Atlas & Kaartskale

Atlas• ’n Boek wat kaarte bevat• Gebruik soos volg

• Soek die naam van die plek op in die Alfabetiese lys van plekname agter in die atlas

• Kyk op watter bladsy is die plek

• Kyk in watter blok die plek is • Blokke het ʼn Letter wat vertikale posisie aandui en ʼn syfer wat

horisontale posisie aandui• Voorbeeld C6

• Kyk wat is die Lengteligging – vb. 28o 40’S

• Kyk wat is die Breedteligging vb. 78o 21’ O,

Groottes van skale• Kleinskaalkaarte

• 1:175 000 000 – wys kontinente, oseane en vastelande

• Padkaartskale• 1: 250 000 – wys paaie en dorpe, maar min individuele

bakens

• Landskale• 1 : 50 000 wys paaie, sypaaie en sommige individuele bakens

• Ontdekkingsskale / Grootskaalkaarte• 1 : 25 000 wys detail inligting wat geboue en strate insluit

Hoe groter die syfer regs hoe kleiner is voorwerpe op die kaart

Groottes van skale

Grootskaalkaarte bied kaarte op ’n vergrote skaal

GrootskaalkaartKleinskaalkaart

Kaartskale• Wys die verhouding tussen die afstand op ‘n

kaart en die werklike afstand op aarde• Vb 1:50,000 beteken: • 1cm op die kaart = 50 000 cm / op aarde

• Daar is drie tipe skale:• Woordskale = Een sentimeter verteenwoordig 5 kilometer•

Lynskaal

• Verhoudingskaal (1:50,000)

100 000 cm = 1 km

1. Woordskale• Woorde beskryf die verhouding tussen die

kaartafstand en ware afstand• Voorbeeld

• 1cm tot 100 000 cm , Beteken 1 cm = 1 km• Of een sentimeter verteenwoordig een kilometer

2. Lynskale• 'n Lyn word op die kaart geteken om te wys watter

afstand op die grond deur 'n cm op die kaart verteenwoordig word

• Dit word gebruik om reguitlynafstande te meet• Teken eers die afstand op ’n stukkie papier aan en meet

dit dan op die skaal

3. Verhoudingskale• Word aangedui as ‘n verhouding• 1 eenheid die skaal stel die selfde eenheid in werklikheid voor• Gewoonlik cm : cm

• 1:25 000, 1 cm = 25 000 cm • 25 000 cm ÷ 100 = 25 m• 25 m ÷ 100 = 0,25 km

1: 500 000Getal links

• Is altyd 1• Verteenwoordig die afstand op die kaart• Bepaal die eenheid van die skaal

Getal regs• Kan verskil in die voorbeeld = 500 000• Verteenwoordig die afstand op aarde• Is in dieselfde eenheid as die getal regs

Gewoonlik cm : cm• Moet daarom omgeskakel word na kilometer

Onthou 100 000 cm = 1 km

Omskakelings1 km = 1000m 1 m = 100cm 1km = 100 000 cm

• Na kilometer – deel met 100 000 (beweeg die komma 5 plekke links)

• Example: 1: 50 000• 1cm = 50 000cm• 1cm= (50 000/100 000)km• 1cm= 0.5km

Noem die tipe skaal

Direct Statement Representative Fraction ?

1cm to 2.5 km1: 350 000

0 40 km

Applying Scale…A B - 1cm to 100 km

A

B - 1: 250 000A 0 20 km

B- 1 cm

Halfronde

Slegs een breedtelyn maar twee lengtelyne verdeel die aarde in hemisfere

Halfronde

Slegs een breedtelyn maar twee lengtelyne verdeel die aarde in hemisfere

• Die aarde is verdeel in 4 hemisphere• Die ewenaar (0o Breedtelyn) verdeel die aarde in

Noord en Suid• Die Greenwich meridian en die 180o Lengtelyne

verdeel die aarde in Oos en Wes• Meting vind plaas vanaf 0o waar die ekwator en nul

meridiaan kruis

Halfronde

Lengtelyne• Denkbeeldige lyne wat van noord na suid loop• Word in grade en minute gemeet

• Elke graad = 60 minute• Nie oral ewe ver van

mekaar• Ontmoet by die pole• Verste van mekaar by die ewenaar

• Almal ewe lank• Begin by Greenwich / Nul-meridiaan

• Verste punt is 180o

Meet ligging Oos of Wes van die Nulmeridiaan tot by 180o

Lengtelyne

Begin by die Noordpool en eindig by die Suidpool

Belangrike Lengtelyne

Die Greenwich meridiaan loop deur die dorpie Greenwich in VK

Westelike halfrond

Oostelike halfrond

Nul- Meridiaan

• Die nul en 180o meridiane deel die aarde in ‚n Oostelike en ‚n Westelike halfrond• Plekke Wes van Greenwich het ’n Westelike adres,

plekke Oos van Greenwich het ’n Oostelike adres

Breedtelyne• Denkbeeldige lyne wat van Oos na Wes loop• Word in grade en minute gemeet

• Elke graad = 60 minute

• Parallel met mekaar en die ewenaar• Dui ligging Noord en Suid van die ewenaar aan

• Nie dieselfde lengte• Pole is die verste punt

• Noordpool = 90o Noord en Suidpool is 90o Suid

Gemeet Noord en Suid vanaf die Ewenaar

Breedtelyne

Die verste punt is 90o Noord of Suid

Belangrike Breedtelyne

Die Steenbokskeerkring loop deur Suid-Afrika

Bepaling van ligging

Na die aantal grade en minute moet die rigting altyd aangedui word

• Die kombinasie van lengte en breedtegrade word gebruik om ligging aan te dui• Lengte en breedte word in grade en minute gemeet• Elke graad = 60 minute

• Minute word gebruik om presiese ligging aan te dui• 15’ = kwart van 60 – die eerste kwart van die blok• 30’= helfte van 60 – die helfte van die blok• 45’= driekwart van sestig – die laaste helfte van die

blok• Koördinate word gebruik om ligging aan te dui

• Koördinate bestaan uit ’n Noord/Suid ligging gevolg deur ’n Wes/Oos ligging

• Gemeet vanaf 0;0 waar die Ekwator en Greenwich kruis

Bepaling van ligging

Noord of Suid word eerste aangedui en dan Oos of Wes

Grade en minute

30’(minute) is die helfte van 60 en dus in die middel van die blok

• 1 grad = 60 min • Skryf Grade en dan

minute• BV 23o12’ Noord

Koördinate van enige plek

Detroit se koördinate is (43oN,83oW)

Koördinate van enige plek

Die ligging van die middel van die Aarde is 0o,0o

Time Zone

Any region of the globe throughout which the same standard time is used, is called time zone.

World Time Zones

There are 25 integer World Time Zones from -12 through 0 (GMT) to +12. Each one is 15° of Longitude as measured East and West from the Prime Meridian of the World at Greenwich, England.  Some countries have adopted non-standard time zones, usually 30 minutes offset which have a * designation.

GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) GMT is an absolute time reference and does not change with the seasons. London time is the same as Greenwich Mean Time less than half of the

year.   GMT was established in 1884 at the International Meridian Conference,

when it was decided to the place the Prime Meridian at Greenwich, England.

International data line (IDL)

The International Date Line is an imaginary line which runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and is 180° away from the Greenwich Meridian.

Location•Over the years, the position of the International Date Line has changed several times. Until 1845, the Philippines were on the eastern side of it. When the United States bought Alaska in 1867 the line was moved to the west of it.

•The most recent change in the line was in 1995 when Kiribati moved a large segment of it to the east, so that the entire nation would be on the same side of the International Date Line.

How IDL Works

Let's say you fly from the United States to Japan. Let's suppose you leave the United States on Tuesday morning. Since you're traveling west the time advances slowly thanks to time zones and the speed at which your airplane flies, but once you cross the International Date Line, it's suddenly Wednesday.

On the reverse trip home you fly from Japan to the United States. You leave Japan on Monday morning but as you cross the Pacific Ocean, the day gets later quickly as you cross time zones moving eastward in an airplace. However, once you cross the International Date Line, the day changes to Sunday.

So, when the Sun ‘rises’ in Great Britain, on the other side of the world, it’s about to ‘set’.

Great Britain

New Zealand

The latitudinal zones

Time zones• A time zone is a region of the earth that has

uniform standard time, usually referred to as the local time.

International Date Line

• The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth opposite the Prime Meridian where the date changes as one travels east or west across it.

Die aarde se wentelbaan• Die aarde se wentelbaan is elipsvormig• Slegs planete en meteoriete wentel om die son

• Daar is nege planete wat om die son wentel• M,V,A,U,J,S,M,N,P

• Een omwenteling is 365 1/4 dae = 1 jaar• Sy as is altyd parallel aan sy vorige posisies –

daarom kry ons seisoene• Op n spesifieke tyd is die aarde altyd weg of na

die son gekantel

n Wentelbaan is die pad wat een hemelliggaam volg om ’n ander

Time Zones• The world is divided into 24 time zones.

The North Carolina Geographic Alliance http://geo.appstate.edu/NCGA

Time Zones• The world is divided into 24 time zones. • Approximately how many degrees of longitude

divide each time zone?

The North Carolina Geographic Alliance http://geo.appstate.edu/NCGA

Time Zones• The world is divided into 24 time zones. • Approximately how many degrees of longitude

divide each time zone?• Hint: The world is divided into 360⁰.

The North Carolina Geographic Alliance http://geo.appstate.edu/NCGA

Time Zones• The world is divided into 24 time zones. • Approximately how many degrees of longitude

divide each time zone?• Hint: The world is divided into 360⁰.• Ans: approximately 15⁰ per time zone

The North Carolina Geographic Alliance http://geo.appstate.edu/NCGA

Meet the MapThe Prime Meridian is 0⁰ longitude

Meet the MapThe Prime Meridian is 0⁰ longitude

The International Date Line is 180⁰ longitude

Meet the MapThe Prime Meridian is 0⁰ longitude

The International Date Line is 180⁰ longitude

Color coded time zones

What happens when you travel across the International Date Line?

Gain a Day What happens when you travel across the International Date Line?

Gain a Day

Skip a Day

What happens when you travel across the International Date Line?

2If it is 2 pm on Tuesday in New York, what day and time it is in Los Angeles?

2If it is 2 pm on Tuesday in New York, what day and time it is in Los Angeles?

Gain a Day

Skip a Day

If it is 9:00 am on Friday in LA, what day and time is it in Sydney?

Gain a Day

Skip a Day

If it is 9:00 am on Friday in LA, what day and time is it in Sydney?

Hint: Add 18 hours

Gain a Day

Skip a Day

If it is 9:00 am on Friday in LA, what day and time is it in Sydney?

Hint: Add 18 hours

Ans: 2:00 am on Saturday

Gain a Day

Skip a Day

If it is 6:00 pm on Saturday in Sydney, what day and time is it in Rome – if you travel west?

Gain a Day

Skip a Day Ans: It is 10:00 am on Saturday

If it is 6:00 pm on Saturday in Sydney, what day and time is it in Rome?

Gain a Day

Skip a Day It is 10:00 am on Saturday

If it is 6:00 pm on Saturday in Sydney, what day and time is it in Rome?

What day and time if you travel east from Sydney to Rome?

Gain a Day

Skip a Day Ans: Same time!

If it is 6:00 pm on Saturday in Sydney, what day and time is it in Rome?

What day and time if you travel east from Sydney to Rome?

9 If your 10 hour flight departs Rome at 9:00 am on Sunday, what day and time will it be when you land in Denver?

An If your 10 hour flight departs Rome at 9:00 am on Sunday, what day and time will it be when you land in Denver?

Hint: add the change in time zones to the time for the flight

An If your 10 hour flight departs Rome at 9:00 am on Sunday, what day and time will it be when you land in Denver?

Hint: add the change in time zones to the time for the flight

Ans: 11:00 am on Sunday

Gain a Day

Skip a Day

If it is 7:00 am on Tuesday in Japan, what day and time will it be in Chicago?

Gain a Day

Skip a Day

If it is 7:00 am on Tuesday in Japan, what day and time will it be in Chicago?

Ans: 10:00 pm on Monday