]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-N-cnXw

Ncn-X-]-T-\hpw ]mc-º-cyhpw

]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xp-I, iakm[y-amb Imcy-am-Wv. ImcWw, ]I-tem-

a-‰-Øns‚ ka-K-amb Ncn-X-sagp-Xm-\p≈ iaw CXn\p apºv \S-∂n-´n-s√-∂Xp Xs∂. Ncn-X-h-

kvXp-X-Iƒ IrXy-ambpw Ia-ambpw Ipdn-®p-h-bv°p∂ coXn \ap-°n-√msX t]mbXpw Ncn-X-c-N\

t¢i-I-c-am-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬, k`m-N-cn-X-c-N-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p `uXnI Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ssIamdn hcp∂ sFXn-ly-߃, hmbvsam-gn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw In´p∂

Imcy-ßsf Bi-bn-°p-Itb \ap°v Ic-Wo-b-am-bn-´p-≈p. ]e sFXo-ly-ß-fp-sSbpw hmbvsam-gn-

I-fp-sSbpw hni-Zmw-i-߃ Ime-I-a-Øn¬ Iq´n-t®¿°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-sW-∂Xv kphn-Zn-X-am-Wv.

Ahsb hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cpØn Ah-bpsS A¥x-kØ Is≠-ØpI F∂Xv C∂v Ncn-

X-]-T-\-Øn¬ FXbpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. As√-¶n¬, _u≤n-I-amb henb X¿°-hn-X¿°-߃°v

AXv Imc-W-am-Ipw. Ncn-X-k-Xy-sØ-Øs∂ \ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-Ipw. ]e hna¿i-\-߃°pw

\nZm-\w, ]mc-º-cy-Ønse s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv.

IrXy-amb Ncn-X-tc-J-I-fpsS A`mhw Imc-Ww, ]e ]mc-º-cy-ß-sf-bpw, tXmΩm-«o-lm-

bpsS C¥y-bnse BK-a-\-sØ-Ø-s∂-bpw, kwi-bn-®n-cp∂ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cp-≠v. F∂m¬, ChnsS

Hcp kXyw Hm¿°-Ww. C¥y-bpsS s]mXp Ncn-X-Ønepw IrXy-amb tcJ-I-fpsS A`mhw D≠v.

]mc-º-cy-sØ-Øs∂ Ncn-X-ambn Icp-Xp∂ Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bmWv C¥y-bv°p-≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬,

Ncn-X-tc-J-Isf amXw Bi-bn-®mWv Imcy-߃ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠Xv F∂ at\m-`mhw ChnsS

icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. bqtdm-]y-∑m-cpsS \n¿_‘w sIm≠mWv am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

Xß-fpsS NcnXw BZyw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. A∂-h¿ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-I-s´, kaqlw s]mXp-hn¬ AwKo-I-

cn-®m-Z-cn®p t]m∂ ]mc-º-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂ Imcyw ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-amWv (‰n.-sI.-th-ep-∏n-

≈, Smh≥Iq¿ tÉv am\p-h¬, hmeyw 1. 653 661)

am¿tØm-Ωm-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mc-ºcyw Cßs\ kwK-ln-°mw.

hn.-tXm-Ωm-«olm ]¥-°p-kvXm-°p-tijw ]m¿Xy, hSt° C¥y F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kphn-

tijw ]kw-Kn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. At±lw AhnsS \n∂v ]. I\ym-a-dn-b-Øns‚ ac-W-tØm-S-\p-_-

‘n®v Pdp-k-se-an-se-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv, F.-Un. 52-˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ Xpd-ap-J-sØ-Øn.

tIc-f-Øn¬ Ggp ][m\ InkvXob kaq-l-߃°v At±lw cq]w \¬In. AXn\p tijw

Ingt° Xoc-Øp≈ ssaem-∏q-cn-te°v t]mhp-Ibpw AhnsS kphn-tijw ]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw

Hcp c‡-km-£n-bmbn acn®v kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS tIc-f-Ønse t]£nX ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ henb sXfnhv C∂pw ChnsS

kPo-h-ambn \nev°p∂ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS AkvXn-Xzhpw Ah-cpsS ]mc-º-cy-hp-am-

Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dnSw as‰mcp kaq-lhpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂Xv Nn¥-\o-b-am-Wv.

At±-l-Øns‚ Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ D≈n-S-sØ√mw AXv C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-h-∂-Xm-sW∂v

km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dnSw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hkn-°p-∂n-

SØp \n∂v Gsd AIse ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xpw tImcn-s®m-cn-bp∂ ag-°m-eØv Ahn-SpsØ ac-W-

Øn-cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xpw NcnX kXysØ Ac-°n- p-d-∏n-°m≥ t]m∂ Imcy-amWv (Zaleski,

34)

tXmΩm-«olm

\n߃ temI-saßpw t]mbn kIe PmXn-I-sfbpw injy-s∏-Sp-Øp-hn≥ F∂ Cutim-an-in-lm-

bpsS Blzm-\-a-\p-k-cn®v A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-ß-fn¬ Ahn-SpsØ kphn-ti-

j-a-dn-bn-®p. tXmΩm-«olm C¥y-bn¬ h∂v Xs‚ t]£nX ]h¿Øn-bn-eqsS At\Isc InkvXp-

hns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-°n. Ahsc amtΩm-Zokm ap°n. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bn¬ \n∂v ⁄m\-kv\m\ta‰-

hcpw Ah-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-Ifpwam¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS NcnXw tXmΩm-«o-lm-bn¬ \n∂p XpS-ßp-∂Xv

Xo¿Øpw kwK-X-am-Wv. hnip-≤s‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ BZy-Im-e-L-´w, _‘p-P-\-߃ F∂n-h-sbm∂pw

kphn-ti-j-߃ hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. ]me-kvXo-\m-bnse Keo-e-bn¬ \n∂p≈ At±lw

Hcp ao≥]n-Sp-Ø-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v kqN-\-bp-≠v. (tbml. 21:1˛3) Cc´ ]nd-∂-h≥ F∂¿∞-ap≈

ZnZn-tamkv (tXm-a-kv) F∂ t]cn-em-Wv «olm Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv (a-Øm. 10.3, a¿t°m 3.18, eq°m 6.5,

A∏. ]h. 1..13) tXmam (Xm-a) F∂Xv Cc-´-t∏-cmbn Icp-X-Ww. Cc´ F∂-Xns‚ Ko°p ]Z-amWv

Didymos. ZnZn-tamkv F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ tXmam F∂v At±lw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂p (tbm-l. 11.6).

blq-Z-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ tXmakv F∂ t]cv ImWp-∂n-√. bqZm F∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww, At±-l-Øns‚

bYm¿∞ \maw. kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Ønse BZy-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ bqZm-tXmam F∂mWv ImWp-∂-

Xv. tXmam F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ bqZm. tbml-∂m≥ 14.18-˛23-˛¬ at‰ bqZm F∂Xv Codex syrus

siniticus ¬ tXmakv F∂mWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv (cf.J.N.Farquhar, 37) BZy-Ime kphn-tij

Isø-gp-Øp-I-fnepw bqZm F∂p ImWp-∂p. BZm-bn-bpsS ]t_m-[\w (G.-Un. 2000), bqZm tXmam-

bpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ (aq∂mw \q‰m-≠v) F∂o A]-am-WnI KŸ-ß-fnepw bqZm tXmΩm F∂pw \mw

hmbn-°p-∂p. am¿ At]w, tbml. 20.24 D≤-cn-°p-∂n-SØv bqZm tXmam Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v

(Farquhar, 38)

Idn-tbm-Xp-Im-c≥ bqZm, Cutimsb H‰n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xn-\m¬ B \maw A]-am-\-ambn BZn-a-k`

I≠p. Ign-hXpw B t]cv Hgn-hm-°m≥ ian-®p. khn-ti-j-ambn ]m›m-Xy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ bqZm

F∂ t]cv Hgn-hm-°n, tXmakv F∂v s]mXp-hn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\n-S-bm-bn.

I¿Øm-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ F∂v hn.-KŸw hnfn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mbn tXmamsb ImWp∂

Hcp ]mc-º-cy-ap-≠v. B[p-\nI ]T-\-ß-fp-ap≠v. am¿´n≥ Koe≥ ]d-bp-∂p. butkm-∏ns‚ ktlm-Z-c-

\mb t¢t∏m-kns‚ aI-fpsS (a-dn-bw) a°-sf-bmWv I¿Øm-hns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-I.

\k-Øn¬ Cutim-bpsS IqsS hf¿∂ Ah¿ Ahn-SpsØ ktlm-Z-c-ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´p

(Gielen). The book of Thomas, the Contender -epw tXma-kns\ Cutim-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mbn´v Ah-

X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬, tXmakv B ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ s]Sptam F∂Xv Ahn-X¿°n-X-ambn ]d-bm-

\m-hn-√.

]h¿Ø\ \nc-X-\mb tXmam-«olm

tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-tijw tXmΩm-«o-lmbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Gjym-ssa-\-dn-se-

k-`-I-fn¬ am¿tØmΩm kPo-h-Ømbn \ne\n∂p F∂-Xm-Wn-Xns‚ A¿∞w. “Ah-t\mSp IqsS

\ap°pw t]mbn acn°mw“ F∂ [oc-]-Jym-]-\hpw “Fs‚ I¿Øm-th, Fs‚ ssZh-ta!” F∂ hnizm-

tkm-ZvtLm-j-Whpw tXmΩm-«o-lm-bp-tS-Xm-W-t√m. “\o Ftßm´p t]mIp-∂p-sh∂v R߃°-dn-™p-

Iq-Sm” F∂ «olm-bpsS \njvI-f¶ ]kvXm-h-\-bv°mWv “Rm≥ hgnbpw kXyhpw Poh-\p-am-Ip-∂p“

-sh∂ henb ]Jym-]-\hpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øepw Cutim \S-Øp-∂-Xv. [oc\pw kXy-k-‘\pw bp‡n-

t_m-[-ap-≈-h-\p-amb tXmΩm-«olm Cutim-bpsS ssZhXzw c£m-I-c-Zu-Xyw, hy‡nXzw F∂n-hbv°v

kPo-h-km-£n-bmbn \n¬°p∂ NnX-am-Wn-hnsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv (tbm-l. 11.8, 14; 20: 28).

bqZm-kns‚ teJ-\hpw sl_m-b¿°p≈ teJ-\hpw tXmΩm-«olm Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂-

h-cp≠v (Ko-e≥).

a\n-t°-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw ⁄m\hmZ Bi-b-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ aq∂v At∏m-In-^¬

IrXn-Iƒ c≠p kphn-ti-j-ßfpw Hcp \S-]-Snbpw tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS t]cn-ep-≠v. (1945-˛¬ CuPn-

]v‰nse \mKv lam-Zn-bn¬ tIm]v‰n°v `mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb tXma-kns‚ kphn-tijw Is≠-Øn).

tXmakv A∏-kvtXm-e≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ti-jn-bn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Cu IrXn-Iƒ sXfn-bn-

°p-∂p. ]q¿∆-tZ-iØv k -bpsS ]Nmcw H‰bv°v \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ t]m∂ ss[cyw At±lw ]pe¿Øn.

bq^-´okv apX¬ kn‘p-Xocw hsc hym]n®p InS∂ ]m¿Øn-bm-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ Iogn¬ hcp∂

sak-s∏-t´m-an-b, t]¿jy, taZn-b, ln¿°m-\n-b, _mIvSnb XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fp-sSbpw C¥y-bp-

sSbpw kphn-tij ]tLm-jWw tXmΩm-«olm H‰bv°v \S-Øn-sb-∂Xv [otcm-Zm-Ø-amb Imcy-am-

Wv. ssN\-bnepw kntem-Wnepw Ahn-Sp∂v ]kw-Kn-®-Xmbn ]mc-º-cy-ap-≠v.

‘I-\ym-a-dn-b-Øns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw’ F∂ At∏m-Io- ¬ KŸw tXmΩm-«olm adn-b-Øns‚ I_-

d-S-°-Øn-\p-tijw amXw Pdp-k-te-an¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂Xpw I_-dnSw Xpd∂p ImWm≥ \n¿_‘w

]nSn-°p-∂Xpw iq\y-ambn I≠ I_-dnSw adnbw DS-temsS kz¿§-Øn-te-bvs°-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p

km£y-am-Ip-∂Xpw F√mw hnh-cn-°p∂p (]-≈n-bv°m-]-d-ºn¬, Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ-\m¿, ]. ssZh-

am-Xm-hmb I\ym-a¿Ø-a-dn-b-Øns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw, 1982,83)

C¥y-bpsS A∏-kvtXm-e≥

][m-\-ambpw C¥y-bpsS A∏-kvtXm-e-\m-bn-´m-Wv tXmΩm-«olm Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn-ep-

S-\ofw \nc-h[n ssIkvXh kaq-l-߃ At±lw ÿm]n-®p. tIc-f-Ønse am¿tØma InkvXym-\n-

Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ t]£nX ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ \ne\n-ev°p∂ kPo-h-km-£y-am-Wv. Chn-sS-bp≠m-

bn-cp∂ blq-Z-km-∂n≤yw tXmΩm-«o-lmsb Ctßm´p \bn-®p-sh∂p Icp-Xp-∂Xv icn-bm-Wv. I®-h-

S-Øn-\mbn h∂p Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ blq-Z¿ sImSp-ß-√qcpw ]me-bqcpw A∂n-hnsS [mcmfw D≠m-bn-cp-

∂-Xmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂p. _n.-kn. 587-˛¬ Hcp Iq´¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ FØn. C¥ybpw saUn-‰-td-\n-

b≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn tkmf-a≥ cmPm-hns‚ Imew apX¬ hmWnPy _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sh≈n,

kz¿Æw, Nµ-\w, \oew, Acn, cma-®w, a…n≥, i¿°-c, F≈v, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, abn¬∏o-en, B\-s°m-ºv,

tX°n≥XSn, Gew, Ce-h¿ßw, Ipc-ßv, B\, kpK-‘-Z-hy-߃ XpS-ßn-bh ChnsS \n∂v Ae-

Ivkm-¥n-bm-bn-te°pw saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°pw Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

tXmΩm-«olm Xs‚ C¥yn-te-°p≈ bmX-bn¬ BZyw FØn-bXv X£-in-e-bn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww.

FtZ- m, \n o-_okv, tlm¿ap-kv, Im≠ve F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-eqsS bmX km[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. GXm≠v

Ggp h¿j-tØmfw A∏kvtXme≥ AhnsS kphn-tijw ]kw-Kn®v Hcp ssIkvXh kaq-l-Øn\p

cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-°-Ww. G.-Un. 50- -t\m-S-SpØv Ahn-Sp∂v Xncn®v Ae-Ivkm¨Sn-bm-bn-te°pw Pdp-k-

te-an-te°pw t]mbn. Pdp-ktew Iu¨kn¬ (G.-Un. 50), amXm-hns‚ acWw F∂nh At±-lsØ

Pdp-k-te-an-te°v XncnsIt∏mIm≥ CS-bm-°n.

c≠mw bmX-bn-emWv sImSp-ß-√q¿ FØp-∂-Xv. sN¶-S¬ hgntbm t]¿jy hgntbm Bbn-

cp∂p bmX. ln∏m-ekv G.-Un. 45-˛¬ a¨kq¨ Im‰v I≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXmsS C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ I®-hS

bmX Xzcn-X-s∏- p. sN¶-S¬ Xpd-ap-J-ßfpw Ad-_n-°-S¬Øo-chpw hgn tdmam-km-am-Py-hp-ambn h¿≤n®

hym]m-c-_‘w hf¿∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. I®-h-S-bm-X-°m-cpsS IqsS tXmΩm-«olm ChnsS

FØn F∂p Nn¥n-°p-∂Xp bp‡w.

A∂sØ tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw ][m\ ] -W-amb ap n-cokn¬ (sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿, apNn-cn) tXmΩm-

«olm h∂n-d-ßn. tIc-f-Øn¬ At±lw ][m-\-ambpw Ggp ssIkvXh kaq-l-߃°v ASn-ÿm-\-

an´p Ah sImSp-ß-√q¿, ]me-bq¿, ]d-hq¿, tIm°-aw-K-ew, sIm√w, \nc-Ww, Nmb¬ (\n-e-bv°¬)

F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Ch-sb√mw A∂sØ P\-\n-_n-U-ß-fmb hmWnPy tIµ-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. IS¬ hgn

Ah-sb√mw ]c-kv]c _‘n-X-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. a[p-c-sbbpw \nc-W-sØbpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂

Hcp I®-hS tIµ-am-bn-cp∂p Nmb¬ F∂-XmWv AXv tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-cw-K-am-Im≥

Imc-Ww.

A∏-kvtXm-es‚ c‡-km-£nXzw

tIc-f-Øn¬ Ggp ][m-\-s∏´ ssIkvXh tIµ-߃ ÿm]n-®-Xn\p tijw tXmΩm-«olm

]q¿∆-I-S¬Øocw hgn ssaem-∏q-cn-seØn AhnsS hnizmkw ]kw-Kn-®p. AhnsS At±lw c‡-km-

£n-bmbn acn®v kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-´p. c‡-km£nXzsØ-°p-dn®v hn`n-∂-ß-fmb sFXn-ly-ß-fp-≠v.

Ah Ime-I-taW cq]w sIm≠-Xm-sW-∂-XmWv kXyw. abn-ep-Isf e£yw h®v AsºbvX Kmbn-I-

fn¬ Hcm-fpsS Atº-‰v, ]m¿∞\m \nc-X-\m-bn-cp∂ «olm acn-®p-sh-∂mWv am¿t°m-t]mtfm (1293)

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. c‡-km-£n-bmbn acn-®p-sh-∂-XmWv ][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

ssaem-∏q¿ ÿew hnhn[ t]cp-I-fn¬ Ncn-X-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ssaeq-^v,

ssaem¬, Iem-an-\, Izen--am-b, Ie-ta-t\, Iem-an-t\, Iem-an-\n. tXmΩm-«olm Nn∂-a-e-bn¬ h®p acn-

®p-sh-∂m-Wt√m sFXn-lyw. Nn∂-ae kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn¬ K¬tamt\m BWv. AXv Iem-an\ Bb-

XmWv (Medlycott, 87-96)

a‰-t∏m-kvX-e-cpsS ac-W-ÿ-e-߃ FX-amXw hnizm-ky-ß-fmtWm AXbpw ssaem-∏q-cnse

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS ac-Whpw hnizm-kn°mw (K.E.Job, 10) C¥y-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°msX am¿tØm-

Ωm-«o-lmsb Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mtcm Ihn-Itfm ]m¿∞\m KŸ-ßtfm Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. tXmΩm-

«olm c‡-km-£n-bmbn acn® hnhcw BZy-Imew apX¬ kndnb, t]¿jy, _m_n-tem-Wn-b, CuPn]vXv

F∂o ]›n-ta-jy≥ cmPy-ß-fnepw tIc-f-Ønepw Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp hym]mcn tXmam-«o-lm-

bpsS Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ FtZ-k-bn-te°p sIm≠p-t]mbn F∂-XmWv ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb hnizm-kw.

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dn-S-Øn-te°v [mcmfw Xo¿∞m-S-I¿ t]mIpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. I_-dn-

S-Øn¬ \n∂v Nph∂ \nd-ap-≈ aÆv hmcn-s°m-≠p-t]mbn sh≈-Øn¬ Ie-°n-°p-Sn®v tcmK-im¥n

t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p.

13-˛mw \q‰m≠p hsc ssaem-∏q-cn¬ Hcp InkvXob kaq-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬

\n∂v amen-°-^qdpw a‰pw \S-Ønb BI-a-WsØ XpS¿∂v InkvXym-\n-Iƒ HmSn c£-s∏-´p. Ah-

cn¬ Iptd t]¿ thWm-´p h∂v Pohn-®p. ]m›mXy kµ¿i-I¿ tXmΩm-bpS I_-dn-SØn¬ apl-Ω-Zo-

bsc ImWm-\n-S-bm-bXv B BI-a-W-Øn\p tij-am-Wv. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ia-^-e-am-bn-´mWv

]n∂oSv I_-dnSw InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ssIhiw h∂-Xv. am¿t°m-t]m-tfm, tams¥-tIm¿ho-t\m, HsU-

dn-Iv, Ba, acn-t™m-fn, \nt°mtfm tIm¥n, _¿t_mkm XpS-ßnb hntZ-io-b¿ ssaem-∏q¿ kµ¿in-

®n-´p-≈-h-cm-Wv.

«olm-bpsS Xncp-tijn∏p-Iƒ

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ 1522-˛¬ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dn-S-Øn¬ \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ^e-

ambn Ipsd Aÿn-Iƒ In´n. Ah tKmh-bn¬ Hcp sh≈n-t∏-S-I-Øn-em°n kq£n®p h®n-cn-°p∂p.

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS I√-d-bnse CjvSn-I-Iƒ H∂mw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-sW∂pw sXfn-™n-´p-≠v.

1547-˛¬ BWv ssaem-∏q-cn¬ Hcp tZhm-ebw ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ iaw \S-°p-∂-Xv. sk‚ v

tXmakv acn® s]cn-b-ae C∂v sk‚ v tXmakv au≠v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ FtZ- m-bn-tebv°p sIm≠p-t]mb tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS Xncp-t»-jn∏v XpS¿∂v

CuPn-b≥ IS-en-ep≈ Intbmkv Zzo]n-tebv°pw ]n∂oSv C‰-en-bnse H¿tØm-W-bn-tebv°pw sIm≠p-

t]m-bn. H¿tØm-W-bn¬ \n∂v Cu `uXn-Im-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ Hcp `mKw1952-˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ ssZhm-

e-b-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p ]Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. aqk¬ ssZhm-ebw s]mfn®p ]Wn-X-t∏mƒ nØn-

bn¬ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn-∏ns‚ Hcp t]SIw Is≠-Øn-b-Xn¬ \n∂v Hcÿn 1965-˛¬ tZh-

temIw ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-a\ Nm∏-enepw 1994-˛¬ Xncp-ti-jn-∏ns‚ sNdn-sbmcp `mKw apf-¥p-cpØn

am¿tØmΩm ]≈n-bnepw ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ Imcyhpw ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-am-Wv.

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS ac-W-Øn-cp-∂mƒ C∂v temI-sa-ºmSpw Pqsse aq∂n\v BtLm-jn-°p-∂p.

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y-bnse t]jnX ]h¿Ø\w ˛ sXfn-hp-Iƒ

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y-bnse t]jnX ]h¿Ø\w, acWw F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ At\Iw

hntZ-i-km-£y-߃ D≠v. F∂m¬, tIc-fØn\v AtX-Ip-dn-®p≈ ]mNo\ tcJ-Iƒ Xptemw hnc-f-am-

Wv.]m›mXy anj\-dnam¿ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv sXm´v tcJ-Iƒ \in-∏n-®Xv Hcp Imc-W-am-Imw.

I√nepw teml-Ønepw Fgp-Xn-sh-bv°p∂ coXn \ap-°n-√m-Xn-cp-∂Xv as‰mcp Imc-Ww. C\n Fgp-Xn-bn-

cp∂ Xmfn-tbm-e-Iƒ \ΩpsS Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ Zo¿L-\mƒ \nev°pI km[y-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂Xv

aq∂m-a-sXmcp Imc-W-am-Wv.

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS km£y-߃

]e k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw tXmam-«o-lmbv°v C¥y-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®v \√ Adn-hp-≈-

h-cm-Wv.

1. hn. At]w (+ 373)

(-Ihnbmb hn.-At]w tXmΩm-«o-lm-sb-∏‰n ]mSn-bn-´p-≠v. ‘tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS A\p-Kr-loX

Ka-\-am-bn-cp∂ ]`mXw C¥y-bpsS A‘-Im-csØ am‰p-∂p’. ‘cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS cmPmhv Ahn-SpsØ

aW-hm-´n-bmbn C¥ym-tZ-isØ Db¿Øp-hm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ tXma-t , \o `mKy-hm≥’. Xncp-ti-

jn-∏p-Iƒ hym]mcn C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v FtZ- -bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-b-Xn-s\-∏‰n Ft^w Fgp-Xn. ‘]e

]mhiyw C¥y-bn-te°p t]mhp-Ibpw Xncn®p hcn-Ibpw sNbvX Abmƒ AhnsS I≠n-´p≈ kIe

Zhy-ßfpw Atß Aÿn-tbmSp Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, shdpw aen\ hkvXp-°-fmbn amXta

I≠p-≈p’ (Lamy, 694 ff)

hn. Ptdmw (+420)

‘an-inlm G√m tZi-ß-fnepw hkn-°p-∂p, tXmΩm-tbmSp IqsS C¥y-bnepw ]tXm-kn-t\mSp

IqsS tdmΩm-bn-epw..............’te-J\w 59, (NPNF2 6. 245)

3. KnKdn \kn-bm≥k≥ (330-˛389)

Xm≥ hntZ-in-b-\m-sW∂v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Ko°p-Im¿ hna¿in-®-Xn-\v, At±lw \¬Inb

adp-]Sn i≤n-°pI. ‘A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah¿ kphn-tijw Adn-bn® ÿe-ß-

fn¬ A\y-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√sbm? ]utemkv ]pd-Pm-Xn-°m¿°pw tXmakv C¥ybv°pw tbml-∂m≥

Ft^-kq-kn\pw a¿t°mkv C‰-en°pw A\y-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√-sbm’ (-]-kwKw 33: 11)

4. hn. At_m v (+397)

C¥y tXmΩm-«o-lmbv°v kphn-tij ]kw-K-Øn\v ]th-i-\-a-cpfn F∂-t±lw ]d™p

((Enarratio in Psalmum, 21:PL 14:1143)

5. hn. tPm¨ IntkmÃw(344-˛407)

C¥y-bn¬ kphn-ti-j-sa-Ønb Imcyhpw tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dn-S-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhpw

At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. (cf. Medlycott, 46-48)

6. Sq¿knse hn. KnKdn (58-˛593)

am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS I_-dn-S-Øn-¶se tZhm-e-b-sØbpw k\ym-km-i-a-sØbpw Ipdn®v

Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, KnK-dn°v (ScriptoresRerum Merovingicaru, Arndt & Krusch II, 507-508)

Bcm-[-\-I-a-ß-fnse km£y-߃

hnhn[ k -I-fnse ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y-bnse t]jnX ]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw

c‡-km-£n-Xz-sØbpw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p.

1.eØo≥ ]mc-ºcyw

Ptdm-ans‚ c‡-km£n hnh-c-Whpw (Martyrologium Hieronymianum) hmgvØ-s∏´ _oUns‚

(673-˛735) c‡-km£n hnh-c-Whpw tdma≥ am¿´n-cn-tbm-f-Pnbpw Unkw-_¿ 21-˛\v hn. tXmΩm-«o-lm-

bpsS C¥y-bnse ac-Whpw Pqsse 3˛\v Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ FtZ- m-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-bXpw

FSpØp ]d-bp∂p (Medlycott, 59-65).

2. ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-ºcyw

Pqsse 3˛\v ZpIvdm\ Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°p∂p. A∂sØ ]m¿∞-\-bn¬ hn.-tXm-Ωm-«olm

C¥y-bn¬ hnizmkw ]kw-Kn® Imcyw ]tXyIw G‰p-]-d-bp∂p (cf.Medlycott 1, Bernard 159,Koodapuzha 63, Nagachiveettil, 285, A.J.Maclean, the Catholicos of the East and his people, London

1892, 350)

3. ss_k‚-bn≥ Bcm-[-\-Iaw

sat\m-tem-Kn-tbm≥, kn\-Ivkm-dn-tbm≥ F∂o KŸ-ß-fn¬ «olm-bpsS c‡-km-£nXzw HIvtSm-

_¿ 6˛\v BtLm-jn-°p-∂p. FtXym-]y≥ Ie-≠dpw tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS Xncp-\mƒ HIvtSm-_¿ 6˛\v

BWv BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠n-SØpw C¥y-bnse «olm-bpsS t]jnX ]h¿Ø\w Dd-∏n®p ]d-

bp∂p (Medlycott, 65-68).

4. At¥ym-Iy≥ Bcm-[-\m-Iaw

Chn-sSbpw tXmΩm-«o-lmsb C¥y-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®mWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv ]Xn-Zn\ \a-

kvIm-cw, Xnc-h-√(1982) 177, _¿Wm-Zv, 158).

5.am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ZpIvdm-\, as‰mcp k`-bn-ep-an-√mØ BNm-c-ß-tfm-sS, F´p

Znh-ksØ ]m¿∞-\-I-tfm-sS, ChnsS BN-cn®p t]m∂n-cp-∂Xv tXmΩm-«o-lmbv°v Cu ]tZ-i-

tØm-Sp≈ _‘-Øns‚ t]cn-emWv “R-ß-fpsS ]nXm-hmb am¿tØm-Ωm-tb” F∂v ]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬

kwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂p. hn.-Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ At±lw ]tXyIw A\p-kva-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]mNo-\-tc-J-Iƒ

1. BZm-bn-bpsS ]t_m-[-\w. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb Hcp At∏m-In-^¬ tcJ-bm-Wn-

Xv. k`-bpsS \S-]-Sn-I-a-߃ hnh-cn-°p-∂p, tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y-bnse t]jnX ]h¿Ø-\hpw

ac-Whpw CXn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v.

2. tXmΩm-bpsS \S-]-Sn-I¬

Cu KŸw c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. seP-≠dn

kz`m-h-ap≈ Cu KŸw Ncn-X-tØmSp _‘-s∏´ hy‡n-Iƒ, cmPy-߃, ]´-W-߃ F∂nh Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn C∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXn\v ]m[m\yw h¿≤n-®n-´p-≠v. tlm≠-^-

dkv cmPmhv G.-Un.50 \v apºv X£-in-e-bn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn C∂v ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-

jWw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. C¥ybpw a[y-]u-ckvXytZi-ßfpw a≤y Gjybpw XΩn-ep≈ I®-hS am¿§-

ß-fnse ][m\ tIµ-am-bn-cp∂p X£-in-e-sb∂pw sXfn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. X£-in-e-bn¬ \n∂v Ipcn-ip-

cq]w sImØnb I¬]-e-I-I-fpw, ]Xn-a-Ifpw ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-I¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Hcp

ImeØv AhnsS ssIkvX-h¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bp-∂p. GI-tZiw G.-Un. 40-˛¬ tXmΩm-

«olm Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ IØp-Iƒ hmbn®v AXns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ tXmΩm-bpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hnc-Nn-

X-ambn F∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.

BZm-bn-bpsS ]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ «olm IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-ambn kqNn-∏n-®n-

´p-ap-≠v. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS kphn-ti-j-]-h¿Ø-\-߃, AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ A¤pX ]h¿Ø-

\-߃, At±-l-Øns‚ c‡-km-£nXzw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fmWv tXmΩm-bpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ A-h-X-cn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv. a\n-t°-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw ⁄mhmZ Bi-b-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp KŸ-am-WnXv

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-fp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip∂ \nc-h[n kw`-h-ßfpw KŸ-

Øn-ep-≠v. tIc-f-Øn-\p-≈nepw shfn-bnepw tXmΩm-«o-lm-sb-°p-dn®v s]mXp-hn¬ D≈ Hcp ]mc-º-cy-

Øn-te°v CXv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. F∂m¬, Ch shdpw tIm∏n-b-√. ÿe-Im-e-߃°-\p-k-cn®v Ah-

bpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn¬ hyXymkw Zriy-am-Wv.

3.tXmΩm-bpsS c‡-km-£nXz hnh-cWw

Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb Cu KŸØn¬ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS acWw C¥y-bn¬ sh®m-

sW∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p (Passio Thomae, Medlycott, 101).

4. ]¥≠p «ol-∑m-cpsS kphn-tijw (F-_n-sbm-Wo-Ø-cpsS kphn-ti-jw) F∂ KŸhpw

tXmΩm-«o-lm-sb-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

am¿tØmam InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hnizmkw

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y-bnse t]jn-X-Øz-Øns‚ G‰hpw i‡-amb sXfnhv Chn-SpsØ

InkvXob kaq-l-Øns‚ kPoh km£yhpw hnizm-khpw Xs∂-bm-Wv. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-

Iƒ F∂ t]cn-emWv Ah¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-I. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bn¬ \n∂v hnizmkw kzoI-cn-®-h-

cmWv Xß-fpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ F∂v Ah¿ A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p. «olm ChnsS h∂n-d-ßnb

ÿew, ÿm]n® kaq-l-߃, ]m¿∞n® ae-Iƒ, acn®v I_-d-S-°-s∏´ ÿew F∂n-h-sb√mw

IrXy-ambn Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-´pw.

«olm ]utcm-lnXy ]Zhn \evInb ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Cu ]mc-ºcyw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te°v ssIam-dn-t∏m-cp∂Xv ]m´p-I-

fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kaql a\- m£n DW¿Øp-hm≥ Cu Km\-߃- B-tLm-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ ]m-Sn-t∏m-

∂p. enJn-X-cq]w Ahbv°p e`n-®Xv Gsd sshIn-bm-sW-¶nepw Cu ]m´p-I-fpsS ]pcm-X-\Xzw \ntj-

[n-°m-\m-hn-√. Cu ]m´p-I-fn¬ ][m-\-ß-fm-Wv.

1. tXmam-]¿∆w (d-ºm≥ ]m´v) 1601-˛¬ enJnX cq]w sIm≠ Cu ]m´v am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS

C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ BK-a-\w, C¥y-bnse kphn-tij the, acWw F∂nh ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Cu

]m´ns‚ ]q¿Æcq-]w, _¿Æm-Zns‚ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ImWmw (1916, 62-

˛79).

2.am¿§w Ifn-∏m-´v. «olm-bpsS Pnh-N-cn-Xhpw dºm≥ ]m´n¬ ImWp∂ hnh-c-ß-fpsS kzX-

¥m-h-X-c-W-hp-amWv CXns‚ D≈-S°w (am-S-t»-cn, \ΩpsS ]m´p-Iƒ,1968, 37-˛55).

3.hoc-Sn-bm≥ ]m´v (]m-W-∏m-´v) Cu ]m´n¬ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS kphn-tij ]N-c-Ww, Iv\mbn-

tØm-Ωm-bpsS BK-a-\w, tNc-am≥ s]cp-am-fn¬ \n∂p InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p In´nb ÿm\-߃ F∂nh

Bhn-jv°-cn-°p∂p (Iq-S-∏p-g, `mcX k`m-N-cn-Xw, 93-˛94).

hntZi kµ¿i-\-߃

Xncp-h-≈p-h-cpsS Xncp-°p-dƒ ssIkvX-hm-i-b-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w [mcm-f-ap≈ Hcp IrXn-bmbn

IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. ChnsS InkvXp-aXw hf-cp-∂-Xn\v _p≤-ssP-\-a-X-ß-tfm-Sp≈ AXns‚

km[¿Ωyw Imc-W-am-bn- p-≠v. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS PohnX ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw A¤pX kn≤n-Ifpw AXn\v

i‡n \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. (T.K.Joseph, Malabar Christians...).F∂m¬, ]Xps° Cu kzm[o\w

Ipd-™p-t]m-bn-cn-°mw. A°m-esØ kwLw IrXn-I-fn¬ ssIkvX-h-k-`-sb-°p-dn®v Hcp kqN\

t]mep-an-√. A∂sØ cmPm-°-∑mcpw ]WvUn-Xcpw InkvXym-\n-I-tfmSv Hcp kΩ¿±X¥w ]tbm-Kn-

®n-cpt∂m F∂pw kwi-bn-°-Ww. F.-Un.190-˛¬ Chn-SpsØ aX-]-WvUn-X-tcmSp X¿°n-°m≥ h∂

]t¥-\qkv F∂ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]WvUn-X≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv AXm-Wv. ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ cmP-[m-\n-

bn¬ h®v X¿°n-°p-Ibpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ hnP-bn-I-fpsS aXw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI A∂p

]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p (tI-c-tfm-ev]Øn, Kerala Society Papers Series III, 145-50). ]cm-P-b-s∏´ InkvXym-

\n-Iƒ ]t¥-\q-kns\ sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw At±lw Chn-SpsØ _m“-W-scbpw XXz-⁄m-\n-I-sfbpw

X¿°n®p tXmev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (F-hp-tk-_n-bq-kv, k`m-N-cnXw 5,10,2-˛3; Ptdmw, teJ\w 70,

Hough, J., History of Christianity in India,50-51).

FUn 295-˛¬ tIcf k`-bpsS A`y¿∞\b\p-k-cn®v t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en-t°m-km-bn-cp∂

]m∏m, ZmhqZv F∂ t]cpff Hcp saXms\ C¥y-bn-te°v Ab-®p-sh∂v chronique da seeret historia

Nestorians(p.236) ¬ ImWp-∂p.

325-˛¬ \nJym-bn¬ \S∂ kp\-l-tZm-kn¬ t]¿jy-bp-sSbpw henb C¥y-bp-sSbpw saXm-t]m-

eoØm F∂ \ne-bn¬ am¿ tbml-∂m≥ kw_-‘n-®p-sh∂pw C¥y≥ k` t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-ambn

_‘-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw sXfn-bp-∂p. (P-em-kn-bq-kv, k`m-N-cn-Xw, 2:17). Iv\mbn-tØm-Ωm-bpsS

hc-thm-Sp-IqSn ]pXnb c-W-I-ahpw t\Xr-Xzhpw mcX k`bv°v e`n-°p∂p (German, W., Die Kirche

der Thomaschristen, 1877, 94).

tIc-f-Øn¬ InkvXym-\n-I-fp-s≠∂pw Ah¿°v t]¿jy-bp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂pw sXfn-bp∂

Hcp IrXn-bmWv tImkvakv C≥Un-°-π-kvXq-kns‚ Christian Topography. At±lw G.-Un. 520-˛25-

˛¬ tIcfw kµ¿in-®p. C¥y≥ IS-en¬ Xt]m-_\n (kn-tem¨ BImw. Xma-]¿Æn F∂v Atim-

Is‚ inem-im-k-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p). F∂ Zzo]nepw Ieym-W-bnepw t]¿jy-bn¬ hmgn-°-s∏´ saXm-

∑mcpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw D≠v. Ipcp-ap-fIp hnf-bp∂ amse-\m-´n¬ InkvXym-\n-Ifpw k`m-\m-b-I-

∑mcpw D≠v. Znb-kvtIm-dkv F∂ Zzo]n¬ t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂p ]´w-sIm-SpØv Ab-bv°-s∏´ sshZn-

I¿ D≠v. amse tIcfw Xs∂. AXv tIcfw apgp-ht\m AXns‚ Hcp `mKtam F∂-dn-bn-√. Ieym¨

sIm≠v F¥v hnh-£n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw hy‡-a-√. t_mws_bv°Sp-Øp≈ IeymWpw awK-em-]p-csØ

Ien-b-]p-cpw, tImgn-t°m´pw sIm√-hp-sams° A¿∞-am-°mw.

am¿t°m-t]m-tfm-bpsS k©m-c-tc-J-Iƒ C¥y-bnse BZn-a-k-`-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. sX¿Øp-

√y≥ Xøm-dm-°nb InkvXob kaq-l-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ C¥y-bnse k`bpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.

Pdp-ktew \misØ XpS¿∂v G.-Un. 68-˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ h∂n-d-ßnb bqZ-∑m¿ ]c-º-cbm kq£n-

®p-h-cp∂ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ Ah-cn-hnsS h∂-t∏mƒ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ InkvXym-\n-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂

hnh-c-Whpw D≠v (io-[-c-ta-t\m≥, 34, sP.-sI. thep-]n-≈, Smh≥Iq¿ tÉvkv am\p-h¬, 655)

Cu sXfn-hp-I-sf√mw tXmam-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y-bnse t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø-\-sØbpw ac-W-sØbpw

ka¿∞n-°m≥ t]m∂-h-bm-Wv. sP.-F-kv, Atk-a-\n, dufn≥, saU-en-t°m-´v, anMvKm-\, hn≥sk‚ v

kvanØv, FUvK¿ sXgvk-‰≥, tIW¬ bqƒ, Im¿Un-\¬ Sn -dm‚ v XpS-ßnb Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ tXmam

«olm-bpsS C¥y-bnse t]£n-X-]-h¿Ø-\-sØbpw ac-W-sØbpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.

t]¿jy≥ _‘w

IrXy-ambn F∂p apX-se∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-s√-¶nepw C¥y-bnse k` t]¿jym-km-am-Py-

Ønse k -bp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-sh-∂Xv Hcp Ncn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-am-Wv. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w

CXn\p klm-b-I-am-bn. s]mXp A∏-kvtXm-enI ]mc-º-cyhpw InkvXm-\p-`-hhp-amWv CXn\p t]c-I-

am-b-Xv. Ft±- m-bnse k` tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS injy-\mb B±m--bnbpw skeq-jy- -sÃ-kn-t^m-Wnse

k` AZm-bn-bpsS injy-\mb amdnbpw ÿm]n-®p-sh-∂mWv hnizm-kw. t]¿jy-bn¬ tXmΩm-«olm

Xs∂-bmWv hnizmkw ]kw-Kn-®Xv. Cutim kwkm-cn® Ad-amb mj Cu \mep k`-I-fnepw Bcm-

[\ mj-bm-b-Xns‚ ]n∂nepw Cu _‘-amWv D≈-Xv. Cu k`-Iƒ XΩn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ hmWn-Py-_-

‘-ßfpw hmWn-Py-`mjbmb Ad-ambpw Cu _‘sØ Dd-∏n-°m\pw CS-bm-bn.

BZyw ^m¿kp-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p, \ap°v _‘w. 7˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ skeq-jym-bpsS Iogn¬

h∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v kqN-\-bp-≠v. Ctim-bm_v aq∂m-a≥ (650-˛66-0) ChnsS saXm-∑m¿ C√mØ kml-

N-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p≠v (ap-≠m-S≥, History II 100-˛101), …o_m-tk-bpsS ]mXn-bm¿°okv (714-

˛728) C¥y-bnse k`bv°v saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂p.(Poripara, The Thomas Christian, 65)

XntamØn ]mXn-bm¿°okv C¥y-bnse k`sb t\cn´v Xs‚ Iogn-em°n (778-˛823).t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-

cpsS hc-hn\p ap≥]pw AXn\p tijhpw 1558 hsc ChnsS ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n saXm-∑m-cmWv

h∂n-cp-∂Xpw Bflob Imcy-߃ \n¿∆ln®n-cp-∂-Xpw. Ah-km-\sØ ]uckvXy saXm≥ am¿

A_-lm-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1597-˛¬ At±lw Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. Cu saXm-∑m-sc√mw ChnsS `cWw \S-Øn-bn-

cp-∂-Xv, ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Ønse A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿ hgn-bm-Wv.

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ ImWp∂ ]e BNm-c-ßfpw t]¿jy≥ _‘-Øn-eq-

sSbpw blq-Z-kzm-[o-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw h∂n-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v ImWmw. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS

CS-bn¬ ImWp∂ ss__n-f-[n-jvTnX \ma-ßfpw ]k-h-tijw kvXo Aip-≤-bm-sW∂ hnizm-khpw

inc v ]Sn-™m-dp-h-iØv hc-Ø-°-hÆw acn-®-hsc kwkv°-cn-°p-∂Xpw s]k-]m-N-cW coXn-I-fp-

sa√mw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ßfm-Wv.

]me-bq¿

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS `mcX ]te-i-\-Im-e-sØbpw AXn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ BZna \q‰m-≠n-sebpw

tIc-f-Øns‚ NnXhpw BZn-a-k-`-sb-°p-dn®v \ap-°-dn-bm-hp∂ Imcyhpw kw£n-]vX-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-

ØpI ChnsS D]-Im-c-]-Z-am-Wv. A∂v tIcfw tNc-cm-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p. _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-X-hpw Bdmw

\q‰m-≠n\p apºv ChnsS i‡n-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Bfp-Iƒ `qcn-`m-Khpw Zmhn-U-cmbn-cp-∂p. Zmhn-U-`m-j-

bm-bn-cp∂p ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. _m“-W¿ Bcpw A∂v tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂

C∂sØ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A`n-]mbw ]q¿Æ-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. F´mw \q‰m-t≠mSp

IqSn-bm-Wv _m“-W-ta-[m-hnXzw ChnsS \ne-hn¬ h∂-sX-∂Xv icn. Bcy≥ hwi-P-cmb hSt°

C¥y≥ P\X aX-]-chpw hym]m-c-]-c-hp-amb Bh-iy-߃°mbn BZn-a-\q-‰m≠p apX¬ Ctßm´p

IS-∂p-h-cp-hm\pw ChnsS Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ km[yX X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√. henb hym]m-c-tI-

µ-am-bn-cp∂ tIc-f-Øn-te°v hSt° C¥ym-°m¿ IS-∂p-h-cm\pw ChnsS Xma-kn-°m\pw CS-bm-

hpI kzm`m-hnIw amXw (io-[-c-tam-t\m≥, F.-tI-c-f-N-cnXw 128-˛129, tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.-sI.-tI-c-

f-Øns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-Xw, 29).

tIc-f-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ saks∏t´man-b≥ I¬Zmb `mj-bn¬ C¥y-bnse aX-sØ

kqNn-∏n-°m≥ _m“-W¿ F∂ Hscm‰ ]Zta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Kuc-h-am-bn-s´-Sp-t°≠ Imcy-

am-Wv. thZ-߃, thZm-\p-krX I¿Ω-߃, Ie-Iƒ, thZ-]-WvUn-X¿ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kqN-\-

Iƒ kwLw IrXn-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw tIc-f-Øn¬ _m“-W¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\p

kqN-\-bm-hp-I-bm-Wv.

]me-bq¿ tXmΩm-«olm _m“-Wsc (A-h-sc-°p-dn®v a‰p-≈-h¿ ]d-bp∂ t]cmWv \ºq-Xn-c-

am¿) am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w CXmWv. _m“-W¿ A[n-h-kn-®n-

cp∂ Hcp ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p Ahn-Sw. πo\n ]d-bp∂ “ ]meq-d-bpw “ “ _-“-K-d”bpw bYm-Iaw ]me-

bqcpw _“-Ip-f-hp-am-sW∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]meq¿, ]msse-bq¿ F∂pw ]me-bq-cn\v t]cp-I-

fp-≠v. ]me-bq¿, sImSp-ß-√q¿, tIm´-°mhv F∂o ÿe-߃ amen-b-¶c (a-eym-¶-c) F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-

∂p. AXp tem]n®v ae-¶c F∂m-bn.

sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ \n∂v 40 ssa¬ AIse, Nmh-°m-Sv, Xmeq-°n¬ Ad-_n-°-S¬ h°-Øp-\n∂v

Hcp Intem ao‰¿ D≈n-te°p amdn ]me-bq¿ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp I®-h-S-tI-µ-amb ]me-bq¿ hnhn[ aX-ß-fpsS kwK-a-th-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

blq-Z-∑mcpw AhnsS hkn-®n-cp-∂p.

bqZ-°p∂pw bqZ-_-kmdpw AXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. «olm-bpsS ]me-bq¿ ]th-i-\-sØ-°p-dn-

®p≈ ]mc-ºcyw ]kn-≤-am-W-t√m. Xfn-b-°p-f-Øn¬ X¿∏-W-Inb \S-Øp∂ _m“-Wsc «olm

ImWp-∂p. tatem´v Fdn-bp∂ Pew apI-fn¬Øs∂ \n¿Ømtam F∂v am¿tØmΩm «olm Ah-

tcmSv tNmZn-°p-∂p. km[n-°msX hcp∂ Ah¿ «olmsb sh√p-hn-fn-°p-∂p. Ahn-Sp∂v Cutim-

bpsS \ma-Øn¬ ]m¿∞n®v tImcn apI-fn-te°v Fdn-™-t∏mƒ AXv apI-fn¬ sh≈n-°- -Iƒ t]mse

NnXdn \nev°p-Ibpw Pew tImcn-sb-Sp-Øn-SØv Ipgn ImWp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu A¤pX ]hr-Øn-

bn¬ BIr-jvS-cmbn ]ecpw InkvXp-hn-ep≈ hnizmkw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.

A∂v ⁄m\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn® IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-amWv ]I-tem-a-‰w, i¶-c-]p-cn, I≈n,

Imfn-Im-hv. ]I-tem-a-‰w, i¶-c-]pcn F∂o IpSpw-_-߃°v tXmΩm-«olm BNm-cy-]-Zhn \evIn-sb-∂-

XmWv ]mc-º-cy-hn-izmkw. HmØp ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂ _m“-Wm-Nm-cy-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-em-bn-cn-°Ww ]I-

tem-a-‰-Øn\v hnti-jm¬ tijvTm-Nmcy ]Zhn «olm \evIm-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. ]me-bq¿ ]≈n°v Hcp

^¿temwKv ]Sn-™m-dmbn 64/7-˛mw \º-dn¬ ]I-tem-a‰w ]dºv ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

]me-bq¿ ]≈n-bnse ][m\ Xncp-\mƒ ]q¿∆n-I¿ ⁄m\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn-s®∂p k¶-ev]n-°-

s∏´p hcp∂ Pqsse 15-˛mw Xob-Xn-bmWv BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv. amk-Ønse BZy sh≈n Ign™p

hcp∂ Rmb-dmgvN ]tXyI ]m¿∞-\-I-tfmSpw t\¿® ImgvN-I-tfm-Sp-IqsS ]q¿∆n-Isc Hm¿Ωn®v

C∂pw BN-cn-°s∏Sp∂p.

]I-tem-a-‰hpw Ipd-hn-e-ßmSpw

]me-bqcv tXmΩm-«o-lm-bn¬ \n∂p ⁄m\-kv\m-\-ta‰ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-ß-fmb ]I-

tem-a‰w, i¶-c-]p-cn, I≈n, Imfn-Imhv F∂o IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ Nne¿ 4˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sv˛

Imfn-Im-hn¬ h∂p Xma-kn-°m-\n-S-bm-bn. F¥p-sIm≠v ChnsS h∂p Xma-kn-®p-sh∂v IrXy-ambn ]d-

bm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. Cu IpSpw-_-߃ Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p h∂p-sh-∂Xpw Ah-bn¬ ]I-tem-a‰w tijvT-

amb ÿm\w Ae-¶-cn-®p-sh-∂-Xp-amWv ][m-\-amb kwK-Xn.

335-˛tem 337-˛tem Ipd-hn-e-ßm-´p-]≈n ÿm]n-X-ambn F∂mWv ]mc-º-cyw. ]≈n ÿm]-\sØ

Np‰n-∏-‰n-bp≈ IY-Iƒ ]n∂oSv cq]w sIm≠n-´p-≈-h-bm-sW-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. Cu IY-Iƒ°p-

≈nse kXyw F∂pw ]k-‡-am-Wv. Ip∂ns‚ apI-fn¬ at\m-l-c-amb ÿeØp ÿnXn sNøp∂

Cu tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-Øn¬ ]. I\ym-a-dn-b-Øns‚ A¤p-X-I-c-amb CS-s]-S¬ Ds≠∂XmWv

B kXyw. ka-\n-c-∏n¬Øs∂ Hcn-°epw h‰mØ sh≈-ap≈ A¤pX Ddh AXn\p sXfn-hmbn

\nev°p-∂p. 345-˛¬ Cu tZhm-ebw ]XnjvT sNbvXp-sh-∂mWv ]mc-º-cyw.

Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sp-]≈n ÿm]\w

]≈n ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Imfn-Im-hn¬ Xs∂ (Ct∏mgsØ ]≈n-°-h-e-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp ssa¬

sX°v) Cu \mep IpSpw-_-°mcpw ASp-Ø-SpØv Xma-kn-®p. ]me-bq-cnse C√-t∏-cp-Iƒ Xs∂ Ah¿

Chn-sSbpw \ne-\n¿Øn. k¿t∆ dn°m¿Up-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv AXm-Wv. 179-˛mw e°w k¿t∆ 519/

8 ]I-tem-a‰w ]pc-bn-Sw, 175-˛mw e°w 469/5,6 I≈n-°¬ ]pc-bn-Sw, Chbv°v kao]w i¶c-]pcn

F∂mWv ImWp-∂Xv (hn.-kn.-tPm¿Pv, 11)

Cu k¿t∆ \º-cp-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ Ipgn-am-S-߃, A∂v ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ Xs∂ ih-kw-kw-°mcw

\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂p

Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p ]≈n ÿm]-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \mep IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw s]´ GXm\pw t]¿

Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v ]≈n°v ASp-tØ°v amdn Xma-kn-®p.

AXn\p apºv ]I-tem-a-‰Øv tZhm-ebw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. Hcp ]t£, AXn\p tijhpw.

Ip‰m-c-∏≈n F∂ ÿew AXmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-I. Ip‰m¿, FW-ß¿ F∂o ]Z-߃ InkvXob

hnizm-kn-I-fpsS kaq-lsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-W-t√m.

IqSmsX ]I-tem-a‰w Im¿ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ ]pc-bn-S-Øn-\-SpØv kmºn-°¬ Fs∂mcp ]pc-bn-S-

hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sshZn-I¿ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ ÿe-Øn-\mWv kmºn F∂v ]d-bp-∂-sX∂ Imcyhpw

Hm¿°pI (hn.-kn.-tPm¿Pv, tImUv 12-˛13).

\mep-Ip-Spw-_-ßfpw Hcp-an-®mWv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv. Ipd-hn-e-ßm- p-]-≈n-bnse

][m\ Xncp-\m-fn\p sImSn-I-b-dp-∂-Xn\p apºv \mep IpSpw-_-ß-fp-sSbpw Imc-W-h-tcmSv A\p-hmZw

hmßn-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]Xnhv ASpØ Imew hsc D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. ‘imwIpcn ]me-a-

‰-Øn-t\mSpw I≈n Imfn-Im-hn-t\mSpw ]≈n-bnse aq∏-®-t\mSpw tNmZn-°p-∂p, aqt∂m-b-ºn≥ sImSn-

tb-‰t´’ (kn.-sI.-a-‰w, Ncn-X-N¿®)?

]≈n hS-t°-SØv imJ

]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-imJ Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p ]≈n-bpsS hS-°p-`m-K-ØmWv h∂p Xma-k-am-°n-b-

Xv. C∂sØ tZh-amXm tImtfPv Ku≠n\pw ]≈n-bpsS hS-t°-a-Xn-en\pw at≤y-bm-bn-cp∂p ]≈n

hS-t°-S-Øns‚ Bÿm-\w. \mep-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ ][m\n ]I-tem-a‰w Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw tijvT-

ssh-Zn-I-ÿm\w Cu IpSpw_-°m¿°v Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw_w ]≈n°v G‰hpw

ASp-Øp-Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p. Aßs\ B imJbv°v ]≈n-hoSv F∂pw t]cp-≠m-bn. ]≈n-bnse BNm-

cy-ip-iqj \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv Cu IpSpw-_-am-bn-cp-∂p. hS-t°-SØp IpSpw-_-Øn\pw imJ-Iƒ°pw

amXta ]≈n-hoSv F∂ ÿm\w Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ \evIp-∂p-≈q. ]≈n hS-t°-S-Øns‚ imJ-I-fm-bn-

´mWv ]\-¶p-g, ]pØ≥]p-c, IpSp-°-t»-cn, ]mW≥Ip-t∂¬, sh´n-°p-t∂¬ F∂nh Ncn-X-Øn¬

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv (s]mSna-‰w, tIcf kpdn-bm\n k`m-N-cnX kwK-lw, 283: kn.-sI.-a-‰w, NcnX N¿®v,

27). ]≈n hS-t°-S-Øp-\n∂pw amdn Xma-kn® ]\w-Ipg IpSpw_w Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sns‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬

henb ]¶p hln-®n- p-≠v. ]K-¤cpw hnip-≤-cp-amb At\Iw sshZn-I¿°pw kap-Zm-b-t\-Xm-°ƒ°pw

B IpSpw_w P∑-ta-In. ]cn-ip-≤-\mb ]\-¶p-g-bv°¬ hey-®≥ AXn¬ ][m-\n-bm-Wv.

16- mw \q‰m-≠n\p apºv I≈n, Imfn-Imhv Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn¬ B¨ k¥-Xn-Iƒ C√msX h∂ kml-

N-cy-Øn¬ ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-´nse ì î ’]ffn hoSv’ ho´n¬ \n∂pw Hcmsf ZsØ-Sp-°p-Ibpw Aßs\

I≈n-hoSpw Imfn-Imhpw ]I-tem-a-‰-Øns‚ imJ-I-fm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp (\n-cWw KŸ-h-cn, 126). CXn-

\p-tijw I≈n-hoSv ]≈n-ho-sS-∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. D®m-c-W-im-kvX-]-Imcw ‘I,’ ‘N’ ,Bbpw ‘]’ & ‘_’ `’ Bbpw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ amdp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]t£ ‘I’ Hcn-°epw ‘]’ Bbn amdp-

∂-X-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Xs∂ I≈n°p ]≈n-bm-Im≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. t]m¿®p-Ko-kv, tdma≥ imJ-I-

fnepw \ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bnepw ]≈n-hoSv ]I-tem-a-‰-Øns‚ imJ-bm-bn-´mWv hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

]≈n-h-S-t°-SØp IpSpw_w A\yw \n¬°p-∂Xv 1936-˛-em-Wv. 1783-˛¬ B ho´nse Hutk-∏ns‚

]pX-\mWv 1809-˛¬ \ncym-X-\mb Ggmw am¿tØmΩm saXm≥. Hutk-∏ns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ Ipcymf

IeymWw Ign®v IS-a-‰-tØ°p t]mb-Xp-sIm≠v Hutk-∏ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]pX≥ DXp-∏ns\ (A-hn-

cm) IeymWw Ign-∏n®v ]≈n-h-S-t°-SØp ho´n¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-∏n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-

c-Iƒ XpS¿∂v ]≈n-h-S-t°-SØp Xs∂ hkn-®p. Ah-km\w AhnsS hkn-®Xpw Hcp Hutk-∏m-Wv.

At±-l-Øns‚ ]pX≥ hnhm-l-]m-b-Øn\p apºv acn-®-Xn-\m¬, 1936-˛¬ Hutk∏v acn-®-tXmsS ]≈n-

bpsS hS-°p-`m-KØp BZyw Xma-kn® ]I-tem-a‰w imJbpw A\yw h∂p. ]pc-s]m-fn®v am‰-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw ]pc-bnSw A\ym-[o-\-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B ÿew C∂v hml-\-߃ ]m¿°p sNøp-∂-Xn-

\mbn am‰n C´n-cn-°p-∂p.

]Itema‰w aqe-Ø-d-hmSv

Imfn-Im-hnse ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hmSv ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠p-hsc \ne-\n-∂p. Ncn-X-Øn¬ Adn-b-

s∏-Sp∂ ]kn-≤-cmb c≠¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿°v ˛ InkvXp-hn-s‚bpw Ipcp-in-s‚bpw Koh¿Ko-kp-

am¿°v P∑w \evIn-bXv ]I-tem-a-‰sØ aqe-Ø-d-hm-Sm-Wv. InkvXp-hns‚ Koh¿Kokv ]me-bq¿ cq]-

X-bpsS saXm-\mbn \nbp-‡-\m-sb-¶nepw ]d-¶n-I-fpsS D]-Pm]w aqew A`n-jn-‡-\m-bn-√. A∂v

ChnsS A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ]Zhn saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ-°mƒ hep-Xm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-aXv \ntj-

[n-®-Xm-Im\pw CS-bp≠v (F≥.-sI.-tPm-kv, PmXn°p I¿Ø-hy≥). am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS

Ncn-X-Ønse thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb kw`-h-ß-fn¬ H∂mb DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ ImeØpw

XpS¿∂pw 1637-˛-hsc Gsd kln-t°-≠n-h∂ Ipcn-ins‚ Koh¿Kokpw Cu aqe-Ø-d-hm-´p-Im-c-\m-bn-

cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ GI ktlm-Z-c-\pw (tPy-jvT≥) `mcybpw acn-®-tXmSp IqSn Imfn-Im-hnse ]I-

tem-a‰w aqe-Ø-d-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-an-√m-sX-bm-bn. tPyjvT-`mcy A∂Ω GI-a-Is\ Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v Be-

∏m-t´bv°v am‰n-Øm-a-kn-∏n-®XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww.

aqe-Ø-d-hm-Sn-t\mSp tN¿∂p-Im-Wp∂ I√-d-I-fn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿ A¥y-hn-iaw sIm≈p-

∂p. B ÿew kw]q-Py-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse a¿tØma InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hmbpw ]I-tem-

a‰w IpSpw-_-°m¿°v khn-ti-j-ambpw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Cu ÿe-Øn\v C∂pw th≠X

]m[m\yw e`n-°m-ØXv \n¿`m-Ky-I-c-am-Wv. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿ A¥y-hn-iaw sIm≈p∂ ]I-tem-

a‰w ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw kvamcIw \n¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw Aßs\ sNøp∂ ]£w. AXn¬

]s¶-Sp-t°-≠Xv AXns‚ imJ-I-fmb kIe IpSpw-_-ß-fp-sSbpw hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-ihpw

I¿Ø-hy-am-sW∂pw tUm.-]n.sP tXmakv FX-tbm-apºv FgpXn (\-kmWn Zo]nI, 1925). ]pXnb

kl-km-_vZ-Øn¬ AXv \mw sNø-Ww.

aqe-Ø-d-hmSv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv Be-∏m-´p-Im-cpsS ssIhiw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \n¿`m-Ky-I-c-amb

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ah-c-Xv, sabn≥ tdmUn\p ]Sn-™m-dp-hiw 1078 I¿°n-SIw 26\v Iq‰m-c-∏-≈n-°m¿°pw

Ing-°p-h-i-Øp≈ 491/8 A 54 sk‚pw Sn B Htc-°¿ ÿe-Øn¬ 14 sk‚ v Hcp kvamc-I-\n¿Ωn-Xn-

°mbn am‰n-bn- n v ]mtd-°p-t∂¬ sXmΩ≥ Hutk-∏n\pw hnev°m-\n-S-bm-bn. sX°p-h-i-Øp≈ ÿehpw

ssIam‰w sNbvXp. tUm. ]n.-sP. tXmakv X\n°v ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v In´nb B ÿe-Øn¬ 24 sk‚ v

]≈n°v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp. Be-∏m-´p-Im¿ am‰n C´n-cp∂ ÿew 1953-˛¬ ]≈n°v Zm\-ambn \evIp-

Ibpw B IpSpw-_-°m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬, A∂-dn-b-s∏- n-cp∂ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-°m-cpsSsb√mw

klm-b-tØmsS Hcp It∏-fbpw I¬°p-cnipw ÿm]n®v (1963) AhnSw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Xs∂-s]´ Be-∏m v ]utem-k-®≥ A∂v Ipd-hn-e-ßm- p-]≈n hnImcnbmbn-

cp-∂Xv CXn\p klm-b-I-am-bn.

It∏-f-]-Wn-bp∂ ImeØv ]gb \mep-sI- ns‚ Xd-Iƒ ImWm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hoSn-t\m-S-Sp-Øp-

≠m-bn-cp∂ InW¿ C∂pw ImWmw. AhnsS \n∂v 20 ASn Ing-°p-am-dn-bmWv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-_-∑m-

cpsS I_-dn-S-߃ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ GI-tZiw ct≠-ap-°m¬ tIm¬ \ofw

ap°m¬ tIm¬ hoXn-bn¬ eh¬ H∏n®p sI´n-bn-´p≈ GXm\pw \nc-sh-´p-I-√p-Iƒ°p apI-fn¬

Dt±iw Fs´m≥]-Xw-Kpew Np‰-f-hnepw Hcp hiw h°p hen® Hcp Dcp-f≥ XSn-bpsS BIr-Xn-bnepw

hrØn-bmbn sNØn an\p-k-am-°nb ISp-∏-ap≈ Hmtcm H‰-®o-¶√p ]Xn-hm-Wv. tcmK-im-¥n-Ifpw A¤p-

X-ßfpw Ch-cpsS a≤y-ÿ-X-bm¬ \S-°p∂ Imcyw A\p-`-h-ÿ¿ G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p.

Cu I√p-I-fpsS Hmtcm A‰Øpw Hmtcm Ipcn-i-S-bmfw amXw sImØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A∂pw

C∂pw hfsc `‡n-tbmsS Bfp-Iƒ Cu I_-dn-S-ßsf kao-]n-°p-∂p. Ch°p apºn¬ I¬hn-f-°p-

Ifpw Xncn-Ifpw IØn°pI ]≠p-ap-X-ep≈ ]Xn-hm-Wv. tcmK-im-¥n-Ifpw A¤p-X-ßfpw Ch-cpsS

a≤y-ÿ-X-bm¬ \S-°p∂ Imcyw A\p-`-h-ÿ¿ G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p.

PmXn°p I¿Ø-hy¿/ A¿°-Zo-bm-t°m-∑m¿

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Xe-h-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-sc√mw ]I-tem-a‰w

IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Cu IpSpw-_-Øn\v ssZhw \evInb Hcp henb Zm\-

ambn \mw ImW-Ww. Ncn-X-Øn-\-dn-bm-hp∂ BI-am\ C¥y-bpsS A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bn¬ \n∂p t\cn´p ⁄m\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn® ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-h-

cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v F√m-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (s]m-Sn-∏m-d, tXmakv InÃy≥kv,

72). tXmΩm-«o-lm-bp-am-bp≈ ]tXyI ASp-∏-amWv Cu ÿm\w Cu IpSpw-_-Øn\p In´m≥ Imc-

Ww. kap-Zmbw H∂-S¶w Cu ÿm\-Øn\p ]cn-ip-≤n-bp-sSbpw ]mam-Wn-I-X-bp-sSbpw ]cn-thjw

Nm¿Øn (s]m-Sn-∏m-d, 95). tXmΩm-«o-lm-bp-ambn Ahsc _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn-bmbn A¿°-Zn-bm-

t°m≥ ÿm\w \ne-sIm-≠p.

t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ saXm≥ Xs‚ ASpØ _‘p-hns\ ]n≥Km-an-bm-°p∂ Hcp ]mc-ºcyw

D≠mbn-cp-∂p. Ckm-tb-en¬ tehn-bpsS tKmX-Øn\p ]utcm-lnXy ]Zhn ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn e`n-°p-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂-t√m. Cu ]mc-º-cy-amWv tIc-f-Øn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥-˛-am¿tØm-Ωm-sa-Xm≥ F∂o

hmgvN-I-fn¬ ]Xn-^-en-®-Xv. _m_n-tem-Wn-bm-bnse s\kvtX-dn-b≥ aX-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ Ct∏mgpw Cu

]mc-ºcyw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Cu ]n≥Xp-S¿®bv°v A¥yw

hcp-Øn.

A\-¥-c-h≥ F∂v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥˛ am¿tØmΩm \nb-a-\-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv Ah-Imin

F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. kz¥w IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s]´ ASpØ Bsf ]n≥Km-an-bm-

bn´p \nb-an-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. _m“W ]mc-ºcyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-

\n-Iƒ a°-Ømb Ia-amWv A\p-k-cn-®-sX-∂Xpw \mtam¿°Ww. AhnsS Aßs\ ktlm-Zc ]pX-

\mWv A\-¥-c-h≥.

Iv\mbn-tØm-Ωm-bpsS Imew apX¬ 16-˛mw \q‰m≠p hsc t]¿jy≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-k-b-bv°p∂

saXm-∑m-cmWv tIcf k`-bpsS Bflob Imcy-߃ \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. Chn-SsØ Bfp-I-fpsS

At]-£-b-\p-k-cn®v Ctßm-´-b-bv°-s∏-´n-cp∂ saXm-∑m¿ ]´w sImSp-°p-I, ]≈n-Iƒ ]Xn-jvTn-°p-

I, sskØp IqZmi sNøpI F∂ Imcy-߃ amXw \n¿∆-ln®v Ign-™p. A≤ym-]-Icpw ]nXm-°-

∑m-cp-amb Ch¿ Chn-Sp-sØ G‰hpw tijvT-cmb AXn-Yn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS knwlm-k-\-Øn-s‚bpw C¥y apgp-h-\n-ep-ap≈ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k`-bp-

sSbpw saXm-t∏m-eoØm F∂-h¿ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Cu saXm-∑m¿ A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿ hgn-bm-Wv. hntZ-iØp \n∂p hcp∂ saXm\v Chn-SpsØ `mj, BNm-cw, aX-

˛-km-aq-ln-I-˛-cm-jvSob Imcy-߃ Adn-bm-hp∂ \m´p-Im-cs‚ klmbw A\p-t]-I-j-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-

∂p. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]t≠ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hc-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-c-ambn Cu ÿm\w

Cu IpSpw-_-Øn\p \evI-s∏-´p. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS Imew apX¬ sshZn-Icpw saXm-∑mcpw D≠m-bn-

cp∂ Hcp IpSpw-_-am-bn-cp∂p ]I-tem-a-‰w. ]uckvXy anj-\-cn-am¿ ]pXn-sbmcp c-W-I-a-Øn\p ChnsS

XpS°w Ipdn-®-t∏mƒ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

tIcf k`-bn¬, at‰-sXmcp k`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ, A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ÿm\-Øn\v

IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-chpw AwKo-Im-chpw In´n. PmXn°p I¿Ø-hy≥ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn\v

tN¿∂- \maw. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ F∂ t]cv ]n∂oSv D]-tbm-K-£-a-am-b-XmWv (Thekkedath, History

of Christianity in India, 94)hnizm-kn-I-fpsS cmP-Ip-am-c≥, PmXn-bpsS ]`p, I¿Øm-hv, AJn-te-¥y-

bpsS A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ F∂n-ßs\ a‰p \ma-ßfpw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-

bpsS hewssI Bbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\-sam-gn-hn¬ k`sb

\bn-®n-cp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-߃°p ]pdta

(Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿ amdp-Ym-bpsS Imt\m-\-Iƒ, 21,29 Imt\m-\-Iƒ) ChnsS At±-l-Øn\p khn-ti,-

ambn Nne A[n-Im-c-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F√m-Øcw B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw \evIm≥ At±-l-Øn\p A[n-

Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p sshZn-Im¿∞n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°pI, ]≈n-I-fn¬ sshZn-Isc \nb-an-°p-I, ]≈n-

bpsS `uXnI Imcy-߃ \n¿∆-ln-°p-I, saXm\pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\pw th≠ Zimw-iw, \nIpXn

]ncn-°pI F∂nh At±-l-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Xe-h-\mbn A∂sØ \m´p cmPm-°-∑m¿ At±-lsØ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

sIm®n cmPmhv ]pXn-b-Xmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ ÿm\ Nn”w AWn-bn-°p-

am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ bmX-bn¬ AI-ºSn tkhn-°p-hm≥ kmbp-[-cmb AwK-c-£-Icpw a‰p

]am-Wn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p (s]m-Sn-∏m-d, tXmakv InÃy≥kv, 85) kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ tZiob t\Xmhpw

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kmaq-ln-I -cm-jvSob \mb-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p, A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥. cmPm-

°-∑m-cp-ambn am¿tØm-Ωm-In--kvXym-\n-Iƒ°p th≠n hyh-lm-c-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xpw A¿°-Zn-

bm-t°m-\m-Wv. C¥y-bnse A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Xe-h-\mbn I¬Zmb ]mXn-b¿°okv

XntamØn (780-˛826) kwt_m-[\ sNøp∂ Hcp tcJ In´n-bn-´p-≠v.

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Imew-sXm- p≈ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-sc-∏-‰n-bmWv Ipsd hnh-c-߃ \ap°v

D≈-Xv. 1502-˛¬ am¿ tbml-∂m≥ saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s]´ Koh¿Kokv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ \nb-an-°p∂p (sIm-√w-]-d-ºn¬ 82). 1509-˛¬ Hcp C´n-°p-cyXv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-

s\-∏‰n \mw tIƒ°p-∂p-≠v. tImX-aw-K-eØv c≠p ]≈n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hg-°n\p Ct±lw Xo¿∏p

Iev]n-®p. AhnsS t]mØm-\n-°mSv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ kq£n-°p∂ tcJ-bn¬ Cßs\ ImWp-∂p. ‘C´n-

°p-cn-b, A¿°-Zo-bm-t°m≥ A®≥, PmXn°p I¿Ø-hy≥’. Ct±lw ]I-tem-a‰w aqe-Ø-d-hm-´n¬

s]´ Bfm-bn-cp∂p (s]m-Sn-a-‰w, 30). ]n∂oSv ]I-tem-a-‰-Øn¬ s]´ Nm≠n, Koh¿Kokv F∂ c≠¿°-

Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-sc-∏‰n \mw tIƒ°p-∂p-≠v.

InkvXp-hns‚ Koh¿Kokv (+ 1585)

Ncn-X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ][m-\-s∏´ B¿®p Uo°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv InkvXp-hns‚ Koh¿Ko-

kv. ]I-tem-a‰w aqe-Ø-d-hm-´n¬s]´ Ct±lw (kn.-sI.-a‰w 113) henb hnip≤ KŸ ]WvUn-X\pw

kpdn-bm\n `mjm \n]p-W\pw ]pWy Ncn-X\pw Imcy-]m-]vX\pw Bbn-cp-∂p. ^m. sIm√m]d-ºn¬

]m›mXy anj-\-dn-am-cpsS At\Iw IØp-Iƒ D≤-cn-°p-∂p-≠v, CXn\v Dt]m-Xv_-e-I-am-bn´v (t]Pv 86-

˛85). ]me-bq-cns‚ saXm-\mbn \nb-an-X-\mb At±lw A`n-jn-‡-\m-bn-√. am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚

Ime-ØmWv Ct±lw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. saXm-∑m-cp-sSbpw PmXn°v I¿Ø-hy-s‚bpw

Bÿm-\-amb A¶-am-en-bn¬ At±lw Hcp tZhm-ebw ]Wn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1585- ¬ Znhw-K-X-\mb

At±lw A¶-am-en-bn¬ Ct∏m-gsØ bmt°m-_mb ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. Ct±-l-Øns‚

ktlm-Z-c≥ tbml-∂m\pw (1585-˛93) Hcp tP°_pw (1596) XpS¿∂p A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-cm-bn.

Ipcn-ins‚ Koh¿Kokv

InkvXp-hns‚ Koh¿Kn-kns‚ tPyjvT ]pX-\mWv Ct±-lw.am¿ A_m-l-Øns‚ A¥na ImeØv

Ct±lw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-bn. A_m-l-Øns‚ ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw (1597) Ct±lw tIcf k`sb

\bn-®p. XpS¿∂p ]m›mXy anj-\-dn-am-cpsS c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipcn-ins‚ Koh¿Ko-kns‚ Ime-ØmWv

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂l-tZmkv \S-∂-Xv. 1601-˛¬ ^m≥kokv tdmkv saXm-\m-bn. XpS-°-Øn¬ c≠p-

t]cpw sFIy-Øn¬ \oßn-sb-¶nepw A¶-am-en-bpsS ÿm\w Xcw-Xm-gvØn-b-t∏mƒ \njvIn-b-\mbn

tdmkv H∂pw sNøm-Xn-cp-∂Xv ]bm-k-ap-≠m-°n. Koh¿Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ AXn-s\-Xnsc kzc-

ap-b¿Øn. tdmkv At±-lsØ al-tdm≥ sNm√n. 1615-˛¬ ho≠pw c≠pt]cpw cay-X-bn-em-sb-¶nepw

A[n-I-\mƒ Aßs\ t]m-bn-√. XpS¿∂vsa-Xm-\mb Ão^≥ _nt´mbpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ th≠-

t]mse AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. 1637- ¬ Ipcn-ins‚ Koh¿Kokv ac-W-a-S-™p. k -bpsS A\-\y-X°pw A¿°-

Zn-bm-t°m≥ ÿm\-Øns‚ Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-߃ \ne-\n¿Øm\pw th≠n Gsd kln® hy‡n-

bmWv Koh¿Ko-kv. ae-¶c k`sb henb ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fpsS \mfp-I-fn¬ \bn-°p-Ibpw A]-I-S-sam-

∂p-ap--≠m-ImsX ImØp kwc-£n-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp-sh-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ t\´-am-Wv. tIcf Ncn-X-

Ønse 20 alm-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmbn Ct±lw Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-

≠m-bn. Ct±-l-Øn-s‚bpw Ct±-l-Øns‚ tPyjvT-s‚-bpw, IrXy-ambn ]d-™m¬ tPyjvT `mcy-bp-

sSbpw ac-W-tØm-sS-bmWv ]I-tem-a‰w aqe-Ø-d-hm-´n¬ Xmakw \ne-bv°p-∂-Xv. tPyjvTs‚ GI-

]p-X≥ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv Be-∏m-t´bv°p amdn Xma-kn-®p. At±lw ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm´p ap‰Øp I_-

d-S-°-s∏-´p-sh∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tXmakv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥

Ipcn-ins‚ Koh¿Ko-kns\ XpS¿∂v ]I-tem-a‰w hSt°SØp IpSpw_ imJ-bn¬ s]´ tXmakv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ \nb-an-X-\m-bn, _nt´mbv°p tijw h∂ B¿®p _nj∏v ^m≥knkv Km¿knbm

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ A[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. Km¿kn-bmbpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw XΩn-ep≈ A`n-

]mb hyXymkw A\p-Zn\w hf¿∂p-h-∂p. Hcp ]uckvXy saXms\ am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

ImØn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv am¿ Al-Ø-≈mbpsS (kn-dnƒ am¿ AØ≈ C_≥ Cukm)

BK-a-\w. At±-lsØ Hcp t\m°p ImWn-°pI t]mepw sNømsX anj-\-dn-am¿ \mSp IS-Øn-bXv

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ henb \ncm-ibv°v Imc-W-am-bn. AXv am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-

Isf H∂-S¶w 1653 P\p-hcn 3˛se NcnX ]kn-≤-amb Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXy-Øn-tebv°v \bn-®p. KXy-

¥-c-an-√m-sX, ]n∂oSv saXm-`n-tjIw \S-Øm-\m-hp-sa∂ ]Xymi-tbm-sS, 1653 Pq¨ 1 \v tXmakv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ 1˛mw am¿tØmΩm saXm-\mbn Ah-tcm-[n-®p. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw ]m›mXy

anj-\-dn-amcpw XΩn¬ ]n∂oSv \S∂ A\p-c-RvP\ ia-߃ ^e-h-Øm-bn-√.

1661-˛¬ am¿ sk_-kvXym\n saXm-\m-bn. 1663-˛¬ U®p-Im¿ sIm®n Iog-S-°n. sk_-Ãym\n

tIcfw hn´p t]mIp-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn. Xncn®p t]mIp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn At±lw am¿tØm-Ωm-

bpsS IpSpw-_-P-\mb ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n IØ-\msc saXm-\mbn hmgn-®p. am¿tØmΩm saXms\ al-

tdm≥ sNm√n. At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ \n∂v 1665-˛¬ h∂ am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv At±-l-Øn\p saXm≥ ]´w

sImSp-°p-∂Xp hsc P\-ß-fpsS kzoI-cWw hgn-`-cWw \S-Øn. KntKm-dntbm-kns‚ hc-thmsS

]pXn-sbmcp hgn-Øn-cnhv am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ DS-se-SpØp. 1670 G]n¬

24\v [oc-\mb am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a≥ Znhw-K-X-\m-bn.

am¿tØmΩm InkvXy-\n-I-fpsS Xe-h≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-cpsS Xmev]cy kwc-£-W-Øn-

\mbn A£oWw ]S-s]m-cp-Xnb BfmWv am¿tØmΩm H∂m-a≥. t]m¿´p-Kokp anj-\-dn-am¿ At±-l-

tØmSv A\p-I-º-tbmsS s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS \nbasØ BZ-cn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXn--cp-s∂-¶n¬ tIcf k`-bn¬ Cu henb hn`-P\w D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. t]m¿´p-Kokp

anj-\-dn-am¿ F√m i‡nbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n´pw At±-l-Øns‚ Xe Ip\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°m-Xn-cp-

∂Xv A¿°Znbm-t°m≥ ÿm\-Øn\p P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o-\-sØ-bmWv sXfn-bn-

°p-∂-Xv.

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Ip™p-a-Ømbn

B¿®p-_n-j∏v Km¿knbm, tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ Xg-™p-sIm≠v 1656-˛¬ Koh¿Kokv

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ Hcp A\-¥-cm-h-Im-insb A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\mbn \nb-an-®p. am¿ tXmΩm saXms‚

P\-kzm-[o\w \nanØw Ct±-l-Øn\v H∂pw sNøp-hm≥ km[n-®n-√. c≠p-sIm-√-tØmfw sIm®n-bn¬

Xma-kn-®n´v Ip™p-a-Ømbn I-Sp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ h∂p Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw am¿tØmΩm saXm-t\mSp

tNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ aØmbn

]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n sa-Xm≥ 1678-˛¬Xs‚ Xs∂ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s]´ aØm-bn-sb∂ sshZn-Is\

A¿°-Zo-bm-t°m-\mbn \nb-an-®p. At±-lsØ Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-°-W-sa∂v Nm≠n saXm\v BK-

l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ sk_-Ãym-\n-bpsS ]Xn-Iq-e-amb dnt∏m¿´mWv CXn\p ]Xn-_-‘-am-b-Xv. Nm≠n

saXms‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn h∂ _nj∏v d^m-tb¬ ^nKp-td-tUm-bpsS ac-W-tijw (1695) 6 h¿j-

tØbv°v aØmbn A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰¿v Bbn tkh\w sNbvXp. Ct±-l-Øns‚

ac-W-tØmsS am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ÿm\w C√m-Xmbn.

H∂mw am¿tØm-Ωm-tbm-Sp-IqsS saXm≥ ÿm\w \m´p-Im¿°p e`n-®-tXmsS A¿°-Zn-bm-

t°m≥ ÿm\-Øns‚ ]k‡n Ahn-sSbpw C√m-Xmbn. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ A¿°-

Zn-bm-t°m\p henb ÿm\-an-√m-ØXpw AXns‚ Xntcm-[m-\-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bn. tIm¿ F∏n-kvtIm-

∏m, dºm≥ F∂o ]Z-hn-I¬ AhnsS ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, PmXn°p I¿Ø-hy-\mb

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ÿm\-Øns‚ A[n-Im-ctam al-Xztam Ah-bv°n-√.

k`-bpsS hn`-P-\-Øn\p tijw am¿tØm-Ωm-am¿ Hcp IW-°n¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßms´ A¿°-Zn-bm-

t°m-∑m-cpsS ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Imiw \ne-\n¿Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1817- -h-sc-bp≈ F√m am¿tØm-Ωm-amcpw

Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hnhn[ imJ-I-fn¬ \n∂v h∂n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.

CS-h-I-tbm-Khpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°mkpw

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS X\n-asb ]I-S-am-°p∂ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-amWv ]≈n-tbm-Khpw

]≈n ]Xn-]p-cp-j-tbm-Khpw. ]mbw sN∂ ]pcp-j-∑mcpw Xt±i sshZn-Icpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv CS-

h-I-tbm-Kw. tZiØp ]´-°m-cn¬ ]mbw sN∂ Bƒ A≤y-£-\m-bn-cn-°pw. At±lw Xs∂-bmWv

]≈n-bnse aX-I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv ]≈n-bpsS `uXnI hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw CS-h-

Imw-K-ß-fpsS InkvXob Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw tae-t\z-jWw CS-hI tbmK-am-Wv \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

]cky ]m]w kw_-‘n® tI p-Iƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm\pw tbmK-Øn\p A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

sshZn-Isc \n›-bn-°m\pw sshZn-Im¿∞n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-hm\pw ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tIcf kwkv°m-c-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≠p hf¿∂ H∂m-bn-cp∂p ]≈n-tbm-K-߃ F∂Xv

hy‡-am-Wv.

]mtZ-inI kq∂l-tZmkpI-fn¬ sshZn-I¿s°m∏w CS-hI ]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw

N¿® sNøp-Ibpw Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. uXn-Ihpw B≤ym-fln-I-hp-amb Imcy-

ß-fn¬ Hcp-t]mse sshZn-I\pw Aevam-b\pw ]¶p tN¿∂p. 14,15 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse NnXw, tIcf k`

A∂v At\Iw CS-hI tbmK-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv. PmXn°p Xe-h\pw At±-

l-Øn\p Xmsg ]≈n-tbm-Khpw F∂ Ia-amWv A∂v \nen-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. A¿°Zn-bm-t°m-\n-

eqsS ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw_w Aßs\ henb t\XrXzw tIcf k`bv°p \evIn.

BZna \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ a¨dw F∂ Iq´-߃ Kma-߃ tXmdp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. P\-ß-fpsS

Iq´-Øn\pw Ah¿ IqSp∂ ÿe-Øn\pw Cu t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Kma-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS PohnXw

\nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv a¨d-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ (]-Xn-‰p-]Øv 23-˛5, 25-˛4, 29-˛9). _p≤-a-X-°m-cpsS kwL-ßfpw

_m“-W-cpsS _“-tZ-bhpw InkvXy-\n-I-fpsS ]≈n-tbm-K-߃ cq]-h-Xv°-cn-°m≥ t]c-W-bm-bn.

]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n saXm≥

C¥y-bnse k`-bn¬ BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ap°v ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw ]ptcm-lnX tijvT-cp-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv Gsd-°m-e-߃°p tijw 1663 P\p-hcn 31-˛\v BWv \ap°v

Hcp kztZin saXms\ e`n-®Xv. At±lw ISp-Øp-cp-Øn. ]f-fn-bn¬ h®v A`n-jn-‡-\mb ]d-ºn¬

Nm≠n saXm-\m-Wv. At±lw Ncn-X-Øn¬ hnhn[ \ma-ßfn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]I-tem-a-‰sØ aqe-Ø-d-hm-´n¬ \n∂v ]d-ºw-I-c-bn¬ sN∂p Xma-kn® Hcp imJ-bmWv ]d-

ºn¬. ap´p-Nnd ]≈n ]WnX ImeØv Ah¿ ap´p-Nn-d-bn-tebv°v amdn. ]d-º≥ amfnI GI-tZiw c≠p

\q‰m≠p apºp hsc ]dºw Ic-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

]d-ºn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s]´ Ipcym-t°mkv F∂ Bƒ IpS-°-t»-cn-bnse A®p-Æn-b-Ωsb

(B-·- v) hnhmlw sNbvXv ZØp Ib-dn. Cu Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]pX-\mWv Nm≠n saXm≥. A∏s‚

t]cn¬ \n∂v ]d-ºnepw tKmX-\m-a-Øn¬ \n∂v ]I-tem-a-‰hpw Nm≠n saXm\p e`n-®p. amXr-Krlw

IpS-°-t»-cnbpw AXns‚ Xd-hmSv ]≈n-hoSpw AXns‚ ]ikvX imJ ]\-¶p-g-bp-am-I-bm¬ At±lw

B t]cp-I-fnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-bn. FgpØp IpØp-I-fn¬ At±lw ]d-ºn¬ F∂mWv tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. UnImwt_m F∂Xv ]d-ºn-ens‚ em‰n≥ ]Z-am-Wv. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-hn-Im-cn-bm-

bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v IpSp-°-t»-cn, ]≈n-ho-Sv, ]\-¶pg F∂o \ma-ß-fn¬ At±lw Adn-b-s∏-´p.

tXmam A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ ]d-ºn¬ Xpan F∂v am¿ sk_-Ãym\n hnfn-°m-\n-S-bm-bXv Hcp

sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bpsS ^e-am-bn-cn°m\mWv km≤y-X. Nm≠n saXm≥ ]d-ºn¬ Bb-Xp-sIm≠v At±-l-

Øns‚ kl-tKm-X-°m-c-\mb tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°mt\bpw ]d-ºn¬ Bbn At±lw Icp-Xn-b-

Xm-Wv. At±lw ]d-ºn¬ P\n-®-Xmbn Hcp ]mc-º-cy-hp-an-√. ]I-tem-a-‰-Øns‚ as‰mcp imJ-bn¬s]´

BfmWv At±-lw. AtX kabw Nm≠n saXms‚ hnImcn P\-dmfpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw ]d-ºn¬

IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏- -h-cm-Wv.

Nm≠n saXm\v Xs‚ `c-W-Im-eØv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ 117 ]≈n-I-fn¬ 71 ]≈n-Iƒ apgp-

h-\mbpw 18 ]≈n-Iƒ `mKn-I-ambpw Xt∂m-sSm∏w sIm≠p-h-cm≥ km[n-®p-sh-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚

henb t\´-am-Wv. 1687 Unkw-_¿ 23-˛\v At±lw Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ AtZ-

tZ-l-Øns‚ `uXn-Im-h-injvSw AS°w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

am¿tØmΩm saXm-∑m¿

Iq\≥ Ipcn-in-\p-tijw ]nf¿∂ `mc-X-k-`-bpsS Hcp hn`m-KsØ \bn® BZysØ 9

am¿tØmΩm saXm-∑mcpw ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-°mcpw Ipd-hn-e-ßmSnt\mSv _‘-s∏-´-h-cp-am-bn-cp-

∂p. ]I-tem-a‰w ]mc-ºcyw A\p-kyqXw XpS¿∂p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v Ah¿ Atß-b‰w i≤n-®n-

cp-∂p.

H∂mw am¿tØmΩm

Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v A∂sØ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-bn-cp∂ tXmΩm, H∂m-asØ

am¿tØmΩm saXm-\mbn Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´p.

A∂sØ t]m¿´p-Kokv A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS sX‰mb \o°w CXn\p hgn sXfn®p. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv

]I-tem-a‰w hS-t°-SØp IpSpw-_-im-J-I-fn-sem-∂n¬ s]´ BfmWv At±-lw. ]ufn-t\mkv ]mXn-cn,

]d-ºn¬ Xpan F∂v Ct±-lsØ NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv icn-bm-Im≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√. ]d-ºn¬ ]nd∂

BfmWv Ct±-l-sa-∂-Xn\v Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p ]mc-º-cy-an√ (kn.-sI.-a-‰w, 165). Nm≠n saXms‚ Nn‰-∏≥,

Imc-W-h¿, ktlm-Z-c-]p-X≥ Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ kqN-\-Iƒ, hntZ-io-b¿ IrXy-ambn ]Tn-°msX Nm≠n

saXms‚ IpSpw-_-°m-c-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ At±-l-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥ ian-®-Xns‚ e-am-Im-\mWv

km[y-X. t]m¿®p-Kokv tcJ-I-fn¬ ]d-ºn¬ F∂p ImWp-∂Xv ]I-tem-a‰w F∂ ]mT-t`-Z-tØmsS

hmbn-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX-‰n-√. kwL¿j-]q-cn-X-am-bn-cp∂p am¿tØmΩm H∂m-as‚ Pohn-Xw. 1670 G]n¬

22-˛\v At±lw Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. A¶-am-en-bnse sk‚ v tacokv tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ I_-d-S-°-s∏-´p.

c≠mw am¿tØmΩm

H∂mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-\mb Ct±lw Xs‚ Bÿm-\-amb \nc-WØp

h®v 1686 G]n¬ 13-˛\v Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-´p.

aq∂mw am¿tØmΩm

c≠mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-\m-bn-cp∂p aq∂mw am¿tØm-Ωm. c≠p h¿jsØ `c-W-

Øn\ptijw 1688 G]n¬ 19-˛\v At±lw IS-º-\mSv sk≥cv tXmakv ]≈n-bn¬ h®v Znhw-K-X-\m-hp-

Ibpw Ahn-sS-Øs∂ kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\memw am¿tØmΩm

]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-´n¬ Xs∂- s]´ Adm-°¬ IpSpw-_-Ønse GI ]pX-\m-bn-cp∂p \memw

am¿tØm-Ωm. aq∂mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS \n¿_-‘-Øn\p hg-ßn-bmWv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n hnIm-cn-

bm-bn-cp∂ Ct±lw am¿tØmΩm ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®-Xv. 40 sIm√-tØmfw Cu ÿm\w hln-®-Xn\p

tijw 1728 am¿®v 24 \v At±lw Ime-[¿Ωw ]m]n-®p. I≠-\mSv sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bn¬ \nXy-hn-

iaw sIm≈p-∂p.

A©mw am¿tØmΩm

Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-∏p-dØp \n∂v B≠q¿°v amdn-Øm-a-kn® ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn-em-Wv

A©mw am¿tØmΩm P\n-®-Xv. ]nXmhv hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns‚ Hcp hnizkvX tkh-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ \mep-]p-X-∑m-cn¬ aq∂m-a-\m-bn-cp∂p A©mw am¿tØm-Ωm. 1728- ¬ ÿm\-ta‰ Ct±lw

37 sIm√w `cWw \SØn 1765 sabv F´n\v Imew sNbvXv \nc-WØv sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bn¬ I_-

d-S-°-s∏-´p.

Bdmw am¿tØmΩm

1765 apX¬ 1808 G]n¬ 8 hsc am¿tØmΩm ÿm\w Ae-¶-cn® Ct±lw A©mw am¿tØm-

Ωm-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb amXyp Xc-Is‚ GI-]p-X-\m-bn-cp∂ sF∏v BWv. _p≤n-am\pw [oc\pw ]c-

a-kmXzn-I-\p-amb Ct±lw henb am¿ Znh-∂ym-kn-tbmkv F∂ t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]pØ≥Im-

hn¬ At±lw \n¿Ωn® tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ `uXn-Im-h-in-jvS-߃ ]≈n-sIm-≈p-∂p.

Ggmw am¿tØmΩm

]≈n-h-S-t°-SØp \n∂ Ipdn-®n-Øm-\Øv ItÆmØp Ipt∂¬ Xma-k-am-°nb Hutk-∏ns‚

]pX≥ amØ≥ BWv Ggmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bmbn 1808- ¬ hmgn-°-s∏- Xv (\n-cWw KŸ-h-cn, 125).I-≠-

\m´v Bbn-cp∂p Bÿm-\w. 1809 Pqsse \men\v acn®v tIme-t©cn ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn. Bdmw

am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS s]ß-fpsS aI-\m-Wn-t±-l-sa∂ A`n-]mbw icn-b√.

F´mw am¿tØmΩm

Ggmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb Ipcym-f-bpsS ]pX≥ sXmΩ-\mWv F´mw

am¿tØmΩm (\ncWw KŸ-hcn, 126). Ct±-lhpw I≠-\mSv Bÿm-\-ambn A©p-sIm√w `cn®v 1816

P\p-hcn 23-˛\v Ime-[¿Ωw ]m]n®v ]pØ≥Imhv sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-´p.

HºXmw am¿tØmΩm

\ma-am-X-ambn amXta Ct±-l-Øn\v am¿tØmΩm Bbn-cn-°m≥ Ign-™p-≈q. Ct±lw F´mw

am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS Nn‰-∏≥ IS-a-‰Øp tX°n-e-°m-´n¬ Ip‰m-c-∏-≈n¬ t]mbn Xma-kn® Ipcym-f-

bpsS ktlm-Z-c≥ sF∏v IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp∂ (\ncWw KŸ-hcn, 126). C°m-eØv ]pen-t°m´p C´q∏p

dºm≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ dkn-U‚ v Bbn-cp∂ tIW¬ a¨tdm-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Znh-∂ym-tkmkv

c≠m-a≥ F∂ t]cn¬ k`m-[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. \nhr-Øn-bn-√msX HºXmw am¿tØmΩm ÿm\-

XymKw sNøp-Ibpw k∂ym-k-h-cy-\mbn IS-a‰w ]≈n-bn¬ injvS-Imew sNe-h-gn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1817-˛¬ Ct±lw Znhw-K-X-\mbn IS-a‰w ]≈n-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-´p. AtXmsS ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-

_-Øns‚ ]c-º-cm-K-Xm-h-Imiw am¿tØm-Ωm-am-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-®p. Cu am¿tØm-Ωm-

am¿°v khn-ti-j-ambn 7,8,9 am¿tØm-am-am¿°v A¿ln-°p∂ ]m[m\yw k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ In´msX

t]mbXv tJZ-I-c-am-Wv.

Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-Øn\p tijw XpS¿®-bmbn ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-am¿

\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm 1812 G]n¬ 20-˛mw XobXn aZmkv

Kh¿¨sa‚n-\-b® ]Xn-t\gp tNmZy-߃°p≈ adp-]-Sn-°-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ Imcyw.

“In-kvXm_vZw 345 apX¬ 1308 kwh-’-c-ß-tfmfw kpdn-bm\nk`sb `cn-®n-´p≈ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-

∑m-sc√mw ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Ime-Øn\p tijw

]kvXpX IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\ IqSmsX Bdp-sa-Xm-∑mcpw Hcp saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw

D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.”

C∂v F√m ssIkvXh k`mhn-`m-K-ß-fnepw ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ taev]-´-

°mcpw t\Xm-°fpw [mcmfaps≠∂ Imcyw ]tXyIw ]kvXmhyam-Wv.

A¶-amen

t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn\p apºv Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse A¶-amen InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Xe-

ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.14-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p \n∂v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿ AhnsS sN∂v A¶-

amen Xe-ÿm-\-am-°n. C∂sØ tlm¿Ωokv ]≈n F.-Un. 450-˛¬ Bcw-`n-®p-sh∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-°m¿ F.-Un. 450 t\mS-SpØv A¶-am-en-bn¬ h∂p. ]me-bq¿ \n∂v 70 In.-ao‰¿

sXt°m´p bmX sNbvXv AhnsS FØntbm AYhm Ipd-hn-e-ßm-´p-\n∂v 70 Intem-ao-‰¿ bmX

sNbvXv AhnsS FØntbm F∂p ]d-bpI ]bm-kw. A¶-am-en-bnepw ]cn-k-cØpw Bbn ap∂q-dn-

tesd ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-°m¿ C∂pw D≠v. A¶-am-en-bn¬ \n∂pw IpSn-tb-dnb ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-

_-°m¿ [mcm-f-ap≠v. Ah-km-\sØ t]¿jy≥ _nj∏v am¿ A_lmw acn®v ChnsS AS-°-s∏-´p.

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v (1599 Pq¨ 20- 29) tijhpw A¶-am-en-bm-bn-cp∂p kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-

\n-I-fpsS tIµw. eØo≥ ItØm-en-°-cp-tSXv sIm®n-bn-epw. 1601-˛¬ em‰n≥Im-cmb ^m≥knkv

tdmkv A¶-am-en-bpsS saXm-\m-bn. 1609-˛¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ `Zm-k\w D≠m-hp-Ibpw A¶-amen cq]X

C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tdmkv acn-°p-∂nSw hsc (1624 s^_p-hcn 18) sImSp-ß-√qcpw A¶-am-

enbpw `cn-®p. A¶-amen ]≈n-bnse inem-^-e-I-Øn¬ (1640) Koh¿Kokv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ `uXo-

Im-h-injvSw ]≈n-°m¿ Po¿tÆm-±m-c-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v, AhnsS ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®p-sh∂v kpdn-bm-\n-

bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Nm≠n-sa-Xms‚ ImesØ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ aØmbn Ipd-hn-e-ßm´mWv

hkn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ A¶-am-en-bn¬ saXm\pw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\pw C√m-Xm-bn. 1838-˛¬ A¶-am-

en°p ]Icw D≠m-°nb sImSp-ß-√qcpw C√m-Xm-bn. sImSp-ß-√qcpw sIm®nbpw hcm-∏p-g-bpsS Iogn-

em-°n. CXn¬ X¿°-߃ D¤-hn-®-t∏mƒ 1886- ¬ eØo≥I-tØm-en-°sc sIm®n-cq-]-X-bpsS Iognepw

(sIm®n tKmh-°o-gn-em-bn-cp-∂p) kpdn-bm-\n-°msc hcm-∏p-g-°o-gnepw sIm≠p-h-∂p. AtXmsS A¶-

am-en-°m-e-L´w Ah-km-\n-®p. ASpØ ImeØv kotdm-a-e-_m¿ k`bv°v taP¿ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬

ÿm\w In´n-b-t∏mƒ Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, A¶-amen F∂v AXn\v t]cv \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

\ncWw

am¿tØmΩm «olm ÿm]n® kaq-l-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv \nc-Ww. C∂sØ Be-∏pg Pn√-bnem-

Wn-Xv. G.-Un. 52-˛¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ πo\n ]d-bp∂ \oe-°≠ \ncWw BsW∂p ]d-bp∂ Ncn-X-

Im-c-∑m-cp-≠v. am¿tØmΩm «olm ]≈n ÿm]n-®n-S-ØmWv Ct∏m-gsØ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]≈n Ccn-

°p-∂Xv F∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p. 14-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse DÆn-\o-en-k-tµ-i-Øn¬ \nc-W-sØ-∏‰n ]cm-a¿i-

ap-≠v. 1653-˛se Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXy-Øn\p tijw ae-¶c kndn-b≥ k`-bpsS Xe-ÿm\w \ncWw

Bbn-cp-∂p.

\ncWw ]≈n-bn-ep≈ cp inem-en-Jn-X-Øn¬ F.-Un.1259-˛¬ ]≈n ]pXp°n ]WnXp F∂p

ImWp-∂p. F.Un 1250-˛-Xn-t\m-S-SpØv ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-´n¬ \n∂v Nne ]nXm-°-∑m¿ \nc-W-tØbv°v

sIm≠p-h-c-s∏-´p. Chn-SsØ _m“-W-cpsS Xo≠¬, sXmSo¬ am‰m-\mWv Ahsc sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv.

]≈n ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v ]I-tem-a‰w Im¿ klm-bn-®p.

Xr°-]m-te-izcw inh-t£Xw ]≈n°v Hcp Intem-ao-‰¿ hS°pw \ncWw Ihn-I-fpsS IÆ-i]-

dºv c≠p ^¿temwKv sX°pw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

kmaq-ly- -cm-jvSob PohnXw

kmaq-ly-˛-cm-jvSob cwK-ß-fn¬ hfsc Db¿∂ Hcp ÿm\w am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v

Ic-K-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. _m“W ta[m-hnXzw ChnsS i‡n-s∏- -Xn\p tijw, Aip-≤-am-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-

°fpw Aº-e-ßfpw sXm´p ip≤-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v InkvXym-\n-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Xnhv D≠m-

bn. Aº-e-ß-tfmSp tN¿∂v InkvXym-\n-Isf ]m¿∏n-°p∂ coXnbpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. _m“-W-]m-c-

ºcyw D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-°msc Xs∂ Ipd-hn-eßm´p \n∂v Iq´n-s°m≠p h∂v

hkvXp-°ƒ ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ]cn-WnX ^e-am-bn-´mWv

am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bnepw PmXn-Nn¥ DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. Xß-sf-Øs∂ Db¿∂ PmXn-

bmbn Ah¿ I≠p.

cmPm-°-∑m¿ ]e-t∏m-gmbn InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v \¬Inb Ah-Im-i-߃ Ah-cpsS A¥- p-

b¿Øm≥ t]m∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Iv\mbnsØmΩ≥ sNt∏-Sv, Cc-hn-I¿Ø≥ sNt∏-Sv, Xcn-km-∏≈n sNt∏Sv

XpS-ßnb Xma-im-k-\-߃ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v kmaq-ln-I-ambn D∂Xn \¬Ip-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. am∏nf,

Xc-I≥, F∂o ÿm\-߃ I®-h-S-°m¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah¿°v e`n-®-Xm-Wv. B\-∏p-dØp k©-

cn-°p-I, ]√°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, hoSp-Iƒ°v ta¬°q-c-bp≈ ]th-i-\-I-hm-S-ap-≠m-°p-I, cmPm-°-

∑m-cpsS apºmsI ]c-h-Xm-\n-bn¬ Ccn-°pI. _m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ ÿm\w

D≠m-bn-cn-°pI F∂o Ah-Im-i-߃ Aßs\ Ah¿°v e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.

`£-W-Ønepw hkvX-Ønepw ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D≠mbn-cp∂p (F. io[-c-tam-t\m≥, tIc-f-N-

cnXw, 339). am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-Iƒ BZy-Im-eØv hym]m-cn-Ifpw ]n∂oSv ][m-\-ambpw Irjn-

°m-cp-am-bn. ssk\nI ]cni-o-e\w Ah¿ t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-߃ Cu Ah-t_m[w

Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

\m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw CS-]-`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw ImeØv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ tIµ-am°n Hcp cmP-

hwiw hn√m¿h´w F∂ t]cn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ImWp-∂p. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ 15-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬

ChnsS FØp-tºmƒ Cu cmP-hwiw AkvX-an-®p-t]m-bn. am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS cmjvSob

i‡n-sb AXv i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Cu cmPm-hn-s\-∏‰n JWvUnX-ambn ]d-bm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw 14- mw \q‰m-≠nse InkvXym-

\n-Iƒ°v henb kzm[n-\-i-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. (Iq-S-∏pg 131-˛34).

IpSntb-‰-ßfpw ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\hpw

hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm- n¬ \n∂v At\-I¿ tIc-f-Øns‚

hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu KŸ-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ IpSpw-

_-ß-fpsS NcnXw A°mcyw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. tkh-I-cm-bn´pw Aº-e-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Aip-≤-

am-Ip∂ hkvXp-°ƒ ip≤-am-°p-∂-h-cm-bn´pw cmPm-°-∑m¿ ]e IpSpw_-ß-tfbpw Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v

]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-´n¬ \n∂v Iq´n-s°m≠p t]mbn-cn-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-ku-I-cym¿∞w Irjnbpw I®-h-

Shpw tXSn ]pXnb Xoc-ß-fn-te°p t]mb-h¿ Gsd-bp-≠v. Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXysØ XpS¿∂p-≠m-bn-

´p≈ A`n-]mb hyXym-k-ßfpsSbpw Ie-l-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cn¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sn-t\mSp hnS-]-d-tb≠n

h∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.

]Ømw \q‰mt≠mSpIqSn tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-_m-“-WXzw AXns‚ AXyp-®n-bn-se-Øn. sXm´p-

Iq-Sm-bvabpw I≠p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw ChnsS as‰-ßp-an-√m-Ø-hÆw cq£-ambn. sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bvabp≠m-bm¬

Ipfn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw InkvXym-\n-sb-s°m≠p sXmSo-®m¬ aXn F∂ BNmcw \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

CXv \ºq-Xncn C√-߃°p apºnepw alm-t£-X-ß-tfm-S-SpØpw \kmWn InkvXym-\n-Isf sIm≠p-

h∂p Xma-kn-∏n-°m≥ CS-bm-°n. _m“W ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏-´-hsc Ipd-

hn-e-ßm´p \n∂p sIm≠p-h-cnI ]Xn-hm-bn.

1485- ¬ thWmSv cmPmhv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ I®-h-S-Øns‚ IpØ-Im-h-Im-iw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v

\¬In. InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v am∏nf F∂ t]cp-≠m-bXv Aß-s\-bm-Wv. sX°≥ tIc-f-Ønse I®-h-

S-tI-µ-ß-fn-te°v InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS IpSn-tb-‰-ap-≠m-bn. Ah¿°v Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn ]WvUn-Xcpw

sshZn-Icpw thW-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p \n∂p sshZn-Icpw thW-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p

\n∂p sshZn-I-scbpw Bfp-I-sfbpw Cu Ah-iy-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ XpS-ßn.

CXn\pw ]pdta hoc-]m-WvVy\pw kpµ-c-]m-WvUy\pw XΩn¬ \S∂ bp≤-Øns‚ e-ambn 1313-

˛¬ \ne-bv°¬ \in-∏n-°-s∏- p. AhnsS \n∂v InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-te°pw ]em-b\w sNbvXp.

Cßs\ D≠m-bn-´p≈ InkvXy≥ tIµ-ß-fn-te°pw Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p \n∂v sshZn-Isc £Wn®p

sIm≠p-t]m-bn.

1543-˛¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ tXh-e-°c t£Xw BI-an-®-t∏mƒ, thWmSv cmPmhv InkvXym-\n-

Iƒ sIm√Øp \n∂v amd-W-sa∂v Iev]n-®p. Aßs\ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ a‰p ÿe-ß-fn-te°p amdn. B

]pXnb ÿe-ß-fnepw Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p \n∂v ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Ønse ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-scbpw Bfp-

I-sfbpw £Wn®p hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq∂l-tZm-kn\pw Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip-k-Xy-Øn\p tijhpw [mcmfw t]¿ Ipd-hn-e-

ßm´p \n∂v ]ncn-™p-t]m-tI≠n h∂p.

]pXnb Iyjn-ÿ-e-߃ tXSnbpw ]I-tem-a-‰w-Im¿ bmX Xncn-®n-´p-≠v. H∏w sXmgn-e-t\z-jn®v

hntZ-i-ß-fn-te°pw. 1300- \pw 1660- \pw CS-bv°mWv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw

][m\ IpSn-tb-‰-߃ \S-∂n-´p-≈Xv. ]I-tem-a‰wImcpsS IpSn-tb-‰-߃aqew aqe-X-d-hm-´nse AwK-

kwJy hfsc Ipd-™p-t]m-bn. hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ A\ym-[o-\-am-bn. ]t£, as‰mcp IpSpw-_-°m¿°pw

Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hm° hn[w tIc-f-Ønse F√m ssIkvX-h-tI-µ-ß-fn-epw, ]I-tem-a-‰w-Im¿ FØn-

t®-cp-∂-Xn\pw hf-cp-∂-Xn\pw AXv Imc-W-am-bn. ssIkvXh aX-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ amX-a-√, as‰√m

kmaq-ly,-cm-jvSo-b,-kmw-kv°m-cn-I-cw-K-ß-fnepw henb t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v Aßs\ ]I-

tem-a-‰w-Im¿ ]m]vX-cm-bn.