11. 1. sNcwr my qr~kI

tYlIPon kw bnwnw1876 AlYgzYfr grYhm bYl kI Koj nyy swrI dunIXW ko joV dIXw[ 1926 pihlI vwr Atlwitk smudr ky dono pwsy bwq kI geI, 1927 inaUXOrk AOry lNfn my tYlIPon (ryfIAo sy) lgw[ ey tI AYr tI ny 1935 my prdys q~k phucny vwly tYlIPon lgwey[ 1956 my smudr bIc tYlIPon lweInw peIAW, 1962 my sNcwr sYtylweIt[ Awj rswiexk ivigAwnIkO ny qWby kI qwr sy PweIbr AOpitks, sWJy tYlIPon lweIn sy ientrnYt dIXw]

ibn qwr sNcwrsYl Pon, pyjrz eykIkrx srkt, nvIn smwn sy Cotw sweIz swmwn ivigAwnkO ny dIXw[ 1940 my ey tI AOr tI lYbytorI ny kwr Pon bnwey, pr sNcwr cYnlz nw hony kwrn prc~lq nw hUey[ 1980 my ibn qwr sNcwr sYlON my bwNtw igAw AOr AOtomYitk sivcY ijs sy hr sYl dubwrw vrqO hoqI[ sYl Pon jldI Awm ho gey[ rswiex ny rIcwrz hon vwlI sYl ilQIAm-Awien bYtrIAW bnweI]

PYks AOr Skl-nkl ivigAwnBwvy 1902 my jrmnI ky AwrQr kohn ny qwr rwhI Poto ByjI, pr pihlI PYks mSIn 1924 my bnI[ Poto kI nkl ibjlI ky isgnl sy kI geI AOr tYlIPon sy ByjI geI[ Poto iPlm AOr nkl hnyry my isD kI jwqI[ 1949 my shI Skl nkl hony l~gI[ 1970 my PYks ivigAwn ny nvy kwgz, isAwhI AOry Poto lYny ky qrIky bnwey]

lyzr AOr PweIbr Awpitks Ab SISy kI qwr swQ roSnI sy sNcwr hoqw hY[ rswiexkW ny pihlI SISy kI qwr 1970 my bnwXI[ iPr SISy kI qwryN ivCweI geI[ 1977 my roSnI sy AwvWz, ANkVy AOr qsvIryN phucny l~gI[ Awj kroVO Pon, ANkVy AOr qsvIryN eyk SISy kI qwr sy jw skqy hY]

tYlIPotogrwPIy

Siv~c borf

11 tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm jwxkwrI qy sMcwr dy swDn

11. tknOlOjI ky mhwn kdm jwxkwrI AOr sNcwr ky swDn

kmpUtr kw bnwnw rsWiexk ivigAwnIAO ny kmpUtr bnwey AOr iPr ien ko hor SkqIvwn, qyz rPqwr AOr ssqw kIXw[ 1939 my AwieAovw sUby my pihly kmpUtr kI Koj hoeI[ 1940 my progrwm hony vwly bulIAn qrIky kyy ihswb-krn bnny lgy[ 1946 myc eInIAk , AkVy vwlw kmpUtr bnw, 1962 my pihlw mweIkro-prosYsr[ 1971 ientYl kMpnI ny 4004 4-ibt mweIkro-prosYsr AOr loko my kmpUtr Awm ho gey[ Awj BI nvIn trWizstr, islIkon-icps, ientYgryitf purzy, ANkVy sBwl krny ky mwl bnqy hY]

sYmIknfktr ivigAwnRrswiexk ivigAwn ny islIkon AOr jrmynIAm sy sYmIknfktr bnwey jo kmpUtroN, AOzwrW AOr sNcwr swDn my vrqy jwqy hY[ sYmIknfktroN my grm ho kr izAwdw krNt guzrny l`gqw hY[ sYmIknfktroN jo ik izAwdw Xw ibnw ielYktrOn bnwny vwly bnwey jw skqy hY[ sYmIknfktroN sy kmpUtr AOr ientYgryitf srkt bnqy hY[ sYmIknfktroN swQ ielYktrOink smwn Coty sweIz, qyz AOry km ibjlI sy c~lqy hY[ ivigAwnko ny sYmIknfktroN swQ ACy AOzwr, murNmq krnw AOr nvIn Coty ielYktroink swDn idXy hY]

islIkOn icps AOr ientYgryitf srkt1947 my ivigAwnk jon bwrfIn, ivlIAm Soklye qy vwltr brwtyAn ny isD kIXw islIkon rwhI ibjlI imQy p~Dr sy guzr skdI hY[ ies qrW islIkon icps, ientygryitf srkt AOr mweIkro-prosYsr sy Awj qyz rfqwr ACy kmpUtr bnwey jwqy hY[ 1961 my islIkon icps vwly trWiztr, rizstr, kpYsItr AOr mYmrI icps islIkon ky p~qr keI rswiexW imlw ky bny[ 1967 my pihlw ientYgryitf srkt vwlw kYlkulytr bnw ijs my keI trWizstrs AOr ielYktrOink purzy Qy[ 1980 my ientYgryitf srkt vwly kmpUtr bnny lgy]

jOn vOn inaUmn qy

eInIAk

11.2. kmpUtr ivigAwn

eInIAk

AYn-tweIp sYmIknfktr (izAwdw ielYktrOn)

pI-tweIp sYmIknfktr (ielYktrOn ibn)

11.3. kmpUtr tknOlOjIy

jWc AOr prdrSn tknOlOjIprdrSn AOr kmpUtr tknOlOjI my bhuq qr~kI hueIY[ swP rNgIn prdrSn tI vI kYTof ry tUauboN ky ADwr py bny[ god ly ikqwb-kmpUtr p~Dr skrIn vwly bny[ 1969 my AYl sI fI prdrSn rswiex ky ADwr pr bny[ iPr pqlI-qsvIr trWijstr ky ADwr pr AYl sI fI qsvIryN bnI[ rswixkW ny qrl-kirstl, rNgIn iPltr, qYhdwr pOlImr, Fwly-plwsitk kI SItoN jo roSnI KNf kryN AOr plwzmw prdrSn bny]

jwxkwrI stor krnwjwxkwrI kw stor honw aus ko inkwl kr ihswb my vrqnw zrUrI hY[ rswiexk KojoN ny ACyy, Awswn AOr ssqy irkwrf r~Kx kyy swDn dIXy[ nvIn qyz rNgIn irkwrf ky qrIky, cubk rYkrf, ifjItl prdrSn bnyy[ 1955 my AmrIkn kmpUtr KojI rYnlf

jOnsn ny pihlI kmpUtr ifsk frweIv bnweI[ 1984 my sI fI rwm bnI, ies kmpUtr ifsk AOr cubk-typo my AOr BI nvInqw Aw cukI hY]

sNcwr sYtylweItsU1960 q~k AmrIkw AOr dUsry mhWdIpo syy sNcwr bhuq mYhgw Qw[ 1962 my tYlstwr pihlw sNcwr sYtylweIt AOribt my lgw[ rswiex ny sYtylweIt bnny AOry lgwny kw swmwn imSrx-DwqU, plwsitk AOr nvIn mwl dIXw[ 1990 q~k sNcwr sYtylweItoN ny dyS ivdySW ko tYlIPon AOr tI vI phucwey[ Awj sNcwr sYtylweIt sIDy GroN my sYtylweIt ifS sy ifjItl tI vI phucwqyy hY]

jI pI AYs sYtylweIt

AOribtivc

jI pI AYs sYtylweIt dI bxqr

11. tknOlOjI ky mhwn kdm jwxkwrI AOr sNcwr ky swDn

11. tknOlOjI ky mhwn kdm jwxkwrI AOr sNcwr ky swDn

iPmmyN1927 my jwz isNgr pihlI iPlm QI ijs my qsvIr AOr Awvwz kw shI myl Qw[ 1930 ky Anq q~k rNgIn iPlm mShUr hueI[ iPlmoN ky rswiex my nvIn mwl, rswiexk Gol AOr roSnI kI Koj Swml hueI]

tYlIvIjn1926 my, skwitS jOn logI byArf pihlw tI vI bnwieAw, inpko ifsk kw 1883 my pytYt lIAw gAw[ 1897 my kYQof ry kI Koj hoeI, 1927 my kYQof ry sy pihlw tI vI bnw[ A`gly vIh swl vYkaUm tIaUb kI KojoN hueI[ 1958 my ientYgryitf srkt bny[ iPr sOilf styt AOry Coty ielYktroinks bnyy[

PotogrwPIyPotogrwPI AOr iPlmy izdgI my Xwdo swQ logo kw irkwrf r~KqI hY[ rswiex ny iPlmW, kYmry, roSnI ky Xog qrIky AOr slaUSn bnwey[ bYtrIAW, 1950 my AYlklweIn CotIAW bYtrIAW AOr kYmry my l~gy PlYS[ 1963 my eIstmYn koifk ny qurq kYmry sy inklny vwlI qsvIryN bnweI, 1970 q~k 5 kroV AYsy kYmry ivky]

inpko ifsk AOr KojI pwl inpko

11. 4. mnorMjn