CAREER POINT UNIVERSITY

HYDRO POWER PLANT

SUBMITTTED BY-AYUSH SONIBRANCH –ELECTRICALSEM/YEAR- 5th/3rd KID- K11564

SUBMITTED TO-MR. KAMAL ARORAELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEPARMENT CAREER POINT UNIVERSITY

Hydro Power (Hydroelectric Inflow Dam System).wmv(1

CONTENTS1. Introduction2. Components of hydroelectric power

plants 3. How hydropower works4. Hydropower generation by country5. Types of gates 6. History of hydroelectric power plants7. Environmental effects

INTRODUCTION Hydroelectric power comes from water,

when it’s falling by the force of gravity, then can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity.

The fall and movement of water is part of a continuous natural cycle called the water cycle.

As people discovered years ago, the flow of water represents a huge supply of kinetic energy that can be put to work.

INTRODUCTION… Hydro power plants are different.

They use modern turbine generators to produce electricity, just as thermal(coal, oil, nuclear) power plants do, except that they do not produce heat to spin the turbines.

Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of it’s ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances.

COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

1.Dam- It is the most important component of

hydroelectric power plant. It is built on a large river that has

abundant quantity of water throughout the year.

It should be built at a location where the height of the river is sufficient to get the maximum possible potential energy from water.

2.WATER RESERVOIR- The water reservoir is the place behind the

dam where water is stored. The water in the reservoir is located

higher than the rest of the dam structure. The higher the height of water, the more

its potential energy. The high position of water in the reservoir also enables it to move downwards effortlessly.

This also helps to increase the overall potential energy of water, which helps ultimately produce more electricity in the power generation unit.

3. INTAKE OR CONTROL GATES-

These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is released and controlled through these gates.

These are called inlet gates because water enters the power generation unit through these gates.

When the control gates are opened the water flows due to gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines.

The water flowing through the gates possesses potential as well as kinetic energy.

4. THE PENSTOCK- The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that

carries the water flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit, comprised of the turbines and generator.

The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to its height.

The total amount of power generated in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the height of the water reservoir and the amount of water flowing through the penstock.

The amount of water flowing through the penstock is controlled by the control gates.

WATER TURBINE

5. WATER TURBINES- Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter

the power generation unit, which houses the turbine and the generator.

When water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine.

The rotating blades causes the shaft of the turbine to also rotate. The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator.

In most hydroelectric power plants there is more than one power generation unit.

There are various types of water turbines such as Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine, Pelton wheels etc.

The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the height of the reservoir, quantity of water and the total power generation capacity.

6. GENERATORS- It is in the generator where the electricity is

produced. The shaft of the water turbine rotates in the

generator, which produces ac in the coils of the generator.

It is the rotation of the shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic field which is converted into electricity by electromagnetic field induction.

Hence the rotation of the shaft of the turbine is crucial(important) for the production of electricity and this is achieved by the kinetic and potential energy of water.

Thus in hydroelectricity power plants potential energy of water is converted into electricity.

HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS Hydropower can be seen as a form of solar

energy, as the sun powers the hydrologic cycle which gives the earth its water.

In the hydrologic cycle, atmospheric water reaches the earth’s surface as precipitation.

Some of this water evaporates, but much of it either percolates into the soil or becomes surface runoff.

Water from rain and melting snow eventually reaches ponds, lakes, reservoirs, or oceans where evaporation is constantly occurring.

HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS…. Moisture percolating into the soil may

become ground water(subsurface water), some of which also enters water bodies through springs or underground streams. Ground water may move upward through soil during dry periods and may return to the atmosphere by evaporation.

Water vapor passes into the atmosphere by evaporation then circulates, condenses into clouds, and some returns to the earth as precipitation. Thus, the water cycle is complete. Nature ensures that water is a renewable resource.

France

Japan

Venezuela

Norway

India

Russia

United States

Brazil

Canada

China

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

2013

2012

2011

HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION BY COUNTRY

HISTORY OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS Hydropower has been used since ancient

times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the mid-1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Belidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines.

In 1878 the world's first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at Cragside in Northumberland, England by William George Armstrong.

• At the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power plants were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas.

• As the power plants became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes to include flood control, irrigation and navigation

• The United States currently has over 2,000 hydroelectric power plants which supply 49% of its renewable electricity

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

1) Silt buildup fills reservoir (Yangtze; levees)2) Fish migration disrupted (Columbia)3)Water temperature decreases (Colorado)4) Water gets more saline (Colorado)5) Water loses oxygen (Brazil)6) Water slows down, increases disease (mosquitos, schitosomiasis (Aswan))7) Water traps pollution, slows pollution flushing8) Induced seismicity may occur

• Water turbines are generally considered a clean power producer, as the turbine causes essentially no change to the water

• They use a renewable energy source and are designed to operate for decades

• They produce significant amounts of the world's electrical supply

• Historically there have also been negative consequences, mostly associated with the dams normally required for power production

• Dams alter the natural ecology of rivers, potentially killing fish, stopping migrations, and disrupting peoples' livelihoods.

CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE POWER

The amount of energy E, released when an object of mass m, drops a height h, in a gravitational field of strength g, is given by E=mgh

The energy available to hydroelectric dams is the energy that can be liberated by lowering water in a controlled way.

In these situations, the power is related to the mass flow rate.

Substituting P for E⁄t and expressing m⁄t in terms of the volume of liquid moved per unit time (the rate of fluid flow, φ) and the density of water, we arrive at the usual form of this expression:

A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric plant is:

P = hrgkWhere - P is Power in kilowatts, - h is height in meters,

- r is flow rate in cubic meters per second, - g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, and - k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher with larger and more modern

turbines.

Some hydropower systems such as water wheels can draw power from the flow of a body of water without necessarily changing its height. In this case, the available power is the kinetic energy of the flowing water.

where v is the speed of the water, or with

where A is the area through which the water passes, also

Over-shot water wheels can efficiently capture both types of energy.

THANK YOU