Mojtab ABST Historica demand f The obje sound m archeolog for param and to c architectu condition Key word 1.0 There is a more dur ranging f for their manage t guideline of these a reconstru studies an examine diffractio quality a enhanced coefficien for their r superinte developed acoustica sound ref of selecte recorders analysis. with thei computer in estima current sp and techn ba NAVVA 1 Univer 2 TRACT al buildings an for detail info ctive method easurement u gical records f metric design s capture a sou ural elements ns for the gene ds: Reverbera INTROD a strong dema ing night time from sport sho cultural herit the use and es for their use ancient places uction from po nd examinatio the contributi on from seats and condition. d the sound nts play a very reconstruction ndents and th d technique i al aspects of h flected compo ed historical b s, and utilizin As part of th ir unique surf r modelling, si ating the impa pace. The resu niques. CAPTURE SOUND AB 1 , Fabio rsity of Michi 2000 Bonistee 2 SAP nd ancienet th ormation relati used to exam using beamfor for their archit studies. The o und signature toward their eral public to e ation, Absorpt UCTION and from the p e, both for arc ows, to sympo tage that has operation of e by the public s. The acoust ossible altern ons of compu ion of each d and architect . The specific levels. Comp y important ro n, or sustainab he facility ma in beamformi historical build onent in freque buildings. Dat ng various ac e new historic face character imulation of t act of the dire ults show a ne EING HIST SIGNATU BISEGNA igan, College l Blvd., Ann A PIENZA, the 3 Gfai Tech heaters are us ing to sound mine these ty rming at thei tectural detail objectives of th e that signifi r historical p experience usi tion, Reflectio public for acc chaeological v osia and conce not yet been these ancient c that includes tic properties natives of mat uter simulatio design compon tural element c changes in puter simulat ole in support ble design app anagers of the ng as a close dings. This pa ency and time ta were measu coustic softw cal preservatio ristic, the freq the space. New ect and reflec ew research ap TORICAL URE USING A 2 , Gunnar of Architectu Arbor MI 481 University of h GmbH, Berli ed for live pe field within th ypes of spaces ir current stat ls that relate to his study are t icantly repre reservation. T ing virtual env on, Diffusion, ess to the outd visits and for th erts. Most arc n reached. Th t architecture s the role of ac of ancient pe terial and des on methodolog nent. Measure ts, which are material cha tions using a ting the choice proach among ese historical e numerical e aper describes e domain for e ured using Ac ware for data on effort, and quency domai wly developed cted sound con pproach in roo BUILDIN G BEAMFO HEILMAN ure and Urban 09, E-mail:m Roma, Rome in, Germany erformances fo hese remarkab s for their roo tus. Compute o material and to demonstrat sents the roo The results a vironment. Beamforming door archaeol he organizatio haeological si he building o buildings or coustics and l erformance sp sign evolution gy for ancien ed and simula important in aracteristic ha a range of b e of the best o g different pos sites. This stu examination t s a new appro evaluation of coustic Came reduction, co given the hist in and spectr d room acoust ntribution to om acoustics e BeBe GS SPACE ORMING NN 3 and M Planning, Arc [email protected]d e. Italy or a variety o ble historical om acoustic c er simulation d surface char te the ability to om acoustics are used to re g, Visualizatio logical sites du on of several t ites cannot be officials and h r theatres hav lighting techni paces have be n by many in nt buildings p ated results sh outdoor thea ave increased boundary abs or most accept ssible alternat udy presents o provide evi oach in measu the existing r era spherical a omputer mod torical records ral analysis ar tic indicators p the sound lev evaluation uti eC - 2014 E Magdalena B ch Bldg., du f venues, and architectural characteristics incorporating acteristics are o visualize so s characteristi epresent these on, uring daytime types of cultur e considered s historical soc ve outlined a iques in the m en studied fo nvestigators. P provide new i how that scatt atres, impact d the reverber orption and table choice o tives being pra application o idence for th uring the contr room acoustic array, 120 cha delling, simul s on the use of re used as inp provide a new vel available w lizing current 4 - 27 BÖCK 3 d there is a buildings. s is onsite g the past e also used ound fields ics of all e acoustic e and even ral events, ustainable ieties that a series of modern use or accurate Parametric indexes to tering and the sound ration and scattering of material acticed by of a newly e relevant ribution of condition annel data lation and f materials put to the w approach within the t standards
Transcript
Mojtab
ABSTHistoricademand fThe objesound marcheologfor paramand to carchitectucondition
Key word
1.0 There is amore durranging ffor their manage tguidelineof these areconstrustudies anexamine diffractioquality aenhancedcoefficienfor their rsuperintedevelopedacousticasound refof selecterecordersanalysis. with theicomputerin estimacurrent spand techn
ba NAVVA1Univer
2
TRACT al buildings anfor detail infoctive method easurement ugical records f
metric design scapture a souural elementsns for the gene
ds: Reverbera
INTRODa strong demaring night timefrom sport sho
cultural heritthe use and
es for their useancient places
uction from pond examinatiothe contributi
on from seats and condition.d the sound nts play a veryreconstructionndents and thd technique i
al aspects of hflected compoed historical bs, and utilizin As part of th
ir unique surfr modelling, siating the impapace. The resuniques.
CAPTURESOUND
AB1, Fabio
rsity of Michi2000 Bonistee
2 SAP
nd ancienet thormation relati
used to examusing beamforfor their architstudies. The ound signature toward their
eral public to e
ation, Absorpt
UCTION and from the pe, both for arcows, to sympotage that has operation of e by the publics. The acoustossible alternons of compuion of each dand architect
. The specificlevels. Compy important ron, or sustainabhe facility main beamformi
historical buildonent in frequebuildings. Datng various ace new historicface characterimulation of tact of the direults show a ne
EING HISTSIGNATU
BISEGNAigan, College l Blvd., Ann A
PIENZA, the3Gfai Tech
heaters are using to sound mine these tyrming at theitectural detail
objectives of the that signifir historical pexperience usi
tion, Reflectio
public for accchaeological vosia and conce
not yet beenthese ancient
c that includestic properties natives of matuter simulatio
design compontural elementc changes in puter simulatole in supportble design appanagers of theng as a close
dings. This paency and timeta were measucoustic softwcal preservatioristic, the freqthe space. Newect and reflecew research ap
TORICAL URE USING
A2, Gunnar
of ArchitectuArbor MI 481
University of
h GmbH, Berli
ed for live pefield within th
ypes of spacesir current statls that relate tohis study are t
ficantly reprereservation. Ting virtual env
on, Diffusion,
ess to the outdvisits and for therts. Most arcn reached. Tht architectures the role of acof ancient peterial and deson methodolognent. Measurets, which are
material chations using ating the choiceproach amongese historical e numerical eaper describese domain for eured using Ac
ware for data on effort, and quency domaiwly developedcted sound conpproach in roo
BUILDING BEAMFO
HEILMANure and Urban 09, E-mail:m
f Roma, Rome
in, Germany
erformances fohese remarkabs for their rootus. Computeo material andto demonstratsents the rooThe results avironment.
Beamforming
door archaeolhe organizatiohaeological sihe building o buildings orcoustics and l
erformance spsign evolutiongy for anciened and simulaimportant in
aracteristic haa range of be of the best og different possites. This stu
examination ts a new approevaluation of coustic Camereduction, co
given the histin and spectrd room acoustntribution to om acoustics e
or a variety oble historical om acoustic cer simulation d surface charte the ability toom acoustics
are used to re
g, Visualizatio
logical sites duon of several tites cannot be
officials and hr theatres havlighting technipaces have ben by many innt buildings pated results sh
outdoor theaave increasedboundary absor most acceptssible alternatudy presents o provide evi
oach in measuthe existing r
era spherical aomputer modtorical recordsral analysis artic indicators pthe sound levevaluation uti
eC - 2014
E
Magdalena Bch Bldg., du
f venues, andarchitectural
characteristicsincorporating
acteristics areo visualize so
s characteristiepresent these
on,
uring daytimetypes of culture considered shistorical socve outlined aiques in the men studied fo
nvestigators. Pprovide new ihow that scattatres, impact d the reverber
orption and table choice otives being praapplication oidence for th
uring the contrroom acousticarray, 120 chadelling, simuls on the use ofre used as inpprovide a newvel available wlizing current
4 - 27
BÖCK3
d there is a buildings.
s is onsite g the past e also used ound fields ics of all e acoustic
e and even ral events, ustainable ieties that
a series of modern use or accurate Parametric indexes to tering and the sound ration and scattering
of material acticed by
of a newly e relevant ribution of condition annel data lation and f materials put to the
w approach within the t standards
5th B
2.0
Architectvaries givvocal corof architeacoustic varies forsound to and 60 orHZ. Meaare good
It is posspropertiegeometricand receiresponse the Auranoise/soucomputersignaturelevel mealocation tstructure large scaweightedTransfer direction sound prsimulatioeffectivelsound predue to thstudies of
turally speakinven the requirrds are not stroectural acouststudies. Acour low, mid anddrop off to a r T20, T30, and
asured data forenough to 125
sible to simus). Simulationcal data alongivers (seats) wmeasurement
alization of sund/acoustic pr simulation. that significaasurements wto capture theconditions of
ale balloon and sound pressu
Function wasof the viewin
ressure level ons indicate thly project the essure levels ahe wall surfacf various mate
Applicatioustic Camera he total sound
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DOLOGY
ng, not all ancred acoustic pong enough, atic requires dustic performad high frequenset point suc
d T60, . Most r 250 Hz and5 Hz only, giv
ulate the buildn capabilitiesg with surfacewithin the EAt with the Heasimulated spaperformance oIt is hoped t
antly represenwere made at e impact of thf the space. Tnd or sweepeure level (SPs utilized alonng areas of by
reaching a hat large walgenerated so
as a function oce characteriserials within th
on of the Awas used to m
d presseure levges of sound forming, is onimages consi
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Despite its extrshown its pra
ations for yea
Figu
onference 2
Y
cient theaters performance. Tand or the listeesigners to es
ance evaluationcies. Reverbech as 20, 30 orreported mea lower are noven the feedba
ding geometry of EASE so
e characteristiASEaura moduad Related Traaces as is orof the space to produce a nts the room aeach site. Se
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ound onto the of frequenciesstics and theirhe space, and
Acoustic Cmeasure from vel, while masources or “
ne of the oldesist of color cotechnique areta recorder, ants used by threme simplicitactical usabili
ars now [7].
ure 1. Acou
2014
are designed The desired seners are not stimate the reon of these seeration time isr 60dBA belosured RT is T
ot reliable, andack from acou
y and its surfoftware [5-6]c such as, absule. Room imansfer functionr designed. Tfor validationprotocol for
acoustics chare Figures 1
y architecturalons from direcce were deteus locations wse of acousticor the sourceseasured locatose to the aud
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Camera both center a
aking a good a“localizes” soust and simplesontours indicae described iand Noise Imahe Acoustics ty, the delay-aity in an extra
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equally sinceound level is close enough
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face characteand compute
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The objectiven of their usfuture onsite
racteristics of-5. The soul element surfct and reflectermined alongwithin the spc camera in os of sound wertion. The redience seating
de walls. The contributions metry. This eon sound cond
and side filed attempt to capund sources ust array signal ating where thin references age software Camera and
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b, Bisegna, H
e the space genot loud enouto the source/
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members and p
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f a selected buund meter wasface charactered sound compg with the mpace. Additioorder to determre contributinesults based g areas or spdifferences bof the reflect
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positions withpture reflectedusing the Beprocessing al
he most signif[7-10]. The running on athe actual set
hod in the timede range of ac
et up.
Heilmann, B
eometry for eaugh because t/speaker. The
of the indexest the reverberonds that it takit is shown asge of 500 HZarly stage of
published data
material and owere used to ring coefficiene and binauraate the file thady is to visuhistorical recoion to captureuilding. Sounds positioned aristics given thponents usingaximum equi
onally, a Heamine which p
ng to the majoon measuremeaker are abl
between total ed and or diffntributes to p
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system consa laptop PC. tting for meae domain is qucoustic localiz
Bock
ach period the human discipline
s for room ration time kes for the
s RT20, 30 Z and 1000
the design a [1-4].
or surface input the
nt, source, al impulse at contains ualize the ords using e a sound d pressure at a given he current
g impulse ( ivalent A-ad Related portions or ority of the ments and le to most and direct
fuse sound parametric aces.
building to f any. The technique. as far back ources are sists of a Figure 1
asurements uite robust zation and
Figure
The net rData canstandard and otherlarge scatourist paexactly hcoliseumballoon bremains s
2. Rome C
Fig
result from thn be analyzedarchitectural r ray tracing
ale balloon anarticipation inhow much sou
m. Other factorburst or the ssteady had to
Coliseum.
ure 4. Adria
e system is a d for specific acoustic measacoustic prog
nd sweepers un making noisund individuars such as thesweepers signbe evaluated f
ana Villa, Ma
Figure 5
sound image time periods
sures. The megrams [5-6]. using computee simultaneoual people ande duration of nals to reach for peak meas
ritime Theatr
5. Taormina
superimposed and frequen
easured resultsThe 120 smaer generated usly at a givend musical inst
the yells from"full loudnes
surements, and
Figure 3. O
res and Hall
a Theater
d onto a 3-D Ccy ranges alls were used toall microphonesignal for 8 sn signal. The truments makm the crowd,ss", the point d their spectra
BeB
stia Antica, T
of Philosoph
CAD model fowing results
o simulate the es recorded thseconds and lsoftware allow
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at which theal characteristi
BeC-2014-0
Theatre.
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for specific aps to be correlsound source
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02
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o pinpoint ike roman
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5th Berlin Beamforming Conference 2014 Navvab, Bisegna, Heilmann, Bock
2.2 Application of HRTF Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF) describes how a given sound wave input is filtered by the diffraction and reflection properties of the body, before the sound reaches the eardrum. Hearing with both ears is defined as binaural hearing. It provides the ability in hearing the sound naturally and accurately. The sound that is received from both ears localizes the direction and true spatial perception of sounds. The geometrical parameters of the human body have a major impact on binaural hearing. The application and the analysis of the specifically collected room acoustic measurements by the Acoustic Camera allows examination of this concept and the creation of a possible new room acoustic index that captures space’s sound signature.
3.0 RESULTS and ANALYSIS The following sections describe the sources of measured data and the different observations based on their correlation to the theoretical models as well as their time or frequency dependencies for calculation of different room acoustic indices. The results are explained and shown in the form of plotted graphs and or utilizing some 3D visualization capability within selected capability of the Noise Image program. Sound of impulse using balloon and in some cases crowd noise conditions within these selected historically known theaters are measured and simulated. The results through some well-known room acoustic indices show the impact of space geometry, architectural surface characteristic (absorption, reflection, diffusion) and specific building elements in size within the space. It is important to resolve or to determine the contribution of each architectural components from the room acoustic design point of view at the early stage of historical design studies or its investigation and not after the measurements are completed or without relying on only computer simulation. There is a need for an index to show and demonstrate the relative acoustic contribution of each surface and architectural elements in a given space for designers and practitioners that are interested in integrating their design concept or correlating with their historical records on a given project site for room acoustics. Coliseum and Ostia Theater were selected for their capacity seating area of the spectators. Specific measurements and simulation were made for their room acoustic performance. As part of the acoustic analysis the sound conditions inside this space, the peak impulse measurements were captured similar to crowd noise at the Coliseum. Measured data using acoustic camera then were converted from pressure units to relative sound intensity level distribution and presented equal to the HRTF distribution as described in section 2.1. The results for crowd noise (Coliseum) and impulse measurement in Ostia are plotted for two slices of time. Two locations within the Adriana Villa namely; Maritime Theatres and Hall of Philosophers were measured and results are shown in Figures 6-16. The peak noise levels are clearly identified in purple colors in 3D architectural representations. The sound intensity from the surrounding crowd noise and low levels from sky and not much contribution is shown from below in Coliseum data, however, much contribution from the ground and dome structure within the Hall of philosopher in villa Adriana is shown. It is also possible to identify specific sound intensity distribution and its directionality at a given point. See Web links 16-19 for general historical information on all site under studies by the authors.
During the time allocated for our studies, the sound in coliseum was measured to predict what impact the planned renovations / restoration would have in making the coliseum to have its original looks and materials. The measured results were used as an input in computer simulation modelling for various parametric studies. Acoustic Camera data was post processed to produce Acoustic Photos files for each set of measurements and sound or background condition byond our control such aa air or ground traffic noise conditions and measurement position. The methodology and calculation procedures were applied each sound source and intensity was simulated using the Acoustic Camera data recorded data as an input. The sound recording was generated taking the background into account by using sound from prior to the start until after the sound reverberation had stopped. An Acoustic Photo file was generated for as many locations and time intervals required for these computer simulations. These simulations uses 3D acoustic views and the dynamics of the
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The access to the Rome Coliseum was made possible by the permission of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, thanks to the Superintendent Anna Maria Moretti and the Ministry official representative Rossella Rea. Special thanks to Dr. Prof. Franco gugliermetti, Laura.monti, Andrea.carraro , Jonida.bundo, Dept. DIAEE, SAPIENZA University of Rome and the technical support from GFai Tech GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
REFERENCES [1] Neubauer, R.O. “Prediction of Reverberation Time in Rectangular Rooms with a Modified Fitzroy
Equation”, ISSEM’99, 8th International Symposium on Sound Engineering and Mastering, Gdansk, Poland, 115 - 122 (1999)
[2] Fitzroy, D. “Reverberation formulae which seems to be more accurate with non-uniform distribution of absorption”, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 31, 893-897 (1959)
[3] Eyring, C.F. “Reverberation Time in “Dead” Rooms”, the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 1, 217-241 (1930).
[4] Beranek, L. L. and Vér, I. L., Noise and Vibration Control Engineering: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 1992.
http://afmg.eu/index.php/company.html. [7] Don H. Johnson, Dan E. Dudgeon, “Array Signal Processing,” 1993 by PTR Prentice- Hall, Inc. [8] Dirk Döbler and Gunnar Heilmann, “Perspectives of the Acoustic Camera,” The 2005 Congress and
Exposition on Noise Control, August 2005 [9] G. Heilmann, A. Meyer, D. Döbler,"Time-domain beamforming using 3Dmicrophone arrays",
Proceedings of the BeBeC 2008, Berlin, Germany, 2008, [10] Andy Meyer, Dirk Döbler, Jan Hambrecht, Manuel Matern , " Acoustic Mapping on three-dimensional
models", Proceedings of the BeBeC 2010, Berlin, Germany, 2010 [11] Claridge, Amanda (1998). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (First ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press, 1998. pp. 276–282. ISBN 0-19-288003-9 [12] Andrea Farnetani, Nicola Prodi, and Roberto Pompoli "On the acoustics of ancient Greek and
Roman theaters", Acoustical Society of America, 124 (3), September 2008 0001-4966/2008/124(3)/1557/11/8 -1557.
[13] Algazi, V. R., Duda, R. O., Duraiswami, R., Gumerov, N. A., and Tang, Z. (2002).
"Approximating the head-related transfer function using simple geometric models of the head and torso," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, 2053-2064. (http://interface.cipic.ucdavis.edu/sound/hrtf.html)
[14] Navvab, M., et al. "Dynamic variation of the direct and reflected sound pressure levels using Beamforming", Berlin, Beamforming Conference, Feb22-23, 2012. ISBN: 978-3-94270904-0.
[15] Navvab, M., et al. “Simulation, visulization and perception of sound in a virtual environment using Beamforming" Berlin, Beamforming Conference, Feb22-23, 2012. ISBN: 978-3-94270904 [16] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Colosseum [17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_Antica [18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa [19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao
