (1961) 1730
18911 Mikhailov, O.V.. Polovnyak. V.K.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg.
Mater. 27 (21 (1991) 370
[8921 Mikheeva, L.M., et al.: 2. physik. Chem. 228 (1965) 246
18931 Mile, B.. Vincent, A.T., Wilding. C.R.: J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.
32 (1982) 975
I8941 Miles. F.D.: Proc. Royal SOC. London A 32 (193 1) 266
11. References to Tables 345
18951 Miles, F.D.: Phil. Trans. Roy. SOC. LondonA 235 (748) (1935) 125
18961 Milligan, A.E.: J. Phys. Chem. 33 (1929) 363
18971 Milone. M., Ferrero. F.: Gazz. chim. ital. 77 (1947) 348
I8981 Mintova, S.. Vulchev. V.. Vulcheva, E.. Veleva, S.: Mater. Res. Bull.
27 (4) (1992) 515
18991 Mirkina. L.T., Gulyeva, T.Yu., Nikiforova, A.M.: Deposited Doc.
SPSTL 11 61 KHP-D82 (19821
I9001 Miura. M., et al.: J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 252
I9011 Miura, M., et al.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 36 (1963) 1091
19021 Miura. M.. et al.: J. Sci. Hiroshima Unlv. A-I1 26 (2) (1963) 151
19031 Miura. M., et al.: Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 66 (1963) 597
I9041 Miura. M.. Naono, H., Hara, M.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 39 (1966)
344
I9051 Mohameed, H., Ulrich, J.: Effect of the pH-value on the growth rate
of potassium chloride. in BIWIC 1994 (ed. J. Ulrich). p. 112, Univ.
Bremen 1994
19061 Mohamed-Kheir. A.K.M.. Tavare, N.S.. Garside. J.: Cryst. Precl-
pitation, Proc. Int. Symp. (1987) 61
19071 Mokievskii. V.A.. Mokievskaya, LA.: Zap. vsesoyuz. mineral. obsch.
79 (1950) 15
19081 Moklevskil. V.A.: Kristallografiya 1 (4) (1955) 3
I9091 Moravec, F., Novotnjr, J.: Krist. Tech. 6 (1971) 335
I9101 Moreno. E.C., Varughese, K.: J. Crystal Growth 53 (1981) 20
19111 Moreno, E.C., Varughese, K.. Hay, D.I.: Calif. Tiss. Int. 28 (1979) 7
346 11. References to Tables
19121 Moriyama, T.: Asahi Garasu Kenkyu Hokoku 9 (1959) 66
19131 Moriyama. T., Sakayori. T.: Asahi Garasu Kenkyu Hokoku 11 (1961)
38
1914) Morond. C.: Thesis, Tech. Ecole Polytechn. Ziirich 1959
19151 Morozova, G.A., Kopylev, B.A., Dmitrievskii. B.A.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim.
51 (1978) 2420
I9161 Mortada, S.A.M., Boraie, A..: Alexandria J. Pharm. Sci. 3 (1989) 45
[917] Mukhopadhyay, S.Ch.: Univ. Microfilms No. DA8523209 (1985); CA 104
(20) 177897
19 181 Mullin, J.W.:Impurity effects and crystallization phenomena, in: Int.
Symp. on Separ. Process Eng. (1986) 67
19191 Mullin. J.W.: Crystal growth in pure and impure systems, in:
Industrial Crystallization ‘78 (eds. de Jong, E.J.. JanEie, S.J.). p. 93,
North-Holland, Amsterdam 1979
I9201 Mullin, J.W.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 47 (21) (1975) 882
19211 Mullin. J.W., Amatavivadhana, A., Chakraborty. M.: J. Appl. Chem.
20 (5) (1970) 153
19221 Mullin, J.W.. Ang. H.M.: Faraday Disc. Chem. Sac. 61 (1976) 141
19231 Mullin. J.W., JanCic’. S.J.: Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 57 (3) (1979) 188
19241 Muminov, AS.. Akhmedov, M.A., Ishakov, Kh.Sh.. Manapova. R.A.:
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater. 21 (1) (1985) 155
(9251 Murata. Yo.: Kagaku Kogaku 41 (9) (1977) 478
19261 Murotani. H., et al.: Nippon Shio Gakkaishi 10 (1956) 278
19273 Murotani. H.: Bull. Tokyo Inst. Technol. 1963 141
1 1 . References to Tables 347
I9281 Murthy, A.S.A., Mahadevappa. D.S.: Austral. J. Chem. 22 (1969)
2017
[9291 Mydlarz J.: The effect of Ni(I1) on the growth of magnesium sulphate
from aqueous solution. in: Industrial Crystallization '90 (ed.
Mersmann. A.), p. 615, Munich 1990
19301 Mydlarz, J.. Jones, A.G.: Chem. Eng. Commun. 111 (1992) 29
I93 11 Myerson, A.S.. Brown: Crystal aging and precipitation of terephthalic
acid. Intern Symp. on Prepar. of Funct. Mat. and CrystalL..Osaka 1988
[9321 Myerson, A.S., Decker, S.E., Fan, W.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des.
Dev. 25 (4) (1986) 925
19331 Myerson, A.S.. Weisinger, Y., Ginde, R.: Crystal shape, the role of
solvents and impurities, in: Industrial Crystallization '93, VoL I (ed.
Rojkowski. Z.), p. 3-135, Warsaw 1993
I9341 Myl, J., Kvapil, J.: Chem. prfimysl9 (1959) 28
19351 Nagalingam, S., Vasudevan. S . . Ramasamy. P.: Crystal Res. Technol.
16 (6) (1981) 647
I9361 Nagornyi, A.A.: Elektron. Protsessy Defekty Ionnykh Krist. (1985) 34
[9371 Nakai. T.. Miyake, K.: Kagaku Kogaku Rombunshu 4 (1978) 100; CA
90 40676
[9381 Nakhmanovich. M.I., et al.: Zhur. PriM. Khim. 23 (1950) 1331
19391 Nalbandyan, A.G., Grigoryan. S . Yu.. Kazaryan. A.B.: Neorg.
Materialy 21 (1 1) (1 985) 1945
[9401 Nalbandyan, A.G., Nalbandyan. H.S.: The effect of additives on
nucleation in aqueous solutions, in: Industrial Crystallization '87
348 11. References to Tables
(eds. N p l t , J., ZBCek, S.) , p. 245, Academia Prague and Elsevier
Amsterdam 1979
(9411 Nancollas, G.H.: Croat. Chem. Acta 43 (1971) 261
(9421 Nancollas. G.H., Bochner, R.A., Liolios, E.. Shyu, L.J., Yoshlkawa. Y..
Barone, J.P., Svrjcek, D.: AICHE Symp. Ser. 78 (215) (1982) 26
(9431 Nancollas. G.H., Koutsoukos. P.G.: Prog. Crystal Growth Charact. 3
(1980) 77
(9441 Nancollas. G.H., Purdie, N.: Trans. Faraday SOC. 57 (1961) 2272
19451 Nancollas. G.H., TomaiiC, B.: J. Phys. Chem. 78 (1974) 2218
(9461 Nancollas. G.H.. TomaZiC, B.. Tomson, M.: Croat. Chem. Acta 48 (4)
(1976) 431
(9471 Nancollas, G.H.. Wefel, J.S.: J. Crystal Growth 23 (1974) 169
[948] Nancollas. G.H.. Zawecki. S.J.: Inhibitors of crystallization and
dissolution, in: Industrial Crystallization '84 (eds. JanEiie. S.J., de
Jong, E.J.). p. 51. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1984
19491 Naono, H.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 40 (1967) 1104
I9501 Naono, H., Miura, M.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 38 (1965) 80
(9511 Naono, H.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 40 (1967) 1104
19521 Napijalo. M.I.. ZlZiC, B., Zegarac. S., DojEiloviC, J.: Fizika (Zagreb) 10
(Suppl. 2) (1978) 502
(9531 N a s s . K.K.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33 (1994) 1580, 2020
[954] Neels, H.: Fortschr. Mlner. 35 (7-8) (1957) 8
(9551 Neels, H.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 123 (1959) 405
(9561 Neels, H.. Steinike, U.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 267 (1961) 433
11. References to Tables 349
19571 Neels. H.. Steinike, U.: J. Appl. Phys. 34 (1963) 433
I9581 NEmec, J.. HloZny. L., Broul, M., Veverka, F.: Chem. prfimysl 42 (5-6)
(1992) 114
[959] Nepomnyashtchaya, V.N.. et al.: Rost Kristallov 3 (1961) 290
I9601 Nestor, L.I.: Khirn. Prom., Ser. KaLtinaya Prom. 2 (1980) 4
[9611 Neuhaus, A.: 2. Krist.103 (5) (1941) 297
I9621 Neumann, M., Ulrich, J.: Progressive freezing process - static /
dynamic - a comparison, in: Industrial Crystallization '93 (ed. 2.
Rojkowski), vol. 1, p. 1-061. Warszawa 1993
19631 Neumann, M.. Ulrich, J.: The washing procedure in solid layer melt
crystallization. in: BIwlC 1994 (ed. J. Ulrich), p. 19. Univ. Brernen
1994
I9641 Nicar, M.J.. Hill, K., Pak. C.Y.L.: J. Bone Miner. Res. 2 (1987) 215
I9651 Nielsen, A.E.: J. Colloid Sci. 10 (1955) 576
I9661 Nielsen, A.E.: Faraday Disc. Chem. SOC. 61 (1976) 153
19671 Nightingale, E.R.. Benik. R.F.: Anal. Chem. 32 (1960) 566
I9681 Nitrogen 46 (1967) 33
I9691 Novobilsky, V.: PhD Thesis, Tech. Univ. Chem. Technol., Prague
1965
I9701 Novobilsky, V.: In. Symposium on Industrial Crystallization, Usti
n.L. 1965
19711 Novobilsky. V., Jgger. L., N*lt, J.: Chem prfimysl 18 (1968) 123
I9721 Novobilsky, V., N@lt, J.. Jager. L.: Chem. prfimysl 18 (1968) 180
I9731 Novosel. B.: Colloid Polymer Sci. 254 (1976) 650
350 11. References to Tables
I9741 Nowakowski. R.. Czenvinski. 2.: Nieorg. Zwiazki Fosforowe 7th
(1976) 177
19751 Nozhkina. I.N.. Vityugin. V.M.: Izv. Tomsk. Politekh. Inst. 258 (1976)
71
I9761 N w l t , J.: Conference onIndustrial Crystallization. asti n.L. 1960
(9771 Njvl t , J.: Chem. prfimysl 12 (1962) 170
I9781 N@lt, J.. Gotffrled. J.. KiiEkovB. J.: Chem. prhmysl 14 (1964) 242
I9791 Njvl t , J.. Gottfrled, J.. Sucharda, J.: Chem prfimysl28 (1978) 132
I9801 Nplt , J., Kraus, J.: Zuckerind. 119 (3) (1994) 219
I9811 Njvlt . J., MaCek, J.. ZakrajSek, S.: Crystal Res. Technol. 28 (1993)
479
I9821 Nyvlt, J., Netuka, V., VBclavh, V., MiCek, F.: Sci. Rept Res. Inst.
Inorg. Chem. 259 (1960)
I9831 Nyvlt. J., SittovB. 2.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 57 (1992)
1798
19841 N p l t , J.. Sucharda, J., HufikovB, A.: Czech Pat. 133 701 (1969)
I9851 Njklt, J.. Snoblova. V.: Chem. prfimysl36 (1986) 297
I9861 Njvl t . J.. SnoblovB. V., Karel, M.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 51
(1986) 2473
19871 Njklt, J.. VBclavh, V.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 37 (1972)
3664
I9881 Njklt, J., ZBEek. S.: Chem. prfimysl38 (1988) 402
I9891 Obukhova, N.F.. Chirva, L.A.: Sb. Nauch. Tr. VNII Monokrist..
Stslntil. Mater. i Osobo Chist. Khim. Veshch. 18 66
11. References to Tables 35 1
[9901 Oganesyan. A.A., Atanesyan, A.K., Babadzhanyan. K.P., Gukasyan,
A.V.:Armen. Khim. Zhur. 36 (12) (1983) 759
I9911 Ogawa: J. Appl. Phys. J a p a n 26 (10) (1957) 526
[992] Oguni, M., Angell, C.A.: J. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 1848
19931 Ohyama, Y., Futaki, K.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 28 (1956) 243
19941 Oka. T.. Yoshioka, T., Koide. T. et al.: Urol. Int. 42 (1987) 89
I9951 Okhrimenko. T.M.. Kozhoeva. S.T.. Kuznetsov. V.A.. Klimova. A.Yu.,
Barsukova, M.L.: Kristallografiya 37 (5) (1992) 1309
[996] Olgun, Ozden. Atalay, Suheyda: J. Fac. Sci. Ege Univ., Ser. A 14 (2)
(1991) 39
[997] Onna, K., Goya, S.: Hawaiian Sugar Technol. Rept. 22 (1963) 9
[998] Oomori, T., Kitano, Y.: Bull. Coll. Sci. Univ. Ryukyus 39 (1985) 57
[999] Orekhov. M.A.. Timokhova, L.B.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 42 (1969) 1926
[lOOOI Orlov, P.P.: Zhur. Rossii. Fiz.- Khim. Obsch. 28 (18961 714
[ 100 11 Orlov. P.P.: Izv. AN SSSR. otd. fiz.-mat. nauk 6-7 (1929)
[lo021 Orlova. M.P.: Uch. Zap. Tomsk. Univ. 29 (1959) 46
[lo031 Osichkina. R.G., Ismailov. F.Kh.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk UzSSR 6 (1989)
35
[lo041 Osther, P.J.. Bollerslev. J.. Norgard. J.R.. et al.: Scanning Microsc.
8 (1994) 63
[lo051 Ostrowski. C.: Cem.-Wapno-Gips 7 (1980) 179
(10061 Otani. S.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 33 (1960) 1543
[lo071 Otani. S.: Bull. Chem. SOC. J a p a n 33 (1960) 1549
[lo081 Otani, S., Miura. M.: J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. A - 11, 25 (2-3) (1963)
145
352 1 1 . References to Tables
[lo091 Otani, S., Miura, M.: J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. A-I127 (1963) 1 1
[lolo] Otterson. D.: J. Chem. Phys. 33 (1960) 227
[loll] Owczarek, I.. Sangwal. K.: J. Crystal Growth 99 (1-4, pt.2) (1990)
827
[ 10 121 Pach. L.. Hrabe. 2.. Komarneni. S.. Roy, R.: J. Mater. Res. 5 (1 2)
(1990) 2928
[lo131 Packter. A.. Alleem, A.: Krist. Tech. 15 (1980) 1249
I10141 Packter. A.. Alleem, A.: Crystal Res. Technol. 16 (1981) 33
[lo151 Packter, A.. Jakubowski, J.: Crystal Res. Technol. 20 (1985) 1063
[lo161 Packter. A.. Panesar. K.S.: Crystal Res. Technol. 20 (1985) 749
[lo171 Packter. A., Saunders, D.F.: J. Chem. SOC. A (1970) 725
[lo181 Pakhomov, V.I., Medvedev. A.V., Linde, S.A.. Sil'nitskaya, G.B..
Churbakov, V.F.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater. 20 (1 0) (1984)
1715
[ 10191 van Panhuys-Sigler. S.. Hartman, P., Woensdrest, C.F.: J. Crystal
Growth 87 (4) (1988) 554
[lo201 Panfilov, V.V., Khamskii. E.V.: Khim. Tekhnol. (Kiev) 6 (1984) 51
[lo211 Panov. V.I.. Novikov, A.N.. Prisyazhnyuk: Tr. NII Osn. Khim. 20
(1969) 50
[lo221 Panov. V.I., Novikov. A.N., Prisyazhnyuk: Tr. NII Osn. Khim. 20
(1969) 58
[lo231 Papazova-Dencheva, K., Njrvlt. J . , PekBrek, V., Sipek, M.: Collect.
Czech. Chem. Commun. 55 (1990) 1175
11 . References to Tables 353
I10241 Papoff, I.G., Sherp, G.W.: J. Meteorol. 16 (1959) 288
I1 0251 Pawlowska-Kozinska. D .: Ziemie Rzadkie Fosfogipsach Pochodz.
Apatytowego, Politech. Krakow (1990) 33
I10261 Pencheva. J.. Kirkova, E.. Djarova. M.: Kinetic approach of investi-
gation of inclusion into the system ZnC20, . 2 H 2 0 - Cu(I1) -
C20,2- - H 2 0 . in: Industrial Crystallization '90 (ed. Mersmann. A.), p.
677. Munich 1990
I10271 Perelman. S.. Strakhova, J.: Zhur. Khim. Prom. 15 (1938) 26
[lo281 Perez B.C.L.. Carrazana. R.. Gonzalez, 0.: Cent. Azucar 11 (1)
(1984) 121
[lo291 Peters, R.W.. Ku, Y., Bhattacharyya, D.. Chen, L.F.: Crystal size
distribution of sulfide precipitation of heavy metals, in: Industrial
Crystallization '84 (eds. S.J. Janeiie. E.J. de Jong). p. 11 1. Elsevier.
Amsterdam 1984
[ 10301 Peters, R.W.. Chang. T.K.: Effect of sodium hexametaphosphate on
the particle size distribution of calcium carbonate under constant
pH precipitation conditions. in: Industrial Crystullization '84 (eds.
JanEiie. S.J., de Jong. E.J.), p. 67, Elsevier. Amsterdam 1984
[lo311 Peters, R.W.. Chen. P.H.. Chang. T.K.: CaC03 precipitation under
MSMPR conditions, in: Industrial Crystallization '84 (eds. S.J. Janeiie,
E.J. de Jong). p. 309, Elsevier. Amsterdam 1984
110321 Peters, R.W., Young, K.. Dibakar. B.. Lih-Fen Chen: Crystal size
distribution of sulfide precipitation of heavy metals, in: Industrial
Crystalllzation '84 (eds. JanEi:iC. S.J.. de Jong, E.J.). p. 11 1. Elsevier.
Amsterdam 1984
354 11. References to Tables
110331 Petinelli, J.C.: Rev. Inst. Fr. Petrol. 34 (5) (1979) 771
110341 Petrenko. D.S.. Arabova, L.M.: Koks i Khim. 1967 (2) 22
110351 Phillips, V.A.. Kolbe. J.L.. Opperhauser. H.J.: J. Crystal Growth 41
(1977) 228
110361 Phoenix, L.: Brit. Chem. Eng. 11 (1) (1966) 34
110371 Phoenix, L.: Sch. Sci Rev. 48 (1966) 173
110381 Pinaev, V.A.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 37 (1964) 898
110391 Ploss, R.S.: Science 144 (3615) (1964) 169
[lo401 Podolinskii, V.V., Drykin, V.G.: Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 53 (1979) 2092
110411 Podozerskaya, E.A., Khamskii, E.V.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 43 (1970)
736
110421 Podozerskaya, E.A.. Khamskii. E.V.: J. Appl. Chem. USSR 48 (3)
(1975) 512
110431 Pol. Pat. 46 248 (1962)
I10441 Pol. Pat. 50 990 (1966)
110451 Pol. Pat. 120 673 (1976); CA 90 057434
[lo461 Polesitskii, A.E.: Tr. Gos. Rad. Inst. 2 (1933) 86
[ 10471 Polikarpov, V.A., Laryutina. E.A.: Khim. Prom-st (Moscow) (1978)
687: CA89 199837
110481 Pompe. S., Lehmann, H.A.: 2. anorg. allg. Chem. 505 (1983) 201
[lo491 Popolitov, V.I.: Neorg. Mater. 29 (5) (1993) 663
[lo501 Popovitz-Biro. R.. Gavish, M., Lahav, M.. Leiserowitz. L.: Ice
nucleation by monolayers of aliphatic alcohols, in: MakromoL Chem,
MacromoL Symp. 46,3rd Europ. Con, Organ Org. Thin Films. 19
11. References to Tables 355
[lo511 Portnov, V.N., Belyustin, A.V.: Kristallografiya 10 (1965) 362
110521 Portnov, V.N.: Kristallografiya 11 (1966) 916
[lo531 Portnov, V.N.: Kristallografiya 12 (1967) 530
110541 Postnikov. V.A.. Obukhov. A.V.: Teor. Osn. Khim. Tekhnol. 10 (5)
(1976) 778
110551 Potop. P., et al.: Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 12 (1961) 3
[ 1056) Pozdnyakov. P.G.: Kristallografiya 1 (2) (1956)
110571 Pozdnyakov. P.G.: Kristallografiya 1 (3) (1956) 356
[lo581 Poznyak, V.S.. Chesnokov, L.I.: Vestsi Akad. Nauk. BSSR, Ser. Fiz.-
Mat . Nauk 1 (1980) 116
110591 Pradhan, R.M.. Ganguli, P.: Indian J. Technol. 27 (5) (1989) 237
110601 Prasad, P.B.V.: Crystal Res. Technol. 20 (11) (1985) 1527
110611 Prasad. P.B.V., Sato, K.: Crystal Res. Technol. 21 (1986) 835
110621 Prasad. P.B.V.: Crystal Res. Technol. 25 (12) (1990) K301
110631 Prisekina, T.N.. Driker, B.N.. Prostakov. S.M.. Morgunova. S.A.:
Deposited doc. SPSTL 618 KHP-D81 (1981)
110641 Prostakov, S.M.. Driker, B.N., Rempel, S.I.. Belyaeva. N.A.:
Deposited doc. SPSTL 339 KHP-D8 1 (198 1)
110651 Przytycka, R.: Nukleonika 12 (1967) 747
[lo661 Punin, Yu.0.: Uch. Zap. Leningr. Gos. Univ. 409 (1982) 143
110671 Punin, Yu.0.. Petrov, T.G.: Kristallografiya 13 (1968) 922
[lo681 Pytkowicz. R.M.: h e r . J. Sci. 273 (1973) 515
ll0691 Rabkin, M.A.. et al.: Zhur. Prfkl. Khim. 24 (1951) 1257
356 11. References to Tables
I10701 Radhakrishnan, S.. Saini. D.R.: J. Crystal Growth 129 (1-2) (1993)
19 1
[ 107 11 Radhakrishnan, S., Schultz. J.M.: J. Crystal Growth 116 (3-4)
1992
I10721 Raistrick, B.: Disc. Faraday SOC. 5 (1949) 234
I10731 Rakityanskaya. O.F.: Praci Odess. Univ.. prir. nauki 152 (8) (1962)
22
I10741 RaksBnyi, K., Voszka. R.: Krist. Tech. 4 (1969) 227
[ 10751 Ramanaiah. K.V., Varma, K.B.R.: Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 21 (7)
(1983) 388
[lo761 Randolph, A.D., Drach, G.W.: J. Crystal Growth 53 (1981) 195
I10771 Randolph, A.D.. Koonitz, S . : Effect of habit and nucleation modifiers
in crystallization of borax, in: 69th Ann Meet, NCHE. Chicago 1976
[lo781 Randolph, A.D., Puri, A.D.: AICHE J. 27 (1) (1981) 92
[lo791 Randolph, A.D.. Vaden. D.E., Stewart. D.: AICHE Symp. Ser. No.
240.80 (1984) 110
(10801 Rao. C., Rama Rohan, Mehrotra, P. Narain: J. Appl. Chem.
Bfotechnol. 28 (9) (1978) 608
[ l O 8 l ] Rashkovich, L.N.. Shekunov. B.Yu.: Rost Krist. 18 11990) 124
[ 10821 Raskol, W.: Thesis, Techn Hochschule Darmstadt 1959
I10831 Ratinov, V.B., Todes. O.M.: Sb. tr. Nauch.-Issl. Inst. zhelezobeton.
izdel stroit. i nerud. mater. 4 (1961) 154
I10841 Ratner. A.P.: J. Chem. Phys. 1 (1933) 789
1 1 . References to Tables 357
110851 Ratsimba, B.: Cristallisation du bitartrate de potassium aparttr de
solutions hydroalcoolques - extension des rbsultats , Thesis. Toulouse
1990
I10861 Reddy, M.M.: J. Crystal Growth 41 (2) (1977) 287
I10871 Reddy, M.M.. Nancollas. G.H.: Desalination 12 (1973) 61
I10881 Reddy. M.M.. Wang, K.K.: J. Crystal Growth 50 (2) (1980) 470
110891 Redoute. M., Boistelle. R.. Kern, R.: Compt. rend. 260 (1965) 2167
I10901 Redoute, M.. Boistelle. R.. Kern, R.: Compt. rend. 262 (1966) 1081
I10911 Reid. D.S.. Foin. A.T., Lem. C.A.: Cryo-Lett. 6 (3) (1985) 189
I10921 Reinders. W.: 2. physik. Chem. 77 (1911) 677
I10931 Reitemeier. R.F.. Buehrer, T.F.: J. Phys. Chem. 44 (1940) 535
110941 Remoissenet. M.. et al.: Krist. Tech. 5 (1970) 535
I10951 Retgers. J.W.: 2. physik. Chem. 9 (1892) 267
110961 Retgers, J.W.: 2. physik. Chem. 9 (1892) 304
I10971 Retgers, J.W.: 2. physik. Chem. 12 (1893) 582
I10981 Retgers. J.W.: 2. physik. Chem. 12 (1893) 614
I10991 Richardson, C.F., Johnson, M.. Sharma. V.K.. Sallis. J.D..
Nancollas, G.H.: Mater. Res. SOC. Symp. Proc. 174 (1990) 87
Ill001 Rigterink. France: J. Phys. Chem. 42 (1938) 1079
I11011 Rinaudo. C.. Franchlni-Angela. M.: Rend. SOC. Ital. Mineral. Petrol.
40 (2) (1985) 285
11 1021 Rinaudo. C., Franchini-Angela, M., Boistelle. R.: J. Crystal Growth
89 (1988) 257
358 11. References to Tables
111031 Ristie, R., Shekunov. B.Yu.. Sherwood. J.N.. Wojciechowski, K.:
Studies of the relationship between morphological changes and
growth rate dispersion of small crystals of sodium chlorate grown
from pure and sodium dithionate doped solutions, in: Industrial
Crystallization '93, VoL II (ed. Rojkowski. 2.). p. 4-021, Warsaw 1993
[ 11041 l3istie.R.. Sherwood. J.N.. Wojciechowski. K.: J. Phys. Chem. 97 (41)
(1993) 10774
I11051 Rtzkalla. E.N.: J. Chem. Soc.. Faraday Trans. 1 79 (1983) 1657
(11061 Roberts, K.J., Sherwood. J.N., Taggart. A.M.: Influence of solvent on
crystallization of normal alkanes C18H38 to C,,H,, from model
hydrocarbon solvents. in: Industrial Crystallization '93, VoZ. I (ed.
Rojkowski. 2.). p. 3-063. Warsaw 1993
(11071 Robertson, W.G., Peacock, M., Marshall, W.R., Knowles. F.: Clin.
Sci . Mol. Med. 47 (1974) 13
[ 1 1081 Robertson, W.G., Peacock, M., Nordin. B.E.C.: Clin. Chim. Acta 43
(1973) 31
11 1091 Robinson, A.: Sb. Novye Issled. PO Krfstallogr. i Kristallokhim. fl
(1950) 80
Illlo] Rodgers. A.L., Ball, D., Harper, W.: Scanning Microsc. 8 (1994) 71
[ 1 1 111 Rogalla, W., Schmalzried, H.: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 72
(1968) 615
Ill121 Rohani. S.. Ng. B.: Chem. Eng. Sci. 47 (2) (1992) 367
11 1131 Rohatgi. P.K.: Bull. Inst. Int. Froid, Ann. 3 (1966) 69
11 1141 Rohatgi. P.K.. et al.: Ind. Eng. Chem.. Fundam. 7 (1968) 72
111151 Rolfe, P.F.: Desalination 1 (1966) 359
1 1 . References to Tables 359
I1 1161 Rolfs. J., Lacmann, R.: Kristallwachstum von KNO, mit und ohne
Fremdstoff. Int. Arbeitssitz. Kristallisation GVC-VDI, Aachen 1989
11 171 Rolfs. J.. Lacmann. R.: The influence of additives on the growth of
KNO, in aqueous solution. in: Arbeitssitz. KristaZZisation GVC-VDI.
Delft 1992
[1118] Rome de Lisle, J.B.: Cristallographie 1 (1783) 379
[ 11 191 Romer, W., Sidorowicz, A.: Rocznikl Chem. 39 (1965) 1145
(1 1201 Rosca, B., Simon, Z . , Policec, S . , Roth, G., Sayti, L.: Rev. Chim.
(Bucharest) 29 (10) (1978) 941
[1121] Rosinski. J., Lecinski. A.: J. Phys. Chem. 85 (1981) 2993
111221 van Rosmalen, G.M.: Scale prevention. PhD Thesis, Delft Univ.
198 1
ill231 van Rosmalen. G.M., Bennema. P.: Characterization of additive
performance on crystallization. in: ICCG-A Sendai (1989) 2 1A CO 1
[1124] van Rosmalen, G.M.. Bennema, P.: J. Crystal Growth 99 91-4, (Pt.2)
(1990) 1053
[1125] van Rosmalen. G.M., Daudey, P.J., Marchee, W.G.J.: in: Industrial
Crystallization '81 (eds. JanCie, S.J.. de Jong. E.J.). p. 147, North-
Holland, Amsterdam 1982
[11261 van Rosmalen, G.M., van der Leeden. M.C.: Crystal Res. Technol. 17
(1982) 627
111271 van Rosmalen, G.M., van der Leeden, M.C.. Gouman. J.: Kristall u.
Tech. 15 ( 1980) 1269
111281 van Rosmalen, G.M., van der Leeden. M.C.: Crystal Res. Technol. 17
(1982) 627
360 1 1 . References to Tables
[ I 1291 van Rosmalen, G.M., Witkamp, G.J.. d e Vreugd, C.H.: Process
Technol. Proc. 6. Ind. Cryst. (1989) 15
[1130] Roquez, H., Girou. A.: Water Res. 8 (1974) 907
El1311 Rousseau. R.W.. Yin, M.S.: Inhibition of contact nucleation and
growth of secondary nuclei in solutions of mixed solutes, in:
IndusMal Crystallization '81 (eds. JanW, S.J., de Jong, E.J.). p. 71,
North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
[ 11321 Rousseau, R.W.: Agglomeration in well-mixed crystallizers. Intern.
Symp. on Prepar. of Funct. Mat. and CrystaZL. Osaka 1988
[1133] Rousseau, R.W., Woo, R.: Effects of operating variables on
potassium alum crystal size distributions, 84th Natl. AICHE
Meeting, Atlanta 1978
[ 11341 Rousseau, R.W.. Zumstein. R.S.. Turchi. C.: Effects of surface-
active agents on the batch crystallization of L-isoleucine. in:
Industrial Crystallization '87 (eds. N p l t , J., ZBEek. S. ) , p. 507.
Academia Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1979
[1135] Rowe: ColourIndex, 1924
[1136] Royer, L.: Compt. rend. 198 (1934) 185. 585
[ 1 1371 Rozin. K.M., Vasil'eva. L.V. Portnov. O.G., Morozov, V.I., Kozlova,
N.S.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Neorg. Mater. 24 (51 (1988) 843
[ 11381 Ruan. D.. Zhang. D.. Zhang. T.. Hu, 9.: Huazhong Shifan Daxue
Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban 23 (1) (1989) 57
[1139] RubinovB. E.: Fyz. Easopis Slov. AV 17 (1967) 174
11 1401 Rudenko, M.I., Egorycheva, G.V.: Khimiya i Khim. Tekhnol.. Sintez i
Issled. Plenkoobraz. Veshch. i Pigm. 81
1 1. References to Tables 36 1
I11411 Runova. E.N., Neupokoev, G.I.: Depos. Doc. SPSTL 227 KHP-D81
(1981)
[ 1 1421 Ryall. R.L.. Harnett. R.M., Marshall, V.R.: Clinica Chim. Acta 112
(1981) 349
I11431 Ryan, B.F.. Macklin, W.C.: J. Crystal Growth 2 (1968) 337
(11441 Rychljr, R.: Chem. listy 66 (1972) 853
11 1451 Sadokhina. L.A.. Zimina, G.V., Poletaev, I.F.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 59
(1986) 2679
11 1461 Safiullln. N.S.. Solyanik, S.K.: Khlm. Prom. Ukr. 1966 (6) 8
[ 11471 Saidov. M.S.. Avezmuratov, A., Koshchanov. E.A., Atakhanov.
Sh.S.: Uzbek. Fiz. Zhur. 4 (1991) 79
(11481 Sakagudi, W.: Kogyo Kyokai Sci. 66 (8) (1958) 165
(11491 Sakata. Y.. Takenouchi, K.: Agr. Biol. Chem. 27 (1963) 610
ill501 Salimi. M.H., Heughebaert. J.C., Nancollas. G.H.: Langmuir 1 (1)
(1985) 119
(11511 Samakaev. R.Kh., Akhmetov. V.N.. Dytyuk, L.T., Dyatlova, N.M.:
Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 34 (2) (1989) 513
11 1521 Samakaev. R. Kh.. Dyatlova. N.M.: Zhur. Vses. Obsch. Mendeleeva
3 0 U ) (1985) 118
[11531 Samakaev, R.Kh., Dyatlova, N.M., Driker. B.N., Dyutyuk. L.T.:
Kompleksony i Khelatoobraz. Sorbenty, M (1982) 98
111541 Samakaev. R.Kh.. Dyatlova, N.M., Driker. B.N., Dyutyuk. L.T.:
Kompleksn. Ispol'z. Miner. Syr'ya 10 (1983) 76
362 1 1 . References to Tables
[ 1 1551 Samakaev. R.Kh., Dyatlova, N.M.. Driker. B.N., Dyutyuk. L.T.,
Tsirul'nikova. M.V.: Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 29 (1984) 2146
I1 1561 Samakaev. R.Kh., Dyatlova, N.M., Driker. B.N., Dyutyuk, L.T.,
Yaroshenko, G.F.: Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 28 (1983) 1607
111571 Samakaev. R.Kh., Nikolaeva, L.S.. Dyatlova. N.M., Evseev, A.M.:
Zhur. PriM. Khlm. 57 (1984) 2237
I11581 Sangwal, K.: J. Crystal Growth 128 (1-4) (1993) 1236
ill591 Sano. C., Nagashima. N.. et al.: The effect of additives on the crystal
habit of monosodium L-glutamate monohydrate. ICCG - A Sendai
(1989) 21A C02
[I1601 Sapre, R.K.: Indian J. Technol. 6 (1968) 219
11 16 11 Sarig, S.: in: 5th Symposium on Industrial Crystallization, CHISA,
Prague 1972
11 1621 Sarig, S.: J. Crystal Growth 24/25 (1974) 338
I11631 Sarig, S., Ben-Yosef, N., Ginio, 0.. Maklab. D.. Weitz. A,: J. Phys.
Chem. 80 (1976) 253
11 1641 Sarig, S.. Glasner. A., Tandy. S.: CEPAS '78, Abstract Book (ed. A.E.
Nielsen). p. 57, University Copenhagen
I11651 Sarig, S.. Kahana, F.: J. Crystal Growth 35 (1976) 145
I1 1661 Sarig, S.. Kahana, F., Fuchs, J., Karasikov. W., Azoury. R.: J.
Crystal Growth 87 (4) (1988) 43 1
I11671 Sarig, S.. Kahana. F.: J. Crystal Growth 35 (1976) 145
I11681 Sarig, S.. Kahana. F., Leshem. R.: Desalinatlon 17 (1975) 215
11 1691 Sarig, S., Leshem, R.. Ben-Yosef, N.: Chem. Eng. Sci. 31 (1976)
1061
11. References to TQbZes 363
[1170] Sarig. S.. Mullin. J.W.: Ind. Eng. Chem.. Proc. Des. Devel. 19 (3)
(1980) 490
I11711 Sarig. S.. Mullin. J.W.: J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 32 (4) (1982)
525
111721 Sarig, S.. Raphael, M.: J. Crystal Growth 16 (1972) 203
111731 Sarlg. S.. Raphael, M.. Ron, A.: Israel J. Chem. 11 (5) (1973) 635
[1174] Sarig, S., Tartakovsky, F.: Israel J. Chem. 12 (1974) 905
(11751 Sarig. S.. Zalcman. H., Greidinger, D.: Chem. Eng. Sci. 32 (1977)
643
111761 Sasaki, N., Minato. H.: Mineral. J. 11 (8) (1983) 365
111771 Sasaki. T., Yokotani, A., Fujioka. K.. Nishida. Y.. Yamanaka, T.,
Yamanaka. Ch.: Japan J. Appl. Phys.. Part 2. 26 (11) (1987) 1769
[1178] Satapathy. B.K., Vidyasagar. P.: Light Met. (Warrendale) 105 - 13;
CA 113 (24) 214695
(11791 Sat0.A.. Umetsu, Y., Kubota. N.: Iwate Daigaku Kogakubu Kenkyu
Hokoku 41 (1988) 119
111801 Sattarov, S.A., Yuldashev, U.Y., Reiterov. V.M.. Trofimova, L.M.: Fiz.
Tverdogo Tela 32 (4) (1990) 1256
11181) Sawada. K., Ogino. T.. Suzuki, T.: J. Crystal Growth 106 (2-3)
(1990) 393
I1 1821 Sayan, P.. Kruse. M., Ulrich. J.: Die Wirkung von Flockungsmitteln
auf die Kristallisatlon von BorsSure aus wassriger LGsung. in:
Arbeltssitz. KristaZUsation GVC-VDI. Delft 1992
364 11. References to Tables
[ 11831 Sayed. S.A., Larson. M.A.: Univ. Microfilms No. DA8221224; CA 98
0 18669
[1184] Schierholtz, O.J.: Canad. J. Chem. 36 (1958) 1057
[1185] Schiller. E.L.: Light Met. (Warrendale, USA) 185
11 1861 Schimmel. G.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 38 (1966) 1101
111871 Schlain. D.. Proter. J.D., Ravitz, J.F.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 41 (1949)
834
111881 Schliephake. D.. Ekelhot, B.: Beitrag zur vollstandigen Berechnung
der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Saccharose in reinen und
unreinen Lijsungen, in: Meeting GVC - Krtstallisation, Natternberg
1984
111891 Schneider, H.: Vest. Moskov. Univ.. Ser. 4:Geol. 2 (1987) 78
1 1 1901 Scholz, R.: Die SchichtkristaEZisation als thermisches Trennuerfahren,
Fortschr.-Ber. VDI, Reihe 3,347. VDI-Verlag Dfisseldorf 1993
11 1911 Schroeder, J.. Skudlarska. W.. Szczepanik, A., et al.: The influence
of surface-active agents on gypsum crystallization in phosphoric
acid solutions. in: Industrial Crystallization (ed. Mullin, J.W.). p. 263.
Plenum Press, New York 1976
11 1921 Schulte, Mattler: Brennstoff-Chem. 23 (1942) 103, 115
11 1931 Scott, G., Thompson, R.W.. Dixon, A.G., Sacco, A. Jr.: Zeolites 10
(1) (1990) 44
11 1941 Scrutton. A.: J. Separ. Proc. Technol. 6 (1985) 26
I1 1951 Sears, G.W.:J. Chem. Phys. 29 (19581 979
11 1961 Sears, G.W.: Proc. Int. Con$ Growth and Perfectionof Crystals, New
York 1958. p. 441
11. References to Tables 365
11 1971 Sears, G.W.: U S Dept. Corn.. Office Tech. Serv.. AD 255 093 (1961)
111981 Segalova. J.. et al.: Dokl. AN SSSR 114 (1957) 594
11 1991 Segalova, F.E.: Dokl. AN SSSR 133 (1960) 630
[1200] Seifert, H.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 27 (1955) 135
112011 Senarmont, H.: Ann. Chim. 41 (1854) 319
[ 12021 Sendfjarevie, A., BreEevie. L., Fiiredi-Milhofer. H.: The influence of
organic acid ions on the crystallization of calcium hydrogen
phosphate dihydrate, in: Industrial Crystallization’81 (eds. JanEiC.
S.J.. de Jong, E.J.). p. 321. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
I12031 Sengupta, S. Kar, T.. Gupta, S.P.S.: J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 9 (3) (1990)
334
I12041 Serbina, N.N.. Dubinskii. V.G.: Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 5 (1934) 190
112051 Shadman. F.. Randolph, A.D.: AICHE Journal 24 (5) (1978) 782
[lZOS] Shanmugham. M., Gnanam. F.D., Ramasamy, P.: Proc. Nucl. Phys.
Solid State Phys. Symp. 24 C (19821 355
112071 Shanmugham, M.. Gnanam, F.D.. Ramasamy. P.: J. Mater. Sci. 19
(9) (1984) 2837
112081 Shanmugham, M.. Gnanam. F.D., Ramasamy. P.: J. Mater. Sci. Lett.
4 (6) (1985) 746
112091 Sheeham, M.E., Nancollas, G.H.: J. Urol. (Baltimore] 132 (1) (19841
158
112101 Sherman, B.S.. Sobel. A.E.: J. Dental Res. 44 (1965) 454
[12111 Shestakov. V.A.: Koks i Khim. 5 (1986) 33
366 11. References to Tables
[1212] Shimizu, K., Kubota, N., Kawasaki, T.: Kagaku Kogaku Rombunshu
5 (2) (1979) 143
112131 Shimlzu, K., Kubota, N., Kawakami. T.: Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu
5 (4) (1979) 433
112141 Shimfzu, K., Kubota. N.: Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 12 (6) (1986)
737
112151 Shimomura, 0.. Suzuki, M.: J. Crystal Growth 98 14) (1989) 850
I12161 Shimon. L.J.W.. Valda, M.. Addadi. L., Lahav. M., Leiserowitz, L.:
J. Am. Chem. SOC. 112 (17) (1990) 6215
(12171 Shinohara, T., Saito. H.: J a p a n Kokai Tokkyo Koho 90233518
I12181 Shirotsuka, T., et al.: Waseda Appl. Chem SOC. Bull. 29 (1962) 74
[12191 Shirotsuka, T., et al.: Kagaku Kogaku 28 (1964) 221; Chem. Eng.
Japan 2 (1964) 182
I12201 Shissaki. T., Murotani, H.: Bull. SOC. Salt Sci. J a p a n 13 (1959) 261
112211 Shitov. G.G.. Dovzhenko. N.P.: Khim. Tekhnol. (Kiev) 2 (1984) 20
[ 12221 Shor. S.M.: Effects of Surjiactants and Inorganic Additiues onNucleation
Kinetics In Mixed Suspension Crystallization, PhD Thesis, Iowa State
Univ.. Ames 1970
(12231 Shor. S.M., Larson. M.A.: Effect of additives on crystallization
kinetics, in: 62-nd Ann. AICHE Meeting, Washington 1969
112243 Shor. S.M., Larson, M.A.: Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser. 67 (1 10)
(1971) 32
112251 Shrivastava. A.K.. Bansigir. K.G.: J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 3 (1984) 349
112261 Shyu, L.J.. Nancollas, G.H.: Croat. Chem. Acta 53 (2) (1980) 281
11. References to Tables 367
112271 Sidhu. H., Gupta. R., Thind. S.K.. Na th , R.: Urol. Res. 14 (1986)
299
I12281 Sikdar, S.K.. Ore, F., Moore, J.H.: AICHE Symp. Ser. 76 (193) (1980)
8 2
112291 Sikdar, S.K.. Ore, F.. Moore, J.H.: 84th Natl. AICHE Meeting,
Atlanta, Georgia 1978; AICHE Symp. Ser. No. 193, 76 (1979) 82
[12301 Simon, B.. Grassi, A., Boistelle. R.: J. Crystal Growth 26 (1974) 77
[1231] Simon, B.. Grassi, A., Boistelle, R.: J. Crystal Growth 26 (1974) 90
[ 12321 Singewald. A.: Kristallisation. VDI 1969
I12331 Singh. R.P.. Gaur, S.S., White, D.J.. Nancollas, G.H.: J. Colloid
Interface Sci. 118 (2) (1987) 379
(12341 Singh. R.P.. Gaur. S.S.. White, D.J.. Nancollas. G.H.: J. Colloid
Interface Sci. 118 (2) (1987) 965
1 12351 Singh. N.B., Gottlleb, M.. Henningsen. T., Hopkins. R.H., Mazelsky,
R.. Glicksman, M.E., Coriell. S.R., Santoro. G.J.. Duval, W.M.B.:
J. Crystal Growth 123 (1-2) (1992) 221
[1236] Slack, J.G.: Water Res. 14 (1980) 799
112371 SlBma. I.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 56 (1991) 2142
[12381 Slavnova. E.N.: Thesis, Moscow Univ. 1956
[12391 Slavnova, E.N.: Dokl. AN SSSR 106 (1956) 1007
112401 Slavnova. E.N.: Rost Kristallov 1 (1957) 149
112411 Slavnova. E.N.: Rost Kristallov 2 (1959) 44
I12421 Slavnova. E.N.: Kristallografiya 5 (1960) 89
112431 Slavnova. E.N., et al.: Kristallografiya 13 (1968) 497
368 1 1 . References to Tables
I12441 Sloat, Menzies: J. Phys. Chem. 35 (1931) 2005
[1245] Slovenc. M.. TeZak. B.: Croat. Chem. Acta 41 (1969) 15
[1246] Smallwood, P.V.: Colloid and Polymer Scl. 255 (1977) 994
112471 Smirnova, E.P., Kravchuk. I.F.. Tikhomirova, E.I.: Crystal Res.
Technol. 20 (1985) 1189
[12481 Smith, B.R.. Alexander, A.E.: J. Colloid Int. Sci. 34 (1970) 81
112491 Smith, B.R., Sweett. F.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 37 (1971) 612
I12501 Smodis, M.. Livk. I., Pohar. C.: Measurements of solubility, meta-
stable zone width and conductivity of aqueous SPB solutions for the
precipitation design purpose, in: CHISA 93, F2.46 , 3196, Praha
1993
I12511 Smorodin, V.Y.: Aerosol Sci. 25 (1994) 1
[12521 Smythe, B.M.: Austral. J. Chem. 20 (1967) 1097
112531 Solans-Huguet. J.. Recker. K.: Ann. Rep. SOC. Esp. de Fis. y Quim.
56A (1965) 24 1
I12541 Solans-Huguet. J.. Font-Altaba. M.: Rost Kristallov 8 (1968) 81
f12551 Solomon, D.H., Rolfe. P.F.: Desalination 1 (1966) 260
112561 Sohnel, 0.. Costa-Bauza. A.. Velich, V.: J. Crystal Growth 126 (2-3)
(1993) 493
11257) Sbhnel. 0.. Garside. J.: Precipitation: Basic principles and industrial
applications, Butterworth-Heinemann. Oxford 1992
I12581 Sbhnel. 0.. HandliiovB. M., Macenauer, J.: Crystal Res. Technol. 25
(12) (1990) 1367
112591 Sohnel, 0.. Mullin. J.W.: J . Crystal Growth 60 (21 (1982) 239
1 1 . References to Tables 369
[1260] S6hnel. 0.. sole, Z., solc. M.: Chem. Listy 66 (19721 984
[I2611 Spangenberg. K.: 2. Krist. 59 (1924) 383
[I2621 Speidel. R.: Neues Jahrb. Miner., Monatsh. (1961) 81
I12631 Steinike. U.: 2. anorg. allg. Chem. 317 (19621 186
[ 12641 Steinike. U.: ID. Symposium on Industrial Crystallization. Osti n.L.
1965
I12651 Steinike. U.: Krist. Tech. 1 (1966) 113
I12661 Steinike, U.: Krist. Tech. 1 (1966) 285
I12671 Steinike, U.: Krist. Tech. 3 (1968) K 5
I12681 Steinike, U.: Krist. Tech. 5 (1970) K19
[12691 Steinike. U.: Krist. Tech. 6 (1971) 7
I12701 Steinike. U.: Krist. Tech. 6 (19711 17
112711 Stepanova. N.S.. Belyustin, A.V.: Fiz. Krist. (19791 107
I12721 Stepanova. N.S.. Portnov, V.N.. Fridman. S . S . . Fishman. Yu.M..
Belyustin. A.V.: Rost Krist. 12 (1977) 129
[ 12731 Stepanski, M.: Zur Wachstumskinetik in der Uisungskristallisation,
Thesis, Univ. Bremen 1990
[ 12741 Stepanski. M.. Yuan. J.J.. Zhang. S.B.: Das Wachstumsverhalten
von Kristallen unterschiedlicher Oberfl&henqualit2ten bei wiissriger
Losung unter dem Einfluss von Fremdstoffen. in: Int. Arbeitssitz.
Kristallisatlon GVC-VDI, Aachen 1989
112751 Stoilova. D.. Aslanian, S.: Influence of the Jahn-Teller effect on the
cocrystallization of metall(I1) formates and Cu(HC00I2.2 H 2 0 , in:
Industrial Crystallization '87 (eds. N*lt, J.. ZhEek, S.), p. 271.
Academia Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1979
370 11. References to Tables
(12761 van Straten, H.A., Schoonen, M.A.A., Verheul, R.C.S.. de Bruyn.
P.L.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 106 (1) (1985) 175
[1277] StubiCar. N.. Markovic’,B., Tonejc, A., StubiEar. M.: J. 3rystal
Growth 130 (1-2) (1993) 300
(12781 StubiEar. N., SCerbak. M., StubiCar. M.: J. Crystal Growth 100
(1990) 261
112791 SubotiC. B.: Croat. Chem. Acta. 53 (3) (1980) 425
I12801 Suhara. T.. Esumi. K.. Meguro. K.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 56
(1983) 2932
(12811 Sullivan, J.M., Kohler. J.J.. Grinstead, J.H.Jr.: J. Chem. Eng. Data
36 (1) (1991) 77
[1282] Surender, V., Rao K.: Bull. Mater. Sci. 16 (2) (1993) 155
(12831 Sutor. D.J.: Brit. J. Urol. 41 (1969) 171
( 12841 Suzuki, Kakuo: J. SOC. Chem. Ind. Japan 44 (1941) 1081
(12851 Suzuki, Kakuo: J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Japan 46 (1943) 32
I12861 Suzuki, Kakuo: J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Japan 48 (1945) 39
(12871 Svanoe, H.: Chem. Eng. Progr. 55 (5) (1959) 47
I12881 Svoronos. D.R.: Compt. rend. 269 (2) (1969) 133
(12893 Swillens. E.: Chem. Techn. 20 (1968) 677
112901 Synowiec, J.: Przem. Chem. 58 (4) (1979) 180
[1291] Synowiec, J., Pabis-Machej, J.: Przemysl Chem. 39 (3) (1960) 161
[ 12921 Syromyatnikov, N.G.. Trofimova. L.A.: Radiokhimiya 9 (1967) 251
I12931 Sheftal, N.N.: Rost Kristallov 1 (1957) 5
1 1 . References to Tables 37 1
I12941 Shterberg, A.A.. Pozdnyakov, P.G.: Avtor. svid. 101 179 (1952)
I12951 Shvarcvald. A.I.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 40 (1967) 2452
I12961 Skrtie. D.. FSlredi-Milhofer. H., Markovie. M.: J. Crystal Growth 80
(1) (1987) 113
112971 Skrtid, D., Fiiredi-Milhofer, H.. MarkovlC. M.: The effect of some
aminoacids on the crystallization of calcium oxalate trihydrate. in:
Industrial Crystallization '87 (eds. N p l t , J . , ZgEek. S.), p. 627.
Academia Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1979
[12981 Skrtie. D., Filipovie-Vincekovle. N.: J. Crystal Growth 88 (1988)
3 13
[ 12991 Skrtib. D.. Filipovib-Vincekovid. N., Fiiredi-Mflhofer, H.: J. Crystal
Growth 114 (1-2) (1991) 118
I13001 SkrUC, D.. Fillpovid-Vencekovie. N., Babie-IvanEle, V.: J. Crystal
Growth 121 (1-2) (1992) 197
I13011 Skrtie, D.. Fiiredi-Mflhofer, H.: J. Crystal Growth 129 (3-4) (1993)
449
113021 Stempel, S . , JelenEik, V., Kalkb, V., Njvl t . J.: Chem. prfimysl 19
(1969) 467
113031 Tadros. M.E.. Mayes. I.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 72 (2) (1979) 245
I13041 Taganovich. D.D.: Koks i khfm. (71 (1957) 31
I13051 Tai, C.Y.: J. Chin Inst. Chem. Eng. 16 (2) (1985) 179
I13061 Tai, C.Y.. Pan, R.K.: J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng. 16 (4) (1985) 379
I13071 Tai. C.Y.. Wu. J.F.. Leu, L.P.: J. Chem. Eng. Japan 25 (6) (1992)
74 1
372 11. References to Tables
I13081 Tak Hyon-Ki, Wilcox, W.R.. Cooper, S.M.: J. Colloid Interface Sci.
77 (1) (1980) 195
I13091 Tamaki. Y.: Kogyo Kagaku Zashi 68 (1965) 416
I13101 Tanaka. Y., Matsuoka. M.: J. Crystal Growth 99 (1990) 1130
I13111 Tandy. S.. Glasner. A., Sarig, S.: J. Phys. Chem. 85 (1981) 1841
113121 Telkes. M.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 44 (1952) 1308
I13131 Teltow, J.: 2. physik. Chem. 195 (1950) 197
I13141 Teodossiev. N., Kirkova. E.: On the preparation of high-purity boric
acid by crystallization, in: Industrial Crystallization '81 9eds. JaneiC,
S.J., de Jong, E.J.), p. 155. North-Holland, Amsterdam 1982
[ 13 151 Teiak. D.. Hrust. V.. Heimer, S. . TeZak. B., Wrischer, M.: Croat.
Chem. Acta 53 (1980) 397
I13161 Than, A.: Coal Carbon. 1937111) 173
I13171 Than, A.: Coal Carbon. 1938(2) 27
I13181 Thau: Gas- u. Wasserfach 68 (1925) 824
(13 191 Tikhonov. V.A.. Borlnskaya. E.P.: Nauch. Zap. Lvovsk. Politekh.
Inst. 23 (1955) 47
I13201 Tilliakodzhaev. Kh.N.. Osichkina, R.G.: Depos. Doc. VINITI 4239-80
(1980)
I132 11 Tffliakodzhaev. Kh.N.. Osichkina, R.G.: Depos. Doc. VINITI 4241-80
(1980)
I13221 Tilmans. Yu.Ya: Zhur. Obsch. Khim. 10 (1940) 1631
I13231 Tilmans, Yu.Ya.: Zhur. Obsch. Khim. 11 (1941) 869
I13241 Tilmans, Yu. Ya.: Zhur. Obsch. Khim. 16 (1946) 3
11. References to Tables 373
[1325] Tilmans. Yu. Ya.: Zhur. Obsch. Khim. 18 (1948) 1752
[ 13261 Tilmans, Yu.Ya.: Kz-lstaZZizatsiya sofei iz uodnykh rastuorou u prisutstuii
primesei raznykh ionou, Izd. AN Kirgiz. SSR. Frunze 1957
(13271 Timan. B.L.. Smirnova, O.M.. Velikhov, Yu.N.. Kislomed. A.N..
Ivkova. T.I.: Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 63 (1989) 2092
I13281 Tlselius. H.G.: Brit. J. Urol. 53 (1981) 470
[13291 Tjioe. T.T., van der Woude, H.. Verbiest, J.. Durville, P.F.M.. van
Rosmalen. G.M.: Crystal Res. Technol. 21 (1986) 1287
[1330] Togari. K.. Togari, S.: J. Sci. Fac. Hokkaido Univ. 9 (1959) 55
[13311 Tomasid, B., Mohanty. R.. Tadros. M.. Estrin. J.: J. Crystal Growth
75 (1986) 329
[ 13321 TomaSie, V.. Popovie, S. . Kallay. N.: Colloid Polymer Sci. 266 (5)
(1988) 449
[1333] Tomson, M.B.: J. Crystal Growth 62 (1983) 106
[13341 Topie. M.: Croat. Chem. Acta 37 (1965) 125
[1335] Topie, M.: Croat. Chem. Acta 37 (1965) 133
113361 Torgesen, J.L.. et al.: Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 236 (1963)
[1337] Torgesen. J.L., Strassburger, J.: Science 146 (3640) (1964) 53
[13381 Treivus, E.B.: Usp. Khim. 61 (7) (1992) 1224
I13391 Treivus. E.B., Lysyuk, G.N.: Mineral. Zhur. 6 (2) (1984) 79; CA 101
063807
[1340] Treivus. E.B.: Kristallografiya 29 (1984) 1037
[13411 Treivus. E.B.: Kristallografiya 30 (2) (1985) 365
113421 Treivus, E.B., Kim Su Cher: Kristallografiya 37 (3) (1992) 801
374 11. References to Tables
113431 Trendafelov. D., Balarev, C.: Commun. Dept. Chem. Bulg. Acad.
Sci. I/2 (1968) 73
I13441 Triboulet. P., Cournll. M.: Mater. Chem. Phys. 24(3) (1990) 221
I13451 Triboulet. P.. Cournil. M.: J. Crystal Growth 118 (1-2) (1992) 231
113461 Troost, S.: J. Crystal Growth 3-4 (1968) 340
I13471 Tsuchiya. Y.N.: Kogyo Kagaku Kyokaishi 22 (1961) 138
I13481 Tsusue, A.. Holland, H.D.: Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 30 (1966)
439
[13491 Tyutyunnikova. T.V.: Kristallogafiya 11 (1966) 338
113501 Tyutyueva. N.N.. Serebrennikova. G.M., Ermolina, N.S.: Khimiya i
Tekhnol. Osobo Chistykh Veshch. dlya Volokon. Optikl. M (1980) 83
113511 Uhler, A.D.: Univ Microfilms No. DA8421276 : CA 102 12-101332
I13521 Ulrich. J.: Purification by crystallization of organic compounds, in:
Industrial CrystalUzatIon '87 (eds. Nplt , J.. ZgEek, S . ) , p. 585,
Academia Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1979
I13531 Ulrich, J., K6nig. A.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 63 (1) (1991) 55
1 13541 Ulrich, J., Kruse, M., Stepanski, M.: On the growth behaviour of
NaCl crystals with and without additives, in: 7th Intemat. Symp. on
Salt, Kyoto 1992, Proc. II , p. 209, Elsevler. Amsterdam 1993
I 13551 Ulrich, J., Stepanski. M.: Auswirkung von Fremdstoffzusatzen auf
das Wachstumsverhalten von K,SO, Kristallen unterschiedlicher
Oberfllchenbeschaffenheit. Int. GVC-VDI Meeting Kristallisation,
Burghausen
11. References to Tables 375
(13561 Ulrich. J., Stepanski, M.: The effect of additives on the growth
behavior of reaction diffusion controlled growing crystals, in:
Industrial Crystallization '87 (eds. NJivlt, J.. ZBCek, S..), 253, Elsevier.
Amsterdam and Academia, Prague 1989
I13571 Ulrich, J., Stepanski. M.: Crystal growth of potassium sulphate
with and without additives, in: Intern Mineral Proc. Congr., Dresden
1991. p. 187
[1358] U S Pat. 1 919 707 (1933)
I13591 US Pat. 2 516 420 (1950)
[13601 US Pat. 2 616 788 (1952)
[1361J US Pat. 2 631 084 (1953)
[13621 U S Pat. 2 642 335 (1953)
I13631 U S Pat. 2 656 248 (19531
I13641 U S Pat. 2 723 183 (1955)
I13651 U S Pat. 2 732 334 (1956)
I13661 U S Pat. 2 782 097 (1957)
I13671 U S Pat. 2 920 937 (1960)
I13681 U S Pat. 2 954 282 (1960)
113691 U S Pat. 2 959 465 (1960)
I13701 U S Pat. 3 109 705 (1963)
I13711 U S Pat. 3 112 175 (1963)
I13721 U S Pat. 3 123 439 (1964)
I13731 U S Pat. 3 152 863 (1964)
I13741 U S Pat. 3 183 263 (1965)
113751 U S Pat. 3 187 039 (1965)
376 11. References to Tables
I13761 US Pat. 3 223 478 (1965)
I13771 U S Pat. 3 230 038 (1966)
(13783 U S Pat. 3 240 558 (1966)
113793 US Pat. 3 248 182 (1966)
(13801 US Pat. 3 272 593 (1966)
(13811 US Pat. 3 290 158 (1966)
(13821 US Pat. 3 352 906 (1967)
I13831 US Pat. 4 046 576 (1979)
I13841 US Pat. 4 183 901 (1980)
I13851 US Pat. 4 183 908 (1980)
113861 U S Pat. 4 220 630 (1980)
I13871 US Pat. 4 374 102 (19831
I13881 US Pat. 4 578 086 (1986)
I13891 U S Pat. 4 709 104: CA 108 (141 115017
I13901 US Pat. 4 737 352: CA 108 (241 207154
113911 USSR Pat. 117 370 (1959)
(13921 USSR Pat. 208 699 (1968)
[13931 USSR Pat. 305 135
I13941 USSR Pat. 618 363 (1978)
I13951 USSR Pat. 632 651 (1979)
I13961 USSR Pat. 633 807 (1978)
I13971 USSR Pat. 969 667 (1982)
113981 Vaganov. V.P., Amelina. E.A., Shchukin. E.D.: Kolloid. Zhur. 42 (41
(1980) 736
11. References to Tables 377
[ 13991 Valyuskaya, E.A., Makin, V.I.: Precipitation of hydroxides and
hydroxocarbonates of copper and nickel in the presence of hydrogen
peroxide, in: Industrial ClystaUization '90 (ed. A. Mersmann). p. 305.
Munich 1990
[1400] VanEura, J.. Sipek. M.. Njvlt. J.: Chem. prPlmysl35 (1985) 190.
368
I14011 Vater, H.: 2. Krlst. 30 (1899) 485
114021 Vedenaeva. N.E.. Slavnova. E.N.: Tr. Inst. Kristallogr. AN SSSR 7
(1952) 135
[ 14031 Velikhov. Yu.N., Demirskaya. O.V., Pulyaeva. I.V.: Kristallografiya
37 (2) (1992) 509
[1404] Venzhega, A.G., Gorokhov, N.N.: Koks i Khim. (10) (1978) 28
[ 14051 Verdoes, D.. Landschoot. R.C.: Crystallization and detergents, in:
ICCG-A, Sendai (1989) 21A C07
[1406] Verdoes, D., Landschoot. R.C.. van Rosmalen. G.M.: The influence
of additives on the crystal size distribution of CaCO, in batch
precipitation experiments. in: Industrial Crystallization '90 (ed.
Mersmann, A.), p. 621, Munich 1990
I14071 Vermeulen, A.C.. Geus. J.W.. Stol. R.J.. de Bruyn, P.L.: Colloid
Interface Sci. 51 (1975) 449
[14081 Viola, M.S.. Botsaris. G.D.. Gold, D.: The paradoxical behavior of the
crystallization of KC1 in the presence of PbC1,. 68th Ann. AlCHE
Meeting. Los Angeles 1975
378 1 1 . References to Tables
I14091 Viola, M.S., Botsaris, G.D.. Szeto. K.K.: Effect of impurities on
contact nucleation, 2nd World Congress Chem. Eng., Montreal
198 1
114101 VlasBk, G., SiSoviEovB. M.: Czech. J. Phys. B 19 (1969) 1418
[ 141 11 Vlasova. G.M.: Tsvet. Met. (9) (1972) 30
I14121 Voigt. H., Emons, H.H.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 600 (1979) 99
I14131 Voyzelle, R.: NASA Acces. No. N66-14172. Rept. No. CARDE-TN-
1674/65
I14141 d e Vreugd, C.H., Stajcer. D., Verdoes. D., van Rosmalen, G.M.: The
effect of small biodegradable additives on growth and batch
recrystallization of calcium sulfate, in: Industrial Crystallization '90
(ed. Mersmann. A.), p. 643. Munich 1990
I14151 d e Vreugd. C.H., Witkamp. G.J.. van Rosmalen, G.M.: The influence
of lanthanide ions on the growth kinetics of gypsum a n d the uptake
of cadmium, in: Industrial CrystaZZization '90 (ed. Mersmann. A.), p.
649, Munich 1990
114161 de Vries. R.C.: J. Am. Ceram. SOC. 42 (1959) 547
(14171 de Vrles, R.C., Sears, G.W.: J. Chem. Phys. 34 (1961) 616
114181 Wachi, Y.: Kogyo Kagaku Zashi 59 (1956) 403
114191 Wada. T., Matsunaga, K.. Matsuo, Yo.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 57
(2) (1984) 557
I14201 Wada. T., Matsuo. Yo.: Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 57 (2) (1984) 561
114211 Waku, S.: Kogyo Kagaku Zashi 64 (1961) 272
I14221 Walcott. A.J.: Amer. Mineral. 2 (1926) 221. 259
1 1 . References to Tables 379
[ 14231 Waldeck. H., Baier. E.: Krist. Tech. 4 (1969) 57
[14241 Waldeck. H.: Krist. Tech. 4 (1969) K1
[14251 Walker, A.C.: J. Franklin Inst. 250 (6) (1950) 481
114261 Walker, J.B.A., Heywood. B.R., Mann, S.: J. Mater. Chem. 1 (5)
(1991) 889
114271 Wang. J.K.. Ouyang, S.L.. Zhang. Y.M.: Research on assessment of
addition agent of crystallization with dynamic method, in: Industrial
CrystaZZfzation '90 led. Mersmann, A.), p. 683, Munich 1990
[14281 Wang, M.L.. Chou, Ch.K.: J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng. 18(2)(1987)
103
[14293 Wang, L.. Wan, X., Liao, H.. Wu, S.: Kinetics of calcium carbonate
crystallization in ammonium sulfate solution. Intern. Symp. on Prepar.
of Funct. Mat. and CrystaZL., Osaka 1988
[14301 Wang. W., Yang, Z., Zhang. L.. Gu, M.: Shuichuli Jishu 15 (6) (1989)
370
114311 Wang,Y.S.. Zheng. M.N.. Bennema. P.. Liu.Y.S.. Zhu. R.. Ye, G.F..
Bian. J., van Enckevort, W.J.P.: J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25 (11)
(1992) 1616
I14321 Wang, 2.. Zhao, 9.. Zhang. L.. et al.: Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue
Xuebao 11 (11) (1990) 1232
I14331 Wang, Z., Guo. X.. Zhang, L., Xu, B., Zhao, M.: Gaodeng Xuexiao
Huaxue Xuebao 13 (12) (1992) 1564
[14341 Wasabro, J.. Teizo, W.: J. Chem. SOC. Japan, Ind. Chem. Sect. 60
(1957) 515
380 11. References to Tables
I14351 Watanabe. Y., Saito. T.: Effect of nucleation agent for solidification
of CaC12 . 2 H 2 0 , Intern Symp. on Prepar. ofFunct. Mat and CystaZL.
Osaka 1988
I14361 Watanabe. Y.. Saito, T.: Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 17 (1) (1991)
48
I14371 Watanabe. Y., Saito. T., Nakai, T.: Acceleration effect of a
nucleation agent on the crystallization of salt hydrate as a heat
storage material, in: Industrial CrystaZZizaffon '87 (eds. N p l t , J.,
ZriEek. S . ) , p. 141, Academia Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1979
I14381 Weber. Th.: Gldckauf 75 (1939) 890
I14391 Weijnen, M.P.C.. Marchee. W.G.J.. van Rosmalen. G.M.:
Desalination 47 (1983) 8 1
114401 Weijnen. M.P.C., van Rosmalen, G.M.: The role of additives and
Impurities in the crystallization of gypsum, in: Indusbial
Cystallization '84 (eds. JanEie, S.J., de Jong, E.J.). p. 61, Elsevier,
Amsterdam 1984
I14411 Weijnen. M.P.C.. van Rosmalen. G.M., Bennema. P.: J. Crystal
Growth 82 (3) (1987) 528
I14421 Weinland. L.A.. France, W.G.: J. Phys. Chem. 36 (1932) 2832
(14431 Weis, J.: Krist. Tech. 6 (1971) 69
I14441 Weissbuch, I.. Addadi, L., Leiserowitz. L.. Lahav, M.: J. Am. Chem.
SOC. 11 0 (1988) 56 1
I14451 Weissbuch. I . , Berkovic. G.. Leiserowitz, L., Lahav. M.: J. Am.
Chem. SOC. 112 (1990) 5874
11. References to Tables 38 1
[14463 Weissbuch, I., Frolow, F.. Addadi. L.. Leiserowitz, L. Lahav, M.: to
be published
[14471 Wenk, W.: 2. Krist. 47 (1910) 124
114481 Whetstone, J.: Disc. Faraday Soc. 5 (1949) 261
[1449] White. E.T., Bateman, S.H.: Light Met. (Warrendale. Pa.) (1988)
157
[ 14501 Whiting, M.J.L.: PhD Thesis, University of London 1976
114511 Wied, J.I.. Syrojezkina. J.W.: Cement Wapno Gips 20/32 (7) (1965)
181
[ 14521 Williams. R.J.E.: Erde 13/M/67
I14531 Winzer. A.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 600 1979) 121
[ 14541 Winzer, A.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 600 1979) 137
I14551 Winzer. A.. Emons, H.H.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A600 (1979) 73
[ 14561 Winzer, A., Emons, H.H.. Jugel, B.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A600
(1979) 31
[ 14571 Winzer. A., Emons, H.H.. Burger, V.: Freiberger Forschungsh. A 600
(1979) 61
I14581 Winzer. A., Quasdorf. G.. Kemp. G.: Mezhvuz. Sb. Nauch. Tr.
Leningrad. Tekhnol. Inst. 6 (1982) 140
I14591 Wireco. F.C.. Shimon, L.J.W.. Frolow. F., Berkovitch-Yellin, Z . ,
Lahav. M.. Leiserowitz, L.: J. Phys. Chem. 91 (2) (1987) 472
[ 14601 Witkamp, G.J., van der Eerden. J.P.. van Rosmalen. G.M.: J.
Crystal Growth 102 (1 990) 28 1
[ 14611 Witkamp, G.J., van Rosmalen, G.M.: Incorporation of cadmium and
aluminium fluoride in calcium sulphate, in: Industrial Crystallization
382 1 1 . References to Tables
'87 (eds. Nfrvlt, J., ZaEek. S. ) . p. 265. Academia Prague and Elsevier
Amsterdam 1979
[ 14621 Witkamp, G.J., van Rosmalen, G.M.: Reduction of cadmium uptake
in calcium sulfate hydrates by complexing agents, in: Industrial
Crystallization '90 (ed. Mersmann, A.), p. 689, Munich 1990
[ 14631 Wohlk, W.: Beispiele technischer Kristallisation 1970, leaflet
Standard-Messo-Duisburg
114641 Wolf, F.. Holzweissig, J.: Chem. Techn. 20 (1968) 477
[14651 Wolf, R.H.H., TomaZie, V.. sipalo-Zuljevie, L.: Croat. Chem. Acta 50
(1977) 155
I14661 Wray, J.L.. Daniels, F.: J. Am. Chem. SOC. 79 (1957) 2031
I14671 Xu, Zh.. Wang. S . , Shi, Ya.. Yang, B.: Huadong Huadong Ueyuan
Xuebao 17 (2) (1991) 129
114681 Xyla. A.G.. Koutsoukos, P.G.: J. Chem. SOC., Faraday Trans. I , 83
(1987) 1477
1 14691 Xyla, A.G., Koutsoukos, P.G.: J. Chem. SOC.. Faraday Trans. I , 85
(1989) 3165
[14701 Yamada, T., et al.: Nagoya Kogyo Daigaku Gakuho 10 (1958) 176
I14711 Yamada. T., Hiyama. E.: Nagoya Kogyo Daigaku Gakuho 13 (1961)
295
I14721 Yamada, T., et al.: Sekko To Sekkai 78 (1965) 440
[ 14731 Yamakami, T.: Tohoku Daigaku Kagaku Keisoku Kenkyusho
HOkOkU 26 (2-3) (1977) 173
114741 Yamamoto. T.: Sci. Pap. Inst. Chem. Res. 35 (1939) 263
1 1 . References to Tables 383
114751 Yamamoto. H., Hasegawa. H.. Harano. Y.: J. Chem. Eng. Japan 14
(1) (1981) 59
114761 Yamamoto. H.. Takeda. Y., Harano. Y.: Kagaku Kogaku Rombunshu
8 (4) (1982) 423
[1477] Yamazaki, Y., Enomoto. Y.. Nakano. T., Toyokura, K.: Design
method of purification process in a stirred vessel crystallizer, in:
Industrial CrystaZUzation '87 (eds. N@lt, J., ZBEek. S.), p. 561,
Academia Prague and Elsevier Amsterdam 1989
[1478] Yamazaki. Y.. Kashima. K.. Toyokura. K.: Behaviour of ice crystal
layer and trapped impurities in small pores, in: Industrial
Crystallization '84 (eds. N@lt, J., ZBCek, S.), p. 375, Academia
Prague and Elsevier Amstardam 1989
114791 Yavorovskli. I.G.: Kristallografiya 12 (1967) 1104
[1480] Yoshl-Yama. T., et al.: J. Phys. SOC. Japan 24 (1968) 1019
[ 14811 Yuan, J.J., Stepanski, M.. Ulrich, J.: Chem.-1ng.-Tech. 62 (8) (1990)
645
[ 14821 Yudina, T.B.: Elektr. Svoi. Tverd. Tela i Faz. Prevrashch. (1978)
111
[14831 Zagidullin, S.Kh.: Tr. LENNIIIGIPROKHIMa 27 (1977) 126
[14841 Zagrodzki, S., Marczynski. J.: Gaz. Cukrown. 71 (1963) 158
[14851 Zagrodzki. S.: Gaz. Cukrown. 77 (1969) 265
[1486] Zagrodzki, S., Niedzielski. 2.: Krist. Tech. 4 (1969) 407
[14871 Zamyatchenskii. P.A.: Zap. Imper. Akad. Nauk, fiz.-mat- otd. 24 (8)
(1909) 1
384 11. References to Tables
[ 14881 Zamyatchenskii, P.A.: Zap. Imper. Akad. Nauk, fizz.-mat- otd. 30 (3)
(1911) 1
[ 14891 Zamyatchenskii, P.A.: Zap. Imper. Akad. Nauk, fiz.-mat- otd. 33 (4)
(1914)
I 14901 Zamyatchenskli. P.A.: Zap. Imper. Akad. Nauk. flz.-mat- otd. 33 (5)
(1914)
I14911 Zaorska. H.: Int. Sugar J. 70 (1968) 99
[ 14923 Zaorska. H.: Influence of non-sugar and colouring substance
quantity on the sucrose crystallization rate in impure solutions, in:
Industrial Crysiallization'78 (eds. de Jong. E.J.. JanEie. S.J.), p. 517,
North-Holland, Amsterdam 1979
114933 Zapolskii. A.K.: Ukr. Khim. Zhur. 33 (1967) 805
114941 Zel'manov. V.G.. Cherkez, G.S., Tubolkin. A.F.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim.
52 (1979) 2247
[ 14951 Zhang. S.B.. Stepanski. M., Yuan, J.J., Ulrich, J.: Investigations of
crystal growth rates in presence of different additives. in: lndustrlal
CrystaUizatlon '90 (ed. Mersmann. A.), p. 695, Munich 1990
114961 Zhang. S.. Xie, Ya.. Shi. 2.: Guisuanyan Xuebao 12 (3) (1984) 264
[ 14971 Zheng. D.H.. Budz, J . , Jones, A.: J. Crystal Growth 79 (1986) 658
[1498] Zheng. D.H., Budz. J.. Jones, A.G.. Mullin. J.W.: J. Crystal Growth
79 (1 -3.Pt.2) (1986) 658
114991 Zhmurova. 2.1.. et al.: Krlstallografiya 8 (1963) 936
[ 15001 Zhmurova, 2.1.. et al.: Colloq. Int. Centre Nat. Rech. Sci. 152 (1965)
329
1 1 . References to Tables 385
1 15011 Zhmurova, 2.1.. Khaimov-Malkov, V. Ya.: Kristallografiya 15 (1970)
136
[1502] Zhmurova. 2.1.. Khaimov-Malkov. V. Ya.: Kristallografiya 15 (1970)
142
115031 Zhukova. L.A., Chikov. V.S.: Dokl. TSKHA 223 (1977) 155
115041 Zielinski S.: The effect of phosphoric acid composition on the
growth of gypsum crystals, in: Industrial Crystallization '81, (eds.
JanEie, S.J., de Jong, E.J.), p. 329. North-Holland, Amsterdam
1982
[1505] Ziller, K.H., Ruprecht, H.: Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 14 f15-17) (1988)
2341
115061 Zipp. G.L., Rodriguez-Hornedo. N.: J. Crystal Growth 123 (1-2)
(1992) 247
115071 Zosimovich, D.P., et al.: Zhur. Prikl. Khim. 38 (1965) 979
[1508] Zumstein, R.C., Rousseau, R.W.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 28 (1989)
334
[ 15091 Zumstein. R.C., Rousseau. R.W.. Turchi, C.: Process Technol. Proc.
6 (1989) 507
I15101 ZBCek. S.. N p l t , J.: Chem. prPlmysl36 (1986) 410
115111 ZBEek, S., N p l t . J.. Mullin. J.W.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun.
52 (1987) 72
115121 Ziak. J.: Chem. prPlmysl35 (1985) 252
I15131 Ziak. J., Npl t , J.: Chem. prPlmysl32 (1982) 582
I15141 Ziiie, B.. Davey. R.J., Zegarac. S. , Pastor. T., Ristie. R., Napijalo,
M.M.: J. Crystal Growth 49 (4) (1980) 675
Admixtures in Crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995
12. Subject Index
A
active site 11.14.17.19.20,21
activity 8.13
additive 6.7.8.12.13.22.25.27.28
adhering mother liquor 45.46.49.53
adsorption 11,13.17,18,19,20.22,25.
30.34,41.42,43
adsorption isotherm 13.20
agglomeration 20
agitation 4.41
anomalous mixed crystals 34.43
attachment energy 25
B
bond 19.25.29.30.32
- chain 25
- energy 17.25
boundary layer 30
C
chirality 29
collision 9.1 1
collision breeding 9
colloids 11.34,44,45
computer simulation 5.28.33.48
concentration 6,7.10,13,15,19.2 1,
23.25.35.35.36.38,
39.40.41.42.45
coordination complexes 10
counter-current recrystallization 50
critical nucleus 11.13,14,17.18
cross-current flow 53
crystalgrowth 4.8.11.16,18,19.20,
21.22.23.24.28.29,
30.3 1,32.33.40
crystal lattice 4.15.19.20.2 1.22.23,
25.26.29.30.36.37.
4 1.42
crystal surface 8.1 1,13,14,15.16,17.
18,19.20.2 1.22.25,
26.28.29.30.32.33,
37.38.41.42.43.46
D
dielectric constant 3 1
diffusion 11.19.20,22,23.28,30,38.
39.40
diffusional regime 40
diffusion washing 54
388 12. SuQJectIndex
dislocation 32
- mechanism 32.33
dissolution 7.8,14,19.43
- rate 8
distribution 5,10.34.36,37,38,39,40.
41,43
- coefficient see d. constant
- constant 37.38.39.43.47.48,
49
dust particles 44
dyestuffs 7.2 1
E
effectiveness 7.8.28
electric
- charge 14
- field 10.25.28
embryo 1 1
equilibrium 1 9,24,3 7.38.49
F
fractals 23
G
geometric similarity 10.22
growth center 4,17,19,20, see also
growth site
growth rate 7.8,16,17,18,20.21.22,
24.3 1
- restrainer 15.19
- site 17.20.21.29
H
habit 18.28.3 1,37
heteroclusters 10
heterogeneous nucleation 9.12,13
heteronucleus 2 1
heteroparticles 13
homogeneous dfstribution 38.40.41
- coefficient 38,41
-law 38.49
homogeneous nucleation 9,10,11
hydration 12,28
hydrogen bonding 30.31
I
impurities 5,6,12.34.37.38.4 1,43.44.
45.48.47.48.49.53.54
impurity concentration gradient 15
induction period 12
inhibiting effect 10
inorganic additives 7.10,14,19
interface 4.23,30,31
12. SubjectIndex 389
interphase 9,13,14.22.23.28,39
isodimorphism 34.36
Isomorphous inclusion 34.35.36.37.
38,41,43
K
Kinetic regime 39
L
lattice 4.15.19.20.21.22,23,25,26,
29.30.36.37.41.42
- dimensions 21,23,26,36
logarithmic distribution 37.38.40
M
macroadmixture 6
macrocomponent 5.6.7.8.10.1 1.12.
14,19.21,22.29.
3 1.34.35.36.37.38.
39.40.41.42,44.45.
49
materials balance 45
mechanical inclusions 34.44
melt crystallization 54
melting point 37
microcomponent 5.6.3 7,38,39.40,
41.49.52
migration regime 40
miscibility 34,35.36,41.42
mother liquors 44.45,46.49,52,53
N
Nernst distribution 38.45
non-stationary precipitation 40
nucleatton 4. 9.10.12.13,14,15,19.
20.28,32
- mechanism 12.13.14.33
- rate 10.12,13.14
nucleus
- critical 11.13.17.18
- two-dimensional 18,20,22
0
organic additives 7.8.21.25
overlapping faces 24
P
pHvalue 7.22
polarity 31
polyvalent cations 7
primary nucleation 9
purification 4.4953
purity 4,5,3 4.3 7.49
R
recycling 45.46
- ratio 45,46,48,49
390 12. Subject Index
roughness 14.23.33
S
secondary nucleation 9.13,14
sectorial crystal growth 43.44
semistationary coprecipitation 39
separation 4.6.34.37.38.45.48
shape 4, 7,8.23.25.29,36.43,31,37
size 4.7,8.10.11,13.14.17,18,20,21,
26.36.42
solid phase 9.23,34,35,38,39,40,49
solid solution 34,36.37.41
solubility 1 2.22.32.35.3 6.3 7.42
solvent 4.6.30.3 1,32,33.34.37,45.
53
-mixed 31.32
stationary coprecipitation 39
steric arrangement 25
structure 11,16,21,23.25,29,31,32,
36.41.43
supersaturation 4,9,10,12,14,20,2 1,
22
surface 8,9.11,13,14.15,16.17,18.
19.20.22.25.26.28.29.30.32,
33.37.38.42.46
- active substances 7.13,22
surface - diffusion 19,20,22,30
- energy 13.17,20.21,24.31
- entropy factor 3 1.32
- integration 22.32
- nucleation 32
- tension 10
sweating 53
T
tailor-made admixtures 5.25,29
temperature 4.8.36,3 7,4 1.43,53
V
viscosity 11,23.30
W
washing 43,53.54
well fitting position 28