97

5'1 -flda,anDDla -¡ leurka m%;sixialrK 5'1 -flda,anDDla -¡ leurka m%;sixialrK 1833

1815 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSu;a iu. iuia;

Èjhsk u ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a úh' t;eka isg ì%;dkHhka furg md,k

lghq;= f.k hdfï § Wvrg yd my; rg m%foaY fjka fjkaj md,kh lsÍu;a"

ì%;dkHfhka meñKs ks,Odßkaf.a jegqma yd myiqlï fjkqfjka úYd, jeh nrla

±Íug isÿ ùu;a" wdÈh ksid 1828 j¾Ih muK jk úg rcfha wdodhug jvd jeh mlaIh

YS>%fhka by< .sfha h' fï ksid furg wdKavqfõ úhoï mshjd .ekSug ì%;dkH uõ

wdKavqfõ uqo,a fhoúh hq;= ;;ajhla Woa.;j ;snqKs' tfy;a hg;a úð;j, lghq;=

fjkqfjka uõ wdKavqfõ uqo,a jeh lsÍu fï jk úg ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;sh fkdù h'

tneúka ,xldjg meñK furg wdodhï yd úhoï ;;ajh fidhd n,d md,k l%ufha

ÿ¾j,;d wOHhkh fldg wjYH m%;sixialrK ks¾foaY lsÍu i`oyd hg;a úð; Ndr

f,alïjrhd úiska úfYaI fldñIka iNdjla m;a lrk ,È' ví' tï' Ô' flda,anDDla

uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;=j m;a flreKq tu fldñiu flda,anDDla fldñiu

f,i ye`Èkafõ' flda,anDDla uy;dg wd¾Ól yd md,k lghq;= fidhd ne,Sfï j.lSu

mejreKs' furg wêlrK lghq;= mÍlaId fldg wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu i`oyd

pd,aia fya leurka keue;a;d miqj m;a flßK'

flda,anDDla fldñifuys úu¾Ykhg ,la jQ lafIa;%

rcfha wdodhï ud¾. yd úhoï lghq;="- ví' tï' Ô' flda,anDDla

wêlrK lafIa;%h - pd,aia fya leurka wêlrK lafIa;%h - pd,aia fya leurk wêlrK lafIa;%h - pd,aia fya leurk

flda,anDDla yd leurka hk fofokd furgg meñK ,xldfõ md,k l%uh

yd wêlrK lafIa;%h .ek lreKq msßlaid we;eï ,dxlslhkaf.a o woyia úuid n,d

;u ks¾foaY we;=<;a fhdackdj,shla bÈßm;a l<y' 1833 j¾Ifhaa isg l%shd;aul jQ

th flda,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, lemS fmfkk ,laIK

jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu'

Wvrg yd my;rg m%foaY taldnoaO jQ md,k l%uhla y`ÿkajd §u'

mßmd,k lghq;= i`oyd uq`M rg m<d;a mylg fn§u'

wksjd¾h rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu'

bx.%Sis wOHdmkh mq`M,a lsÍu'

ó<`.g wms by; i`oyka ,laIK tlska tl f.k ixlaIsma;j lreKq úuid

n,uq'

98fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu

flda,anDDla fldñiu furgg meñfKk úg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd

fj; jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl yd wêlrK n,;, talrdYS ù ;snqKs' fuu ;;ajh

flda,anDDlaf.a úu;shg fya;= jQ w;r wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, wvq lsÍfï wruqK

we;sj fyf;u jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùug fhdackd lf<a h'

jHjia:dodhl iNdj

flda,anDDla fhdackd wkqj kS;s iïmdokh i`oyd msysgqjk ,o jHjia:dodhl

iNdj idudðlhka 15lska hqla; úh' Tjqka ks, ,;a yd ks, fkd,;a jYfhka

fldgia follg fnod ;snqKs' ta wkqj ks, ,;a idudðlhka ixLHdj kjhla jQ

w;r Tjqyq ks, n,fhka f;aÍ m;a jQ rcfha Wiia ks,OdÍka jQy' ks, fkd,;a

idudðlhka yhla isá w;r Tjqka ck jd¾.sl moku hgf;a wdKavqldrjrhd úiska

kdulrKfhka m;a lrk ,È' ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda hqfrdamSh ksfhdað;hka

;sfofkl=f.ka o isxy," øúO" n¾.¾ hk tla tla ck fldgia fjkqfjka f;dard.;a

ksfhdað;hka ;sfofkl=f.ka o iukaú; jQy' jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ uq,iqk

wdKavqldrjrhdg ysñ úh' flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska tla tla ck j¾. mokï

lrf.k jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ksfhdað;hka f;dard .ekSug y`ÿkajd ÿka jd¾.sl

ksfhdack l%uh miq ld,fha § furg ck j¾. w;r fNao we;s ùug fya;= jQfha hehs

ms<s.efka'

ks, ,;a

09

15

jHjia:dodhl iNdj -1833

n¾.¾

01

hqfrdamShhqfrdamSh

03isxy,

01øúv

01

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99fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

1833 j¾Ifha msysgq jQ jHjia:dodhl iNdj jßka jr m%;sixialrKhg

,la fjñka ,dxlslhka w;g ,enqK n,;, m%udKh jeä ù ta ;=<ska wkd.;fha

md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla lrd hdug moku jegqKs' fï ksid flda,anDDla

wdKavql%uh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdj y`ÿkajd§u furg foaYmd,k l%ufhys

jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,lsh yels h'

úOdhl iNdj

flda,anDDla fhdackdj,g wkqj msysgqjk ,o úOdhl iNdj wdKavqldrjrhd yd

rcfha ñkqïm;s jeks rcfha by< ks,Odßka msßilf.ka iukaú; úh' wdKavqldrjrhd

fuys uQ,dikh ±Í h' rfÜ ish¨ mßmd,k yd uQ,H lreKq iïnkaOfhka

wdKavqldrjrhd fuu iNdfõ woyia úuiSu wjYH úh'

Wvrg yd my;rg m%foaY taldnoaO jQ md,k l%uhla y`ÿkajd §u

1815 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSfuka miq Wvrg

yd my;rg m%foaY fjka fjkaj md,kh lsÍfï l%uhla wkq.ukh lf<a h' fuu

l%uh rcfha úhoï by< hdug fya;= ù we;s nj fmkajd foñka tu m%foaY taldnoaO

fldg talSh md,k l%uhla we;s lsÍug flda,anDDla fhdackd lf<a h'

mßmd,k lghq;= i`oyd uq`M rg u m<d;a mylg fn§u

1833 j¾Ih f;la mßmd,k lghq;= i`oyd ,xldj m<d;a /ilg fnod

;snqKs' fufia m<d;a ixLHdj jeä ùu ksid ks,OdÍka yd Tjqkaf.a myiqlï wdÈhg

úYd, uqo,la ±Íug isÿ ùfuka rcfha úhoï by< hk nj fmkajd ÿka flda,anDDla

úhoï wvq lsÍu msKsi mßmd,k m%foaY mylg fnod ta ta m<d;a i`oyd md,k

uOHia:dk myla msysgqùug fhdackd lf<a h' tu m<d;a Ndrj lghq;= lsÍug rcfha

tacka;jrfhl= ne.ska m;a lsÍug o ;SrKh flßK'

flda,anDDla fhdackd l< m<d;a yd tajdfha md,k uOHia:dk

mßmd,k uOHia:dkm<d;

hdmkh

.d,a,

;%sl=Kdu,h

fld<U

uykqjr

W;=re m<d;

ol=Kq m<d;

kef.kysr m<d;

niakdysr m<d;

uOHu m<d;

100100fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu

rfÜ isá jeäysá msßñ ish¨ fokd u wjqreoaog kshñ; Èk .Kkla rchg

fkdñf,a fiajd iemhSu wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldÍ l%uh f,i ye`Èkafõ' w;S;fha §

rdcHfha fmdÿ lghq;= i`oyd rgjeishkaf.a Y%uh ,nd .ekSug fuu rdcldÍ l%uh

fhdod .;ay' Tjqka Ôj;a jQ .ïudkj, jeõ wuqKq" we<fõ,s" mdrj,a m%;sixialrKh

lsÍu jeks fmdÿ ld¾hka fï hgf;a isÿ flßK' uqo,a f.ùulska f;drj ,nd .;a

fuu fiajdj ñksiqkaf.a ksoyig fuka u ÈhqKqjg ndOdjla nj fmkajQ flda,anDDla

tu l%uh wj,x.= lsÍug ks¾foaY lf<a h'

bx.%Sis wOHdmkh jHdma; lsÍu

flda,anDDla meñKs wjêh jk úg wdKavqfõ úhoï by< hdug ;=vq ÿka

m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha furg mßmd,k lghq;=j,g wjYH ks,OdÍka hqfrdamfhka

f.kaùuhs' Tjqkaf.a jegqma" kjd;eka myiqlï yd fjk;a fiajd ,nd §ug rchg

úYd, uqo,la jeh úh' fï ksid rcfha úhoï wvq lsÍug kï úfoaY ks,OdÍka

fjkqjg foaYSh ks,OdÍka fhdod .; hq;= hehs flda,anDDla fhdackd lf<a h' ta i`oyd

bx.%Sis wOHdmkh mq`M,a lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;=j ;snqKs' iajfoaYSlhka w;r isá uqo,a

f.jd wOHdmkh ,nd .; yels msßig bx.%Sis udOHfhka fyd`o wOHdmkhla ,nd

§fuka wdKavqfõ lghq;=j,g wjYH ks,OdÍka imhd .; yels fj;ehs flda,anDDla

n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh'

5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK 5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK 5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK 5'2 Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a Woaf>daIK

1833 j¾Ifha flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul ùfuka miqj tu wdKavq

l%ufha hï hï fjkialï we;s lr .ekSu i`oyd Woaf>daIKhla uq,ajrg wdrïN

lrk ,oafoa furg isá hqfrdamShka úisks' fulS hqfrdamShka j;= j.d lghq;=

i`oyd ,xldjg meñK Wvrg m%foaYj, jeú,s lghq;=j, ksr; jQ Okj;a;= fj;s'

Tjqkaf.a j;= msysá m%foaYj,g ud¾. myiqlï ÈhqKq lr .ekSu" ;eme,a yd mKsúv

yqjudre myiqlï we;s lr .ekSu yd j;=lrhg wjYH fjk;a myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu

fjkqfjka jHjia:dodhlh u.ska uqo,a fjka lr .ekSfï wjYH;djla fï jk úg

u;=j ;snqKs' fuu hqfrdamSh m%cdj ksfhdackh lsÍug jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ks,

fkd,;a ksfhdað;hka ;sfofkl= m;a lr isá nj óg fmr i`oyka flßK' tfy;a

jHjia:dodhlfha ks, fkd,;a msßig jvd ks, ,;a ks,OdÍka nyq;rhla ùu;a

tu iNdjg ,eî ;snQ n,;, m%udKj;a fkdùu;a ksid Tjqyq Woaf>daIK wdrïN

l<y' fuu Woaf>daIK f.k hdug 1865 j¾Ifha § Tjqka úiska ,xld ix.uh kï

ixúOdkhla msysgqjk ,È' ú,shï ä.aì" fcda¾Ê fjda,a jeks wh tu Woaf>daIKj,

lemS fmfkk kdhlfhda jQy'

101fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miq furg j;= j.dj ÈhqKq ùu;a" wdkhk

wmkhk wd¾Ólhla ìys ùu;a ksid ,dxlslhkag o hï hï jHdmdr lghq;=j,

ksr; ùfuka uqo,a Wmhd .ekSug wjia:dj ,enqKs' ì%;dkH md,k iufha § jeú,s

lghq;=" f;d. yd is,a,r fjf<`odu" ñksrka l¾udka;h wd§ jHdmdr lghq;=j,

fh§fuka uqo,a Wmhd .;a ,dxlsl msßila ìys jQy' tfia ìys jQ ,dxlsl Okj;=ka ;u

¥ orejkag furg § fuka u úfoaY rgj,g heùfuka o Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd §u

ksid bx.%Sis W.;a uOHu mdka;sl msßila ìys jQy' 20 jk ishji wdrïNfha § tu

msßi wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK b,a,d Woaf>daIK lsÍug fm<ôK' th ,dxlslhkaf.a

foaYmd,k Woaf>daIKj, wdrïNh f,i ie,fla'

W.;a ,dxlsl uOHu mka;sh w;ßka uq,a ld,fha § foaYmd,k Woaf>daIKj,g

kdhl;ajh ÿka msßi w;r fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka" fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï"

i¾ fÊïia mSßia" tÉ' Ô' iS' fmfrhsrd jeks wh úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka' fufia

W.;a ,dxlslhkaf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka Woaf>daIK fufyhùug uq,a ld,fha msysgq jQ

ixúOdk w;r my;rg ksIamdok ix.uh" y,dj; ix.uh" hdmk ix.uh lemS

fmfkk ixúOdk lsysmhls'

W.;a ,dxlslhka w;ßka wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhl wjYH;dj ms<sn`oj

§¾>j lreKq meyeÈ,s lrñka 1908 j¾Ifha § uq,ajrg úêu;a ikafoaYhla hg;a

úð; Ndr f,alïjrhd fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa i¾ fÊïia mSßia uy;d úisks'

bka wk;=rej úúO ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hka úiska o ;j;a tn`ÿ fm;aiï /ila o

bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tu fm;aiï u.ska ,dxlslhka bÈßm;a l< m%;sixialrK fhdackd

lsysmhla fufia h'

jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks, fkd,;a idudðlhka msßi jeä lsÍu

jHjia:dodhl iNdjg Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka f;aÍu

jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais lsÍu

5'3 lDDõ - uel,ï wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1910

1910 j¾Ih jk úg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrOqrh ±rE fykaß uel,ï

wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ks¾foaY mokï fldgf.k hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï lDDõ idñjrhd

úiska 1910 j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ udifha § kj wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla furgg

,nd fok ,È' th lDDõ-uel,ï wdKavql%uh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' fuu wdKavql%uh

hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ idudðl ixLHdj 21 olajd jeä lr ;snqKs' ks, ,;a

msßi 11 fofkl= jQ w;r 10 fofkla ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda jQy' tlS ks,

fkd,;a idudðlhka 10 fokd jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%ufhka yh fofkl= o iSñ;

Pkao n,fhka y;r fofkl= o ^hqfrdamSh fofofkla o n¾.¾ tla wfhl= yd W.;a

,dxlslhka tla wfhl=& jYfhka m;a flßK'

102102fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

lDDõ - uel,ï wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh 1910

ks, ,;a

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ks, fkd,;a

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01

n¾.¾

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02

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04

kdulrKfhka

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by; igyk foi n,k úg

jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ksfhdað;hka f;dard

.ekSfï § Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka

f;dard .ekSug bv ,eîu;a W.;a ,dxlslhka

fjkqfjka tla ksfhdað;fhla f;dard .ekSug

wjia:dj i,id § ;sîu;a fuu m%;sixialrKfha

lemS fmfkk ,laIK fõ'

W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka

ksfhdað;fhl= f;dard m;a lr .ekSu ksid

furg uOHu mka;shg jHjia:dodhl iNdj

ksfhdackh lsÍug bv ,enqKs' fuu Oqrh

i`oyd uq,ajrg m;a jQfha fmdkakïn,ï

rdukdoka uy;d h'

5'4 ,xld cd;sl ix.uh

lDDõ - uel,ï wdKavql%u

m%;sixialrKhg fmr b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lsÍfï

§ úúO ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hka hg;a úð;

Ndr f,alïjrhdg fjka fjkaj fm;aiï

hejQ wdldrh by; i`oyka flßK' l=vd l=vd

5'1 rEmh ¡ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï

uy;d103

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

ixúOdk jYfhka fm;aiï heùfuka hg;a úð; md,lhkag n,mEï l< fkdyels

nj;a ,dxlslhka tl;= ù Yla;su;a y`vla ke.Sug kï ish¨ fokdf.aa iyfhda.h

,efnk fmdÿ ixúOdkhla msysgqúh hq;= nj;a uOHu mdka;slfhda f;areï .;ay'

bkaÈhdkqjka bkaÈhdkq cd;sl ix.uh msysgqjd tlai;aj lghq;= l< wdldrh fuys

§ ,dxlsl W.;=kag o wdo¾Yhla úh' 1919 j¾Ifha § ,xld cd;sl ix.uh msysgqjQfha

tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' tjlg wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK Woaf>daIK jHdmdrfha lemS

fmfkk kdhlfhl= jQ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;d ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha

m%:u iNdm;s ;k;=rg m;a úh'

,xld cd;sl ix.uhg tla jQ l=vd ixúOdk lsysmhla by; ±lafõ'

isxy," fou<" uqia,sï jeks furg jd¾.sl ck fldgia ksfhdackh l<

ixúOdk /ila ,xld cd;sl ix.uh jYfhka fmdÿ wruqKla fjkqfjka tlg

tl;= ùu furg foaYmd,k b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djla f,i fmkakqï l<

yels h'

,dxlslhka w;g foaYmd,k n,;, ,nd .ekSu i`oyd Yla;su;a Woaf>daIK

jHdmdrhla Èh;a lsÍu ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha m%Odk wruqK úh' fï wkqj bÈß

m%;sixialrKj, § jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ,dxlsl idudðlhka ixLHdj jeä lr

.ekSu" tys n,;, jeä lr .ekSu" Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka nyq;rhla f;dard

.ekSug wjia:dj ,nd .ekSu" foaYSh kdhlhkag md,k lghq;=j,g jeä jeäfhka

iïnkaO ùug wjia:dj ,nd .ekSu jeks wruqKq ta w;r lemS fmkqKs'

104104fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

by; wruqKq Èkd .ekSu i`oyd ,xld cd;sl ix.uh wkq.ukh l< l%shd

ud¾. igkaldó fkdjQ w;r b;du;a iduldó iajrEmhla fmkakqï lf<a h' ta

wkqj ì%;dkH rchg fm;aiï heùu" hg;a úð; f,alïjrhdg fm;aiï heùu"

/iaùï mj;ajd ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍu" jHjia:dodhlh ;=< ;¾l bÈßm;a lsÍu"

wdKavqldrjrhdf.a m%idoh Èkd .ekSug m%h;ak ±Íu" mqj;am;aj,g ,sms ,shñka

m%;sixialrKj, wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lr§u jeks l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lf<a h'

5'5 ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh -1920192019201920

1910 ¡ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka iEySulg m;a fkdjQ ,dxlslhka È.ska

È.g u Woaf>daIKh lsÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1920 j¾Ifha § ;j;a wdKavql%u

m%;sixialrKhla furgg ,enqKs' tjlg ,xld wdKavqldrjrhd jQ ú,shï ueksxf.a

ks¾foaYh u; ilia flreK fuu wdKavql%uh ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh

f,i ye`Èkafõ'

jHjia:dodhl iNdj

fuu m%;sixialrKh u.ska jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ idudðl ixLHdj 37la

olajd jeä flßK' Tjqkaf.ka 14 fofkl= ks, ,;a idudðlhka jQ w;r 23 fofkla

ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda jQy' ks, fkd,;a idudðlhka 23 fokdf.ka y;la

wdKavqldrjrhd úiska kdulrKfhka" ^kï lsÍfuka& m;a lrk ,È' b;sß 16 fokd

Pkao n,fhka m;a lsÍu fuu wdKavql%ufha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' 1920 j¾Ifha

jHjia:dodhl iNdj m;a jQ wdldrh my; igykska fmkakqï flf¾'

wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - - 1920

ks, fkd,;a

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jHjia:dodhl iNdj -jHjia:dodhl iNdj -

37

105fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

fuu wdKavql%uh wkqj jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks, ,;a msßig jvd ks,

fkd,;a msßi jeä jQ nj neÆ ne,aug fmfkk kuq;a ;SrKd;aul Pkao úuiSul §

ks, ,;a ody;r fokdg kdulrKfhka m;a jQ y;a fokd o tla jk neúka" Pkaofhka

m;a jQ oyih fokdg jvd jeä Pkaohla wdKavqldrjrhdg ysñj ;sìK'

5'6 1924 ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh

1920 ¡ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka ,dxlslhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq fkdjqKs'

fï ksid ,xld cd;sl ix.uh fuu m%;sixialrKhg úreoaO úh' fuu ix.uh 1920¡m%;sixialrKh hgf;a meje;afjk ue;sjrKh j¾ckh lsÍug;a ieriqKs' fï jk úg

bkaÈhdfõ bx.%Sis md,khg tfrysj m%n, Woaf>daIKhla isÿ fjñka mej;=Ks' ,xldfõ

o tn`ÿ ;;ajhla we;s fj;ehs bx.%SiSyq ìh jQy' tneúka 1920 ¡ m%;sixialrKh ms<sf.k

lghq;= lrkafka kï b;d flál,lska kej; m%;sixialrKhla ,nd fok njg ueksx

wdKavqldrjrhd ,xld cd;sl ix.uhg fmdfrdkaÿ úh' 1924 ¡ j¾Ifha § kej; jrla

wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla ,nd §u isÿ jQfha tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' ú,shï ueksx

wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ks¾foaYh u; hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï fvfjdkaIh¾ úiska ilia

lrk ,o fuu m%;sixialrKh ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ m%;sixialrKh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

ueksx ¡ fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNd-

fõ idudðl ixLHdj 49 olajd jeä flßK' 12 fofkl= ks, ,;a idudðlhka jQ w;r

37la ks, fkd,;a idudðlfhda jQy' ks, fkd,;a idudðlhkaf.ka 29 fofkl= Pkao

n,fhka m;a flreK w;r wg fofkl= wdKavqldrjrhd kdulrKfhka m;a lf<a h'

Pkao n,fhka m;a flreK 29 fokdf.ka 23 fofkl= m<d;ano Pkao fldÜGdi l%uh

hgf;a o yh fofkl= jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a o m;a flßK'

ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - -1924

ks, ,;a

12

ks, fkd,;a

37

kï lsÍfuka

08

m<d;ano Pkaofhka

23

Pkaofhka

29

ck jd¾.sl mokfuka

06

jHjia:dodhl iNdj

4949

106106fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

fuu m%;sixialrKh hgf;a ks, ,;a idudðlhka 12 fokd yd kdulrKfhka

m;a l< 8 fokd tl;= jqj;a" Pkaofhka m;a jQ 29 fokdg jvd th iq`M;rhla úh'

tneúka jHjia:dodhl iNdj ;=< wdKavqldrjrhdg mlaImd; nyq;r Pkaohla fkdù

h' fï ksid wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul ùfï § wdKavqldrjrhd wiSre ;;ajhlg m;a úh'

1920 ¡ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka fuka u 1924 ¡ m%;sixialrKh hgf;a

o jHjia:dodhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;aÍfï § Pkao odhlfhl= ùug wjYH iqÿiqlï

.ek ,dxlslhka ;=< wm%idohla mej;=Ks' Pkao odhlfhl= ùug lsishï NdIdjla

,sùug fyda lshùug yels ùu;a foam< fyda wdodhï ysñldß;ajhla ;sîu;a wjYH

úh' tneúka furg isá Pkao odhlhka ixLHdj iSud ù ;snqKs'

5'7 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - 1931

ueksx - fvfjdkaIh¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ nyq;r wdik

ixLHdjlaaa ,dxlslhkag ,eîu ksid wdKavqldrjrhdg WmdhYS,Sj lghq;= lsÍug

isÿ úh' fuu ;;ajh furg wdKavqldrjreka úiska hg;a úð; Ndr f,alïjrhdg

±kqï §u ksid ,xldjg meñK ;;ajh fidhd n,d wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug

1927 j¾Ifha § fvdkfuda¾ fldñiï iNdj m;a flßK' fvdkfuda¾ idñjrhdf.a

iNdm;s;ajfhka m;a jQ fuu fldñiu ,xldjg meñK ,dxlslhkaf.a idlaIh ,nd

f.k mq`M,a úu¾Ykhla isÿ fldg ;u ks¾foaYh bÈßm;a lr we;' tu ks¾foaYh

mokï lr .;a m%;sixialrK 1931 isg l%shd;aul flreK w;r th fvdkfuda¾

wdKavql%uh jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'

ó<`.g wms fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK fhdackd lsysmhla fjka fjkaj f.k

i,ld n,uq'

rdcH uka;%K iNdjla msysgqùu

fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ jHjia:dodhl iNdj rdcH

uka;%K iNdj kñka ye`Èkaù h' tys idudðlhka ixLHdj 61ls' 50 fofkl= Pkao

fldÜGdi wkqj uyck Pkaofhka f;dard .;a w;r ksfhdackhla fkd,enQ iq`M

cd;Ska fjkqfjka wdKavqldrjrhdf.a kdulrKfhka wg fofkl= m;a flßKs'

rdcH ks,OdÍka f,i ye`ÈkajQ b;sß ;sfokd rdcH f,alï" uqo,a f,alï" kS;s f,alï

jYfhka lghq;= l< wh fõ'

107107fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

61

fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK hgf;a rdcH uka;%K iNdj

rdcH ks,Odßka

03 wdKavqldrjrhd kï l<

08

m<d;ano Pkao

fldÜGdij,ska

50

rdcH f,alï

uqo,a f,alï

kS;s f,alï

rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uq,iqk ysñ jQfha tys idudðlhkaf.a Pkaofhka f;dard

.;a l:dkdhljrhdg h' ta wkqj fuys m%:u l:dkdhl Oqrhg ta' t*a' fud,uqf¾

uy;d m;a úh' rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ ks, ld,h wjqreÿ myls'

i¾jck Pkao n,h m%odkh lsÍu

1910 lDDõ - uel,ï m%;sixialrKfha isg jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uka;%Ska

f;aÍfï § Pkao n,h l%shd;aul jqj;a" th ysñ jQfha ck.ykfhka iSñ;

msßilg h' Pkao odhlfhl= f,i iqÿiqlï ,eîug lsishï m%udKhl wOHdmk

iqÿiqlula yd Okhla wjYH úh' fï ksid idudkH ck;djg Pkao n,h ysñ fkdjQ

w;r Pkao odhl msßi ck.ykfhka 4%la ;rï iq`M msßilg iSud úh' idudkH

ck;dj fï wdldrfhka foaYmd,k N+ñfhka wE;a lr ;eîu foaYmd,lhkaf.a

wjOdkh Tjqka flf¾ fhduq fkdùug fya;= ù we;ehs fvdkfuda¾ flduidßiajre

fmkajd ÿkay' tu ksid idudkH ck;dj foaYmd,k jYfhka iún, .kajd Tjqkaf.a

Y=NidOkh i`oyd foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrùug kï i¾jck Pkao

n,h ,nd Èh hq;= hhs fldñiu ks¾foaY lf<a h' fï wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 21g jeä ia;%S

mqreI fomlaIhg u Pkao n,h ysñ úh' fuh fmdÿ ck;dj ,o úYd, ch.%yKhla

f,i ie,lsh yels h' fï wdldrhg lsis ÿ fNaohlska f;drj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;

w;ßka Pkao n,h ysñ lr .;a m%:u wdishd;sl rg njg Y%S ,xldj m;a úh'

108108fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

úOdhl ldrl iNd msysgqùu

rdcH uka;%K iNdj jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl lghq;= lrk uKav,hla

f,i l%shd;aul úh' thg mjrd ÿka jHjia:dodhl lghq;= tu uKav,h iuia;hla

f,i /iaj l%shdjg kexù h' úOdhl lghq;= i`oyd rdcH uka;%K iNdj ldrl iNd

y;lg fnod ;snqKs' fï wkqj uy ue;sjrKhlska miqj rdcH uka;%K iNdjg f;aÍ

m;a jk uka;%Ska 61 fokdf.ka l:dkdhljrhd iy rdcH ks,Odßka ;sfokd yer

b;sß 57 fokd ldrl iNd y;lg fnÈKs' tu ldrl iNd y; my; i`oyka fõ'

iajfoaY lghq;= ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj

lDIsl¾u yd bvï ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj

m<d;a md,kh ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj

fi!LH ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj

wOHdmkh ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj

lïlre l¾udka;h yd fjf<`odu ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj

.ukd.ukh yd fmdÿ jev lghq;= ms<sn`o ldrl iNdj

iEu ldrl iNdjla u fjka fjkaj /ia ù ta ta ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhd

m;a lr .; hq;= úh' iNdm;sjre ta ta úIh lafIa;%h Ndr wud;Hjreka f,i m;a jQy'

fuu iNdm;sjreka y;a fokd fuka u rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd o weu;sjreka

f,i ie,lsK'

fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ úOdhl ldrl iNd ksid

,dxlsl foaYmd,k{hkag md,kh ms<sn`o mqyqKqjla ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj ysñ jQ

w;r md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla lrd hk .ufka § th jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla úh'

wdKavqldrjrhd yd rdcH ks,OdÍka ;sfokd

fuf;la l%shd;aul jQ wdKavql%uhkag idfmalaIj fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh

hgf;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,h fndfyda ÿrg wvq lr ;snqKs' wdKavqfõ ish¨

j.lSï ;jÿrg;a wdKavqldrjrhdg mejÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ fvdkfuda¾

flduidßiajre bka fldgila ,dxlslhka fj; mejÍug wfmalaId l<y' ta wkqj

rdcH ukaa;%K iNdj iïu; lrk mk;aj,g wjidk wkque;sh §u" rdcH fiajfha

ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" ì%;dkH wêrdcHh iïnkaOfhka n,mdk l%shd ms<sn`o ;SrK

.ekSu wdÈ n,;, wdKavqldrjrhdg mejreKs'

109109fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a wdrlaIdj" uqo,a lghq;= kS;s jeks jeo.;a wxY

ms<sfj<ska rdcH f,alï" uqo,a f,alï" kS;s f,alï hk rdcH ks,Odßka ;sfokd

hgf;a mej;sK'

jd¾.sl ksfhdackh wfydais lsÍu

jHjia:dodhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;dard .ekSfï § 1833 j¾Ifha isg ì%;dkHhka

úiska jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh ls%hd;aul lrk ,È' fuh ,xldfõ úúO ckj¾. w;r

fNao we;s ùug ;=vq ÿka ksfhdack l%uhls' fï ksid jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais

l< hq;= hehs 1931 j¾Ih olajd u ,dxlslfhda y`v ke.+y' fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u

m%;sixialrKfhka jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais fldg m%dfoaYSh ksfhdackh

Yla;su;a lsÍu w.h l< hq;= lreKls'

5'8 fida,anß wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh - 1947

fida,anß fldñiu m;a lsÍu

fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a msysgqjQ wud;HdxY

oyfhka y;l n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,enqKq kuq;a rdcH

ks,OdÍka ;sfokdg jeo.;a wud;HdxY ;=kla mjrd

§ ;sîu;a" wdKavqldrjrhdg mjrd ;snQ n,;, wdÈh;a

.ek furg foaYmd,k{fhda i;=gq fkdjQy' fï ksid

fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul l< ld,fha u tu

wdKavql%uh ixfYdaOkh fldg kj wdKavql%uhla ,nd

.ekSfï Woaf>daIKhla werôK' tu Woaf>daIKj, uQ,sl

wruqKq lsysmhla fufia h'

rdcH ks,OdÍkag mjrd ;snQ wud;HdxY ,dxlslhkag

,nd .ekSu

,dxlsl wud;Hjrekag mjrd ;snQ n,;, mq`M,a lr

.ekSu

úOdhl ldrl iNd l%uh fjkqjg leìkÜ l%uhla

,nd .ekSu

fuu Woaf>daIKj, § weu;s uKav,h;a" rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uyck

ksfhdað;jre;a m%uqL;ajh f.k lghq;= l<y' ,xld cd;sl ix.uh jeks ixúOdk

weu;s uKav,hg iydh ,nd ÿKs'

5'2 rEmh ¡ fida,anß idñ

110fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

1939 j¾Ifha § fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN ùu ksid f,dal hqoaOfha §

ì%;dkHhkag ,dxlslhkaf.a iyfhda.h wjYH úh' f,dal ix.%dufha § c¾ukshg

tfrysj igka jeÿKq rgj,a w;r ì%;dkHh lemS fmkk fiajhla bgq lf<a h' fuu

ÿIalr wjia:dfõ § weu;s uKav,h furg iyh ì%;dkHhkag ,nd§ug bÈßm;a

jQ w;r hqoaOh ksu ùfuka miqj ,dxlslhkag jeä n,;, ,efnk wdKavql%u

m%;sixialrKhla ,nd .ekSu Tjqkaf.a wruqK úh' hqoaO iufha § furg weu;sjrekag

o wdKavqldrjrhd we;=`M ì%;dkHh ks,OdÍka iu. iómj" iyfhda.fhka lghq;=

lsÍug wjia:dj ,enqKs' fï ksid ,dxlslhkaf.a foaYmd,k b,a,Sï ms<sn`oj ì%;dkH

ks,OdÍka ;=< o kuHYS,S wdl,amhla we;s jQ nj fmfka'

Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ms<sn`o ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;sh

meyeÈ,s flfrk m%ldYhla 1943 j¾Ifha uehs udifha § furg wdKavqldrjrhd

úiska ksl=;a lrk ,È' ta wkqj rfÜ wNHhka;r lghq;= ms<sn`o j.lSu ,dxlslhkag

mejfrk m%;sixialrKhla ,nd§ug ì%;dkH lghq;= lrk nj m%ldY úh' tu m%ldYhg

wkqj iqÿiq jHjia:d flgqïm;la ms<sfh, lsÍfï n,h weu;s uKav,hg mejßK'

jHjia:d flgqïm; ms<sfh, lsÍfï § wdKavql%u jHjia:d ms<sn`o úfYaI{fhl= jQ

Y%Su;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;df.a iydh ,nd .ekSug weu;sjre lghq;= l<y'

weu;s uKav,fha flgqïm; 1944 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha § ilia fldg

wjika úh' weu;s uKav,fha jHjia:d flgqïm; mÍlaId fldg furg iq`M cd;Ska

we;=̀M úúO lKavdhï iu`. idlÉPd fldg ì%;dkH wdKavqjg jd¾;djla bÈßm;a

lsÍu i`oyd 1944 j¾Ifha cQ,s ui ì%;dkH wdKavqj úiska úfYaI fldñika iNdjla

m;a lrk ,È' fida,anß idñjrhdf.a m%Odk;ajfhka hq;= tu fldñiu fida,anß

fldñiu f,i ye`Èkafõ'

1944 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § fida,anß fldñiu furgg meñK

lreKq fidhd n,d 1945 § fldñifï jd¾;dj ksl=;a lf<a h' tu jd¾;dj mokï

lrf.k ieliqKq wdKavql%uh 1947 j¾Ifha isg furg l%shd;aul úh' th fida,anß

wdKavql%uh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

fida,anß wdKavql%ufha m%Odk ,laIK

wdKavqldr Oqrh wfydais fldg wd.%dKavqldr Oqrhla ia:dms; lsÍu'

oaùuKav, md¾,sfïka;=jla msysgqùu'

^uyck uka;%S uKav,h yd fifkÜ iNdj&

w.ue;s m%Odk leìkÜ uKav,hla we;s lsÍu

rdcH fiajd fldñiu yd wêlrK fiajd fldñiu msysgqùu

111fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

w.%dKavqldrjrhd

fida,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a fuf;la

mej;s wdKavqldrOqrh wfydais flßK' fuu

wdKavql%uh hgf;a o ì%;dkH /ðk ,xldfõ

kdhsldj f,i ms<s.;a ksid weh ksfhdackh

lsÍug w.%dKavqldr ;k;=rla y`ÿkajd ÿkafka h'

ì%;dkH /ðk úiska w.%dKavqldrjrhd m;a lrk

,È' Tyqg jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK wxY-

hkays n,;, /ila ysñ jqj;a w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia

u; w.%dKavqldrjrhd lghq;= l< hq;= jQ fyhska

;k;=r kduud;% úOdhl ;k;=rla njg m;a úh'

tjlg wdKavqldr ;k;=r ±rE i¾ fykaß ukala

fïika uqj¾ furg m%:u w.%dKavqldrjrhd

jYfhka o lghq;= lf<a h'

md¾,sfïka;=j

fida,anß wdKavql%uhg wkqj jHjia:dodhlh fyj;a kS;s iïmdokh l<

wdh;kh md¾,sfïka;=j kñka y`ÿkajkq ,eî h' md¾,sfïka;=j uyck uka;%S

uKav,h yd fifkÜ uka;%S uKav,h hk uKav, follska iukaú; jQ neúka th

oaùudKav,sl md¾,sfïka;=jla f,i ye`Èkafõ'

5'4 rEmh ¡ merKs md¾,sfïka;=j

5'3 rEmh ¡ fykaß ukala fïika uqj¾

112fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

uyck uka;%S uKav,h md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uqjk uKav,h jQ w;r thg

uka;%Sjreka 101 fofkla wh;a jQy' thska 95la Pkao fldÜGdi moku hgf;a

uyck Pkaofhka f;dard .kakd ,È' b;sß yh fokd ksfhdackhla fkd,enQ iq`M

cd;Ska fjkqfjka w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,È'

md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h jir myls'

md¾,sfïka;=fõ fojk uKav,h fifkÜ uka;%S uKav,h fyj;a W;a;r

uka;%S uKav,h f,i ye`ÈkaúK' fuu uKav,h idudðlhka 30lska hqla; úh'

15la w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska m;a lrk ,È' b;sß 15 fokd

m;a lr .kakd ,oafoa uyck uka;%S uKav,fha Pkaofhks' fifkÜ iNdfõ ks,

ld,h jir yhls'

w.ue;s m%uqL leìkÜ

uKav,h

fida,anß

wdKavql%uh hgf;a úOdhl

n,h fyj;a kS;s l%shd;aul

lsÍfï n,h w.ue;s m%uqL

leìkÜ uKav,hg ysñ

úh' leìkÜ uKav,fha

kdhl;ajh w.ue;sjrhdg

,enqKs' w.%dKavqldrjrhd

úiska uyck uka;%S

uKav,fha nyq;r

úYajdih Èkd .;a mqoa.,hd w.ue;s ;k;=rg

m;a lrkq ,eî h' w.ue;sjrhdf.a ks¾foaYh msg

w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska leìkÜ uKav,h m;a

lrk ,È' uyck uka;%S uKav,fha" wdKavq mlaIfha

uka;%Sjreka yd fifkÜ uKav,fha uka;%Sjreka

w;=ßka leìkÜ uKav,h f;dard .ekqKss' fifkÜ

uka;%S uKav,fhka fofofkl= leìkÜ uKav,hg

m;a l< hq;= nj yd bka tla wfhl= wêlrK

weu;sjrhd úh hq;= nj fida,anß jHjia:dfõ

i`oyka úh' wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId

lsÍu bka wfmalaId lf<a h' wdKavqj .kq ,nk

;SrK iïnkaOfhka md¾,sfïka;=jg iduqyslj u

j.lSu" leìkÜ uKav,fha m%Odk ,laIKhla úh'5'6 rEmh ¡ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d

5'5 rEmh ¡ m%:u leìkÜ uKav,h

113fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

rdcH fiajd fldñiu

fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a kS;sm;s" ú.Kldêm;s" iaÒr f,alï jeks rcfha

by< ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿ lrk

,È' Bg wu;rj my< rdcH fiajlhka m;a lsÍu" bj;a lsÍu" úkhdkql+, md,kh

wdÈh i`oyd rdcH fiajd fldñiï iNdjla m;a flßK' rdcH fiajd fldñiu

idudðlhka ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh'

wêlrK fiajd fldñiu

fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a w.%úksYaphldrjrhd yd by< wêlrKh

jQ fY%aIaGdêlrKfha úksYaphldrjreka m;a lsÍu w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg

w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿ lrk ,È' wfkla my< wêlrKj, úksYaphldrjreka

m;a lsÍu" bj;a lsÍu" úkhdkql+, md,kh i`oyd wêlrK fiajd fldñiï iNdj m;a

lr ;snqKs' fuh w.%úksYaphldrjrhd yd ;j;a úksYaphldrjreka fofofkl=f.ka

hqla; úh'

114fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'