1. MQ;rpNah];ngHk;fspd; tifg;ghL 23. eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf ... · bharathiraja a. pgt. zoology....

BHARATHIRAJA A. PGT. ZOOLOGY. (9944277623)

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1. MQ;rpNah];ngHk;fspd; tifg;ghL

01. ,Unrhw; ngahpL Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH fh];gHL gh`pd; 02. ];B]p]; gpshz;lhuk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatH fNuhy];

ypd;Nda]; 03. capUs;s jhtu njhifapd; Kiwg;ghl;bay; vdg;gLtJ

ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bay;. 04. ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bay; vd;w nrhy;iy nfhz;L te;jtH

Nfk;g;&fpy;yp. 05. n`HNghpa jhspd; epHzapf;fg;gl;l msT 41CM x 29CM. 06. n`HNghpak; jahhpj;jypy; G+Q;irf;nfhy;ypahf nray;gLtJ

nkHFhp FNshiuL. 07. cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa n`HNghpak; fpA+. 08. n[dpuh gpshz;lhuk; 3 njhFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 09. ,d;/ngNu thpirapYs;s Jiwfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; 3 kw;Wk; 9 10. #y;fs; jpwe;j epiyapYs;s jhtuq;fs; [pk;Ndh];ngHk;fs;. 11. nge;jk; - P̀f;fH tifg;ghl;by; 97>205 rpw;wpdq;fs; kw;Wk; 202

FLk;gq;fs;. 12. nge;jk; - P̀f;fH tifg;ghl;by; vspa njhd;ikahd Jiw

uhNyhy;];. 13. ghjpNky; ghjpfPo; kyHfs; fhzg;gLk; thpir fhyprpGNshNu. 14. Xuiw cila kfue;jig fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; khy;Ntrp. 15. Vngy;kh];f]; v];Fnyz;l]; jhtuj;jpd; fdp #yf miw

ntbfdp 16. M];jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; #yf ,iyfspd; vz;zpf;if 10. 17. totog;ghd kpArpNy[; jputk; fhzg;gLk; Flk;gk; khy;Ntrp. 18. mq;if tbt kly;fisAila khy;Ntrp FLk;g jhtuk;

fh]pg;gpak; MHNghhpak;. 19. G+f;fhg;G nrjpy;fsw;w khy;Ntrp FLk;gj; jhtuk; mGl;byhd;

,z;bfk;. 20. ,iyfs; n[y;yp kw;Wk; CWfha jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwj

i`rg;lhhpah. 21. khy;th rpy;nt];l;hp]; NtHfs; ff;Fthd; ,Ukiy Fzg;gLj;j

cjTfpwJ. 22. nrhyhNdrp ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Jiw ghypNkhdpNay;];

23. eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf;feuk;Gfs; kPJ kQ;rs; epw Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; nrhyhdk; rhe;NjhfhHgk;.

24. kzptbtKila epiyj;j Gy;yptl;lk; fhzg;gLtJ nrh.nkyHQ;[pdh.

25. mk;gy;Nyl; irNkh]; kQ;rhp cila jhtuk; itj;jhdpah rhk;dpnguh.

26. EzpJis ntbf;Fk; kfue;jig cila jhtuk; nrhyhdk; ief;uk;.

27. my;yp xl;ba kfue;jjhis cila FLk;gk; nrhyhNdrp. 28. ,uT ky;yp vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ nr];lHdk; ehf;lHdk;. 29. irrhd;j]; gpd;Ndl;l]; jhtuj;jpy; cs;s tskhd kfue;j

jhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if 2. 30. #yf; ,iyfs; mr;rpw;F ,izahf mikahky; rha;thf

mike;jJ nrhyhNdrp. 31. fpshNlhLf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L A.jpUf;fs;sp. 32. P̀tpah gpNurpypad;rp]; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; %tpiyAila

$l;biy. 33. midj;J jhtuq;fspYk; ghy; Nghd;w my;;yJ ePHk Nyl;lf;];

fhzg;gLk; A+NghHgpNarp. 34. ,iyab nrjpy;fs; xU N[hb Kl;fshf khw;WU mile;Js;s

jhtuk; A+.];g;nsd;nld;];. 35. Nfl;fpd; kQ;rhp fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; mfhypgh ,y;. 36. irahj;jpak; kQ;rhp A+NghHgpah Nghpdj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 37. gyfw;iw kfue;j jhs; tl;lk; fhzg;gLtJ hp]pd]; fk;Adp]; 38. gNahBry; jahhpf;f gad;gLtJ [l;Nuhgh FHf]; 39. %d;W miwfspy; ntbf;ff;$ba fhf;f]; cila fdp

nuf;khgp]pd]; 40. kpANrrp ,lk;ngw;Ws;s thpir vgpifNd. (%tq;f kyHFLk;gk;) 41. kpG]h ghubrpahfhtpy; fhzg;gLk; kQ;rhp ];ghbf;]; 42. mghfh Jzp nea;jYf;fhd ehHfs; ngwg;gLk; jhtuk;

kp.nlf;];ilyp]; 43. gadpfspd; gid jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngaH uhtndy;yh

klfh];fhupad; 44. gwitfspd; nrhHf;fkyH ];nlhpypl;rpah nu[pNd. 45. kpA]htpy; jiuf;F Nky; tsUk; fl;il jd;ikAila

cz;ik jz;L uhtndy;yh.


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46. ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ nraw;if tifg;ghL.

47. N`hyp`hf; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; jhtuk; My;jpah Nuhrpah 48. ve;j thpirapy; #yf fPo;kyHfs; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; cs;sd

,d;/ngNu 49. fhrpg;gpak; ghHg;nld;]; jhtuj;jpd; tpijfs; J}tpfshy; %b

fhzg;gLk;. 50. ];fhHgpahL irNkh]; kQ;rhpahd hpgpbak; fhzg;gLtJ

nrh.ief;ul;.

2. jhtu cs;sikg;gpay;

51. jhtuj;jpd; ePs;Nghf;F tsHr;rpf;F fhuzkhf cs;s jpR EdpMf;FjpR

52. GNuhNfk;gpak; cUthf;Fk; jpRf;fs; Kjy;epiy th];FyhH jpRf;fs;.

53. jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; ePs; mr;Rf;F ,izahf fhzg;gLk; Mf;FjpR gf;fMf;fFjpR

54. jhtuj;jpd; midj;J cWg;GfspYk; fhzg;gLk; jpR ghud;ifkh. 55. fhw;wiwfs; nfhz;l ghud;ifkh Vud;ifkh 56. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;bd; i`g;NghnlHkp]; Nfhyd;ifkh

nry;ypy; MdJ. 57. Nfhyd;ifkh nry;ypd; nry;Rthpy; fhzg;gLtJ

n`kpnry;YNyh];> ngf;bd;. 58. P̀ypahe;j]; jhtuj;jpd; i`g;NghnlHkp]py; fhzg;gLk; jpR

mLf;F Nfhy; jpR. 59. tpijAiwapd; cWjpjd;ikf;F fhuzk; ];fpsPiuLfs; 60. gl;lhzpapd; tpijAiwapy; fhzg;gLtJ vYk;G nry;fs; 61. [pk;Ndh];ngHk;fspy; ePiuf; flj;Jk; Kf;fpa $Wfs; buf;fPLfs;. 62. iryf;Foha;fspy; gyJis jl;L fhzg;gLk; jhtuk;;

yphpNahnld;l;uhd;. 63. ePl;lk; jhtuj;jpy; ePiu flj;Jk; Kf;fpa $Wfs; iryFoha;fs; 64. ypg;hpghHk; ehHfs; vdg;gLgit iryk; ehHfs;. 65. iry $l;Lj;jpRtpy; cs;s capUs;s nry; iryk; ghud;ifkh 66. KjpHe;j ry;yil Fohapd; ry;yil jl;by; cs;s Jisfis

milf;Fk; nghUs; NfNyh]; 67. NtHj;J}tpfis cUthf;Fk; jpR biuf;Nfhgpsh];Lfs;

68. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;by; fhzg;gLk; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; jpwe;jit.

69. ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw fhzg;gLtJ Ff;fHgpl;Nlrp.

70. ghypNghbak; jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; th];FyhH fw;iw GNshak; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw

71. iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw fhzg;gLtJ mNfhu]; 72. gf;fNtHfis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; nry;fs; nghpirf;fps; ntspg;Gw mLf;F nghpirf;fps; 74. mtiu Nthpd; cs;sikg;G N`hNkh[Pd]; kw;Wk; ehd;FKid

iryj;jhy; MdJ. 75. th];FyhH fw;iwfs; rpjwp fhzg;gLk; jhtugFjp xUtpj;jpiy

jhtu jz;L. 76. #hpafhe;jp jz;bd; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; xUtisakhf

fhzg;gLtJ ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L. 77. kf;fhr;Nrhs jz;bd; i`g;NghnlHkp]; ];fpsPud;ifkh

nry;yhy; MdJ. 78. kf;fhr;Nrhs jz;L my;yJ xUtpj;jpiyj;jhtu jz;bd;

cs;sikg;gpay; kdpj kz;il XL tbtk;. 79. GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; xUtpj;jpiyjhtu

jz;L (kf;fhr;Nrhsk;). 80. fw;iwnjhg;gp ];fpsPud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. 81. #hpafhe;jp ,iyapy; fw;iw ciw my;yJ vy;iy ghud;ifkh

ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. 82. topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLtJ xUtpj;jpiy kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiy

jhtu NtH. 83. Mf;FjpRthdJ epiyj;j jpRthf khw;wkiltJ NtWghliljy;. 84. fhhf; Nfk;gpak; ngy;Nyh[d; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. 85. thio> fy;thio jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfhk;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk;

el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh. 86. P̀ypahe;j]; mLf;F> lhl;Nuh Nfhz Nfhyd;ifkh INuhg;gpah

,ilntsp. 87. Nghpf;fha; (fy;nry;) gpNuf;fp FNuhl;lNyhpah (Nfhy;) Nkf;Nuh

gl;lhzp (vYk;G) M];bNah 88. nghpnlHk; Gwj;NjhYf;F gjpyhf jhtuq;fspd; jz;L kw;Wk;

NtH ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rpapy; ghJfhg;G jpRthf cs;sJ.


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89. mtiu Nthpd; ,izg;G jpR ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. 90. kf;fhr;Nrhs jz;bd; iryFoha;fs; Y tbtpy; mike;Js;sJ. 91. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;bd; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; tisakhf cs;sJ ,J A+];By; 92. GNuhl;Nlhiryk; jz;bd; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp mike;Js;s fw;iw

cs;Nehf;F 93. ,Ugf;fKk; xj;j mikg;Gila ,iyaikg;G xUtpj;jpiy

jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 94. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapy; fhzg;gLk; th];FyhH fw;iwfs;

xUq;fike;jit> %bait 95. GNuhl;Nlhiry $WfSf;F vjphpy; topr;nry;fs; cs;sd. 96. iuNrhnlHkpspd; Kf;fpagzp cl;Gwj;jpRf;fis ghJfhj;jy;. 97. jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; FWf;fsit mjpfhpf;f nra;a fhuzkhdJ

gf;f Mf;FjpR 98. Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fs; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtujz;bd;

i`g;NghnlHkp]py; cs;sd. 99. vspa> tuk;Gila Jisfs; cs;s Kidfs; nfhz;l nry;fs;

iryf;Foha; MFk;. 100. fUk;gpy; fhg;G nry;fis #o;e;J fhzg;gLk; rpwg;G tif

nry;fs; JizfUtp nry;fs;. 101. Edp Mf;FjpRtpd; fhuzkhf fUthdJ NtH> jz;L>

,iyfisf; nfhz;l jhtukhf tsHfpwJ. 102. NtHfspy; cs;s mfj;Njhiy mikg;ghy; xj;J ];lhHr; mLf;F

cs;sJ. 103. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh xspr;NrHf;if ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh

thAghpkhw;wk;. 104. ,iyapy; cs;s euk;Gfs; %yk; xspr;NrHf;if nra;Ak;

jpRf;fSf;F ePH kw;Wk; fhpk cg;Gf;fs; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 105. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];lhQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd;w NtWghL

nfhz;l ,iy #hpafhe;jp. 106. gpj;jpd; NtWngaH nkLy;yh.

3. nry; caphpay; kw;Wk; kugpay ;

107. FNuhNkhNrhk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH thy;NlaH 108. FNuNkhNrhkpy; FNuhkhl;bLfs; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk; gFjp

nrd;l;NuhkpaH 109. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; nkl;lhNg]; vd;w nry;gFg;G epiyapy;

njspthf njhpAk;. 110. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; Kidg;gFjpapd; epiyj;j jd;ikf;F

fhuzkhf cs;s gFjp BNyhkpaH 111. l tbt A+NfhhpNll;bf; FNuhNkhNrhk; rg;nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf; 112. lGs; kpdpl;]; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; nrd;l;NuhkpaH fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. 113. #g;gH epAkhp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; Jiz FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 114. lGs; kpdpl;]; epiyaw;w kw;Wk; Gw;WNeha; nry;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. 115. B FNuhNkhNrhk; kf;fhr;Nrhsj;jpd; tho;ehs; jpwid Fiwf;fpwJ. 116. bNuhNrhgpy;yhtpd; ckpo;ePH Rug;gpfspy; ghypBd;

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 117. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; [Pd;fis nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gij gphpl;[];

cWjp nra;jhH. 118. mdhNg]; epiyapd; NghJ FNuhNkbLfs; efHtjw;F

nrd;l;NuhkpaH cjTfpwJ. 119. [Pd; vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH N[h`hd; 120. ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; nray;gLk; ghuk;ghpa $W [Pd; 121. [Pd;fSf;Fk; nehjpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig kPby; kw;Wk;

lhl;lk; fz;lwpe;jhH. 122. itu];fspd; [PNdhkpy; fhzg;gLtJ DNA (or) RNA 123. epANuh];Nghuh vd;w jhtuj;jpy; capH Ntjp Ma;Tfis

nra;jdH gPby;1 124. kpfg;nghpa [PNdhk; cila jhtuk; XbNahfpshrk; 125. 1fpNyh Ng]; = 1000 fhu ,izfs;> muhklhg;rp]; jhypahdh

epA+f;spa]; [PNdhk;1 126. Njy;fu]; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngaH

muhgplhg;rp]; jhyPahdh 127. gl;lhzpapd; xw;iw ika FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if 7


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128. kdpj [PNdhkpy; 38.2% capHNtjp nray;fspy; <LgLfpwJ. 129. rhHgpd;wp xJq;Fjy; tpjpf;F cl;glhj ,Ugz; fyg;G

Nrhjidid watson and punnet ,izg;G Nrhjid fyg;G tpfpjk; 7:1:1:7 tpyfy; 1:7:7:1

131. ,izg;G tpyfy; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; fpilj;j ngw;NwhH tpfpjk; 88%

132. Fd;wy; gphptpd; GNuhNg]; I d; ghf;fpBd; epiyapy; FWf;Nfw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.

133. FWf;Nfw;wk; eilngWk; Gs;sp ifah];kh vdg;gLk;. 134. kuG tiuglj;jpd; myF khHfd;(my;yJ)nrd;bkhHfd;. 135. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; kPs;NrHf;if GNuhNg]; I d; ghf;fpBd;

epiyapy; eilngWfpwJ. 136. ,izahd [Pd;fSf;F ,ilNa eilngWk; kPs;NrHf;ifapd;

rjtPjk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mit jsHe;j epiyapYs;s gpizg;G [Pd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

137. jpBH khw;wj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH `pA+Nfhl;tphpq; 138. jpBH khw;wq;fis ];NghHl;]; vd;W rhHy]; lhHtpd; $wpdhH. 139. <ndhjpuh yhkhHf;fpahdh jhtuj;jpy; P̀.gptphp]; jpBH khw;wj;ij

fz;lwpe;jhH. 140. ghf;BhpahNg[;fspy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jpBH khw;wk; ePf;fy;

jpBHkhw;wk;. 141. kugpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jpBHkhw;wk; gjpyPL jpBHkhw;wk;. 142. gpA+hpDf;F gjpyhf NtW xU gphpkpbd; ,ize;jhy; NtWgl;l

gjpyPL vdg;gLk;. 143. caphpdq;fspy; jpBH khw;wq;fis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;

kpAl;lhn[d;fs;. 144. nfhy;yp jpBHkhw;wk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jhtuk; Nrhsk;. 145. [Pd;fspd; nray;ghl;L myF rp];l;uhd; 146. xU caphpdj;jpd; ,Uka FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if

my;yJ mikg;gpy; Gyg;glf;$ba ,ay;Gf;F khwhdJ FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rp.

147. 180o Nfhzj;jpd; [Pd; thpir khw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk; FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rp jiyfPo; jpUg;gk;.

148. ghuhnrd;l;hpf; jiyfPo; jpUg;gj;jpy; jiyfPohf jpuk;gpa gFjp nrd;l;NuhkpaH ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy.

149. rpk;gd;rp Fuq;fpy; kdpjdpy; 17tJ FNuhNkhNrhKf;F ,izahdJ nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf;

150. rpw;wpdq;fspd; ntWghl;bw;F fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rp ,lk; ngaHjy;.

151. jiyfPo; jpUg;gj;jpy; xU FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s [Pd;fspd; thpir jpUg;gk; milAk; Nfhzk; 180o

152. NfkPl;Lfs; cz;lhFk; NghJ FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if ghjpahf FiwfpwJ.

153. jpuhl;ir kw;Wk; Mg;gps; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gd;kak; jd;ehz;kak;

154. LNuhNrhby;yh nkyNdhfh];lhpy; NfkPl;Lfspy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz; 7

155. Kjd;Kjypy; kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jhdpak; bhpl;bNfy;. 156. Ntjp jpBH khw;wj;J}z;bf;F v.fh:EMS 157. mjpf msT tpl;lkpd; V nfhz;lJ nll;uhgpsha;b kf;fhNrhsk;. 158. i`Nghgpsha;b = NkhNdhNrhkp = 2n-1 & ey;ypNrhkp = 2n-2 159. i`g;gH gpsha;b = biuNrhkp (2n+1) lhl;Luh> ];l;uhNkhdpak;>

nl;luhNrhkp (2n+2) 160. jhtu itu];fspy; RNA kuGnghUshf cs;sJ. 161. DNAtpd; mikg;G myFfs; epA+f;spNahilL 162. RNAtpy; ijkpDf;F gjpyhf fhzg;gLk; iel;u[d; fhuk; Auhrpy; 163. DNAtpd; ,ul;il RUs; khjphpia tpsf;fpatHfs; thl;rd; &

fphpf; 164. fhu ,iztpjpia ntspapl;lth vHtpd; rHfhHg; 165. DNA %yf;$wpd; tpl;lk; 20Ao 166. ,U epA+f;spNahilLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s J}uk; 3.4 Ao 167. thl;rd; fphpf; fz;lwpe;j DNA tbtk; Btbtk;. 168. DNA ,ul;bj;jy; ,ilepiyapy; eilngWfpwJ. 169. DNAtpd; ghjp goik Kiwia kPry;fd;> ];lhy; cWjpgLj;jpdhH. 170. mjpf RUis jsHj;JtJ NlhNghINrhkNu]; ,iofs;

cUthf;fk; RNA gpiuNk]; 171. xfhrhfp Jz;Lfis ,izf;Fk; nehjp iyNf]; 172. kugpay; nra;jpfis DNA tpypUe;J J}J RNA nfhz;L

nry;Ykplk; iuNghNrhk;. 173. nry;ypd; RNAtpy; J}J RNA msT 3-5% 174. khw;W RNA sRNA vd;Wk; flj;J RNA vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.


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175. nry;ypd; tRNAtpy; RNAmsT 15% RNAtpy; kpfr;rpwpaJ tRNA 176. mRNA DNAtpd; xj;j efyhFk;. FNshtH ,iy khjphp

nfhz;lJ tRNA 177. tRNAtpd; FNshtH ,iy khjphpia ntspapl;ltH R.W.N`hyp 178. tRNAtpd; vjpH rq;Nfj tisaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epAf;spNahilL

vz;zpf;if 179. v.Nfhiyapy; DNA ,ul;bg;gila MFk; fhyk; 40epkplq;fs;. 180. RNAtpy; kpFe;j epiyg;G jd;ik cialJ rRNA 181. DNA RUspd; KJnfYk;G gFjpapy; fhzg;gLtJ rHf;fiu

kw;Wk; gh];Ngl;. 182. DNa %yf;$wpd; FWf;fsT 20Ao 183. thl;rd; kw;Wk; fphpf; khjphpapd; tbk; R tbtk;. 184. tRNAtpd; vjpHrq;Nfj tisaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

epAf;spNahilLfspd; vz;zpf;if.

4.capH njhopy; El;gtpay ;

185. nu];bhpf;\d; nehjp ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; kl;Lk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

186. xt;nthU nu];l;hpf;\d; nehjpAk; DNA %yf;$iw epAf;spNahilL thpirapy; ntl;Lk;.

187. kuG nghwpapaypy; ghf;BhpahtpDs; [Pd;fis nrYj;j cjTk; ntf;lH gpsh];kpl;.

188. fj;jhpf;Fk; nehjp vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ nu];l;hpf;\d; vz;NlhepA+f;spa];

189. Mjhu DNAitAk; Xk;Gaphp DNAitAk; ,izf;Fk; nray; %yf;$W xl;Ljy;

190. kdpjd; cl;nfhs;sjf;f itl;lkpd; nrwpj;j khj;jpiufs; jahhpf;f cjTtJ ];igUy;yh

191. GNuhl;Nlhgpsh ,iztpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,izT fhuzp ghyp vj;jpyPd; fpis

192. jpR tsHg;gpd; %yk; vz;Nlh];ngHk; jhtuq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kiw Kk;kagz;G

193. rpW ,se;jhtuq;fis gbg;gbahf ,aw;if #o;epiyf;F nfhz;L tUtJ tYngWjy;

194. Nfy]pypUe;J jz;L kw;Wk; Ntiu cila ,U Jut mikg;G Njhd;WtJ fU cUthjy;.

195. Nfy]pypUe;j NtH Njhd;Wtj iuNrhn[dpap]; jz;L Njhd;WtJ fhNyhn[dprpy;

196. Nfy]; cUthf;fj;jpd; NghJ Mf;]pd; nry; ePl;rpailjiy J}z;LfpwJ.

197. jpRTld; $ba tsHg;G Clfk; 2000-4000lux xsp nrwptpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

198. jpR tsHg;gpy; Ez;ZaphpfshdJ Ml;NlhfpNst; %yk; Ez;ZapH ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

199. tsHg;G ClfkhdJ pH5.8w;F rhpnra;ag;gLfpwJ. 200. KjpHe;j jpRf;fs; kPz;Lk; Mf;FjpRf;fshf khwp fhy];

tsHr;rpailtJ NtWghilljy; 201. fhy]; jpRthdJ fUepfu jpRthf tsHr;rpailtJ

kWNtWghL miljy; 202. xU jdp jhtunry; KOikahd jhtukhf tsHtjw;fhd

cs;she;j jpwd; KOjpwd; ngw;Ws;sik. 203. jf;fhsp gOg;gjw;F fhuzkhd nehjpapd; nray;ghl;il jLg;gJ

czHjil 204. nly;lh vz;Nlhlhf;rpd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ghf;Bhpah

Ng.JhpQ;rpnad;rp]; 205. jpRTld; $ba tsHg;G Clfk; 26-2oc milfhj;jy;

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 206. vypf;fhJ my;yp ,jo; jhtuk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,aw;ifapy;

rpijTWk; gpsh];bf; ghyp i`l;uhf;]pgpA+nul;. 207. may;[Pid ngw;w ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuq;fs; epf;Nfhbahdh>

P̀ypahe;j];> gPl;lh> fpisrpd;> nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk; fhrpg;gpak; `pHRl;lk;.

208. may;[Pid ngw;w xUtpj;jpiy jhtuq;fs; m];guhf];> rpahnka;];> xiurh> mtpdh];

209. mf;Nuh ghf;Bhpak; bAkpNgrpad;rp]py; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 210. [Pd; khw;wj;jhy; cUthfpa nghUl;fspy; nudpd; jLg;ghd;fs;

,uj;j mOj;jj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ kw;Wk; ,z;lHypAf;fpd; Neha; vjpHg;G jpwd; ngw;w nts;isaDf;fs;.

211. Mde;j;Nkhfd; rf;utHj;jp #NlhNkhdh]; G+blh vd;w kugpay; hPjpahf khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l ghf;Bhpa ufj;ij cUthf;fpdhH.


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212. may; [Pid nry;ypDs; GFj;j kpd;Jidahf;fk; kw;Wk; [PdJghfdKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

213. jdpnry; Guj cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLk; ghf;Bhpah #NlhNkhdh];> my;fyp[Pd;];

214. jdpnry; Gujj;jpy; fhkh ypNdhypf; mkpyk; ,Ug;gjhy; ePhpopT Nehahspfspd; ,uj;j msit Fiwf;fpwJ.

215. irl;Nlhifdpd; nry;gFg;giljiy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. 216. jpRtsHg;G Kiw Kjd;Kjypy; N`gHyhz;l; vd;gtuhy;

nra;ag;gl;lJ. 217. #NlhNkhd]; G+blh fr;rh vz;izia rpijf;fpwJ. ,jw;F

caphpfshy; rPuikf;fg;gLjy; MFk;. 218. ];g;nug;Nlhikr]; i`f;Nuh];Nfhkpf]; vd;Dk;

ghf;Bhpaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; nehjpahdJ gh];lh vdg;gLk; fisnfhy;ypia rpijf;fpwJ.

219. kWNrHf;if njhopy;El;gtpaypy; v.Nfhiy> ngrpy;y]; rg;byp]; Xk;Gaphpahf nray;gLfpwJ.

220. v.nfhiy fpsh];kpl; FNshdpq; CHjpahf nray;gLfpwJ. 221. ,d;lHnguhd; nry;fSf;F itu];fis vjpHf;Fk;

jpwD}l;lg;gLfpwJ. 222. may; [Pid ngw;w Gifapiy jhtuq;fs; khd;nlf;lh nrf;];lh

G+r;rpapd; jhf;FjYf;F vjpuhd jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd.

5.1jhtu nraypay; 223. gRq;fzpfq;fspy; cs;s jl;L Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fs;

ijyf;fha;Lfs; 224. gr;irak; cUthtjw;F Njitahd Kf;fpa jdpkk; nkf;dPrpak; 225. Kjd;ik epwkp vd;W miof;fg;gLtj gr;irak; a 226. xspr;NrHf;if epwkpfs; cs;s ,lk; fpuhzk;. 227. xspr;NrHf;ifapd; Mw;wy; ikak; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ fpuhdh

Nynky;yh 228. xU xspj;njhFg;gpy; cs;s epwk; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if

250 - 400 229. xspj;njhFg;G I y; mjpf gr;irak; a kw;Wk; Jizepwkpfs;

Fiwe;J cs;sd. 230. xsptpidapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Mw;wy; ATP kw;Wk; NADPH2

231. CO2 thdJ fhHNghi`l;Nul;lhf xLf;fg;gLk; tpid ,Us;tpid 232. ePH xsp gpsj;jypy; fhy;rpak;> khq;fdP];> FNshiuL madpfs;

gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd. 233. Z topKiw vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ Row;rpapy;yh vyf;l;uhd;

flj;jy; 234. xU KO Row;rp vyf;l;uhd; flj;jypd; NghJ cw;gj;jpahFk;

ATP %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if 2. 235. ,Ul;nray; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ fh];tpd; Row;rp 236. ,Ul; nraypy; Co2 Vw;gp %yf;$whf RUBPcs;sJ. 237. PGA thdJ 1,3 gp];gh];Ngh fpsprhpf; mkpykhf

khw;wg;gLtjpy; <LgLk; nehjp PGA ifNd]; 238. ,Us; tpidapy; xU CO2 %yf;$wpid epiyepWj;j

Njitg;Lk; Mw;wy; 2ATP, 2NADPH2 247. C4 jhtuj;jpw;F v.fh: fUk;G> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> mkuhe;j];>

C3ney;> NfhJik. 248. ,Utbt gRq;fzpfq;fs; nfhz;l jhtuk; kf;fhr;Nrhsk;. 249. fUk;gpy; CO2it Vw;Fk; %yf;$W gh];ngh <dhy; igUtpf;

mkpyk; 250. C4 jhtuq;fspy; fh];tpd; Row;rp fw;iwAiw nry;fspy;

eilngWfpwJ. 251. AMP %yf;$W ATPapdhy; gh];ghpfuzk; mile;J

cUthf;FtJ 2ATP 252. OAA mkpykhdJ l;uhd;]; mkpNd]; vd;w nehjpapd; %yk;

m];khHbf; mkpykhf khWfpwJ. 253. xspr;NrHf;if kpf;fj;jhtuk; fUk;G 254. 3C nfhz;l NrHkk; gh];Nghfpsruhy;bi`L 255. gh];Ngh fpsprhpf; mkpyj;jpy; ,Ue;J gh];Ngl; ePf;fk;

eilngWk; Ez;ZWg;G gRq;fzpfk;. 256. xspRthrj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngaH C2 Row;rp 257. xspRthrk; eilngWk; Ez;ZUg;G gRq;fzpfk;> nguhf;]pNrhk;>

ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah 258. fpisrpdpypUe;J rpiud; cz;lhFk; NghJ NH3 kw;Wk; CO2

cz;lhfpd;wd. 259. RUBP Mf;]p[Ndw;wkiltjhy; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;

gh];nghfpisf;Nfhypf; mkpyk; PGA


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260. xspr;NrHf;ifia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis ntspapl;ltH gpshf;Nkd; 261. xspr;NrHf;iff;F kpfTk; cfe;j miyePsk; 400-700kP 262. xspr;NrHf;ifapd; NghJ Mf;]p[d; ntspapLtij Ma;TFoy;

kw;Wk; Gzy; epUgpf;fpwJ. ,jpy; Nrhjidf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; jhtuk; i`l;hpy;yh.

263. gr;irak; mw;w MQ;rpNah];ngHk; jhtuk; khNdhl;Nuhgh 264. KO xl;Lz;zpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L f];Fl;lh> gFjpxl;Lz;zp

tp];fk;. 265. G+r;rpia cz;Zk; jhtuj;jpw;F v.fh: l;u]Puh (#hpa gdpj;Jsp

jhtuk;) 266. NtjpNrHf;if jw;rhHG Cl;l caphpfSf;F v.fh:

iel;uNrhNkhd]; nkf;fpal;Nlhth 267. iel;uNrhNkhdh]; mk;Nkhdpahit Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J

iel;iul;lhf khw;Wk;. 268. ngf;fpaNlhth H2 Mf;]pfuzk; nra;J ry;gH kw;Wk; ePH

Mfpatw;iw nfhLf;Fk;. 269. C4 ghij N`l;r; ];yhf; ghij vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 270. 5C nfhz;l NrHkk; iuNgh];> 4C vhpj;Nuh];

5.2Rthrpj;jy; 271. Rthrpj;jy; xU Mw;wy; ntsptpL tpidahFk; 2900KJ 272. Mw;wy; ehzak; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ATP 273. ATPapy; cs;s kpif gpizg;G Mw;wypd; vz;zpf;if 2 274. FSf;Nfh]hdJ igUtpf; mkpykhf khw;wkilAk; epfo;r;rp

fpisf;fhyPrp]; 275. fpisf;fhyPrp]; epfo;r;rp Kjd; Kjyhf <];l;by; vk;ld; NfaH

gQ;dh]; (EMP) vd;gtHfshy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. 276. fpisf;fhyPrp]; epfo;r;rp irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ. 277. ATPapy; cs;s rHf;fiu %yf;$W iuNgh]; 278. FSf;Nfh]hdJ FSf;Nfh];6 gh];Nghigl;lhf `f;NrhifNd];

nehjp %yk; khw;wg;gLfpwJ. 279. 2 gh];Ngh fpisrhpf; mkpyk; vNdhNy]; nehjp cjtpAld;

gh];Ngh <dhy; 280. fpisf;fhyprp]py; epfu yhgkhf fpilg;gJ 2ATP kw;Wk;

2NADH2.

281. igUtpf; mkpyj;jpd; Mf;]p[Ndw;w fhHgd; ePf;ftpid ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahy; eilngWfpwJ.

282. igUtpf; mkpyj;ij CO2MfTk; ePuhfTk; khw;Wk; thpirahd Row;rp fpug;Row;rp.

283. fpug; Row;rp rpl;hpf; mkpy Row;rp (m) BiufhHghf; Row;rp (m) 7CA Row;rp vdg;gLk;.

284. mrpl;ily; COATk; Mf;]Nyh mrpl;bf; mkpyk; ,ize;J rpl;hpf; mkpyk; cz;lhtjpy; <LgLk; nehjp rpl;hpf; mkpy rpe;jNl];

285. INrh rpl;hpf; mkpyk; Mf;]p[Ndw;w fhHgd; ePf;fk; ngw;W fPNlhFSlhhpf; mkpykhf khw;wk; nra;Ak; nehjp INrhrpl;hpf; (m) Bi`l;uh[pNd];

286. js nghUs; gh];ghpfuzk; fpisf;fhyPrp]; eilngWfpwJ. 287. fhw;W Rthrj;jpy; xU %yf;$W FSf;Nfhdpaj;jpypUe;J

cz;lhFk; ATP 38 288. fpug; Row;rp Mk;gpNghypf; (m) ,Utif epfo;r;rp vdg;gLk;. 289. Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ fhHgd;il Mf;irL ntspaplg;gLtij

ep&gpg;gJ Nfdhq;fp Rthrkhdp 290. ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlj;ij fz;lwpe;jtH bf;fd;];

(irl;Nlhgpshrk;) 291. ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; n`f;Nrh]; khNdhgh];Ngl; top

(m) Neub Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. 292. vyf;l;uhd; flj;jp mikg;gpy; vyf;l;uhdhy; ,Wjpahf Vw;Fk;

nghUs; O2 293. 6 gh];Ngh FSf;fNdhNyf;lhd; ePH gpsj;jy; Kiwapy;

rpijTw;W 6 gh];Ngh FSf;Nfhdpf; mkpykhf khw;wg;gLk;. ,t;tpidapy; <LgLk; nehjp FSf;fNdhNyf;NlhNd];

294. FSf;Nfh]pd; Rthr <T 1> mkpyk; 1.33> ghkpbf; mkpyk; 0.36 295. Ngrpy;y]; mrpl;ilyhf;il FSf;Nfhi] yhf;bf; mkpykhf

khw;WfpwJ. 296. nehjpj;jy; tpidia tpsf;Fk; Ma;T $d;Flit nehjpj;jy; 297. <];l;by; cs;s irNk]; nehjp FSf;Nfhi] vj;jpy;

My;f`hyhfTk; khw;WfpwJ. 298. vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpypapy; ATP cUthtj Mf;]p[Ndw;w

gh];ghpfuzk; 299. jhtu tsHr;rpapd; Kjy; epiy nkJepiy


8 | P a g e

300. Edp Mf;Fj;jpRtpdhy; Gjpa nry; gpd;njhlHe;J cUthtJ cUthjy; epiy vdg;gLk;

301. jhtuj;jpd; ePs;thl;l tsHr;rpia mstPL nra;Ak; fUtp yPtH Mf;rNdh kPl;lH.

5.3 jhtu tsHr;rp nghUl;fs ; 302. tsHr;rp xOq;FgLj;jpfSf;F v.fh: ehg;jyPd; mrpl;bf; mkpyk;

(NAA) 303. tsHr;rp epiyfspd; tbtk; Stbtk; (rpf;kha;L tisT) 304. epyj;jpy; tsUk; fisfis ePf;f gad;gLtJ 2>4il FNshNuh

gpdhf;rp mrpl;bf; mkpyk;. 305. Nfk;gpaj;jpy; nry; gFg;ig Cf;Ftpg;gJ Mf;rpd; 306. jhtu ghfq;fs; cjpHtij jilnra;tJ Mf;rpd; 307. new;gaphpy; Vw;gLk; gf;fhNd Neha;f;F fhuzk; [pg;uypd; 308. [pg;uypid fz;lwpe;jtH FUNsah 309. Nghybq;fpw;F fhuzkhf miktJ [pg;uypd; 310. xspapdhy; ghjpg;gilAk; tpidfis [pg;uypid nfhz;L

Kidf;Fk; gb nra;ayhk;. 311. cUisf;fpoq;fpy; tsHtlf;fj;ij ePf;FtJ [pg;uypd; 312. irl;Nlhifdpid fz;lwpe;jtH kpy;yH kw;Wk; ];$[; (n`Hq; kPd;) 313. kf;fhr;Nrhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; irl;Nlhifdpd; rpahl;bd;. 314. gy tpijfspy; tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;Fk; `hHNkhd;

irl;Nlhifdpd; 315. hpr;khz;l; yhq; tpistpw;fhd `hHNkhd; irl;Nlhifdpd;

(KJikia jhkjg;gLj;Jjy;) 316. thA tbtj;jpy; cs;s `hHNkhd; vj;jpyPd; 317. fdpfs; gOj;jypy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wk; `hHNkhd; vj;jpyPd; 318. jz;L NtH Mfpatw;wpd; ePs;thl;l tsHr;rpia jilnra;tj

vj;jpyPd; 319. ,iyJisia %l nra;tjpy; gq;fhw;Wk; `hHNkhd; mg;rprpf;

mkpyk; 320. jhtu ghfq;fs; cjpHtij J}z;LtJ mg;rprpf; mkpyk;. 321. xspf;fhyj;Jtk; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l jhtuk; khhpaz;l

Nk%j;

322. fhHdH kw;Wk; MyhHL jhtuq;fSf;fhd xsp kw;Wk; ,Ul;fhy msit $wpdhH.

323. ePs;gfy; jhtuk; NfhJik> FWk;gfy; jhtuk; Gifapiy> ehs;eLepiy jhtuk; #hpafhe;jp

324. njhiy rptg;G xspia <Hf;Fk; igl;NlhFNuhk; Pfr ntHdiyNr\d; vd;w thhj;ijia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH iynrd;Nfh 326. kyHjy; eilngWtjw;F Njitahd ntg;gepiy 1oC – 10oC

6. kdpjey Nkk;ghl;by; caphpay;

327. kugpay; NtWghLfs; ,k;Kiwapy; cUthtjpy;iy J}atopNjHTKiw

328. NgrpNahy]; Kq;Nfh vd;w kUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l ehL rPdh

329. fyg;gpd re;jjpapy; tpUk;gpa gz;Gfis cUthf;FtJ i`gphpl; 330. gd;kaj;ij J}z;LtJ fhy;rprpd; 331. Kjy; re;jjpia NrHe;j jhtuq;fs; tPhpaj;Jld; ,Ug;gJ

n`l;bNuhrp]; 332. jio cuj;jpw;F v.fh: Kf;Fdh 333. raNdh ghf;Bhpaj;ij ,iyfSDs; nfhz;l ePH nguzp

mNrhy;yh 334. Neha; vjpHg;G jd;ikahdJ gyKiw gpw;fyg;G nra;ag;gl;L

fpilg;gJ hpfhd;l; ngw;NwhH 335. jhdpaq;fspd; tpijfspy; Nky;G+r;rhf mikAk; ghf;Bhpah

#.];l;iuNal;lk; 336. ,e;jpa ney;tay;fspy; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; caphp

mNrhy;yh gpd;Ndl;lk; 337. vf;l;Nlhl;uhgpf; ikf;Nfhiurhtpw;F v.fh: nkhpbNah ikrpB]; 338. Nthpd; cl;Gw nry;fs; kw;Wk; nry;ypil ntspfspy;

fhzg;gLtJ Ntk;G+Q;ir 339. ntg;G Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; caphp igUFNyhpNah xiuNr 340. tpijfis NeHj;jp nra;a gad;gLk; G+Q;irnfhy;ypfs;

mf;urhd;> rpurhd;> ];ngHfhd; 341. ney;ypd; ntbg;G Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; ,uz;lhk; epiy Xk;GapH

jhtuk; b[plhhpah khH[plh


9 | P a g e

342. epyf;fliyapy; bf;fh Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; NehAaphp nrHNfh];Nguh ngHrNdl;lk;

343. bf;fh Neha; nfhdpbaq;fs; %ykhf guTfpd;wJ. 344. xU ehl;bd; caph;ts Mjhuq;fis gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs;

jFe;j mDkjpapd;wp Ruz;LtJ caphp nfhs;is 345. gg;ghtH rhk;dpnguk; khHgpd;> rpd;Nfhdh mbrpdhyp]; Fapidd;. 346. kd kw;Wk; cly; ,Wf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

kUe;J [pd;nrq; 347. mfhypgh ,z;bfh ,lk;ngw;Ws;s FLk;gk; A+NghHgpNt]p 348. njhl;lhy; RUq;fp jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw; ngaH ikNkhrh G+bfh 349. vYk;G ,idtp vd;w tzpfg;ngaH Fwpg;gpLk; jhtuk;

rpr];Fthl;uq;Fyhhp]; 350. ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; MhpNahNgrpad;]; vdg;gLk;

ghf;BhpahtpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; kUe;jpd; ngaH MhpNahikrPd; 351. rpgpyp]; vdg;gLk; Nehia Fzg;gLj;j cjTk; kUe;J

MhpNahikrPd; 352. rpWePH Nghf;fpid J}z;Lk; jhtuk; nrhyhdk; ief;uk; 353. nrhyhdpd; kw;Wk; raNdhdpd; NrHkq;fs; nrhyhdk;

ief;uj;jpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 354. ilgha;L kw;Wk; rPjNgjpia Fzg;gLj;Jk; capnujpHg;nghUs;

M];gH[py;y]; g;AkpNfl;lk; 355. Ngrpy;y]; iyfdpghHkp]; vd;Dk; ghf;Bhpak; cUthf;Fk;

vjpHnghUs; ghrpl;uhrpd; 356. gUj;jpapy; ePskhf fhzg;gLk; ,io ypz;l; 357. Njf;fpd; jhtu ngaH nlf;Nlhdh fpuhz;b]; 358. rpr]; Fthl;uq;Fyhhp]; gpuz;il> Vfpy; khHkpy]; tpy;tyk;>

m.,z;bfh Fg;igNkdp.

By

BHARATHIRAJA A

PGT ZOOLOGY

CELL : 9944277623

BHARATHIRAJA A. PGT ZOOLOGY. (9944277623)

TWO AND THREE MARKS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 1 of 36

MQ;rpNah];ngHk;fspd; tifg;ghL 01. tifg;ghL vd;why; vd;d? jhtuq;fis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpjpKiwfisf; nfhz;l

gphpT tifg;ghL vdg;gLk;. lhf;]p];> ehk]; vd;w fpNuf;f nrhw;fisf; nfhz;lJ. lhf;]p]; - tifg;gLj;Jjy;> ehk]; - tpjpKiwfs; vdg;nghUs;

jUk; ,J Kiwg;ghl;Lj; jhtutpay; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

02. jhtu tifg;ghl;bd; Nehf;fq;fis vOJf? Xj;j gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis xOq;fhd Kiwapy;

thpirg;gLj;JtJ tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;. neUq;fpa njhlHGila jhtuq;fs; xNu njhFjpapYk; ntt;NtW

gz;GfisAila jhtuq;fs; ntt;NtW njhFjpapYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

ntt;NtW njhFjpfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s jhtuq;fspd; kuGtopia epiyepWj;Jjy; jhtu tifg;ghl;bd; kw;nwhU Nehf;fkhFk;.

03. nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghl;bd; Fiwfs; ahit? neUq;fpa njhlHGila jhtuq;fs; jdpj;jdp gphptpd; fPOk;

khWgl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; xNu gphptpd; fPOk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

v.fh: Nkhdhd;l;hpah tFg;gpy; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuf;FLk;gkhd mdfhHbNarpAk; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuf;FLk;gkhd [pQ;rpngNurpAk; xNu xU kfue;jj;jhspd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

,aw;if (my;yJ) kuGtop njhlHGf;F ve;j Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mspf;fg;gltpy;iy.

04. ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;baiy tiuaW? ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;baiy capUs;s jhtuj;njhifapd;

Kiwg;ghl;bay; vd tiuaWf;fyhk;. jw;fhy tifg;ghl;bd;gb rpw;wpdk; tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gil myF

MFk;.

gy;NtW mwpapay; jlaq;fspypUe;J> xU rpw;wpdj;jpd; (my;yJ) jhtuj;jpd; vz;zw;w gz;Gfs;> gyjug;gl;;l tptuq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

05. ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;baypd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit? ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;baypd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW: ,aw;if capH myFfspd; tiuaiwfis epHzapj;jy;. gyjug;gl;l Nrhjid tifg;ghl;Lf; FOkq;fshd #o;epiytif>

#o;epiyr;rpw;wpdk;> $l;Lrpw;wpdk;> fk;Nghpak; Kjyhditfis mwpjy;.

06. ,Unrhw;ngahpLKiw vd;why; vd;d? jhtuq;fis mwptpaypd; mbg;gilapy; ngahpLk; Kiw jhtu

ngahpLKiw vdg;gLk;. v.fh: khQ;rpnguh ,z;bfh khQ;rpnguh vd;gJ Nghpdk;. ,z;bfh vd;gJ rpw;wpdk; MFk;.

07. mfpy cyf jhtutpay; ngaH#l;Lk; rl;lj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ij vOJf? 1930y; 5tJ ICBN $l;lk; ,q;fpyhe;J> Nfk;gphpl;[py; eilngw;wJ. 1975y; 12tJ ICBN $l;lk; u\;ahtpy;> nydpd; fpuhl; vDk;

,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. 1978y; mfpy cyf jhtutpay; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfs;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

08. %y cyH jhtukhjphp vd;why; vd;d? xU jhtuj;jpw;F Gjpa ngaH #l;Lk;NghJ> mj;jhtuj;jpd;

n`HNghpak; jahHnra;ag;gl;L> VNjDk; xU mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l n`HNghpa epWtdj;jpy;> mjd; tpsf;fj;Jld; Nrkpj;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; jhtug;gFjp “%y cyH jhtu khjphp” vdg;gLk;.

09. MrphpaH ngaH Fwpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? ve;j xU egH jhtuj;jpw;F Kjd;Kiwahf ngaH#l;b>

tpsf;fkspf;fpwhNuh (my;yJ) jhtuj;jpw;F Gjpjhf ngaH #l;LfpwhNuh mtH MrphpaH vdg;gLthH.

rpw;wpdg;ngahpd; ,Wjpapy; Mrphpahpd; ngaH RUf;fk; vOjg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwf;F MrphpaH ngaH Fwpj;jy; vd;W ngaH. v.fh: khy;th rpy;t];l;hp]; ypd;



10. ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk; vd;why; vd;d? jtwhd %yj;jpypUe;J xU jhtuk; ngaH #l;lg;gl;bUe;jhy;

mg;ngaH jtwhdg; ngaH vdf; fUjg;gLk;. ,J ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. ,j;jifa ngaH cgNahfj;jpypUe;J KOikahf

epuhfhpf;fg;gLk;.

11. lhl;lhdpk; tiuaW? xU jhtuj;jpd; Nghpdr; nrhy;Yk;> rpw;wpdr; nrhy;Yk; xNu

khjphpahf ,Uf;FNkahdhy;> mJ lhl;lhdpk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: rhrh/g;u]; rhrh/g;u]; ngaH #l;LKiwapy; ,JNghd;w ngaHfs; epuhfhpf;fg;gLk;.

12. n`HNghpak; vd;why; vd;d? mOj;jp cyHj;jg;gl;L> jhspy; xl;lg;gl;l> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

VjhtJ xU tifg;ghl;bd; gb thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;l cyH jhtuj; njhFg;G “n`HNghpak;” vdg;gLk;.

,r;nrhy; n`HNghpak; ghJfhf;Fk; epWtdq;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;. v.fh: ,e;jpa jhtutpay; n`HNghpak;> Nfhak;Gj;J}H.

13. n`HNghpak; nghJj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d? cyHj;jg;gl;l jhtukhjphp epHzapf;fg;gl;l epiyahd 41cm>

29cm msTs;s n`HNghpaj;jhspy; xl;lg;gLk; epfo;r;rpf;F n`HNghpak; nghUj;Jjy; vd;W ngaH.

14. n`HNghpa cyH jhtukhjphpfis Nrkpf;Fk;NghJ ifahs Ntz;bait ahit? N`HNghpak; jPg;gw;whj fz;zhb ngl;lfq;fspy;

ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ePz;lfhyk; Nrkpf;f G+r;rp kUe;jhd ehg;jypd;> fhHgd; - il –

ry;igL gad;gLj;jyhk;. G+Q;irapypUe;J ghJfhf;f 0.1% nkHFhp FNshiuL

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

15. nge;jk; kw;Wk; P̀f;fH tifg;ghl;il gpd;gw;Wk; ehLfs; ahit? ,e;jpah> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gy fhkd;nty;j; ehLfs;. cyfpy; cs;s gy n`HNghpaq;fspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; gy jhtuj;Njhl;lq;fspYk; ,J gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

16. fHntk;gphpNaapd; tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : khNehf;shkpbNa thpir : fHntk;gphpNa

17. NfhpNah/gpy;Nyrp tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : ghypngl;lhNy thpir : jyhkp/GNshNu FLk;gk; : NfhpNah/gpy;Nyrp

18. NghNlh];nlNkrp tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : khNdhf;shkpbNa thpir : ky;b xTNyl;Nl mf;thl;bNf FLk;gk; : NghNlh];nlNkrp

19. NuhNry]; tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : ghypngl;lNy thpir : fhyprp/GNshNu Jiw : NuhNry;];

20. yhhpdpNa tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : khNdhf;shkpbNa thpir : lh/g;Ndy;]; Jiw : yhhpdpNa

21. uhNdy;]; tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : ghypngl;lNy thpir : jyhkp/GNshNu Jiw : uhNdy;];

22. khy;Ntrpapd; tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : ghypngl;lNy thpir : jyhkp/GNshNu Jiw : khy;Ntrp



23. khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;jpd; gutiy vOJf? cyfk;: 82 Nghpdk; 1500 rpw;wpdk; ntg;g> kpjntg;g kz;lyehLfs; mjpfk; cs;sJ. ,e;jpah : 22 Nghpdk; 125 rpw;wpdk;.

24. khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;jpd; kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lj;ij $Wf? kfue;jj;jhs;fs; vz;zw;wit> ,it midj;Jk; xd;whf

,ize;j xU fw;iwahf cs;sd. kfue;jj;jhs; Foy; my;yp ,jOld; mbapy; ,ize;jit. kfue;g;ig Xuiw cilaJ> rpWePuf tbthdJ.

kfue;jf;fk;gpAld; FWf;fhf ,ize;Js;sJ> FWf;fhf ntbg;git.

25. khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;jpd; #yftl;lj;ij $Wf? Nky;kl;l #w;ig> ,uz;L Kjy; gy #yf ,iyfisAilaJ. #yf ,iyfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; #yf miwfspd;

vz;zpf;iff;F rkkhdJ. Xt;nthU #yiwAk; 1 Kjy; gy #y;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

26. khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;jpd; ehHj;jhtuk;: (Nkw;gug;G ehHfs;) fhrpg;gpak; ghHgld;]; (vfpg;J gUj;jp) fhrpg;gpak; `pHRlk; (mnkhpf;fd; gUj;jp) fhrpg;gpak; n`HNgrpak; (gUj;jp) tpijapd; Gwj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. vdNt Nkw;gug;G ehHfs;

vdg;gLk;.

27. gh];l; ehHfs; vd;why; vd;d? i`gp];f]; nfd;dhgpd]; jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ehHfs;

gh];l; ehHfs; vdg;gLk;. ,J fapW jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

28. khy;Ntrpapd; czTj;jhtuk;? vgy;kh];f]; v];Fyz;l]; (ntz;il) i`gp];f]; rg;lhhpah i`gp];f]; nfd;dhgpD]; (Gspr;irf;fPiu)

29. khy;Ntrpapd; kUj;Jtj; jhtuk;? mGl;byhd; ,z;bfk; - fha;riy Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ. khy;th rpy;t];l;hp]; ff;Fthd; ,Uky; My;jpah Nuhrpah. tapw;Wg;Nghf;fpid Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ.

30. khy;Ntrpapd; myq;fhuj; jhtuk; My;jpah Nuhrpah (N`hyp`hf;) i`gp];f]; irNrhngl;ly];. i`gp];f];

31. nrhyNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : NfNkhngl;lNy thpir : ig fhHgy;Nyl;Nl Jiw : ghypNkhdpNay;]; FLk;gk; : nrhyNdrp

32. nrhyNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; guty;? cyfk; : 90 Nghpdk;> 2800 rpw;wpdk; ntg;g kw;Wk; kpjntg;g kz;lyk; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah : 21 Nghpdk;> 70 rpw;wpdk;.

33. nrhyNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lk;? kfue;jj;jhs;fs; 5> my;yp xl;bait> ,jo;fSf;F ,ilNa

mike;jit. kfue;jj;jhs;fs; rkkw;w ePsk; cilaJ. my;yp Foypd; mbapy;

,ize;jit. kfue;jj;jhs;fs; kfue;jg;igapd; mbapy; ,ize;jit> <uiw

cilaJ. 34. nrhyNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; #yftl;lj;ij $Wf? Nky;kl;l #w;ig> ,U #yf miw> ,ize;jit #yf ,iyfs; mr;rpw;F NeHNfhl;by; mikahky; rha;thf

cs;sd. ,U #yf miwfs; ngha;ahd FWf;Fr; RtH cz;lhtjhy; 4 Mf

njhpAk;.

35. nrhyNdrpapd; czTj; jhtuk;? nrhyhdk; bAgNuhrk; (cUisf;fpoq;F) nrhyhdk; nkyQ;rpdh (fj;jhp) iyf;NfhngHrpfhd; v];Fyz;lk; (ntz;il)



36. nrhyNdrpapd; kUj;Jtj; jhtuk;? „ml;Nuhgpd;‟ – ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh – ijtypePf;fk;. „];uhNkhdpak;‟ – lhl;Luh ];l;uhNkhdpak; - M];Jkhtpw;F

kUe;jhfpwJ. Nrhyhdk; l;iuNyhNgl;lk; - ,Uky; itj;jhdpah rhk;dpnguh – euk;Gj;jsHr;rpf;F kUe;J.

37. Gifapiyapy; fpilf;Fk; My;fyha;Lfs; ahit? epf;Nfhl;bd; ehH epf;Nfhl;bd; mdNgrpd;

38. nrhyNdrpapd; myq;fhuj; jhtuk;? nr];l;uk; ilA+Hdk; (gfy; ky;yp) nr];l;uk; ehfl;lHdk; (,uT ky;yp) ngl;Ldpah i`gphplh (,sQ;rptg;G kyH)

39. A/NghHgpNarpapd; tifg;ghl;L epiy? tFg;G : ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Jiz tFg;G : khNdhfpshkpbNa thpir : A+dpnrf;]; Nty;]; FLk;gk; : A/NghHgpNarp

40. A/NghHfpNarpapd; guty;? cyfk; : 30Nghpdk;> 7500rpw;wpdk;. Mg;gphpf;fh> njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; mjpf msT cs;sd. ,e;jpah : 70Nghpdk;> 450rpw;wpdk;.

41. fpshNlhL vd;why; vd;d? A/NghHgpahtpd; gyrpw;wpdq;fspd; jz;L xspr;NrHf;ifia

Nkw;nfhs;s cUkhw;wk; mile;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa cUkhw;wk; fpshNlhL vdg;gLk;. v.fh: A/NghHgpah jpUf;fs;sp> A. Mz;bNfhuk;.

42. A/NghHgpahtpd; kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lk;? Xd;W Kjy; gy kfue;jj;jhs;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Jdpj;jit

(my;yJ) ,ize;jit. kfue;jg;igfs; ,U miwAilaJ. Mz; kyHfspy; KjpHr;rpailahj kyl;L #yfk; cs;sJ.

43. A/NghHgpahtpd; #yf tl;lk;? Nky;kl;l #w;ig> %d;W #yf ,iy 3 miwAilaJ>

,ize;jit. Xt;nthU #yf miwapYk; xd;W (my;yJ) ,uz;L #y;fs; mr;R

#y; xl;L Kiwapy; cs;sd. #yfk; 3 kly;fisAilaJ. %d;W #y;jz;Lfs; cs;sd.

Xt;nthd;Wk; ,uz;lhf fpisj;jJ.

44. A/NghHgpahtpd; czTj;jhtuk;? khdp`hl; v];Fnyz;lh (kuts;sp) - ];lhHr;R epiwe;jJ. /gpy;yhe;j]; vk;gspf;fh (ney;yp) vit.C cs;sJ.

45. kpA+Nrrp FLk;gj;jpd; guty;? cyfk; - 6 Nghpdk;> 150 rpw;wpdk; cyfk; KOtJk; gutpapUj;jy; ,e;jpah – 2 Nghpdk;> 22 rpw;wpdk;.

46. kpA+Nrrpapd; tshpay;G? gy Mz;L rpWnrb – kpA+]h ghuilrpahfh kuk; uhtndyh klfh];fhpad;rp];

47. ngha;j;jz;L jiuf;F Nky; fhzg;gLk; fpisaw;w> epkpHe;j jz;L Nghd;wg;gFjp

ngha;j;jz;lhFk;. ,J ePz;l fbdkhd kw;Wk; mfd;w ciwNghd;w gy

,iyabg;gFjpfs; xd;iwnahd;W jOtp cUthd jiuNky; ngha;j;jz;lhFk;.

thioapy; cz;ikahd jz;L jiuab iuNrhk; MFk;.

48. kly; vd;why; vd;d? thioapy; kQ;rhpapd; kyHfs; nghpa> gfl;lhd> tz;zKila> Roy;

Kiwapy; mike;Js;s> glFNghd;w Gtbr;nrjpy;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;G+tbtr; nrjpy; kly; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. kyHfs; KjpHe;jgpd; ,k;kly;fs; gpd;Ndhf;fp RUz;L ,Wjpahf

cjpHe;JtpLfpd;wd.



49. thioapd; G+tpjo; tl;lj;ij vOjf? G+tpjo; 6> mLf;fpw;F 3 tPjk; ,U mLf;Ffspy; mike;Js;sd. ntsp mLf;fpd; 3 G+tpjo;fSk;> cs; mLf;fpd; ,U gf;fthl;L

G+tpjo;fSk; njhL ,joiktpy; ,ize;J 5 gw;fisAila Foy;Nghd;w mikg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.

cs; mLf;fpd; Nky; G+tpjo; jdpj;jJ> nghpaJ> nkd;ikahd rt;TNghd;wJ.

50. kpA+]htpd; kyHtha;g;ghLfs;? Mz;kyH Br, Ebrl, %, P(3+2)+1,A3+3,Go ngz;kyH Br, Ebrl, %, P(3+2)+1,A0,G(3) ,Ughy;kyH Br, Ebrl, %, P(3+2)+1,A3+3,G(3)

51. kpA+]htpd; czTj;jhtuk;? kpA+]h ghub]pahfhtpd; (thio) fdpfs; cz;zf;$bait thioj;jz;L> G+> KjpHr;rpailahj fdp –

czthfg;gad;gLfpwJ. kpA+]h irdd;]p]; (Fl;il Nee;jpu thio) – fdpfs;

czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ. 52. mghfh Jzp

kpA+]h nlf;];ilyp]; (kzpyh ehHj;jhtuk;) vd;w jhtuj;jpd; ,iyab ciwapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ehHfs; “mghfh Jzp” nea;jYf;F gad;gLfpwJ.

,J kzpyh ehH vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jhtuk; gpypg;igd;]; ehl;by; mjpfkhf tsHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

53. kpA+]htpd; myq;fhuj;jhtuk;? uhtndyh klfh];fhhpad;rp]; (gazpfspd; gid) ];nlhpypl;rpah nu[pNd (gwitfspd; nrhHf;f kyH) n`ypf;Nfhdpah rpw;wpdk;.

jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; 01. jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; tiuaW(Anatomy) jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; vd;gJ (Anatomy: Ana = us under, tamnein = to

cut) jhtu gFjpfis ntl;b mtw;wpd; cs;sikg;gpaiy Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; %yk; Ma;T nra;jyhFk;.

xU nry; jhtuq;fs; vspikahd mikg;igf; nfhz;bUe;jd. Ghpzhkj;jpd; tsHr;rpahy; mit kpfTk; Nkk;ghL mile;j

jhtuq;fshf cUthapd.

02. jpR vd;gij tiuaW(Tissue) Gw mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray; Mfpatw;wpy;

xj;J fhzg;gLfpd;w nry;fshy; Md xU njhFjp jpRthFk;. nraypd; mbg;gilapy; mikg;ghy; NtWgl;bUe;jhYk; xU

nghJthd gzpia Nkw;nfhs;fpw gy;NtW tif njhFjp jpRthFk;. v.fh: GNshaf; $Wfspd; czTf; flj;jy; epfo;r;rp.

03. cWg;Gfs; vt;thW cUthfpd;wd (Organ) nry;fs; xd;W NrHe;J gytifj; jpRf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,uz;L (my;yJ) gy jpRf;fs; xd;W NrHe;J jpRj; njhFg;Gfis

cUthf;Ffpd;wd. gy;NtW jpRj; njhFg;Gfs; NrHe;J cWg;Gfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

04. Mf;FjpR tiuaW (Meristamatic Tissue) njhlHe;J gFg;gilAk; jd;ik nfhz;l xj;j msTila

nry;fshy; Md njhFjp Mf;FjpR vdg;gLk;. Mf;FjpRtpd; nray;fshy; jpRf;fSk; cWg;GfSk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. Mf;FjpRtpd; nry;RtH nky;ypajhfTk; kPs;jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk;

cs;sJ.

05. NtWghliljy; tiuaW (Differentiatiion) Mf;FjpRtpypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLk; xUrpy nry;fs; gFg;giltij

epWj;jp NkYk; gy khw;wq;fs; mile;J epiyj;j jpRthf khWfpwJ. ,t;thW Mf;FjpRtpd; xU gFjp epiyj;j jpRthf khWk; epfo;r;rp

“NtWghL miljy;” vdg;gLk;. kPjpAs;s Mf;FjpR nry;fs; gFg;gilAk; jd;ikia jf;fitj;Jf;

nfhz;L XahJ gFg;gilfpd;wd.



06. Mf;FjpR nry;fspd; gz;Gfis vOJf (Charecters of Meristems) ,r;nry;fs; Nfhs> Kl;il> gy Nfhz (my;yJ) nrt;tf

tbtkhf cs;sd. nghpa epA+f;spai]Ak;> mlHe;j irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk;

nfhz;Ls;sd. nry;RtH nky;ypajhfTk;> kPs;jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk; cs;sd.

07. Mf;FjpRtpd; tiffs; ahit? (Types of Meristerms) Mf;FjpRtpd; miktplj;ijf; nfhz;L ,it %d;whf

gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Edp Mf;FjpR> ,ilahf;F jpR kw;Wk; gf;f Mf;FjpR. ,j;jpRf;fspd; nraypdhy; xU KOjhtuk; cUthfpwJ.

08. Edp Mf;FjpR tiuaW (Apical Meristem) NtH> jz;L kw;Wk; fpisfspd; Edpapy; ,e;j Mf;FjpR

fhzg;gLfpwJ. jhtuj;jpd; ePs;Nghf;F tsHr;rpf;F ,JNt fhuzkhFk;. ,it ,ilahf;FjpRit cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

09. Edp Mf;FjpRtpd; tiffs; ahit? (Types of Apical Meristm) Edp Mf;FjpR %d;whf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit gpd;tUkhW GNuhl;NlhnlHk;> GNuhNfk;gpak; kw;Wk; js Mf;FjpR MFk;. GNuhl;NlhnlHk; - GwNjhy;jpRitAk;> GNuhNfk;gpak; - Kjy;epiy

tha];FyhH jpRf;fisAk;> jsj;jpR – Gwzp kw;Wk; gpj;ijAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.

10. ,ilahf;FjpR tiuaW (Inter calary Meristm) fZg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it epiyj;j jpRf;fSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;

,J ,ilahf;FjpR vdg;gLfpwJ. fZtpilg; gFjpapd; ePl;rpf;F ,JNt fhuzk;. v.fh:

xUtpj;jpiy jhtukhd Gy;. 11. gf;f Mf;FjpR tiuaW (Lateral Neristem) jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; mjd; ePs; mr;Rf;F ,izahf

gf;f Mf;FjpR fhzg;gLfpwJ. gf;f Mf;FjpR ,uz;lhk; epiyj;j jpRf;fis cUthf;Ftjd;

%yk; jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; FWf;fsit mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ. v.fh: th];FyhH Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; fhHf;nfhk;gpak;(/ngy;Nyh[d;)

12. epiyj;j jpRf;fs; tiuaW (Permanent Tissue) Edp Mf;FjpRtpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w nry;fs; NtWghlile;J

gy tifahd epiyj;j jpRf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,it gFg;gilAk; jpwid jw;fhypfkhfNth (my;yJ)

epue;jukhfNth ,of;fpd;wd. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;. vspa jpR kw;Wk; $l;L jpR

13. ghud;ifkh nry;fisg; gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf? (Dfine Parenchyma) ,J jhtuj;jpw;F jsj;jpRthf cs;sJ. jhtuj;jpd; midj;J

cWg;GfspYk; cs;sJ. kw;w jpRf;fSf;nfy;yhk; Kd;Ndhbahf ghud;ifkh cs;sJ. ,J xU capUs;s jpRthFk;> ,jd; nry;RtH nry;YNyhrpdhy;

MdJ.

14. Vnud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? (Aerenchyma) ePH jhtuq;fspd; Gwzpg;gFjpapy; cs;s ghud;ifkh jpRtpy; ed;F

tsHr;rpaile;j nghpa nry; ,ilntspg; gFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it “fhw;wiwfs;” vdg;gLk;.

,e;j fhw;W epuk;gpAs;s ghud;ifkh nry;fs; “Vnud;ifkh” vdg;gLk;.

v.fh: epk;/gah kw;Wk; i`l;hpy;yh.

15. Nrkpg;G ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? (Storage Parenchyma) rpy tifahd ghud;ifkh nry;fs; ];lhHr; Jfs;fshd

czTg;nghUs;fis Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa ];lhHr; Jfs;fs; epiwe;j ghud;ifkh Nrkpg;G

ghud;ifkh vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: jz;L kw;Wk; NtHf;fpoq;Ffs;

16. el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? (Stellate Parenchyma) rpy jhtuq;fspd; ,iyf;fhk;Gfspy; el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh

nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;nry;fSf;F ];nly;Nyl; (el;rj;jpu) ghud;ifkh vd;W ngaH. v.fh: thio kw;Wk; fy;thio.



17. Fnshud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? (Chlorenchyma) jhtuj;jpd; gRikahd gFjpfspy; cs;s ghud;ifkh nry;fs;>

gRq;fzpfq;fSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tifahd nry;fs; FNshud;ifkh

vdg;gLfpd;wd.FNshud;ifkhtpd; Kf;fpag;gzp xspr;NrHf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tJ.

18. Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fisg; gw;wp rpWFwpg;ngOJf. (Collenchyma) Nfhyd;ifkh nry; XusT ePz;l nry;fshFk;. FWf;F ntl;Lj;

Njhw;wj;jpy; gy Nfhz tbthdit. Nfhyd;ifkh capUs;s nry;yhFk;. ,tw;wpy; gRq;fzpfq;fs;

,Ug;gjhy; ,J xspr;NrHf;if nra;fpd;wd. ,it NkYk; jhtuj;jpw;F typikiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ.

19. mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkh tiuaW (Lamellar Collenchyma) “ P̀ypahe;j];” jhtuj;jpd; i`g;NghnlHkp]; gFjpapy; cs;s

Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fspd; fpilkl;l nry;RtH gFjpapy; kl;Lk; jbg;Gfs; gym Lf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mur;RtHfs; jbg;gw;W nkype;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jtiff; Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fSf;F mLf;Ff; Nfhyd;ifkh

vd;W ngaH.

20. Nfhzf; Nfhyd;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? (Angular Collenchyma) jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; i`g;NghnlHkp]; gFjpapy; cs;s

Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fspd; nry;RtH Nfhzq;fspy; jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,t;tifahd Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fSf;F Nfhzf; Nfhyd;ifkh vd;W ngaH.

v.fh: lhl;̂ uh kw;Wk; epf;Nfhl;bahdh 21. ];fpsPud;ifkh rpWFwpg;G tiuf? ];fpsPud;ifkh xU capuw;w jpRthFk;. nry;RtHfs; ypf;dpd; vd;w nghUshy; Md ,uz;lhk;

nry;Rtiuf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,r;nry;fspy; GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

22. ];fpsPiuLfSf;Fk; ehHfSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfis vOJf? ];fpsPiuLfs; ehHfs; Fl;ilahdit ePskhdit mjpfkhd Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fiwthd Fopfs; cs;sJ Fopfs; vspaitahfNth (m) fpisj;jitahfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

Fopfs; vspa Fopfs; MFk;.

23. gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuLfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Brachy Sclereids) rk msTila ];fpsPiuLfs; gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuLfs; my;yJ fy;

nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it gl;ilgpj;> Gwzp> jbj;j fdp kw;Wk; rpy fdpapd;

rijg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh: Nghpf;fdpapd; jsj;jpR gFjp

24. Nkf;Nuh ];fpsPiuLfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Macro Sclereids) Nfhy;tbtj;jpy; ePz;L fhzg;gLk; ];fpsPiuLfs; Nkf;Nuh

];fpsPiuLfs; (my;yJ) Nfhy; nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it tpij ntspAiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh: FNuhl;lNyhpah

25. M];bNah ];fpsPiufs; vd;why; vd;d? (Osteo Sclereids) Kidg;gFjpfs; mfd;w Nfhy;tbt ];fpsPiufs; M];bNah

];fpsPiufs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,it vYk;G nry;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: gl;lhzpapd; tpijAiw

26. ehHfisg; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf? (Fibre) ehHnry;fs; capuw;wit> ePskhdit> FWfyhd nry;miw

nfhz;lit> $Hikahd Kid nfhz;lit. ,tw;wpd; ,uz;lhk; nry;RtH ypf;dpd; vd;w nghUshy; jbg;Gw;wJ. ,it jhtuj;jpw;F jhq;F jpRthf cs;sJ.

27. Nkw;gug;G ehHfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Surface Fibres) jhtu tpijAiwfspy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wfpd;w ehHfs; Nkw;gug;G

ehHfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it jhtu tpijfspy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. v.fh: gUj;jp.



28. iryj;ijg;gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf (Xylem) iryk; xU $l;LjpRthFk;. ,J ePH kw;Wk; fdpk cg;Gf;fis NthpypUe;J jhtuj;jpd; kw;w

ghfj;jpw;F flj;JfpwJ. ,J 4 tif nry;fshy; MdJ. mit buf;fPiuLfs;>

iryf;Foha;fs;> iry ehHfs; kw;Wk; iryk; ghud;ifkh.

29. buf;fPLfs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf? (Tracheids) buf;fPLfs; ePskhdJ> kOq;fpa KidAilaJ. ePiuf;flj;Jk; Kf;fpaf; $whf nray;gLfpwJ. buf;fPLfs; jhtuj;jpw;F typik mspf;fpwJ.

30. xw;iwj;Jisj; jl;L vd;why; vd;d? (Simple Perforation Plate) iryf;Fohapd; Kidapy; cs;s FWf;Fr;RtH moptjhy; xU

nghpa Xl;il nfhz;l Jisj; jl;L cUthfpwJ. ,jw;F xw;iwj; Jisj; jl;L vd;W ngaH. v.fh:khQ;rpnguh.

31. gy Jisj;jl;L vd;why; vd;d? (Multiple Perforation Plate) iryf;Fohapd; Kidapy; cs;s FWf;F Rthpy; gyJisfs;

nfhz;l jl;L fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;F gyJisj; jl;L vd;W ngaH. yphpNahnld;l;uhd;.

32. iryk; ehHfisg; gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf? (Xylem Fibres) iryk; ehHfs; capuw;wit. ,it ypf;dpd; vd;w nghUshy; jbj;j nry;RtiuAk; FWfpa

nry; miwAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,it ypg;hp/ghHk; ehHfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

33. iryk; ghud;ifkhitg;gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf? (Xylem Parenchyma) iryk; ghud;ifkh capUs;s nry;yhFk;. ,jd; nry;RtH nky;ypaJ kw;Wk; nry;YNyh]pdhy; MdJ. ,it ];lhHr; kw;Wk; nfhOg;G Nghd;w czTg; nghUisAk;

Nrkpf;fpwJ.

34. ry;yilj; jl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Sieve Plates) Ry;yilf;Foha; $Wfspd; Kidr; RtHfs; fpilkl;lkhfNth

(my;yJ) rha;thfNth fhzg;gLk;.

,e;j Kidr; RtHfspy; ry;yilapy; cs;sJ Nghd;w Jisfs; cs;sd.

,tw;wpw;F ry;yilj; jl;Lfs; vd;W ngaH.

35. ry;yil nry;fis ry;yil FohapypUe;J NtWgLj;Jf? ry;yil nry;fs; ry;yil Foha;fs; ry;yil gug;G gf;fRthpy; fhzg;gLk;.

ry;yil gug;G Kidr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLk;.

xd;wpd; kPJ xd;whf nrq;Fj;J thpirapy; mikatpy;iy.

xd;wpd; Edpapd; kPJ xd;whf mike;J nrq;Fj;J thpirapy; cs;sJ.

v.fh: nlhpNlh/igl;> [pk;Ndh];ngHk;.

v.fh: MQ;rpNah];ngHk;.

36. gh];l; ehHfs; (my;yJ) GNshak; ehHfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Phloem Fibre (or) Bast Fibre) GNshak; jpRtpy; fhzgLk; ];fpsPud;ifkh ehHfs; GNshak; ehHfs;

my;yJ gh];l; ehHfs; vdg;gLk;. nry;RtH kpfTk; jbj;Jk; nry;miw kpfTk; FWfyhfTk;

fhzg;gLk;. ,it capuw;w nry;> ,it jhtuj;jpw;F typik mspf;fpwJ.

37. fhg;G nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d? (Guard cells) ,iyj;Jisfisr; #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;w ,uz;L rpwg;ghd

nry;fSf;F fhg;G nry;fs; vd;W ngaH. fhg;G nry;fspy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhg;G nry;fs; RUq;fp tphptjd; gydhf thAghpkhw;wk; kw;Wk;

ePuhtpg;Nghf;F eilngWfpwJ. 38. Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; (my;yJ) ,iyj;Jisfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Stomata) Gwj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,uz;L fhg;G nry;fshy; #og;gl;l

kpfr;rpwpa Jisfs; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; (my;yJ) ,iyj;Jisfs; vdg;gLk;.

Gwj;Njhypy; ,il,ilNa ,j;Jisfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; thAghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpw;Fk; cjtp

GhpfpwJ.



39. Jizf;fUtp nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d? (Accessary cells) fhg;G nry;fisr; #o;e;J rpy rpwg;ghd nry;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j rpwg;G nry;fSf;F Jizf;fUtp nry;fs; vd;W ngaH.

,it kw;w Gwj;Njhy; nry;fspypUe;J NtWgl;lit. v.fh: fUk;G

40. biuf;Nfhk;fs; vd;why; vd;d? (Trichome) Gwj;Njhypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk; xU nry;yhy; Md (my;yJ) gy

nry;yhy; Md tshpfs; biuf;Nfhk;fs; vdg;gLk;. biuf;Nfhk;fs; fpisj;Njh (my;yJ) fpisf;fhkNyh ,Uf;Fk;. tpijfs; kw;Wk; fdpg;guTjypy; biuf;Nfhk;fs; cjtp Ghpfpd;wd.

41. biuf;Nfhgpsh];l; vd;why; vd;d? (Trichoblast) Nthpd; Gwj;Njhypy; ,Utifahd Gwj;Njhy; nry;fs; cs;sd.

mit ePz;l nry;fs; kw;Wk; Fl;il nry;fs; MFk;. ,e;j Fl;il nry;fs; biuf;Nfhgpsh];l; vdg;gLk;. NtHJ}tpfs; biuf;Nfhgpsh];bypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

42. th];FyhH fw;iw tiuaW? (Vascular Bundle) th];FyhH jpRj;njhFg;G iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; Mfpatw;iwf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. iryf;$WfSk; Gnshaf; $WfSk; ngUk;ghYk; xd;W NrHe;J

njhFg;Gfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it th];FyhH fw;iwfs; vdg;gLk;.

43. xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iwfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Collateral) th];FyhH fw;iwapy; cs;s iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy;

mike;jpUe;jpUf;Fk;. GNshak; ntspNehf;fp mike;jpUf;Fk; Kiwf;F xUq;fike;j

th];FyhH fw;iwfs; vd;W ngaH.

44. ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw vd;why; vd;d? (Bio-Collateral) iryj;jpw;F ntspg;gf;fKk; cs;gf;fKk; GNshak;

fhzg;gLkhdhy; mjw;F ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw vd;W ngaH.

v.fh: Ff;fHgpl;Nlrp.

45. GNshak; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw vd;why; vd;d? (Amphicribral) iryj;ij GNshak; KOtJkhf #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa th];FyhH fw;iw GNshak; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw

vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ghypNghbak;.

46. iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw vd;why; vd;d? (Amphivasal) GNshaj;ij> iryk; KOtJkhf #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa th];FyhH fw;iw iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw

vdg;gLk;. v.fh: mNfhu];.

47. ,iyapilj; jpR vd;why; vd;d? (kPNrhgpy;) Nkw;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk;> fPo;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; jpR

,iyapilj; jpR vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J FNshud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. ,jd; Kf;fpag;gzp xspr;NrHf;if nra;tjhFk;.

48. fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Casparian Strips) NtHfspd; mfj;Njhy; nry;fspd; Mur;RthpYk;> fpilkl;lr; RthpYk;

“Rghpd;” vd;w nghUs; gbtjdhy; xU jbg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpw;F fh];ghhpad; gl;il vd;W ngaH.

,J “fh];ghNu” vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,jd; gzp iryj;jpypUe;J ePH Gwzpf;F nry;tij jLf;fpwJ.

49. topr;nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d? (Passage cells) NtHfspy; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; $WfSf;F vjpNu cs;s mfj;Njhy;

nry;fspy; fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,e;j fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; mw;w mfj;Njhy; nry;fSf;F

“topr;nry;fs;” vd;W ngaH. topr;nry;fspd; Kf;fpag;gzp GwzpapypUe;J iyj;jpw;F ePiu

flj;JfpwJ.

50. iuNrhnlHkp]; (my;yJ) vg;gpgpskh (Rhizodermis (or) Epiblema) vd;why; vd;d? ,J Nthpd; ntspaLf;fhFk;. ,ilntspfs; ,y;yhky; neUf;fkhf mike;j XuLf;F ghud;ifkh

nry;fshy; MdJ. ,jd; Kf;fpag;gzp cl;Gwj;jpRf;fis ghJfhg;gjhFk;.



51. NtHJ}tp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gzp ahJ? NthpypUe;J Njhd;Wk; tshpfs; NtHJ}tpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it xU nry;yhy; Mdit FWfpa fhyNk thof;$baJ. NtHJ}tpfs; kz;zpypUe;J ePH kw;Wk; fdpk cg;Gf;fis

cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.

52. xUtpj;jpiy jhtuNthpd; th];FyhH njhFg;G – Fwpg;G vOJf? Mug;Nghf;F mikT gyKid iryk;> ntspNehf;F iryk;> iryj;jpw;Fk;> GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa

,izg;Gj;jpR fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpsPud;ifkhthy; MdJ.

53. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu Nthpd; (mtiu) th];FyhH njhFg;G Fwpg;G tiuf? Mug;Nghf;F mikT> ehd;FKid iryk; nfhz;lJ. ikaj;jpy; gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy ntspNehf;F iryk;. ,izg;G jpR ghud;ifkhthy; MdJ.

54. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu jz;bd; i`g;NghnlHkp]; gw;wp vOJf? Gwj;NjhYf;F cs;gf;fkhf xUrpy mLf;Ffspy; ];fpsPud;ifkh

nry;fshy; Md gFjp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J i`g;NghnlHkp]; (my;yJ) Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; vdg;gLk;.

,t;tLf;F jhtuj;jpw;F cWjpiaj; jUfpwJ. ,e;j mLf;fpd; ,ilapilNa FNshud;ifkh nry;fs; cs;sJ.

55. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; gw;wp vOJf? fd;[hapd;l;> xUq;fike;jit> cs;Nehf;F iryk; nfhz;lit. ,itfs; jsj;jpRtpy; rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. th];FyhH fw;iwfs; Gwj;Njhybj;NjhYf;F mUfpy; mjpf

vz;zpf;ifapy; mstpy; rpwpajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ikak; Nehf;fp nry;yr; nry;y mstpy; nghpajhfTk;

vz;zpf;ifapy; FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. th];FyhH fw;iw kz;il XL tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.

56. fw;iw ciw vd;why; vd;d? (Bundle Sheath) xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; xt;nthU th];FyhH fw;iwapd;

kPJk; ];fpsPud;ifkh ehHfshyhd ciw cs;sJ. ,e;j ciwf;F fw;iw ciw vd;W ngaH. ,e;j fw;iw ciw th];FyhH jpRf;fis ghJfhf;fpwJ.

57. GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vd;why; vd;d? (Protoxlem Lacuna) KjpHe;j th];FyhH fw;iwapy; fPo;gf;fkhf cs;s GNuhl;Nlhiryk;

rpijtiltjhy; XH ,ilntsp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,J GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vdg;gLk;. ,J xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; (kf;fhr; Nrhsj;jz;by;)

fhzg;gLk;.

58. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf? Gwj;NjhYf;F fPNo xU rpy mLf;Ffspy; Nfhyd;ifkh

nry;fshyhd gFjp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J i`g;NghnlHkp]; (my;yJ) Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; vdg;gLk;. ,J jz;bw;F cWjpiaj; jUfpwJ. ,r;nry;fs; capUs;sit.

,tw;wpd; nry;RtHfs; %iyfspy; jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

59. A+];By; vd;why; vd;d? (Eustele) ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; gpj;ijr; #o;e;J

xU tisakhf mike;Js;sd. ,t;tif ];By; A+];By; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; nghpirf;fps;> th];FyhH fw;iwfs; kw;Wk; gpj; Mfpad

cs;sJ. 60. fw;iwj; njhg;gpfs; (my;yJ) td;ikahd gh];l; vd;why; vd;d? (Bundle cap (or) Hard Bast) xt;nthU th];FyhH fw;iwapd; kPJk; ];fpsPud;ifkh nry;fs;

jpl;Lfshf mike;Js;sd. ,it GNshaj;jpd; kPJ mike;Js;sJ. ,jw;F fw;iw njhg;gpfs;

(my;yJ) td;ikahd gh];l; vd;W ngaH. v.fh: #hpafhe;jp jz;L.

61. Kjy;epiy gpj; fjpHfs; vd;why; vd;d? th];FyhH fw;iwfSf;F ,ilNa gpj; nry;fshdJ Mug;Nghf;fpy;

ePz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kjy; epiy gpj; fjpHfs; my;yJ Kjy;epiy nkLy;yhp

fjpHfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L.



62. Nky; fPo; NtWghL nfhz;l ,iyfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Dorsiventral leaves) Nkw;Guj;jpy; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh jpRf;fshYk; fPo;Gwj;jpy;

];ghQ;rp jpRf;fshYk; MdJ ,iyapilj; jpR. ,t;thW NtWghL nfhz;l ,iyfs; Nky;fPo; NtWghLw;w

,iyfs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy.

63. ,iyapilj; jpR vd;why; vd;d? (Mesophyll) ,U Gwj;Njhy; mLf;FfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; jpR

,iyapilj;jpR vdg;gLk;. ,it kPNrhgpy; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xUtpj;jpiy kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyfspy;

NtWghL cs;sJ.

64. xj;j mikg;Gila ,iyfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Isobilateral Leaves) ,iyapilj; jpRf;fs; NtWghL ,y;yhky; VjhtJ xU

tifahd jpRf;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mJ xj;j mikg;Gila ,iyfs; vdg;gLk;.

,iyapilj; jpR ];ghQ;R jpRf;fis kl;LNkh (my;yJ) ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh jpRf;fis kl;LNkh nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

xUtpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyfs;. 65. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? (Palisade Parencheyma) Nkw;Gwj;NjhYf;F fPohf ,it fhzg;gLfpwJ. gy mLf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ> ,r;nry;fs; ePz;l cUis

tbtpy; cs;sJ. ,ilntspfs; ,d;wp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

66. ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? (Sponge Parenchyma) ghypNrl; ghud;ifkhtpw;F fPNo fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it xOq;fw;w tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. neUf;fkpd;wp

mike;Js;sJ. ,it fhw;wiwfspd; %yk; thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpd;wd.

67. Rthr miw vd;why; vd;d? ,iyj; Jisia mLj;J cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLfpd;w fhw;W

miwhadJ Rthr miw (my;yJ) ,iyj;Jiw fPo; miw vdg;gLk;.

xt;nthU ,iyj;JisAk; ,e;j Rthr miwapy;jhd; jpwf;fpwJ. ,it thAg;ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjtp Ghpfpd;wd.

68. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapy; th];FyhH jpRit gw;wp vOJf? fd;[hapz;l;> xUq;fike;jit> %bait. ,it ,iyapd; euk;Gfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. iryk; Nkw;Gwj;Njhiy Nehf;fpAk;> GNshak; fPo;g;Gwj;Njhiy

Nehf;fpAk; mike;Js;sd.

69. vy;iyg; ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d? (Border Parenchyma) ,iyapy; th];FyhH fw;iwfisr; #o;e;J neuf;fkhf nry;

,ilntspfs; ,d;wp XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhd ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J “fw;iw ciw” (my;yJ) vy;iyg; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk;.

th];FyhH fw;iwiar; #o;e;J fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ.

,J th];FyhH fw;iwia ghJfhf;Fk; ciwahf cs;sJ. 70. ,iyj;Jisapd; gzp ahJ? (Stomata) ePuhtpg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; thAg;ghpkhw;wk; epfo ,iyj;Jisfs;

gad;gLfpd;wd. jhtuj;jpd; mjpfg;gbahd ePiu ntspNaw;wpl cjtpGhpfpwJ. ,iyj;Jis tspkz;lyj;Jld; Neubj; njhlHGilajhy;

xspr;NrHf;iff;Fj; Njitahd thA kw;Wk; xspia mDkjpj;J cjtp GhpfpwJ.

71. ,iy euk;Gfspd; gzpfs; ahit? th];FyhH jpRf;fs; ,iy euk;Gfspy; cs;sJ. ,j;jpRf;fs; ,iyapd; vYk;Gf; $lhf cs;sJ. ,it xspr;NrHf;if jpRf;fSf;F ePiuAk;> fdpkq;fisAk;

flj;Jfpd;wd.

ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh ePz;l cUis tbtpy; cs;sJ. xOq;fw;w tbtpy; cs;sJ. mjpf msT gRq;fzpfk; cs;sJ. Fiwe;j msT cs;sJ. fhw;wiwfspd;wp neUf;fkhf mike;Js;sJ.

fhw;wiwfSld; njhlHGilajhfTk;> thAghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.



72. ry;yilj; jl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Sieve Plates) ry;yilf; Foha; $Wfspd; Kidr; RtHfs; fpilkl;lkhfNth

my;yJ rha;thfNth ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j Kidr; RtHfspy; ry;yilapy; cs;sJNghy; Jisfs;

cs;sd. ,tw;wpw;F ry;yilj; jl;Lfs; vd;W ngaH.

nry; caphpay; kw;Wk; kugpay;

01. FNuhNkhNrhk; - tiuaW? [Pd;fis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s mikg;GfNs FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,it DNA kw;Wk; Gujq;fshy; MdJ. ,it vy;yh capHfsplj;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

02. FNuhNkl;bLfs; vd;why; vd;d? xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhKk; xNu khjphpahd ,U mikg;Gfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it FNuhNkl;bLfs; vdg;gLk;. mikg;gpy; xNu khjphp ,Ug;gjhy; ,it rNfhjhp FNuhNkl;bLfs;

vdg;gLk;.

03. Kjd;ikr; RUf;fk; tiuaW? ,J nrd;l;NuhkpaH kw;Wk; ifdl;NlhNfhH Mfpatw;why; MdJ. ,uz;L FNuhNkl;bLfSk; Kjd;ikr; RUf;fj;jpy; ,ize;Js;sd. FNuhNkhNrhkpy; NtW vq;Fk; Kjd;ikr; RUf;fk; fpilahJ.

04. ,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fk; (eA+f;spNahy]; cUthf;fpfs;) Kjd;ikr; RUf;fj;ijj; jtpu FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s gpw

RUf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; ,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;. xU FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;gpy; ,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fq;fs; xd;W

(my;yJ) ,uz;L FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;. ,r;RUf;fj;jpypUe;J epA+f;spnahy];fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,jw;F epA+f;spNahy]; cUthf;fpfs; vd;W ngaH.

05. nrd;l;NuhkpaH tiuaW? ,uz;L FNuhNkl;bLfSk; ,izAk; gFjp nrd;l;NuhkpaH MFk;. mdhNg]; - epiyapd; NghJ FNuhNkl;bLfs; efHtjw;F

nrd;l;NuhkpaH mtrpakhdJ. nrd;l;Nuhkpahpd; vz;zpf;if FNuhNkhNrhKf;F FNuhNkhNrhk;

khWgLk;. nrdl;NuhkpaH NrjKw;wpUe;jhy; mdhNg]; epiyapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;

efuhJ. 06. ifdl;NlhNfhH vd;why; vd;d? Nrd;l;NuhkpaH $l;L ,iofshyhd ifdl;NlhNfhH vd;w

mikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xU nrd;l;Nuhkpahpy; ,uz;L ifdl;NlhNfhH FNuhNkhNrhkpd;

fuq;fspy; ePs;thf;fpy; mike;Js;sd. ,it nry;gphpjypy; ];gpz;by; ,iyfs; cUthf cjTfpd;wd.

07. rhl;biyl; tiuaW? nky;ypa ,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fj;jpd; %yk; FNuhNkhNrhkpd;

Kjd;ikahd gFjpapypUe;J jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s FNuhNkhNrhkpd; rpwpa Edpg;gFjp “rhl;biyl;” vdg;gLk;.

rhl;biyl; cila FNuhNkhNrhk; rhl; - FNuhNkhNrhk; MFk;.

08. FNuhNkl;bd; vd;why; vd;d? FnuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s DNA, RNA, `p];Nlhd; my;yhj

Gujq;fSila tOtOg;ghd xl;Lk; jd;ikAila nghUs; FNuhNkl;bd; vdg;gLk;.

,J H1,H2A, H2B, H3 kw;Wk; H4 Nghd;w `p];Nlhd; Gujj;jhyhdJ. ,J NkYk; njhlH thpirapy; mike;Js;s gy epA+f;spNahNrhk;fs;

,jpy; cs;sd.

09. BNyhkpaH vd;why; vd;d? FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Edpg;gFjp BNyhkpaH vdg;gLk;. ,J FnuhNkhNrhkpd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikf;F mtrpakhdJ. BNyhkpahpy; cs;s DNA jdpj;jd;ikf; nfhz;l

epA+f;spNahilLfspd; thpir mikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.



10. nrd;l;Nuhkpahpd; mbg;gilapy; A+Nfhpahl;bf; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? Nfhy;tbtk; (BNyhnrd;l;hpf;> mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf;) nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf; (V tbtk;) rg;-nkl;lh nrd;l;hpf; (L tbtk;)

11. nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; FNuhNkhNrhik vj;jid tifahf gphpf;fyhk;? nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; FNuhNkhNrhik ,uz;L tifahf

gphpf;fyhk;. 01. cly; FNuhNkhNrhk;. 02. ,d FNuhNkhNrhk;.

12. cly; FNuhNkhNrhk; vd;why; vd;d? (Autosomes) ,e;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; caphpapd; midj;J nry;fspYk;

cs;sd. ,it caphpdj;jpd; clw;gz;Gfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Kdpjdpy; 44 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; (bg;sha;b) cly;

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;.

13. ,df;FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; (Sex Chromosomes) cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpypUe;J mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghl;by;

NtWgLk; FNuhNkhNrhk; ,df;FNuhNkhNrhk; vdg;gLk;. ,it caphpdq;fspd; ghy; epHzapj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wd. kdpjdpy; XY Mz; kw;Wk; XX ngz; FNuhNkhNrhk; MFk;.

14. mrhjhuz FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,e;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,ay;Gf;F khwhd mrhjhuz

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; MFk;. ,ay;ghd FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; mbg;gil mikg;GfspypUe;J

,itfs; NtWgLfpd;wd. v.fh: B FNuhNkhNrhk;> lGs;kpdpl;]; FNuhNkhNrhk;.

15. #g;gH epA+kuhp kw;Wk; Jiz FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vd;why; vd;d? B FNuhNkhNrhkpd; kWngaH #g;gH epA+kuhp FNuhNkhNrhk; MFk;. ,it jtpu r%fj;jpYs;s rpy caphpfspy; $Ljyhf cs;sd. v.fh: kf;fhr;Nrhsk; ,it jhtuq;fspd; tho;jpwidf; Fiwf;fpd;wd.

16. lGs;kpdpl;]; FNuhNkhNrhk; ,it epiyaw;w FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;igf; nfhz;lit. ,tw;wpy; nrd;l;NuhkpaUk; BNyhkpaUk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,it Gw;WNeha; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J kUe;Jfis

vjpHj;J thOk; Mw;wYilaJ. 17. ,uhl;rr FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; A+Nfhpahl;bf; caphpdq;fspy; rpy FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l

rpwg;ghd jpRf;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; mstpy; nghpa FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,uhl;rr FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; MFk;.

v.fh: rpy jhtuq;fspd; fU r];ngd;rhH nry;fspy; ,it cs;sd.

18. ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk; (my;yJ) ckpo;ePH Rug;gp FNuhNkhNrhk; ,it bNuhNrhgpy;yhtpd; ckpo;ePH Rug;gpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; rpwg;G fUk;gl;il ,ijaLj;J epwkw;w gl;iliag;

ngw;wpUg;gjhFk;. epwkw;w gfjpf;F ,ilg;gl;il vd;W ngaH. ,f;FNuhNkhNrhik C.G ghy;gpahzp 1881y; fz;lwpe;jhH.

20. tpsf;F J}hpif FNuhNkhNrhk; ,J tpsf;F fz;zhbia Jilf;f cjTk; J}hpif Nghd;w

mikg;GilaJ. ,it rykhz;lH vd;w tpyq;fpd; Cirl;Lfspy; Fd;wy; gFg;gpd;

GNuhNgrpd; bg;NshBd; epiyapy; ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU nry; My;fhthd mrpl;lhGNyhpahtpy; cs;s kpf nghpa

epA+f;spa]py; ,it cs;sd.

21. [Pd; tiuaW [Pd; vd;gJ ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; nray;ghL ghuk;ghpa myF MFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l xu Guj cw;gj;jpf;F fhuzkhAs;s epA+f;spNahilLfspd;

thpiria [Pd; vd tiuaWf;fyhk;. [Pd; xU jiyKiwapy; ,Ue;J kWjiyKiwf;F gz;Gfis

flj;JfpwJ.

22. [PNdhk; tiuaW [PNdhk; vd;gJ xU caphpdj;jpd; nkhj;j DNA thpir

mikg;Gfis Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,jpy; ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah kw;Wk; Ez; cWg;Gfspd; DNAk;

mlq;Fk;.



NfkPl;by; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if me;j caphpdj;jpd; mbg;gil FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

23. gpizg;G vd;why; vd;d? xNu FNuhNkhNrhkpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s [Pd;fs; my;yJ mtw;wpd;

gz;Gfs; xd;whfNt NrHe;J ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;F cl;gLk; nray; “gpizg;G” vdg;gLk;.

24. ,izg;G vd;why; vd;d? ,UNtW Xq;Fgz;G my;yPy;fs; my;yJ xLq;F gz;G my;yPy;fs;

xNu jhtuj;jpy; ,Uf;FNkahdhy; me;j my;yPy;fs; gphpe;J nry;yhky; xd;whfNtapUe;J mjpf vz;zpf;ifAila ngw;NwhH NrHf;iff;F fhuzkhfpd;wd.

,t;thW ,e;j ,uz;L [Pd;fSk; xd;whfNt ,ize;J ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; cl;gLk; [Pd;fs; gpize;j [Pd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

,e;j epfo;T ,izg;G (Coupling) vdg;gLk;.

25. tpyfy; vd;why; vd;d? ,U NtW Xq;F gz;G my;yPy;fs; my;yJ xLq;F gz;G

my;yPy;fs; xNu jhtuj;jpy; ,y;yhky; ntt;NtW jhtuj;jpy; ,Uf;FNkahdhy; me;j my;yPy;fs; xd;whf ,y;yhky; gphpe;J cs;sd vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

,e;j epfo;T tpyfy; (Repulsion) vdg;gLk;.

26. FWf;Nfw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,izAk; NghJ rNfhjhp my;yhj

FNuhNkl;bLfspd; Jz;Lfs; ghpkhw;wk; miltjhy; Gjpa [Pd; NrHf;if cUthFk; epfo;r;rpFWf;Nfw;wk; (Crossing Over) vdg;gLk;.

Fd;wy; gphptpd;NghJ FWf;Nfw;wj;jpy; cl;gLk; gpizg;G [Pd;fs; Gjpa NrHf;ifia cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.

27. gpizg;G tiuglk; (my;yJ) kuG tiuglk; (Genetic Map) xU FNuhNkhNrhk; [Pd;fspd; miktplk; mit mike;Js;s

Kiw kw;Wk; gpizg;G [Pd;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s J}uk; Mfpatw;iw tiuglj;jpd; %yk; tpsf;Ffpd;w glj;njhFg;G gpizg;G tiuglk; (m) kuG tiuglk; vdg;gLk;

28. kuG tiuglj;jpd; gad;fs;? xU FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s [Pd;fspd; miktplk; thpir kw;Wk;

gpizg;G Mfpatw;iw mwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.

,Ugz;G kw;Wk; Kg;gz;G fyg;G Ma;Tfspd; KbTfis fzpf;fgg; gad;gLfpwJ.

29. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; kPs;NrHf;if? rNfhjhp my;yhj xj;jpirthd FNuhNkhNrhk;fSf;fpilNa

FNuhNkl;bLfspd; Jz;Lfs; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cs;shtjhy; [Pd;fs; kPs; NrHf;iff;F cs;shfpd;w epfo;r;rp FNuhNkhNrhkpd; kPs; NrHf;if vdg;gLk;.

Fd;wy; gphptpd; GNuhNg]; I - y; ghf;fpBd; epiyapy; eilngWfpwJ. ,J kuGg; gz;Gfspy; khw;wj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

30. kPs;NrHf;if epfo;T vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L [Pd;fSf;F ,ilNa eilngWk; kPs;NrHf;if rjtPjj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,J kPs;NrHf;if epfo;T (Recombination frequency)

31. neUf;fkhf gpize;Js;s [Pd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ,izahd [Pd;fSf;F ,ilNa eilngWk; kPs;NrHf;ifapd;

rjtPjk; kpff;Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> me;m ,iz [Pd;fs; kpf neUf;fkhf gpize;Js;s [Pd;fs;

vdg;nghUs;gLk;.

32. jsHe;j epiyapy; cs;s gpizg;G [Pd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ,izahd [Pd;fSf;F ,ilNa eilngWk; kPs;NrHf;ifapd;

rjtpfpjk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> ,e;j ,iz [Pd;fs; neUf;fkhf ,y;yhky; jsHe;j epiyapy;

cs;s gpizg;G [Pd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

33. kPs;NrHf;if rjtPjk; vd;why; vd;d? kPs;NrHf;iff;F cl;gl;l re;jjpfSf;Fk; nkhj;j re;jjpfSf;Fk;

,ilNaAs;s tpfpjk; kPs;NrHf;if rjtPjk; vdg;gLk;.

34. jpBH khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? xU caphpdj;jpd; kugpay; nghUspy; jpBnud Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

jpBH khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. %yf;$Wtpay; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ jpBH khw;wk; vd;gJ

xU [Pdpd; epA+f;spNahilL thpirapy; jpBnud Vw;gLk; khw;wkhFk;. ,e;j jpBH khw;wk; caphpdj;jpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.



35. jpBH khw;wKw;w caphpdk; (my;yJ) kpA+nld;l; vd;why; vd;d? jpBH khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLk; caphpdk; jpBH khw;wKw;w caphpdk;

my;yJ kpA+nld;l; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: <NdhjPuh yhkhHf;fpahdh.

36. capHNtjp jpBHkhw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? capH Ntjptpidfisg; ghjpf;Fk; jpBH khw;wq;fs; capHNtjp

jpBH khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: epANuh];Nghuh vd;w G+Q;irapy; Vw;gLk; jpBH khw;wq;fs;

mJ rpy mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbtjpy;iy.

37. nfhy;yp jpBHkhw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? rpy jpBHkhw;wq;fs; [Pd;fspd; ngUk;khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjhy;

me;j caphpdk; ,we;JtpLfpwJ. ,j;jifa jpBHkhw;wk; nfhy;yp jpBHkhw;wk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: Nrhsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xLf;f jpBH khw;wj;jpdhy; gr;irak;

cz;lhtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,J ehw;W epiyapNyna ,we;JtpLfpwJ.

38. Gs;sp my;yJ [Pd; jpBH khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? xU rpwpa DNA gFjpapy; cs;s xU epA+f;spNahilL (my;yJ)

,izahf cs;s ,U fhuq;fspy; Vw;gLk; jpBH khw;wk; Gs;sp my;yJ [Pd; jpBHkhw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

nghpa jpBHkhw;wk; DNA-tpd; gy epA+f;spNahilLfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhFk;.

39. ePf;fy; jpBHkhw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? xU ,iz epA+f;spNahilL [PdpypUe;J ,of;fg;gLtjhy; [Pd;

jpBHkhw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,J ePf;fy; jpBHkhw;wk; vdg;gLk;. ,J caphpdk; ,of;f

fhuzkhfpwJ. v.fh: ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;

40. NrHj;jy; jpBHkhw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l epA+f;spNahilLfs; [PNdhL

,iztjhy; NrHj;jy; jpBHkhw;wk; cUthfpwJ. ,e;j jpBHkhw;wk; caphp ,wg;gjw;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.

41. gjpyPL jpBHkhw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? DNA – tpy; xU rpy iel;u[d; fhuq;fSf;F gjpyhf NtnuhU

fhuk; ,iztJ gjpyPL jpBHkhw;wk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j jpBHkhw;wk; caphpapd; Gwj;Njhw;wg; gz;Gfspy; khw;wj;ij

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J kugpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.

42. xj;j gjpyPL vd;why; vd;d? xU gpA+hpd; my;yJ gphpkpbDf;F gjpyhf NtnuhU gpA+hpd; my;yJ

gphpkpbd; ,ize;jhy; mjw;F xj;j gjpyPL vd;W ngaH.

43. NtWgl;l gjpyPL vd;why; vd;d? xU gpA+hpDf;F gjpyhf NtnwhU gphpkpbDk; my;yJ xU

gphpkpbDf;F gjpyhf NtnwhU gpA+hpDk; NrHe;jhy; mJ NtWgl;l gjpyPL jpBH khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

44. jpBHkhw;wj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; my;yJ kpA+l;lhn[d;fs; vd;why; vd;d? caphpdq;fspy; jpBHkhw;wq;fis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;

my;yJ #o;epiyf; fhuzpfs; kpA+l;lhn[d;fs; my;yJ jpBHkhw;wj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;.

45. Ntjp jpBHkhw;wf; fhuzpfs; vd;why; vd;d? Ntjpg;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp caphpdq;fspy; jpBH khw;wj;ij

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; Ntjp jpBH khw;wf;fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk; v.fh: 01. iel;u]; mkpyk; 02. nkj;jpy; kPj;Njd; ry;/NghNdl; (MMS) 03. vj;jpy; kPj;Njd; ry;/NghNdl; (EMS)

46. [Pd;fspd; nray;ghl;L myFfs; ahit? rp];l;uhd; - nray;ghl;L myF nuf;fhd; - kWNrHf;if myF kpA+l;lhd; - jpBHkhw;w myF

47. FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rp vd;why; vd;d? XH caphpdj;jpd; ,Uka FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if my;yJ

mikg;gpy; Gyg;glf;$ba ,ay;Gf;F khwhd khw;wk; FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rp vdg;gLk;.

,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.



FNuhNkhNrhkpd; mikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; gpwl;rp FNuhNkhNrhkpd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; gpwl;rp

48. nghpnrd;l;hpf; jiyfPo; jpUg;gk; vd;why; vd;d? jiyfPohf jpUk;gpa FNuhNkhNrhkpd; gFjp nrd;l;Nuhkpaiuf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J ghpzhkj;jpw;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. v.fh: kdpjdpd; 17tJ FNuhNkhNrhk; mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf;.

rpk;gd;rp 17tJ FNuhNkhNrhk; nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf;.

49. ghuhnrd;l;hpf; jiyfPo; jpUg;gk; vd;why; vd;d? jiyfPohf jpUk;gpa FNuhNkhNrhkpd; gFjp nrd;l;Nuhkpaiuf;

nfhz;bUf;fhJ. ,jw;F ghuhnrd;l;hpf; jiyfPo; jpUg;gk; vd;W ngaH.

50. gu];gu ,lk;ngaHjy; my;yJ Kiwaw;w FWf;Nfw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? ,U ,izNruh NtWgl;l FNuhNkhNrhk;fSf;fpilNa ghpkhw;wk;

eilngw;why; mJ gu];gu ,lk;ngaHjy; my;yJ Kiwaw;w FWf;Nfw;wk; vd;W ngaH.

,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. n`l;bNuhirf]; ,lk;ngaHjy;. N`hNkhirf]; ,lk;ngaHjy;.

51. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; vz;zpf;ifapy; gpwl;rp vd;why; vd;d? ,Uka FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; khw;wk; Vw;gbd; mJ

FNuhNkhNrhkpd; vz;zpf;if gpwl;rp my;yJ g;sha;b vdg;gLk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;. A+g;sha;b md;A+g;sha;b

52. A+g;sha;b vd;why; vd;d? A+g;sha;b vd;gJ xU caphpdj;jpYs;s mbg;gil FNuhNkhNrhk;

njhFjp my;yJ klq;fpy; mjpfhpj;Njh my;yJ Fiwe;Njh fhzg;gLtJ A+g;sha;b vdg;gLk;.

,it %d;W tifg;gLk;. khNdhg;sha;b bg;sha;b ghypg;sha;b

53. ghypg;sha;b (my;yJ) gd;kak; vd;why; vd;d? xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpfs; ,Uka

njhFjpAld; ,iztjhy; ghypg;sha;b (my;yJ) gd;kak; Vw;gLfpwJ.

,J nghJthf jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

54. Ml;Nlhghypgpsha;b (jd; gd;kak;) vd;why; vd;d? xU caphpdj;jpd; [PndhNkhL mNj caphpdj;jpd; xd;W my;yJ

xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjp ,iztjhy; cz;lhFk; gpsha;b Ml;Nlhghypg;sha;b vd;W ngaH.

v.fh: jd;Kk;kak; - jHG+rdp> jpuhl;ir> thio. jd; ehd;ka;k - Mg;gps;.

55. my;Nyhghypg;sha;b (may;gd;kak;) vd;why; vd;d? XH capudj;jpd; [PNdhNkhL xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l

xw;iwka njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; NtnwhU rpw;wpdj;jpypUe;J te;J ,iztjw;F my;Nyhghypg;sha;b my;yJ may; gd;kak; vdg;gLk;.

56. md;A+g;sha;b XH capudj;jpd; ,Uka njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; xd;W my;yJ

,uz;L FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; Fiwe;Njh my;yJ mjpfkhfNth ,Ue;jhy; mJ md;A+g;sha;b vdg;gLk;.

,J ,Utifg;gLk;. i`g;Nghgpsha;b i`g;gHgpsha;b

57. i`g;Nghgpsha;b vd;why; vd;d? ,Uka njhFjpapy; ,Ue;J xd;W my;yJ ,U FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;

Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; epiy i`g;Nghgpsha;b vdg;gLk;. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;. khNdhNrhkp = 2n-1 ey;ypNrhkp = 2n-2



58. i`g;gHgpsha;b vd;why; vd;d? ,Uka FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpAld; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,iztJ i`g;gHgpsha;b vdg;gLk;. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;. l;iuNrhkp = 2n+1 nluhNrhkp = 2n+2

59. S – uf bg;Nshfhf;f]; vd;why; vd;d? S ufkhd bg;Nshfhf;f]; ghf;Bhpah nry;iy Rw;wp nkd;ikahd

ghyprhf;iu ciwia cz;lhf;FfpwJ. ,J tPhpakhd ghf;BhpahthFk;. ,J Nehia cz;Lgz;zf;$baJ.

60. R – uf bg;Nshfhf;f]; vd;why; vd;d? R ufkhd bg;Nshfhf;f]; nry;iyr; Rw;wp ghyprhf;iuL ciwia

cz;Lgz;Ztjpy;iy. ,J tPhpakw;w ufkhdJ. ,J Nehia cz;L gz;Ztjpy;iy.

61. ,ay;G khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? Xutif caphpdj;jpd; gz;gpid NtnwhU caphpdj;jpd; DNA

it mjDs; nrYj;jp khw;WtJ ,ay;G khw;wk; vd;W ngaH.

62. ehd;Ftifahd DNA tpd; epA+f;spNahilLfs; ahit? mbidd; epA+f;spNahilL ijkpd; epA+f;spNahilL Fthidd; epA+f;spNahilL irl;Nlhrpd; epA+f;spNahilL

63. ehd;F tifahd RNA tpd; epA+f;spNahilLfs; ahit? mbidd; epA+f;spNahilL Auhrpy; epA+f;spNahilL irl;Nlhrpd; epA+f;spNahilL Fthidd; epA+f;spNahilL

64. vHtpd; rhHfhg;gpd; fhu ,iztpjpia vOJf? fhuq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l KiwapNyNa ,iz NrHfpd;wd. A+T, G+C. gpA+hpd; epA+f;spNahilLfspd; msT vg;nghOJk; gphpkpbd;

epA+f;spNahilLfspd; mstpw;F rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. A+G=T+C mbidDila msTk; ijkpd;Dila msTk; rhprkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

mNjNghd;W FthidDk; irl;NlhrpDk; rkmstpy; cs;sd. Mdhy; A+T vg;nghOJk; G+Cf;F rkkhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

65. DNA tpd; nray;ghLfs; ahit? ,J xU nry;ypd; vy;yh capHNtjp nray;fisAk;

fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J xU jiyKiwapy; ,Ue;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;F vy;yh kuGr;

nra;jpfisAk; vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. Gujr; NrHf;if kw;Wk; RNA cUthf;fj;ij xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.

66. ,ul;bg;G fit vd;why; vd;d? DNA ,ul;bg;ghFk;NghJ DNA- tpd; ,uz;L RUs;fSk; gphpe;J [pg;

jpwg;gJ Nghd;W gphpfpd;wd. ,J ,ul;bg;G fit vdg;gLk;. ,jw;F n`ypf;Nf]; nehjp cjTfpwJ. ,JNt ,uz;L ,iofSk; gphptjw;F cjTfpwJ.

67. mjpfr;RUs; gFjp vd;why; vd;d? DNA-tpd; ,uz;L ,iofSk; gphpAk;NghJ me;j ,lj;jpw;F NkNy

cs;s DNA gFjp kpFjpahfr; RUs;fpwJ. ,jw;F mjpfr; RUs; gFjp vd;W ngaH. ,e;j mjpfr;RUs; gFjpia Nlhg;Ngh[NrhkpNu]; vDk; nehjp

jsHj;jptpLfpwJ. 68. ghjpnjhlHr;rpaw;w ,ul;bg;ghjy; vd;why; vd;d? Gjpjhf cUthd DNA-tpy; xU ,io ngw;NwhH ,ioahFk;.

kw;nwhd;W Gjpa ,ioahFk;. ,uz;L ,iofspy; xd;W njhlHr;rpahfTk; kw;nwhd;W Jz;L

Jz;Lfshf cUthfp ,ize;Jk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,j;jifa ,ul;bg;ghjy; Kiw njhlHr;rpaw;w ,ul;bg;ghjy;

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.



69. RNA–tpd; tiffs; ahit? J}J RNA (m-RNA) flj;J RNA (t-RNA) iuNghNrhky; RNA (r-RNA)

70. t-RNA tpd; fuq;fis vOJf? D – fuk; (D-ili`l;NuhAhpbd;) mkpNdhmkpyj;ij Vw;Fk; fuk;. khWgLk; fuk; vjpHrq;Nfj fuk;.

71. xj;j Vw;gp flj;J RNA vd;why; vd;d? nry;ypy; Vwf;Fiwa 20f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l t-RNA f;fs; cs;sd. Xt;nthU t-RNAk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mkpNdh mkpyj;jpw;F

chpajhFk;. rpy Fwpg;gpl;l mkpNdh mkpyq;fSf;F ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J t-

RNAf;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpw;F xj;j Vw;gp t-RNA vd;W ngaH.

capHnjhopy; El;gtpay; 01. jhtuq;fspy; DNA kWNrHf;if Ma;T elj;Jtjpdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs;? Nful;> Kl;ilNfh];> vYk;gpr;ir kw;Wk; cUis Nghd;w

jhtuq;fis xw;iw nry;ypy; ,Ue;J tsHf;f KbAk;. xU [Pid kw;nwhU nry;Yf;Fs; nrYj;jp me;j nry;ypd;

efyhf;fj;jpdhy; khWjy; mile;j vz;zw;w re;jjpfis Njhw;Wtpf;f KbAk;.

02. jhtuq;fspy; DNA kWNrHf;if Ma;T elj;Jtjpdhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfs;? xNu gz;gpid 5w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l [Pd;fs; fl;Lf;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

(mjhtJ jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rp tPjk;> cz;gjw;fhf gad;gLk; gFjpapd; msT mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; msT) ,e;j [Pd;fis gphpj;J mwptJ fbdkhFk;.

[Pd;fis gphpj;J kw;nwhU jhtuj;jpy; nrYj;Jk;NghJ ehk; vjpHghHj;j tpisTfs; elf;fhkYk; Nghfyhk;.

03. fyg;G DNA – it cUthf;Ftjpy; <LgLk; nehjpfs; ahit? DNA iyNf];> nu];l;hpf;rd; vz;Nlh epA+f;spNaRfs; (my;yJ)

fj;jhpf;Fk; nehjp kw;Wk; nry;YNy];.

04. nu];l;hpf;rd; vz;Nlh epA+f;spNaRfs; vd;git ahit? ghf;Bhpaq;fspdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nehjpfNs nu];l;hpf;rd;

vz;NlhepA+f;spNaRfs; vdg;gLk;. ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> itu]plkpUe;J jd;id fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfNt

,e;nehjpia cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. ,e;nehjpia kuGg; nghwpapay; Jiwf;F gad;gLj;jyhk;.

05. capH njhopy; El;gtpaypy; v.Nfhiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ? kuGg;nghUl;fisf; ifahSk; mwptpay; Jiwapy; kpfTk; Mw;wy;

tha;e;j fUtpfspy; v.Nfhiy ghf;Bhpak; kpf Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

v.Nfhiy cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ECORI nehjp kuGg; nghwpapaypy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

kdpjDf;F Njitg;gLk; ,d;Rypid cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; v.Nfhiy Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.



06. ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; nu];l;hpf;rd; nehjpfspd; gq;F vd;d? nu];l;hpf;rd; nehjpahdJ DNA Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; Jz;L

nra;tjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l epA+f;spNahilL thpirapy Jz;lhf;FfpwJ. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; itu]plkpUe;J jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;s ,e;nehjp

gad;gLfpwJ.

07. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; <LgLk; DNA ahit? may; DNA (Mjhu DNA) Xk;Gaphp DNA (Vw;Fk; DNA) flj;jp (tpUk;gpa [Pid jhq;fp nry;Yk; DNA) ,it %d;Wk; kuGg;nghwpapaypy; <LgLk; DNA MFk;..

08. fyg;gpd DNA (my;yJ) i`gphpl; DNA vd;why; vd;d? fyg;gpd DNA vd;gJ ,uz;L> %d;W topfspy; te;j fyg;gpd

DNA MFk;. ,J may; DNATk;> Xk;Gaphp DNATk; ,ize;J cUthdjhFk;.

09. flj;jp DNA vd;why; vd;d? (my;yJ) ntf;lhH DNA vd;why; vd;d? flj;jp DNA vd;gJ ehk; tpUk;gpa [Pid vLj;Jr; nrd;W

Xk;GaphpAld; ,izf;Fk; DNAtpw;F flj;jp (my;yJ) ntf;lhH DNA vd;W ngaH.

flj;jp DNAthf ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; g;sh];kpL (Plasmid) gad;gLfpwJ.

10. g;sh];kpL (Plasmid) vd;why; vd;d? ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpWtl;l tbt mjpfg;gbahd

FNuhNkhNrhkpw;F “gpsh];kpLfs;” vd;W ngaH. ,it jhdhfNt ,ul;bg;gilAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. kuGg;nghwpapaypy; g;sh];kpLfs; flj;jpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.

11. FNshd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? xNu Kd;NdhHfsplkpUe;J cUthfpa kuG xg;GikAila

caphpdq;fs; “FNshd;fs;” vdg;gLk;. FNshd;fs; %yk; ekf;F Njitahd [Pd;fisAk; mjpypUe;J

fpilf;Fk; tpisnghUl;fisAk; mjpf mstpy; ngw KbAk;.

12. kuGg;nghwpapaypy; iyNf]; nehjpapd; gq;F vd;d? ,uz;L xl;Lk; Kidfisf;nfhz;l DNAit ,izf;f

gad;gLfpwJ. DNA ve;j caphpdj;ij rhHe;jpUe;jhYk; mtw;iw ,izf;f

iyNf]; nehjp gad;gLfpwJ.

13. kuGg;nghwpapaypy; “nry;YNy];” nehjpapd; gq;F vd;d? khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l g;sh];kpLfis nry;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

tifapy; nry;Rtiu gjg;gLj;j ,e;nehjp gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;nehjp kuGg;nghwpapaypy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

14. caphp G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp vd;gij tiuaW? caphp G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp vd;gJ ekf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; rpy

caphpdq;fisf; nfhz;l ekf;F jPik tpistpf;Fk; caphpfis mopf;Fk; caphpdj;jpw;F caphp G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp vd;W ngaH.

v.fh: Ngrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpad;]p]; vDk; ghf;Bhpak; gy jPik tpistpf;Fk; G+r;rpfSf;F vjpuhd jd;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.

15. may;[Pidg; ngw;w jhtuq;fs; vd;gij tiuaW? kuGg; nghwpapay; %ykhf may;[Pidg; ngw;W Gjpa gz;GfSld;

fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; may;[Pidg; ngw;w jhtuk; MFk;. ,j;jhtuk; G+r;rpfs;> itu];fs; kw;Wk; fisf;nfhy;ypfs;

Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhd jd;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sd. czTj; njhopy; JiwapYk; ,j;jhtuq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

16. mf;Nuhghf;Bhpak; bA+kpNgrpad;rpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ? kuGg;nghwpapay; Jiwapy; mf;Nuh ghf;Bhpak; ufq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F

tfpf;fpwJ. NtnwhU caphpdj;jpd; [Pid ,g;ghf;Bhpak; jhtuq;fspy; nrd;W

NrHf;fpwJ. (T-DNA %yk;) ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l jhtuq;fis kl;LNk jhf;ff; $baJ.

17. kpd;Jisahf;fk; tiuaW? kpd;rhuj;jpd; cjtpahy; nry;rt;tpy; jw;fhypf Jisia cz;lhf;fp

may; [Pidg;GFj;Jk; Kiwf;F kpd;Jisahf;fk; vd;W ngaH. ,jd;%yk; DNA, RNA, Mz;bghbfs; kw;Wk; kUe;Jfs;

Mfpatw;iw irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpw;Fs; nrYj;j KbAk;.



,k;Kiwapd; %yk; may;[Pidg; GFj;jp Ez;Zaphpfs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis cUthf;FtjpYk;> [Pd; rpfpr;ir KiwapYk; nghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ.

18. Neubahfj; Jfis nrYj;jk; Kiw (my;yJ) [Pd; Jg;ghf;fp (my;yJ) gNahyp];bf; tiuaW? ,k;Kiwapd; %yk; kpf Ez;zpa Jfspd; kPJ DNA – it

itj;J Fwpg;gpl;l (my;yJ) nry;ypy; kpFe;j tpirAld; [Pid nrYj;jyhk;.

,k;Kiwapd; %yk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs;. G+Q;irfs;> jhtuq;fs;. ghY}l;bfs; Mfpatw;wpd; nry;fspy; [Pid nrYj;jyhk;.

,k;Kiwapd; %yk; mhprp> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> NfhJik> gUj;jp> kw;Wk; Nrhahnkhr;ir Mfpatw;wpy; may;[Pid GFj;j ,k;Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.

19. capHf;fyd;fs; (Bioreacfor) tiuaW? may;[Pidg; ngw;w jhtuq;fs;> kUe;jhf;ftpaypy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j kUj;Jtg;nghUl;fisAk;> Ntjpg;nghUl;fisAk; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;a ,j;jhtuq;fs; capHf;fyd;fshff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh: kdpjg;Gujq;fs;> `hHNkhd;fis tpijfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;.

20. Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; Ez;ZapUf;F vjpuhf Btapd; gq;F vd;d? (Bt – Nrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpad;rp];) Bt gy tifahd caphpfSf;F vjpuhd jd;ikiag;ngw;Ws;sJ. Bt nly;lh vz;Nlhlhf;]pd; vdg;gLk; eQ;Rg;nghUis cw;gj;jp

nra;fpwJ. ,J caphp G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. khz;lf;lh nrf;];lh vdg;gLk; G+r;rpf;F vjpuhd jd;ikiag;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

21. kuGg; nghwpapay; Jiwapy; “NrhahgPd;];” jhtuj;jpd; gq;F vd;d? ,j;jhtukhdJ ,aw;ifapy; caphpfshy; rpijf;fty;y

czTg;nghUs;fs;> moFrhjdg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mOf;F ePf;fpfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xU caphp ciy fydhf nray;gLfpwJ.

22. czTj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Antisence RNA (czHjil RNA) tpd; gq;F vd;d? fha; fdpahjiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nehjp ghypNfyf;l;NuhNd]; vdg;gLk;

nehjpahFk;. ,e;nehjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU Kf;fpa %yf;$whf ,e;j

czHjil RNA nray;gLfpwJ. ,jd;%yk; fha;> fdpfis ePz;l J}uj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.

23. may; [Pidg;ngw;w Ez;Zaphpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJ? ,aw;ifapy; Ez;Zaphpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glhj ,d;Rypd;>

,d;lHnguhd;> tsHr;rp `hHNkhd; kw;Wk; itu]; jLg;G+rpg;nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw Ez;ZaphpfNs cw;gj;jp nra;a kuGg;nghwpapay; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

24. mrfhag; G+r;rp tiuaW (Super Bug) CAM (Camphor), OCT (Octane) vd;w ,uz;L [Pd;fis cs;slf;fpa

ghf;Bhpa ufkhd “#NlhNkhdh]; Gblh” mrfhag; G+r;rp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,J fr;rh vz;nzapy; cs;s i`l;NuhfhHgd;fisg; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jp tsuk; jd;ik nfhz;ljhy; ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ.

25. caphpa rPuikg;ghf;Fk; (my;yJ) caphpfshy; rPuikf;fg;gLjy; tiuaW? capUs;s Ez;Zaphpfspd; cjtpahy; Rw;Wr;#oypy; cs;s

er;Rg;nghUis rpijj;Jk;> khRgLjiyj; jLj;Jk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w nraYf;F caphpfshy; rPuikf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ caphpa rPuikg;ghf;fk; vd;W ngaH.

v.fh: #NlhNkhdh]; %yk; vz;nza; gbe;j epyj;ij Rj;jk; nra;jyhFk;.

26. ,aw;gpay; Ez;ZapH ePf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? tsHg;G Clfk; - tsHg;Gf; fyd;fs;> ifAiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iw

Ml;NlhfpNs]; vdg;gLk; ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; ,ae;jpuk; kw;Wk; mLg;Gf; fyd;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpAld; Ez;ZapH ePf;fk; nra;ag;gLk; KiwNa ,aw;gpay; Ez;ZapHePf;fk; vdg;gLk;.



27. yhkpdhH fhw;Nwhl;l miw (Laminar air flow chamber) Fwpg;G tiuf? jhtuj;jpR> jhtug; gFjpahd vf;];g;shz;l;> mjhtJ NtH>

jz;L> ,iy kw;Wk; Ez;Zaphpfis tsHg;G Clfj;jpw;F khw;Wk; NghJ gad;gLk; xU miw Nghd;w rhjdNk “yhkpdhH fhw;Nwhl;l miw” MFk;.

,r;rhjdk; J}a;ikahf ,Uf;f UV tpsf;F xd;W nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

28. fhy]; vd;gij tiuaW? fhy]; vd;gJ xOq;fw;w NtWghL milahj jpRj;jpushFk;. Mf;]pd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhifdpd;fspd; nray;ghl;bdhy; jhtuj;

Jz;L jpRtpypUe;J fhy]; Njhd;WfpwJ. Mf;]pd; - nry; ePl;rpailjiyAk;> irl;Nlhifdpd; nry;

gFgiljiyAk; J}z;Ltjd; tpisthf fhy]; Njhd;WfpwJ.

29. cly;top fU cUthf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? cly;fhy]; jpRtpypUe;J (mjhtJ jhtuj;jpd; cly;ghfq;fshd

NtH> jz;L> ,iy) Neubahf ,U JUt mikg;G nfhz;l NtH kw;Wk; jz;L njhFg;G Njhd;WtJ fU cUthf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

30. capH ciyfyd; vd;why; vd;d? Ez;Zaphpfspd; cjtpf;nfhz;L Rj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l rhjdj;jpy;

mjpf msT Ez;ZapH Gujj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gad;gLk; xU rhjdNk capH ciyfyd; vdg;gLk;.

,jpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l capHjpus; tof;fkhd cztpw;F xU rpwe;j khw;WzthFk;.

31. ,izTf; fhuzp vd;why; vd;d? GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfs; ,iztij J}z;Lk; fhuzp ,izTf;

fhuzp vdg;gLk;. ,izTf; fhuzpahf ghypvj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; (PEG)

nray;gLfpwJ. jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,U NtW ngw;NwhH GNuhl;Nlh gpsh];Lfs;

<LgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

32. KOnry;ypy; ,Ue;J nry;Rtiu vt;thW ePf;Ftha;? chpj;njLf;fg;gl;l ,iyj;Jz;Lfis 0.5% khNrhiurk;> 13%

rhHgpl;lhy; (my;yJ) khdpl;lhy;> 2% nry;YNyh]; fiurypy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,q;F GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfs; nry;Rtiu tpl;L tpyfp RUf;fk; milfpd;wd.

gpwF 2% nry;YNyh]pd; cjtpahy; GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfs; nry;Rtiu tpl;L gphpe;j tUfpd;wd.

33. %yf;$W efy;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? kuGg;nghwpapaypd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l DNAf;fis nfhz;l

ghf;Bhpa $l;likT cUthfpwJ. xt;nthU $l;likTk; jdpj;jdpNa tshf;fg;gl;L kWNrHf;if DNA

gyklq;F cUthfpwJ. ,Wjpahf tbnthj;j kWNrHf;if DNA efy;fisAila gy

$l;likT ghf;Bhpaq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,k;Kiw %yf;$W efy;ngUf;fk; (my;yJ) [Pd; efy;ngUf;fk;

vdg;gLk;.

34. czHjil RNAtpd; gq;F vd;d? fha;> fdpahjiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nehjp ghypNfyf;l;NuhNd]; ,e;nehjpapid fl;Lg;gLj;jp fha; fdpahjiy jhkjg;gLj;Jk; RNA

jhd; czHjil RNA – thFk; (Antisense RNA)

35. jhtujpR tsHg;G vd;why; vd;d? jhtunry;fs;> jpRf;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;Gfis nraw;ifahfj;

jahhpf;fg;gl;l tsHg;G Clfj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l #oypy; tsHg;gNj jpRtsHg;G vdg;gLk;.

,J xU Kd;Dhpik jpR tsHg;G vdg;gLk;.

36. jhtuj;jpd; tsHg;gpd; mbg;gilf; fUj;J ahit? KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik (Totiotency) NtWghliljy; (Differentiation) NtWghL jphpjy; (Dedifferentiation) kW NtWghliljy; (Re - Differentiation)



37. KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik vd;why; vd;d? capUs;s ve;j xU jhtunry;Yk; KOj;jhtukhf tsHr;rp

ngWtjw;fhf> ,aw;ifahfNt mike;j jpwNd KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik vdg;gLk;.

,J jhtu nry;;Yf;F kl;LNk chpj;jhd xd;whFk;.

38. kWNtWghliljy; vd;why; vd;d? NtWghl milahj xj;j nry;njhFg;ghd fhy]; jpR jz;L

kw;Wk; NtH my;yJ fUepfH jpRthf tsHr;rpailtjhFk;. ,jw;F kWNtWghliljy; vd;W ngaH.

39. jhtuj; jpRtsHg;gpw;F Njitg;gLk; tsHg;Gf;fyd;fs; ahit? vHypd; NkaH Flit ($k;Gf;Flit) ngl;hp jl;Lfs; tsHg;Gf; Foha;fs;

40. jhtuj; jpRtsHg;gpw;F Njitg;gLk; tsHg;G Clfk;? Kuh\pfp kw;Wk; ];$f; tsHg;G Clfk; (MS Clfk;) Nfk;gHf; Clfk; (Bs Clfk;) xapl; Clfk; (W Clfk;) epl;r; Clfk;

41. ,dhf;Fyj;jpid Ntjp Ez;ZapH ePf;fk; nra;ag;gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; ahit? Nrhbak; i`g;NghFNshiuL fhy;rpak; i`g;NghFNshiuL nkHFhp FNshiuL

42. cl;nrYj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d? tsHg;G Clfj;jpw;F> jhtuj;jpd; jpR my;yJ jhtug;gFjpahfpa

vf;];gpshz;il mjhtJ NtH> jz;L ,iy Kjypatw;iw tsHg;G Clfj;jpw;F nrYj;JtJ cl;nrYj;Jjy; vdg;gLk;.

,J Rj;jkhd yhkpdhH fhw;Nwhl;l miwapy; eilngWk;.

43. Gwj;Njhw;wkhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? Mf;]pd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhifdpd;fspd; J}z;Ljyhy;

Nfy]pypUe;j cWg;Gfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J Gwj;Njhw;wkhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

44. cWg;Gfshf;fk; tiuaW?

Gjpa cWg;Gfshd NtH kw;Wk; jz;L Kjypait Njhd;WtNj cWg;Gfshf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

fhy]pypUe;j jz;L Njhd;WtJ – fhNyhn[dp]p];

45. nghkhl;Nlh (Pomato) vd;why; vd;d? cUisf;fpoq;F kw;Wk; jf;fhspj; jhtu nry;fspd; GNuhl;Nlhgpshr

,iztpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l fyg;gpd nry; “nghkhl;Nlh” vdg;gLk;.

,j;jhtuj;jpd; jz;Lg;gFjp fpoq;FfisAk;> fpisfs; fdpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

46. cly; fyg;Gaphpahf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? ,U NtWgl;l ufq;fs; my;yJ rpw;wpdq;fspd; cly;r; nry;fis

,izj;jy; %yk; fyg;Gaphp cUthfpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; cly;f; fyg;Gaphpfis cUthf;Ftjw;F

cly;f;fyg;Gaphpahf;fy; vd;W ngaH.

47. GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfis gphpj;njLf;fg; gad;gLk; nehjp? 0.5% khNrhiurk; 1% rhHgpl;lhy; (my;yJ) khdpl;lhy; 2% nry;YNyh]; PH – 5.4

48. GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izTKiwapd; gad;ghLfs;? NtWgl;l rpw;wpdq;fSf;fpilNa GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj;ij ,izf;fyhk;. ney;> Nful; jhtuj;jpd; GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj;jpid ,izj;J Gjpa

jhtuk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;Kiwapd; %yk;> [Pd; khw;wk;> irl;Nlhgpshr khw;wk;> may;

gd;kaq;fis cUthf;fyhk;.

49. jdpnry; Gujk; tiuaW? czT kw;Wk; jPtdkhfg; gad;gLk; gy;NtW Ez;Zaphpfshd

ghf;Bhpah> <];l;> ,iog;G+Q;ir kw;Wk; ghrpfspd; nry;fNs “jdpnry;Gujk;” vdg;gLk;.

,r;nrhy; 1966 – y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J Ez;ZapH Gujk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.



50. kf;fs; jdpnry; Gujj;ij Kf;fpa czthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjjw;F fhuzk; vd;d? mjpf epA+f;spf; mkpyk; ,Ug;gjhy; kdpjDf;F A+hpf; mkpyk;

cUthjy;> rpWePuff;fy; cz;lhjy; kw;Wk; fPo;thjk; cz;lhfpwJ.

Gw;WNehia cUthf;Fk; nghUs;fis tsHjsj;jpypUe;J cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;fpwJ.

nkJthf nrhpkhdkiltjhy; the;jp> nrhpf;fhik kw;Wk; xt;thik Njhd;WfpwJ.

51. jdpnry; Guj cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLk; caphpfs;? My;fh : FNshnuy;yh> ];igUypdh> fpshkplhNkhd]; G+Q;ir : rf;fhNuhikrp]; nrhptprpNa> thy;thhpay;yh>

mfhhpf]; Nfk;g];bhp]; ghf;Bhpah : #NlhNkhdh]; kw;Wk; my;fyp[Pd;];.

jhtu clw;nraypay; 01. jhtu nraypay; vd;why; vd;d? (Plant Physiology) jhtu nry;fs; jpRf;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;Gfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNa

cs;s njhlHG gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; tho;tpay; nray;fs; gw;wpAk; tpthpf;Fk; caphpaypd; mwptpay; xU gphpT “jhtu nraypay;” vdg;gLk;.

NkYk; ,j;jhtuj;jpd; tho;tpay; nray;ghlfis gw;wp mwpayhk;. ,e;j tho;tpay; epfo;Tfs; midj;Jk; nry;mstpy; epfo;fpd;wd

vd;gijAk; ,jd;%ykhf mwpayhk;. 02. xspr;NrHf;if vd;why; vd;d? (Photosynthesis) jhtuq;fs; CO2+H2O kw;Wk; xsp Mfpatw;iw gad;gLj;jp

fhHNghi`l;Nul; jahhpf;Fk; epfo;r;rp xspr;NrHf;if vdg;gLk;. ,J gRq;fzpfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ. midj;J gRikahd jhtuq;fSk; xspr;NrHf;if nra;fpd;wd.

03. gRq;fzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa nghUs;fs; ahit? gRq;fzpfj;jpy; gr;irak;> fNuhl;bdha;L rhe;Njhgpy;> irl;NlhFNuhk;.

khq;fdPR DNA kw;Wk; RNA fhzg;gLfpwJ.

04. ];l;Nuhkhtpy; gy fpuhdhf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gRq;fzpfj;jpy; rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;

jputg;nghUSf;F ];l;Nuhkh vd;W ngaH. ];l;Nuhkhtpy; gy fpuhdhf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ];l;Nuhkhtpy; tl;l tbt DNA, RNA kw;Wk; ];lhHr; cw;gj;jpf;F

Njitahd nehjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

05. ijyf;fha;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Thylakoids) xt;nthU fpuhdhtpYk; gy jl;Ltbt yhnky;yhf;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j jl;L tbt mikg;Gf;s; ijyf;fha;Lfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it ehzak; mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghy; fhzg;gLk;.

06. xspr;NrHf;if epwkpfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Photosynthetic pigments) xspr;NrHf;ifapy; <LgLk; epwkpfs; xspr;NrHf;if epwkpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it gr;irak; “a” gr;irak; “b” fNuhl;bdha;Lfs; rhe;Njhgpy;fs; kw;Wk; igf;Nfhgpypd;fs; MFk;.

07. Jiz epwkpfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Accessery pigments) gr;irak; “a” ,y;yhj kw;w epwkpfs; Jiz epwkpfs; vdg;gLk;. mit gr;irak; “b” fNuhl;bdha;Lfs; kw;Wk; rhe;Njh/gpy;.

08. xspj;njhFg;G vd;why; vd;d? (Photosystem) epwkpfs; NrHe;J cUthf;Fk; epwkpj;njhFg;G xspj;njhFg;G

vdg;gLk;. xU xspj;njhFg;gpy; 250-400 epwkp %yf;$Wfs; cs;sd. xspj;njhFg;G ,uz;L tifahf cs;sJ.

09. nray; ikak; vd;why; vd;d? (Active Centre) Xspr;NrHf;iff;F Njitg;gLfpd;w epwkpfs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;

fpuhdh yhnky;yh jhd; “nray; ikak;” vdg;gLk;. fpuhdh yhnky;yhf;fs; xd;W NrHe;J fpuhdj;ij mikf;fpwJ. fpuhdk; gRq;fzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

10. xspr;NrHf;ifapd; rkd;ghl;il vOJf? CO2+2H2O #hpa xsp (CH2O)n+H2O+O2

gr;irak;



11. xsptpidia tiuaW? (Light reaction) epwkpfs; xspahw;wy; ePH Mfpatw;iw <LgLj;jp ATP kw;Wk;

NADPH2 Mfpatw;iw cUthf;Fk; tpidfs; xsptpidfs; vdg;gLk;.

,t;tpidf;F xsp mtrpak; Njitg;gLfpwJ. xsp tpidapy; ,U xspj;njhFg;GfSk; <LgLfpd;wd.

12. ,Us; tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Dark Reaction) CO2 I fhHNghi`l;Nul;lhf xLf;Fk; tpidfs; ,Us; tpidfs;

vdg;gLk;. ,e;j xLf;f tpidf;F xsptpidapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ATP

kw;Wk; NADPH2 gad;gLfpwJ.

13. xsp gh];ghpfuzk; vd;why; vd;d? (Photophosphorylation) vyf;l;uhd; flj;jy; njhlHtpidapd; NghJ xU ADPAld; 1

gh];Ngl; NrHe;J ATP cUthFk; epfo;r;rp xsp gh];ghpfuzk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

Xsp Kd;dpiyapy; ,t;tpid epfo;tjhy; ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ. ,J gRq;fzpfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.

14. ePH xspg;gpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? (Photolysis of water) xspapd; cjtpahy; ePH GNuhl;lhd;fs;> vyf;l;uhd;fs; kw;Wk;

Mf;]p[dhf gpsf;Fk; epfo;r;rp ePH xspgpsj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,e;epfo;r;rp PsII Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyapy; cs;sNghJ elf;fpwJ. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;F khq;fdPR> fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; FNshiuL madpfs;

gq;Nfw;fpwJ.

15. Row;rpapyh xsp gh];ghpfuzk; vd;why; vd;d? (Npn – Cyclic) vyf;l;uhd;fs; vq;fpUe;J ntspNawpaNjh me;j ,lj;jpw;F

kPz;Lk; (e-fs;) te;J NrUtjpy;iy. vdNt ,J Row;rpapyh xspgh];ghpfuzk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;epfo;r;rpapy; gh];Ngl; NrHg;Gk; epfo;tjhy; ,J Row;rpapyh

xspgh];ghpfuzk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,J “Z” tbtpy; epfo;tjhy; “Z” topKiw vd;Wk;

ngaHngWfpwJ.

16. Roy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; ve;j #o;epiyapy; eilngWfpwJ? PSI kl;Lk; nray;gLk;NghJ. ePH xspg;gpsg;G epfohj NghJ.

mjpf msT ATP Njitg;gLk; NghJ. xLf;fj;jpw;F Njitahd NADP+ fpilf;fhj NghJ.

17. Roy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; vd;why; vd;d? (Cyclic Photophosphoylation) PSIy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; kPz;Lk; PSIf;Nf

te;jiltjhy; ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ. PSIy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhd; FRSI milAk;NghJ mq;F

xLf;fj;jpw;F Njitahd NADP fpilf;ftpy;iyahjyhy; mJ ngulhf;]pd;> irl;NlhFNuhk; B6> irl;NlhFNuhk; f kw;Wk; gpsh];Nlh radpd; topahf kPz;Lk; PSIf;F tUfpwJ.

,q;F ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; eilngWfpwJ.

18. fhy;tpd; Row;rp vd;why; vd;d? Calving cycle / C3 Cycle xsptpidapdhy; cz;lhd ATP Mw;wy; kw;Wk; NADPH2it

gad;gLj;jp CO2 fhHNghi`l;Nul;lhf xLf;fkilAk; epfo;r;rp fhy;tpd; Row;rp (my;yJ) ,Us;tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.

,r;Row;rpia nky;tpd; fhy;tpd; vd;gtH fz;lwpe;jhH. vdNt ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ.

19. CO2 epiyepWj;jYf;fhd tpidia vOJf? CO2 I Vw;Fk; nghUs; RUBP5 fhHgd; %yf;$W. ,J fhHgd; - il

– Mf;irLld; NrHe;J 6C %yf;$whfpwJ. ,J epiyaw;wjhy; 2 PGA (3C)ahf khWfpwJ.

,t;tpidia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nehjp RUBP – fhHghf;]pNy];

RUBP+CO2 RUBP2 %yf;$W PGA fhHghf;]pNy];

20. xLf;f tpidapd; Kjy; gbepiyia vOJf? (CO2 Ruduction Reaction) ,uz;L PGA %yf;$WfSk;> 1-3 gp];gh];Ngh fpsprhpf; mkpykhf

khWfpwJ. ,J Kjy; tpidahFk;. ,t;tpidia PGA ifNd]; vd;w nehjp Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,t;tpidapy; 1ATP tPjk; 2ATP nrythfpwJ.

PGA 2PGA+2ATP 2 %yf;$W 1,3 – BPGA.

ifNd];



21. xLf;f tpidapd; ,uz;lhk; gbepiyia vOJf? (CO2 Reduction, Reaction) ,uz;L 1-3 BPGA %yf;$WfSk;> G-3-Pahf khw;wkilfpwJ. ,J

,uz;lhtJ tpidahFk;. ,t;tpidia 3-G bi`l;uh[pNd]; vd;w nehjp

Cf;Ftpf;FfpwJ. ,t;tpidf;F 1NADPH2 tPjk; 2NADPH2 nrythfpwJ.

2,1-3BPGA+2NADPH2 G-3-P 2 %yf;$W G-3-P

bi`l;uh[pNd];

22. ,Utbt gRq;fzpfk; vd;why; vd;d? (Dimorphic Chloroplast) C4 jhtuq;fspy; ,Utbt gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,iyapilj;jpR nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gRq;fzpfq;fspy;

“fpuhdk;” ,Uf;Fk; fw;iw ciw nry;fspy; cs;s gRq;fzpfq;fspy; fpuhdk; ,Uf;fhJ. ,jdhy; ,J ,Utbt gRq;fzpfk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,jd; gad; xsp tpidfs; kw;Wk; ,Us; tpidfs; ,uz;LNk xNu Neuj;jpy; jdpj;jdpNa eilngWk;.

23. xspr;Rthrk; vd;why; vd;d? (Photorespiration (my;yJ) Lightrespiration) xsp ,Uf;Fk;NghJ xspr;NrHf;if nra;Ak; jpRf;fspy;

tof;fj;ijtpl mjpfkhf eilngWk; Rthrk; xspr;Rthrk; vdg;gLk;.

,e;epfo;r;rpapd;NghJ mjpf msT CO2 ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: rpy gRe;jhtuq;fs;.

24. xspr;Rthrk; eilngWk; ,lq;fs; ahit? xspr;Rthrk; %d;W nry; cWg;Gfspy; eilngWfpwJ. gRq;fzpfq;fs; nguhf;]p Nrhk;fs; kw;Wk; ikl;Nlhfhd;l;hpahf;fs;.

25. ,Ul;Rthrk; vd;why; vd;d? (Dark Respiration) tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; ,Ul;Rthrk; eilngWfpwJ. ,t;tpid xsp ,Ue;jhNyh (my;yJ) ,y;yhtpl;lhNyh

ghjpg;giltjpy;iy.

,J ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; eilngWfpwJ.

26. xspr;Rthrj;jpw;Fk; ,Us; Rthrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il vOJf?

,J xspr;NrHf;if nry;fspy; kl;Lk; eilngWfpwJ.

,J midj;J capUs;s nry;fspYk; eilngWfpwJ.

,J xsp ,Uf;Fk;NghJ kl;Lk; eilngWk;.

,J xsp kw;Wk; xyp ,y;yhj #oypy; eilngWk;.

,J gRq;fzpfk; nguhf;rpNrhk; ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; eilngWk;.

,J ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; eilngWfpwJ.

27. Mf;]p[Ndw;w rpijT vd;why; vd;d? Xsp Mw;wiy gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s NghJkhd CO2 ,y;iynadpy;

mjpfg; gbahd xspahw;wyhdJ jhtu nry;fis Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J rpijj;J tpLk;.

,e;epfo;r;rp Mf;]p[Ndw;w rpijT vdg;gLk;. mjpf xsp> Fiwthd CO2 Mfpa #o;epiyfspy; xspr;Rthrk;

jhtuq;fis> xsp Mf;]p[Ndw;w rpijtpypUe;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.

28. xspr;NrHf;ifia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit? #o;epiy> kugpay; kw;Wk; jhtuf; fhuzpfs;;. #o;epiy xsp> CO2 fpilf;Fk; msT ntg;gepiy> kz;> ePH>

Cl;lg;nghUs;fspd; msT. jhtuf; fhuzp : ,iyfspd; taJ> Nfhzk;> ,iyaikT Kiw.

29. fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzp tpjpiaf; $W? vf;fhuzp kpfTk; Njitf;F Fiwthd fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyapy;

cs;sNjh> mf;fhuzpjhd; xspr;NrHf;ifapd; tPjj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; vd;gjhFk;.

gpshf;Nkd; vd;gtH 1905y; ,t;tpjpia ntspapl;lhH. v.fh: CO2 mjpfkhfTk;> xsp FiwthfTk; fpilj;jhy; ,e;j

,lj;jpy; xsp fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahFk;.

30. ];lhHr; ePf;fg;gl;l jhtuk; vd;gJ ahJ? njhl;bj; jhtuj;ij ,Ul;lhd XH miwapy; 48 kzpNeuk;

itf;Fk;NghJ mjd; ,iyfspy; cs;s ];lhHr; ePq;fptpLfpwJ. ,J ];lhHr; ePf;fg;gl;l jhtuk; vdg;gLk;. ,j;jhtuk; xspr;NrHf;iff;F xsp mtrpak; vd;gij ep&gpf;f

gad;gLfpwJ.



31. jw;rhHG Cl;lKiw vd;why; vd;d? (Autotrophic) jkf;F Njitahd czit xspr;NrHf;ifapd; %yk; jhNk

jahhpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; epfo;r;rp jw;rhHG Cl;lKiw vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; <LgLk; caphpdk; jw;rhHG Cl;l caphpdk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: jhtuq;fs;

32. gw;WNthHfs; vd;why; vd;d? njhw;Wj; jhtuq;fs; gw;wpf;nfhs;s cjTk; NtHfs; gw;WNtHfs;

vdg;gLk;. kug;gl;ilfspy; Nrfukile;Js;s J}rpfs;> kz;fs;

Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J Cl;lg;nghUis cwpQ;Rtjw;F gw;WNtHfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. v.fh: thz;lh

33. Mfha NtHfs; vd;why; vd;d? fhw;wpy; cs;s <uj;ijAk; kioePiuAk; „ntykd;‟ vd;w gQ;R

Nghd;w jpRtpd; cjtpahy; cwpQ;Rk; NtHfs; MfhaNtHfs; vdg;gLk;.

,it vtw;wpd; kPJk; gw;Wf;nfhs;shky; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLfpd;wd.

,it gRikahf cs;sd. v.fh: thz;lh.

34. gpw Cl;lKiw vd;why; vd;d? (Heterotrophic Nutrition) czTf;fhf kw;w jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpfs; (my;yJ) ,we;jtw;wpd;

fhpkr;NrHkq;fisr; rhHe;jpUg;gJ gpw Cl;lKiw vdg;gLk;. ,tw;wpy; gr;irak; ,Uf;fhJ. ,tw;wpy; iel;u[d; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLtjpdhy; kw;wtw;iw

rhHe;J ,Uf;fpwJ.

35. kl;Fz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? (Saprophytic Plants) jhNd czT jahhpf;f Kbahjjhy; ,we;JNghd jhtu

cly;fspd; fhpkg;nghUs;fspypUe;j jk; czitg; ngWfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,j;jhtuq;fs; kl;Fz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,it ,we;j tpyq;FfspypUe;Jk; czitg; ngWfpd;wd.

36. ikf;Nfhiurh NtHfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Mycorrhizal root) ,we;jtw;wpd; mOfpa kl;Fg; nghUs;fspypUe;J czTg;nghUl;fis

cwpQ;rg; gad;gLk; rpy jhtuq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s NtHfSf;F ikf;Nfhiurh NtHfs; vd;W ngaH.

,t;NtHfisf; nfhz;Ls;s jhtuq;fspy; gr;irak; fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy.

v.fh: (MQ;rpNah];ngHk;) khNdhl;Nuhgh (Monotropa)

37. xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? (Parasitic Plants) rpy jhtuq;fs; jkf;F Njitahd czTg; nghUl;fis gpw

capUs;s jhtuq;fs; my;yJ tpyq;FfspypUe;J ngWfpd;wd. ,it xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,tw;wpw;nfd;W rpy rpwg;ghd NtHfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

38. `h];Nlhhpah (Haustoria) (my;yJ) cwpQ;R cWg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? xl;Lz;zp jhtuq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s rpy rpwg;ghd NtHfs;

Xk;GaphpaplkpUe;J ePiuAk;> fdpk cg;Gf;fisAk; cwpQ;rg;gad;gLk; NtHfs; cwpQ;R cWg;Gfs; (my;yJ) `h];Nlhhpah vdg;gLk;.

NkYk; ,it GNshaj;jpypUe;J czTg;nghUisAk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wd. ,t;NtHfs; Xk;Gaphp jhtuj;ij Jisj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;wd.

39. KO xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? (Total Parasites) rpy jhtuq;fs; czT> ePH> fdpk cg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf

Xk;Gaphpj; jhtuq;fis KOikahfr; rHHe;Js;sd. ,it KO xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

,tw;wpy; gr;irak; KOikahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. kz;zpYk; tsHtjpy;iy.

v.fh: f];Fl;lh (Cuscuta)

40. gFjp xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? rpy jhtuq;fs; Xk;Gaphp jhtuj;jpypUe;J ePiuAk;> fdpk cg;Gf;fis

kl;Lk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wd. czTg;nghUl;fis jq;fsJ gRikahd ,iyfs; %yk; jhNk

jahhpj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,jdhy; ,J gFjp xl;Lz;zp vdg;gLk;. v.fh: tp];fk; (Viscum)



41. G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; Fwpg;G tiuf? rpy jhtuq;fs; iel;u[d; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; G+r;rpfis czthf

cl;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,j;jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

Mdhy; ,j;jhtuq;fs; xspr;NrHf;if nra;J fhHNghi`l;Nul;il jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.

v.fh: l;u]Puh (Drosera)

42. #hpa gdpj;Jspj; jhtuk; Fwpg;G tiuf? (Sundew Plant) l;u]Puh jhtuk; #hpa gdpj;Jspjhtuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfspd; czHePl;rpfspy; xl;Lk; jd;iknfhz;l

jputj;Jsp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J #hpa xspapy; gdpj;JspNghy; gpufhrpg;gjhy; ,g;ngaH

ngw;wJ.

43. czH ePl;rpfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Tentacles) l;u]Puh jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfspy; Vuhskhd cNuhkq;fs; Nghd;w

mikg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tikg;Gf;F czH ePl;rpfs; (Tentacles) vd;W ngaH. ,e;j czH ePl;rpapy; jput Rug;gp cs;sjhy; vspjhf G+r;rpiag;

gpbf;f cjTfpwJ. 44. Ntjpr; NrHf;if vd;why; vd;d? (Chemosynthesis) rpy caphpdq;fs; fdpkg; nghUl;fis Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;J

fpilf;fpd;w Mw;wiyf;nfhz;L fhHNghi`l;Nul;il jahhpf;fpd;wd.

,it Ntjpr; NrHf;if vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ghf;Bhpaq;fs;.

45. mNkhdpah> iel;iul;lhf khWk; tpidia vOJf? mNkhdpah Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; mile;J iel;iul;lhf khWfpwJ. 2NH3+3O2 2NO2+2H2O+Mw;wy;. ,tw;iw iel;u];Nkhdh]; vd;Dk; ghf;Bhpak; khw;WfpwJ.

46. H2S ry;gH kw;Wk; ePuhf khWk; tpidia vOJf? H2S (i`l;u[d; ry;igL) Mf;]pfuzk; mile;J ry;gH kw;Wk;

ePHMfpatw;iw jUfpwJ. H2S+[O] H2O+S+Mw;wy; ,tw;iw ngf;fpal;Nlhth vd;Dk; ghf;Bhpah khw;WfpwJ.

47. Ntjpr; NrHf;if gpw Cl;l caphpfs; vd;why; vd;d? jkf;F Njitahd czit jhNk jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;s ,ayhj

caphpdq;fs; Ntjpr; NrHf;if gpwCl;l caphpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it fhpkg;nghUl;fis Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J Mw;wiy

ngWfpd;wd. kdpjd; tpyq;Ffs; ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.



jhtu nraypay; 01. Rthrpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? gytifahd fhpk %yf;$Wfis Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J

Mw;wy; ntspg;gLk; epfo;r;rp Rthrpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j epfo;r;rpapd;NghJ Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; milAk; nghUl;fs;

Rthrj;jsg; nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;. Rthrj;jsg; nghUl;fs; - fhHNghi`l;Nul; MFk;.

02. ATP ahdJ nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd miof;fg;gl fhuzk;? Mw;wy; ntspahFk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy; Njitg;gLk;

tpidfSf;fpilNa ATP %yf;$Wfs; RNar;ir Mw;wiy ghpkhw;wk; nra;gitahf nray;gLfpd;wd.

vdNt ATP ahdJ nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Rthrj;jsg; nghUl;fs; Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; milAk; nghOJ ntspahFk; Mw;wy; ATP tbtj;jpy; gad;gLk; Mw;wyhfpwJ.

03. FSf;Nfh]hdJ Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; milAk; 4 topfs; ahit? fpisf;fhiyrp]; igUtpf; mkpyk; Mf;]p[Ndw;w fhHgd; ePf;fkiljy; fpug; Row;rp kw;Wk; vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpyp.

04. Mf;]p[Ndw;w gh];ghpfuzk; vd;why; vd;d? vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jk; epfo;r;rpapy; Mw;wy; ntspaplg;gl;L mJ

gh];ghpfuz Kiwapy; ADP ahdJ ATPahf khw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

vdNt> vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpyp tpidfs; Mf;]p[Ndw;w gh];ghpfuzk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

05. fpisf;fhiyrp]; vd;why; vd;d? 6 fhHgd; NrHkhd FSf;Nfh];> 3 fhHgd;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L

%yf;$W igUtpf; mkpykhf khw;wkilAk; epfo;r;rpNa fpisf;fhiyrp]; vdg;gLk;.

vk;ld;> NkaH`hg; kw;Wk; ghHdh]; vd;w n[Hkhdpa mwptpay; mwpQHfs; <];l;nry;ypy; fz;lwpe;jdH.

,jw;F EMP topj;jlk; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.

06. Neub gh];ghpfuzk; (my;yJ) jsg;nghUs; gh];ghpfuzk; vd;why; vd;d? jsg;nghUspy; ,Ue;J Neubahf ATP cUthFk; epfo;r;rp Neub

gh];ghpfuzk; my;yJ jsg;nghus; gh];ghpfuzk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;epfo;r;rp fpisf;fhiyrpy; eilngWfpwJ.

07. <NdhNy\d; (my;yJ) ePH ePf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? jsg;nghUspypUe;J ePH %yf;$W ePf;fg;gLjy; <NdhNy\d;

vdg;gLk;. ePH %yf;$W ntspNaw <NdhNy\; nehjp Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,t;tpid fpisf;fhiyrpy; eilngWfpwJ.

08. fpug; Row;rp vd;why; vd;d? igUtpf; mkpykhdJ fhHgd;il Mf;i]lhfTk; ePuhfTk; khWk;

NghJ thpirahf eilngWk; epfo;r;rpfNs fpug;Row;rp vdg;gLk;. ,r;Row;rpia rHN`d;]; mlhy;g; fpug;]; vd;w mwptpayhH

tpsf;fpajhy; ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ. ,r;Row;rp TCA Row;rp vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

09. Mk;gpNghypf; my;yJ ,Utif epfo;r;rp vd;why; vd;d? fpug; Row;rpapd; NghJ rpy %yf;$Wfs; rpijf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NtW rpy %yf;$Wfs; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,e;epfo;r;rp Mk;/gpNghypf; my;yJ ,Utif epfo;r;rp

vdg;gLk;.

10. vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpyp vd;why; vd;d? NADH2 kw;Wk; FADH2 Mfpatw;wpypUe;J vyf;l;uhd;fs; thpirahf

mike;Js;s g;NsNthGujk;> irl;NlhFNuhk;fs; Kjypatw;wpd; topahf Mf;]p[Df;F vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gLtJ vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpyp vdg;gLk;.

11. nry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyak; vd;why; vd;d? ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ATP %yf;$Wfs;

cw;gj;jpahtjhy; nry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyaq;fs; vd ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.



12. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; vd;why; vd;d? jdp Mf;rp[d; %yf;$Wfs; ,d;wpNa eilngWk; Rthrpj;jy;

epfo;r;rp fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; vdg;gLk;. rpy Ez;Zaphpfs; Mf;]p[d; ,d;wpNa capHtho ,aYk;. <];l; kw;Wk; rpy ghf;Bhpah.

13. Rthr <T tiuaW? Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; fhHgd;il Mf;irLf;Fk;>

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mf;]p[Df;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tPjNk Rthr <T vdg;gLk;.

Rthr jsg;nghUspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; mjd; Mf;]p[Ndw;w tPjj;jpw;F Vw;g Rthr <T mikAk;.

Rthr <T = ntspg;gLk; CO2msT

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; O2 msT

14. rkepiyg;Gs;sp tiuaW? (my;yJ) fhHgd;il Mf;irL rkepiyg;Gs;sp? CO2 tpd; ve;j nrwpT epiyapy; xspr;NrHf;ifahdJ

Rthrpj;jYf;F rkkhf ,Uf;fpwNjh mJ fhHgd;il Mf;irL rkepiyg;Gs;sp vdg;gLk;.

,e;epiyapy; xspr;NrHf;iff;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; CO2d; msT Rthrpj;jypy; ntsptplg;gLk; CO2 mstpw;F rkkhFk;.

,e;epiyapy; xspr;NrHf;ifapd; epfu cw;gj;jp VJkpy;iy.

15. nehjpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? nehjpj;jy; vd;gjd; Neubg;nghUs; Ntjp khw;wj;NjhL $ba

Eiuj;jy; my;yJ nghq;Fjy; vd;gjhFk;. FSf;Nfh]; %yf;$W fhw;wpyhJ rpijTw;W fhHgd;il

Mf;irlhfTk; vjpy; My;f`hyhfTk; khWtJ xU tifahd Rthrpj;jyhFk;.

v.fh: <];l;.

16. vjpy; My;f`hy; nehjpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? nehjpj;jypd; NghJ FSf;Nfh]hdJ vjpy; My;f`hyhf

khw;wg;gl;lhy; me;epfo;r;rp vjpy; My;f`hy; nehjpj;jy; vd;W ngaH.

C6H12O6 <];l; 2CH3 CH2 OH + 2CO2 + Mw;wy; FSf;Nfh]; vjpy; My;f`hy;

17. yhf;bf; mkpy nehjpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? FSf;Nfh]hdJ yhf;bf; mkpyk; Nghd;w fhpk mkpykhf

khw;wg;gLk; NghJ me;j tif nehjpj;jy; yhf;bf; mkpy nehjpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

,J Ngrpy;y]; mrpl;ilyhf;il vDk; ghf;Bhpaj;jhy; epfo;fpwJ.

18. tsHr;rp vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? XH caphpdj;jpd; nghUz;ik> vil> msT Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLk;

epiyahd> khw;wilahj mjpfhpg;Ng tsHr;rpahFk;. ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; tsHr;rp fhuzkhf cyH vil>

GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj;jpd; msT Mfpait mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. caH jhtuq;fspy; tsHr;rp vd;gJ nry;gphpjy;> nghpjhjy;> NtWghL

miljyhFk;.

19. tsHr;rpapd; %d;W epiyfs; ahit? nkJepiy (Lag phase) cUthjy; Ntfepiy (Log phase) ePl;rpAWjy; epiyg;ghlhd epiy (Steady State phase) KjpHr;rpailjy;

(my;yJ) cWjpahd rPuhd epiy

20. nkJ epiy (Lag phase) vd;why; vd;d? jhtuj;jpd; tsHr;rp tPjk; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; nkJthf cs;sJ. ,J nkJ epiy vdg;gLk;. Edp Mf;FjpRtpdhy; Gjpa nry;fs; njhlHe;J

cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

21. Ntf epiy (Log phase) vd;why; vd;d? ,e;epiyapy; Gjpjhd cUthd nry;fs; mstpy; nghpjhfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy; tsHr;rp tPjkhdJ kpftpiuthf> Ntfkhf cs;sJ. ,J Ntfepiy vdg;gLk;.

22. epiyg;ghlhd (my;yJ) cWjpahd rPuhd epiy vd;why; vd;d? ,e;epiyapy; nry;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l msitAk;> tbtj;ijAk; ngw

KjpHtilaj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy; tsHr;rp Ntfk; Fiwaj; njhlq;FfpwJ. Vw;fdNt

,Uf;Fk; msT guhkhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Nky; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ,e;epiy cWjpahd rPuhd epiyahFk;.



23. rpf;kha;L vd;why; vd;d? XH caphpdj;jpd; mstpy; Vw;gLk; tsHr;rp my;yJ nry;fspy;

Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;G vd;git fhy mstpw;F vjpuhf xU tiuglj;jpy; tiue;jhy;> tsHr;rpahdJ glj;jpy; fhl;bagb “S” tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

,J rpf;kha;L tisT vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

24. jhtuj;jpd; cz;ikahd tsHr;rpia msf;fg;gad;gLk; tha;g;ghL vd;d?

cz;ikahd tsHr;rp =

FwpKs; fle;j J}uk; x fg;gpapd; Muk;

FwpKs;spd; ePsk;

25. jhtutsHr;rp nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d? jhtuq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; xU rpy nghUl;fs;> me;j

jhtuq;fspd; tsHr;rp tho;tpay; kw;Wk; capHNtjpr; nray;fis xOq;Fglj;Jfpd;wd.

,e;j nghUl;fs; jhtu tsHr;rp nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.

26. tsHr;rp xOq;FgLj;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d? ,J `hHNkhd; Nghd;w nraw;ifahd fhpkr; NrHkq;fshFk;. ,U rpW msTfspy; tsHr;rpia Cf;Ftpj;Njh my;yJ

epWj;jpNah jhtuj;jpd; tsHr;rpia khw;wpaikf;fpwJ. v.fh: ehg;jyPd; mrpl;bf; mkpyk; (NAA)

27. jhtu `hHNkhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ,J jhtuj;jpNyNa cUthf;fg;gLk; fhpkr; NrHkq;fshFk;.

kpfTk; Ez;zpa mstpy;> ,it nray;jpwd; ngw;witahFk;. jhtuj;jpd; VjhtJ xU gFjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;L NtnwhU

,lj;jpw;F flj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mq;Nf Fwpg;gpl;l tho;tpay;> capHNtjp kw;Wk; Gw mikg;G

khw;wq;fis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.

28. jhtu `hHNkhd;fspd; tiffs;? Mf;rpd;fs; [pg;uypd;fs; irl;Nlhifdpd;fs; vj;jpypd; kw;Wk; mg;rprpf; mkpyk;.

29. Mf;rpd;fs; tiuaW? jhtuj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; ,aw;ifahd jhtu `hHNkhd;

MFk;. Kjypy; Mf;rpd; kdpjdpd; rpWePufj;jpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;Ltifahd Mf;rpd;fs; 01. ,aw;if Mf;rpd; IAA, PAA 02. nraw;if Mf;rpd; NAA, 2, 4-D.

30. Edp Mjpf;fk; my;yJ Kid Mjpf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? Edp nkhl;lhdJ mJ cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Mf;rpd; %yk;

gf;fnkhl;bd; tshr;rpiaj; jil nra;tJ Edp Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;. tsHr;rp Edpapy; cw;gj;jpahFk; Mf;rpd; Edp tsHr;rpiaj;

J}z;LfpwJ. mJ fPNo ,wq;Fk; NghJ gf;fnkhl;bd; tshr;rpiaj; jLf;fpwJ.

31. cjpHjy; vd;why; vd;d? ,iyfSk; fdpfSk; KjpHtile;jgpd; jhtuj;jpypUe;J

cjpHe;JtpLfpd;wd. ,J cjpHjy; vdg;gLk;. ,ij Mf;rpd; jil nra;fpwJ.

32. fUTwhf; fdpfs; tiuaW? jf;fhsp> Mg;gps; jhtuq;fspy; kyHfs; kPJ Mf;rpid njspj;J

tpijapyhf; fdpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

33. gf;fhNd my;yJ ney;ypd; Nfhkhspj;jd Neha; vd;why; vd;d? gf;fhNd vd;gJ ney;ypy; fhzg;gLk; xU tif NehahFk;. ,J [pg;nuy;yh /gpA[pFuha; vd;w G+Q;ir cUthf;fpa [pg;nuypf;

mkpyj;jhy; cUthFk; NehahFk;. jhtuq;fspd; fZtpilg;gFjp msTf;F mjpfkhf ePs;tJ

,e;Nehapd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

34. Nghy;bq; vd;why; vd;d? neUq;fpa ,iy mLf;fk; nfhz;l jhtuq;fspy; fZtpilg;gFjpapd;

tsHr;rp kpfTk; Fiwthdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,tw;wpy; [pg;uypf; mkpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ

fZtpilg;gFjpfs; mjpf tsHr;rpia milfpd;wd. ,e;j tifapy; jpBnud;W jz;L ePs;tJk; mijj; njhlHe;J

kyHjy; epfo;jYk; “Nghy;bq;” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.



35. xspf;fhyj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d? xU jhtuj;jpy; xsp kw;Wk; ,Ul;fhy mstpw;F Vw;g Vw;gLk;

jhtuj;jpd; gjpy; nray; xspf;fhyj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;. jhtuq;fspy;> kpf Kf;fpakhd xspf;fhyj;Jt gjpy;nray;

kyHjiyj; Jtf;FtjhFk;. ,J Nkhpyhz;l; kh%j; vd;w Gifapiyj; jhtuj;jpy; Kjd;

Kjyhf fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

36. nray;jpwd; fhyk; (Critical Period) vd;why; vd;d? rhpahd Fwpg;gpl;l xsp> ,Ul;fhyq;fspy; G+j;jYf;F NjitahFk;. ,JNt nray;jpwd; fhyk; vdg;gLk;. vy;yhj; jhtuq;fSf;F G+j;jYf;F xNu khjphpahd xsp kw;Wk;

,Ul;fhy msTfs; Njitg;gLtjpy;iy.

37. ePs;gfy; jhtuk; vd;why; vd;d? nray;jpwd; fhy msit tpl mjpfkhf ePz;l xspf;fhyk;

Njitg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; “ePs;gfy; jhtuk;” vdg;gLk;. v.fh: NfhJik kw;Wk; Xl;];

38. FWk;gfy; jhtuk; vd;why; vd;d? kyHjYf;F nray;jpwd; fhyj;ijtpl Fiwthd xspf;fhyk;

Njitg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; “FWk;gfy; jhtuk;” vdg;gLk;. v.fh: Gifapiy> fpiurhe;jpak;

39. ehs; eLepiyj; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? xspf;fhy mstpdhy; kyHjy; ghjpf;fg;glhj jhtuq;fs; “ehs;

eLepiyj; jhtuq;fs;” vdg;gLk;. v.fh: #hpafhe;jp> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;.

40. ngl;NlhFNuhk; vd;why; vd;d? jhtuq;fspy; kyHjiyj; J}z;Lk; xsp <Hg;Gg;nghUSf;F

igl;NlhFNuhk; vd;W ngaH. gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuq;fspy; kyHjyhdJ kpff;Fiwthd

ntg;gepiyapy; 1o-ypUe;J 10oc J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt FspHgjdk; vdg;gLk;. ,tw;iw u\;aehl;L mwpQH T.D.iynrd;Nfh 1920y; fz;lwpe;jhH.

41. J}z;lg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? kpff;Fiwthd FspHntg;gepiyj; J}z;lYf;F jhtuq;fspy; xNu

khjphpahd gjpy; nray; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.

FspHgjdj;jpw;F cl;gLk; jhtuq;fs; J}z;lg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; MFk;. FspHgjdk; Njitapy;yhjit J}z;lg;glhj tifahFk;.

42. FspHgjd nray;Kiwfs; ahit? Kjypy; tpijfis Kisf;f itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH ntt;NtW fhy mstpw;F ,dj;jpw;F Vw;g ,e;j Kisj;j

tpijfis Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyf;F mjhtJ FspHepiyf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;G rpwpJ Neuk; cyHj;jpagpd; tpijf;f Ntz;Lk;.

43. FspHgjd ePf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? FspHgjdj;jhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis ePf;fp gioa epiyf;F

nfhz;LtUk; epfo;r;rp FspHgjd ePf;fk; vdg;gLk;. FspHgjdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpa gpd;dH jhtuq;fis caH

ntg;gepiyf;F cl;gLk; NghJ FspHgjdj;jhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ePq;fp tpLk;.

44. FspHg;gjdj;jpd; nray;Kiwfs; ahit? u\;aehl;L mwptpayhHfs;> gapHfis FspHgjdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jp

,ay;ghd fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu mit kyHfis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;gb nra;jdH.

,jdhy; gapHfs; FWfpa fhyj;jpNyNa KjpHr;rpaile;jd.

45. FspHg;gjdj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit? gapHfspd; rhFgbf; fhy msit FspHg;gjdj;jpd; %yk;

Fiwf;fyhk;. ,aw;ifapy; mit nghJthf tsuhj ,lq;fspYk; gaphplyhk;. jhtug; gapHg;ngUf;fj;ij ,J tpisTgLj;JfpwJ.



kdpjey Nkk;ghl;by; caphpay; 01. gapHg;ngUf;f Ma;Tfis vOJf? mjpf vz;zpf;fiapy; czTg;nghUl;fis cUthf;Fjy; czTg; nghUl;fspd; juj;ij caHj;JtJ. czTg;gapHfspd; juj;ij njhlHr;rpahfg; guhkhpj;jYk;>

czg;nghUs; tpepNahfj;ij cWjp nra;jYk;.

02. jhtug;gapH ngUf;fj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;? rhFgb nra;ag;gLk; gapHfspy; rhjfkhd NtWghLfis

cUthf;Fjy;. rpwe;j> ey;y gapHfisj; NjHe;njLj;jy; xU gaphpd; juj;ij epHzapf;f gapHg;ngUf;f Ma;Tfisr;

nra;jy; kw;Wk; NjHT nra;ag;gl;l ufj;ij gyKiw ngUf;fkilar; nra;J

ghHj;j gpd;dH ntspapLjy;.

03. NjHTKiwfs; vd;why; vd;d? kpfTk; goikahd ,k;Kiwfs; thapyhfj; jdpj;jhtukhfNth

(my;yJ) jhtuf; FOkq;fNsh jhtuf; $l;lq;fspypUe;J juk; gphpf;fg;gl;L Njitaw;wtw;iw ePf;fptpl;L NjHT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

$l;Lj;NjHT Kiw J}a topj;NjHT Kiw

04. $l;Lj;NjHT Kiw tiuaW? Gw mikg;gpd; mbg;gilap; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gytifahd fye;j tpijfs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L xl;Lnkhj;jkhf

tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jdpj;jdpahf NjHT nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. 5 my;yJ 6 Mz;Lfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; NjHT nra;ag;gl;L

tptrhapfSf;F tpdpNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fiwfs;: ghuk;ghpa NtWghLfis #o;epiyfshy; Vw;gLk;

NtWghLfspypUe;J NtWgLj;jp mwptJ fbdkhFk;.

05. gd;kak; vd;why; vd;d? ve;j caphpdj;jpYk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpfs; ,ul;bg;gile;jhy;

mJ gd;kak; vdg;gLk;. ,UnjhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,Ukaj;jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

06. J}atopj;NjHT Kiw? N`hNkhirf]; (my;yJ) xj;jf; fUKl;il nfhz;l

jdpj;jhtuq;fspypUe;J njhlHr;rpahd jd; kfue;jr; NrHf;if %yk; J}atopj; jhtuq;fs; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;L njhFf;fg;gLtjhFk;.

,e;j ufq;fs; xj;jf; fUKl;ilapypUe;J cUthdjhy; mit xNu tpjkhd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Lk;> N`hNkhirf]; [Pd;fisf; nfhz;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

kugpay; NtWghlfs; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Fiwfs;: Gjpa [Pd; Mf;fk; nfhz;l my;yJ Gjpa [Pd;fisf;

nfhz;l Gjpa ufq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

07. FNshd; NjHTKiw? fUk;G> cUisf;fpoq;F> Njapiy> thio kw;Wk; rpy Gy;tiffs;

ey;y tskhd tpijfis mit cUthf;f ,ayhjjhy; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwapy; rhFgb nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

Gwg;gz;Gfsp;d; mbg;gilapy; FNshd; NjHTKiw %yk; gytifj; jhtuf; $l;lj;jpypUe;J rpwe;j ufk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

NjHT nra;ag;gl;lj; jhtuq;fs; cly; ,dtpUj;jp Kiwfs; %yk; ngUf;fg;gl;L FNshd; ufk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

08. jw;fyg;G vd;why; vd;d? xNu rpw;wpdj;ijr; NrHe;j ,U jdpj;jhtuq;fis ,izj;jhy; mJ

jd; kfue;jr; NrHf;if> jw;fyg;G (my;yJ) xj;jf;fUj;jd;ik mjpfk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

,jd; %yk; xj;jf;fUj;jd;ik mjpfk; Vw;gLfpwJ. N`hNkhirf]; xLq;F gz;G my;yPy;fs; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs;

tsj;jd;ikia ,of;fpd;wd.

09. n`l;bNuh]p]; (my;yJ) fyg;gpd tPhpak;? ,U ngw;NwhH %yk; cUthFk; Kjy; re;jjpiar; NrHe;j

fyg;gpdq;fs; vg;NghJk; ngw;Nwhiu tpl mjpfj;jpwd;> nray;ghL ngw;wpUg;gij ehk; “fyg;gpd tPhpak;” vd;W $WfpNwhk;.

tPhpaj;jd;ik vd;gJ kf#y;> Neha;> G+r;rp kw;Wk; tul;rpiaj; jhq;Fk; jd;ikahFk;.

ngw;Nwhiu tpl 25% mjpf kf#iy Nra; jhtuq;fs; Kjy; re;jjp fyg;gpdq;fs; mspf;fpd;wd.

v.fh: Nrhsk;.



10. jd; gd;kak; vd;why; vd;d? xNu jhtuj;jpy; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,ul;bj;jy;

epfo;e;jhy; mJ jd;gd;kak; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: 01. rHf;fiuts;spf;fpoq;F 02. Mg;gpy; 03. Nghp 04. njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,jdhy; ,J mjpf tPhpaj;jd;ik> nghpa fdp> ePz;l> nghpa

NtHfs;> mstpy; nghpa G+> ,iyfs;> tpijfs; mjpf msT rHf;fiu cs;sJ.

11. maw;gd;kak; vd;why; vd;d? ,U NtWgl;l rpw;wpdq;fspd; FNuhNkhNrhk; ,iztjhy;

Vw;gLfpwJ. v.fh: - bhpl;bfk; + bA+uk; = bhpl;bf;Nfy;

12. cly; ngUf;fKiw NtWghlfs; vd;why; vd;d? xU ka jhtuk; xU njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fis kl;LNk

ngw;Ws;sJ. kfue;jk; kw;Wk; #y; jpR tsHg;G Kiwfs; %yk; xU

kaj;jhtuq;fis mtw;wpd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fis ,ul;bg;gilar; nra;tjd; %yk; ,Ukaj;jhtuq;fshf khw;wkilar; nra;a ,aYk;.

,jw;F cly;ngUf;fKiw NtWghLfs; vd;W ngaH, v.fh: Neha; vjpHg;Gj;jpwd; nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;F JU Neha; vjpHg;Gj;jpwd; ngw;w NfhJik.

13. caphp cuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? gapH tsHr;rpf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; caphpfsplkpUe;J Njhd;wpa

midj;J Cl;lg;nghUl;fSfk; caphp cuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

caphpfspd;Wk; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gJ Ez;Zaphpfs; jahhpf;Fk; iel;u[d; nghUs;fisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.

v.fh: ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> raNdhghf;Bhpaq;fs;

14. ikf;Nfhiurh vd;gJ? ikf;Nfhiurh vd;gJ jhtu NtHfisr; #o;e;Jk;> mtw;wpd;

cs;NsAk; thOk; G+Q;irfshFk;. jhtu tsHr;rp kw;Wk; kf#iy mjpfhpf;fTk;> G+r;rp>

Neha;fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; kz;zpy; cUthFk; tsHr;rp ,ilA+Wfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J jhtu NtHfisg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd.

NtH mjpf msT ePH> jhJ cg;Gf;fis cs;Ns vLj;Jr; nry;y cjtp Ghpfpd;wd.v.fh: Ntk;

15. vf;NlhNuhgpf; ikf;Nfhiurh vd;why; vd;d? jhtu NtHfspd; ntspg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLgit. kz;zpy; cUthFk; ,ilA+WfspypUe;J NtHfisg; ghJfhf;fpd;wd. v.fh: ngrpbNahikrPl;]; G+Q;ir.

16. vz;Nlhl;Nuhgpf; ikf;Nfhiurh vd;why; vd;d? Nthpd; cl;Gwr; nry;fspDs;Ns kw;Wk; nry;ypilntspfspy;

fhzg;gLgit. ePH> jhJ cg;Gf;fis cs;Ns vLj;Jf;nfhs;s cjtpGhpfpd;wd. v.fh: Ntk; G+Q;irfs;.

17. kz;rPHjpUj;jk; vd;why; vd;d? gad;gLj;jg;glhj epiyapy; fsH jhpR epyq;fis khw;wpaikj;J

Nkk;ghL milar; nra;tJ kz;rPHjpUj;jk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: ePyg;gRk;ghrp

18. ney;ypd; ntg;G Nehapd; tifg;ghl;L epiyia vOJf? NehAaphp : ighpFNyhpah xiuNr (G+Q;ir) Nehapd; ngaH : ney;ypd; ntg;GNeha; (my;yJ) gpsh];l;

Neha; tFg;G : bA+lNuhikrPl;];

19. ighpFNyhpah xiurh G+Q;ir gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf? tsHr;rpapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; epwkw;w FWf;FRtHfis cila

ikrPyaj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. KjpHr;rpaile;j epiyapy; ikrPypaj;jpd; epwk; Mypt; gOg;ghfpwJ. i`ghtpd; Edpapy; nfhdpbaq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. nfhdpbak; miu ePs; tl;ltbtKk;> FWf;F RtHfSk; cilaJ.

mg;gFjpapy; rpwpa ePl;rpAs;sJ.

20. NghHlhf;]; fyitapd; Ntjp ,iaG vOJf? jhkpu ry;Ngl; (kapy; Jj;jk;) - 9Kg Rz;zhk;G - 9Kg ePH - 250Lit.



21. epyf;fliyapy; bf;fhNehapd; tifg;ghl;L epiyia vOJf? NehAaphp : nrHNfh];Ngh]; ngHrNdl;lh (G+Q;ir) Nehapd; ngaH : epyf;fliyapy; bf;fh Neha; tFg;G : bA+l;NuhikrPl;];

22. nrHNfh];Nghuh gHrNdl;lhitg; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf? ikrPypak; gOg;G epwKilaJ. FWf;Fr;RtUilaJ> fpisj;jJ. `h];Nlhhpaq;fs; cz;L. nfhdPbak; ePskhdJ FWf;F RtUilaJ. nfhdpbaj; jhq;fpapd;

Kidapy; nfhdpbak; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

23. vYk;gpr;irapy; fhd;fh Nehapd; tifg;ghl;L epiyia vOJf? NehAaphp : rhe;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;hp (ghf;Bhpah) Nehapd; ngaH : vYk;gpr;ir fhd;fH Neha; tFg;G : irNrhikrPl;];

24. caphp G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; vd;why; vd;d? (Ez;ZapH G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp) G+r;rpfs; fisfs; kw;Wk; NehAaphpfs; ,tw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

caphpg; nghUs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it capUs;stw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,it caphp

G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; vdg;gLfpwJ. v.fh: itu];> ghf;Bhpah> G+Q;irfs;> GNuhl;NlhNrhth>

rpWG+r;rpfs;.

25. Nghghy; mty epfo;r;rp tiuaW? Nghghypy; 1984-y; brk;gH 2 kw;Wk; 3 Njjpfspy; A+dpad;

fhHigl; njhopw;rhiyapd; G+kpf;fbapy; ,Ue;j Njf;fpfspy; ,Ue;J frpe;j MIC, 4000 capHfisg; gwpj;J tpl;lJ.

tpyq;FfSk; jhtuq;fSk; mope;J tpl;ld. ,JNt Nghghy; mty epfo;r;rp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

26. caphptopg; NghH tiuaW? NehAz;lhf;Fk; Ez;Zaphpfis caphp gilf;fyd;fshf

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ caphptopg; Nghh vdg;gLk;. v.fh: rpd;dk;ik> Me;j;uhf;]; Nghd;w nfhba Neha;fSf;fhd

fhuzpfspy; mjpf tPhpaKs;s ufq;fis 1 fpuhk; vLj;J MAjkhf gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mjpy; 250 kpy;ypad; Ez;Zaphpfs; ,Uf;Fk;.

rhjfkhd #o;epiyfspy; ,it Nehia cz;Lgz;Zk;.

27. caphpg;nghUs; nfhs;is vd;why; vd;d? jFe;j mDkjpapd;wp xU ehl;bd; caphp Mjhu tsq;fis

,ufrpakhf> Raeyf; Fwpf;NfhSld; gy mikg;GfSk; gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fSk; ,ufrpakhfr; Ruz;LtJ> gad;gLj;JtJ caphp nfhs;is (my;yJ) caphpg;nghUs; nfhs;is vdg;gLk.;

28. mwpTj;jpwd; rhH nghus; vd;why; vd;d? jw;fhy caphp njhopy; El;gtpaypd; Njhw;wk; caphp njhopy; El;g

nray;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; ,e;j Kiwfshy; cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUl;fs; njhlHghd gy.

29. mfhypgh ,z;bfh jhtuj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; My;fyha;Lfspd; ngaHfis vOJf? mfhypigd; l;iu mrpl;Nlhepahkpd; raNdhn[dpf; FSf;NfhirL kw;Wk; My;fyha;Lfs; cs;sd.

30. mfhypgh ,z;bfhtpd; kUj;Jtg; gad;fis vOJf? ,jd; ,iyfis miuj;Jf; fpilf;Fk; gir jPf;fhaj;jpd; kPJ

G+rg;gLfpwJ. Nrw;Wg;Gz;> Njky; Mfpatw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;j Rz;zhk;G fye;j

,iyr;rhW gad;gLfpwJ. fPo;thjk;> %l;L tPf;fk;> nrhwp rpuq;F Mfpait Fzg;gLj;j

vz;nza;> cg;G fye;j ,iyr;rhW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gLf;ifg;Gz; fhaq;fspy; Vw;gLk; Gz;iz Fzg;gLj;j

nghbahf;fg;gl;l ,iy gad;gLfpwJ.

31. Vfpy; khHkpy]; jhtuj;jpd; kUj;Jt Fzj;ij vOJf? nrhpkhdf; FiwghL njhlHghd eyf;NfLfSf;F ,j;jhtuj;jp;d; fha;

gad;gLfpwJ. Fly; tho; xl;Lz;zpfis mopf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. ePz;l ehl;fshf cs;s tapw;Wg;Nghf;F rPjNgjpiaf; Fzg;gLj;jg;

gad;gLfpwJ. ,jak; kw;Wk; %isapd; jpwid Nkk;gLj;j jput Cl;lg;nghUshf

gad;gLfpwJ.



32. Vfpy; khHkpy]; jhtuj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; My;fyha;Lfs; ahit? khHkpNyhrpd; $khhpd; kw;Wk; l;iu nlHgpdha;Lfs;

33. rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhhp]; jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ];Buha;Lfis vOJf? gpurPd; nll;uhirf;spf; l;iunlHgpdha;Lfs;

34. `hl;[H vYk;G ,iztp tiuaW? J}s; nra;ag;gl;l ,j;jhtuj;jpd; jz;L> NtHfspypUe;J

jahhpf;fg;gLk; gir vYk;G KwpTfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ. `hl;[H vd;gJ – tzpfg;ngauhFk;.

35. gpuz;ilj; jhtuj;jpd; kUj;jt Fzq;fis vOJf? J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jz;L> NtHfspd; gir vYk;G KwpTfSf;F

gad;gLfpwj. M];Jkh> tapW rk;ge;jkhd Neha;fSf;F KOj;jhtuKk;

kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. %yk; vdg;gLk; Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j jz;L gad;gLfpwJ. %f;F ,uj;jf; frptpw;F jz;Lr; rhW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

36. ikNkhrh Gbfhtpd; kUj;Jt Fzq;fis vOJf? ,j;jhtuj;jpd; NthpypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; frhak; fhrNeha;>

tapw;Wg;Nghf;if Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ. %yNeha;> Njhypy; Vw;gLk; rpW fhaq;fs;> ff;Fthd; ,uky;

Mfpatw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;j ,j;jhtuk; gad;gLfpwJ. ikNkhrpd; ,j;jhtuk; gad;gLfpwJ. ikNkhrpd; My;fyha;L ,jpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.

37. nrhyhdk; ief;uk; jhtuj;jpd; kUj;Jt Fzq;fis vOJf? fy;yPuy; mow;rp (rpHNuhrp];) Kjypa fy;yPuy; Neha;fSf;F

nrbapd; rhW ey;y gyidj; jUfpwJ. fha;r;ry;> rPjNgjpia Fzg;gLj;JtNjhL> rpWePHg;ngUf;if

Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. nrhyhdpd;> rNghdpd; Nghd;w NrHkq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

38. capnujpHg; nghUs; vd;why; vd;d? Nehiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; Kjyhd Neha; caphpfspd;

tsHr;rp kw;Wk; tsHrpij khw;wq;fisj; jLj;J epWj;jp mNj rkak; Xk;Gaphpia vt;tpjj;jpYk; gjpf;fhj tifapy; NtnwhU caphpdj;jjhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; nghUNs capnujpHg; nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

ghf;Bhpah> G+Q;ir capnujpHg;nghUis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. v.fh: ngdprpy;ypd;> MhpNahikrpd;

39. ngdprpy;ypd; rpWFwpg;G tiuf? ngdprpy;ypd; - capnujpHg;nghUs; ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;w G+Q;irapypUe;j

gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. epNkhdpah Kjypa fpuhk; ghrpbt; ghf;Bhpahtpw;F vjpuhdJ.

40. ];l;nug;Nlhikrpd; rpWFwpg;G tiuf? Mf;bNdh ikrPl;]; gphpitr; NrHe;j ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fphprpa];

vDk; ,iog;G+Q;irapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. rpWePHf;Foha; njhlHghd Neha;fs;> vYk;GUf;fp Neha;fs;

%isr;rt;T ghjpg;G (nkdpq;ifb];) ,tw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

epNkhdpah fha;r;riy Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

41. MhpNahikrpd; ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; MhpNahNgrpad;]; (Mf;bNdhikrPl;];)

ghf;BhpahtpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; capH vjpHg;nghUs; MFk;. M];bNah ikypb]; vDk; vYk;GNeha;> ff;Fthd; ,Uky; kw;Wk;

fz; Neha;fSf;F ey;y kUe;jhFk;.

42. FNshNuhikrpbd; ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; ntdpRNy vdg;gLk; Mf;bNdhikrpl;lhy;

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; capnujpHg;nghUshFk;. ghrpy;yh]; ghf;Bhpaq;fSf;F vjpuhdJ. ilgha;L fha;r;rYf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

43. ghrpl;uhrpd; ghrpy;y]; iyfdpghHkp]; vdg;gLk; ghf;Bhpak; cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. rpgpyp]; vdg;Lk; ghYWg;G Neha;f;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. rHf;fiuapd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.



44. `pAKypd; vd;why; vd;d? v.Nfhiy ghf;Bhpaj;jpDs; kdpj ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jpf;fhd [Pid

Eioj;J me;j ghf;BhpaNk ,d;Rypid cw;gj;jp nra;AkhW cUthf;fpAs;shH.

,e;j ,d;Rypd; `pAKypd; vdg;gLfpwJ. 45. rhNf vd;why; vd;d? mhprpia nehjpf;f itj;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; xU tifahd

kJghdk; rhNf vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J [g;ghdpy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

46. Nkw;gug;G ,iofs; vd;why; vd;d? tpijAiwapd; Nkw;gFjpapypUe;j ngwg;gLk; ,iofs; (ehHfs;)

Nkw;gug;G ,iofs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh: gUj;jp tifahd

01. fh]pg;gpak; ghHgld]; 02. fh]pg;gpak; `pHRlH];

47. ypd;l; ,io vd;why; vd;d? gUj;jp ,iofspy; ePskhf ,Uf;Fk; ,io ypd;l; ,io

vdg;gLk;. ,J Jzp jahhpg;gjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. Jzp Miyfspd; Kf;fpag; nghUshfTk; ,J tpsq;FfpwJ.

By

BHARATHIRAJA A,

PGT ZOOLOGY,

PUDUKKOTTAI,

CELL : 9944277623.

Date post:	03-Aug-2020
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