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index

Abatcha, Ibrahim, 199Abbaker, Adam Salih, 304Abbakr, Abbakr Badawi, 174Abbakr Isma�il, 75, 82, 83, 96, 120Abboud, Ibrahim, 182. See also

Sudanese military regimeabbo umo (umangawi), 103–04Abd al-Aziz Adam al-Hilu, 260Abd al-Hamid Abu Bakr Ibrahim, 156Abd al-Hamid Ibrahim, 129Abd al-Hamid Ibrahim, Yusuf, 174Abd al-Hamid Musa Kasha, 276Abd al-Hamid Musa Madibbu, 174Abd al-Jabbar Dusa, 302Abdalla Ali Masar, 276Abdallah, Hilal Muhammad, 265Abdallah, Idris, 105Abdallah, Jibril, 275–76Abdallah, Muhammad Ahmad

(al-Mahdi)conquest of Kordofan, 63crisis following death of, 68–70death of, 68declaration as Mahdi, 62–63Gordon’s offer of sultanate to, 68support of, 63–64

Abdallah Abbakir, 277, 279Abdallah Dud Banja, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70Abdallah Khalil, 174, 178, 182Abdallah Safi al-Nur, 275, 276, 281Abdallahi (Khalifa), 69–70, 71–73

1887 campaign in Darfur, 72–73Abu Jummayza’s rebellion against,

74–77

administration of Darfur, 78–83becomes Muhammad Ahmad’s

disciple, 62forced migration of tribes by, 77–78during invasion of Anglo-Egyptian

forces, 88and Kurqasawi brothers, 71–72Mahdist victories of, 69and Muhammad Khalid Zuqal, 70

Abdallahi, Idris, 118Abd al-Nabi, Isma�il, 71, 74, 76Abd al-Qadir Pasha, 67Abd al-Qadir wad al-Zayn, 40Abd al-Rahman (d. 1803, sultan of

Darfur), 21, 33Abd al-Rahman, Hasabu, 276Abd al-Rahman Adam Rijal, 127Abd al-Rahman Bahr al-Din, 156, 158Abd al-Rahman Firti, 98Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 121

and elections of 1958, 182in opposition to Socialist Republican

Party, 172–73threat of rebellion from, 175–76and Umma party, 183and Unionists, 155–57varying appeal of, 121–25

Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Ibrahim,174

Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Siwaral-Dahab, 234

Abd al-Rahman Musa, 302, 304Abd al-Rahman Shattut, 48Abd al-Razzaq Haqqi Pasha, 51–52

355

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INDEX

Abd al-Salam al-Khalifa, 175Abd al-Shafi�, Ahmad, 267Abd al-Shakur Abd al-Rahman Shattut,

68Abd al-Wahid Muhammad al-Nur, 267,

277, 278, 279, 300, 302, 303–04Abdo, Ahmad Makki, 183Abduh Abdallah Isma�il, 277Abel Alier Kwai, 204Abo Bey, 66abo dali, 103–04abo dima (dimangawi), 103–04Abtar, Idris, 55Abu Adhan (Shamli, Ahmad Pasha), 42,

43Abu Anja, Hamdan, 70, 71, 72Abu Bakr, 69Abu Hamad, 88Abuja peace process, 297–98Abuja Protocol, 296Abu Jummayza, 74–77Abu Kauda, 90Abu Kauda, Husayn, 89, 102Abu�l-Bashar Abbakar, 302abu�l-jabbayyin (head tax collector), 29Abu�l-Khayrat, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80Abu�l Qasim Ahmad Bukr, 20Abu�l-Qasim Ali Dinar, 156Abu�l-Qasim of Kutum, Ahmad, 174Abu Madyan, Muhammad, 34Abu Qurayn, 52Abu Risha, 74, 82Abu Shak, Ahmad, 89Abu Sinn, Ali Abdallah, 175, 183Abu Sinn, Muhammad Ali, 174Addis Ababa Agreement, 204, 205, 219,

226Administration Conference, 155–56Advisory Council for the Northern

Sudan, 150–52discussion of education in Darfur,

153elections to, 171–72

Africa Confidential, 286African Belt, 245–46, 266Africans, versus Arabs, 264–66African Union (AU), 289, 298

and Abuja peace process, 300–02

monitoring team appointed by,295–96

in peace process 2006–09, 303–11taking leading peacekeeping role,

294violence against, 304

African Union/United Nations operationin Darfur (UNAMID) force,307–08, 313

Agha, Ali Khurshid, 40–41Agricultural Bank, 213Agricultural Research Corporation, 186Agricultural Research Council, 186agriculture. See also desertification;

drought; famine; water suppliesbenefits from Five-Year Plans, 162,

163, 165during Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), 42government efforts to diversify, 141during May Regime, 220–21overreliance on, 185overview, 5–7during Sudanese parliamentary

regime, 188–91during World War II, 147–50

airports in Darfur, 147, 190Ali, Adam, 107Ali, Ahmad, 79Ali, Ramadan, 105Ali b. Abi Talib, 60Ali Dinar Zakariyya Muhammad al-Fadl

army of, 107and death of Abu�l-Khayrat, 80and French territorial claims, 96–100and Mahdists, 80–81, 92–94, 102–03officials under, 78, 79overthrow of, 112–14palace of, 114photograph of, 113relations with Dar Masalit, 96–97and religious groups, 103returned from captivity, 2rivals of, 101–03struggle ruling tribes, 100–01taxation by, 28, 106territorial administration, 103–07titles of, 91Wingate’s plans against, 109–12

356




INDEX

Amnesty International, 287Anglo-Egyptian Agreement, 175Anglo-Egyptian regime

colonial rule in Darfur, 117–19Condominium Agreement, 89, 156,

172conquest of Darfur, 108–14conquest of Sudan, 88–89deterioration of Anglo-Egyptian

relations, 155–57economy during, 2, 137–39Hicks expedition, 65, 66–67independence from, 177Indirect Rule by. See also Native

Administrationand Mahdism, 119–25and maqdumates, 128–29and nazirs, 130–33and shaykhs, 125–26, 130–33

judicial administration by, 118slave trade policy of, 92, 115, 124taxation by, 115, 121, 128, 132,

138as unequal partnership, 88

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, 156Anglo-French agreements, 95animal products, export of, 7, 143, 148Anqara, al-Nur Bey Muhammad, 57, 59Anti-Thirst Campaign, 197Anyanya rebels, 193, 236–37Aouzou Strip, 205–06Approved Enterprises Act, 186Arab Alliance (tajamu al-arabi), 245–46,

263–68Arab Belt, 245–46Arabicization, 13–14, 193, 259Arabic language, 12, 178Arabi Dafallah (amir), 92Arabism, 244–45Arab Monetary Fund, 255Arabs

versus Africans, 264–66population of, 10Reconciliation Agreement with Fur

people, 245–46tribal origins of, 11war with Fur people, 264–66

Arbab Ahmad Shatta Ishaq, 174

Argun, Sa�d, 51Atim, Sese Muhammad, 129Atrocities Documentation Team, 285–86AU. See African UnionAyman, Rashid Bey, 59Ayub, Isma�il, 38, 47, 48–49al-Azhari, Isma�il, 118, 173, 175, 176,

178, 195, 196, 198–99

Bahr al-Din (Endoka), sultan, 127–28on Advisory Council of the Northern

Sudan, 151decentralization of judicial system of,

158and Dud Murra, 98informal majlis of, 152and Mahdists, 121photograph of, 120reduced power of, 119

Bahr al-Ghazal, 37, 46Baker, Samuel, 45–46Bakheit, Jaafar Muhammad Ali, 207–10Bakhit Abu Risha, 75Bakhit of Dar Sila, 96Bani Halba tribe

during Abu Jummayza revolt, 76defeat of SPLA invaders, 260home of, 10and Indirect Rule, 132relations with Ali Dinar, 94, 101versus Slatin, 65–66support of Mahdist revolution, 66tribal court established, 152war with Fur people, 245

Bani Husayn tribe, 10, 52Baqqara tribes, 35

and Abdallahi, 69during Abu Jummayza revolt, 76and Ali Dinar, 100forced migration of, 84home of, 10and Indirect Rule, 131migration of, 17opposition to Mahdiyya, 72population of, 12raiding of, 85settling of during drought of 1973,

215

357




INDEX

Baqqara tribes (cont.)support of Mahdism by, 123support of slave trade by, 61–62tribal court established, 152use by Gordon to suppress slave trade,

50war with Fur people, 27, 35

Bari tribe, 44al-Bashir, Omar Hasan, 247–48. See

also National Islamic Front (NIF)regime

breach with al-Turabi, 257, 269–70election as president, 250indictment of, 309, 313offer of peace to rebels, 289photograph of, 250reactions to Fur complaints about

Arab attacks, 278reactions to SLA/JEM attacks, 281

al-Bashir, al-Sammani, 127Bashiri Bey wad Bakr, 65–66Bedri, Ibrahim, 172–73, 175Beja Congress, 195, 198Bell, Gawain, 173Bence-Pembroke, R. A., 139Benn, Hilary, 303Berti tribe, 10, 26, 66, 121, 130Bidayriyya tribe, 10–11, 12, 216bin Ladin, Osama, 256Birgid tribe, 10, 66

conquest of, 21and Indirect Rule, 132opposition to Mahdists, 64, 72sultan’s relations with, 26

Bishara, Adam Tamin, 121Bishara, Muhammad, 75Bishara Taj al-Din, 77Black Book (al-kitab al-aswad), 274–77Black Flag division, of Mahdist, 69borders of Darfur, 95–100, 118–19borehole drilling, 197–98, 212Bosh Muhammad al-Fadl, 48Boustead, Hugh, 129Britain. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime

Disaster Relief Committee, 291Egypt’s independence from, 116evacuation of Egyptians from Sudan,

67–68

Long Range Desert Group, 146occupation of Egyptand party politics, 172–73view toward UN stance on Sudan, 297during World War II, 145–46

Browne, William, 21–22Bukr, Ahmad, 19Burckhardt, J. L., 29Burkan (“Volcano”) Brigade, 218Bush administration, 292, 310Bushra Isma�il, 281

campsduring famine of 1984–85, 232for refugees, 285, 301, 309

Carriage of Goods by Motor (Control)Ordinance, 163

cattlein Darfur, 189disease in, 138–39, 189, 211export of, 143, 168–69and Five-Year Plan, 168–69taxes on, 163

cease-fire agreements, 289, 295, 304census of 1955–56, 178–80cerebrospinal meningitis, 140, 170Chad

attempts to mediate Darfur crisis,288–90

food aid for camps in, 291French involvement in, 199refugees from in Darfur, 232relations with Libya, 205–06, 216–19,

241–43, 258–59relations with Sudan, 199–200,

242–44, 258–59, 301Sudanese refugees in, 283, 287and Tripoli Agreement, 299during World War II, 146

Chad Liberation Front, 199–200Chad National Liberation Front

(FROLINAT [Front de LiberationNationale du Tchad]), 199–200,205–06, 216–17

children. See also educationdeaths of during drought/famine of

1984–85, 230–31treatment by janjawid, 282–83

358




INDEX

China, view toward UN stance onSudan, 297

cholera virus, 85–86Christians

during Egyptian regime (Turkiyya),56–57

during May Regime, 251climate of Darfur, 6–9Closed Districts Order, 126cloth tax (takkiyya), 29, 106coins, 106commerce. See economy; tradeCommission of Inquiry on Darfur, UN,

295Committee for Restoration of State

Authority and Security in Darfur,278

Committee of Forty, 248communists, 195, 206, 210, 220Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA),

273, 297–98, 306–07Condominium Agreement, 89, 156, 172cotton, export of, 181, 187. See also

Gezira Schemecouncil of kings (majlis al-maluk), 105coup

of 1958, 182–84of 1969, 201–05of 1971 (failed), 195, 210of 1989, 247–48

CPA (Comprehensive Peace Agreement),273, 297–98, 306–07

“crimes against humanity,” whetherapplicable to Darfur, 293–94

Cromer, Lord, 90–91crops. See agriculture

Daali (jadd al-Fur), 17Dabaha, Muhammad Ibrahim, 127, 132al-Dabi, Muhammad Ahmad, 262al-Dadingawi, Mahmud Ali, 93, 103,

105, 107al-Dadingawi, Salih, 129al-Daghur, Fadlallah, 83Daju tribe, 10, 15–16, 26, 75damur (homespun), 143Darfur. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;

Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA);

Egyptian regime; Mahdist state;May Regime; National IslamicFront (NIF) regime; Sudanesemilitary regime; Sudaneseparliamentary regime;Transitional Military Council(TMC)

agriculture of, 5–7borders of, 95–100, 118–19climate of, 6–9conquest by Egypt, 47division into three states, 261–63effect of World War I on, 108–12epidemics in, 170ethnic composition, 10–12exports of, 7, 9, 143, 189–90and Five-Year Plans, 164–67geography of, 5health services in, 170, 191–92importance to Umma party, 197–99labor relations in, 171meaning of name, 4National Council for the Salvation of

Darfur, 245–46nationalist politics in, 170–75population of, 9, 178, 188Regional Government of, 222–25relations with Chad, 242–44rivalry with Wadai, 83, 95–96SPLA invasion of, 260territories of, 5water supplies in, 190–91

Darfur Construction Unit, 191Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and

Consultation, 303Darfur Development Front, 194, 266Darfur Liberation Front (DLF), 277–79Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), 4

conditions in Darfur during signing of,304–05

negotiations over, 302–04overview of, 302security arrangements of, 303

Darfur Province Council, 150–52, 154,208

Darfur Regional Assembly, 223Darfur Regional Government, 231Darfur Students Association, 224

359




INDEX

Darfur Tribes Initiative, 299Dar Hamid tribe, 10–11, 12Dar Masalit, 48–49, 74, 119

Anglo-Egyptian claims to, 98–99education in, 135effect of division of Western Darfur

on, 261–62and French, 97, 98native administration of, 127–28origin of name, 10relations with Ali Dinar, 96–97Uthman Adam’s invasion of, 80

Dar Masalit Rural Council, 207Dar Qimr, 10, 26, 52, 74, 97–99,

119Dar Sila, 48–49, 74, 96, 98Dar Tama, 26, 48–49, 74, 97–99Dar Zaghawa, 74Dau al-Bayt, Ibrahim, 156Daud Yahya Bulad, 260Davies, Reginald, 124, 127–28Dawra, Muhammad, 19, 21debt. See foreign debtDeby, Idris, 245, 258–59, 289–90. See

also ChadDECARP (Desert Encroachment and

Rehabilitation Program), 233decentralization, 222–23, 225de Gaulle, Charles, 146, 147dei Danziger, Francesco Emiliani, 56Democratic Revolutionary Council, 218Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 198Depression. See Great DepressionDesert Encroachment and Rehabilitation

Program (DECARP), 233desertification, 141, 148–50, 212, 214,

227–28. See also droughtdevelopment plans

Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11New Schemes program of 1957–61,

185Six-Year Plan, 210–14Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190

devshirme system of slavery, 24diarrhea, 231dimangawi (abo dima), 103–04dimlij (district chief), 25Dinka tribe, 41, 42, 130, 238

Diraige, Ahmad Ibrahim, 224–25, 228,277

attempt to mediate Darfur crisis, 289call for true federal system, 241election as governor, 264, 266–67and famine of 1984–85, 231as leader of Dar Fur Development

Front, 194“disaster relief industry,” 272“disaster tourism,” 227disease. See epidemicsdistrict chief (dimlij), 25district representatives (shartays), 25,

32–33, 151diwan tax, 29DLF (Darfur Liberation Front), 277–79Doctors without Borders survey, 312Dongola, 18, 88DPA. See Darfur Peace Agreementdrought, 139–43

of 1926, 139–40of 1969–70, 189of 1984–85, 226–33of 1989–90, 260–61during Mahdist rule, 85–86

Dud Banja, Abdallah, 57, 65, 66, 68, 70Dud Murra (Muhammad Salih), 83, 98DUP (Democratic Unionist Party), 198Dupuis, C. G., 130dysentery, 142

Eastern Darfur District Council, 207Eastern Darfur Rural Council, 207Economic Integration Agreement, 202economy. See also exports; taxation;

tradeduring Anglo-Egyptian regime, 2,

137–39of Darfur, 188–92development plans

Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11New Schemes program of 1957–61,

185Six-Year Plan, 210–14Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190

and foreign financing, 186–87during Great Depression, 142–43during Mahdist state, 84–86

360




INDEX

during May Regime, 210–14, 220–21during National Islamic Front (NIF)

regime, 255–56during Sudanese military regime of

1958–64, 184–88during Sudanese parliamentary regime

of 1956–58, 184–88during Sudanese parliamentary regime

of 1965–69, 197education, 153–54

1955–56 census findings, 179,180

during Anglo-Egyptian regime, 126,133–37

benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162,166–67

and failure of Six-Year Plan, 211during May Regime, 211during Sudanese military regime of

1958–64, 193Egypt. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;

Egyptian regimeBritish occupation of, 87elimination of annual grants from,

137expansion of empire, 39–40Fur trade with, 18, 27independence from Britain, 116Mamluk kingdom of, 24relations with Sudan, 202, 217, 256,

257Egyptian regime (Turkiyya), 39–59,

63–64. See also Gordon,Charles

administration of, 41–42agricultural production, 42army of, 45, 46capital of, 40conquest of Darfur, 47debt of, 54efforts to suppress slave trade, 44–45,

50, 55–56, 61explorations by, 42–43officials of, 41, 43, 46–47provinces of, 41rebellion against, 40, 51–52, 57–59.

See also Mahdist staterule over Darfur, 47, 48–49

taxation by, 40, 41–42, 51, 54trade during, 49–50waning interest in Sudan, 43, 60

electionsof 1953, 173–74, 175–76of 1958, 181–82of 1963, 192–93of 1965, 195–96, 220of 1968, 198of 1974, 204–05of 1986, 237of 1996, 250scheduled for 2010, 307, 308

elementary vernacular schools (kuttabs),134–35

El Fasherconquest by Egypt, 47fula (lake) of, 141origin of, 20–21rebellion against Egyptian rule in,

51–52relief of garrison by Gordon, 53SLA and JEM attacks on, 281and Slatin, 59during World War II, 147

El Fasher Rural Council, 207Eliasson, Jan, 306El Obeid, 63, 65Emin Pasha (Eduard Schnitzer),

56Ennedi Groupe Nomade, 146environment. See desertification;

drought; soil degradation; watersupplies

epidemics. See also medical provisionsof 1926, 139–40, 143of 1927, 1930, and 1936, 138–39of 1928–29, 140in Darfur, 139–43, 170, 191–92during Mahdist rule, 85–86

estate (hakura) system of land tenure,25–26, 106, 214–15

ethnic cleansingas aspect of tribal fighting in 1980s,

216by National Islamic Front and

janjawid, 3–4, 265–66, 282–84use of term, 293–94

361




INDEX

Europeefforts to suppress slave trade, 37,

44–45opposition to British occupation of

Egypt, 87political inaction toward Darfur, 293

Europeansappointment to positions over

Muslims, 56–57in Egyptian army, 45–46as officials in Egyptian regime, 46–47slave trading by, 44

European Union Airbridge, 232Executive Council and Legislative

Assembly Ordinance, 155–56Executive Council of Darfur, 223exiles (muhajarin), 123exports, 7, 9, 143

animal products, 7, 143, 148cattle, 143, 168–69cotton, 181, 187. See also Gezira

Schemegum, 143, 165, 189–90, 221

al-Fadl, Muhammad, 21, 34, 102Fallata people, 11, 152famine, 139–43

of 1873–74, 85of 1888–92, 78, 85–86of 1913–14, 110–11, 117of 1926, 139–40of 1931–32, 140of 1941–42, 148of 1973, 214–16, 228of 1984–85, 3, 226–33of 1989–90, 260–61

FAN (Northern Army Force), 217faqihs (Islamic Law experts), 25, 33, 103Federal Army of Darfur, 243Fiki al-Muhajir, 124fitr (head tax), 29, 106Five-Year Plans, 162–69, 210–11food aid, 231–32

for camps in Chad, 291during National Islamic Front regime,

255, 260–61, 285Food Aid National Administration, 233Food for Peace, 187

foreign debtduring Egyptian regime, 54during May Regime, 221during National Islamic Front (NIF)

regime, 255–56during Transitional Military Council

(TMC) regime, 238Forty-Days Road, 18, 27, 28, 84France

and Ali Dinar, 96–100and borders of Darfur, 95–96, 108and Chad, 199opposition to Wingate’s plans to take

Darfur, 112view toward UN stance on Sudan,

297during World War II, 145–46

Free Officers Movement, 201–02FROLINAT (Front de Liberation

Nationale du Tchad) [ChadNational Liberation Front],199–200, 205–06, 216–17

Funj sultanate, 34fuqara (holy men), 31–33, 122Fur-Arab war of 1987–89, 264–66Fur language, 10, 12, 14Fur Leadership Conference, 278–79Fur people, 4. See also Fur state; Fur

sultans; Keira clanalliance with Zaghawa against NIF,

277–79effect of epidemics of 1926 on,

139–40and Indirect Rule, 131main groups, 10during May Regime, 225militias against Chadians, 243–44organization/training of against Arab

Alliance, 266–68population, 12possible coexistence with Tunjur,

16–17Reconciliation Agreement with Arabs,

245–46relations with Ali Dinar, 96–97support of slave trade by, 62war with Arabs, 264–66

fursan (horsemen), 26–27

362




INDEX

Fur state. See also Fur people; Fursultans; Keira clan

commerce of, 18, 27–30expansion of, 19–22fall of first sultanate, 37–38military of, 26–27and religion, 30–33royal government of, 22–26slave trade, 27–30territories of, 25

Fur sultans. See also Ali Dinar; Furstate; Keira clan

fall of second sultanate, 112–14Gordon’s attempts to restore, 55as judges, 32–33legitimacy of sultans, 101–03palaces of, 33revenue of, 29–30succession of, 21–22tombs of sultans, 31wives and concubines of, 22, 23

Gaddafi, Muammar, 3, 205–06, 217,219, 235–36, 299. See also Libya

Garang, John, 237, 252, 273, 297genocide, whether term applicable to

Darfur, 293–95geography of Darfur, 5Germany, and Ottoman Empire, 108–12Gessi, Romolo, 55, 56Gezira Scheme, 137–38, 162, 163al-Ghali, Salah Ali, 278al-Ghali Taj al-Din, 127, 132Ghazi Salah al-Din, 311al-Ghazzali Ahmad Khawwaf, 77Giegler, Carl, 56, 59GONU (Government of National

Unity), 274, 300, 306–07Gordon (Memorial) College, 134, 153,

162Gordon, Charles

appointments made by, 50, 56–57attempts to restore Fur sultans, 55in Darfur, 52–59death of, 68efforts to suppress slave trade, 55–56evacuation of Egyptians by, 67–68as governor-general of Sudan, 46–47

plans to avenge, 90resignation as governor-general, 59

Goukouni Oueddi, 217–18Government of National Unity

(GONU), 274, 300, 306–07graduates’ constituency, 182Graduates’ General Congress, 150–52,

153–54, 155grain prices, 148, 161, 229Gration, Scott, 310–11Grazing Agreement, 130Great Depression

effect on Sudan, 142–43and Indirect Rule, 137–38, 139

groundnut (peanut) industry, 221Guardian, on atrocities in Darfur, 288gum, export of, 143, 165, 189–90, 221

Habbaniyya tribeAbdallahi’s treatment of, 77and Indirect Rule, 132support of Mahdist revolution, 63, 66tribal court established, 152war with Fur people, 27

Habre, Hissene, 216–17, 218–19, 245,258–59

Hadanduwa tribe, 42al-Hadi (imam), 202Hajjam Hasab Allah, 52Hajjar Tokef, 98hajj routes, 1hakura (estate) system of land tenure,

25–26, 106, 214–15Hamar tribe, 10–11Hamid, Adam, 123Harir (Sharif), 277Hasab Allah, 48Hasan (son of Taj al-Din), 174–75Hasan, Mustafa Muhammad, 174Hasan, Yusuf, 129al-Hasan, Zubayr Ahmad, 279Hasan Jibril Sulayman, 174Hasan Sulayman, 262Hashim Mustafa, 152Hassaballah, Adud, 265Hawa, Salih, 77Hawkesworth, Desmond, 172head tax (fitr), 29, 106

363




INDEX

head tax collector (abu�l-jabbayyin), 29health services

benefits from Five-Year Plans, 162,164, 167

in Darfur, 170, 191–92Henderson, K. D. D., 173, 175Henri Dunant Foundation, 289herd tax (zaka), 106Hicks, William, 66–67Hicks expedition, 65, 66High Technical Permanent Committee

for Combating Drought,Desertification, and Disasters(HTPCCDDD), 233

Hilal, Musa, 265–66, 276, 278, 279al-Hilali, Muhammad, 46al-Hindi, Husayn, 205holy men (fuqara), 31–33, 122homespun (damur), 143honorifics of Fur officials, 23–24horsemen (fursan), 26–27hospitals, 141–42, 164, 170Howe, Robert, 156HTPCCDDD (High Technical

Permanent Committee forCombating Drought,Desertification, and Disasters),233

Huddleston, Hubert, 145Humanitarian Cease-fire, 289humanitarian issue, treatment of Darfur

as, 290–91al-Husayn, Muhammad, 33, 37–38Husayn, Sanin, 83, 93, 95

Ibn Umar Sa�id, 218Ibok, Sam, 289Ibrahim (defterdar), 40Ibrahim (nazir), 130Ibrahim Ali, 89–90Ibrahim Muhammad Sulayman, 278,

280–81Ibrahim Qarad, 38Ibrahim of the Tama, 74ICF (Islamic Charter Front), 195, 220Idris (sultan), 74, 76, 81–82, 96, 119Idris, Ali, 173Idris, Hashim, 152

IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority onDrought and Desertification), 252

al-ikhwan al-muslimun. See MuslimBrotherhood

IMF (International Monetary Fund),210–11, 238–39, 255

Indirect Rule. See also NativeAdministration

and Mahdism, 119–25and maqdumates, 128–29and nazirs, 130–33and shaykhs, 125–26, 130–33

Industrial Act, 186Ingleson, Philip, 151Integration Charter, 258Intergovernmental Authority on

Drought and Desertification(IGAD), 252

international attention on Darfur, 289.See also Europe; United Nations;United States

international movement to “saveDarfur,” 309–10

media, 286–87, 288, 290–91, 292organizations

Amnesty International, 287Britain’s Disaster Relief Committee,

287International Crisis Group, 287World Food Program, 291

treatment as humanitarian issue,290–91

International Commission of Inquiry,296

International Convention on thePrevention and Punishment ofCrimes of Genocide, 294–95

International Criminal Court, 295, 308International Crisis Group, 287International Monetary Fund (IMF),

210–11, 238–39, 255intifada, 224, 225Islam. See Islamization; Mahdi;

MahdistsIslamic Charter Front (ICF), 195, 220Islamic Constitution, 257Islamic law. See law, Islamic (shari�a)Islamic Law experts (faqihs), 25, 33, 103

364




INDEX

Islamic Legion, 217, 264The Islamic Way: How? (Nimayri),

222The Islamic Way: Why? (Nimayri), 222Islamism, 244–45Islamization

early, 13–14, 18, 30–33during May Regime, 226during National Islamic Front regime,

247–48, 251during Sudanese military regime of

1958–64, 193Isma�il (khedive), 37, 38, 45–47Italian forces in Africa, 144–46ivory, trade of, 44, 148

Ja�aliyyin, 40Jabal Marra

agriculture of, 7as closed district, 279and early Fur state, 17as military training grounds, 267photographs of, 6, 8as refuge during Egyptian regime, 48,

54roads created by government, 169Tura in, 17

Jabal Marra Investigation Scheme ofagricultural expansion,190

jadd al-Fur (Daali), 17jallaba (merchants or peddlers), 49–50,

193–94. See also tradeJamma, Mahmud Bashir, 224–25janjawid, 262, 268. See also National

Islamic Front (NIF) regimeactivities after signing of DPA, 304agreements to disarm, 296alliance with National Islamic Front,

265–66, 278, 280, 281–85,286–87, 291, 300

Bush receives list of, 292efforts to suppress knowledge of,

286–87first official reference to, 245Fur defense against, 243and Muhammad Ahmad al-Dabi,

262

orders/promises to disarm, 294, 296,303

organized resistance against, 268,277–78, 279

raids/ethnic cleansing by, 3–4,265–66, 282–84, 312

and refugee camps, 291against SLA/JEM, 281–84

Jawama�a tribe, 10–11, 12Al-Jazira radio station, 287JEM. See Justice and Equality MovementJibril, Husayn Abdallah, 276jihadia, 70, 71, 78jizzu vegetation, 6, 160–61John Paul II (Pope), 257journalism, on atrocities in Darfur,

286–87judges (qadis), 32–33, 105–06, 115, 118judicial deputies (nuwwab), 79judicial procedures. See also law, Islamic

(shari�a)during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 118during Mahdist rule, 78–80during Sudanese military regime, 183

Juma�a Muhammad Hagar, 277Juma, Sa�id, 59jurenga, 26, 27Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)

attacks on El Fasher and Nyala, 281formation of, 276–77National Movement for Reform and

Development split from, 298–99negotiations in 2008–09, 306NIF alliance with janjawid against,

281–84rift with SLM, 298–99

al-Juwaysar, Hasan Hilmi (pasha), 51

Kababish Arabs, 10, 100, 110, 130Kabkabiyya, 19, 49, 51, 93Kapila, Mukesh, 291Karakirit division of Fur, 10Karam al-Din Muhammad, 132Karo Fata (White Bone) famine, 85kasha, 227Keira clan, 16–19, 47, 48. See also Fur

state; Fur sultansKelly, P. J. V., 118

365




INDEX

al-Khalifa, Majdhub, 302Khalil, Jibril, 302Khalil Ibrahim, 276, 280–81, 298,

303–04khalwas (Qur�anic schools), 133, 135,

179, 193Khartoum

closing of slave market at, 44–45education in, 180and European traders, 43–44hospitals in, 170during World War II, 144–46

Khartoum University, 153Khatir Tur al-Khalla, 277Khatmiyya order of sufis, 249Khusraw, Muhammad, 34Kiir, Salva, 273al-kitab al-aswad (Black Book), 274–77Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 88–90,

99–100, 108, 112Kordofan, 20, 25

and Ali Dinar, 94combined with Darfur as “province of

the west,” 78conquest of, 21, 34, 63Egyptian invasion of, 39–40

Kristof, Nicholas, 288Krump, Theodor, 18Kubbar, Ahmad, 279Kufra Oasis, 146Kul Kul, 49, 51Kunjara, Adam, 71Kunjara division of Fur, 10Kurqasawi, Karamallah, 71–72Kurqasawi, Muhammad, 71–72kuttabs (elementary vernacular schools),

134–35Kuuruu, 17

Lagu, Joseph, 204Al-Lahib al-Ahmar (Red Flame), 193Lam Akol Ajawin, 300Lampen, G. D., 131–32, 144, 151, 164Land Registration Act, 264land tenure, estate (hakura) system of,

25–26, 106, 214–15Land Use and Rural Water Development

Department, 191, 197–98

languages spoken in Darfur, 12, 14law, Islamic (shari�a)

during Ali Dinar’s rule, 105during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 118during Fur state, 32–33during May Regime, 222, 226during National Islamic Front regime,

247during Transitional Military Council

regime, 234, 237–38“Law of Fratricide,” 21legislation. See lawLegislative Assembly, 155–57, 171–72Legitimate Command, 249Libya

Italian threat from, 145–46relations with Chad, 205–06, 216–19,

241–43, 258–59relations with Sudan, 202, 216–19,

235, 241–42, 258–59Libyan Islamic Legion, 218Lissan, Ahmad Tugud, 302literacy, 133–37, 211loans to Sudan. See also Gezira Scheme

during Anglo-Egyptian rule, 137during May Regime, 210–11,

213during National Islamic Front regime,

255during Transitional Military Council

regime, 238–39Local Government Appropriation of

Taxes Ordinance, 159locust plagues, 140, 147–48Lual Deng, 303Lupton, Frank, 56, 64

Ma�alia people, 63, 66, 94, 132MacMichael, H. A., 30, 110, 111, 114,

117–18Madibbu, Ibrahim, 302, 304Madibbu, Ibrahim Musa, 127, 131,

156Madibbu, Musa, 100Madibbu, Sa�id Mahmud Ibrahim Musa,

299Madibbu Ali, 63, 64, 66, 71Maffey, John, 126–27

366




INDEX

Mahdi (divinely guided one). See alsoAbdallah, Muhammad Ahmad;Mahdists; Mahdist state

Abdallahi al-Sihayni as, 119general concept of, 60–62khalifas of, 69–70. See also Abdallah;

Abu Jummayzaal-Mahdi, al-Hadi, 195–96, 198al-Mahdi, al-Sadiq, 195–96, 198

during 1965–69 parliamentaryregime, 198

Arab Alliance letter to, 264–65during May Regime, 202, 205,

219–22, 226during National Islamic Front regime,

249, 258photograph of, 236as prime minister, 239during Transitional Military Council

regime, 235–36, 237–38al-Mahdi, al-Siddiq, 172, 173Mahdi Hassaballah, 130Mahdists, 61–62. See also Abdallah,

Muhammad Ahmad; Mahdi;Mahdist state; Umma party

and Ali Dinar, 102–03battle of Shaykan, 66–67conquest of Darfur, 64–67, 73conquest of Kordofan, 63crisis following death of Mahdi,

68–70and elections of 1953, 173–74and elections of 1958, 182and elections of 1965, 195–96May Regime’s attack on, 202rising of 1921, 119–25Slatin’s efforts to suppress, 64–66support of, 63–64during Transitional Military Council

(TMC) regime, 235, 237–38victories of, 64–67

Mahdist statedrought during, 85–86economy during, 84–86epidemics during, 85–86famine during, 85–86forced migration of tribes by, 77–78rebellion of Abu Jummayza, 74–77

resistance to Ali Dinar, 92–94rule of Darfur, 73–74, 78–79, 80–83taxation by, 73trade during, 84–86Wadai resistance to, 83Western opposition to, 73–74

Mahid Elgabid, 289Mahjub, Muhammad Ahmad, 195, 196,

198, 199Mahmud, al-Malik Rahmatallah, 156,

173, 174Mahmud Ahmad, 78, 79, 80–83, 88–89Mahu Bey, 40, 41majlis al-maluk (council of kings), 105malaria, 170, 191, 231Malloum, Felix, 206, 216–17Mamluk kingdom of Egypt, 24Manasir people, 66Manikli, Ahmad Pasha (al-Jazzar), 42manufacturing, 185, 189, 211Maqbula bint Nurayn, 104maqdumates, 128–29maqdums, 25, 103, 158–59al-Mardi, al-Tayyib, 224Masalit people, 12, 75, 277–79Mason, Alexander, 56May Regime

agriculture during, 220–21attack on Mahdists, 202and Bakheit, 207–10economy during, 210–14, 220–21education during, 211and Gaddafi, 205–06Islamization during, 226and National Reconciliation, 219–22neglect by during drought/famine of

1984–85, 226–33overthrow of, 234–36overthrow of Sudanese parliamentary

regime by, 201–05redivision of south Sudan, 225–26regionalization of northern Sudan,

222–25relations with Chad, 216–19relations with Libya, 202, 216–19taxation by, 223

McMahon, Henry, 108, 112measles, 231

367




INDEX

Mecca, pilgrimage to, 29, 84media attention on Darfur, 286–87, 288,

290–91, 292medical provisions, 141–42Meidob people, 26, 152, 159, 161, 263Messedaglia, Giacomo, 56migration of tribes

during drought of 1973, 214–16during drought of 1984–85, 229–30forced, 77–78, 84for grazing, 160–61overview, 9–10

Military Economic Board, 220military regimes. See May Regime;

National Islamic Front (NIF)regime; Sudanese military regime

Milner Mission, 125Mima tribe, 66, 72Minawi, Minni Arkoy, 300, 302, 304Ministry of Agriculture, 186Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Natural

Resources, and Irrigation, 212Ministry of Cooperation and Rural

Development, 212Ministry of Energy and Mineral

Resources, 212Ministry of Finance, 186, 240Ministry of Industry and Mining, 186Ministry of Local Government, 240al-Mirghani, Ahmad Uthman, 235al-Mirghani, Ali, 124, 155, 176al-Mirghani, Muhammad Uthman, 249Misiriyya people, 64missionaries, 44Mubarak, Hosni, 256mufti, 118muhajarin (exiles), 123Muhammad (emir), 129Muhammad (Prophet), 60Muhammad Adam, 302Muhammad Adam Sharif, 103Muhammad Ali Pasha, 34

and Ahmad Abu Adhan, 43origin and language of, 39Sudanese rebellion against, 40taxes levied on Sudanese by, 40

Muhammad al-Zaki Ahmad, 174Muhammad Sharif, 70

Muhammad Taha, 226, 248, 269, 279,280, 289, 302

Muhammady, Mam�un, 212murahalin (tribal militias), 238, 299Musa, Adam Hamid, 276Musa, Ahmad, 199–200Musa, Ibrahim, 130, 151, 152, 173Musabba�at people, 21Muslim Brotherhood (al-ikhwan

al-muslimun), 193, 194, 220. Seealso National Islamic Front(NIF)

during May Regime, 205, 221–22,224, 226

during National Islamic Front regime,259

during Sudanese parliamentary regimeof 1965–69, 195

during Transitional Military Councilregime, 235

Muslim clerics (ulama), 32, 79, 105,118, 122

Muslims. See Islamization; Mahdi;Mahdists

Nachtigal, Gustav, 22, 23, 24, 30Nafie Ali Nafie, 311Al-Nahjj al-islami limatha? (The Islamic

Way: Why?) (Nimayri), 222na�ib umum Dar Fur (chief judge), 79National Alliance for National

Salvation, 234–35National Council for the Salvation of

Darfur, 245–46National Democratic Alliance (NDA),

249, 257National Dialogue conference, 249National High Council for Drought and

Desertification, 233National Islamic Front (NIF) regime

and Abuja peace process, 297–98alliance with janjawid against

SLA/JEM, 281–84and Arab Alliance, 263–66coup of 1989, 247–48Darfur Liberation Front (DLF)

against, 277–79dealings with south, 251–54

368




INDEX

dissidents of, Black Book publishedby, 274–77

division of Darfur into three states by,261–63

economy during, 255–56ethnic cleansing by, 282–84foreign relations, 256–57Islamization under, 251military of, 248–49neglect of/discrimination against Fur,

267–68provincial administration, 250–51relations with Sudan People’s

Liberation Movement, 270–74,297–98

rule in Darfur, 259–61SLA/JEM attacks on, 280–82split of, 269–70strains within, 257support of Chadian rebels against

Habre, 258–59and terrorist organizations, 256totalitarian nature of, 248

National Liberation Party, 182National Movement for Reform and

Development (NMRD), 298–99National Reconciliation, 219–22, 257National Research Council, 186National Unionist Party (NUP), 172–75,

177–78in elections of 1958, 182in elections of 1965, 195–96and May Regime, 202reuniting with People’s Democratic

Party, 198split of, 178

Native Administration. See also IndirectRule

during Anglo-Egyptian regime,119–25, 127–28, 130–31,132–37

combination with local Darfurgovernment, 158–59

of Dar Masalit, 127–28effect on education, 133–37efforts to amalgamate tribes under,

132–33and intertribal relations, 130–31

and Mahdism, 119–25during May Regime, 202, 209during National Islamic Front regime,

251Nawai, Idris, 279NDA. See National Democratic Alliancenegotiation agreements, 295Neguib, Muhammad, 176Newbold, Douglas, 150, 155New Schemes program, 185New York Times, on atrocities in

Darfur, 288NIF regime. See National Islamic Front

(NIF) regimeNimayri, Jaafar Muhammad, 202–05,

208, 218. See also May Regimebooks published under name of,

222efforts to make peace with Chad,

216–17and National Reconciliation, 219–22overthrow of, 234–36photograph of, 203return from exile, 257

Niyazi, Sulayman Pasha, 67NMRD (National Movement for

Reform and Development),298–99

Non-Project Assistance, 187Northern Army Force (FAN), 217Northern Darfur Rural Council, 207Northwest Darfur District Council, 207Nuba Mountains Federation, 195, 198NUP. See National Unionist Partyal-Nur, Adam, 132al-Nur, Sa�d, 38al-Nur, Tibn Sa�d, 105Nur al-Din Dafa�allah, 276–77nuwwab (judicial deputies), 79

OAU (Organization of African Unity),217–18

Obama administration, 292, 310–11October Revolution, 192–95oil production, effect on international

relations, 256–57, 286Organization and Promotion of

Industrial Investment Act, 186

369




INDEX

Organization of African Unity (OAU),217–18

Ottoman Empire, 108–12. See alsoEgyptian regime (Turkiyya)

PDP. See People’s Democratic PartyPeace and Reconciliation Council, 303Peace and Security Council, AU, 301peanut (groundnut) industry, 221People’s Assembly, 204, 209People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 178

and elections of 1958, 181–82and elections of 1965, 195, 220reuniting with National Unionist

Party, 198People’s Local Government Act, 207Perham, Margery, 128pilgrimage to Mecca, 29, 84plague, locusts, 140, 147–48police in Darfur, 138Popular Assembly, 249Popular Islamic and Arab Conference,

256Popular Patriotic Congress (PPC), 270Powell, Colin, 294The Powers of Nomad Sheikhs

Ordinance, 125–26PPC (Popular Patriotic Congress), 270prison labor camps, 167Professionals’ Front, 194Pronk, Jan, 296Prout, Henry, 56provinces of Darfur, 48–49, 118Provincial Administration Act of 1960,

183

qadi al-Islam, 79Qarad, Husayn Ibrahim, 102qisms, 49Quarantine Law, 191Qur�an, as basis of laws, 79“Quraysh 1,” 265“Quraysh 2,” 266quz region, 6–7

Rabih Zubayr, 95al-Raddi, Umbadda, 83railways, 163, 164–65, 190, 213–14

Railway Workers’ Union, 171rainfall. See droughtRamcharan, Bertrand, 293al-Rashid, Muhammad Harun, 48, 51,

52, 53, 55battle against Slatin, 57Egyptian regime’s inability to deal

with, 54killing of, 57

Ra�uf, Muhammad Pasha, 47, 59RCC (Revolutionary Command

Council), 201–03, 247, 249Red Flame (Al-Lahib al-Ahmar), 193redivision of south Sudan, 225–26refugees, 285, 290–91Regional Conference of SSU, 223Regional Government Act, 222Regional Government of Darfur, 222–25regionalization of northern Sudan,

222–25Regional Self-Government Act, 204Relief Information and Coordination

Support Unit, 233reporters, and atrocities in Darfur,

286–87Republican Brothers, 226Revolutionary Command Council

(RCC), 201–03, 247, 249Rigolet, Charles, 56Rijal, Adam, 93, 97–98, 105, 107rinderpest, 138–39, 189, 211Rizayqat tribe, 10

and Abu Jummayza revolt, 76conflicts over tribal boundaries and

rights of way, 262–63and Indirect Rule, 130, 132massacre of Dinka refugees by, 238Muhammad Tayrab’s campaigns

against, 21opposition to Mahdiyya, 71, 72relations with Ali Dinar, 94and Slatin, 66support of Mahdist revolution, 63–64tribal court established, 152war with Fur people, 27

roads in Darfur, 169, 213Robertson, James, 156, 157, 173, 174Rosset, Karl Friedrich, 56

370




INDEX

Rural Water Development Corporation(RWDC), 212

Rural Water Supplies and SoilConservation Board, 190–91

Russia, view toward UN stance onSudan, 297

RWDC (Rural Water DevelopmentCorporation), 212

Sadat, Anwar, 217Sa�id, Muhammad, 44–45Salamat people, 245Salih, Mahmud al-Tayyib, 174Salih, Muhammad (Dud Murra), 83,

98Salim Ahmad Salim, 302, 306Salim Qabudan, 42Sanusi, Ali, 127Sanusiyya order of sufis, 103, 111Savile, R. V., 109–10, 118Sayf al-Din, 48, 129al-Sayyid, Hamid Effendi, 151al-Sayyid Bey Jum�a, 67schistosomiasis, 142, 191–92Schnitzer, Eduard (Emin Pasha), 56schools, 133–37, 153–54

1955–56 census findings, 179benefits from Five-Year Plans, 166–67and failure of Six-Year Plan, 211during May Regime, 211during Sudanese military regime, 193

SCP (Sudanese Communist Party), 192,193, 198

Scramble for Africa, 37, 96SDF (Sudan Defense Force), 144, 145,

146Security Council, UN, 293, 296, 304

countries interested/uninterested inaggressive UN stance, 297

Resolution 1556, 296Resolution 1574, 296–97Resolution 1593, 295Resolution 1769, 307

September Laws, 226, 234, 237–38Sese, Tijani, 245, 265al-Shafi� Ahmad al-Shaykh, 195, 210al-Shahana, 298–99Shakka, 55, 64

Shamli, Ahmad Pasha (Abu Adhan), 42,43

shari�a. See law, Islamicshartays (district representatives), 25,

32–33, 151Shatta, Ahmad, 38Shaykan, battle of, 66–67shaykhs

and Abd al-Rahman, 123alliance with Muhammad Khalid,

69–70collection of taxes by, 54education of children of, 133–37during Egyptian regime, 49, 65and Indirect Rule, 125–26, 130–37during Mahdist rule, 79–80during May Regime, 209relations with Ali Dinar, 100–01settling of legal disputes by, 105–06Sudanese dependence on for

leadership, 122Shayqiyya tribe, 40Shilluk people, 41, 42Shuqayr, Na�um, 48al-Sihayni, Abdallahi, 119Sinnar, 18, 20, 34, 39–40Sirte Process, 306Six-Year Plan, 210–14SLA. See Sudan Liberation ArmySlatin, Rudolf, 57–59, 64–67

and Ali Dinar, 91, 92, 97and borders of Darfur, 95, 97, 98–99efforts to suppress Mahdists, 64–66as governor of Dara, 57and revolting tribes, 100, 101

slaveseunuchs, 24in important positions, 24–25in Sudanese military, 61of sultan, chief of (ab shaykh dali), 24

slave tradeAnglo-Egyptian policy on, 92, 115,

124Egyptian efforts to suppress, 37,

44–45, 50, 55–56, 61European efforts to suppress, 44–45by Europeans, 44of Fur state, 27–30

371




INDEX

slave trade (cont.)overview, 7Sudanese, 44–45support by Baqqara tribes, 61–62support by Fur people, 62

SLM. See Sudan Liberation Movementsmallpox, 86, 140, 142, 170Socialist Republican Party (SRP),

172–75social services, 166–67, 187–88soil conservation, 165, 168Soil Conservation Committee, 149–50,

167, 168Soil Conservation, Land Use, and Rural

Water ProgrammingAdministration, 212

soil degradation, 149–50, 228South Darfur Transport Company,

214Southern Darfur Rural Council, 207Southern Darfur Rural Development

Program, 211Southern Liberal Party, 182Southern Regional Government,

236–38Southern Sudan Liberation Movement

(SSLM), 204SPLA. See Sudan People’s Liberation

ArmySPLM. See Sudan People’s Liberation

MovementSRP (Socialist Republican Party),

172–75SSLM (Southern Sudan Liberation

Movement), 204SSU (Sudanese Socialist Union), 204,

208–10, 222, 223, 225, 234Stack, Lee, 125, 126Sudan. See also Anglo-Egyptian regime;

Egyptian regime; May Regime;National Islamic Front (NIF)regime; Sudanese militaryregime; Sudanese parliamentaryregime; Transitional MilitaryCouncil (TMC)

effect of Great Depression on, 142–43effect of World War I on, 108–12

relations with Chad, 199–200,242–44, 258–59, 301

relations with Egypt, 202, 217, 256,257

relations with Libya, 202, 205–06,216–19, 235, 241–42

Sudan Defense Force (SDF), 144, 145,146

Sudanese Communist Party (SCP), 192,193, 198

Sudanese military regimeof 1958–64, 182–95of 1965–69. See May Regimeof 1989–. See National Islamic Front

(NIF) regimeSudanese parliamentary regime

of 1956–58, 181–84of 1965–69, 195–96, 197, 200,

201–05of 1986–89, 238–41

Sudanese Socialist Union (SSU), 204,208–10, 222, 223, 225, 234

Sudan Government. See Anglo-Egyptianrule of Sudan

Sudanization Committee, 175Sudan Liberation Army (SLA)

early success of, 280–82first chairman of, 267NIF alliance with janjawid against,

281–84refusal to sign DPA by factions of,

303–04splits within, 279–80

Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM),279–80

refusal to sign DPA by fractions of,303–04

rift with JEM, 298–99splits within, 300

Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA)goal of, 237–38during National Islamic Front regime,

248, 252–54Sudan People’s Liberation Movement

(SPLM)alliance with National Democratic

Alliance, 249

372




INDEX

Comprehensive Peace Agreement withSudanese government, 297–98

division of, 252–53formation of, 225–26goal of, 237–38improved relations with National

Islamic Front (NIF), 270–74invasion of Darfur, 260during National Islamic Front regime,

247, 252–54, 260PPC’s “Memorandum of

Understanding” with, 270and transitional government, 237–38

Sudan Railways, 162, 164–65Sudan Textile Industries Company,

213Suez Canal Zone, 155–57sufis, 251

Khatmiyya order of, 249Sanusiyya order of, 103, 111Tijaniyya order of, 103

Sufism (Islamic mysticism), 61sugar consumption, 140–41Sulayman, 17–18, 19sultans, Fur. See Fur sultans; Keira

sultanatesunna (custom) of the Prophet, 79Sunni Islam. See also MahdiSupreme Council of the Armed Forces,

182Suq al-Na�am project, 212, 213Symes, Stewart, 124–25, 145,

150syphilis, 142

Ta�aisha tribe, 66Abdallahi’s treatment of, 77and Indirect Rule, 132in Mahdist armies, 78tribal court established, 152

al-Tagawi, Tahir, 65–66al-Tahir, al-Tijani, 258Taj al-Din, 82, 96, 98Taj al-Din Nyam, 302tajamu al-arabi (Arab Alliance), 245–46,

263–68takanawi (an office), 103–04

takkiyya (cloth tax), 29, 106Tamurkwa division of Fur, 10Tawfiq, Muhammad, 47, 67taxation, 25–26

by Ali Dinar, 106by Anglo-Egyptian regime, 115, 121,

128, 132, 138by Egyptian regime, 41–42, 51, 54by Mahdiyya, 73by May Regime, 223types of, 29–30

Tayrab, Muhammad, 20–21, 33Tayrab Sulayman, 105al-Tayyib Ibrahim, 251, 261al-Tayyib Ibrahim Khayr, 248al-Tayyib Muhammad Khayr, 281Ten-Year Plan, 185–88, 189, 190terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001,

271terrorist organizations, 256Tia, Muhammad Bey, 66al-Tijani Sa�d, 183Tijaniyya order of sufis, 103Tinay, 281Tirayu, Ali, 302TMC (Transitional Military Council),

234–35, 236, 237–38, 241–43Tombalbaye, Francois, 199, 206trade. See also slave trade

of early Fur state, 18between Egypt and Sudan, 42during Egyptian regime, 49–50of Fur state, 18, 27–30during Great Depression, 142–43during Mahdist rule, 84–85during Sudanese parliamentary regime

of 1965–69, 197Transitional Military Council (TMC),

234–35, 236, 237–38, 241–43Transitional National Assembly,

249transportation, 138

benefits from Five-Year Plans, 164in Darfur, 169–70during May Regime, 213–14and trade/agricultural problems,

148

373




INDEX

tribes. See also Indirect Rule; names ofspecific tribes

1955–56 census findings, 179efforts to amalgamate, 132–33fighting among over land, 216forced migration of, 84identification and loyalties, 13migration of, 77–78, 160–61, 214–16,

229–30militias against Chadians, 242–44overview, 10–12relations with Ali Dinar, 94,

100–01Tripartite Economic Agreement,

202Tripoli Agreement, 299Tripoli Charter, 202Tuhami Jalal Bey al-Din, 51Tunjur people, 10, 16–17Tura (Jabal Marra), 17al-Turabi, Hasan, 220, 222, 247–48,

250, 256, 257, 269–70Turco-Egyptian regime in Sudan. See

Egyptian regime (Turkiyya)Turkish language, 39Turkiyya. See Egyptian regimeal-Tuwaysha, 49, 53

ulama (Muslim clerics), 32, 79, 105,118, 122

umangawi (abbo umo), 103–04Umar, Adam, 70Umar Darhu, 70Umar Lel, 19–20Umma party

in elections of 1958, 181–82in elections of 1965, 195–96during May Regime, 224–25president of, 172–75during Sudanese military regime of

1956–58, 181–82, 183during Sudanese military regime of

1958–64, 192–93during Sudanese parliamentary

regime of 1965–69, 195–96,197–99

support by Darfur, 259support of FROLINAT, 200

during Transitional Military Councilregime, 239

Umm Birayr, Ilyas, 50Umm Diwaykarat, battle of, 89Umm Kadok, Hasan, 71Umm Shanqa, 64, 65, 67UNAMID (African Union/United

Nations operation in Darfur)force, 307–08, 313

Unionists. See National Unionist Party(NUP); People’s DemocraticParty (PDP)

United Democratic Salvation Front,253

United NationsCommission of Inquiry on Darfur,

295denounced by NIF regime, 300denouncing NIF’s actions as war

crimes, 284High Commissioner for Refugees

(UNHCR), 291Office for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),291

opposition of Sudanese government tointervention by, 4

in peace process from 2006–09,303–11

Security Council, 293, 296, 304countries interested/uninterested in

aggressive UN stance, 297Resolution 1556, 296Resolution 1574, 296–97Resolution 1593, 295Resolution 1769, 307

United StatesAtrocities Documentation Team,

285–86declaration of Sudan as terrorism

sponsor, 256financial aid to Sudan, 181, 187, 235opposition to Libya, 217political inaction toward Darfur,

292–93, 294relations with Sudan after 9/11, 271view toward UN stance on Sudan,

297

374




INDEX

Urabist movement, 64Uthman, Muhammad (nazir), 132–33Uthman Adam (Uthman Janu), 72–73,

74, 75, 76, 78, 80attack on Dar Masalit, 85forced migration of tribes by, 77–78

Uthman Ishaq Adam, 174

veterinary services, 162, 163, 165Victory Brigade, 282

Wadai, 20French conquest of, 95–96resistance to Mahdists, 83rivalry with Darfur, 83, 95–96trade with Darfur, 84

WAR. See Western Air Reinforcementroute

War of the Tribes, 243–44water supplies

benefits from Five-Year Plans, 167–69in Darfur, 190–91, 212drying up of, 141, 148–50, 212, 214.

See also droughtLand Use and Rural Water

Development Department, 191,197–98

Rural Water Supplies and SoilConservation Board, 190–91

during Sudanese parliamentary regimeof 1965–69, 197–98

weapons, 35wells, 141, 168–69Western Air Reinforcement (WAR)

route, 147Western Arab Corps, 160Western Darfur Rural Council, 207Western Savannah Development Corp,

211Western states, opposition to Mahdist

state, 73–74Western Sudan Union, 198White Bone (Karo Fata) famine, 85Wingate, Reginald, 90

and borders of Darfur, 99, 108and Darfur’s administration, 117desire to avenge Gordon, 90, 91plans to invade Darfur, 109–12

and Slatin, 99during World War I, 109–12

World Bank, 255World Food Program, 291World War I, 108–12World War II

Darfur Province Councilinauguration, 150–52

Five-Year Plans, 162–67North African campaigns, 146supplying of Allies in N. Africa and

Middle East by Sudan, 147

Yahya, Hamid (“Turjok”), 76Ya�qub, Adam, 127Yugoslavia, and May Regime, 202Yusuf Ibrahim, 71, 72–73Yusuf Muhammad Sharif, 74, 82

Zaghawa tribealliance with Fur against NIF, 277–79and Chadian forces, 258–59conflict with Rizayqat, 262–63and drought of 1933, 143and drought of 1969–70, 189and drought of 1973, 214and drought of 1984–85, 228with Fur against Arab Alliance, 268grazing troubles and agreements, 160herding and gathering by, 6–7lands of, 10, 19language of, 12and Libya, 217and Mahdist rising of 1921, 119–21during May Regime, 225militias against Chadian forces,

242–43opposition to Mahdists, 64, 72sultan’s relations with, 26tribal disputes of, 152

Zaghlul, Sa�d, 126al-Zahra, al-Husayn Ibrahim, 79zaka (herd tax), 106Zakariyya Bey, 51Zalingei, 135–36, 151Zayadiyya tribe, 10, 26, 101al-Zayn, al-Qurashi wad, 62al-Zayn, Ismat, 302

375




INDEX

Zoellick, Robert, 303al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur

appointment as governor, 46and borders of Darfur, 99conquest of Darfur, 37–38, 47, 48photograph of, 36

slaves in army of, 61slave trading by, 44

al-Zubayr, Sulayman, 50, 53–54, 55,56

Zuqal, Muhammad Khalid, 59, 63, 65,67, 69–70, 74, 79

376



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