karGnuvtþn elIkarRbtibtþieRkayeBlRbmUlplxñattUc ³ ... · The Biology of Horticulture- An...

karGnuvtþn_elIkarRbtibtþieRkayeBlRbmUlplxñattUc ³ esovePAENnaMsMrab; dMNaMsakvb,kmµ

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karGnuvtþn_elIkarRbtibtþieRkayeBlRbmUlplxñattUc ³ esovePAENnaMsMrab; dMNaMsakvb,kmµ ¬e)aHBum<elIkTI 4¦ dMNaMsakvb,kmµeRkayeBlRbmUlpl es‘rI elx 8E Exkkáda qñaM 2002 EksMrYleLIgvijkñúg Exvicäika qñaM 2003

niBn§eday Lisa Kitinoja and Adel A. Kader

Adobe Reader 7.0.lnk

saklviTüal½y kalIhV½nI edvIs

mCÆmNÐlBt’man nig RsavRCavbec©kviTüaeRkayRbmUlpl

rkSasiT§ © 2004 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS, CALIFORNIA The copyright of this publication is vested in the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS, CALIFORNIA. Applications for permissions to reproduce this publication, in whole or in part, by any method or process, should be addressed, with a statement of purpose and extend of the reproduction desired, to UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS, CALIFORNIA.


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taragmatika

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

lMnaMedImcMeBaHesovePAENnaM buBVehtuRKWHénkar)at;bg; nigkarfycuHKuNPaBeRkayRbmUlpl TMnak;TMngénGefrPaB nigGayukalrbs;plitplRss;

FnFansMrab;karFanaKuNPaB nigTIpSarnaMecj CMBUkTI 1³ karRbmUlpl nig karerobcMsMrab;TIpSar sþg;darv½y

kareRbIR)as; refractometer

kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_etsþPaBrwg (firmness tester)

karGnuvtþn_karRbmUlpl ]bkrN_pÞúkenAeBlRbmUlpl ]bkrN_RbmUlpl karevcx©b;enAcMkar kardwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;kEnøgevcx©b;

CMBUkTI 2³ karEfTaMb¤s/ nig emImrbs;dMNaM karEfTaMenAcMkar karEfTaMedayxül;ekþA RbB½n§KrCaKMnrsMrab;EfTaMxÞwm)araMg karBüa)albnÞan;

CMBUk 3³ RbtibtþikarenAkEnøgevcx©b; RbB½n§)a:ELttUc

RbtibtþikarTUeTA eRKagbøg;enAkEnøgevcx©b; kEnøgKMnrsMram ]bkrN_ Conveyor karlagsMGat kareRsab ¬kareFIV Waxing)


3

karEckRbePT karEbgEckTMhM ExSsgVak;evcx©b;samBaØ

CMBUkTI 4³ karevcx©b; nig smÖar³sMrab;evcx©b; karGnuvtþn_karevcx©b; ]bkrN_evcx©b; kareRCIserIssMbkevcx©b;

karGnuvtþn_elIsMbkevcx©b; karbitpøaksBaØa kareFIVmU:DulénsMbkevcx©b; karevcx©b;edaykMENERbbriyakas EpñkelIkdak;

CMBUkTI 5³ karRtYtBinitüstVl¥it nig PaBxUcxat karRtYtBinitüKImI Gayukalrbs;páakñúgfU kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedayRtCak; kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµeday Controlled/modified atmosphere

kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedaykMedA (Heat Treatment)

karRtYtBinitüedayCIvsaRsþ nig niy½tkrlUtlas;rukçCati CMBUkTI 6³ karRtYtBinitüsMeNImeFobbriyakas nig sItuNðPaB

kareFIVeGayRtCak;enAsItuNðPaBbnÞb; kareFIVeGayRtCak;edaykMlMagxül; kareFIVeGayRtCak;edayTWk kareFIVeGayRtCak;edaybMPaycMhay karpøas;bþÚrxül;ecjcUleBlyb; rbYsedayRtCak; kareRbIR)as;Twkkk viFIsaRsþCaCMerIsepSg²énkareFIVeGayRtCak; karbegáInsMeNIm


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karEfrkSaExSsgVak;RtCak;sMrab;plitplgayxUc CMBUkTI 7³ karsþúkTukdMNaMsakvb,kmµ Gnusasn_eTAelIsItuNðPaBsþúkTuk PaBRtUvKñaCaRkumsMrab;karsþúkTuk PaBgayTTYlrgrbYsedaykarbgák

karGnuvtþn_karsþúkTuk rcnasm<½n§énkarsþúkTuk karsþúkTukdMNaMs¶Üt nig dMNaMemIm karsþúkTukdMNaMb¤s karsþúkTukdMLÚg karsþúkTukedayRtYtBinitübriyakas ¬Controlled atmosphere storage¦

CMBUkTI 8³ kardwkCBa¢ÚndMNaMsakvb,kmµ rfynþcMhr USDA Portacooler

rfseNþagmanm:asuInRtCak; KMrUénkardak;RtYt /kardak;RtYtedayéd KMrUénkardak;RtYt /karpÞúkeday):aELt nig snøwkesþIgrelag PaBrwgmaMénkardak;RtYt bnÞúkedaymancnÞl; kardwkCBa¢ÚntamGakas

CMBUkTI 9³ karelIkdak;enATIeKaledA karelIkcuH

sItuNðPaBsþúkTukbeNþaHGasnñ karEckRbePT b¤karevcx©b;eLIgvij kareLIgTuM kardak;taMgbgðaj

CMBUkTI 10³ karEkécñdMNaMsakvb,kmµ ]bkrN_Ekécñ kareRtomlkçN³sMrab;karEkécñ


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karhalsMgYtedayBnøWRBHGaTitü ]bkrN_dkykTwkedaykMlaMgxül; ]bkrN_dkykTwkedaydutxøaj; ]bkrN_dkTwkedayGKÁIsnI karsMgYtedayL karsMgYtpáa karRckkMb:ug karRc)ac;ykTwk viFIsaRsþepSg²énkarEkécñ CMBUkTI 11³ karGnuvtþn_suvtßiPaBcMNIGahar suvtßiPaBcMNIGaharenAksidæan karkat;bnßyPaBkxVk;edayemeraK (Pathogen) kMLúgeBlRbmUlpl karkat;bnßyPaBkxVk;edayemeraK (Pathogen) kMLúgeBlelIkdak;eRkayRbmUlpl kareFVIGnam½ysMbkevcx©b; ]bkrN_ nig TIFøakEnøgevcx©b;enAcMkar karRtYtBinitüeLIgvij sMrab;Bt’manbEnßm ÉksareyagTUeTA ÉksarbEnßm A: RbPBBt’manbEnßmBIGiunF½rNit


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esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

karbegáItkare)aHBum<elIkdMbUgesovePAENnaMenHRtUv)anKaMRTCaEpñk edaymUlniFi USAID

tamry³ CMnYy USDA elx 58319R-3-004 KMeragRsavRCavksikmµCatirbs;RksYgksikmµ RbeTs eGhSúIb. kare)aHBum<elIkTImYyeFVIeLIgenAkñúgEx mifuna 1993 elIkTI2 Exmkra 1994 nigelIkTI3 Exmina 1995 RtUv)anTTYlnUvtRmUvkary:ageRcIn nigCRmujeGaymankarxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IEklMG nig eFVIkarplite)aHBum<CaelIkTI4.

kare)aHBum<fµI²énesovePAENnaMenHRtUv)anbkERbCaPasaeGs,:aj )araMg Punjabi Gar:ab; nig cin edaymanCMnYyBIshkarIrbs;eyIg enAsaklviTüal½ykalIhV½rnIj:a enAÉ edvIs nig enAsaklviTüal½yksikmµCuMvijBiPBelak. kmµviFI inPHo rbs;GgÁkarksikmµ nigcMNIGaharrbs;sh RbCaCati; manc,ab;e)aHBum<elIkTI 3 énesovePAENnaMenHeBjeljCaPasa )araMg Gg;eKøs nigeGs,:aj EdlGacrk)anenAelIeKhTMB½r http://www.fao.org/inpho/

CMnYyhirBaØvtßúsMrab;kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIg nigkare)aHBum<elIkdMbUgénc,ab;e)aHBum<elIkTI4 RtUv)anpþl;edaykmµviFITIpSar nigkardwkCBa¢Ún / esvakmµTIpSarksikmµrbs; USDA tamry³ CMnYykariyal½ynihr½N nigdwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvTwk. sUmEføgGMNrKuNCaBiessdl; GñkRsIHeidi

Reichert enA USDA/AMS/TMP/SEA cMeBaHkarelIkTwkcitþ nig kares¶IcsresIrkMLgeBlEkERbfµI rbs;esovePAENnaMenH nig sMrab;CMnYyrbs;GñkRsIkñúgkarbegáItCac,ab;sMrab; CD-Rom. c,ab;e)aHBum< pSayenH rYmbBa©ÚlnUv karGnuvtþn_CaeRcInsMrab;karRbtibtþieRkaykarRbmUlplEdl)anBikSakñúgc,ab; e)aHBum<knøgfµI² ehIyEdleBlenHpþl; nUvBt’manbEnßmBIkarGnuvtþn_sMrab;karkat;bnßykar)at;bg; karEfrkSaKuNPaB nigkarFanaBIsuvtßiPaBKuNPaBGaharkMLúgeBlRbtibtþiCalkçN³xñattUc nigkar EkécñGaharBIplitplsakvb,kmµepSg².

eyIg)anTTYlCMnYyBIshkarIrbs;eyIgenA UC Davis saklviTüal½y Florida, USDA-ARS

enAsaklviTüal½y Wisconsin nigBIshkarICaGnþrCatipgEdr. sUmEføgGMNrKuNCUndl; Jeff Brecht (UF), Joe Smilanick (USDA-ARS), Astrid Newenhouse (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Eli Fallik (The Volcani Center, Israel), Fabio Mencarelli (Universita delgi Studi della Tuscia, Italy), Bruce Champ (Australian Centre for Agricultural Research, Canberra), Jose Emilio Suadi Hasbun (PROEXANT, Quito, Ecuador), Susan Woodhead (Natural Resources Institute, Kent, England), P.A. Hicks (FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific), Sergio Chavez Franco (Centro de Fruticultura, Mexico), Seung Koo Lee (Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea) and the staff at the ASEAN Food Handling Bureau

(Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), sMrab;karpþl;ÉksareyagfµI² nig karpþl;smÖa³EdlminTan;)ane)aHBum<.


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Dr. Lisa Kitinoja Principal Consultant Extension Systems International 73 Antelope Street Woodland , California 95695 U.S.A. [email protected] Dr. Adel A. Kader Professor of Postharvest Physiology Department of Pomology, University of California May 28, 2002

Users' Feedback Solicited

GñkniBn§sUmsVaKmn_nUvral;mtiriHKn;sßabnasMrab;karbEnßmelIesovePAENnaMenH nig sMrab;karEkERbenA kñúgsmÖar³epSg²Edl)anbBa©ÚlenAkñúgkare)aHBum<elIkenH nig dak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgkare)aHBum<elIk eRkay. sUmepJIrcMelIytbtamry³ E-mail mkkan; ³ Dr. Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California One Shields Avenue Davis , California 95616 U.S.A. [email protected]

sUmGrKuNsMrab;kic©shRbtibtþikar nig CMnYy.


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lMnaMeedImsMrab;esovePAENnaM

1- esckþIepþIm

eKalbMNgsMxan;cMnYn 3 énkarGnuvtþbec©kviTüaeRkaykarRbmUlplcMeBaH EpøeQI nigbEnø EdlRbmUlplrYcKW ³

1- edIm,IrkSanUvKuNPaB ¬rUbrag vaynPaB rsCati nigtMélsarFatuciBa©wm¦ 2- edIm,IkarBarsuvtßiPaBGahar nig 3- edIm,Ikat;bnßykar)at;bg;kñúgeBlRbmUlpl nigkareRbIR)as;

edaysMxan;CagkMriténPaBsµúRKsµajrbs;bec©kviTüaEdlpþl;eGayeTotenaHKWkarRKb;RKgeday manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkMLúgeBleRkaykarRbmUlplEdlCaKnøwHedIm,IQaneTAdl;eKalbMNgEdlcg;)an. kñúgxN³EdlRbtibtþikarxñatFMGacpþl;nUvplRbeyaCn_CaeRcInBIkarvinieyaKelIeRKOgma:sIun nig bec©k viTüaeRkaykarRbmUlplya:gTMenIb CaTUeTAral;CMerIsTaMgGs;enHminGacGnuvtþn_eTA)aneLIy cMeBaH RbtibtþikarxñattUc. CaCMnYs bec©kviTüaEdlmanlkçN³samBaØ nigmantMélTabmanPaBskiþsmeTA nwgRbtibtþikarEdlmanbrimaNtic RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµEdlFnFanmankMNt; ksikrEdl)ancUlrYm eTAkñúgskmµPaBTIpSaredaypÞal; RBmTaMgskiþsmeTAnwgGñkpÁt;pÁg;rhUtdl;GñknaMecjenAkñúgbNþa RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_.

karécñRbDitbec©kviTüaTMenIb²CaeRcInEdleRbIenAkñúgbec©kviTüaeRkaykarRbmUlplEdlmanenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsGPivDÆn_)aneqøIytbeTAnwgkarcg;)annUvkareCosvageRbIkMlaMgBlkmµeRcIn nigkarcg; )annUvplitpl\tex©aH. viFITaMgGs;enHGacnwgminmanPaBsßitesßr)anyUrGEgVgeT edaysarktþa esdækic©sgÁm vb,Fm’ nigbrisßan. Ca]TarhN_ kareRbIR)as;nUvfñaMsMlab;stVl¥iteRkaykarRbmUlpl Gackat;bnßynUveRKaHfñak;EdlrkeXIjelIplitpl b:uEnþvamantMélx<s; nwgb:HBal;dl;brisßan. elIsBI enHeTAeTottMrUvkarénkardaMduHEpøeQI nigbEnøEdlmineRbIsarFatusrIragÁ )anpþl;nUv»kasfµIsMrab;TIpSar nigGñkplitxñattUcTaMgLay.

lkçxNÐkñúgRsuksMrab;GñkplitxñattUcGacrYmbBa©ÚlnUv BlkmµEdlelIs kgVHxat\NTansMrab; karvinieyaKkñúgbec©kviTüaeRkaykarRbmUlpl karpÁt;pÁg;famBlGKÁisnIEdlminGacTukcitþ)an kgVH xat CMerIsmeFüaydwkCBa¢Ún TIkEnøgsþúkTuk nig/b¤ vtßúFatuedImevcx©b; RBmTaMgktþa]bsKÁepSg²eTot.


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CakarGnueRKaHpgEdr vamanbec©kviTüasamBaØCaeRcInEdleyIgGaceRCIserIs)an ehIykarGnuvtþn_Ca eRcIneTotmanskþanuBlPaBRtUvnwgtMrUvkarcaM)ac;énTIpSar nigGñkplitGaharxñattUc. karGnuvtþn_Ca eRcIn EdlmanenAkñúgesovePAENnaMenH RtUv)aneKeRbIedayeCaKC½yedIm,Ikat;bnßykar)at;bg; nigkar EfrkSa nUvKuNPaBéndMNaMsakvb,kmµBaseBjBiPBelakCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy.

vamanCMhanEdlmanGnþrGMeBICaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgral;RbB½n§eRkaykarRbmUlpl. plit plRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaymnusSepSg²KñaCaeRcIn RtUv)andwkCBa¢Ún nigsþuúkTukdEdl²rvagcenøaHeBlén karRbmUlpl nigkareRbIR)as;. kñúgxN³EdlkarGnuvtþn_NamYy niglMdab;lMedayénRbtibtþikar Edl nwgmanPaBxusKñaBIdMNaMmYyeTAdMNaMmYy CaTUeTAvamanlMdab;énCMhankñúgRbB½n§eRkaykarRbmUlpl EdlRsbnwgeKalbMNgénesovePAENnaMenH.

CMBUkTI 1 bgðajnUvkarGnuvtþn_énkarRbmUlpl nigviFIsa®sþénkarerobcMplitplRss;sMrab;TI pSar. CMBUkTI 2 pþl;nUv]TarhN_mYycMnYnBIrebobrkSab¤s edIm nigemImdMNaMmuneBlkarEfrkSa nigsþúk TukbnþeTot. CMBUkTI 3 cg¥úlbgðajBIbec©kviTüasamBaØEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIenAkEnøgevcx©b; EdlCa kEnøgsþúkTukFmµtaenAkñúgTIval b¤kEnøgepSgeTotEdlman]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaB nigkEnøgsþúkTuk.

CMBUkTI 4 bgðajnUvRbePTepSg²énviFIsa®sþevcx©b; nigvtßúFatuedImevcx©b;EdlGacCYyrkSanUv KuNPaBrbs;plitpl nigkat;bnßynUvkarxUcxatedayemkanikkñúgkMLúgeBleRbIR)as;dwkCBa¢Ún nig sþúkTuk. CMBUkTI 5 erobrab;nUvviFIsa®sþRtYtBinitüktþacéRg nigpþl;nUvGnusasn_sMrab;CMerIscMeBaHkareFIV RbRBwtþikmµKImI sMrab;RtYtBinitüstVl¥it nigCMgWnana.

viFIsa®sþsamBaØsMrab;bBa©úHsItuNðPaBrbs;plitplRtUv)anbkRsayenAkñúgCMBUkTI 6. rcna sm<½n§sþúkTuk viFIsa®sþsMrab;FananUvkarbk;bBa©Úlxül;RKb;RKan; nigbec©kviTüaFmµtasMrab;karsþúkTukEbb EktMrUvbriyakasRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgCMBUkTI 7. kardwkCBa¢ÚnEdlGackat;bnßynUvkar)at;bg;RtUv)an BiBN’nakñúgCMBUkTI 8 ehIyviFIsa®sþsMrab;karEfrkSaenAkEnøgeKaledA ¬TIpSare)aHdMu niglk;ray¦ RtUv)ancg¥úlbgðajkñúgCMBUkTI 9. CMBUkTI 10 bgðajviFIsa®sþsamBaØmYycMnYnsMrab;karEkécñplitpl Rss;dUcCabEnßmtMéledayhalsMgYt RckkMb:ug nigcMraj;ykTwk. CacugeRkay CMBUkTI 11 KWCaCMBUk fµImYysMrab;karEktMrUvEfmeTotelIesovePAENnaMenH ehIy)anbkRsaymUldæanRKwHén Good

Agricultural Practices (GAP) nigviFIsa®sþsamBaØEdlGacykeTAeRbIR)as;)an edIm,IFananUvsuvtßiPaB sMrab;plitplRss;.


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karGnuvtþn_nImYy²Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgesovePAENnaMenHRtUv)anbkRsay nigBnül;ya:g segçb. cMeBaHBt’manbEnßmelIkarGnuvtþn_nimYy² sUmGñksikSaGanbEnßmnUvGtßbTRbPBedImEdl manraynam CabBa¢Ib¤GacsresredaypÞal;eTAkan;GñkniBn§rbs;esovePAENnaMenH. karGnuvtþn_Edl )anbkRsay enAkñúgesovePAENnaMenHmin)ansMedAelIbBa¢IrayRbtibtþikarEfrkSaeRkaykarRbmUlpl TaMgRsugenaHeT EtvaRKan;EtCacMnuccab;epþImdMbUgsMrab;FnFanedImTab (low-input) nig¼b¤ GñkEf rkSaxñattUcénplitplsakvb,kmµbueNÑaH. eyIgsUmpþl;eyabl;fa GñkKYrEtsakl,geRbIkarGnuvtþn_ enH ehIyeFVIkareRbobeFobeTAnwgkarGnuvtþn_EdlelakGñkkMBugEteRbIbc©©úúb,nñ. sUmcgcaMfa ral;kar Gnuvtþn_TaMgenHGacRtUv)anEktMrUvedayGñkEfrkSaedIm,IRsbtamlkçxNÐkñúgtMbn; nigvtßúFatuedImEdl man. eyIgsgÇwmfa GñkeRbIR)as;esovePAENnaMenHnwgepJIrRtlb;mkvijnUvBt’manTaMgLayGMBIkar Gnuvtþn_ bec©kviTüaEdlmantMélTabEdlkMBugEteRbIR)as; ehIyEdlminmanenAkñúgkare)aHBum<esovePA ENnaMenH.

eyIgeCOCak;ya:gmutmaMufakarGnuvtþn_samBaØTaMgGs;enH Edl)anBnül;bgðajenAkñúgesovePA ENnaMenHnwgGaceGayGñkeRbIR)as;xñattUc²eFVIkarkat;bnßynUvkar)at;bg;plitpl karBarsuvtßiPaB Gahar nigCYyrkSanUvKuNPaBrbs;EpøeQI bEnø nigdMNaMlMG)an.

rUbPaBTI1³ CMhanénkarRbtibtþieRkaykarRbmUlplsMrab;plitplKMrUmYycMnYn


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mUlehtuRKwHénkar)at;bg; nigkarfycuHKuNPaBeRkaykarRbmUlpl

eTaHbICarab;TsvtSénkarxitxMRbwgERbgelIkarsikSaya:gNak¾eday mUlehtuEdlekIteLIgCa jwkjab;énkar)at;bg;eRkaykarRbmUlplenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enAEtbnþkñúgkarEfrkSamin)an ditdl; nigkarRKb;RKgsItuNðPaB nigkarbBa©úHRtCak;minRKb;RKan;. kgVHxaténkarerobCacMnat;fñak; edIm,IlubbM)at;karqøgdalepSg²muneBlsþúkTuk nigkareRbIvtßúFatuedImevcx©b;minmanRKb;RKan; k¾)anbgár CabBaðaEfmeTotEdr. CaTUeTA karminRbugRby½tñRtUv)ankat;bnßyeGayTabbMput karerobcMnat;fñak; sMrab;plitplEdlmanCMgW nigxUcxat nigkarRKb;RKgsItuNðPaBedaymanRbsiT§PaBnwgCYydl;kar EfrkSaplitplEdlmanKuNPaB nigkat;bnßynUvkar)at;bg;kñúgeBlsþúkTuk. GayukalsþúkTuknwgRtUv )aneFVIeGayRbesIreLIgRbsinebIsItuNðPaBeRkaykarRbmUlplRtUv)anEfrkSaeGayenAkMritsmrmü rbs;plitplnimYy².

Rkum ]TarhN_ mUlehtucMbgénkar)at;bg; nigkarfycuHKuNPaB eRkayeBlRbmUlpl ¬tamlMdab;énsar³sMxan;¦

bEnøCab¤s kar:ut éqfav xÞwm)araMg xÞwms dMLÚg)araMg dMLÚgCVa

• rbYsedayemkanik • karEfTaMmin)anRtwmRtUv • karecjb¤s b¤ecjBnøk • kar)at;bg;Twk ¬karhYtCatiTwk¦ • s¥úyrlYy • rbYsedayRtCak; ¬cMeBaHdMNaMb¤senAkñúg

tMbn;RtUBic nigtMbn;Ek,rRtUBic¦ bEnøsøwk saLad

és<s Spinach

és<ekþab søwkxÞwm

• kar)at;bg;CatiTwk ¬karRCYjsVit¦ • )at;bg;BN’ébtg ¬ERbCaelOg¦ • rbYsedayemkanic • karxUcxatedaysarGRtadMNkdegðImx<s; • kars¥úyrlYy

bEnøCapáa Artichokes Broccoli

páaxat;Na • rbYsedayemkanic • kar)at;bg;BN’ nig kareLIgBN’elOg • kareLIgBN’senAelIpáa (Abscission of florets) • karxUcrlYy


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bEnøCaEpøx©I Rtsk; nenag Rtb; emÞs Okra Snap Beans

• eLIgcas;RCuleBkenARbmUlpl • kar)at;bg;CatiTwk ¬hYtCatiTwk¦ • rbYsedayemkanic nigkareLIgCaM • rbYsedayRtCak; (Chilling Injury) • kars¥úyrlYyxUc

EpñeQI nigbEnø EdlmanEpøcas;

eb:ge)a:H Rtsk;RsUv RkUcqµar eck sVay Epøe)a:m EpøTMBaMg)ayCUr Stone fruit

• kareLIgCaM • TMuRCuleBk nigeLIgTn;eBkenARbmUlpl • kar)at;bg;Twk • rbYsedayRtCak; • karERbRbYlsmasFatupSM • kareLIgs¥úyrlYy

kars¥úyrlYy nigGayukalsþúkTukrbs;plitplRss;

karEckfñak;rbs;dMNaMRss;sakvb,kmµKWGaRs½yeTAelIGesßrPaB nig skþanuBlénGayukal sþúkTukrbs;vaenAkñúgxül; EdlxiteTArksItuNðPaB nig sMeNImbriyakassmRsb.

GesßrPaB skþanuBlénGayukalsþúkTuk ¬KitCa s)aþh_¦

plitpl

x<s;xøaMg < 2 Apricot, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, fig, raspberry, strawberry; asparagus, bean sprouts,

broccoli, cauliflower, søwkxÞwm, saLad, pSit,

muskmelon, pea, spinach, eBat, eb:ge)a:H (TuM); páaPaKeRcIn nigBYkrukçCatilMG; bEnø nigEpøeQIcitepSg².

x<s; 2-4 GavUkadU eck TMBaMg)ayCUr (edaymineRbI SO2),

RtEbk, loquat, RkUcXVic, sVay, melons (honeydew, crenshaw, Persian), nectarine,


13

lðúg, peach, plum; artichoke, green beans,

Brussels sprouts, és<ekþab, celery, Rtb;, head

lettuce, GURka, emÞs, summer squash, eb:ge)a:H (esÞIrTuM).

mFüm 4-8 Epøe)a:m nig B½r (BUCmYycMnYn), TMBaMg)ayCUr (edaymaneRbI SO2), RkUc, RkUcføúg, RkUcqµa, EpøKIvI, EpøTnøab;, EpøTTwm; table beet, kar:ut,

radish, dMLÚg (x©I). Tab 8-16 Epøe)a:m nig B½r (BUCmYycMnYn), RkUcqµa; dMLÚg

(cas;), xÞwm)araMgs¶Üt, xÞwms, el<A, RtLac,

dMLÚgCVa, Rtav, dMLÚgQamman emIm nigedImsak énrukçCatilMGepSg²

TabxøaMg > 16 RKab;FBaØCati bEnø nigEpøeQIsMgYt RbPB³ Kader, A.A, 1993. Postharvest Handling. In: Preece, J.E. and Read, P.E., The Biology

of Horticulture- An Introductory Textbook. New York : John Wiley & Sons. pp. 353-377.

ÉksarsMrab;karFanaKuNPaB nigTIpSarnaMecj

cMeBaHGñkRbtibtþiEdlcg;)annUvBt’manlMGitbEnßmBItMrUvkarsMxan;sMrab;karenaMecj GñkGacrk GtßbTe)aHBumÖrbs; viTüasßanFnFanFmµCati (Natural Resources Institute, NRI) ¬1994¦ Edl epþatelIkarFanaKuNPaBdl; dMNaMsakvb,kmµsMrab;karnaMecj. esovePAENnaMrbs;viTüasßanFnFan FmµCati )anbgðajnUvkarGnuvtþn_CaKMrUsMrab;karRKb;RKgelIKuNPaBnaMecjTaMgGs;rbs;dMeNIrkarepSg² eRkaykarRbmUlpl rYmman karRtYtBinitü Gnam½y karviPaKrksMNl;fñaMsMlab;ktþacéRg sþg;darén ]bkrN_sMrab;karBinitüelIsItuNðPaB nig kareFVIkMNt;RtaTukepSg²eTot. esovePAENnaMenHpþl;Ca Gnusasn_x<s; sMrab;Gñkral;KñaEdlcUlrYmkñúg GaCIvkmµénkarnaMecjplitplsakvb,kmµ eTAkan;bNþa RbeTsénshB½n§GWr:ub. ¬manlk;enAviTüa sßanFnFanFmµCati Gas½ydæan Central Avenue ,

Chatham Maritime , Kent ME4 4TB, RbeTsGg;eKøs.


14

sþg;darcMnat;fñak;plitplsMrab;shrdæGaemrikmanelIbNþaEpøeQI nigbEnøsMrab;TIpSarplitpl Rss; nig plitplEkécñ. edIm,I)annUvsMeNAminKitéføéncMnat;fñak;plitplepSg² rbs;shrdæGaemrik sUmsresrmkkan; Fresh Products Branch, USDA-AMS, FV, Room 2056-S, Washington, D.C.,

20250. U.S. Inspection. karENnaMBIkarRtYtBinitü k¾Gacrk)anedaybg;éføtictYctamGas½ydæan enHpgEdr. cMEnkÉsþg;darcMnat;fñak;k¾Gac download )anpgEdrBI Website rbs; USDA-AMS

tamGas½ydæan http://www.ams.usda.gov/standards/stanfrfv .htm ¬kmµviFIEpøeQI nig bEnø¦.

GgÁkarshRbtibtþikaresdækic© nig GPivDÆn_ (The Organization of Economic Cooperation

and Development,OECD))ane)aHBum<esovePAtUc²BI{sþg;darGnþrCatibEnønigEpøeQI}("International

Standards of Fruits and Vegetables"). kñúgRbeTsGaemricxageCIg sUmsresrmk kan; : OECD Publications and Information Center, 2001 L Street, N.W., Suite 700 , Washington , D.C. ,

20036-4910. sMrab;RbeTseRkABIGaemricxageCIg sUmeFIVTMnak;TMngmkkan; OECD Publications

Service, 2 Rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS Cedex 16, France.

fµI²enH suvtßiPaBcMNIGahar)ankøayCa GaTiPaBcMbgmYysMrab;Gñklk;rayCaeRcIn EdlkMBugeFIV kareq<aHeTArkkarbegáItCasklnUvkarGnuvtþn_ksikmµRtwmRtUv (Good Agricultural Practices, GAP).

eday)ancab;epþImedImKMnittamGñklk;raykñúgqñaM 1997/ Rkumkargarlk;plitplrayrbs; GWur:ub (Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group, EUREP) Éksarrbs; EUREP-GAP c,ab;fµI² nig TMrg;karepSg²RtUv)anGnum½trvagédKUrBIExScgVak;GaharsMrab;EpøeQI nig bEnø bnÞab;BIdMNak;kal BieRKaHeyabl;Gs;ry³eBlCagbIqñaM. ÉksarBRgagsMrab;viBaØab½nb½Rt "EUREP-GAP Fruits and

Vegetables", RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaytMNagRkum European BIRKb;RsTab;énEpñkbEnø nig EpøeQI edaymankarKaMRTBIGgÁkarGñkplitenAxageRkA EU. GgÁkarplitkrmkBIRKb;TVIbTaMgGs;)ansuMcUlCa smaCikrbs; EUREP-GAP nig )ancab;epþImeRbIR)as;karpþl;karFanar:ab;r:gBIsuvtßiPaBcMNIGaharcMruH nig RbsiT§PaBtMél/ (http://www.eurep.org) .

ebskkmµrbs;esvakmµRtYtBinitüsuxPaBdMNaM nig stV (APHIS) KW {RtUvkarBarFnFandMNaM nig stVrbs;TVIbGaemriceday³

- karBarsuvtßiPaBFnFanBICMgW nig ktþacéRg Edlratt,atepSg² BIRbeTseRkA - RtYtBinitü nig RKb;RKgCMgW nig ktþacéRgksikmµEdlmanenAkñúgshrdæGaemric - edaHRsaybBaða nigRKb;RKgbBðaaBaNiC¢kmµ EdlTakTg eTAnwgsuxPaB stV nigdMNaM nig - FanaBIkarykcitþTukdak;elImnusS nig karBüa)alstV


15

evbsayrbs; APHIS (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/) pþl;y:agTUlMTUlayBIBt’manepSg² EdlTak;TgeTAnwgbBaØtiþ BIPaBBak;B½n§énkarnaMecj¼naMcUl dl;GñkEdlcab;GarmµN_ kñúgkarnaMecj plitpleTAkan;shrdæGaemric. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/online_manuals.html bgðajBIbBa¢IesovePA ENnaMBIkardak;enAedayELk nig karkarBardMNaM/APHISEdlGacrk)antamÉksareGLicRtUnic. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/pdf_files/20Fruits_and_Vegetables.pdf

KWCaesovePAENnaMpÞal;BI {karEktMrUvsarsMxan;rbs;bEnø nig EpøeQIRss;} EdlmanenAelIevbsayenH.

Protrade Casßab½Npþl;dMbUnµan nig CMrujBaNiC¢kmµkñúgTIVbGaemricLaTIn GaRhVik GasIu nig GWuru:bxagekIttamry³karpþl;CMnajTIpSarsMrab;plitplEdlRtUvRbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSarGWuru:b. esoePABI BaNiC¢kmµTUeTA nig TIpSarKWmanBt’mansMrab;EpøeQIRss; nig EpøeQIeRkom. esovePAENnaMBIkarnaMecj ¬CaPasaGg;eKøs nig eGs,aj¦ Gacrk)ansMrab; Gas;s,:ara:kas sVay GavUkadU lðúg nig mñas;. kar e)aHBum<pSayTaMgenH)anBI Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Gmb

H/Protrade, P.O. Box 5180 , D-65726 Eschborn, RbeTsGaLWm:g;. kare)aHBum<pSayBIkarRbmUlpl karelIkdak;eRkayRbmUlpl nig TIpSarsMrab;plitpleck sVay savm:av lðúg nig FUern KWGacrk)anBI kariyal½y ASEAN Food Handling Bureau, EdlCa EpñkmYyénes‘rI {karvivtþn_EpøeQI srIrviTüaeRkayRbmUlpl karelIkdak; nig TIpSarkñúgRbeTsGasIu GaeKñy_ "Fruit Development, Postharvest Physiology, Handling and Marketing in ASEAN". esovePAnimYy²Gacrk)anBIkarlk;rbs;kariyal½y ASEAN Food Handling Bureau, Level 3,

G14/G15, Pusat Bandar Damansara, 50490 Kuala Lumpur,RbeTsm:aeLsuI.

smaCikPaBenAkñúg ProduceWorld KWBuMmankarbg;éføeT ehIysmaCikTaMgGs;GacerobbBa¢I plitplrbs;eKsMrab;lk;tamGiunT½rNit b¤ k¾GacEsVgrk karcat;fñak;rbs; ProduceWorld Edlman raybBa¢IsMrab;QµÜjkNþal b¤ Gñklk;duMEdlcab;GarmµN_kñúgkarTij nig/b¤ lk;plitRss; b¤plitpl Ekécñ (www.produceworld.com).

smaKmTIpSarplitpl (Produce Marketing Association) Edl)anbegáItkñúgqñaM 1949 KWCasmaKmBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelakminKitBIkMérmYyEdlbMerIeGaysmaCikCag 2400 EdleFIVTIpSaEpøeQI bEnøRss; nig plitplTak;TinepSgeTotBaseBjBiPBelak. smaCikrbs;smaKmmanTMnak;TMng kñúgplitkmµ karEckcay karlk;ray nig EpñkesvakmµGaharén]sSahkmµ (www.pma.com).


16

CMBUkTI 1³ karRbmUlpl nig karerobcMsMrab;cUlTIpSar - 1

plitkrxñattUcmanCMerIskñúgkarRbmUlpl)anrYsran; enAeBlEdlbEnøkMBugEtmantMéléfø nig man»Cars b¤RbmUlpleGayyWtbnþic enAeBlEdlEpøeQITMul¥ nigmanrsCatiq¶aj; b¤k¾RbmUlplCa eRcInsarEtmþg ¬edIm,ITTYl)anplRbeyaCn_énkarRbmUlplitpleRcInRbePTrYmKña enAdMNak;kalTMu smRsbehIyenaH¦. CMerIsTaMgGs;enHGacnaMeGayTTYl)anR)ak;cMenjx<s;edaysartMélénplitpl EdlGñk)anlk;ecj.

kMhusya:gsamBaØmYyrbs;GñkdaMduHKW karRbmUlpldMNaMqab;rh½seBk enAeBlEdlvaTMu b:uEnþ minTan;manrsCatieBjelj. cMeBaHbEnø ebIsinTukeGayvaeLIgFMeBkenaH vanwgmanCatisréseRcIn b¤manRKab;eRcIn. cMENk dMNaMCaeRcIneTot RbsinGñkRbmUlplenAeBlmYyRBmKñaEtmþgenaH Gñk R)akdCaTTYl)anplitplTaMgx©IeBk nigcas;eBk. edayeRbIR)as;nUvtaragbgðajPaBcas;¼TuM EdlCa sþg;dar enaHnwgGackat;bnßy)anCaeRcIn nUvkar)at;bg;EdlekItmanenAmuneBlcat;fñak;plitpl. cMeBaHdMNaMmYycMnYn varYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkareRbIR)as;nUv]bkrN_ Refractometer edIm,Ivas;kMritsár b¤ ]bkrN_ Penetrometer edIm,Ivas;nUvPaBrwgrbs;va.

karxUcxatedayemkanickñúgeBlRbmUlpl GackøayeTACabBaðamYyF¶n;F¶r eRBaHrbYsenHGac naMeGayplitpleLIgs¥úyrlYy begáInnUvkar)at;bg;Twk begáInnUvdMNkdegðIm nig GRtaplitkmµ eGTIELn EdlnaMeGaymankarxUcxatya:gqab;rh½s. CaTUeTA karRbmUlpledayeRbIR)as;ma:sIun nwg GacbNþaleGaymankarxUcxatkan;EtxøaMgEfmeTotCagkarRbmUlpledayeRbIéd eTaHbICab¤s dMNaM GacTTYlrgnUvkarxUcxatya:gxøaMg edaykarminRbugRby½tñenAeBlCIkedayédk¾eday. ]bkrN_sMrab; dak;plitplEdlRtUveRbIenAkñúgTIvaldaMduHKYrEtRtUv)ansMGat ehIymanépÞxagkñúgrabesµIKµaneRKImenA RCugEKm. LaMgpøasÞicEdlGacRtYtKña)anGaceRbI)anyUr GaceRbIeLIgvij)an niggayRsYlsMGat eTaH vamantMéléføbnþick¾eday (FAO, 1989). Rbsink®nþkRtUv)aneRbI BYkvaKYrEtCak®nþkt,aj ¬manxül; ecjcUl¦ edayt,ajjwkenAEpñkxagelI nigxageRkaménk®nþk (Grierson, 1987).

GñkRbmUlpledayédKYrEtRtUv)anhVwkhat;eGay)ansÞat;Cmnaj edIm,IRbmUlpldMNaMeGay mankMritxUcxat nig mankaksMNl;CaGb,brima ehIyk¾RtUvsÁal;;nUvdMNak;kalénkareLIgcas;rbs; plitplEdlBYkeKRtUvRbmUlykEdr. GñkRbmUlplRtUvmanPaBRbugRby½tñCamYykarkac; kat; b¤ TajEpø b¤bEnøBIedIm kñúglkçN³xUcxattictYcbMput. cugkaMbitRtUvmanragmUl edIm,IbnßynUvsñamqñÚt


17

edayeFVsRbEhs nig xUtxatxøaMgdl;edImEdlRtUvmanCIviteRcInqñaMeTotrbs;va. kaMbit nig ké®nþRtUv sMlageGay)anmutCanic©. GñkebH KYrEtRtUv)anbgðat;bgðajelIkarykplitplecjBI es,ag nig/b¤ k®nþkedayRbugRby½tñ edayminTMlak; b¤e)aH plitpleTAkñúg]bkrN_sþúkTuk. RbsinebIGñkRbmUlpl ebHedaypÞal;dak;kñúgFugsþúkTukFM²plitplGacRtUv)ankarBarBIkareLIgCaMedayRtUveRbIR)as;nUvkMNat; )a:tg; b¤RkNat;sMrab;RtedIm,Ikat;bnßysMTuHel,OnEdl)ane)aH. ]bkrN_TaMgenaHRtUvsMGat nig manPaBrelag.

kardak;eGayRtUvéf¶KYrRtUveCosvagtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)ankñúgkMLúgeBl nigbnÞab;BIRbmUlpl eRBaHplitplEdlTukecaleRkamkMedAéf¶ nwgTTYlykkMedA ehIyGacbNþaleGayeLIgCaMedaykMedA éf¶. plitplEdldak;eGayRtUvkMedAéf¶GacmankMedABI 4-6oC (7-11oF) ekþACagsItuNðPaBxül; Fmµta (Thompson et al, 2001). FugsþúkenAkñúgTIvalKYrEtdak;enAeRkammøb; b¤RKbedayFUrrlug ¬Ca]TahrN_eday)a:tg;BN’ Rsal² edaysMPar³eFIVBIrukçCatisøwk cMebIgb¤edayeksTeTpáab;¦ ebIsin RtUvBnüareBlenAkñúgTIvalenaHyUreTot. CYnkal karRbmUlplBIyb; nigRBwkRBlwmKWCaCMerIsmYy sMrab;karRbmUlplplitplenAsItuNðPaBTab edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvfamBlEdlRtUvcMNayedIm,IeFIVeGay RtCak;. lMhUrC½rCaTUeTAenAeBléf¶manTabCageBlRBlwmRsag²cMeBaHdMNaMmUYycMnYndUcCa EpøsVay

nigEpølðúg (Pantastico, 1980) dUcenHkarRbmUlplenAeBléf¶Gacnwgkat;bnßykarlM)akkñúgkarlag plitpl muneBlevcx©b;Tuk. CamYyKñaenHpgEdr EpøRkUcminKYrRtUv)anRbmUlplenARBwkRBlwmeBkeT enAeBlEdlEpøkMBugrIkFM edaysarPaBrIkFMenH gaybeBa©jeRbgsMxan;mYy BIRkeBjeRbg flavedo

EdlGacbNþaleGaymanGuc²BieRbgenH ¬manGucBN’ébtgenAelIsMbkBN’elOg nig BN’TwkRkUc bnÞab;BITuM¦.

bnÞab;BIRbmUlplPøam enAeBlEdlplitplRtUv)anerobcMsMrab;TipSarenaH kareFVIeGayRtCak; Kwmansar³sMxan;Nas;. kareFVIeGayRtCak; (EdleKehAfa Pre-Cooling) KWCakarykecjnUvkMedAEdl )anBIvalbnÞab;BIRbmUlpl muneBlelIkdak;CabnþbnÞab;eTot. karBnüaeBlbBa©úHRtCak;nwgeFVIeGay kat;bnßynUvGayukalsþúkTuk nig KuNPaBrbs;plitpl. plitplEdlTTYl)ankarbBa©úHRtCak; nig kMedAmþgehIymþgeTotmanGRtaxUcxatTabCagplitplEdlmin)anbBa©úHRtCak; (Mitchell et al,

1972). karelIkdak;minRbugRby½tñkñúgkMLúgeBlerobcMsMrab;TIpSar nwgbegáInnUvkarCaM nig xUceday

emkanic nig kMnt;PaBcMeNjBIkareFIVeGayRtCak;. cMgaypøÚvrvagcMkar nigkEnøgevcx©b;KYrRtUvEtrabesµI


18

minmanRkLúk nig rn§ b¤ mankarb:HTgÁicxøaMgenaHeT. RbGb;eRbIenAtamcMkarRtUvEtmansuvtßiPaBl¥kñúg eBldwkCBa¢Ún nigminpÞúkhYscMNuHRbsinebIRtUvRtYtRbGb;enaH.

el,ÓnkñúgeBldwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvEtsmRsbeTAnwgKuNPaB nigsßanPaBrbs;pøÚv ehIyrWum:k b¤rfynþ seNþag RtUvsßitkñúgsPaBEfTaM nig CYsCull¥Canic©. sMBaFxül;rbs;kg;LanEdlFUr nwgkat;bnßynUv brimaNénkarj½rdl;plitpl (Thompson et al in Kader, 2002).

karGnuvtþn_TaMgLayNa Edlkat;bnßycMnYnénkarelIkdak;plitpl vanwgCYykat;bnßykar )at;bg;. karevcx©b;enAcMkar ¬kareRCIserIs karcat;fñak; karkat;RcibtMrwm nig karevcx©b;plitplenA eBlRbmUlpl¦ Gackat;bnßy)aneRcInnUvdMNak;;kalénkarelIkdak;plitplEdlTTYl)an muncUl dl;TIpSar. reTHtUc² b¤sßanIy_evcx©b;cl½ttUc² GacRtUv)anrcnaeGaysmRsbtamma:sIunevcx©b; nig edIm,Ipþl;møb;sMrab;RbtibtþikarN_evcx©b;.

sþg;darv½y sþg;darv½yRtUv)ankMnt;sMrab;EpøeQI bEnø nigdMNaMykpáaCaeRcIn. karRbmUlpldMNaMenAeBl

eBjv½yRtwmRtUv GaceGayGñkelIkdak;cab;epþImkargarrbs;eK edaymanKuNPaBl¥bMputtamGaceFIV)an rbs;plitpl. plitplEdl)anRbmUlplqab;rh½seBk GacbNþaleGaymanrsCatimineBjelj nigminTMu)anRtwmRtUvtamFmµtaeLIy kñúgxN³EdlplitplRbmUlyWtya:veBk bNþaleGaymanCati sréseRcIn b¤k¾TMueCareBk. GñkebHGacRtUv)anbgðat;bgðajBIviFIsa®sþénkarkMNt;eGay)annUvplitpl EdlsmlµmsMrab;RbmUlpl. taragxageRkampþl;nUv]TarhN_xøH² BIsnÞsSn_v½y tam Reid ( in

Kader, 2002). snÞsSn_ ]TahrN_

eRcInéf¶bnÞab;BIpáarIkrhUtdl;eBlRbmUlpl Epøe)a:m EpøB½r kMedAmFümkMLúgeBllUtlas; sENþk)araMg Epøe)a:m EpøeBat karvivtþn_énsnÞH abscission RkUcmYycMnYn Epøe)a:m Epø Feijoas

rcnasm<½n§ niglkçN³rUbsa®sþxageRkA karbegáItRsTabsMbkelIEpøTMBaMg)ayCUr eb:ge)a:Hkar eLIgRkLaénEpøRtsk; PaBrelagénEpøeQI ¬karvivtþn_énC½r¦

TMhM EpøeQITaMgGs; nigbEnøCaeRcIneTot TMgn; Epøes‘rI «Lwk dMLÚg)araMg


19

rUbrag kareLIgRCugéneck kareLIge)a:geBjeljénEpøsVay PaBekþabénpáaxat;Na nig Broccoli

kareLIgrwg (solidity) saLad és<ekþab és< lkçN³vaynP½NÐ PaBrwg (firmness) Epøe)a:m EpøB½r EpøRtb; PaBpuy sENþk)araMg

BN’xageRkA EpøeQITaMgGs; nig bEnøPaKeRcIn BN’xagkñúg nigrcnasm<½n§ karbegáItnUvsmasFatuGn§ilkñúgEpøeb:ge)a:H

BN’énsac;EpøeQITaMgGs; ktþasmasFatupSM brimaNCatiemSA Epøe)a:m EpøB½r brimaNsár Epøe)a:m EpøB½r EpøRtb; EpøTMBaMg)ayCUr brimaNGasIut kMritsár nigGasIut EpøTTwm RkUc Epølðúg RRtsk; EpøKIvI brimaNTwkdm EpøRkUc brimaNCatieRbg Avoccados

PaBct; (brimaN tannin) EpøTnøab; EpøelµI (dates)

kareLIgkMhab;eGTIELnxagkñúg Epøe)a:m EpøB½r

RbPB: Kader, A. A. 1983. Postharvest Quality Maintenance of Fruits and Vegetables in Developing Countries. In: Lieberman, M., Post-Harvest Physiology and Crop Preservation. Plenum Publishing Corporation. p.455-469

bEnøRtUv)anRbmUlplkñúgkMritv½yepSg²Kña GaRs½yelIEpñkénrukçCatiEdlRtUveRbICaGahar. taragxageRkambgðajnUv]TahrN_xøH²énsnÞsSn_rbs;dMNaMbEnø dMNaMbEnø snÞsSn_

dMNaMb¤s nigemIm karut nigéqfav FMlµm nigRsYy ¬ebIsines<at enaHvacas;RCul¦ dMLÚg)araMg xÞwm)aMraMg nigxÞwmsr edImxagelIcab;epþImsVit nigdYlrlM dMLÚgCVa sENþkesog nigxJI FMlµm ¬ebIvaeLIgrwg nigmansréseRcIn enaHva cas;eBk ¦ xÞwm)araMgébtg søwkvaEvg ehIyFM


20

EpøeQIeRbICabEnø sENþk/ sENþkkYr/ Snap bean, eBjftl¥Gackac;)an

batao, sweet pea nig BBay Lima bean nig pigeon pea eBjftl¥Edlcab;epþIm)at;bg;PaBexovrbs;va GURka dl;TMhMEdlcg;)an ehIyxagcugGackac;)an Upo nenagBs; nig dl;TmhMEdlRtUvkar ehIyEdlenAGaccucFøúHnwg Rkckéd

dishrag gourd ¬cas;RCulebIminGaccucnwgRkck)an¦ Rtb; RmH chayote b¤ k¾Rtsk; dl;TMhMEdlcg;)an bu:EnþenATn; ¬cas;RCul

cMNit RbsinebIBN’RsGab; ehIyRKab;rwg¦ eBat ecjTwkrukçrsBIRKab;RbsinebIeKkat;va eb:ge)a:H RKab;rGilFøak;eBlkat;Epøva b¤ BN’ébtg ERbCapáaQUk emÞse)øak BN’ébtgcas;ERbCaGab;xøaMg b¤Rkhm Rtsk;RsUvmUl gaydac;ecjBITgedaykarmYltic²ecjBIrn§Edls¥at Rtsk;RsUv Honeydew ERbRbYlBN’EpøBI s layébtgRsaleTACaemSA mankøin «Lwk BN’EpñkxageRkamERbCaelOgemSA mansMelgdUc RbehagkñúgRbsinebIeKaH

bEnøCapáa páaés< eLIgxab; ¬eLIgcas;RbsinebIcegáampáaeLIgEvgehIyFUr¦ Broccoli kBa©úMpáaeLIgENn ¬cas;RbsinebIminENn¦ bEnøCasøwk és< FMlµmmunecjpáa és<ekþab søwkekþabENn ¬ebIcas;RCulsøwkvaeRbHEbkminekþab¦ Celery FMlµmmuneBlvaeLIges<at

RbPB : Bautista, O.K. and Mabesa, R.C. (eds). 1977. Vegetable Production. University of the Philippines at Los Banos. Additional detailed maturity indices for fruits, vegetables and cut flowers can be found online at http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu on a wide range of Produce Fact Sheets.

kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_ rWRhVak;tUEm:Rt (Refractometer)

sárKWCa GgÁFaturlaysMxan;mYykñúgTwkdmEpøeQI dUcenHsarFaturlayenHGacRtUv)aneRbICakar


21

)a:n;RbmaNénkMritCatiEp¥m. Refractometer EdleRbIedayédGacRtUv)aneKeRbIenAxageRkAedIm,Ivas; %

SSC(smmUlnwgdWeRkRb‘ícsMrab;sUluysüúgsár) rbs;sMNaktUc²énTwkdmEpøeQI. sItuNðPaBnwg CH \T§iBldl;karGan]bkrN_ ¬ekIneLIgRbmaN 0>5° SSC cMeBaHral;sItuNðPaB 5oC b¤ 10oF¦ dUcenH GñkKYrEtEktMrUvrgVas;sMrab;sItuNðPaBenAB½T§CMuvij.

ma:sIunKabxøwmseFVIkarya:gl¥kñúgkarRc)ac;TwkdmeGayecjBIsMNakEpøeQI. sMrab;EpøeQItUc² KYrRbIEpøTaMgmUlEtmþg. cMeBaHEpøeQIFM²vijRtUvykEpñkcug EpñkedIm nigEpñkkNþalénEpø. ykecj sac;EpøedaykareRcaHTwkEpøeQInigeRbInUvRkNat;és,RkLatUc. GñkRtUvEtsMGatnigeFIVsþg;dar]bkrN_ kñúgcenøaHeBlénkarGannimYy²edayTwkbit ¬EdlKYrGanenA 0°/sItuNðPaB 20 oC b¤ 68 oF¦.

xageRkamenHCa]TahrN_xøHBIkMritTabbMputén % SSC rbs;plitplmYycMnYn. RbsinkarGan rbs;]bkrN_ bgðajnUvkMrit % SSC x<s;Cagsþg;darxagelIenH enaHplitplrbs;elakGñk mankMrit RbesIr CakMritsþg;darTabbMput. Ca]TahrN_ Epøsþrb‘rIEdlmanrsCatiq¶aj;nwgvas;eXIj 8° SSC

b¤elIsBIenaH.

Gb,brimaén %SSC

Apricot 10%

Blueberry 10

Cherry 14-16

TMBaMg)ayCUr 14-17/5 Kiwifruit 6/5

sVay 10-12

Muskmelon 10

RkUcXVic 10 lðúg 11/5

Peach 10


22

Pear 13

mñas; 12 Plum 12 TTwm 17

Strawberry 7 «Lwk 10

RbPB : Kader, A.A. 1999. Fruit maturity, ripening and quality relationships. Acta Hort 485: 203-208.

kareRbI]bkrN_vas;PaBrwg

kMriténPaBTn; nigPaBRsYyGacRtUv)anRbmaNedaykarRc)ac;plitpl b¤edaykat;bnþic. kar vas;GacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgeday]bkrN_ Penetrometers. meFüa)ayEdlsamBaØbMputedIm,Ivas;PaBrwgKW kardak;eGayrgkarsgát; b¤edaykMlaMgsgát; (lbf). ]bkrN_ The Effe-gi Fruit Penetrometer

KWCaRbdab; sÞg; eRbIedayédedaymanxñat;rgVas;sMrab;kMlaMgsgát;.

edIm,Ivas;nUvPaBrwgRtUveRbIEpøEdlmanlkçN³sItuNðPaBdUc²Kña eRBaHEpømankMedAekþAEtgEtman PaBTn;CagEpøEdlRtCak;. RtUveRbInUvEpøEdlmanTMhMdUcKña eRBaHE;pøeQIEdlmanTMhMFMEtgEtmanPaB Tn;CagEpøeQIEdlmanTMhMtUcCag. RtUveFVIkarqáwHyknUvsMNakEpøeQIFMcMnYn 2 kEnøgedaysßitenAkñúg kEnøgxus ¬pÞúyKña¦ ehIyenAcMkNþalénEpø. eFVIkarykecjnUvsMbk ¬edayeFVIya:gNaecoreGayFM Cagcugén]bkrN_EdlRtUveRbI¦ ehIyeFVIkareRCIserIscug]bkrN_EdlsmrmüdUcrUbxageRkam. kan;Epø eQIeGay)annwgelIépÞrabesµI ehIysgát;cug]bkrN_cUlkñúgEpøeQIedaymanel,ÓnyWtesµI ¬edayRtUv cMNayeBl 2vinaTI¦ edIm,Idl;bnÞat;RkitxñatelIcug]bkrN_ eBalKWdl;cMnucsgát;RbmaN 0/5 lb.

TMhMRtwmRtUvsMrab;cug]bkrN_ Effi-gi plunger edIm,IeRbIenAeBlvas;PaBrwgenAkñúgEpøeQImYycMnYn³

1/5 mm (1/16 inch) Olive 3 mm (1/8 inch) Cherry, grape, strawberry 8 mm (5/16 inch) Apricot, avocado, kiwifruit, pear, mango,

nectarine, papaya, peach 11 mm (7/16 inch) Apple


23

RtUveFVIkarEktMrUvxñatRkit]bkrN_vas;PaBrwgeFVIeLIgedaykarkan;bBaÄrva nig dak;cug]bkrN_ eGayenAelIfasénCBa¢Ig. ehIyeFVIkarsgát;cuHrhUtdl;CBa¢IgbgðajnUvkMritTMgn;Edl)andak; bnÞab;mk RtUvGanKMnUsRkitenAelI]bkrN_. eFVIdUcenHeGay)anBI 3 eTA 5 dg ebIsinGñkeXIjfakarGan ]bkrN_bgðaj nUvkMritTMgn;dUc²KñaelICBa¢Ig EdlenHmann½yfa ]bkrN_RtwmRtUvCaeRsc sMrab;eRbIR)as; ehIy. GñkGac eFVIkarEktMrUv penetrometers edaykarbBa©ÚlnUvma:sIunlageTAkñúgenaH ¬edayeFVItamnUv karENnaM EdlmanenAelI]bkrN_¦.


24

CMBUkTI 1³ karRbmUlpl nig karerobcMsMrab;cUlTIpSar - 2

karGnuvtþn_karRbmUlpl karGnuvtþn_kñúgkarRbmUlpl KYEteGaymankarxUcxatedayGMeBIemkanikeTAelIplitpleGay

)antictamEtGaceFVIeTA)an. karCIk karebH nigkarelIkdak;fµm²nwgCYykat;bnßykar)at;bg;rbs; dMNaM.

ebHedayRbugRby½tñ edIm,IeCosevogkarxUcxat ³

cMeBaHdMNaMmYycMnYn cMNucxUcedayFmµCatiekItmanenAcMNucRbsBVrvagTg nig Emk enAeBl EdlplitpleBjv½ycMNas;. GñkRbmUlplKYEtcab;plitpleGayCab; b:uEnþeFIVedayfµm² nig Taj eLIgeTAelI dUcbgðajxageRkamenH. karBak;eRsamédplitBIkb,as karkat;tRmwmRkckéd nigkaredaHnUveRKOgGlgáa dUcCa CeBa¢ón nigExSédecj GacCYybnßykarxUcxatedayGMeBIemkaniceTA elIplitplkñúgeBlkMBugRbmUlpl.

RbPB : FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: Fruits. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.


25

RbsinebIcMnYntictYcénbEnøsøwk RtUv)anRbmUlplsRmab;EtkareRbIR)as;tamRKYsar b¤k¾sRmab; lk;enAtamCaypøÚvCit² b¤k¾enAtampSarbs;ksikr kareRbIR)as;Fug ¬Tub¦ TwkRtCak;tUcmYy Gacman RbeyaCn_sRmab;eFIVeGayplitp;lcuHRtCak;. FugTwkRtCak;enHGacykeTAcMkaredaypÞal; nig eRbI R)as;CaFugsRmab;dak;plitplenAÉcMkarrbs;GñkRbmUlpl. Twks¥atRtUveRbICamYynwgLÚt_plitpl nImYy². kareFVIeGayRtCak;edayeRbIR)as;TwkRtCak;cMeBaHbEnøsøwk enAeBlkMBugRbmUlpl nwgCYyrkSa KuNPaB nigkarBarPaBsVit)anya:gRbesIr.

RbPB : Minnich, J. 1983. Gardening for Maximum Nutrition. Emmaus , Pa : Rodale Press.

smÖar³sRmab;pÞúkenAeBlRbmUlpl

keBa¢I fg; nigFugsRmab;dak;plitplenAeBlebH manTMhM nig RTg;RTayCaeRcIn. Fug KWman PaBRbesIrCagkeBa¢IkñúgkarkarBarplitplBIeRBaHvaCYymineGaymankarxUc nig karKabkac;plitpl.


26

smÖar³sRmab;pÞúkenAeBlRbmUlplTaMgenH GacRtUv)anplitedaykaredrfg;cMhrmat;fg;enA sgxag rYcP¢ab;edaydak;RkNat;enA)aténkeBa¢IEdl)anplitrYc ehIydak;fg;CamYy nwg]bkrN_Edl GacEktRmUv)an b¤edaykarbEnßmédsRmab;yYreTAnwgkeBa¢ItUc².

RbPB : Friend Manufacturing Corporation, Prospect Street , P.O. Box 385 , Gasport , New York 14067

LaMg)aøsÞicmantémøEfø b:uEnþCab;maM GaceRbIeLIgvij)an niggayRsYlsm¥at. enAeBlGt; man plitpl LaMgTaMgenHGacdak;KrelIKñaedIm,IcMeNjkEnøgsþúkTuk b¤k¾dwkCBa¢Ún. enAeBlEdlLaMgTaMg enHdak;edayplitplvaGacRtUv)anKrelIKña RbsinebILaMgnImYy²dak;enAkñúgTisedApÞúyKñaeTAnwgLaMg eRkambnÞab;.

LaMg)aøs;sÞicEdlGacKrelIKña)an nig eRbIeLIgvij)an ³

RbPB : FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.


27

RbsinebILaMg)aøs;sÞicRtUv)anecaHGaymanxüs;ecjcUll¥enAtamcMehog nig¼b¤ )at eKnwg GaceRbI)anpgEdr sRmab;karsm¥at nig¼b¤ eFVIeGayplitplcuHRtCak; ¬sUmemIlCMBUk 3 nig 4 sRmab;B½t’manlMGit¦.

]bkN_RbmUlpl EpømYycMnYnRtUvkarkarkat; b¤kat;edaykéRnþBIedImrbs;va. kéRnþ b¤kUnkaMbitRtUvrkSaeGay)an

mutl¥. TgEdlenACab;Epø TgEdlCab;nwgedIm b¤TgCab;EmktUc² RtUvEttMrwmeGayxøItamEtGaceFVI)an edIm,IkarBarEpøeQIBIkarxUcxat edayEpøEdlenAEk,rdéTeTot kñúgeBldwkCBaÚ¢n.


28

Cajwkjab; eKeRbIkarkat; (Pruning shear) sRmab;karRbmUlplEpøeQI bEnømYycMnYn nig páa. KMrUmYycMnYnKWGaceFVI)an edaykaryYredayéd b¤ KMrUEdlmandgyYr (Pole model) edayrYmbBa©Úl TaMgkarkat; Edlkat; nigyYrenAelITgénplitpledlRtUvkat;enaH. lkçN³enHGacGnuBaØateGay GñkebH eFVIkarRbmUlpledayKµanfg;Rtg nigKµankarFøak;EpøeQI.

kéRnþédkat;manEpøRtg;sMrab;kat;EpøeQI nig páa ³

kéRnþEdlmanEpøekagesþIgsMrab;kat;TMBaMg)ayCUr nig EpøeQIepSg² ³

ké®nþédsMrab;kat;

ké®nþsMrab;BBYkEpøRkUc


29

ké®nþkat;mandgEvg

kareRbI]bkrN_kat;EdlmanPa¢ab;edayTMBk;EvgGacCYydl;karebHEpøeQIdUcCasVay b¤ GavU: kadUEdlBi)akebHedayéd)an. RbeLaHEKmsMrab;kat;RtUvrkSaeGay)anmutl¥ ehIyk®nþgRtgRtUvman fñk;tUclµmsmnwgEpø. muMénRbeLaHEKmsMrab;kat; nig ragrbs;k®nþgGacman\T§iBleTAelIKuNPaBénEpø EdlRbmUlpl dUecñHCavamansar³sMxan;edIm,IBinitüemIlBIdMeNIredayRbugRby½tñmunkareRbI]bkrN_fµI NamYy.

kareRbITMBk;ebH ³

]bkrN_sRmab;ebH nigk®nþg GaceFIVedayéd b¤k¾TijBIRkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;smÖar³sakvb,kmµ. fg;

sRmab;dak;EpøeQI Edl)anbgðajxageRkamenHKWRtUv)ant,ajedayédBIExSEdlmaM b¤BIpÞaMgsMBt;. v½NÐ EdleRbICaEKmk®nþg nig RbeLaHEKmsRmab;kat; GaceFIBIsnøwkelah³ EdkbMBg; b¤BIEdeGtcay.


30

k®nþgebHedayédt,ajBIExS

k®nþgebHeFIVBIRkNat;

CYnkaledImeQImankMBs;x<s;xøaMg ehIyeFVIeGayEpøeQIFøak;mkelIdIEdlbNþaleGayvaCaM

ya:gxøaMgenAeBlvaRtUv)aneKebHBIedIm. RbsinebIGñkebHBIrnak;eFVIkarrYmKña mñak;GacebHEpøBIedIm ehIy mñak;eTotGaceRbInUvkarug b¤fg;CaedImedIm,Ikat;bnßyTMgn;énkarFøak;rbs;Epø. Gñkcab;GacCYy kan;fg; b¤Tb;fg; ehIycab;ykEpøEdlFøak;mk nigTMlak;cugmçagénfg;edIm,IeGayEpørmalcuHmkelIdIya:gman suvtßiPaB.


31

RbPB : FAO. 1989 . Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: Fruits. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

mindUceTAnwgBBYkdMNaMRKab;PaKeRcIndéTeTot KWfaenAeBlRbmUlplBBYkBBYkEpø pistachio nut eKminRtUvTMlak;vaeGaydl;dIeT edaysarEpørbs;vamansMbkcMhr nig manGaRtasMeNImx<s;. kar bgðajBIkarGnuvtþn_elIkarRbmUlplxageRkamenH GaceRbIR)as;elIkarRbmUlpl pistachio nut nig GUlIv)anedaymanlT§plya:gl¥. eKGacRkalsnøwkpøasÞik b¤sMBt;EdlmanlabC½rmineGayRCabTwk enABIeRkamedIm xN³eBleFIVkarRbmUlpl edayedImrbs;va GacGRgYn b¤ eKaH ¬Emkrbs;vaGacvay edayjjÜrFM²¦ rhUtdl;Føak;Epø. kñúgrUbbgðajxageRkambgðajBI GñkebHBIrnak;kMBugRbmUlkMralEdl manplit pl.


32

karevcx©b;enAcMkar

enAeBleKevcx©b;dMNaMenAÉcMkar GñkebHcab;RbmUlpl ehIybnÞab;mkPøam²eFIVkarx©b;plitpl bnÞab;BI mankarelIkdak;tictYc. CaTUeTAeKeFIVkarevcx©b;Epø®sþEb‘rIenAÉcMkar eTaHbICabrimaNtictYcén karelIkdak;nwgeFIVeGayEpød¾Tn;enHxUcxatk¾eday. enAeBlEdleKevcx©b;és< enAÉcMkareKGacTuksnøwk eRsabxageRkAmYycMnYnedIm,ICYyCaRTnab;plitplkñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún. reTHtUc²GacCYykat;bnßykar bt;Ebn nig karelIkdak;rbs;GñkkñúgeBlRbmUlpl. reTHdUcmanbgðajxageRkamenHmankg;mYyenA xagmux ehIyGacrujeTAmuxtamCYrBImuxGñkebH.

karevcx©b;®sþEb‘rIenAcMkar ³


33

karevcx©b;és<enAcMkar ³

CMnYyd¾gaymYysMrab;Gñkevcx©b;KWreTHrujEdlmanRbdab;sMrab;P¢ÜrRbGb; nig mandMbUleFIVCa møb;. eKerobcMreTHtUcenHedIm,IrujedayédtambeNþayPøWenAxageRkAval b¤cMkarEdleFIVkarRbmUlpl. eKeRbIvasMrab;dak;x©b;EpøTMBaMg)ayCUrsMrab;jaM EpøeQItUc²epSg² nig CaBiesssMrab;bEnø.

reTHxageRkamenHsMrab;karevcx©b;enATIval EdleKrcnaeLIgedIm,ITajedayRtak;T½rFuntUccUl eTAkñúgvalenAeBleKRbmUlpldMNaM. eKGaceRbIreTHRbePTenHsMrab;karevcx©b;enATIvalCamYynwg dMNaMCaeRcInRbePT. dMbUlGacbt;cuHedIm,Ipþl;paBgayRsYleBldwkCBa¢Ún nig cMhredIm,Ipþl;CakEnøg møb;sMrab;GñkebH nig plitpl. eKGacEkERbkarrcnava tMrUveTAtamtMrUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;plitplepSg² nig Rbtibtþikarxus²Kña.


34

RbB½n§evcx©b;enATIvalRsbKñaGnuBaØatieGayGñkeFIVkarenAcMkar kat; tMrwm cg/eRsab nig evcx©b;

enAcMkar)an dUcenHeKGackat;bnßycMNayénkareFIVCMrkevcx©b;. kñúgrUbxageRkamenH bgðajBIreTHEdl manERKCafñak;²kMBugpøas;TItambeNþayRbB½n§evx©b;tamcMkar nig plitplEdl)anevcx©b;rYckMBugpÞúk sMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún.

RbB½n§evcx©b;enAcMkarRsbKña


35

CMerIs ³ cMnYkEnøgkmµkrmçag²

cenøaHCYr

KMlatBIdI GacRbmUlplenAxagmux xageRkay b¤ TaMgsgxag

RbPB : Highlander Ramsay Welding Machine Promotional Brochure. 1993.

kardwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;kEnøgevcx©b; enAeBleKRbmUldMNaMenATIq¶ayBIkEnøgevcx©b; eKRtUvEtdwkCBa¢ÚnplitplmuneFIVkarevcx©b;.

RbB½n§ExSBanTajedayTMnajsMrab;Epøeck dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbxageRkam pþl;Ca]TahrN_mYyBIrebob elIkdak; EdlGackat;bnßykMLúgeBlerobcMsMrab;TIpSar. EpøeckEdlRbmUlplrYcRtUv)annaMykeTA kan;TICMrkEdlerobcMrYctampøÚvrbs;ExSBanbnÞab;mmkRtuvelIk nig BüÜrelITMBk;EdlP¢ab;eTAnwgExSlYs. el,ÓnénkardwkCB¢ÚanRtUv)anRtYtBinitüedaykmµkr EdlnaMplitpleTAkan;kEnøevcx©b;enACMralxag eRkam.

RbPB: NIAE. 1977. Banana Conveyor. Tropical Agricultural Engineering Information O.D. Bulletin No. 7. National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, Bedfordshire , England . 15 pp.


36

CMBUkTI 2³ karEfTaMb¤s emIm nig dMNaMemIm

karEfTaMb¤s nig dMNaMemImdUcCadMLÚgCVa dMLÚg)araMg dMLÚgKr nig dMLÚgQamman; KWCakar Gnuvtþn_ya:gsMxan;mYy RbsinebIdMNaMTaMgenHRtUvsþúkTukkñúgry³eBlyUr. karEfTaM RtUv)aneKeFIVeday TukplitplenAsItuNðPaBx<s; nig sMeNImeFobbriyakasx<s;kñúgry³eBlbYnR)aMéf¶ rhUtdl;rbYseBl RbmUlpllic)at; ehIyRsTab;ekasikafµIekItmaneLIgvij. xN³EdlkarEfTaMGacRtUvcMNayeRcIn dUcenHkarBnüaGayukalsþúkTukGaceFIVeGaykarGnuvtþn_kan;EtmantMélesdækic©x<s;.

lkçxNÐl¥bMputsMrab;karEfTaMdMNaMepSg²KñamanbgðajdUckñúgtaragxageRkam³

sItuNðPaB sMeNIm plitpl °C °F %

éf¶

dMLÚg 15-20 59-68 90-95 5-10 dMLÚgCVa 30-32 86-90 85-90 4-7 Yarns 32-40 90-104 90-100 1-4 dMLÚgmI 30-40 86-104 90-95 2-5

karEfTaM enAeBlEdleRbIsMrab;xÞwm)araMg xÞwms nig BBYkemImEdlmanpáa sMedAdl;karGnuvtþn_ edaypÞal;bnÞab;BIRbmUlpledayTukeGayRsTab;xageRkA énsMbk nig CalikaP¢ab;epSg²s¶Üt muneBl elIkdak; nig sþúkTuk. RbsinebIlkçxNÐGakasFatutamtMbn;GMeNaypl enaHdMNaMTaMgenaHGackat; enAtamcMkar ehIyTukecaleGays¶Ütry³eBl R)aMeTAdb;éf¶. RsTab;elIs¶Üt²rbs;rukçCatiGacerobcM edIm,IRKb nig eFIVCamøb;dl;emImkMLúgeBldMeNIrkarEfTaM edIm,IkarBarpliplBIkarekþAexøac nig TTYl kMedAelIskMNt;. RbsinebIeKeRbIkMlaMgxül;bksMrab;karEfTaMxÞwm)araMg nig emImepSgeTot karTuk ry³eBlmYyéf¶ b¤ticCagenA 35 eTA 40 oC (95 eTA 113 oC) nig sMeNImBI 60 eTA 75 ° RtUv)an eKpþl;CaGnusasn_. bnÞab;mkRsTab;s¶Ütén {sMbk} rbs;plitplCYykarBarkar)at;bg;TwkkMLúg eBlsþúkTuk.

karEfTaMenAcMkar

dLÚg)araMg nig dMNaM b¤s nig emImdéTeTotenAtMbn;RtUBic GacEfTaMenAxageRkApÞH)an Rbsin ebI)anKrKMnrCaEpñkmYyenAkñúgkEnøgmøb;. eKGaceRbIR)as;esµAkat; b¤cMebIg eFIVCaGIusULg;)an ehIyeK


37

GacRKbKMnrenaHedayRkNat; )aveFIVBIsMBt; b¤ kenÞlt,ajBIesµA. karEfTaM tMrUveGaymansItuNðPaB nig sMeNImx<s; ehIykarRKbenH nwgcab;ykkMedAEdlekIteLIg nig sMeNImedayxøÜnÉg. KMnrKYrTuk ecalry³eBlRbEhlbYnéf¶.

karbgðajBIkarEfTaMdMLÚgQamman;

RbPB : Wilson , J. No date. Careful Storage of Yams: Some Basic Principles to Reduce Losses. London : Commonwealth Secretariat/International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. (IITA, Ibadan , Nigeria .)

eKGacEfTaM xÞwm)araMg nig xÞwmsenAkñúgcMkar)antamtMbn;EdlkEnøgRbmUlplekItmanenArdUv

R)aMg. eKGacEfTaMdMNaMTaMgminTan;Rck nig bnÞab;BIkarevcx©b;cUleTAkñúg)avsrés b¤ )avsMNaj;rYc. plitplGacTukenAcMkar bYn b¤ R)aM éf¶ bnÞab;mkeFIVkarRtYtBinitüRbcaMéf¶ rhUtdl; sMbkxageRkA nig Calika k s¶Ütsmlµm. karEfTaMGaceRbIeBlGs;db;éf¶GaRs½yeTAtamlkçxNÐGakasFatu.

karEfTaMGacCYyedaykareRbICmrkEdlmanrn§xül;ecjcUltamtMbn;EdlmankaMrsµIRBHGaTitü

nig /b¤ sMeNImeFobbriyakasx<s; b¤clnaxül;bkFmµCatiTab. plitplenAkñúg)avGacRtYtelIKñaenA kñúgmøb;elIkMralRkNat;EdlminRCabTwk b¤ dak;enAkñúgRTugEdlmanmat;cMhrmçagenAeRkamkgðarmYy b¤ eRcIn. xül;CaejIsenAkñúgdMbUlGacCYyedaykareRbIxül;vil.


38

karEfTaMedayCMnYyBImøb; nig xül;bk;ecjcUl

rn§xül;edaymankgðabWt

karEfTaMedayxül;ekþA

eKGacTTYlr)aykMedAÉksNæanPaKeRcInbMputenAeBlEdl eKdak;kMedAenaHenACitkMral én eRKagEfTaM. ]bkrN_pþl;kMedAgcdak;enAelIkMralCitCRgukplitpl b¤ kMedAGacnaMtambMBg;BIxageRkA bnÞb;EfTaM. GRtasMeNImx<s;GacTTYl)an BIkarepSImkMral b¤ edaykareRbI]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaB edaycMhay enAkñúgbnÞb;edayminmannaMxül;BIeRkAcUl.


39

RbsinebI ]bkrN_kMedAdak;enACitBidan eBlenaHeKGaceRbIkgðaredIm,ICYyEckcaykMedAeLIg vij eGayFøak;cUleTAkñúgbnÞb;plitpl. eKRtUvEtdak;RtYtKña enAkñúgCRgúkrYm edIm,ITukcenøaH 10 eTA 15 sm ¬4 eTA 6 Giuj¦ rvagCYrTaMgGs;sMrab;eGayxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan;.

RbPB : Thompson, J. & Scheuerman, R.W. 1993. Curing and Storing California Sweet potatoes. Merced County Cooperative Extension, Merced, California

RbB½n§KrCaKMnrsMrab;karEfTaMxÞwm)araMg (Bulk systems for curing onions)

karEfTaMedaykareRbIRbB½n§KrCaKMnrRtUvkarkgðar ]bkrN_kMedA nig kMralCabnÞHeQItMerob. rUbbgðajxageRkamenH bgðajBIrebobEdlxül;GacnaMcUleTAkñúg eFVIeGayekþA nig EckcayeBjkñúg bnÞúksþúkxÞwm)araMgenAkñúgbnÞb;EfTaM. rn§cMhrbeB©ajenACitBidanEdlmanxül;ecjcUlCaGñkkMedAxül;.

enAeBl eRbIxül;ekþA vagayRsYleFIVeGayBMnUkTaMgmUls¶ÜtRCul EdlnaMeGaymankar)at;bg; RsTab;xageRkA nig b:HBal;d;l; bMENksac;EdlenAxageRkam. eKRtUvEtBinitükarEfTaMxÞwm)araMgeGay )aneTogTat;edIm,IeCosvagkars¶ÜtRCul.


40

RbPB : Davis , H.R et al. No date. Storage Recommendations for Northern Grown Onions. Information Bulletin 148. Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Extension.

karEfTaMbnÞan; (Emergency curing)

RbsinebIlkçxNÐdUcCa ePøóg b¤ TwkCMnn;liccMkar minGacGnuBaØateGayeFVIkarEfTaMenATIval nig BuMmanmeFüa)ayEfTaMRKb;RKan; eKGaceRbItg;sMrab;karEfTaMxÞwm)araMg)an. kñúg]TahrN_bgðajxag eRkamenH eK)ansagsg;sMBt;tg;eFIVBIRkNat;RClk;C½r. xül;ekþARtUv)aneKpøMúbBa©Últamrn§ ¬EdleK sÁal;faCa RbCuMrn§ (Plenum)¦ enAkNþalBMnUkplitpl. eKeRbIkgðarmYycMnYnedIm,IbeBa©jbBa©Úl xül;ekþA]Nð² kat;tamxÞwm)araMg xN³EdleKkMBugEfTaM.


41

RbPB : Davis , H.R. et al. (No date). Storage Recommendations for Northern Grown Onions. Information Bulletin 148, Ithaca , New York Cornell University Extension.


42

CMBUkTI 3³ karRbtibtþienAkEnøgevcx©b; - 1

RbtibtþikarenAkEnøgevcx©b; GacCakargarsamBaØ² dUcCa karykplitplecjBIcMkarcUleTA kñúgekssMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún b¤GacCakarGnuvtþn_énRbtibtþikartamrebobepSg² b¤karykplitplecjcab; taMgBIkarlagsMGat kareRsab karcat;TMhM nig cMNat;fñak;KuNPaBrhUtdl; kaeRCIserIsBN’. karpþl;møb; kMLúgeBlRbtibtþikarevcx©b; KWCakargarEdlsMxan;bMput. møb;GacRtUv)anbegáItedaykar eRbIsøwketñat sMNaj;pøasÞik b¤sMBt;tg;BüÜrBIbegÁalmçageTAmçagCabeNþaHGasnñ b¤k¾tamry³eRKagdMbUl Ca Gcié®nþy_. enAeBlEdlsMerccitþBITItaMgkEnøgvcx©b;eKcaM)ac;RtUvKitKUrBicarNaeTAelIpøÚveTAkan; TIpSar nig cMnucTIpSar TIFøaRKb;RKan;sMrab;ecjcUlrfynþFM²eTAkan;kEnøgevcx©b; nig BIPaBgayRsYl sMrab;karecjcUlrbs;kmµkr ¬Proctor, 198¦.

enAkñúgkEnøgevcx©b;y:agsamBaØbMput plitplRtUv)anykecjBIFugRbmUlplPøam² cUleTA dl;Gñkevcx©b;edaypÞal;. bnÞab;mkGñkevcx©b;cab;epþImeRCIserIsRbePT eFVIcMNat;fñak; EbgEckTMhM ehIyeFVIkarevcx©b;plitpledaypÞal; cUleTAkñúgekssMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún d¾RtwmRtUvmYy. kñúgkrNIenH kmµkrmñak;²RtUvEtmancMeNHdwgTak;TgeTA nwgkarxUcxatrbs;plitpl tRmUvkarénkarEckTMhM cMNat; fñak;plitpl nigviFIsa®sþénkarevcx¢b;.

RbsinebITMhM nig PaBsµúRKsµajekIneLIg enAkñúgkEnøgevcx©b; enaHeKcaM)ac;RtUvEtbEnßmnUvkar hVwkhat; kic©karCak;lak; nigRbtibtþikarepSg²eGaykan;EteRcInEdr.

kEnøgcak;bgÁrplitpl plitplRtUvEtykecjBIFugenAcMkar b¤BIeksRbmUlpl ehIyykeTAkan;kEnøgevcx©b;.

CMhanTImYyenHehAfa :kacak;Kr :. karcak;KrRtUveFVIedayfñm² edayeRbITwkCaviFIsaRsþCMnYy b¤min eRbI. karcak;KredaymansMeNImGackat;bnßynUvPaBCaM nigsMNwkedaykareRbITwkkør ¬kMhab; 100-150 ppm¦edIm,IykplitplRsal²ecj. enAeBlEdlcak;KredaymineRbITwk kareRbIRTnab; TICRmal TIcMeNat b¤ExSBanTajGackat;bnßyrbYseTAelIplitpl)an.

kareRCIserIsRbePTCamun

kareRCIserIsplitplCamunEtgEtRtUv)aneFVIedIm,IlubbM)at;plitplEdlmanrbYs plitpl xUc b¤plitplEdlminl¥ ¬plitplEdleKe)aHecal¦ munkarbBa©úHsItuNðPaB b¤RbtibtþikarbEnßmepSg eTot. kareRCIserIsplitplCamunnwgCYysnSMsMécfamBledaynwgmineFIVkarelIkdak;plitplEdl


43

RtUve)aHecaleT. karykplitplxUcxatecj nwg kMNt;karsayPayPaBqøgeTAplitpldéTeTot CaBiess enAeBlEdleKmin)aneRbIfñaMsMlab;ktþacéRgeRkayeBlRbmUlpl.

karlagsMGat sMrab;plitplmYycMnYn dUcCaEpø KIvI nig GavU:kadUCaedIm kardussMGats¶ÜtGacRKb;RKan;edIm,I

eFIVkarlagsMGat plitpl. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday plitplxøHeTotdUcCaeck nig karu:tCaedImKW caM)ac;RtUvlagsMGatedayTwk. CMerIsénkarlagsMGatedaydusxat; nig/b¤ edayTwknwgGaRs½yeTA tamRbePTplitpl nigRbePTcMlgemeraK. plitplEdlRtUvlagsMGatmunkarbBa©úHsItuNðPaB nig evcx©b;³ eb:ge)a:H Rtsk; BBYksøwkébtg plitplEdlRtUvlagsMGatedIm,IykC½recj kat;bnßysñamRbLak;³ sVay eck plitplEdlRtUvlagsMGatbnÞab;BIsþúkTuk³ dMLÚgCVa dMLÚg)araMg kar:ut plitplEdlRtUvdusxat;s¶ÜtbnÞab;BIkarEfTaM b¤sþúkTuk³ xÞwm)araMg xÞwms EpøKIvI plitplEdlminRtUvlagsMGat³ sENþkexov mWuLúg és<ekþab GURka sENþk eRmc BBYkel<Anenag (Summer Squash)

kareFIVGnam½ymansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;RtYtBinitükarraldalCMgW BIRkummYyeTARkummYy nig edIm,ITb;sáat;karrIklUtlas;rbs;BBYks,:reTAkñúgTwklagsMGat b¤kñúgbriyakasenAkEnøgevcx©b;. kar eFVIRbRBwtþikmµedayTwkkør ¬100-150 ppm Cl¦ GacRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgTwklagsMGat edIm,ICYyRtYt BinitüPñak;garcmøgemeraKEdlrIklUtlas;kMLúgeBlRbtibtþikarevcx©b; ¬Moline, 1984¦. mankarERb RbYlxøHénemSAeFVIeGaysEdlGacrk)anenAtamTIpSareTAtamRbeTsepSg² b:uEnþc,ab;emédkMNt;eGay eRbIRtwm 1 eTA 2 ml énemSAkøreFVIeGayskñúgmYylIRt ¬1 eTA 2 Ounces énemSAkørenAkñúgTwks¥at 8 gallons¦. enAtamCBa¢aMg kMral nig]bkrN_evcx©b;k¾GacsMGatedaykareRbIsmasFatuGam:Uj:Úm 4PaK EdlmanbitpøakbBa¢ak;BIsuvtßiPaBsMrab;]bkrN_EkécñGahar ¬Kupferman, 1990¦.

kareRsab kareRsabbEnøEpøeQIminTan;TMudUcCa Rtsk; BBYkel<A nenag ¬Summer squash ¦ bEnøEpøeQITuM dUcCa Rtb; eRmc nigeb:ge):aH nigEpøeQI dUcCaEpøe):am nig Epø Peaches KWmanlkçN³samBaØ. sarFatueRsabsMrab;Gahar ¬Food grade waxes¦ RtUv)aneKeRbICMnYseGaykar)at;bg;eRbgeRsabBI FmµCatienAkñúgkarlag sMGat nigGackat;bnßykar)at;bg;TwkkñúgeBlelIkdak; nigeFVIcracrtamTIpSar. RbsinebIplitplRtUv)aneRsabedayeRbg enaHvaRtUvEteFVIkarhalsMgYteGay)ans¶Ütl¥ munnwgbnþ karelIkdak;.


44

karEbgEckTMhM karEbgEckTMhMplitplCaCMerIsmYy b:uEnþGacCaKuNtémød¾l¥RbsinebIcMNat;fñak;TMhMTTYl)an nUvtémøx<s;Cagplitplmin)ancat;TMhM. enAkñúgkEnøgevcx©b;PaKeRcIn EdlmanedImTuntic karEbgEck TMhMedayéd enAEtRtUv)aneKGnuvtþy:agsamBaØ. GñkRbtibtþikarTaMgGs;KYrRtUv)anhVwkhat; kñúgkar eRCIserIsTMhMeTAtamtRmUvkar nig eTAtamkarvcx©b;edaypÞal;eTAkñúgeks b¤dak;plitplEdl)an eRCIserIsedayfñm²cUleTAkñúgFugsRmab;eFVIkarevcx©b;enAelIExSsgVak;CabnþbnÞab;eTot. karEbgEck TMhMGacRtUv)aneFVIedaypÞal; ¬edayemIleXIj¦ CamYy nig kareRbIR)as;sþg;daTMhMxñat. Ca]TahrN_ TMhMtUcbMput nigFMbMputEdlGacTTYlyk)ansRmab;plitplnimYy² GacRtUv)aneKdak;enABImuxGñk RbtibtþikaredIm,IeGaymanPaBgayRsYleFVICaKMrU. ]bkrN_vas;xñatedayeRbIéd RtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab; plitplCaeRcInRbePTepSgKña. plitplCaeRcIn)anplitecjCacMNat;fñak; nigsþg;darbs;Gaemrik EdlGacCYydl;Gñkevcx©b; kñúgkareRCIserIsRbePT ¬Sorting¦ nigkarEbgEckTMhM ¬Sizing¦ plitpl . xageRkamenHKWCa ]TahrN_edayEp¥kelIGgát;p©it nig / b¤ RbEvg. ]TahrN_BIsþg;dacMNat;fñak; USDA ³

cMNat;fñak; Rhubarb Ggát;p©it RbEvg U.S. Fancy > 1 inch > 10 inches U.S. No.1 > 3/4 inch > 10 inches

U.S. No.2 > 1/2 inch > 10 inches

karkMNt;TMhMxÞwms Ggát;p©itCa Giuj

#11 Super-Colossal 2 15/16 and up

#10 Colossal 2 11/16 – 2 15/16

#9 Super-Jumbo 2 7/16 – 2 11/16 #8 Extra-Jumbo 2 3/16 – 2 7/16 #7 Jumbo 1 15/16 – 2 3/16 #6 Giant 1 13/16 – 1 15/16 #5 Tube 1 11/16 – 1 12/16 #4 Medium Tube 1 9/16 – 1 11/16

RbePTepSg²énRbdab;eRCIsTMhMedayemkanic Gacrk)ansMrab;karRbtibtþikarxñattUc. RbePT mYypÁúMedaybnÞHepþkEvgEdlmanRbehagCaes‘rIenAelITisEtmYy ¬RbehagFMCageKenAxagelI Rbehag tUcCageKenAxageRkam¦. RbePTén]bkrN_cat;TMhM dMeNIrkary:agl¥CamYynwgplitplEdlmanrag


45

mUl. ]bkrN_cat;TMhMdéTeTotRtUv)anerobcMCa ExSBanTajRtUveTAnwgcgVak;rW ExS)øasÞicEdlman RbehagxñatepSg² ehIymanRbeyaCn_sMrab;cat;TMhMplitplPaKeRcIn. viFIsa®sþsamBaØmYyeTot sMrab;cat;TMhMedayemkanic KWRtUveRbIsMnuMr)arvil XøatBIKña ¬emIlkarbgðajxageRkam¦Edlplitpl manTMhMtUcbMputFøak;qøgkat;r:ULÚdMbUgcUleTAkñúgExSBan b¤FugeRCIserIsRbePT nigplitplEdlmanTMhM FMFøak;bnþbnÞab;enAcenøaHrvag r:ULÚEdlXøatBIKña.

]bkrNEckTMhMedayeRbIrLÚr)apÞúyKña (Diverging bar rollers sizer):

RbB½n§)a:ELtceg¥ót saklviTüal½y Wisconsin )anbgðajBIRbB½n§elIkdak;sMrab;plitpl edaysarfa vaGacsnSM

sMéceBlevla fvika nig GacmansuvtßiPaBdl;GñkelIkdak;)aneRcIn. edayman]bkrN_reTHrujéd eKGacpøas;TIeksrhUtdl; 16 kñúgeBlEtmYy. RbBn½§enHGackat;bnßykarcMNayeBlevlasMrab; pøas;TIRbGb; nig kat;bnßyPaBFujfb;kñúgxøÜnrbs;Gñk)an. reTHruja)a:ELtedayéd manPaBRsedog eTAnwgreTHrujédFmµtaEdr (dolly) elIkElgEt)atrbs;vamaneRbIsmvilCMnYseGayeCIgbnÞHelah³enA mYykEnøg. RbsinebIGñkRtYtbnÞúkrbs;GñkenAelI)a:ELtpøasÞiktUc ¬14 x 24 Giuj¦ GñkGacpøas;TIsm enAeRkam nig elIkekstRmYtTaMgGs;enAeBlEtmYy. reTHruj)a:ELtedayédGacep¥óg ¬edaybn§Ú sm¦ sMrab;pÞúk nig epÞrbnÞúk nig cak;esarenATItaMgxagsþaMedIm,Iekob nig bgVilbnÞúk)an.

ebIeyagtamKMerag UWisconsin reTHruj)a:ELtplitedayéd nig )a:ELt mantMélRbEhl 750$. enAtMél 7 $ kñúgmYyem:ag GñknwgsnSM)an 107 em:agsMrab;RbB½n§RtUvcMNayedayxøÜnÉg. RbsinebIGñksnSM30naTIkñúgmYys)aþh_ ¬10em:agkñúgmYyEx¦ RbB½n§nwgRtUvcMNayedaypÞal;ticCag 11 Ex. RbB½n§reTHruj)a:ELtsnSMfvika)anpgEdr tamkarkat;bnßy karQWcab;xñg nig kat;bnßyGñk EdlRtUvBinitüenAeBTü eTAcab;sés b¤eTAma:sSa. RbsinebIGñkGacsnSM)an 15 dg mineTABinitü ¬50$ kñúgmYyBinitü¦ RbB½n§nigRtUvcMNayedayxøÜnÉg.


46

RbPB : University of Wisconsin Healthy Farmers, Healthy Profits Project, December, 2000; Work Efficiency Tip Sheet: Narrow Pallet System Second Edition.

reTHrujédtamRbéBNIEdlGacrk)anBI : Valley Craft, 2001 South Highway 61, Lake City , MN 55041 . (800) 328-1480. [email protected]

RbtibtþikarTUeTA es‘rIRbtibtþikarCaFmµtaenAkñúgkEnøgevcx©b;manbgðajdUcxageRkam. karcak;bgÁr GaceFIVeLIg

TaMgvIFIsaRsþs¶Üt b¤manTwkCaCMnYy GaRs½yelIRbePTplitplEdlkMBugelIkdak;. eKGaceFIVkarsMGat )anpgEdr tamkarlagedayTwkkørb¤edaykardusxat;pÞal;. RbsinebIeK)anGnuvtþn_kareFIV Waxing

eKGaceFIVeLIgbnÞab;BIkarlagTwk nig karCUtsMeNImelIépÞxageRkA. dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUb karcat;cMNat; fñak; GacEjkplitplCaRbePTEkécñ nig sMrab;TIpSarRss;. CabnþeTot karcat;TMhM GacEjk plitpl edaymanTMhMtUcbMput cUleTAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRsuk b¤sMrab;Ekécñ. CaFmµtaeKGacevcx©b; b¤ cracrelITIpSarnUvplitplEdlmanKuNPaBl¥bMput enAtamfñak;tMbn; b¤enAfñak;CatiEtmþg.

FAO. 1986. Improvement of Post-Harvest Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Handling - A Manual. Bangkok : UNFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.


47

eRKagénkarerobcMkEnøgevcx©b; Rbtibtþikarevcx©b;EdleFIVkñúglkçN³mintamRbB½n§ GacbNþaleGayyWty;av bEnßmtMél b¤man

\T§iBldl;KuNPaBrbs;plitpl. GñkGacsnSMsMéceBlevla nig fvika edaykardak;CaeRKagén bnÞb;evcx©b;tamkarerobcMmYy CaRbB½n§CMhan².

RbPB : Meyer et al. 1999. Work Efficiency Tip Sheet: Packing shed layout. Healthy Farmers, Healthy Profits Project, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706.

karcak;Kr b¤BRgay enAeBlNamYyEdlplitplRtUv)aneKcak;BIeksmYyeTAeksmYyeKRtUveFIVkarRbugRby½tñedIm,I

kat;bnßykarxUcxatedayemkanicdl;TMnij. enAeBlEdlkarcak;plitplBIFugFM b¤ BIrfdwkCBa¢ÚncUl


48

eTAkñúgkEnøgevcx©b; eKGacGnuvtþkarcak;enaHedays¶Üt b¤esIm. enAeBlGnuvtþkarcak;edays¶Üt eks ykBIcMkar RtUvcak;yWt² nig fñm²cUleTAkñúgRckCMraleTrEdlmanRTnab;RTab;enAEKm²pg. enAkñúg karbgðajxageRkamenHKWCa ExSBanTajEdlnaMplitplbnÞab;BI)ancak; ykeTAkñúgkEnøgevcx©b;.

karcak;ecjBIeksedays¶Üt

CYnkal karcak;ecjedaymankarepSIm RtUv)aneRbIR)as; edIm,Ikat;bnßykarxUcxateday emkanic edayeRbIR)as;TaMg karcak;cUleTAkñúgTwkEdleRbIeRcInCagkarcak;cUleTAelIRckCMrals¶Üt b¤ edaykarRClk; nig bENþtkñúgTwkEtmþg. RbsinebI dg;sIuetCak;lak;rbs;plitpl dUcCa Epøe)a:m CaedIm TabCagdgsuIetTwk eBlenaHplitplnwgGENþt. sMrab;plitplmYycMnYneTot dUcCa b½r CaedIm eKRtUvbEnßmGMbil (dUcCasUdüÚmlikNins‘ulpYNat sUdüÚmsIulIkat b¤sUdüÚms‘ulpat) cUleTA kñúgTwkedIm,IbegáIndg;sIuetrbs;va nig FanafaEpøenaHGENþt. sMBt;vaMgnYnEdlmanbgðajxageRkam RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,I bMEbk karpøas;TIrbs;EpøEdlFøak;BI ExSBan TajcUleTAkñúgFugFM.

RbPB : USDA. No date. Modernising Handling Systems for Florida Citrus from Picking to

Packing Line Agricultural Research Service, USDA Marketing Report No. 914.


49

]bkrN_Taj edIm,Ikat;bnßykarxUcCaM ³

• cUreRbIRckCMral EdlmanRTab;edayesña • bnßyel,ÓnplitplenAelIRckCMraledaytMeLIgsnÞHxNÐ rnaMgvaMgnYn rnaMgPYy b¤

rnaMgsMBt;epSg²eTotedIm,IBnüWt • cUreRbIrnaMgsMBt;EdlGacbt;Ebn)an edIm,IBnüWtEpøeQI xN³EdlvaFøak;BIExSBanTaj

x<s; cUleTAExSBanTab ¬cUeRbIrnaMgTMgn;Rsal sMrab;karepÞrTab² nig TMgn;F¶n;sMrab; karepÞrx<s;²¦

• kareRbIExSBanedIm,IkarBarplitplBIkarFøak;edaypÞal;cUleTAelIrLÚEckTMhM • ykbnÞHRTecjBIeRkamExSBanenAkñúgépÞEdlEpøFøak;elIExSBanfµI.

RbPB : Thompson et al. 2002. Preparation for fresh market. pp.67-79. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.


50

CMBUkTI 3³ karRbtibtþienAkEnøgevcx©b; - 2 karlagsMGat FugEdkGacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFIVCakEnøglagy:agsamBaØ. FugEdkGacBuHCaBak;kNþal eGayRtUvCamYynwgrn§bgðÚr ehIyenAtamEKmrbs;FugEdkenHRtUvRKbedaybnÞHekAs‘U b¤BITuyU:)aøsÞik. bnÞab;mkeKtMelIugFugenaHenAelItueQIecatmYy. épÞelItuGacsagsg;BIbnÞHeQIesþIgehIyeRbICaeFñI sMrab;halmuneFIVkarevcx©b;. edaysarCajwkjab; FugsaMgRtUv0aneKeRbIsMrab;dak;eRbg\n§n³ nig plitplKImIepSg² dUcenH eKRtUvlagsMGatvaeGay)ans¥atbMput munnwgRtUvykeTAeFIVCaFuglagsMGat.

RbPB : Grierson, W. 1987. Postharvest Handling Manual. Commercialization of Alternative

Crops Project. Belize Agribusiness Company/USAID/Chemonics International Consulting Division.


51

FugenHsMrab;lagsMGatplitpl EdleKeFIVBIsnøwkelah³BasedaysMn)a:haMg. snÞHmYyeFIVBI snøwkelah³EdlmanecaHrn§ RtUv)aneKdak;enACitbMBg;hUreRcaH nig CYynaMTwkvilcuHeLIgkat;tamplit pl. TwksabRtUv)aneKbEnßmcUlenAeRkamsMBaFkat;tambMBg;manecaHrn§ EdlCYypøas;TIplitpl GENþteq<aHeTAkan;cugbMBg;cMeraHrbs;Fug sMrab;bgðÚrecjbnÞab;BIkarlagsMGatrYc.

kareFIVeGaykan;EtRbesIrenAbøg;EdlerobcMxageRkamenHGacmanrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkERBa©g EdlGac ykecj)ansMrab;cab;sMram enAxagmuxsnÞH nig/b¤ RbB½n§vilcuHvileLIgsMrab;TwksMGat ¬edayman bEnßmTwkkør¦.

RbPB ³ FAO. 1989 . Prevention of Postharvest Food Losses: Fruits Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

kareFIVkørYkmµTwksMrab;lagsMGatmansar³sMxan;Nas; . kørGackat;bnßykarraldalPaBkxVk; BIvtßúmYy eTAvtßúmYYeTot kñúgdMNak;kallagsMGat . pH rbs;TwklagsMGatKYrrkSaenAcenøaHBI 6/5 eTA 7/5 edIm,ITTYl)anlT§plRbesIrbMput.

emSAskør 1 eTA 2 ml kñúgTwks¥atmYylIRt nwgpþl; Ca Cl srub BI 100 eTA 150 ppm . emSAkør kan;EtRtUvkareRcIn RbsinebIeKlayvakñúgkEnøgEdlmansItuNðPaBx<s; b¤ kñúgTwkEdlman sarFatusrIragÁeRcIn.


52

kareFIV Waxing

]bkrN_eFIV waxing EdlmanbgðajxageRkamenH RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IeRbIR)as;bnÞab;BIkar sMgYtCaes‘rIelIbnÞat;ExSBanTaj. eK)aneRbIR)as; sMBt;eramecomplitecjBI]sSahkmµ edIm,IEck cayeRbgRkmYneFIVeGayrlag dl;eTAEpøeQI b¤ bEnøEdlecjBIsñÚkmanTTwgdUceTAnwgExSBan. rMhYt eRbgRkmYnecjBIsMBt;eramecom Gackat;bnßy)anedaykarRKbsMBt;enaHCamYy RsTab;snøwkb:UlI eGTIELnF¶n;.

RbPB : Martin, D and Miezitis, E.O. 1964. A wipe-on device for the application of materials to butts. Field Station Record Volume 3 No. 1 CSIRO Tasmanian Regional Laboratory, Hobart , Tasmania .

karEckRbePT

taragxageRkamenHKW CakarpSMkarEckRbePT nig karevcx©b; . plitplEdlcUlmkdl; RtUvdak;cUlkñúgFugEckRbePT EdleFIVkarEckRbePTedaykmµkrmñak;dak;cUleTAFugevcx©b; nig cugbBa©b; evcx©b;edayedaykmµkrTIBIr. RbsinebIkmµkr RtuvQrEcRbePTplitpl enahkareRbIRTnab;ekAs‘Urwg sMrabn;eFIVCakMralGacCYykat;bnßykarGs;kMlaMg)an.


53

RbPB : FAO. 1986. Improvement of Post-Harvest Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Handling- A

Manual. Bangkok : UNFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.

tuEjkRbePTGacbt;)andUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbxageRkam eKsagsg;BIRkNat;sMBt; nig mankaM RbEvgRbEhl 1 Em:Rt ¬RbEhl 3 feet¦ . enAEKmrbs;tu eKRTab;edayRsTab;esñaesþIg edIm,IkarBar plitplBIkarCaMenAeBlEckRbePT ehIycMeNatBIcMnuckNþaleTAdl;cMnucEbgEckKW 10 dWeRk. eKGaccak;plitpleTAelItuBIeksRbmUlpl ehIybnÞab;mkeFIVkarEckRbePT BN’ nig/b¤ lMdab;fñak; nig evcx©b;edaypÞal;cULeTAkñúgekssMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún. GñkEckRbePT b¤Gñkcat;cMNat;fñak;rhUtdl;eTA 4 nak; GaceFIVy:aggayRsYlenAtamxagnimYy².

RbPB : PHTRC. 1984. A portable sorting table. Appropriate Postharvest Technology 1(1):1-

3. (Post-Harvest Training and Research Center , Department of Horticulture, University of the Philippines at Los Banos.)


54

eKKYrEktMrUvkMritkMbs;tueGaygayRsYldl;GñkEbgEckRbePT enAeBleKEckRbePTsMrab;e)aH ecal b¤ykecjnUVplitplNaEdlmanTMhMtUceBk s¥úy b¤EbkxUcxat. eKGacpþl; b¤ dak; eCIgma: b¤RTnab;ekAs‘ÚrwgEdl RtUvQrelI edIm,Ikat;bnßykarGs;kMlaMg. eKRtUveRCIserIs TItaMgrbs;tu nig Fug sMrab;EckRbePT edayeFIVya:gNakat;bnßyclnarbs;édeGay)anCaGb,brima. eKpþl;CaGnusasn_fa édrbs;GñkeFIVkargarenH begáIteGay)anCa muM 45 dWeRk enAeBlEdkKat; eQageTArktu ehIyEdlTTWgtumanRbEvgticCag 0/5 Em:Rt edIm,Ikat;bnßykareQagEvgeBk. BnøWRKb; RKan; ¬500 b¤ 1000 lux enAelIépÞeFIVkargar¦ nwg CMrujsmtßPaBrbs;GñkEbgEckRbePTeGaykMNt; )anBIcMnucEdlminl¥ ehIy ExSBan b¤ elItuEdlmanBN’exµA RsGab; Gackat;bnßykarvaytMéleday EPñk.

RbsinebIeKeRbIRbB½n§ExSBanTaj eKminRtUveGayplitplmanrMhUrelOneBkeT edIm,IeGayGñk EckRbePTeFIVkargarrbs;BYkeK. eKRtUvEktMrUv el,ÓnbgVilrbs;r)arujTaj b¤ rLÚExSBan edIm,IbgVil plitpl 2 dg enAkñúgEdnEdlGacemIleXIjrbs;GñkEbgEckRbePT. karbgViledayeTogTat;én TItaMgrbs;GñkeFIVkarenAelIExSbnÞat nwgCYykat;bnßyPaBGs;kMlaMg)an. emRkumRtYtBinitüRtUvman smtßPaBkMNt;)anPøam² BIkarEckRbePTeRkamsþg;dar b¤elIssþg;dar.

RbPB : Shewfelt, R.L. and Prussia , S.E. 1993. Postharvest Handling: A Systems Approach. San Diego : Academic Press Inc. 356 pp.

rUbPaBbgðajxageRkamenH CalkçN³KnøWH énkarrcnasßanIy EbgEck / cat;fñak; ya:gl¥mYy³


55

RbPB ³ Thompson, J,F. et al. 2002. Preparation for Fresh Market. pp. 67-79 IN: Kader, A.A. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops (3rd Edition). UC Publication 3311. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources

xageRkamenH KWCakarbgðajBIExSBanTajbIRbePT Edl)aneRbICaCMnYykñúgkarEckRbePTplit pl. ExSBanTajEdlgaybMputenaH KW Belt Conveyor EdlGñkEckRbePTplitplRtUvkan;plit pledayédedIm,IemIlenARKb;Epñk nig BinitüemIlPaBEbk)ak;. Push-bar Conveyor bgVilplitpl eGayvileTAmuxkat;gñkEbgEckRbePT. Roller Conveyor bgVilplitplRtlb;cuHeLIg ehIypøas;TI qøgkat;GñkEbgEckRbePT.

Belt conveyor:

Push-bar conveyor:

Roller conveyor:


56

RbPB : Shewfelt, R.L. and Prussia , S.E. 1993. Postharvest Handling: A Systems Approach.

San Diego : Academic Press Inc. 356 pp.

karEckTMhM plitplmUl²Gaccat;cMNat;fñak;edayeRbIkgTMhM. kgGaceFIVBIeQI b¤ TijRsab;tamRbePT TMhMepSg²Kña.

Single size hand held sizing ring:

Multiple size rings

:

RbPB : FAO. 1989. Prevention of Postharvest Food Losses: Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.


57

cMNat;fñak;KuNPaB nig TMhMsþg;darsMrab;plitplsakvb,kmµCaeRcIn Gacrk)antamvibsay rbs; USDA : http://www.ams.usda.gov/standards/stanfrfv.htm . tubgðajBIkarcat;TMhM xÞwm)araMgxageRkamKWCatumYykñúgcMeNamtubI ¬b¤ eRcIn¦ EdlmaneRbIkñúgkarrcnam:UdtamlMdab;mYy. tu nimYy²eFIVBIkþabnÞH nig manecaHRbehagtamTMhMCak;lak;mYy. EpñkenAxagelIbMputrbs;tumanTMhMFM bMput ehIyEpñktuxageRkam manrn§tUcbMput. RsTab;xÞwm)araMg RtUv0ancak;cUlBIepñktuxagbmput. emImTMagLayNaEdlminhUrkat; eKcat;fñak;cUlCa {TMhMFM elIs} “extra large”. emImNaEdlhUrkat; elItu Føak;cUleTAkñúgfg;sMNaj; nig remolcUleTAkñúgeksFMmYy. eksxÞwm)araMgenHRtUv)ancak;cUleTA kñúgtuEckTMhMTIBIreTot. xÅÞmNaEdlminhUrkat;Føak; eKcat;vaCaTMhM {FM} ehIyeKeFIVdUcenHCabnþbnÞab;.

RbPB : Reyes, M. U. (Ed.) 1988. Design Concept and Operation of ASEAN Packinghouse Equipment for Fruits and Vegetables. Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center , University of Los Baños , College of Agriculture , Laguna , Philippines .

karcat;TMhMEpøRkUcEdlmanbgðajxageRkamenH pSMedaycMenoEkgmYyeFIVBIkþarbnÞH RTab;eday esña edIm,IkarBarkarCaM. eKcak;EpøcUleTAkñúgkEnøgEdlmanragCaGdæekaNenAEpñkxagelIéncMenor bnÞab;mkdak;eGayhUrmþgmYy² cuHeRkamCaes‘rIrYmtUc. eKcab;EpøFMenAkñúgkEnøgbRgYmdMbUgeK bnÞab; mkmFüm nig tUcbg¥s;enAeRkayeK. EpøEdlenAeRkamTMhMFøak;akt;enAcugcMenor ehIycUleTAkñúgeks pÞal;Etmþg. kmµkrRtUvEtykEpønimYy²ecjedayéd ehIydak;cUlkñúgeksTMhMEdlRtwmRtUvmunnwgEpø


58

bnÞab;hUrkat;tamcMenorbnþeTot. karcat;TMhMenHkan;EtelOnbMputenAeBldak;eGaymankmµkrR)aMnak; QrsMrab;cat;TMhM.

RbPB : Reyes, M. U. (Ed.) 1988. Design Concept and Operation of ASEAN Packinghouse Equipment for Fruits and Vegetables. Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center, University of Los Baños, College of Agriculture, Laguna, Philippines .

RbsinebIeKeRbIRbB½n§ExSBanTajenAkñúgkEnøgevcx©b; ExScgVak;cat;TMhM nig ExSBanepSg²Ca eRcInRbePTGacrk)ansMrab;EckRbePTplitpl. ExScgVak;cat;TMhMGacTij)antamTMhMTTwgCaeRcIn nig TMhMrn§epSg². CaTUeTA eKGaceRbIrn§Caragkaer sMrab;TMnijdUcCa Epøe)a:m eb:ge)a:H nig xÞwm)araMg xN³Edlrn§ ragctuekaNEkgRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Epø Peach nig emÞs. Cajwkjab;eKeRbIrn§EdlmanragqekaNsMrab;Epø eb:ge)a:H nig emImxÞwm)araMg.

kaer ³


59

ctuekaNEkg ³

qekaN ³

RbPB : 2001 Catalog of TEW Manufacturing Corporation, P.O. Box 87 , Penfield , New York 14526 USA

ExSbnÞat;evcx©b;samBaØ ]bkrN_xñattUc sMrab;evcx©b;plitplGacrk)anBIkEnøgplit nig GñkpÁt;pÁg;mYycMnYn.

rUbbgðajxageRkamenH KWCaExScgVak;evcx©b;EpøeQI EdlGacrk)anBI saCIvkmµplit TEW kñúgtMélBI 5000 eTA 6000 USD GaRs½yeTAtamTMhM. mU:EdlBiessneHrYmbBa©Úl ExSBanTTYl ]bkrN_lag ]bkrN_RsUbTwk nig tuEckRbePT. ]bkrN_CaCMerIsepSgeTot rYmman ]bkrN_ eliminator, dry

brusher, waxer, nig ]bkrN_EckTMhMCaeRcIneTot ExSBanRtYtBinitürLÚ ExSBanTaj nig tu.

RbPB : 2001 Catalog of TEW Manufacturing Corporation, P.O. Box 87 , Penfield , NY 14526

USA


60


61

CMBUkTI 4³ karevcx©b; nig sMPar³sMrab;evcx©b; - 1 eBjTUTaMgRbB½n§elIkdak; karevcx©b;GacCaCMnYy nigCa]bsKÁmYyedIm,ITTYl)annUvGayukal sþúkTuk nigKuNPaBCaGtibrma. sMbkevcx©b;caM)ac;RtUveFVIeGaymanxül;ecjcUl b:uEnþRtUvmanPaBrwg maMlµm nigkarBar)anBIPaBEbk)ak;. RbsinebIplitplRtUv)anevcx©b;sMrab;PaBgayRsYlkñúgkarelIk dak;enaH kareRbIR)as;eksC½r kERBa©geQI b¤ekseFVIBI)øassÞikrwg mankareBjniymCagkar:ug nigkERBa©g cMhredayehtufakar:ug nigkERBa©gminpþl;nUvkarkarBardl;plitpl eTenAeBlEdlerobCaKMnrenaH. CYnkaleksEdl)ansagsg;pÞal; b¤GacCYyBRgwgb¤eFVIeGayRtg; edIm,Ipþl;karkarBarbEnßmdl;kar plitpl. eksRkdasbitC½r kERBa©geFVIBIeQI nigkERBa©g)øassÞik enAeBlEdlmantémøéfø k¾man \T§iBleTAelItémøenAeBleRbIR)as;sMrab;TIpSarkñúgRsuk. kERBa©g TaMgenHRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;eLIgvij nigQrRtg;l¥cMeBaHbrisßansþúkTukEdlmansMeNImx<s;. karbEnßmkþarbnÞHB½T§CMuvij nigenA)atnwgCYy bnßykarEbk)ak;plitpl.

eksminKYrpÞúkENneBk b¤rlugeBkeTedIm,ITTYllT§pll¥bMput. plitplEdlrlug²Gacman rMj½rTgÁicKñabNþaleGayCaM RsbniglT§plénkarpÞúkelIscMNuH ecjCakarCaMedaykarbENÑn. Rkdas kaEsttUc²mantémøefak manTMgn;RsaleRbIedIm,Idak;RTab;ekssMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún ¬Harvey et al,

1990¦.

sMrab;GñkelIkdak; nig dwkCBa¢ÚnxñattUcEdleBjcitþkñúgkarsagsg;eksRkdasedaypÞal; rbs; eKBIRkdas Corrugated fiberboard eKGacrkBt’manlMGit)anBI Broustead nig New (1986). plitplksikmµCasrésreRcInRbePTmankarsmRsmsMrab;karplitRkdas (Hunsigi, 1989) ehIy GñkelIkdak;TaMgLayGacrkva)anedaysnSMsMéc rYmTaMgRbtibtþikarTaMgLaykñúg RbB½n§eRkayRbmUl pl. Corrugated fiberboard RtUv)anplitCa4 flute xusKañKW RbePT B ¬km<s; 1/8 inch man 47 eTA 53 flutes kñúg 1 GuIj CamYy nigTMgn;eKal 26 lbkñúg 1000 fl2¦ KW CaRbePTsamBaØbMputEdl eRbIsMrab;elIkddak;plitplEdlgayxUcxat ¬Thomson kñúg Kader, 2002¦. enAeBlEdlsMbkevc x©b;RtUv)anelIkdak;kñúgbrisßanEdlmansMeNImx<s; PaKeRcInénkMlaMgTb;rbs;vaRtUv)an)at;bg;. sMbk evcx©b;EdlEbk)ak;pþl;nUvkarkarBartictYc b¤minpþl;karkarBarEdl TamTareGayplitplenAxagkñúg RtUvRTRTg;nUvTMgn;srubEdlRtYtBIelI. karevcx©b;mann½yfa edIm,IkarkarBarplitpleGaymanesßrPaB nigCaRTnab;plitpl b:uEnþkarRKb;RKgsItuNðPaBGaceGaymanPaBlM)akxøaMg RbsinebIsMPar³evcx©b; biTCitrn§xül;ecjcUl. sMPar³evcx©b;GacedIrtYCa GñkraraMgrMhYt nigGacCYyrkSaegaymansMeNImx<s;


62

enAkñúgsMbkevcx©b;. elIsBIkarkarBar pþl;eGaymanPaBrh½skñúgkarelIkdak;eBjkñúgRbB½n§EbgEck nigTIpSarehIyGackat;bnßyPaBb:H TgÁicenAeBlelIkdak;pgEdr. plitplGacRtUv)anevcx©b;edayéd edIm,IbegáItsMbkEdlmanPaBTak;Taj EdlCajwkjab;edaykareRbIR)as;xatCaÉksNæanPaB minERb RbYlmYy. sMPar³evcx©b; dUcCafas EBgRkdas b¤fg;x©b;r)a nigRTnab;epSg²GaceRbIbEnßmedIm,ICYy eGayplitplenAnwg. RbB½n§evcx©b;emkanicsamBaØ²EtgEteRbICajwkjab;nUvviFIsa®sþ Volume-fill b¤ Tight-fill Edlplitplcat;fñak;rYcRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgeks nigbnÞab;mkbegáItmineGaymanrMj½r. PaKeRcInén]bkrN_RcktammaD ¬Volume-filler¦ RtUv)aneKerobcMedIm,IeRbIR)as;TMgn;Cakar):an;sµan mYyénmaDehIykarEktMrUvcugeRkayRtUv)aneFVIedayéd ¬Mitchelle in Kader, 2002¦.

kBa©b;RsUbeGTIELn Edldak;kñúgkEnøgpÞúkplitplEdlmanPaBrYseTAnigeGTIELn Gackat; bnßyGRtaénkarTuMrbs;Epø elIkar)at;bg;BN’ébtgrbs;bEnø b¤karsVitRCYjrbs;páa.

karevcx©b;edayfg;pøasÞik GacEktRmUvbriyakasCuMvijplitpl)an ¬karevcx©b;edaypøas;bþÚr briyakas b¤ MAP¦. CaTUeTA MAP kMNt;karpøas;bþÚrrbs;xül;EdlGnuBaØateGaydMeNIrkardkdegðIm Fmµtarbs;plitplkat;bnßybrimaNGuksuIEsn nigbegáInbrimaN]sµ½nkabUnicrbs;xül;enAkñúgsMbk evcx©b;. sarRbeyaCn_sMxan;bEnßmmYyeToteTAelIkareRbIR)as;fg;)øasÞik KWkat;bnßykar)at;bg;Twk.

MAP GaceRbIR)as;CamYykBa©b;sMrab;dwkCBaa¢Ún nigCamYyTMhMsMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;pÞal;. karEk ERbbriyakasGacbegáIty:agskmµ edaykarbegáItCasuBaØkasRsal²mYykñúgcMhayénsMbkevcx©b; EdlbiTCit ¬dUcCaes,agb:UlIeGTIELn EdlBMumanrn§xül;ecjcUl¦ ehIybnÞab;mkpøas;bþÚrbriyakas evcx©b;edayl,ay]sµ½ntamEdlRtUvkar. CaTUeTAkMhab;GuksuIEsnTab nigkarbegáInkMhab;]sµ½n kabUnicx<s; nigmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;plitplCaeRcIn ¬sUmemIltaragGnusasn_BIl,ay]s½µnsMrab;kar sþúkTuktam CA nig MA nigkardwkCBa¢ÚndMNaMepSg²CMBUkTI 7¦.

kareRCIserIsfg;b:UlIEmrl¥sMrab;bnSMTMhMénplitpl / sMbkevcx©b;nimYy²GaRs½yeTAtamkar RCabrbs;fg; nigGRtadMNkdegðImrbs;plitplenaHenAeRkamlkçxNÐeBlevla / sItuNÐPaB EdlrMBwg TukkMLúgeBlelIdak;. sarFatuRsUbGuksuIEsn ]sµ½nkabUnic nig / b¤eGTIELn GaceRbIR)as;enAkñúg sMbkevcx©b;b¤eksedIm,ICYyrkSasmasFatu]s½µnEdlRtUvkar.


63

karevcx©b;tam MAP KYreFVIeLIgenAkñúgsItuNðPaBRtwmRtUv nig enAkñúgkarerobcM RH. PaBxus KñarvagkMhab;GuksuIEsn nig ]sµ½nkabUnicEdlmanRbeyaCn_ nig KµanRbeyaCn_sMrab;plitplnimYy² manTMhMtictYc dUecñHeBleRbIbec©keTsenHeKRtUvkar karRbugRby½tñCaxaøMg.

karGnuvtþn_karevcx©b;

rUbPaBtusMrab;evcx©b;enAxageRkam GacmYlex©ACatumYyeTotEdlmanTMrg;dUcKñaedIm,IeGayman kEnøgTUlaysMrab;karevcx©b;plitpl. enAeBlRtUvkarkat;tMrwmeKbEnßmkþarmankMras;lµmesµI nig kMBs; rbs;r)amux. r)amuxKYrEtrlagehIymUl.

RbPB : Grierson, W. 1987. Postharvest Handling Manual: Commercialization of Alternative Crops Project Belize Agribusiness Co./Chemonics International Consulting Division/USAID.

kEnøgevcx©b;samBaØenAcmáarGacsg;BIbegÁaleQI nigRkdasb:UlIeGTIELn. s,ÚvenAelI dMbUlpþl;Camøb;eGayRtCak;kEnøgevcx©b;. rcnasm<½n§KYrRtUv)antMrg; dUecñHdMbUlEdlenAxagelI Gac Tb;sáat;nUvrsµIRBHGaTitümYycMnYnFM.


64

RbPB : Grierson, W. 1987 Postharvest Handling Manual: Commercialization of Alternative Crops Project. Belize Agribusiness Co./ Chemonics International Consulting Division/USAID.

bnÞab;BIlagEpøeckTaMgsñitedIm,IkMcat; Latex ehIyeKGac)aj;fñaMsMLab;pSit. CaTUeTAeK x©b;enAkñúgLaMgRkdasrwg RTab;eday Rkdasb:UlIeGTIELn. rUbenAxageRkambgðajBIviFIsaRsþmYy kñúgeBldak;bMeBjEpøeQIeTAkñúgLaMgedIm,IkarBarkuMeGayxUcxatenAeBldwkCBa¢Ún. KYrkt;sMKal;fa eKnwgbt;RKbRsTab;b:UlIeGTIELnBIelIeckmunnwgeKbitRbGb;Rkdas.

(a) eckEpøFM ragsMEb:t sñitmFüm eTAtUc dak;enAkNþalRbGb;


65

(b) eckEpømFüm sñitFMenABIelI TgeckkuMeGayb:HEpøenAxageRkam

(c) RbEvgmFümeTAxøI sñitFM TgeckkuMeGayb:HEpøenAxageRkam

(d) cugeRkaydak;sñitFMmYy b¤BIrEdlmanEpøEvg²

RbPB : FAO. 1989 . Prevention of Postharvest Food Losses: Fruits. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 PP.

tumUl nigGacvil)anGacykmkeRbIR)as;edIm,Ievcx©b;dMNaMRbePTepSg². plitplRtUv)an dak;bBa©ÚltamExSBanTaj b¤ebIKmanExSBanTajeT eKGacdak;enAelItutamFmµta EdlGaceGayGñk evcx©b;eRCIserIsplitpl nigRckcUltamkEnøgrbs;va. kñúgrUbbgðajxageRkam vak¾CaExSBanTajdak; bEnßmsMrab;e)aHecalplitplxUc EdlsßitenAxageRkamExSBanpÁt;pÁg;plitplnaMeGaymanPaBgay RsYlRbmUlkaksMNl;.


66

Gñkevcx©b;nimYy²GaceFVIkarredayÉkraCelIkarkat;tMrimtamEdlcaM)ac; nig RtYtBinitüeks mþgmáal.

RbPB : National Institute of Agricultural Engineering. 1979. Preparing vegetables for supermarkets. Field Vegetable Department, Silsoe, Bedford : NIAE

eKEtgeRbII)avedIm,IRckplitpl edayehtufavaTn; ehIy)avgayrkkñúgtémøefak. taragxag eRkampþl;Bt’manxøHBIlkçN³énRbePTsmÖar³epSg² EdleRbIedIm,IeFVI)av. KµanRbePTsMbk)avNamYy EdlmanenATIenHl¥sMrab;karkarBarplitplRss;eTehIyeKKYreCosvagtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. lkçN³rbs;)avEdlCaEpñkénkarevcx©b;

karkarBarTb;Tl; RbePT)av

karEhk nigrEhk

sgát; bMENn karRsUbsMenIm karvaylukBIstVl¥it

kareFVI»ü kxVk;

cMnaM

RkecA l¥ l¥ Kµan Kµan kMr/bgáPaBkxVk;

edaysrés)avÉgEdr xUcxatCIvsa®sþ/kEnøg

sMctrbs;stVl¥it/bgçaMgkøin kb,as mFüm mFüm Kµan Kµan mFüm tMé;leRbIx<s;eLIgvij

)øasÞict,aj l¥/mFüm l¥ Kµan karBar)anxøH¬Rbsin ebIt,ajCit¦

mFüm b:HBal;y:agGaRkk;eday BnøWUV.Bi)akt,aj

Rkdas Gn; Gn;mFüm l¥-WFP

es,ageRcInCan; manrnaMg)øasÞic

karBarxøH/karBarl¥ ebIeFVIRbRBwtþkmµ

l¥ KuNPaBminERbRbYl.

RsYle)aHBum<

RbPB³ Walker, D.J. (Ed) 1992. World Food Programme Food Storage Manual. Chatham , UK : Natural Resources Institute


67

taragxageRkampþl;]TahrN_BIRbePTxUcxatedayemkanicKMrU nig \T§iBlelIeksevcx©b;.

RbePTxUcxat eks lT§pl ktþasMxan;

)av-t,ajnigRkdas karEbkmwnnigsMPar³bgáa »ülicnig)at;bg;cMnuHpÞúk.

min»üCab;l¥

RbGb;Fiberbord EbkminrebIksnÞHbgáeGay

)at;bg;muxgarpÞúkeks. xUcRTg;RTay)at;bg;smtßPaBtMrYtKña

kMlaMgBurstingviFIsa®sþmit

ekseQI rbUtEbkkEnøgP¢ab; )at;bg;muxgarpÞúk rwtbnþwgeQIrwgmaM

kMb:ugnigFugFM kareBoc/xUcEKm.kardac;mwnnigkarbiT

pøakbNþaleGay)at;bg;karpÞúknig xUcplitplxagkñúg

xUcxatedaysgát; tamkarTMlak;

db)øasÞic karEbknigr):at;r):aybNþaleGay

)at;bg;cMnuHpÞúk cMnat;fñak;sMPar³kMras;

CBa¢aMg

RbGb;Fiberbord xUcRTg;RTayEbk)ak;minbNþal»ü

)at;bg;cMnuHnigkatuges,agnig fg;eRsabxagkñúg.

kMlaMgsgát;rbs;rbs;RbGb; karxUcxateday bMENntamry³kar

RtYtKñax<s; db)øasÞic xUcRTg;RTay/rlM)ak;nigCYnkalpþac;

ecjBIKñabgáeGay)at;bg;cMnuHpÞúk karrcnasMPar³kMras;

CBa¢aMg

rMj½r edsRkdas Corrugated

eTACaENnnig)at;bg;KuNPaBRTnab; rbs;va.cMnuHpÞúkkan;EteRTabeTArkkar

xUcxatedaysgát; kMlaMgsgát;rbs;RbGb;

)av-t,aj nigRkdas

)at;bg;muxgarpÞúk-kMBub ¬kan;EtF¶n;F¶rCamYyes,agRkdas¦

kMlaMgTaj kMhUcedaykarEhk rEhknigkarf<k;

kMb:ug FøúH/)at;bg;cMnuHpÞúk kMras;elah³ RbPB³ Walker, D.J. (Ed.) 1992. World Food Programme Food Storage Manual. Chatham ,

UK : Natural Resources Institute

düaRkamxageRkamKW sMrab;eks Fiberboard EdlmaneRbIya:gsamBaØ. vimaRtcugeRkayGac EktMrUveGayRtUvtamPaBcaM)ac;rbs;GñkelIkdak; ehIyEdleksTaMgGs;enaHKYrmanrn§xül;ecjcUl eGay)anRKb;RKan;. RkdaseksGacbitkav sáút b¤ kibeTAtamtMrUvkar kMLúgeBlsßabnaenAÉkEnøg evcx©b;.


68

RbGb;Edlman1pÞaMg (OnePiecebox):

RbGb;man2pÞaMgCamYyKMrb

RbPB³ McGregor, B. 1987. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 668.

düaRkamxageRkamKW sMrab;eks Fiberboard EdlmaneRbIya:gsamBaØ. vimaRtcugeRkayGac

EktMrUveGayRtUvtamPaBcaM)ac;rbs;GñkelIkdak; ehIyEdleksTaMgGs;enaHKYrmanrn§xül;ecjcUl eGay)anRKb;RKan;. RbGb; Bliss-style


69

RbGb; Full telescoping


düaRkamxageRkamKW sMrab;eks Fiberboard EdlmaneRbIya:gsamBaØ. vimaRtcugeRkayGac EktMrUveGayRtUvtamPaBcaM)ac;rbs;GñkelIkdak; ehIyEdleksTaMgGs;enaHKYrmanrn§xül;ecjcUl eGay)anRKb;RKan;.

RbGb; telescoping EdlmanmYypÞaMg

RbGb; one-piece truck-in cover

RbGb;³ McGregor, B. 1987: Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA, Office of

Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 668.


70

düaRkamxageRkamKW sMrab;eks Fiberboard EdlmaneRbIya:gsamBaØ. vimaRtcugeRkayGac EktMrUveGayRtUvtamPaBcaM)ac;rbs;GñkelIkdak; ehIyEdleksTaMgGs;enaHKYrmanrn§xül;ecjcUl eGay)anRKb;RKan;. Self-locking tray

RbGb; Interlocking:


eksGacsagsg;BIeQIniglYs edayeRbIdüaRkamTUeTAEdlpþl;dUcxageRkam. ]bkrN_bit BiessmYybegáItkarbt;ExSlYsCargVg;enAelImat;kERBa©ggayRsYlsMrab;Gñkevcx©b;eFVI)an. kERBa©g Edlman lYsekagRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;plitplCaeRcIn rYmmandUcCa Rtsk;RsUv sENþk Rtb; eRmc nenag nig EpøRkUc. mnÞIrBiesaFn_RsavRCavsMbkevcx©b; (41 Pine Street, Rockaway, New Jersey 07866)

Gacpþl;bBa¢IGñkpÁt;pÁg;enAkñúgtMbn;rbs;Gñk.


71

enHKWCakarbgðajBIEpñkénekseQIsamBaØmYy³

Epñkxagcug


72

kEnøgTMenrsMrab;tY

RbPB ³ Peleg, K. 1985. Produce Handling Packaging and Distribution. Westport , Conn. : AVI publishing Co., Inc.

ekseQIEdlmanédyYrKWCaRbePTeksevcx©b;KMrUmYysMrab;EpøTMBaMg)ayCUr. eksenHrwgmaM nig EfrkSakMlaMgsMrab;RtYtKñakñúgkMLúgeBly:agyUrenAsMeNIm>x<s;>>>. eks)øasÞicrwgk¾RtUv)aneKeRbIy:ag TUlMTUlaypgEdr. Cajwkjab;eKbt;RkdasRTab;CuMvijelITMBaMg)ayCUrmuneBlbitKMrbedayEdkeKal. RTnab; karBarplitplBIFUlInigtMnk;Twk. RbsinebIRTnab;mYymansarFatus‘ulpYDIGuksuItGacRtUv)aneKbiTP¢it CamYyTMBaMg)ayCUrenAkñúgRTnab;)øasÞiceFVICabc©½yedIm,IRtYtBinitüPaBs¥úyrlYy. plitpl PaKeRcIn eRkABITMBaMg)ayCUrGacxUcxat ¬eLIgs¦ edaykareFVIRbRBwtþkmµs‘ulpYDIGuksuIt.


73

ekseQIb¤eks)øasÞicrwgRtUv)aneKeRbIy:ageRcInsMrab;Gas;):ar:akas. cugGas;):ar:akas Edl)an kat;tMrwmRtUv)anevcx©b;dak;eLIgelIkñúgeksEdlpþl;rn§xül;ecjcUl)anl¥.

sMrab;TIpSarkñúgRsukkERBa©g)øasÞicpþl;karkarBary:agRbesIrsMrab;plitplnigxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan;kMLúgeBlelIkdak; karbBa©úHsItuNðPaB dwkCBa¢Ún nig sþúkTuk. kERBa©g)øasÞicxøHGac)ak;)anb¤Gac BIgBagB½T§ enAeBlRtYtKñasMrab;sMrYlkarelIkdak; enAeBlKµanpÞúkGVI. kERBa©gKYrEtsMGateGay)an eTogTat;edayTwkkør nig sab‘UedIm,Ikat;bnßy»kasénkars¥úyrlYyBIkarelIkdak;mYyeTAkarpÞúk mYyeTot.

ekssMrab;dak;páaEtgEtmanRbEvgEvgehIyceg¥ót rcnatam fulltelescopic edaymanrn§xül; ecjcUlenAcugsgxagedIm,IsMrYleGayxül;RtCak;cUl)an. épÞrn§xül;ecjcUlsrubKYrman 5% énépÞ RbGb;srub.


74

RbPB : Rij, R. et al. 1979. Handling, precooling and temperature management of cut flower crops for truck transportation. USDA Science and Education Administration, AAT-W-5, 26 pp (Issued jointly as University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences Leaflet 21058).

faseQIsamBaØmYyEdlmanRCugelIk GacRtYtKña)an nig GaceGaymanxül;ecjcUlya:geRcIn sMrab;dMNaMEdlgayEbk)ak; dUcCaeb:ge)a:HTuMCaedIm.

RbPB ³ FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome :

UNFAO. 120pp


75

CMBUkTI4 karevcx©b; nig sMPar³sMrab;evcx©b; - 2

kareRCIserIs]bkrN_sþúkTuk Cajwkjab; kareRCIserIs]bkrN_sþúkTukEtgEtmanPaBsµúKsµaj kñúgkarsMerccitþ edaysarRtUv KitBIbBaðatMél-PaBrwgmaM-karGaceRbIR)as;)aneRcIndg nigkarkarBar. xageRkamenHKWCabBa¢IepÞogpÞat; BIktþamYycMnYn sMrab;eRCIserIs]bkrN_sþúkTukBI RbePTsMbkevcx©b;;BIr b¤ eRcInRbePT. cUreRbItarag xageRkam tamEdlRtUvkaredIm,IeRbobeFobral; CMerIsénkarevcx©b;rbs;Gñk. cUrerobrab;BIRbePTsMbkevcx©b; ehIybnÞab;mk cUrbMeBjtarag edIm,IdwgfaetIkBa©b;mYyNaman lkçN³viC¢maneRcIn ehIyGacCaCMerIsRbesIrbMputsMrab;TIpSar. 1¦ cUreGayCaelxcMeBaHlkçN³TaMgGs;sMrab;RbePTkBa©b;xus²Kña³ ÷2 = l¥bMput ÷1 = l¥

0 = exSay -1 =minGaceRbI)an -2 =minGaceRbI)andac;xat

2¦ >pþl;eGaylkçN³nimYy²nUvtMélBI 0-100. tMélsrubsMrab;lkçN³TaMg 24 sMrab;kB©ab;nimYy² KYbEnßmeGayeLIgdl; 100.

kMritén

kBa©b; # 1 tMélén

kBa©b; # 1 kMritcMruH

énkBa©b; # 1 kMritén

kBa©b; #2 tMélén

kBa©b; # 1 kMritcMruH

énkBa©b; # 1 karerobrab;BIkBa©b; cMNuH 1-cMNuHsmRsbsMrab;plitpl 2-gayelIkdak;edaymnusSmñak; 3-karrcnatamsþg;da/ RKb;RKan; tamsþg;danigtMrUvkarTIpSar

4-gayRsYlsMrab;eRbICamYy)a:ELt karkarBar 5-manlMnwgeBLRtYtKña


76

6-TMhMkBa©b;GacFn;nwgkarsgát; 7-manxül;ecjcUll¥ 8-karBar)aneBlelIkdak;/dwkCBa¢Ún nig enATIpSar

9-épÞeRkArelag/KµanRCugRsYc 10-manRTnab;Gacrk)an 11-gayRsYlsMGat 12-r)aMgeFIVBIFatuminRCabTwk/bit edayKMrb

karTMnak;TMng 13- gaybiTpøak 14-karpSayBaNiC¢kmµ eQµaHrWpøaksBaØaelIRbGb;

TIpSar

15-karbgðaj 16-GacTTYlyk)anBIkarBinitüKy tMélepSg² 17-tMélTijsmRsb 18-PaBCab;maM/karbMpøaj 19-GacCYsCul)an 20-FanakarpÁt;pÁg;mansgÁtPaB 21-TMgn;RsaleBlTeT 22-GacEkécñ)anenAkñúgtMbn; 23-kardwgCBa¢ÚnsmRsbGacdwk tamrfynþdwkTMnijrWreTHruj

24-kar)at;bg;rbs;kERBa©g

BinÞúsrub

3¦ KuN tMélGRtalkçN³rbs;kBa©b;nimYy² CamYynwg tMélrbs;vaehIykt;RtatMélfµI


77

4¦>bUktMélBinÞúsrubrbs;RbePTkBa©b;nimYy². etIkBa©b;EdlTTYlBinÞúeRcInRtUvnwgkarcUlcitþrbs;eyIg eT? etIkBa©b;BIr EdlmantMélx<s;CageKbMputxusKñaGVIxøH? ebImYyNamantMélTabCageK RbEhlCa CMerIsRbesIrbMputrbs;GñkehIy.

RbPB : Schuur, C.C.M. 1988. Packaging for fruits, vegetables and root crops. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bridgetown , Barbados

karGnuvtþkarevcx©b;³ karbEnßmbnÞHx½NÐEck Fiberboard nig CYybegáInkMlaMg Stacking. kareRbI bnÞHx½NÐenH mankareBjniymcMeBaHplitplRbePTF¶n; dUcCaEpø Melon CaedIm. vak¾GacCYykuMeGay EpøTgÁicKña eBlelIkdak; nig dwkCBa¢Ún. kþareQIs‘kbBa©Úl b¤ bnÞH Fiberboard bt;CaragRtIekaN ehIy dak;enAtamRCugTaMg4mansar³sMxan;Nas;enAeBl CartonRtUvkarPaBrwgmaMxøaMg. bnÞHx½NÐEck Fiberboard:

RbPB : McGregor, B. 1987. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 668.

RCugRtIekaNsMrab;Tb; ³ bnÞHRtIekaNsamBaØGaceFVIBIduMeQI b¤ bnÞHbt; fiberboard

Fiberboard EdleRbIsMrab;eFVIRCugRbGb;Gacbt;cUlkñúg edIm,IBRgwgRCug nig edIm,IbegáInkMlaMg stacking. ekssMrab;sþúkEdlplitenAkñúgRsukeRcInmanEKmmut/ ehIyépÞxagkñúgeRKIm. eKGaceRbI fiberboard EdlsamBaØ ehIymantMélefak RTab;enAxagkñúgeks edIm,IkarBar.


78

Cardboard liner for a palm rib crate:

RbPB : Blond, R.D. 1984. The Agricultural Development Systems Project in Egypt (1979-83), USAID/Ministry of Agriculture , Egypt / University of California , Davis .

ebIsincg;eRbIfg; b¤ kERBa©gFM RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;EpøeQI b¤ bEnøeRcIn kareRbIRbehagxül;smBaØ² GacCYykat;bnßykMenInkMedAedaysardMNkdegðImplitpl. kñúgrUbbgðajxageRkamenH bMBg;b£sSI t,aj ¬RbEvgEhl 1 m¦ RtUv)aneRbI edIm,IeGaymanxül;ecjcUlkñúges,agdak;emÞsd¾FMmYy. cUrdak; bMBg;b£sSIcUleTAkñúgeks b¤ Fugmunnwgdak;plitplcUl.


79

bMBg;t,ajBIb£sSICYyeGayxül;eTAdl;EpñkkNþalénes,ag b¤ kERBa©geBleFVIkarelIkdak;.

RkdasesþIg b¤ snøwkpøasÞikesþIg CasMPar³ya:gmanRbeyaCn_ sMrab;karBarpáaBIkarxUcxat kMLúgeBlelIkdak; nig dwkCB¢Úan. kñúgrUbxageRkamenH bgðaj BIGñkevcx©b;mñak;kMBugTajsnøwkpøasÞik eLIgRKb)ac;páa munnwwgevcx©b;páaeTAkñúgeks fiberboard Edlmanxül;ecjcUl. snøwkesþIgGackarBar nig CYyrkSa)ac;páaeGayenAdac;BIKñaenAkñúgRbGb;.

RbPB : Reid, M.S. 2002. In: Kader, A.A. (Ed.) Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.


80

karbiTpøak ³ karbiTpøakelIkBa©b; CYyGñkelIkdak; eGaytamdanplitpl enAeBlvaqøgkat;RbB½n§eRkay

RbmUlplehIynig CYyeGayGñklk;duM nig lk;rayGnuvtþeGay)anRtwmRtUv. eKGace)aHBum<pøakCamun enAelIRbGb; fiberboard b¤ biTedaykav/ vayRta b¤ stencile enAelIekssþúkTuk. kBa©b;Edlmanpøak sBaØaGacCYypSayBaNiC¢kmµeGayplitplenaH RBmTaMgGñkevcx©b; b¤ GñkdwkCBa¢Únpg. GñkdwkCBa¢Ún xøH Gacpþl;Cab½NÑlMGit GMBIviFIsa®sþrkSa nig rUmmnþdl;GñkTijpgEdr.

pøaksBaØasMrab;dwkCBa¢ÚnGacmanBt’manmYycMnYndUcCa³

-eQµaHTUeTArbs;plitpl -RbeTsb¤tMbn;plit -TMgn;plitpl/ cMnYn nig/b¤ maD -TMhM nig cMnat;fñak; -m:ak (Brand) -sItuNðPaBsMrab;sþúkTuk -eQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;Gñkevcx©b;/ GñkdwkCBa¢Ún -rebobelIkdak;Biess

-eQµaHRkmYn nig fñaMsMlab;ktþacéRg EdleRbIenAelIplitpl

karbiTpøakenAelIkBa©b;cMnIGahar KWsßitenAeRkamGaNtþirbs;c,ab; FDA, pøakRtUvmaneQµaH rbs;plitpl/ TMgn;rbs;plitpl/ eQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;Gñkplit/ Gñkevcx©b; b¤ GñkEckcay.



81

CMBUkTI 4³ karevcx©b; nig sMPar³sMrab;evcx©b; - 3

kareFVIm:UDulsMbkevcx©b;-eks ³ enAeBleFVIkarevcx©b;eksEdlmanTMhMxusKñaeRcInkñúgeBlEtmYy eKKYreRbIRbGb; b¤ eksEdl

manlkçN³sþg;da edIm,ICYysMrYlkarelIkdak;enAeBlxagmux. enAeBltMrYtRbGb;EdlmanTMhMxusKña elIKñabNþaleGayvaminmanlMnwg. eksF¶n;GaceFVIeGayxUceksEdlRsalCag. bnÞúkEdlKñanlMnwg bNþaleGayrlMFøak;kñúgeBldwgCBa¢Ún b¤ kñúgeBlsþúkTuk. TMhMeksEdl)anpþl;CaGnusasn_manbgðajenAxageRkam. eksTaMgenHKWCa EpñkmYyénkmµviFI MUM (Modularization,UnitizationandMetrication) ]btßmÖedayEdl USDA vaGacRtYtelIKña)an eRcInEbb/ Ep¥kelITMhMrbs;va ehIyenAEtGacbegáItduMTMgn;EdlmanlMnwgenAelI palette eTalEdlman TMhM 1000 × 1200 mm (40 × 48 inches)

eks MUM sMrab;plitplsakvb,kmµ ³

TMhMxageRkA cMnYnkñúgmYyRsTab; épÞeRkAeRbIsMrab; Pallete

mm Giuj PaKry 600 x 500 (23/62 x 19/69) 4 100 500 x 400 (19/68 x 15/75) 6 100 600 x 400 (23/62 x 15/75) 5 100 500 x 333 (19/68 x 13/11) 7 97 600 x 333 (23/62 x 13/11) 6 99 500 x 300 (19/68 x 11/81) 8 100 475 x 250 (18/70 x 9/84) 10 99 400 x 300 (15/75 x 11/81) 10 100

433 x 333 (17/01 x 13/11) 8 96 400 x 250 (15/74 x 9/84) 12 100

]TahrN_mYyénkarpÞúkekselI palette tamrebob MUM:


82

RbPB : Ashby, B.H. et al. 1987. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck. Washington , D.C. : USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 669.

KMnUrxageRkamenHbgðajBIkarerobekstam MUM EdleBjniymbMputelI palette sþg;damYy (1000×1200mmrW40×48inches). kareRbIekstam MUM GacsnSMsMéckEnøgkñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún nig sþúkTukeRBaHkareRbIR)as; palette KWEk,rnwg 100%.

TMhMxageRkA³ 600 x 500 mm (23.62 x 19.69")

eRbIR)as;; Pallet: 100%

TMhMxageRkA³ 500 x 400 mm

(19.68 x 15.75")


TMhMxageRkA: 600 x 400 mm (23.62 x 15.75")


TMhMxageRkA: 500 x 333 mm

(19.68 x 13.11")

eRbIR)as; Pallet: 97%







TMhMxageRkA: 400 x 300 mm (15.75 x 11.81") eRbIR)as; Pallet: 100%

TMhMxageRkA: 400 x 333mm (15.75 x 13.11")



karevcx©b;edaybMErbMrYlbriyakas (MAP)

kñúgsMbkevcx©b;sMrab;eRbIR)as;mYy³ ebIlkçN³rbs;plitpl nig CMrabrbs;fg;manPaBRtUvKña enaHbriyakassmRsbGacBak;B½n§edayRbeyaltamkareRbIR)as CO2 ehIybegáItvijnUv CO2 kñúgeBl dkdegðIm (Kader, 2002). sMbkevcx©b;CapøasÞicrwgxøH RtUv)anrcnaeLIgedaymanrn§bMPay]sµ½npgEdr.


83

és<Edlkat;;fµI²b¤mankarEkécñtictYc ¬han;Casrés b¤ kat;tUc²¦ Gacx©b;enAkñúgfg;)øasÞikkMras; 5 mm. bnÞab;BIbegáItkEnøgsuBaØakaseKbBa©Úll,ay]s½n (CO230-50%, nig 4-6%CO2) eTAkñúg fg;ehIyeKbitP¢itfg;enaHPøam.

fg;pøasÞicEdl)anbitP¢it

enAkñúgeksdwkCBa¢Ún³ eKdak;RTnab; polyethylene enAkñúgRbGb;EpøsWrI. fg; polyethylene eRbI sMrab;EpøeckEdldwkeTATIpSarq¶ay².

RTnab;b:UlIeGTIELn

eksEdlmaneRsabpøasÞikrwg

rn§beBa©j]sµ½n


84

enAkñúg pallet: bnÞúkrbs; pallet eTalsMrab;plitpldUcCa strawberry GaceRsabenAkñúgfg; polyethylene kMras; 5 mm ehIynwgsnøwkpøasÞuicenA)at pallet edayeRbIsáútFM². eKGaceRbIsuBaØakas tictYc ehIybBa©Úl CO2 15% bBa©Úlkñúgxül;tamry³TueyatUc1.

fg;pøasÞiksMrab;x©b;PaKeRcInGacrkTij)an b:uEnþRbePTxøHmanCMrab]sµ½nrbs;va EdlmanlkçN³ smRsbsMrab; MAP. b:UlIeGTIELnEdlmandg;suIetTab nig polyvinylechloride KWCapøasÞik Edl sMxan;CageKsMrab;karevcx©b;EpøeQIRss; nig bEnø. Saran nig Polyester manCMrab]sµ½nTab smRsb bMputsMrab;plitplEdlmanGRtadMNkdegðImTab. taragxageRkam bgðajnUvCMrabrbs;fg;PøasÞikEdl Gacrk)ansMrab;evcx©b;plitplRss; (Kader,2002).

CMrab]sµ½n (cc/m2/mil/day at 1 atm) RbePTfg;pøasÞik

CO2 O2

GRta CO2:O2

Polyethylene: low density 7>700-77>000 3>900-13>000 2/0-5/9 Polyvinyl chloride 4>263-8>138 620-2>248 3/6-6/9 Polypropylene 7>700-21>000 1>300-6>400 3/3-5/9 Polystyrene 10/000-26>000 2>600-7>700 3/4-3/8 Saran 52-150 8-26 5/8-6/5 Polyester 180-390 52-130 3/0-3/5


85

RkuménbnÞúk³ GñkdwkTMnij nig GñkTTYl cUlcitþelIkdak;TMnijCaRkumbnÞúkplitplelI pallet CaCagkarelIk

dak;ekspÞúkmYy²edayELk. kareRbICa RkuménbnÞúk kat;bnßykarelIkdak;/ bgákarxUcxattictYcdl; ekspÞúk nig plitplxagkñúg nig karelIkdak;cuHeLIgelOnCagFmµta. ebIGñkelIkdak;xñattUccg;eRbI bnÞúkCaRkumsMrab;plitplRtUvelIkdak; eKGaceRbI pallet BIeQI b¤ slipsheet eFVICa)atrbs;bnÞúk. eRbI]bkrN_CMnYysMrab;tMrg;RbGb; ¬dUcCadak; pallet b¤ bnÞúkCab;nwgCBa¢aMgenAxagRCugbnÞb; b¤ sg; CakþarsMrab;beB©jmYyes‘rI ebIsin pallet pÞúkenAxageRkA¦ nig eFVIeGaybnÞúkmanlMnwg. pallet eQI RtUveFVIeLIgedayrag 4 RCugesµIl¥bMputedIm,IeGay pallet EdlpÞúkrYc manlMnwgtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. kareRbIeks fiberboard/ ekseQI b¤ pøasÞikEdlmanbnÞHcak;eRsHbBaÄrk¾GacCYybegáInlMnwg RkuménbnÞúk)anpgEdr. ekspÞúkRtUvEtmanRbehagsMrab;xülecjcUl EdlmanCYresµIKñaCakaerenA eBldak;RtYtKñaBImYyeTAmYy. eKGaceRbIkav bitrvagCan;nmYy²rbs;eks edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBrGil ehIyKYrbEnßmsMNaj;pøasÞik b¤ snøwkpøasÞik b¤snøwkelah³epSgeTot edIm,IbegáItsuvtßiPaBelIbnÞúk. kþar enAtamRCugeFVIeLIgBI fiberboard/ BIpøasÞik b¤ elah³GacCYybegáItlMnwgsMrab;RkumbnÞúkpgEdr.

Strapping and corner-boards on a unit loads :

RbPB : McGregor, B. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA, Office of

Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 668. Ashby, B.H., et al., 1987. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck.

USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 669.


86

CMBUkTI 5 karRtYtBinitükarxUcxat nig stVl¥it - 1 kargardMbUgedIm,IkarBarRbqaMgnwgstVl¥it nig CMgWKW karRKb;RKgl¥kñúgeBlplit. kardaMBUC EdlFn;/ kareRbIRbB½n§Farasa®sþEdlminbNþaleGayesImsøwk nig páarbs;rukçCati eCosvagkareRbICI RCuledayGasUt ehIykarkat;EmktUcecjkñúgeBldaMduHedIm,IbnßykarekIneLIgén Canopy suT§EtGac kat;bnßykarxUcxatmun nig eRkaykarRbmUlpl)an. karkarBarsMxan;TI 2 KWkarRbmUlpl edayRbugRby½tñ ehIynig karerobcMrkTIpSartaMgBIeBlenAcMkar. TI3 KWkareRCIserIsplitplxUc b¤ s¥úyecj edIm,Ikat;bnßykarcMlgeraKeTAplitplepSgeTot dUecñHeyIgenAsl;EtplitplEdlman suxPaBl¥. bu:EnþeTaHbICamankarRbugRby½tñy:agNak¾eday CYnkaleKRtUvRtYtBinitüplitpledIm,Irk emIlstVl¥it b¤ sarFatusrIragÁEdlbgákarxUcxatEfmeTotEdr.

xN³EdllsMeNImx<s;enAkEnøgsþúkTuk mansar³sMxan; sMrab;rkSaKuNPaBplitpleGayenA x<s;/ enaHTwkes‘rIEdlenAelIépÞplitplGacbegáIt CMrujkarlUtlas; nig cak;TMluH eday pathogens

)an. enAeBlplitpl ykecjBIkEnøgsþúk ehIyTukecalenAbriyakasEdlmansItuNðPaBx<s;/ eBlenaHsMeNImBIxül;ekáA nwgRbmUlpþúMenAelIépÞrbs;plitpl. karekIneLIgénGRtaxül;ecjcUlCa beNþaHGasnñ ¬edayeRbIkgðar¦ b¤ karbegáInkardak;plitpleGayRtUvxül;s¶Üt GacCYyeFVIeGaydMNk sMeNImpøas;bþÚrehIyGackat;bnßy»kaskñúgkarqøgeraK.

karRtYtBinitüstVl¥itEdlekItmaneBlsþúkTukenAkñúgBBYkRKab; nig bEnøEpøeQIs¶ÜtGaceFVI)an edaykarbgák/ karsþúkTukRtCak; (ticCag 5 oC b¤ 41oF) kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµedaykMedA/ b¤ edaykardk GuksIuEsn (0/5 % b¤ ticCag) edayeRbIGasUtCaedIm. karevcx©b;enAkñúgekskarBarstVl¥itKWRtUv)an eFVIeLIgedIm,IkarBarkarqøgstVl¥itCabnþbnÞab;.

rukçCatixøHmanRbeyaCn_+sMrab;CafñaMsMlab;stVl¥itEbbFmµCati. søwkdMLÚgmIRtUv)ansÁal; sMrab; karBardMLÚgEdlRbmUlBIcMkar BIstVcéRgenAeBleRbIsMrab;x©b;dMLÚgdak;kñúgRbGb; b¤fg;enAkñúgeBldwk CBa¢Ún nig karsþúkTukeBlxøI. eKKitfasøwkdMLÚgbeBa©jCati Cyanogens EdlBulcMeBaHstVl¥it (Aiyer,1978). epHrbs;søwk Lantana spp. nigOchroma logopur RtUv)anrkeXIjfa vamanRbsiT§iPaB enAeBleRbIR)as;CaFUlIRbqaMgnwg Aphids RbqaMgCamYydMLÚgsþúkTuk (CIP,1982). lkçN³rbs; RKab;énfñaMsMlab;ktþacéRgrbs;BBYk neem tree ¬CaeRbg b¤ Twk)anBIkarcMraj;¦RtUv)aneKsÁal; nig eRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlayeBjBiPBelak. BBYk neem EdlmankMeNItBI\NÐa manCatiBulGacsMlab;


87

stVl¥itenAelIcMNIGahary:agxøaMg b:uEnþvaKµanCatiBulesaHcMeBaHmnusS/ fnikstV nig stVl¥itman RbeyaCn_déTeTot (NRC, 1992). fñaMsMlab;stVl¥itEbbFmµCatiTaMgGs; KYrRtUv)anbBa¢ak;fa man suvtßiPaBcMeBaHmnusS muneBlvaRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edayGaCJaFr.

karRtYtBinitüCatiKImI ³

karlagplitplCamYyTwkkørGackarBarkarxUcEdlbgáedaysar mold nig yeast enAelIépÞ rbs;plitpl)an. kal;süÚmGIub:UkørIt ¬emSA¦ nig sUdüÚmGIb:UkørIt ¬rav¦ mantMélefak ehIygay rkTij)an. RbsiT§PaBénkareFVIRbRBwtþikmµnwgFøak;cuHebIsarFatusrIragÁekIneLIg enAkñúgTwklagsMGat. RbsiT§PaBrbs; chlorine nwgekIneLIgeBl pHRtUv)anbnßyBI pH 11eTA pH 8 b:uEnþenAeBl pH cuHTab chlorine nwgkøayCaKµanlMnwg.

bEnø nig EpøeQIGaclagenAkñúgl,ay hypochlorite (25ppmRtaMkñúg chlorine ry³eBl 2min)

ehIylagecjedIm,IBinitükarxUcxatedayemeraK. pÞúyeTAvijplitplTaMgenHGacRtaMenAkñúgl,ay hypochlorite (50-70 ppmman chlorine)ehIylagCamYyTwkTueyaedIm,IBinitü yeasts&molds.

RbPB : Ogawa, J.M. and Manji, B.T. 1984. in: Moline , H.E. (Ed). Postharvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Bulletin 1914.

brimaN hypochlorite EdlRtUvdak;kñúgTwks¥atføaedIm,IbM)at;karcMlgeraK Target ppm ounces/5 gallons cup/50 gallons

Sodium hypochlorite 50 0/55 0/5 (5/25%) 75 0/8 0/75

100 1/1 1/0 125 1/4 1/25 150 1/7 1/5

Sodium hypochlorite 50 0/12 0/1 (12/7%) 75 0/17 0/15

100 0/23 0/2 125 0/29 0/25 150 /35 /3


88

RbPB : Bachman, J. and Earles, R. 2000. Postharvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables. Horticulture Technical Note. ATTRA.

sMrab;bBa¢IfñaMsMlab;stVl¥itenA USA sUmemIl EPA Compendium énfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it Edl )ancuHbBa¢I e)aHBum<eday U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (http://epa.gov ).

s‘ulhVÜr³ s‘ulhVÜreRbIlabenAelIeck (0.1%BIFatupSM) edIm,IkarBarTgkuMeGayeLIgpSit.

s‘ulhVÜrDIGuksuIt³ s‘ulpYDIGuksuItRtUv)aneRbICaFUbTkr ¬CamYykMritGt;eGanénkaksMNl; 10 ppm¦ enAelIEpø TMBaMg)ayCUr edIm,IkarBarBBYpSit Botrytis, Rhizopus nig Aspergillus. karKNnabrimaN s‘ulhVÜr DIGuksuItedayRbugRby½tñkñúgtMrUvkareFIvRbRBwtþikmµTMBaMg)ayCUr GaceFVIkarkat;bnßyya:geRcInnUvtMrUvkar beBa©jbB©Úalxül; b¤ kardusxat; kEnøgsþúkTukbnÞab;BIeFIVFUbTkmµedIm,IykecjnUv SO2 EdlelIs. sMrab;Bt’manBIkar {eRbIR)as;srub} énbec©keTseFIVFUbTkmµ EdlbegáIteLIgedIm,IeFVIRbRBwtþkmµ EpøTMBaMg )ayCUr CamYys‘ulhVÜrDIGuksuIt sUmemIl Luvisi, (1992).

sUdüÚm b¤ b:UtasüÚmb‘Ís‘ulhVIt³ b‘Ís‘ulhVIt CaTUeTAmanpÞúkenAkñúgRTnab;Rkdas b¤ pøasÞikxagkñúgeksedIm,IbeBa©j]sµ½ns‘ulhVÜr

DIGuksuItmkeRkA karBar molds enAelIEpøTMBaMg)ayCUrkñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún nig sþúkTuk.

RbPB : Luvisi, D.A. et al. 1992. Sulfur Dioxide Fumigation of Table Grapes. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bulletin 1932. Ogawa, J.M. and Manji, B.T. 1984. in: Moline , H.E. (Ed). Postharvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Bulletin 1914.

kareRbIGMbilb‘ÍkabUNatsMrab;karBarkarxUcxateRkayRbmUlplRtUv)aneRbIenAelIEpøemÞsRss;/melons dMLÚg)araMg kar:ut nig RkUcqµar. GMbilTaMgenHmantMélefak mansuvtßiPaB gayrk ehIyRtUv )anTTYlsÁal;faCa sarFatuxniC nig KµanCatiKImIkñúgkareRbIsMrab;lk;dUrenATIpSar.

GMbilb‘ÍkabUNatrYmman³ b‘ÍkabUNatsUda b¤ emSAsUda (NaHCO3)

b:UtasüÚmb‘ÍkabUNat (KHCO3)


89

viFIsa®sþeRbI ¬eRbICamYy b¤ Kµan chlorinationtamRtUvkar¦

viFIsa®sþ GRta rYmCamYy ³ )aj;TwkBIelI b¤ RClk; sUluysüúg 2 % ¬eRbI 2Rk kñúgTwk 100m>l b¤ 20Rk¼l¦ )aj;TwkBIelI b¤ RClk; sUluysüúg 3 % ¬eRbI 3 RkkñúgTwk 100m>l b¤ 30Rk¼l¦ lagTwkecj

RbPB : Smilanick, J. 2002 (personal communication) Research Plant Pathologist, USDA ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center .

BYk)ak;etrI soft rot (Erwinia) Ca)ak;etrIeFVIeGays¥úyrlYyenAelIés<ekþab EdlGacTb;sáat; edayeRbIemSAkMe)ar b¤ l,aysac;CUr 15% ( 15g GalumIj:Úmb:UtasüÚms‘ulhVat kñúgTwk 100%). bnÞab;BIkareFVIRbRBwtþkmµKl;és<ekþab RtUvTukvaecaleGays¶ÜtBI 20-30 naTI muneFVIkarevcx©b;.

kareRbIsUluysüúgsac;CUr (kar)aj;sac b¤ dusBIelI):

kareRbIemSAkMe)ar (press butt-end into powder):

RbPB : Borromeo, E.S. and I lag, L.L. 1984. Alum and Lime Applications: Potential Postharvest Control of Cabbage Soft Rot. Appropriate Postharvest Technology 1(1):10-12.


90

enAeBlRtUvkareRbIfñaMsMlab;pSiteTAelIplitpl eKKYreRbIfas manecaHrn§enA)atedIm,IRTplit plenAeBleK)aj;fñaMeTAelIplitpl. enAkñúgrUbPaBxageRkam KWkar)aj;fñaMedayédsMrab;sMlab;pSit enAelIEpøeckkñúgdMnak;kal run-off. bnÞab;mkEpøeck RtUvTukeGays¶ÜtenAkñúgfasenaHmuneBleFVIkar elIkdak; eTAkEnøgepSgeTot.

RbPB : FAO. 1989. Prevention of Postharvest Food Losses: Fruits. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 157 pp.

Fug)aj;fñaM s<ayenAelIxñg Ca]bkrN_manRbeyaCn_eRbIsMrab;)aj;sMlab;pSit nig kareFVIRbRBwtþ kmµKImIelIplitpleRkayRbmUlplepSgeTot. Fug)aj;fñaM TMhMepSg² CaeRcInRbePTGacrkTij)an enAtamRkumh‘un lk;sMPar³ksikmµ b¤ bBa¢aTijtam Internet.

enAeBlEpøeQIRtUv)anx©b;sMrab;karnaM ecjeKeRbIfñaMsMlab;pSitedIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarsþg;daKuNPaB GnþrCati nig edIm,Ikat;bnßykarbMpøicbMpøajkñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún. ]bkrN_ Cascade Applicator xageRkam RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,Idak;fñaMsMlab;pSiteGay)ansBV nig manRbsiT§iPaBedayeRbIrnaMgTwkedIm,IsMrk; elIEpøeQI.

eKdak;EpøeQIenAkñúgfaspøasÞikelIrLÚénExSBanTaj ¬minmanbgðaj¦ cUleTAkñúg]bkrN_RCmuC Twk. enAkñúg]bkrN_bMpøatragdUckgðar )anbegáItCarnaMgmYyrbs;fñaMsMlab;pSitrav. EpøeQIpøas;TIenA eRkamrnaMgEdlvaRtUv)anBnøicedayrnaMgTwkenaH bnÞab;mkecjBI]bkrN_ edIm,IsMrs;TwkenAelIkERBa©g EdlmanrnaMgmYyeTot. FugenaHpÞúksUluysüúgsMlab;pSit 50 lIRt ehIysñb;bUmmYy RtUv)aneKbMBak; enAkMritesµInwgkMritmat;Rckecjrbs;Fug. eK)andak;cMeraHmYyenAelIkMBUlrbs;FugedIm,I dksarFatu epSg²ecjBIrMhUrRtlb;eTAvijrbs;fñaMsMlab;pSit EdlecjBIRbGb;]brkN_ nig fassMrab;Rtlb;vij.


91

RbPB : Overseas Div., AFRC. National Institute of Agricultural Engineering. 1974. Bulletin

No. 6. Silsoe, Bedfordshire , England .

Gayukalrbs;páaEdlkat;dak;enAkñúgfU ³

kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµKImIsamBaØxøH nig karGnuvtþkarelIkdak;GaceRbI)anedIm,IkarBarPaBRCYj nig karxUckñúgeBlelIkdak; nig naMpáaeTATIpSar ehIyGacrkSaTuk)anyUrenAkñúgfUenApÞH. ebIGñkCaGñklk;páa GñkGacpþl;bBa¢I Edle)aHBum<rYcTaMgenH nig pþl;CaKnøwHepSg²eTAePJóvrbs;Gñk)an . -cab;epþImedayykFug b¤ fUs¥at 1 ¬lagCamYyTwksab‘UehIylagTwkecj¦ -ebHsøwkxageRkamecjfñm²edIm,IkuMeGaymansøwksl;kúñgFug b¤ fU -kat;TgecjmþgeTot ykecjRbEvgRbEhl 1-2 GuIj enAeRkamTwk


92

- eRbITwkKµanCatiEr:ebIsinTwkenAtMbn;GñkCaTwkrwg ¬begáItsñwmBN’senAelIk,almasIunTwk¦ b¤ RtUveFVIeGaykøayCaTwkTn; ¬sMbUreTAedayGMbil¦. - eRbITwkekþAG‘un² b¤ TwkekáAenA 40oC b¤ 100oF

- eRbIl,aymYykñúgcMeNamxageRkam. vamanCatiGasuIt EdlGacCMnYylMhUrrbs;Twk Catisár CYyeGaypáarIk nig fñaMsMrab;EfrkSaedIm,Ikat;bnßypSit nig )ak;etrI.

1- laysUda lemonlime 1 PaKCamYyTwkekáAG‘un² 3 PaK. kuMeRbIsUdasMrkTMgn;. EfmemSAeFVIeGays eRbIkñúgpÞH)ay 1¼4 søabRBakaehVsMrab;ral;cMENkmYy² rbs;Twk

2- TwkRkUcqµar b¤ TwkRkUcqµar 2 søabRBakaehV sár 1¼4 søabRBa)ay nig emSAs 1¼4 søabRBakaehVkñúgral; 1¼4 TwkekþA EfmemSA 1¼4 søabRBakaehVral;4éf¶mþg

3- eRbIsarFatusMrab;rkSapáaEdlmanlk;elITIpSar. vamantMélefak ehIygayRsYl bu:Enþ BuMsUvmanRbsiT§PaB dUcrUbmnþ Edlpþl;xagelIeT.

- ebIGñkeRbIeGb:ugerobpáa cUrRtaMkñúgTwkrhUtdl;vaelcxøÜnÉg. karrujvacuHeTAkñúgfU eFVIeGayman enAsl;xül;kñúgeGb:ugEdlCamUlehtubNáaleGaypáaqab;gab;. RbPB : Hesketh, K.A. et al. No date. Extending the life of cut flowers in your home. University

of California Cooperative Extension DANR No. Publication 7169.


93

CMBUkTI 5³ karRtYtBinitüTb;sáat;kars¥úyrlYy nig stVl¥it - 2

kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµRtCak; ³ pSit nig )ak;etrIxøH enAkñúgdMNak;kallUtlas; (Germitation) rbs;vaKWgayTTYlrgeTAnwg FatuRtCak; ehIykarcMlgeraKGackat;bnßy)anedaysþúkplitplTukenAsItuNðPaBRtCak;bMput Edlva GacRTaMRT)an edayKµankarxUcxatkñúgry³eBlBI 2 eTA 3 éf¶ ¬0oC sMrab;Epøe)a:m pear, TMBaMg)ayCUr kiwi, Tnøab; nigBBYk stonefruit¦. Rhicopus Stolonifer nig Aspergillus niger (pSitexµA) GacsMlab; )ankñúgdMNak;kallUtlas;eBlTukenA 0oC (32oF) kñúgeBl 2 b¤eRcInéf¶CagenH (Adaskaveg et al,

in Kader, 2002) ehIykarlUtlas;rbs; pathogen GacRtUvbBaÄb;edaykarsþúkTukenAsItuNðPaB eRkam 5 oC (41oF).

kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedayRtCak; k¾GacbMerIdl;karRtYtBinitüstVl¥itcéRg nig GacRtYtBinitü fruit

flies, false codling moth, melon fly, pecan weevil nig fruit borer enAelIKUeln )anpgEdr kñúgeBlfµI²enH. bc©½ysMrab;akarRtYtBinitü fruit flies rtUvkarry³eBl 10 éf¶ enA 0° C (32° F) b¤ TabCag b¤ 14éf¶ enA 1/7 ° C (35 ° F) b¤ TabCag ehtudUecñH kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµsmRsbsMrab;cMeBaH EtplitplEdlGacRTaMRT)annwgkarsþúkTuksItuNðPaBTabry³eBlEvg dUcCa e)a:m B½r TMBaMg)ayCUr KIvi nig Tnøab;CaedIm. edayehtufatMrUvkarTaMgLayRbQmeTAnwgbMlas;bþÚr CaTUeTAeKsMedAdl;kar e)aHBum<cugeRkaybMputrbs;esovePAENnaMBIkareFIVRbRBwtþikmµ rbs; APHIS.

sMrab;plitplevcx©b;muneBleFIVbc©½ysþúkTUkedayRtCak; rn§xül;ecjcUl KYrEtBinitüemIl edIm,IkarBarkarqøgeLIgvijedayBBYkstVl¥itkMLúgeBLelIkdak;.

BiFIkarénkareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedayRtCak;sMrab; Fruit Fly elIEpøeQIemDIETra:en (Ceratitis capitata)

sItuNðPaB kMLúgeBldak; ¬éf¶¦ 0 ° C (32 ° F) b¤ TabCagenH 10 0/6 ° C (33 ° F) b¤ TabCagenH 11

1/1 ° C (34 ° F) b¤ TabCagenH 12

1/7 ° C (35 ° F) b¤ TabCagenH 14

2/2 ° C (36 ° F) b¤ TabCagenH 16

RbPB³ USDA APHIS PPQ Treatment Manual -http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals /online_manuals.html


94

kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµeday Controlled/modified atmosphere

sMrab;plitplEdlFnRTaMnwgkMrit]sµ½nkabUnicx<s; BI 15 eTA 20° kareFIVeGaymanxül;;eRcIn eKGaceRbICakEnøgkarBarPaBs¥úyrlYy EdlbN þalBIBBYk pathogens dUcCa Botrytiscinerea enAelI strawberry, blueberry, blackberry, fresh fig and table grapes kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún. cUremIlenAelITMB½r 83-84 sMrab;karerobrab;BIviFIsaRs þþsMrab;kMENERbbriyakasenAkñúgKMrb)a:ELt.

briyakasEdlGacsMlab;BBYkstVl¥it (O2 0/5% b¤TabCag nig /b¤ CO2 40% b¤ x<s;Cag) RtUv)aneKbgðajfamanRbsiT§PaBCMnYseGaykareRbIR)as;FUbTkr emTIlRbUma:yedIm,IbM)at;karqøgCMgW enAelIEpøeQIs¶Üt BBYkdMNaMRKab; nig bEnø. RbsiT§PaBénkareRbIbriyakasedIm,IkMcat;stVl¥itBwgEp¥k elIsItuNðPaB sMeNImeFob kMLúgeBldak;eGayRtUvbriyakasenaH nig vKÁCIvitrbs;stVl¥it.

eK)aneRbIR)as;kMhab;GuksIuEsnTab nig¼b¤]sµ½nkabUnicx<s;edIm,IsMlab;stVl¥itCak;lak;enAkñg plitplEdlGacFneTAnwglkçxNÐTaMgenH. RbsiT§PaBénbriyakassMlab;stVl¥itGaRs½yelIsItuNð PaB sMeNImeFob kMLúgeBlénkardak;eGayRtUvbriyakasenaH nig vKÁCIvitrbs;stVl¥it. ]TahrN_ R)aMdMbUgén]TahrN_TaMgR)aMbI)anmkBI Mitcham et al (1997):

1¦ Instars TImYy nig TI 3 rbs; greenheaded leafroller (Planotortrix excessana) nig Instars

TImYy nig TI 5 rbs; brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) nig light brown apple

moth (Epiphyas postvittana) RtUv)ansMlab;TaMgRsugkñúgry³eBl 2Ex enAeBlEdlEpøe)a:mRtUv)an sþúkTukenAsItuNðPaB 0/5 oC kñúg GuksIuEsn 3° nig CO2 3°. 2¦ s‘utrbs; apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali) nig European red mite (Panonychus ulmi)

RtUv)ansMlab;enAkñúgry³eBl 5/3 ExenAeBlEdlEpøe)a:msþúkTukenAsItuNðPaB 2.8 ºC kñúgbriyakas Edlman GuksIuEsn 1° nig ]sµ½nkabUnic 1°. 3) Codling moth larvae (Cydia pomonella) RtUv)ansMlab;TaMgRsugkñúgry³eBl 3 Ex enAeBl EdlEpøe)a:msþúkTukenA 0 ºC , GuksIuEsn 1/5-2% nig ]sµ½nkabUnicticCag 1°.

4¦ kñúgEpøKIvI adult two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) RtUv)ansMlab;enAsItuNðPaB 40

ºC, O2 0.4% nig CO2 20% kñúgry³eBl 7 em:ag. 5¦ enAeBlEdleKsþúkTukEpøTnøab;enAsItuNðPaB 20 ºC O2 0/5% nig CO2 5% enaH Instar TI 3én leafrollers (Planotortrix excessana) RtUv)ansMlab;kñúgry³eBl 4 éf¶ ehIy larvae nig adult

mealy bug (Pseudococcus longispinus) RtUv)ansMlab;kñúgry³ eBl 7éf¶.


95

RbPB : Mitcham, E.J., S. Zhou and A.A. Kader. 1997. Potential for CA for postharvest insect control in fresh horticultural perishables: an update of summary tables compiled by Ke and Kader, 1992. pp. 78-90 In: Thompson, J.F. and Mitcham, E.J. (eds) CA'97 Proceedings Volume 1: CA Technology and Disinfestation Studies. Department of Pomology Postharvest Hort Series No. 15.

6) eKGac RKb;RKgRtYtBinitü Sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) )anenA sItuNð PaBbnÞb;kñúgkEnøgsþúkdMLÚgCVakñúgtMbn;RtUBicedaykareFIVRbRBwtþikmµbriyakasGuksIuEsnTab nig ]sµ½n kabUnicx<s;. enAsItuNðPaB 25 °C (76 °F), karsþúkTukkñúgbryakasEdlmanGuksIuEsn 2 eTA 4° nig ]sµ½nkarbUnic 40 eTa 60° bNþaleGayman mortality of adult weevils kñúgry³eBl 2 eTA 7éf¶.

RbPB : Delate, K. et al. 1990. Controlled atmosphere treatments for control of sweetpotato weevil in stored tropical sweetpotatoes. Journal of Economic Entomology 83:461-465.

7 ) eKGackarBar Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) )anenAkñúgkEnøgsþúkTukEpøeQI enAsItuNðPaB 25 °C (76 °F) edaykareRbIbriyakasEdlmanGuksIuEsn 0/5° nig ]sµ½nkabUnic 10° sMrab;ry³ eBl 2 eTA 3éf¶ (adult b¤ egg) b¤ 6 eTA 12 éf¶ (pupa). karERbRbYlBN’ nig PaBrwgkMLúgeBlTuM minman\T§iBledaybc©½yenHeT.

RbPB : Soderstrom, E.L. et al. 1990. Responses of codling moth life stages to high carbon dioxide or low oxygen atmospheres. Journal of Economic Entomology 83:472-475.

8) kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµCamYynwg]sµ½nkabUnic 45° enAsItuNðPaB 0°C (32°F) kMBugRtUv)aneKbegáIt eLIgsMrab;ktþacéRgmYycMnYnEdlekItmanenAelIépÞ rYmman omnivorous leafroller (Platynota

sultana), western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis), nig Pacific spider mite (

Tetranychus pacificus) enAelITMBaMg)ayCUrEdlRbmUlplrYc. bc©½yenHRtUvkarry³eBl 13 éf¶ enA 0° eTA 2°C (32 ° to 36 °F) ehIyGacsagsg;enAkñúgk)a:l; kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún)an. bu:EnþBuMTan;mankar Gnum½tnUvbc©½ysMlab;stVl¥iteday CA faCabc©½yedayELkenAeLIyenaHeT.

RbPB : Mitcham, E.J., F.G. Mitchell, M.L. Arpaia, and A.A. Kader. 2002. Postharvest Treatments for insect control. p. 251-257, in: A.A. Kader (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, third edition. University of California , ANR Publication 3311.


96

kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedaykMedA karRClk;TwkekþA b¤ kareRbIxül;ekþA RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;karRtYtBinitüeday pÞal;eTAelI

stVl¥iteRkayRbmUlpl. kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµEdlmanRbsiT§PaBcMeBaHEpøsVay KWenA sItuNÐPaB 46/4 GgSaes kñúgry³eBl BI 65 eTA 90 naTI GaRs½yeTAtamTMhMEpø BUC nig RbeTskMeNIt (Mitcham et

al in Kader, 2002). eKminRtUvkan; b¤elIkdak;Pøam²eT bnÞab;BIkareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedaykMedA. enAeBlEdleKeRbIkMedAeTAelIplitplRss; eKeRtUvpþl;TwkRtCak; b¤xül;RtCak;edIm,ICYyeGayEpøeQI vileTArksItuNðPaBRbesIrPøam²tamEdleFIVeTA)an bnÞab;BI)aneFIVRbRBwtþikmµcb;sBVRKb;bribUN_.

Pñak;garcMlgCMgWmYycMnYnFnRTaM)aneTAnwgkareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedaykMedA. karRClk;TwkekþA b¤kar eRbIxül;ekþAGacmanrbsiT§PaBkarBarCMgW)an CaBiesssMrab;karkat;bnßybnÞúkMiRkubsMrab;plitpldUcCa plum peaches lðúg Rtsk;RsUv nig stone fruit (Shewfelt, 1986), dMLÚgCVa nig eb:ge)a:HCaedIm.

kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedayTwkekþA (Hot water treatments)

plitpl emeraK sItu> (C) ry³eBl (min) rbYsEdlGacekItman

e)a:m Gloeosporium sp. Penicillium expansum 45 10 GayukalsþúkTukfycuH

RkUcføúg Phytophthora citrophthora 48 3

sENþkexov Pythium butleri Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 52 0/5

RkUcqµar Penicillium digitatum Phytophthora sp. 52 5-10

sVay AnthracnoseCollectotrichum gloeosporioides 52 5 minGacRtYtBinitü stem

rot

«Lwk Fungi 57-63 0.5

RkUc Diplodia sp Phomopsis sp. Phytophthora sp. 53 5 Poor de-greening

lðúg Fungi 48 20

lðúg * Anthracnose Colletotrichum gleosporioides 4249 3020

Peach Monolinia fruticola Rhizopus stolonifer 52 2/5 Motile skin

emÞs (bell) Erwinia sp. 53 1/5 Slight spotting


97

* karRtYtBinitü anthracnose enAelIlðúgRtUvkarbc©½yTaMgBIr ry³eBl 30 naTI enA 42 GgSaesbnÞab;mk 20 naTI enA 49 GgSaes.

kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedayxül;ekþa (Hot forced-air treatments)

plitpl emeraK sItu> (C) ry³eBl (min)

sMeNImeFob (%)

rbYsEdlGacekItman

Apple Gloeosporium sp. Penicillium expansum 45 15 100 bMpøaj

Melon Fungi 30-60 35 Tab Marked breakdown

Peach Monolinia fruticola Rhizopus stolonifer 54 15 80

Strawberry Alternaria sp. Botrytis sp., Rhizopus sp. Cladosporium sp.

43 30 98

RbPB : Barkai-Golan, R. and Phillips, D.J. 1991. Postharvest treatments of fresh fruits and vegetables for decay control. Plant Disease 75:1085-1089.

karRtYtBinitüedayCIvsaRsþ nig kareRbI plant growth regulators

plitplBIrya:g (antagonistic organisms) sMrab;RtYtBinitütamCIvsaRsþ kMBugRtUv)aneK eRbIR)as;CaeRKOgbMeBj ¬kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedayKImI nig¼b¤ edaykMedA¦ karRKb; RKgkarBukpuyeRkay RbmUlplrYmCamYyviFIsaRsþeps²EdlCaEpñkénkmµviFIRKb;RKgktþacéRgcMruHsMrab;EpøeQI nig bEnømYy cMnYn ¬sUmemIlkñúgtaragxageRkam¦.

eKGaceRbI plant growth regulators BIrya:g edIm,IBnüaCraPaBrbs;EpøRkUc nig CalMdab; lMedayBnüaPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;eTAnwgPaBBukpuy ¬sUmemIltaragxageRkam¦.

sarFatuRtYtBinitütamCIvsaRsþ nig plant growth regulators EdlGacrk)anenAelITIpSar )an cuHbBa¢ICakareFIVRbRBwtþikmµkmµeRkayRbmUlpl³

RbePT srIragÁ¼plitpl qñaMENnaM dMNaM srIragÁb¤muxgar eFIVeGayxUc

vIsaRsþ eRbIR)as;

kMritGt;eGan sMNl; (ppm)

Biocontrol Pseudomonas syringaeBio-Save)

1995 RkUc Penicillium digitatus,P. italicum,Geotrichum citri- aurantii

RClk; b¤)aj; elIkElg


98

es‘rI Penicillium expansum,Botrytis cinerea

eFIVeGayeCaK elIkElg

e)a:m,

B½r

Penicilliu expansum,Botrytis cinerea,Mucor piriformis

RClk; b¤eFIV eGayeCaK

elIkElg

dMLÚg Fusarium sambucinum,Helminthosporium solani

RClk; b¤)aj; elIkElg

Biocontrol Candida oleophila (Aspire)

1995 Pome fruits

Decay pathogens kareRbIR)as;

RbePTNamYy elIkElg

RkUc Decay pathogens kareRbIR)as;

RbePTNamYy

elIkElg

PGR Gibberellic acid (Pro Gibb) 1955 RkUc Delays

senescence (delays onset of decay)

labeRbg sMrab;sþúkTuk

elIkElg

PGR 2,4-D (Citrus Fix) 1942 RkUc Delays

senescence of buttons (delays onset of decay)

labeRbg sMrab;sþúkTuk

5

RbPB : Adaskaveg, J.E., H. Forster, and N.F. Sommer. 2002. Principles of postharvest pathology and management of decays of edible horticultural crops. p. 196-195, in: A.A. Kader (ed). Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, third edition. University of California , ANR Publication 3311.


99

CMBUkTI 6³ karRtYtBinitüsItuNðPaB nig sMeNIm - 1

kñúgdMNak;kalcenøaHkarRbmUlpl nig eBlRtUvbriePaK karRtYtBinitüsItuNðPaB KWCaktþa d¾sMxan;bMputedIm,IrkSaKuNPaBrbs;plitpl. EpøeQI bEnø nig páa KWenAmanCIvit manCalikadMNk degðIm dac;edayELkBIedImrbs;va. karrkSaTukplitplenAsItuNðPaBTabmansuvtßiPaB (0oC rW 32oF

sMrab;dMNaMtMbn;RtCak;bgÁÜr b¤ BI 10-12oC b¤ 50-54oF sMrab;plitplmanPaBrYseTAnwgPaBRtCak;) GacbegáInGayukalsþúkTukedaykat;bnßyGRtadMNkdegðIm kat;bnßyPaBrYseTAnwg]sµ½neGTIELn ehIynigkat;bnßykar)at;bg;Twk. karkat;bnßyGRtaénkar )at;bg;TwkeFVIeGayGRtaénkarsVit RseBan fycuHEdlvaCamUlehtud¾F¶n;F¶rmYyénkar)at;bg;eRkaykarRbmUlpl.

karrkSaTukplitplenAsItuNðPaBRtCak;eBk k¾GacCabBaðaF¶n;F¶rpgEdr. kareCosvagkar xUcxatbNþalBIPaBRtCak;CaRbkarsMxan; edayehtufaeraKsBaØamYycMnYnrYmman kareLIgTuMminRtwmRtUv ¬eck nig eb:ge):aH¦ ekItmanRbehagGuc² rW man Sunken enAelIépÞ ¬RkUc «Lwk nig Rtsk;¦ karERbCa BN’etñat (GavUkadU, Cherimoyas, Rtb;) naMeTArkkarekIneLIgénkarxUcxat ¬Rtsk; nig sENþk¦ nig karvivtþn_eTArkkar)at;bg;rsCati ¬eb:ge)a:H¦ (Snewfelt, 1990).

kareFVIeGayRtCak;eFVIeLIgedaykarbþÚrkMedABI plitpleTAnwg mCÄdæaneFIVeGayRtCak; dUcCaTU Twkkk CaedIm. dMeNIrkarbBa¢ÚnkMedA rYmman Conduction, Convection, kaMrsµI nig rMhYt.

ebIsinCamanGKÁisnIRKb;RKan; RbB½n§eFVIeGayRtCak;edayemkanic)anpþl;CaRbPBRtCak;ya:g eCOCak;bMput. viFIsaRsþTaMgenHrYmbBa©ÚlkareFIVeGayRtCak;enAkñúgbnÞb; kareFIVeGayRtCak;edaykMlaMg xül; nig kareFIVeGayRtCak;edaycMhay. eK)anécñ]bkrN_RtCak;edaykMlaMgxül;Gacbt;)anmYy RbePTsMrab;eRbIR)as;edayGñkdaMduH nig GñkRbtibtþi xñattUc (Talbot and Fletcher, 1993; Rij et al,

1979; Parsons and Kasmire, 1974). bu:EnþeTaHCay:agNak¾eday eKeXIjman viFIsaRsþgay²epSg² sMrab;FIVeGayRtCak;plitpl ekItmanenAkEnøgEdlKµanKµanGKÁIsnI b¤kEnøgEdlmanGKÁIsnImantMél éfø. ]TahrN_mYycMnYnBIRbB½n§CaMerIssMxan;² ¬BI Thompson in Kader, 1992¦ rYmman kareFIVeGay RtCak;edayxül;naeBlyb; kareFIVeGayRtCak;eday radiant/ kareFIVeGayRtCak;eday cMhay kareRbITwkkk nig karsþúkTukedaykareRbIry³kMBs;x<s; b¤eRkamdI (bnÞb;eRkamdI, field clamps, rUg). TwkkkGacplitedayeRbIR)as;RbB½n§RtCak;EdleRbIfamBlRBHGaTitügay² EdleKeRbIR)as;bnÞH sMEb:tCaGñkRsUbykfamBlRBHGaTitüedIm,IbegáItGanuPaBplitTwkkkeFIVeGayRtCak;dl;TwksMrab;eRbIR)as;enAkñúg]bkrN_RtCak;edayTwk b¤ CaFnaKarTwkkksMrab;RbB½n§RtCak;edayxül; b¤ bnÞb;RtCak;.


100

karGnuvtþn_samBaØ²mYycMnYnmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;kareFIVeGayRtCak; nig CMrujeGaymanRbB½n§sþúkTuk RbkbedayRbsiT§PaBEdleK)aneRbIR)as; CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_EdlfamBlpát;pÁg;man EdnkMNt; nig karsnSMsMécCaerOgsMxan;. eKKYrpþl;møb;dl;plitplEdlRbmUlplrYc dl;kEnøevcx©b; sMrab;GaKarEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;karbB©aúHsItuNðPaB nig sþúkTuk nig sMrab;rfynþdwkCBa¢Ún. kareRbIR)as; møb;enAkEnøgEdlGaceRbI)annwgCYykat;bnßysItuNðPaBrbs;plitplEdlmkdl; ehIynwgCYykat; bnßytMélénkarbBa©úHsItuNðPaBCabnþbnÞab;. edImeQIKWCaRbPBya:gl¥mYykñúgkarpþl;møb; nig GacCYy kat;bnßysItuNðPaBenACuMvijkEnøgevcx©b; nig TIkEnøgsþúkTuk)an. ePøIgBN’enAelIGaKarnwgCYycaMgpøat BnøW ¬kMedA¦Rtlb;eTAvij ehIyCYYykat;bnßybnÞúkkMedA. CYnkalkarcMNayluynwgCYysnSMsMécluy pgEdr dUcCaenAeBlTij]bkrN_ePøIgCaedIm. GMBUlsUdüÚmEdlmansMBaFx<s; plitecjnUvkMedAtic nig eRbIR)as;famBlticCagGMBUlmUl.

TidæPaBepSg²eTotedIm,IBicarNaenAeBlEdlRbtibtþielIEpøeQI nig bEnøKwsMeNIménbridæansþúk Tuk. kar)at;bg;TwkBIplitplCajwkjab;Tak;TgTgeTAnwgkar)at;bg;KuNPaB enAeBlEdlckçúPaBpøas; bþÚrdUcCaPaBRCYj b¤ RseBan nig vaynPaBERbRbYlGacekIteLIg. RbsinebIkareRbIR)as;kareFIVeGay RtCak;edayemkanicsMrab;karbBa©úHsItuNðPaB enaHRbsinebIeRbIR)as;épÞénbUb‘Ínkan;EtFM eFVIeGay sMeNImenAkñúgbnÞb;RtCak;nwgkan;Etsl;eRcInEdr. bu:EnþeKRtUvcaMfakar)at;bg;TwkminGacminKit)anenaH eT Ca]TahrN_RbsinebIplitplenaHmaneKaledAsMrab;kardkTwkecj b¤ kaRckkMb:ug.

sMrab;plitplenATIpSaRss; viFIsaRsþNamYyénkarbegáInsMeNImrbs;bridæansþúkTuk ¬b¤ karkat;bnßy»nPaBsMBaFcMhay (VPD) rvagplitpl nig bridæanrbs;va¦ nig CYykat;bnßyGRtaén kar)at;bg;Twk. viFIsaRsþEdll¥bMputénkarbegáInsMeNImeFobKWkarkat;bnßysItuNðPaB. viFIsaRsþ epSg²KWkarbEnßmsMeNImdl;xül;CuMvijplitplCaG½BÞ CaEpSg b¤ cugeRkaybMputBwgEp¥ktamkareFIV eGayesImdl;kMralénbnÞb;sþúkTuk. viFIsaRsþepSg²eTotKWkareRbIrnaMgcMhaydUcCa waxes

RTnab;bU:lIeGTIELnenAkñúgRbGb; RbGb;EdlmaneRsab b¤ RbePTsMPar³evcx©b;EdlmantMålefak nig GaceRbIR)as;eLIgvij)an. sMPar³evcx©b;bEnßmTaMgGs;nwgCYybegáInnUvPaBlM)akénRbsiT§PaBbBa©úH sItuNðPaB dUcenHRTnab;Edlmanxül;ecjcUl ¬RbEhl 5°énépÞsrubrbs;RTnab;¦RtUv)aneKpþl;Ca Gnusasn_. rn§xül;énRTnab;RtUvEtp¢ittamrn§xül;rbs;sMbkevcx©b;edIm,IsMrYldl;karbBa©úHsItuNðPaB rbs;plitplenAxagkñúg. RTnab;edlmanrn§xül;nwgCYykat;bnßy»nPaBsMBaFcMhay (VPD) eday minb:HBal;;F¶n;F¶rdl;clnaGuksIuEsn ]sµ½nkabUnic nig eGTIELneT. karbbBa©úHsItuNðPaBenAbnÞb; (Room cooling)


100

karGnuvtþn_samBaØ²mYycMnYnmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;kareFIVeGayRtCak; nig CMrujeGaymanRbB½n§sþúkTuk RbkbedayRbsiT§PaBEdleK)aneRbIR)as; CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_EdlfamBlpát;pÁg;man EdnkMNt; nig karsnSMsMécCaerOgsMxan;. eKKYrpþl;møb;dl;plitplEdlRbmUlplrYc dl;kEnøevcx©b; sMrab;GaKarEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;karbB©aúHsItuNðPaB nig sþúkTuk nig sMrab;rfynþdwkCBa¢Ún. kareRbIR)as; møb;enAkEnøgEdlGaceRbI)annwgCYykat;bnßysItuNðPaBrbs;plitplEdlmkdl; ehIynwgCYykat; bnßytMélénkarbBa©úHsItuNðPaBCabnþbnÞab;. edImeQIKWCaRbPBya:gl¥mYykñúgkarpþl;møb; nig GacCYy kat;bnßysItuNðPaBenACuMvijkEnøgevcx©b; nig TIkEnøgsþúkTuk)an. ePøIgBN’enAelIGaKarnwgCYycaMgpøat BnøW ¬kMedA¦Rtlb;eTAvij ehIyCYYykat;bnßybnÞúkkMedA. CYnkalkarcMNayluynwgCYysnSMsMécluy pgEdr dUcCaenAeBlTij]bkrN_ePøIgCaedIm. GMBUlsUdüÚmEdlmansMBaFx<s; plitecjnUvkMedAtic nig eRbIR)as;famBlticCagGMBUlmUl.

TidæPaBepSg²eTotedIm,IBicarNaenAeBlEdlRbtibtþielIEpøeQI nig bEnøKwsMeNIménbridæansþúk Tuk. kar)at;bg;TwkBIplitplCajwkjab;Tak;TgTgeTAnwgkar)at;bg;KuNPaB enAeBlEdlckçúPaBpøas; bþÚrdUcCaPaBRCYj b¤ RseBan nig vaynPaBERbRbYlGacekIteLIg. RbsinebIkareRbIR)as;kareFIVeGay RtCak;edayemkanicsMrab;karbBa©úHsItuNðPaB enaHRbsinebIeRbIR)as;épÞénbUb‘Ínkan;EtFM eFVIeGay sMeNImenAkñúgbnÞb;RtCak;nwgkan;Etsl;eRcInEdr. bu:EnþeKRtUvcaMfakar)at;bg;TwkminGacminKit)anenaH eT Ca]TahrN_RbsinebIplitplenaHmaneKaledAsMrab;kardkTwkecj b¤ kaRckkMb:ug.

sMrab;plitplenATIpSaRss; viFIsaRsþNamYyénkarbegáInsMeNImrbs;bridæansþúkTuk ¬b¤ karkat;bnßy»nPaBsMBaFcMhay (VPD) rvagplitpl nig bridæanrbs;va¦ nig CYykat;bnßyGRtaén kar)at;bg;Twk. viFIsaRsþEdll¥bMputénkarbegáInsMeNImeFobKWkarkat;bnßysItuNðPaB. viFIsaRsþ epSg²KWkarbEnßmsMeNImdl;xül;CuMvijplitplCaG½BÞ CaEpSg b¤ cugeRkaybMputBwgEp¥ktamkareFIV eGayesImdl;kMralénbnÞb;sþúkTuk. viFIsaRsþepSg²eTotKWkareRbIrnaMgcMhaydUcCa waxes

RTnab;bU:lIeGTIELnenAkñúgRbGb; RbGb;EdlmaneRsab b¤ RbePTsMPar³evcx©b;EdlmantMålefak nig GaceRbIR)as;eLIgvij)an. sMPar³evcx©b;bEnßmTaMgGs;nwgCYybegáInnUvPaBlM)akénRbsiT§PaBbBa©úH sItuNðPaB dUcenHRTnab;Edlmanxül;ecjcUl ¬RbEhl 5°énépÞsrubrbs;RTnab;¦RtUv)aneKpþl;Ca Gnusasn_. rn§xül;énRTnab;RtUvEtp¢ittamrn§xül;rbs;sMbkevcx©b;edIm,IsMrYldl;karbBa©úHsItuNðPaB rbs;plitplenAxagkñúg. RTnab;edlmanrn§xül;nwgCYykat;bnßy»nPaBsMBaFcMhay (VPD) eday minb:HBal;;F¶n;F¶rdl;clnaGuksIuEsn ]sµ½nkabUnic nig eGTIELneT. karbbBa©úHsItuNðPaBenAbnÞb; (Room cooling)


101

karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBenAbnÞb; mantMélefak bu:EnþCaviFIsaRsþbBa©úHsItuNðPaByWtbMputenAeBl EdlmanGKÁsnIedIm,IdMeNIrkarma:sIunRtCak;edayemkanic. enAeBleRbIR)as;karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBenA bnÞb; eKpÞúkplitplya:ggaycUleTAkñúgbnÞb;RtCak; ehIyeKebIkxül;RtCak;eGayvilcUlkñúgeks )av b¤k¾FugpÞúkFM². viFIsaRsþbB©aúHsItuNðPaBenHmansmrmübMputcMeBaHplitplEdlgayrgkarxUcxat tictYc dUcCadMLÚg xÞwm)araMg e)a:m dMLÚgCVa nigBBYkEpøRkUcCaedIm edayehtufa plitplEdlgayrg karxUcxatxøaMg nwgRtUvbMpøicbMpøajxøMgmunRtUv)anbBa©úHsItuNðPaBRKb;RKan;. karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBenAbnÞb; CaviFIsaRsþEdleKRtUvkarbMput RbsinebIeFIVkarelIkdak;RbtibtþiplitplEdlgayrgeRKaHedayRtCak; EdlRtUvkarbBa©úHsItuNðPaBcab;taMgBIsItuNðPaBRbmUlpleBlRBlwmrhUtdl;sItuNðPaBsþúkTuk 10 eTA 13 GgSaes ¬50oF¦. karerobcMbøg; nig RbtibtþikarénbnÞb;RtCak;manPaBgayRsYl nig minRtUvkar]bkrN_GIVBiesseT.

vamansar³sMxan;edIm,ITukcenøaHrvagKMnrRbGb;enAxagkñúgbnÞb;RtCak;eGaymanrebob edIm,I bBa©úHsItuNðPaBeGay)anqab;rh½s. RbEhl 1Giuj ¬2/5 sm¦manPaBRKb;RKan;edIm,IeGayxül; RtCak;vilcuHeLIgCuMvijRbGb;eTalCaeRcIn. plitplenAkñúgRbGb;Edlmanrn§xül;qab;RtCak;elOnCag plitplEdlevcx©b;enAkñúgeksEdlKJµanrn§xül;. enAkñúgbnÞb;RtCak;xñattUcCaeRcIn eKpÞúkplitplenA kñúgbnÞb;ya:gENn EdlkarbB©úaHsItuNðPaBminGacekIteLIgTal;EtesaH ehIyeTaHbICamanRbB½n§ RtCak;EdlmantMéléføk¾eday k¾sItuNðPaBplitplminEdlFøak;cuHdl;kMritCaGnusasn_enaHeT.

KMnrplitplenAkñúgbnÞb;RtCak;KYrtMerobeGay)anceg¥ot EdlmanTTwgRbEhlmYyTTwgrbs; )a:ELt ¬BIr b¤ bI eks¦. eKKYrtMelIugkgðaredIm,Iclnaxül;eGay)anBaseBjbnÞb;. xül;vilcuHeLIg eBjbnÞb;kat;tamépÞ nig kat;tamTIcMhr dUcenHkarbBa©úHsItuNðPaBBIxageRkAeTAcMnuckNþalénKMnrKW PaKeRcIntamkarcMlgedaypÞal;. GñknwgRtUvkarRtYtBinitüsItuNðPaBplitplenAxagkñúgsMbkevcx©b; enATItaMgepSg²kñúgbnÞb;edIm,IBinitüfaplitpl)anbBa©úHsItuNðPaBtamtMrUvkar. cUrerobcMKMnreLIgvij ehIyvas;EvgGRtaénkarcuHRtCak;rhUtdl;Gñkrk)annUvKMrURtwmRtUvsMrab;bnÞb;RtCak;rbs;Gñk.


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karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaykMlaMgxül; (Forced-air cooling)

¬sUmemIl]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBGacelIk)anrbs: USDA enATMB½r 189 pgEdr¦ karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaykMlaMgxül;Taj b¤ rujkat;tamekssþúkTukrbs;va pþl;nUvGRtabBa©úH

sItuNðPaBnUvRbePTplitplmYycMnYn)anya:gxøaMg. eK)anerobcM]bkrN_bB©úaHsItuNðPaB edaykMlaMg xül;CaeRcInRbePT edIm,Iykxül;esImRtCak;ecjBIelIplitpl. ]TahrN_pþl;eGayxageRkamenHKW CaRbePTenAnwgkEnøg EdleKdak;kgðarenAxagkñúgCBa¢aMgrbs;bnÞb;RtCak;.

Cold wall forced-air cooler:

RbPB : Rij, R. et al. 1979. Handling Precooling and Temperature Management of Cut Flower

Crops for Truck Transportation. USDA Science and Education Administration, AAT-W-5, UC Leaflet 21058


103

rUbPaBbgðajxageRkamenHKWCaTidæPaBepSgeTotbgðajBI]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaykMlaMg xül;EdlmanCBa¢aMgRtCak;. pÞaMgRkNat;RtUvEtP¢iteGay)anl¥ ehIy)a:ELtEdlcMhrRtUvbitedIm,I eGay]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBtamEbbbMBg;dMeNIrkar)anl¥.

RbPB : Gast, K.L.B. and Flores , R. 1991. Precooling produce. Kansas State University Cooperative Extension, Manhattan , Kansas .

eK)ansagsg;]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaB eRbIedaykMlaMgxül;FuntUc edayeRbIsnøwkbU:lIeGTIELn eb¤ sMBt;. eKRkalsnßwkBIelIdMbUl nig xageRkammat;RbGb;kMral bitP¢iteRKÓgTaMgmUl nig CMrujkMlaMg xül;edIm,ITaj kat;tamrn§xül; ¬épÞrn§xül;RtUvticCag 5° énépÞRkdas¦rbs;KMnreksTl;nwg]bkrN_ bBa©úHsItuNðPaB. sMNuM]bkrN_enHerobcMeLIgedIm,IeRbIR)as;enAkñúgbnÞb;sþúkTukEdlmanma:sIunRtCak;. sMNuMkgðarmanbgðajP¢ab;eTAnwgrUbBIrbeobrMhUrxül;KYrqøgkat;enAkñúg]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaB. edIm,I TTYllT§pl)anl¥ nig tMélRbtibtþikarCaGb,brima eKRtUveGayxül;Edl)anbeBa©j]Nð²BIkgðareq<aH edaypÞal;rtlb;eTAxagkñúgbnÞb;RtCak;.


104

A portable forced-air cooler:

RbPB : Parsons, R.A. and Kasmire, R.F. 1974. Forced-air unit to rapidly cool small lots of packaged produce. University of California Cooperative Extension, OSA #272.

rUbPaBxageRkamenH bgðajBI]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBeRbIedaykMlaMgxül; BIrRbePTEdl eRbIR)as;sMrab;bBa©úHsItuNðPaBpáa. ]bkrN_nimYy²bMBak;edaykgðarmYyedm,ITajxül;BIbnÞb;RtCak; kat;tamRbGb;plitpl.


105

RbPB : Rij, R. et al. 1979. Handling, Precooling and Temperature Management of Cut Flower Crops for Truck Transportation. USDA Science and Education Administration, UC Leaflet 21058.

rUbPaBxageRkamenHbgðajBIKMrUCaGnusasn_énrn§xül;sMrab;eksEdleRbIedIm,IRTplitpl Edl bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedayeRbIkMlaMgxül;. rn§xül;RtUveFIVeLIg 5 ° BIépÞsrubxagelI ehIyKYrdak;enA cMgay 5 eTA 7/5 sm ¬2-3 Giuj¦ BIRCugEKm. rn§xül;mYycMnYn ¬beNþay 1/3 sm = 0/5 Giuj b¤ FMCagenH¦ manPaBRbesIrCagrn§xül;eRcIn Et tUc².


106

RbPB : Thompson, J.F. 2002. Cooling horticultural commodities. pp.97-112. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. of California , Div. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311. Mitchell, F.G. et al. 1972. Commercial cooling of fruits and vegetables. California Agricultural Experiment Station Extension Service, Manual 43.

kabBa©úHsItuNðPaBedayTwk (Hydro-cooling)

karbBa©úHsItuNðPaB edayeRbITwkpþl;nUvPaBqab;rh½s ÉksNæanPaB sMrab;plitplCaeRcIn. plitplrYmTaMgsMbkevcx©b;rbs;vaRtUvFnRTaMeTAnwgPaBesIm kør ¬EdleRbIsMrab;eFIVGnam½yTwkbBa©úH sItuNðPaB¦ nig kareFIVeGayxUcxatedaykarvayRbharBITwk (Mitchell in Kader, 1992).

kMENERbén]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBgaybMputmYYKWkareRbIFugmanTwkRtCak;Edldak;plitpl BnøicenAxagkñúg. RbePTEdlmanbgðajxageRkamenHbgðajBIkarsacTwkeTAelIplitpledayTwkkk xN³Edlplitplpøas;TIedayExSBanTaj. eK)ansagsg; ]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBRbePT Batch

type edIm,IRTRTg;)a:ELtEdlmanpÞúkplitplTaMgmUl (Thompson in Kader, 2002). ExSBanTaj Gacdak;bEnßmedIm,ICYyBinitüry³eBlplitplEdlb:HeTAnwgTwkRtCak;.

kabBa©úHsItuNÐPaBedayeRbITwksac (Hydro-cooling shower):


107

Batch-type hydro-cooler:

kabBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaycMhay (Evaporative cooling )

kEnøgevcx©b;xageRkamenHeFIVBIsMPar³FmµCatiEdlGacepSImedayTwk)an. karepSImCBa¢aMg nig dMbUlmuneKbg¥s;eBlRBwk begáIt)anCalkçxNÐsMrab;karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBtamcMhayénkEnøevcx©b;Edl eFIVBIcMebIg.

kEnøgevcx©b;eFIVBIcMebIg³

kEnøgevcx©b;dUcbgðajxageRkamenHeFIVBICBa¢aMgExlYsEdlmanpÞúkFüÚg. tamry³kareFIVeGay FüÚgesIm enaHeRKagTaMgmUlnwgRtUv)anbBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaycMhayenAkMLúgeBléf¶.

kEnøgevcx©b;eFIVBIcMebIg (Straw packinghouse):

RbPB : FAO. 1986. Improvement of Post-Harvest Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Handling- A Manual. Bangkok : UNFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.


108

]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaycMhayGacsagsg;edIm,IeFIVeGayxül;RtCak;enAkñúgrcnasm<½n§ sþúkTukTaMgmUl b¤RtwmEteksplitplBIrbI. ]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBTaMgenHskþismeTAnwgtMbn;Edl mansMeNImTab edayehtufakMriténkarcuHRtCak;kMNt;Rtwm 1 eTA 2 GgSaes ¬2 eTA 4o F¦enAelI sItuNðPaB wet bulk. RTnab; b¤ duMeQIRtCak; b¤ cMebIgRtUv)anepSIm ehIyxül; RtUv)anTajcUlkat;tam RTnab;edayeRbIkgðatUc. enAkñúg]TahrN_pþl;eGayTIenH eKbnþk;Twk 0/5 kaLúgkñúgmYynaTIeTAelI RTnab;EdlmanépÞ 8 foot kaer EdlGacpþl;xül;esImRKb;RKan;edIm,IbBa©úHsItuNðPaBplitpl 18 kERBa©gkñúgry¤eBl 1 eTA 2 em:ag. TwkRtUv)anRbmUlenAkñúgfasenA)atrbs;sMNuM]bkrN_ ehIyvil sarcuHeLIg.

]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaycMhay GacpSMCamYy]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaB edaykMlaMgxül; sMrab;LÚt_plitplEdlmancMnYntic. eKbBa©úHsItuNðPaBxül;tamkarqøgkat;RTnab;esIm muneBlvaqøg kat;kBa©b; nwgCuMvijplitpl. Xül;GaccuHRtCak;enAkñúg 2 b¤ 3 dWeRktam wet bulk temperature

énxül;enAkñúgbnÞb;. ]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaykMlaMgxül;cMhay (Evaporative forced-air cooler) :

RbPB : Thompson, J. F. and Kasmire, R.F. 1981. An evaporative cooler for vegetable crops. California Agriculture , March-April: 20-21. Source: Mitchell in Kader, 1992. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311. 296 pp.

]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaycMhaymanbgðajxageRkamenHbMBak;edaymasIunEdlmanxül; kYc (votex wind machine) . ExSlYsqµa²rtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,Isagsg;RbGb;esþIgBIrenAelIEpñkpÞúy


109

Kñarbs;]bkrN_EdlpÞúkdk;pÞaMgFüÚg b¤ cMebIg. eKbnþk;twkenAelIFüÚg b¤cMebIg ehIyxül;bgViltajTYb‘Ín bWtyksMeNIm eBlenaHxül;RtCak;)anqøgkat;tamkEnøgpÞúkplitplenAxagkñúg]bkrN_. enAeBleRbI ]bkrN_enH sItuNðPaBRtUv)anbBa©úHdl; 3 eTA 5oC ¬ 6 eTA 10 oF¦ eRkamsItuNðPaBxü;kñúgbnÞb; CamYynwgsMeNImeFobbriykasRbEhl 85 °.

RbPB : Redulla , C.A. et al. 1984. Temperature and relative humidity in two types of evaporative coolers. Postharvest Research Notes, 1(1): 25-28.

]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaycMhayGacsagsg;BisMPar³samBØa² dUcCa sMBt;)av nig b¤sSICa edIm. ]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaybnþk;manbgðajxageRkamenHRbtibtþikarTaMgmUldMeNIkareday rMhYtedayKµankareRbIR)as;kgðar. karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBkan;Etl¥RbesIrRbsinebI]bkrN_enaH dak;enAkñúg møb; ehIyeRbIKenøgEdlmanxül;ecjcUll¥.


110

]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaybnþk; (Drip cooler) :

RbPB ³ Redulla , C.A. et al. 1984. Keeping perishables without refrigeration: use of a drip

cooler. Appropriate Postharvest Technology 1(2): 13-15.

enARbeTshVIlIBIneKeRbI]bkrN_eFVIeGayRtCak;edaycMhaysamBaØBIrEbb sMrab;bBa©úHsItuNð PaB nig sþúkTukbEnø ¬dUcCaeb:ge)a:H/ emÞse)aøk nig mustard greens¦RbePT a ¬rUbbgðajxageRkam¦ eKdak;vaenAelIxÞHEdkeRsabsgásIEdlmandak;Twk (GI) nig xÞHTwkmYyeTotenABIelI. eKRKb)avRkecA enABIcMehog nigBIelI epSImedayTwkEdlRtaMkñúgxÞHenAxagelI nig xageRkam. RbePT b, Epñkxagkñúg sg;eLIgeday bnÞH GI latCamYynwgRbehagtUc² ¬cenøaH 5х5cm¦ ehIyEpñkxageRkAeFIVBIlYs sMNaj;mansréstUc ¬0/32 sm¦. cenøaHBIbnÞHxagkñúg nig xageRkAKW 1/5 sm cak;bMeBjeday GgáamEdl rkSaeGayesImedaytP¢ab;eTAnwgRkNat;RClk;enAkñúgxÞHTWkEdldak;enAelI]bkrN_enaH. plitplrkSaTukenAkñúg]bkrN_RbePTenH GacmanGayukalEvgCagplitpl EdlTukenAkñúg lkçxNÐbriyakasFmµta. kar)at;TMgn; nig eLIgTuMrbs;eb:ge):aH nig emÞsmandMeNIryWt ehIyGacrkSa Tuk)anyUr dUcTukenAkñúgTUTwkkkEdr ¬ry³eBlRbEhl 3 s)aþh_¦. kars¥úyrlYyGacCabBaða b:uEnþeK


111

GacRKb;RKgva)an edaylagplitplnwgTwkkør munnwgeFVIeGayRtCak;. Mustard Green )at;TMgn; yWtbMput ehIybgðajBIkareLIgRCYjtictYc rhUtdl; 5 éf¶.

RbPB³ Acedo, A.L. 1997. Storage life of vegetables in simple evaporative coolers. Tropical Science 37: 169-175. Acedo, A. 1997. Ripening and disease control during evaporative cooling storage of tomatoes. Tropical Science 37: 209-213.

]bkrN_eFVIeGayRtCak;edaycMhayEdldak;enAxagelIénkEnøgsþúkTuk GaceFVIeGaybnÞb;sþúk plitTaMgmUlRtCak; mandUcCadMLÚgCVa b¤ plitplEdlmanPaBrYseTAnwgPaBRtCak;. rn§xül;cUl sMrab;ykxül;BIeRkA KYrdak;eTAEpñk)aténsMng; edIm,IvaGaceFVIeGay xül;RtCak;qøgkat;bnÞb;muneBl ecjeTAeRkA.

RbPB³ Thompson, J.F. and Scheuerman, R.W. 1993. Curing and Storing California Sweetpotatoes. Merced County Cooperative Extension, Merced , California 95340


112

bnÞb;eFVIeGayRtCak;EdlmantMélefakxageRkam sg;eLIgGMBI\dæ EpñkcenøaHrbs;\dæRtUv )anbMeBjedayxSac; ehIyxSac; nig \dæRtUvepSImCanic©edayTwk. eKdak;EpøeQI nigbEnøenAxagkñúg ehIybnÞb;TaMgmUlRtUvRKbedaykenÞlRkLajwk EdlesImpgEdr. edayehtufakarsagsg; bnÞb;enH eKRtUvkarsMPar³eRcIn dUecñHKYreRbIvacMeBaHEtplitplNaEdlmantMéléfø. kñúgrdUvekþAenA\NÐa bnÞb;enHGacrkSasItuNðPaBxagkñúgBI 15-18 oC (59-65oF) ehIy

RH RbEhl 95°. kareFIVeGayRbesIrnUvbnÞb;RtCak;EdlminRtUvkarfamBl³

RbPB³ Roy S.K. 1989. Postharvest technology of vegetable crops in India. Indian Horticulture. Jan-June: 7678.

kareFVIeGaymanxül;ecjcUlenAeBlyb; kEnøgsþúkTuk GaceFVIeGayRtCak;edayeRbIxül;eBlyb;)anebIsinCasItuNðPaBrvageBlyb; nig éf¶xusKñaxøaMg (Thompson in Kader, 2002). kEnøgkarsþúkTukRtUvdak;GuIsULg; ehIyrn§xül;KYrdak; enApÞal;dI. rn§xül;GacebIkenAeBlyb; ehIykgðar GaceRbIsMrab;RsUbxül;qøgkat;bnÞb;TaMgmUl. rcna


113

sm½<n§enHRbesIrbMputsMrab;rkSasItuNðPaBeGayRtCak;kñúgeBléf¶ RbsinebIbnÞb;enHmanGIusULg;l¥ ehIyrn§xül;RtUv)an bitenAeBlRBwkRBlwm.


114

CMBUkTI 6³ karRtYtBinitüsItuNðPaB nig sMeNImeFob - 2

rbYsedayRtCak; (Chilling injury)

plitplbEnø nig EpøeQIEtgEtgayTTYlrgnUvrbYsedayRtCak;enAeBlbBa©úHsItuNðPaBTab Cag 13 eTA 16oC ¬55 eTA 60oF¦. rbYsedayRtCak; kat;bnßyKuNPaB nig bnßyGayukal plitpl. taragxageRkampþl;]TahrN_mYycMnYnBIeraKsBaØaénrbYsedayRtCak;tamRbePTplitpl epSg². eraKsBaØaTaMgenHEtgelcecjbnÞab;BIplitpldak;Rtlb;eTAsItuNðPaBekþAdUcCaenAeBl cracrN_enATIpSarCaedIm.

bEnø nig EpøeQIEdlgayTTYlrgrbYsedayRtCak;enAeBlsþúkTuksItuNðPaBTabFmµta bu:EnþminEmnsItuNðPaBbgák (Fruits and vegetables susceptible to chilling injury when stored

at moderately low but nonfreezing temperatures)

kar)a:n;RbmaNBI sItuNðPaBEdlman suvtßiPaBTabbMput

plitpl

°C °F

lkçN³énrbYsenAeBlsþúkTukrvagsItuNðPa 0°C nig sItuNðPaBsuvtßiPaB1

Apples (Jonathan, McIntosh, Yellow Newton )

2-3 36-38 Internal browning, brown core, soggy breakdown,soft scald

Asparagus 0-2 32-36 Dull, gray-green, and limp tips Avocados 4.5-13 40-55 Grayish-brown discoloration of flesh Bananas, green or ripe 11.5-13 53-56 Dull color when ripened Beans ( lima ) 1-4.5 34-40 Rusty brown specks, spots, or areas Beans (snap) 7 45 Pitting and russeting Cranberries 2 36 Rubbery texture, red flesh Cucumbers 7 45 Pitting, water-soaked spots, decay Eggplants 7 45 Surface scald, alternaria rot, blackening of

seeds Guavas 4.5 40 Pulp injury, decay Grapefruit 10 50 Scald, pitting, watery breakdown Jicama 13-18 55-65 Surface decay, discoloration Lemons 11-13 52-55 Pitting, membranous staining, red blotch Limes 7-9 45-48 Pitting, turning tan with time Mangos 10-13 50-55 Grayish scald-like discoloration of skin,

uneven ripening Melons Cantaloupe 2-5 36-41 Pitting, surface decay Melons Honey Dew 7-10 45-50 Reddish-tan discoloration, pitting, surface

decay,failure to ripen Melons Casaba 7-10 45-50 Same as above but no discoloration


115

Melons Crenshaw and Persian

7-10 45-50 Same as above but no discoloration

Watermelons 4.5 40 Pitting, objectionable flavor Okra 7 45 Discoloration, water-soaked areas, pitting,

decay Olives, fresh 7 45 Internal browning Oranges , California and Arizona

3 38 Pitting, brown stain

Papayas 7 45 Pitting, failure to ripen, off flavor, decay Peppers, sweet 7 45 Sheet pitting, alternaria rot on pods and

calyxes,darkening of seed Pineapples 7-10 45-50 Dull green when ripened Pomegranates 4.5 40 Pitting, external and internal browning Potatoes 3 38 Mahogany browning (Chippewa and

Sebago), sweetening² Pumpkins and hard-shell squashes

10 50 Decay, especially alternaria rot

Sweetpotatoes 13 55 Decay, pitting, internal discoloration; hardcore when cooked

Tamarillos 3-4 37-40 Surface pitting, discoloration Tomatoes Ripe 7-10 45-50 Water-soaking and softening, decay Tomatoes Mature-green 13 55 Poor color when ripe, alternaria rot

1 Cajwkjab;eraKsBaØaelcecjenAeBlbnÞab;BiykecjeTAkan;sItuNðPaBekþÁAbu:eNÑaHEdlEtgekIteLIg kMLúgeBlenATIpSar.

2 sItuNðPaBsþúkTuksmRsb sMrab;dMLÚgEdlRtUvEkécñeTACadMLÚgqab French fries b¤ plitplbMBg

epSgeTot KW 8 eTA 12oC (46-54oF).

RbPB : Harderburg, R.E., A. E. Watada, and C-Y. Wang 1986. The Commercial Storage of Fruits Vegetables. and Florist and Nursery Stocks. USDA, Agricultural Handbook No. 66.

kareRbIR)as;Twkkk (Use of ice )

eKGaceRbITwkkkCaRbPBsMrab;dak;eGayRtCak; ¬eRbIedaydak;eGayxül;qøgkat;duMTwkkbnÞab; mkkatplitpl¦ b¤ dak;TwkkkBIelI ¬latedaypÞal;b:HeTAnwgplitpl¦. TwkkkGacbBa©úHsItuNðPaB plitpl)anRbsinebIvarlayEtb:ueNÑaH dUcenHkareFIVeGaymanxülvilecjcUll¥ CakarcaM)ac;sMrab; karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBeGaymanRbsiT§PaB. ]bkrN_dak;TwkkkgaymYy manbgðaj dUcrUbxageRkamenH ¬BIrTMB½r¦. BMnuHkat;TTWg- eKRtUvP¢ab;m:asIunsaMg b¤ ma:sU‘tenA xageRkA.


116

EpñkxagxñgbnÞb;- CaFmµtaeKP¢ab;mU:T½rkgðaGKÁIsnImYyenAxagkñúgbnÞb;RtCak; Edlka)a:sIuetRtUvman tic bMputesµInwgmaDTeTrbs;bnÞb; ¬KWfa 12 x 8 x 8 = 768 cu ft dUcenHka)a:sIuetkgðarKYrmanya:gticKW 768 cfm¦.

(cfm= cubic feet/min) Front elevation


117

emIlBIelI -kgðarxül;dak;BIelIBidan)anbegáInkarEckcayxül;y:agl¥ nig CYyCMrujeGayRtCak;

RbPB : Grierson, W. 1987. Postharvest Handling Manual Commercialization of Alternative

Handling Crops Project. The Belize Agribusiness Company/Chenomics International/USAID.

Twkkk bMEbk b¤ duMTwkkkesþIg²sMrab;kBa©b;TwkkkGaceRbIR)as;edaypÞal; b¤ CaTwkxab;² enAkñúg Twk. kareRbITwkkkedIm,IbBa©úHsItuNðPaBplitplpþl;nUvbridæansMeNImeFobx<s;CuMvijplitpl. eKGac eRbIkBa©b;Twkkk)anEtCamYynwgplitplEdlFneTAnwgTwk mingayTTYlrgeRKaHedayRtCak; nig Ca mYyEtsMbkkBa©b;EdlFnnwgTwkbu:eNÑaH ¬wax fiberboard, )øasÞik b¤ eQI¦.

eKeRbIkardak;TwkkkBIelIsMrab;plitplCak;lak;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún edIm,ICYyEfrkSasMeNIm eFobeGayenAx<s;. eKeRbIkardak;TwkkkBIelIEtCamYynwgplitplEdlFneTAnwgTwk minmanPaBgay rgeTAPaBRtCak;Etb:ueNaÑH ¬dUcCa kar:ut eBat Rtsk;RsUv escarole és< éqfav broccoli søwkxÞwm¦ nwgCamYyEtsMbkevcx©b;EdlFnnwgTwkEtb:ueNÑaH ¬wax fiberboard, )øasÞik b¤ eQI¦.


118

kardak;TwkkkBIelIbnÞúkKYreRbIenAtamCYrCaCagdak;pþúMEtmYykEnøg. vamansarsMxan;Edlmindak; )aMgkEnøgxülecjcUlenAxagkñúgrfynþdwkCBa¢Ún.

Should be Top-iced: Can be Top-iced: beets with tops

broccoli

carrots with tops

corn sweet

endive

escarole

green onions

parsley

radishes with tops

radish greens

spinach

turnips

turnips with tops

turnip greens

watercress

artichokes, globe

beet greens

beets topped

brussels sprouts

cantaloupes

carrots, topped

celeriac

chard

kohlrabi

leeks

mustard greens

parsnips

radishes

rutabagas

RbPB: Thompson, J.F. 2002. Cooling horticultural commodities. pp.97-112. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. of California , Div. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311. McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook Number 668

CMerIsviFIsaRsþénkarbB©úHsItunðPaB (Alternative methods of cooling)

karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaybMPay (Radiant Cooling)

eKeRbIkabBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaybMPayedIm,IbBa©úHsItuNðPaBxül;enAkñúgkEnøgsþúkTuk RbsinebI kEnøgRbmUlkaMrsµIrtUv)antP¢ab;eTAnwgRbB½n§xül;ecjcUlrbs;GaKar. tamry³kareRbI]bkrN_RsUbBnøW enaHenAeBlyb;kMedAnwgnwgRtUv)at;bg;cUleTAkñúgbridæan. eKGacTTYl)an sItuNðPaBenAxagkñúgrcna sm<½n§ )an 4oC ¬RbEhl 8oF¦ ticCagsItuNðPaBenAeBlyb;.

kareRbIR)as;TwkGNþÚgecj (Use of Well Water)


119

kareRbIR)as;TwkGNþÚgecj Cajwkjab;mansItuNðPaBRtCak;CagsItuNÐPaBxül; enAkñúgtMbn;Ca eRcInkñúgBiPBelak. sItuNðPaBTwkrbs;GNþÚgEdlmanCMerAeRCAmanTMenardUceTAkñúgcenøaHénsItuNðPaB xül;CamFüméntMbn;dUcKñaEdr. eKGaceRbITwkGNþÚgecjsMrab;karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaytwk nig tam karsac edIm,IrkSasMeNImeGayx<s;enAkñúgbridæansþúkTuk. kasþúkTukenAry³kMBs;x<s; (High Altitude Storage)

CaFmµtasItuNðPaBxül;fycuH 10 oC ¬18oF¦ enAral;karekIneLIgénry³kMBs;mYyKILÚ Em:Rt. RbsinebIGñkelIkdak;plitplmanCMerIsedIm,Ievcx©b; nig¼sþúkTukplitplenAry³kMBs;x<s; enaHtMélGacfycuH. TIkEnøgsþúkTuk nig bBa©úHsItuNðPaBEdlRbtibtþienAry³kMBs;x<s; RtUvkar famBlticCagkarRbtibtþiTaMgLayenAesµInIvU:smuRTsMrab;lT§pldUcKña.

Cak,Ünc,ab;kareGayxül;ecjcUlnaeBlyb; GacrkSasItuNðPaBplitpl y:agmanRbsiT§iPaB enAeBlEdlsItuNðPaBxül;xageRkAtabCagsItuNðPaBRtUvkarrbs;plitplsMrab;ry³eBl 5 eTA 7 em:agkñúgmYyyb;.

RbPB³ Thompson, J.F. 2002. Cooling horticultural commodities. pp.97-112. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. of California, Div. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.

karbegáInsMeNImeFob (Increasing relative humidity)

xül;kñúgma:sIunRtCak;mansMeNImTab EdlmanRbeyaCn_ sMrab;karsþúkTukdMNaMsakvb,kmµCa eRcIn. viFIsaRsþgaybMputénkarbegáInsMeNImrbs;xül;kñúgkEnøgsþúkTuk KW RtUvepSImkMralrbs;bnÞb; b¤ eFIVeGaymanG½BÞepSImkñúgekssþúkTukCamYynwgTwkRtCak; nig GnuBaØatieGayTwkhYt)an.

sMrab;RbB½n§CaGciéRnþy_rbs;sMeNImeFobx<s;enAkñúgbridæansþúkTuk eKGacbEnßmsMeNImdl; xül;RtCak;. kgðarbk;Tajxül;kat;tambUb‘ÍncMhayrbs;ma:sIunRtCak; ® bnÞab;mkkat;tamEsø b¤cMebIg esIm (M). bnÞab;mkxül;esImRtUv)anTajcUleTAkñúgbnÞb;sþúkTukkat;tamCBa¢aMgEdlmanRbehagtUc² (P).

EsøesImEdlCaRbPBsMeNImenAxagkñúgbnÞb;sþúkTukRtCak; (Wet moss as a moisture source inside

a refrigerated storeroom):


120

RbPB : Lopez, E.G. 1983. Conservación de la Producción Agrícola. Barcelona Editorial Aedos. 188 pp.

edayeRbIRTnab;b:UlIeGTIELn enAkñúgeksRkdas fiberboard GacCYykarBarplitpl nig kat; bnßykar)at;bg;TwkenAkñúgplitpl)andUcCa esrI RkUcXiVk EpøKIvI eck nig tiNeTsepSg²eTot. kar eRbIR)as;cMhayTwkEdlbeBa©jBIplitplekItmanenAxagkñúgEdlbegáInnUvsMeNImeFobCuMvijplitpl. RTnab;k¾Gackat;bnßykarxUcxatedayeRbHRsaMEdlekItBIkarkkitEpøTl;nwgEpñkxagkñúgrbs;eks.


121

karEfrkSaExScgVak;RtCak;sMrab;plitplqab;xUc RbmUlpl • karBarplitplBIRBHGaTitü

• dwkCBa¢ÚneGay)anqab;rh½seTAkan;kEnøgevcx©b;

karbBa©úHsItuNðPaB • kat;bnßykarBnüaeBleGay)anGb,brimamunkarbBa©úHsItuNðPaB

• bBa©úHsItuNðPaBplitpleGay)ansBVya:gqab;rh½stamEdlGaceFIV)an

karsþúkTukbeNþaHGasnñ • sþúkplitplenAsItuNðPaBsmRsb • GnuvtþkarbgVilsþúkcUlmunecjmun

• dwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;TIpSareGay)anqab;tamEdlGaceFIV)an

kardwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;TIpSar • eRbIR)as;tMbn;bnÞúkRtCak; Use refrigerated loading area

• bBaú©HsIsuNðPaBrfynþmuneBlpÞúk • pÞúk)a:ELteq<aHeTAcMnuckNþalrbs;rfynþ • dak;GIusULg;)øasÞikenAkñúgTVarbs; Reefer RbsinebIrfynþQb;eRcIndMNak; • eCosvagkarBnüaeBlkMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún

• RtYtBinitüsItuNðPaBplitplkMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún .

karelIkdak;enAkEnøgeKaledA • eRbIR)as;kEnøgEdlmanm:asIunRtCak; enAeBlelIkplitplecj

• vas;sItuNðPaBplitpl

• ykplitplecjeGay)anqab;rh½seTAkan;kEnøgsþúkTukEdlsmrmü

• dwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;TIpSatlk;ray b¤ esvakmµcMNIGahartamrfynþEdl manmasIunRtCak;

• dak;bgðajenAcenøaHsItuNðPaBsmRsb

karelIkdak;enApÞH b¤ enAkEnøg esvakmµbeBa©jcMNIGahar

• sþúkTukplitplenAsItuNðPaBsmRsb

• eRbIR)as;plitpleGay)anqab;rh½stamEdlGaceFIV)an


122

CMBUkTI 7³ karsþúkTukdMMNaMsakvb,kmµ - 1

RbsinebIeKRtUvsþúkTukplitpl vaCakarcaM)ac;cab;epþImeday plitplEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;. LÚt_plitplminRtUvmanEpñkEdlxUcxat b¤ manCMgWeT ehIyeksplitplRtUvEtmanxül;ecjcUll¥ nig rwgmaMlµmTl;nwgkarRtYtelIKña. CaTUeTAkarGnuvtþn_karsþúkTukRtwmRtUv rYmmankarRtYtBinitü sItuNðPaB karRtYtBinitüsMeNIm rn§xül;ecjcUl nig karrkSacenøaHrbvagekseGay)anRKb;RKan; sMrab;xül;ecjcUl nig kareCosvagkardak;plitplcMruHminsIuKña.

plitpl sþúkTukCamYyKñaKYrmanPaBFn;RTaMeTAnwgsItuNðPaB sMeNImeFobbriyakas nig kMrit eGTIELnkñúgbridæansþúkTukdUcKña. plitplEdlpliteGTIELnx<s; ¬dUcCa eckTuM e)a:m Rtsk;RsUv¦ GacCMrujeGaymanbMlas;bþÚrsrIrviTüaenAkñúgplitplEdlgayrgeRKaHedayeGTIELn ¬dUcCa és< Rtsk; kar:ut dMLÚg dMLÚgCVa¦ EdlnaMeTArkBN’mincg;)an bMlas;bþÚrrsCati nig vaynPaB. karRKb;RKgsItuNðPaBkMLúgeBlsþúkTuk GacCYyedaykarsagsg;GaKarragkaer CaCagrag ctuekaNEkg. GaKarragctuekaNEkgmanépÞCBa¢aMgeRcInCag kñúgmYyhVItkaerénTIsþúkTuk dUcenHman kMedAeRcInCagqøgkat;CBa¢aMg EdleFIVeGaymantMéléføkñúgkarbBa©úHsituNðPaB. karRKb;RKgsItuNðPaB GacCYytamkarpþl;møb;dl;GaKar karlabBN’sXøaMgsþúkTuksMrab;edIm,iCYyCHRtlb;kaMrsµIRBHGaTitü b¤ tamkareRbIRbB½n§sacTwk (sprinkler) elIdMbUlGaKarsMrab;kareFIVeGayRtCak;edaycMhay. GgÁkar es,ógGahar nig ksikmµshRbCaCati (FAO) )anpþl;Gbnusasn_eGayeRbIhIVRbUsIum:g; (ferro-

cement) sMrab;karsagsg;rcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk kñúgtMbn;RtUBicedaymanCBa¢aMgRkas;edIm,Ipþl;CaGIusULg;. bnÞb;RtCak;EdlmantMélefakGacsagsg;edaykareRbIkMralebtug nig polyurethane foam

eFIVCarUbFatuGIusULg;. karsagsg;bnÞb;sþúkTukragKUbnwgkat;bnßy)anRkLaépÞkñúgmYyxñatmaDénTI sþúkTuk ehIyk¾Gackat;bnßytMélsagsg; nig kareFIVeGayRtCak;)anpgEdr. RKb;kEnøgEdlmantMNr TaMgGs;RtUvRbugRby½tñehIyTVarecjcUlRtUvmanRTab;ekAs‘UenACuMvijEKm. enAeBlbBa©úHsItuNðPaB plitpl RbB½n§xül;ecjcUlRtUvEktMrUvedIm,IbegIátrhUrxül;mYyEdlmanGRta 100 cfm/etan ¬5 lIRt/naTI/etan¦. enAeBleFIVeGayRtCak;cb;sBVRKb; GRtarMhUrxl;RtUvbBa©úHeGaymanel,ÓnTab EdlnwgCYyrkSaplitpleGayRtCak; ¬ CaTUeTARKb;RKan; BI 20 eTA 40 cfm/etan eyageTAtam Thompson et al. 1998¦. épÞbUb‘Ínrbs; evaporator ma:sIunRtCak;kan;EtFM enaHkMritxusKñakan;EttUc EdlekItmanrvagbUb‘Ín nig bnÞb;Edlcg;eGayRtCak; ehIymankar)at;bg;kMritsMeNImtictYctictYcBI plitplenAeBlEdlvaRtCak;. ¬sUmemIlBt’manbEnßmenAkñúg Thompson et al in Kader, 2002¦.


123

TIkEnøgEdlsßitenAry³kMBs;x<s;GacmanRbsiT§PaB edayehtufasItuNðPaBxül;fycuH xN³ Edlry³kMbs;ekIneLIg. ry³kMBs;ekIneLIg eFIVeGaykarbBa©úHsItuNðPaBedaycMhay karbBa©úH sItuNðPaBenAeBlyb; nig karcuHRtCak;edaybMPay kan;EtgayRsYleFIV)an. karsþúkTukenAeRkamdI sMrab;dMNaMRkUcCaerOgFmµtaenAkñúgRbeTscinxagt,Úg xN³EdlenAkñúgRbeTscinxageCIgeKeFIVkarsþúk TukEpøe)a:menAkñugrUgPñM (Liu, 1988). RbB½n§enH)aneRbIya:gTUlMTUlayenAkñúgshrdækMLúgedImTsSvtS qñaM 1900. plitplCak;lak;CaeRcIndUcCa xÞwm)araMg xÞwms Gacsþúk)any:agRbesIrenAkñúgbridæanEdlman sMeNImTab. karEfTaMdMNaMenH tamkarsMgYtRsTab;CalikaeRkAmun karelIkdak; nig sþúkTuk GacCYy karBarvaBIPaBBukpuy nig karbnþkar)at;bg;Twk)an ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI 2¦.

karsagsg;bnÞb;sþúkTuktamEbbBaNiC¢kmµGacmantMéléfø bu:EnþCasMNagl¥ Rbtibtþikr xñattUc GacmanCMerIsCaeRcIn. bnÞb;RtCak;Gacsagsg;edayxøÜnÉg TijCaeRKÓgsMrab;pÁúM ¬fµI b¤ eRbImþgehIy¦ b¤ eFIVBI]bkrN_dwkCBa¢ÚnEdlmanmasIunRtCak; dUcCa rfynþEdlmanTUrdUcrfePøIg Lan b¤ kugetnWk)a:l; CaedIm. sMrab;Bt’manlMGitGMBIkarkMNt;TMhMbnÞb;RtCak;smRsbsMrab;Rbtibtþikarrbs;Gñk vatMéleTA elICMerIs enAeBlTij b¤sagsg;bnÞb;RtCak; cUreyageTAelIRbPBdUcxageRkam.

RbPB ³ Thompson, J.F. and Spinoglio, M. 1994. Small-scale cold rooms for perishable commodities. Family Farm Series, Small Farm Center , University of California , Davis .

smasFatuxül;enAkñúgbridæansþúkTukGacerobcMsMrbsMrYleday karbegáIn b¤ karbBa©úH GRtaxül; ecjcUl ¬kardak;bBa©Úlxül;xül;brisuT§¦ b¤ edaykareRbIsarFatuRsUb]sµ½n dUcCa bU:tasüÚmEBm:g;ka Nat b¤ karbUnskmµCaedIm. karsþúkTukxñatFMedayRtYtBinitü b¤ EkstMrUvbriyakas (controlled or

modified atmosphere) RtUvkarbec©kviTüa nig CMnajRKb;RKgsaMjauM eTaHbICamanviFIsaRsþsamBaØxøH² sMrab;elIkdak;plitplkñúgbrimaNtick¾eday.

Gnusasn_elIsItuNðPaBsþúkTuk

Gnusasn_BI sItuNðPaBnwgsMeNImeFob nigkar)a:n;RbmaNBIkarnaMqøgkat; nig GayukalsþúkTuk sMrab;dMNaMbEnø nig EpøeQI ¬cUremIlenAkñúg Hardenburg et al, 1986 sMrab;Bt’manTaMgRsúgBIdMNaMeday Elk².


124

sItuNðPaB plitpl °C °F

sMeNImeFob briyakas ¬PaKry¦

kar)a:n;RbmaN GayukalsþúkTuk

Amaranth 0-2 32-36 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Anise 0-2 32-36 90-95 2-3 s)aþh_ Apples -1-4 30-40 90-95 1-12 Ex Apricots -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 1-3 s)aþh_ Artichokes, globe 0 32 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Asian pear 1 34 90-95 5-6 Ex Asparagus 0-2 32-35 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Atemoya 13 55 85-90 4-6 s)aþh_ Avocados, Fuerte, Hass 7 45 85-90 2 s)aþh_ Avocados, Lula, Booth-1 4 40 90-95 4-8 s)aþh_ Avocados, Fuchs, Pollock 13 55 85-90 2 s)aþh_ Babaco 7 45 85-90 1-3 s)aþh_ Bananas, green 13-14 56-58 90-95 14 s)aþh_ Barbados cherry 0 32 85-90 7-8 s)aþh_ Bean sprouts 0 32 95-100 7-9 days Beans, dry 4-10 40-50 40-50 6-10 Ex Beans, green or snap 4-7 40-45 95 7-10 days Beans, lima , in pods 5-6 41-43 95 5 days Beets, bunched 0 32 98-100 10-14 days Beets, topped 0 32 98-100 4-6 Ex Belgian endive 2-3 36-38 95-98 24 s)aþh_ Bitter melon 12-13 53-55 85-90 2-3 s)aþh_ Black sapote 13-15 55-60 85-90 2-3 s)aþh_ Blackberries -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 2-3 éf¶ Blood orange 4-7 40-44 90-95 3-8 s)aþh_ Blueberries -0.5-0 31-32 90-95 2 s)aþh_


125

Bok choy 0 32 95-100 3 s)aþh_ Boniato 13-15 55-60 85-90 4-5 Ex Breadfruit 13-15 55-60 85-90 2-6 s)aþh_ Broccoli 0 32 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Brussels sprouts 0 32 95-100 3-5 s)aþh_ Cabbage, early 0 32 98-100 3-6 s)aþh_ Cabbage, late 0 32 98-100 5-6 Ex Cactus Leaves 2-4 36-40 90-95 3 s)aþh_ Cactus Pear 2-4 36-40 90-95 3 s)aþh_ Caimito 3 38 90 3 s)aþh_ Calabaza 10-13 50-55 50-70 2-3 Ex Calamondin 9-10 48-50 90 2 s)aþh_ Canistel 13-15 55-60 85-90 3 s)aþh_ Cantaloupes (3/4-slip) 2-5 36-41 95 15 éf¶ Cantaloupes (full-slip) 0-2 32-36 95 5-14 éf¶ Carambola 9-10 48-50 85-90 3-4 s)aþh_ Carrots, bunched 0 32 95-100 2 s)aþh_ Carrots, mature 0 32 98-100 7-9 Ex Carrots, immature 0 32 98-100 4-6 s)aþh_ Cashew apple 0-2 32-36 85-90 5 s)aþh_ Cauliflower 0 32 95-98 34 s)aþh_ Celeriac 0 32 97-99 6-8 Ex Celery 0 32 98-100 2-3 Ex Chard 0 32 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Chayote squash 7 45 85-90 4-6 s)aþh_ Cherimoya 13 55 90-95 2-4 s)aþh_ Cherries, sour 0 32 90-95 3-7 éf¶ Cherries, sweet -1 eTA-0/5 30-31 90-95 2-3 s)aþh_


126

Chinese broccoli 0 32 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Chinese cabbage 0 32 95-100 2-3 Ex Chinese long bean 4-7 40-45 90-95 7-10 éf¶ Clementine 4 40 90-95 24 s)aþh_ Coconuts 0-1/5 32-35 80-85 1-2 Ex Collards 0 32 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Corn, sweet 0 32 95-98 5-8 éf¶ Cranberries 2-4 36-40 90-95 24 Ex Cucumbers 10-13 50-55 95 10-14 éf¶ Currants -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 1-4 s)aþh_ Custard apples 5-7 41-45 85-90 4-6 s)aþh_ Daikon 0-1 32-34 95-100 4 Ex Dates -18 eTA 0 0 b¤ 32 75 6-12 Ex Dewberries -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 2-3 éf¶ Durian 4-6 39-42 85-90 6-8 s)aþh_ Eggplants 12 54 90-95 1 s)aþh_ Elderberries -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 1-2 s)aþh_ Endive and escarole 0 32 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Feijoa 5-10 41-50 90 2-3 s)aþh_ Figs fresh -0/5-0 31-32 85-90 7-10 éf¶ Garlic 0 32 65-70 6-7 Ex Ginger root 13 55 65 6 Ex Gooseberries -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 34 s)aþh_ Granadilla 10 50 85-90 3-4 s)aþh_ Grapefruit, Calif. & Ariz. 14-15 58-60 85-90 6-8 s)aþh_ Grapefruit, Fla. & Texas 10-15 50-60 85-90 6-8 s)aþh_ Grapes, Vinifera -1 eTA-0/5 30-31 90-95 1-6 Ex Grapes, American -0/5-0 31-32 85 2-8 s)aþh_


127

Greens, leafy 0 32 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Guavas 5-10 41-50 90 2-3 s)aþh_ Haricot vert (fine beans) 4-7 40-45 95 7-10 éf¶ Horseradish -1-0 30-32 98-100 10-12 Ex Jaboticaba 13-15 55-60 90-95 2-3 éf¶ Jackfruit 13 55 85-90 2-6 s)aþh_ Jaffa orange 8-10 46-50 85-90 8-12 s)aþh_ Japanese eggplant 8-12 46-54 90-95 1 s)aþh_ Jerusalem Artichoke -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 +5 Ex Jicama 13-18 55-65 65-70 1-2 Ex Kale 0 32 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Kiwano 10-15 50-60 90 6 Ex Custard apples 5-7 41-45 85-90 4-6 s)aþh_ Daikon 0-1 32-34 95-100 4 Ex Dates -18 b¤ 0 0 b¤ 32 75 6-12 Ex Dewberries -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 2-3 éf¶ Durian 4-6 39-42 85-90 6-8 s)aþh_ Eggplants 12 54 90-95 1 s)aþh_ Elderberries -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 1-2 s)aþh_ Endive and escarole 0 32 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Feijoa 5-10 41-50 90 2-3 s)aþh_ Figs fresh -0/5-0 31-32 85-90 7-10 éf¶ Garlic 0 32 65-70 6-7 Ex Ginger root 13 55 65 6 Ex Gooseberries -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 34 s)aþh_ Granadilla 10 50 85-90 3-4 s)aþh_ Grapefruit, Calif. & Ariz. 14-15 58-60 85-90 6-8 s)aþh_ Grapefruit, Fla. & Texas 10-15 50-60 85-90 6-8 s)aþh_


128

Grapes, Vinifera -1 eTA -0.5 30-31 90-95 1-6 Ex Grapes, American -0/5-0 31-32 85 2-8 s)aþh_ Greens, leafy 0 32 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Guavas 5-10 41-50 90 2-3 s)aþh_ Haricot vert (fine beans) 4-7 40-45 95 7-10 éf¶ Horseradish -1-0 30-32 98-100 10-12 Ex Jaboticaba 13-15 55-60 90-95 2-3 éf¶ Jackfruit 13 55 85-90 2-6 s)aþh_ Jaffa orange 8-10 46-50 85-90 8-12 s)aþh_ Japanese eggplant 8-12 46-54 90-95 1 s)aþh_ Jerusalem Artichoke -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 +5 Ex Jicama 13-18 55-65 65-70 1-2 Ex Kale 0 32 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Kiwano 10-15 50-60 90 6 Ex Papayas 7-13 45-55 85-90 1-3 s)aþh_ Passionfruit 7-10 45-50 85-90 3-5 s)aþh_ Parsley 0 32 95-100 2-2/5 Ex Parsnips 0 32 95-100 +6 Ex Peaches -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 2-4 s)aþh_ Pears -1/5 eTA-0/5 29-31 90-95 2-7 Ex Peas, green 0 32 95-98 1-2 s)aþh_ Peas, southern 4-5 40-41 95 6-8 éf¶ Pepino 4 40 85-90 1 month Peppers, Chili (dry) 0-10 32-50 60-70 6 Ex Peppers, sweet 7-13 45-55 90-95 2-3 s)aþh_ Persimmons, Japanese -1 30 90 34 Ex Pineapples 7-13 45-55 85-90 24 s)aþh_ Plantain 13-14 55-58 90-95 1-5 s)aþh_


129

Plums and prunes -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 2-5 s)aþh_ Pomegranates 5 41 90-95 2-3 Ex Potatoes, early crop 10-16 50-60 90-95 10-14 éf¶ Potatoes, late crop 4/5-13 40-55 90-95 5-10 Ex Pummelo 7-9 45-48 85-90 12 s)aþh_ Pumpkins 10-13 50-55 50-70 2-3 Ex Quinces -0.5-0 31-32 90 2-3 Ex Raddichio 0-1 32-34 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Radishes, spring 0 32 95-100 34 s)aþh_ Radishes, winter 0 32 95-100 24 Ex Rambutan 12 54 90-95 1-3 s)aþh_ Raspberries -0/5-0 31-32 90-95 2-3 éf¶ Rhubarb 0 32 95-100 24 s)aþh_ Rutabagas 0 32 98-100 +6 Ex Salsify 0 32 95-98 2-4 Ex Santol 7-9 45-48 85-90 3 s)aþh_ Sapodilla 16-20 60-68 85-90 2-3 s)aþh_ Scorzonera 0-1 32-34 95-98 6 Ex Seedless cucumbers 10-13 50-55 85-90 10-14 éf¶ Snow peas 0-1 32-34 90-95 1-2 s)aþh_ Soursop 13 55 85-90 1-2 s)aþh_ Spinach 0 32 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Squashes, summer 5-10 41-50 95 1-2 s)aþh_ Squashes, winter 10 50 50-70 2-3 Ex Strawberries 0 32 90-95 5-7 éf¶ Sugar apples 7 45 85-90 4 s)aþh_ Sweetpotatoes 13-15 55-60 85-90 4-7 Ex Tamarillos 3-4 37-40 85-95 10 s)aþh_


130

Tamarinds 7 45 90-95 3-4 s)aþh_ Tangerines, mandarins, and related citrus fruits

4 40 90-95 24 s)aþh_

Taro root 7-10 45-50 85-90 4-5 Ex Tomatillos 13-15 55-60 85-90 3 s)aþh_ Tomatoes, mature-green 18-22 65-72 90-95 1-3 s)aþh_ Tomatoes, firm-ripe 13-15 55-60 90-95 4-7 éf¶ Turnips 0 32 95 4-5 Ex Turnip greens 0 32 95-100 10-14 éf¶ Ugli fruit 4 40 90-95 2-3 s)aþh_ Waterchestnuts 0-2 32-36 98-100 1-2 Ex Watercress 0 32 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Watermelons 10-15 50-60 90 2-3 s)aþh_ White sapote 19-21 67-70 85-90 2-3 s)aþh_ White asparagus 0-2 32-36 95-100 2-3 s)aþh_ Winged bean 10 50 90 4 s)aþh_ Yams 16 61 70-80 6-7 Ex Yucca root 0-5 32-41 85-90 1-2 Ex

RbPB : McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.


131


RkumEdlRtUvKña sMrab;karsþúkTukbEnø nig EpøeQI

RkumTI 1³ bEnø nig EpøeQI 0 eTA 2°C (32 eTA 36°F), sMeNImBI 90-95%. plitplPaKeRcIn enAkñúgRkumenHpliteGTIELn.

apples grapes (without sulfur dioxide) parsnips apricots horseradish peaches Asian pears kohlrabi pears Barbados cherry leeks persimmons beets, topped longan plums berries (except cranberries) loquat pomegranates cashew apple lychee prunes cherries mushrooms quinces coconuts nectarines radishes figs (not with apples) oranges* ( Florida and Texas ) rutabagas turnips

*RkUcEdleFIVRbRBwtþikmµeday biphenyl Gacpþl;køindl;plitpldéT

RkumTI 2³ bEnø nig EpøeQI 0eTA 2°C (32 eTA 36°F), sMeNIm 95-100%. plitplCaeRcInenA kñúgRkumenHgayTTYlrgeRKaHedayeGTIELn.

Amaranth* cherries parsley* anise daikon* parsnips* artichokes* endive* peas* asparagus escarole* pomegranate bean sprouts grapes (without sulfur dioxide) raddichio beets* horseradish radishes* Belgian endive Jerusalem artichoke rhubarb berries (except cranberries) kiwifruit rutabagas* bok choy kohlrabi* salsify broccoli* leafy greens scorzonera brussels sprouts* leeks' (not with figs or grapes) snow peas cabbage* lettuce spinach* carrots* lo bok Sweet corn* cauliflower mushrooms turnips* celeriac* onions, green* (not with figs, grapes,

mushrooms, rhubarb, or corn) water chestnut

celery* watercress*

*plitplTaMgenHGacRKbedayTwkkk RbPB : McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of

Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.


132

RkumTI 3 ³ bEnø nig EpøeQI 0 eTA 2°C (32 eTA 36°F), sMeNImeFobbriyakasBI 65-75%. sMeNIm nig eFIVeGayxUcplitplTaMgenH.

garlic onions, dry

RkumTI 4³ bEnø nig EpøeQI 4/5°C (40°F), sMeNImeFobbriyakas BI 90-95%.

cactus leaves lemons* tamarillo cactus pears lychees tangelos* caimito kumquat tangerines* cantaloupes** mandarin* ugli fruit* clementine oranges ( Calif. and Arizona ) yucca root cranberries pepino

* RkUcEdleFIVRbRBwtþikmµeday biphenyl Gacpþl;køindl;plitpldéT

** GacRKbedayTwkkk

RkumTI 5³ bEnø nig EpøeQI 10°C (50°F),sMeNImeFobbriyakasBI 85-90%. plitplTaMgenH gayrgeRKaHedayeGTIELn. plitplTaMgenHgayrgrbYsedayRtCak; .

beans kiwano pummelo calamondin malanga squash, summer (soft shell) chayote okra tamarind cucumber olive taro root eggplant peppers haricot vert (fine beans) potatoes, storage


RkumTI 6³ bEnø nig EpøeQI 13 eTA 15°C (55 eTA 60°F), sMeNImeFobbriyakasBI 85-90%. plitplCaeRcInTaMgenH pliteGTIELn. plitplTaMgenHgayrgrbYsedayRtCak;.

atemoya granadilla papayas avocados grapefruit passionfruit babaco guava pineapple bananas jaboticaba plantain bitter melon jackfruit potatoes, new black sapote langsat pumpkin boniato lemons* rambutan breadfruit limes* santol canistel mamey soursop carambola mangoes sugar apple


133

cherimoya mangosteen squash, winter (hard shell) coconuts melons (except cantaloupes) tomatillos feijoa tomatoes, ripe ginger root

* RkUcEdleFIVRbRBwtþikmµeday biphenyl Gacpþl;køindl;plitpldéT

RkumTI 7³ bEnø nig EpøeQI 18 eTA 21°C (65 eTA 70°F), sMeNImeFobbriyakas 85-90%.

jicama sweetpotatoes* watermelon* yams*

Pears (for ripening) tomatoes, mature green white sapote

*EjuuuukecjBIEpø pears nig Epøeb:ge)a:HGaRs½ytamPaBgayrgeRKaHedayeGTIELn. RbPB : McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.

karrgrbYsedayRtCak;xøaMg plitplTaMgenHGacrbYsedaysItuNðPaBbgákRsal²³

apricot

asparagus

avocado

banana

beans (snap)

berries (except cranberries)

cucumber

eggplant

lemons

lettuce

limes

okra

peaches

peppers (sweet)


134

plums

potatoes

squash (summer)

sweet potato

tomatoes


karGnuvtþn_karsþúkTuk

karRtYtBinitüplitplsþúkTuk nig karsMGat rcnasm<½n§CaeTogTat; nigCYykat;bnßykar )at;bg;edaykareFIVeGayfycuHCaGb,brimaenAkarRbmUlpþúMktþacéRg nig minbgáeGaymankarraldal CMgW.

karRtYtBinitüplitpl nig karsMGatrcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk ³

karsMGat nig karEfrkSarcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk:

RbPB : FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome :

UNFAO. 120pp.


135

kEnøgsþúkTukRtUvkarBarBIstVkrekredaykarrkSaépÞmCÆdæans¥at KµansMram nig esµAcéRg. kar yamkamkNþúrGaceFIVBIsMPar³gay² dUcCakMb:ugcas;² b¤ snøwkelah³tUc² edIm,Idak;eGayRtUveTA eCIg énrcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk. RbsinCaRtUvkar eKGaceRbIR)as;bec©kviTüalMGitxøaMgCagenH. épÞkMralebtug nwg CYykarBarkarcUlstVkrekr dUceTAnwgkardak;sMNaj;enAelIbg¥Üc kEnøgxül;ecjcUl nig kEnøgbgðÚr.

karyksMram nig esµAcéRgecj ³

qµaMkNþúr ³

RbPB ³ FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 120 pp.

sMNaj; ³


136

Cement floors:

RbPB³ FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome :

UNFAO. 120 pp.

enAeBleFIVkarRtYtBinitüplitplsþúkTuk eKRtUvykecj b¤ bMpøajecalplitplEdlxUc b¤ manqøgCMgW. kñúgkrNIxøH plitplenaHGacenAeRbIR)as;)an RbsinebIykmkeRbIPøam² edayykeFIVCa cMNIstVCaedim. eKRtVUvb)at;emeraK elIeks b¤ es,ag EdlGacykmkeRbIvijenAkñúgTwkBuH b¤ kørmun ykmkeRbIR)as;vij.

karkMcat;emeraKelIes,agEdleRbIrYc ³

RbPB ³ FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome : UNFAO. 120pp.


137

kardak;sMPar³enAelIkMraleRkam)avb¤karug b¤ eksplitplkarBarPaBesImdl;plitpl man PaBsmRsbcMeBaHlkçxNÐs¶ÜtkñúgkarsþúkTuk. kardak;enHCYykat;bnßy»kasénkarqøg BBYkpSit dl; plitpl RsbCamYynwgkarbegáInxül;ecjcUl nig/b¤ kareFIVGnam½yenAkñúgbnÞb;sþúkTuk. ]TahrN_ xøH²BIsMPar³EdlmanRbeyaCn_mandUcteTA³

snøwkEdlminRCabTwk ³

eQIt,aj:

)a:ELteQI ³

RbPB³ FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome:

UNFAO. 120 pp.


138


rcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk

CRgukpÞúkdMLÚgKWCarcnasm<½n§RbéBNImYyEdl)aneRbIenAkñúgGaRhikxagekIt edIm,IsþúkTukdMLÚg bnÞab;BIkarEfTaMrYc. edImeQIEdlduHelOn nig enArs;RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbegáItCarcnasm<½n§ragctuekaN nig manTMrg;CaeRKagCRgukehIypþl;Camøb;.

TMrg;emIlBIeRkAénCRgukEdlmanmøb;edayedImeQI {rs; }

Trunks of fast growing trees planted in situ

RbPB ³ Wilson , J. No date. Careful Storage of Yams: Some Basic Principles to Reduce Losses. London , England : Commonwealth Secretariat/International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.


139

TIkEnøgsþúkTukRtUvkarxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan; edIm,ICYyBnüaGayukal nig rkSaKuNPaBplit pl. xageRkamenHCakgðabIRbePTEdleXIjmankñúgkareRbIR)as;Fmµta.

cakp©it ³

rMhUrtamG½kS ³

Propeller/expeller:

RbPB³ Potato Marketing Board. No date. Control of Environment. Part 2. London : Sutton Bridge Experiment Station, Report No. 6

eKRtUveFIVeGayRbesIreLIg nUvxül;ecjcUlenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk RbsinebIkEnøgxül;cUl manTItaMgsßitenA)aténkEnøgsþúkTuk ehIykEnøgxül;ecjsßitenAelI. viFIsaRsþgaymYyKWeRbIkEnøg


140

xül;ecjcUlEdlkarBarBnøWedayGNþatbitebIkedaysMBaF (light-proof exhaust vent is a pressure-

relief flap).

RbPB ³ Potato Marketing Board. No date. Control of Environment. Part 2. London : Sutton

Bridge Experiment Station, Report No. 6

Rkb;RbePTénGaKar b¤ kEnøgsþúkTuksMrab;dMNaMsakvb,kmµTaMgGs; KYrEtmaneFIVGIusULg;eday

RbsiT§iPaBCaGtibrima. GaKarEdlmanma:sIunRtCak;EdlmanGIusULg;l¥cMNayfamBlGKÁIsnIGs;tic edIm,IrkSaplitpleGayenARtCak;. RbsinebI rcnasm<½n§sþúkTukeRbIcMhayRtCak; b¤ xül;ecjcUlenA eBlyb;edIm,IbBa©úHsItuNðPaB enaHGaKarEdlmanGIusULg;l¥ nwgrkSaxül;RtCak;)anyUrCag. R-value

énGuIsULg;sMrab;sMPar³GaKarsmBaØ²manerobCabBa¢IdUcxageRkam. R sMedAdl; ersIusþg; ehIy tMél R


141

kan;Etx<s; enaHPaBFn;rbs;sMPar³eTAnwgkarcMlgkMedA kan;Etx<s; ehIylkçN³mincMlgkMedArbs; sarFatukan;EtRbesIr.

R – Value ¬tMélersIusþg;¦

sarFatu kMras; 1 Giuj Batt and Blanket Insulation Glass wool, mineral wool, or fiberglass 3.50 Fill-Type Insulation Cellulose 3.50 Glass or mineral wool 2.50-3.00 Vermiculite 2.20 Wood shavings or sawdust 2.22 Rigid Insulation Plain expanded extruded polystyrene 5.00 Expanded rubber 4.55 Expanded polystyrene molded beads 3.57 Aged expanded polyurethane 6.25 Glass fiber 4.00 Polyisocyranuate 8.00 Wood or cane fiber board 2.50 Foamed-in-Place Insulation Sprayed expanded urethane 6.25 Building Materials Full thickness of materialSolid concrete 0.08 8-inch concrete block, open core 1.11 8-inch lightweight concrete block open core 2.00 8-inch concrete block with vermiculite in core 5.03 Lumber, fir or pine 1.25 Metal siding <0.01 3/8-inch plywood 1.25 - 0.47 1/2-inch plywood 1.25 - 0.62 Masonite particleboard 1.06 25/32-inch insulated sheathing 2.06 1/2-inch Sheetrock 0.45 1/2-inch wood lapsiding 0.81 Reflectix (1/4 inch bubble/aluminum foil sheeting) 18.00

RbPB³ Boyette, M.D. et al. No date. Design of Room Cooling Facilities: Structural and Energy Requirements. North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service.

eKGacsagsg; bnÞb;RtCak;EdlmantMélefak edayeRbIkMralebtug nig eRbI Polyurethane

foam eFIVCaGIusULg;. karsagsg;bnÞb;sþúkTukragKUbnwgkat;bnßyépÞRklakñúgmYyxñatmaDénkEnøg sþúkTukplitpl dUcenHnaMeGaykat;bnßy)annUvtMélsagsg; nig tMélmasIunRtCak;. RKb;kEnøgtP¢ab; TaMgGs;RtUvbitP¢itrn§EdlcMhr ehIyTVarKYrmanRTnab;ekAs‘UbEnßmeTot.


142

RbPB : Tugwell, B.L. No date. Coolroom construction for the fruit and vegetable grower. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, South Australia . Special Bulletin 11.75.

rUbPaBbgðajxageRkamenHKWCaBMnuHkat;TTwgrbs;kEnøgsþúkTukEpøeQI. RbB½n§enH)anTTYlkar Gnum½tCapøÚvkartamKMrUsþg;darsMrab;XøaMgsþúkTukfñak;ksidæanedayRksYgsßabna ¬RbeTskUer¦ kñúgqñaM 1993. cUrcMNaMfarn§xül;cUlsßitenAxageRkamGaKar ehIy kMralRtUv)anecaHrn§tUc²edIm,Iegaman clnaxül;ecjcUledayesri. eKadak;GaKaTaMgmUl eGaysßitenAkMriteRkamdIedIm,ITajRbeyaCn_BI lkçN³RtCak;edaydI.


143

RbPB : Seung Koo Lee, 1994. Assoc. Prof., Postharvest Technology Lab., Department of Horticulture, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea.

sMrab;kEnøgsþúkTukEdlmanma:sIunRtCak; kareRbIxül;sMrab;karbk;ecjcUlenAxageRkAKWmankar xatbg;famBlCaxøaMg. sMrab;RbB½n§TaMgenH eKGacerobcMRbB½n§xül;vilcuHeLIggay² edaykarbEnßm kgðarmYyenAxageRkamkMral nig pþl;TITMenrenAxagcugbnÞb;sþúkTuksMrab;xül;RtCak;Rtlb;cUltamrn§ cUlvij.

RbPB : Potato Marketing Board. No date. Control of Environment. Part 2. London : Sutton

Bridge Experiment Station, Report No. 6


144

karerobcMkMralEdlmanxül;ecjcUlRtwmRtUvsMrab;eGaymanxül;vilcuHeLIg nwgbegáIneGay manxülecjcUlkEnøgsþúkTuk)anl¥. TEdlenAxag² KYrdak;eGayXøatRbEvg 2 Em:Rttamkarvas;BI p©itmYyeTAp©itmYy. el,ÓnrMhUrxül; BITremKYrmanel,Ón 10 eTA 13 Em:Rt¼vinaTI.

RbPB : Potato Marketing Board. No date. Control of Environment. Part 2. London : Sutton Bridge Experiment Station, Report No. 6

eKGacsagsg; TrenAxag²BIsMPar³epSg². eKGaceFIV rn§xül;EdlGacelIkdak;)anBIbnÞHeQI tUc² CaragRtIekaN kaer b¤ CactuekaN. eKGaceRbIbMBg;ragmUlBI)øasÞik b¤ dI\dæ RbsinebIeKGacecaH rn§edayminbNþaleGayxUcxatdl;rcnasm<½n§eT b¤eKGaceFIVTrenAxageRkamdICaGciéRnþedaykareRbI ebtug.


145

TMreFIVBIeQIragRtIekaN (Triangular wooden duct) :

TrbMBg;eFIVBI\dæ (Clay pipe duct) :

TrsñÚkeFIVBIebtug (Sunken concrete duct) :

RbPB : Potato Marketing Board. No date. Control of Environment. Part 2. London : Sutton Bridge Experiment Station, Report No. 6

enAkñúgtMbn;RtCak; sItuNðPaBsþúkTuksmRsbGacrkSa)anedaynaMxül;BIxageRkAcUleTAkñúg kEnøgsþúkTuk. Kardak;tMeLIgkgðarCaFmµtasMrab;RbB½n§xül;ecjcUledayeRbIsMBaFmanbgðajdUc xag eRkam. karpÁt;pÁg;xül;tamk,alelI eFIVeGaymanPaBgayRsYldl;karerobcMkEnøgsþúkTuk. eKGac bEnßmrn§bgVilxül;enAEpñkxagkñúg)anRbsinebIeKkMBugeRbIR)as;ma:sIunRtCak;. eKGacsagsg;TrBIeQI bMBg;)øasÞik b¤sarFatusmRsbNamYyk¾)an.


146

RbB½n§Eckcayxül;ecjcUltamk,alelI (Overhead ventilation distribution system) :

RbePTTrsMrab;kgðarbWtxül;cUl (Types of ducts for air inlet fans):

RbPB : Davis, R. et al. No date. Storage Recommendations for Northern Onion Growers. Cornell University Extension Information Bulletin 148

eKGacbBa©úHsItuNðPaBrcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk tamkarbk;xül;ecjcUlenAeBlyb; enAeBlEdl xül;xageRkARtCak;. edIm,ITTYl)anlT§pll¥ eKKYrdak;rn§xül;ecjcUlenAEpñk)aténrcnasm<½n§ sþúkTuk. kgðarbWtxül;ecjdak;enAxagelIrcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk Tajxül;RtCak;eBjbnÞb;sþúkTuk. rn§xül; KYrbitenAeBléf¶rH ehIyrkSakarbitenHkMLúgeBlmankMedAéf¶.


147

ehaNaMgdak;bnþenAelIdMbUlénrcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk CaCMnYyeRcInbMput kñúgkarpþl;Camøb;dl;CBa¢aMg nig ebIkeGaymanxül;ecjcUlBIkaMrsµíRBHGaTitü nig kñúgkarpþl;karkarBarBIePøóg. CaGnusasn_eK KYreFIVehaNaMgya:gehacNas; 1 Em:Rt (3 feet ) .


148

RbPB : Walker, D.J. 1992. World Food Programme Food Storage Manual. Chatham , UK :

Natural Resources Institute.

enAkEnøgEdlKµanGKÁIsnI TYrb‘ÍnTajedaykMlaMgxül;GacCYYyrkSaeGabnÞb;sþúkTukenARtCak;

tamkarTajxül;eLIgkat;tamGaKar. rn§xül;enAtamkMralmanRbeyaCn_BiesssMrab;karbBa©úHsItuNð PaBtamxül;ecjcUleBlyb;.


149

TYb‘ÍnEdlbgðajxageRkamenH eKGacsagsg;BIsnøwkelah³EdlBt;edImI,cab;ykxül; ehIy P¢ab;eTAnwgbegÁalp©itEdledIrtYCaG½kSbgVil. xül;ekþAenAkñúgbnÞb;sþúkTukekIteLIg EdlbNþaleGay TYrb‘Ínvil rujxül; nig epþImTajrMhUrxül;ekþA. eKKYrdak;TYrb‘Í;nenAelIkMBUldMbUlénrcnasm<½n§sþúkTuk.

épÞenAkEnøgsþúkTukEdl)ankarBar KWCaviFIsaRsþgaymYysMrab;karsþúkTukbrimaNplitpl

Edlmantic. ]TahrN_EdlbgðajxageRkamenHmanlkµçN³l¥BiesssMrab;karsþúkTukenAeBlsItuNð PaBeBlyb;TabCagsItuNðPaBEdlRtUvkarsMrab;karsþúkTukRtwmRtUv. eKGaceRbI sarFatusMrab;eFIVGIusU Lg;dUcCa cMebIgCaedIm)an ehIyeKGacsagsg;KMrbkarBarBIkþareQIbnÞH snøwk)øasÞik b¤RsTab;dIbgðab;.

reNþAsþúkTukragekaN (Cone-shaped pit storage) :


150

karsþúkTukEbbBMnUk (Mound storage) :

RbPB : McKay, S. 1992. Home Storage of Fruits and Vegetables. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Publication No. 7

karsþúkTuktamkarecaHRbehag (Trench storage) :

RbPB : McKay, S. 1992. Home Storage of Fruits and Vegetables. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Publication No. 7

viFIsaRsþsamBaØbMputmYysMrab;karsþúkTukplitplEdlmanbrimaNtictYc KWRtUveRbIR)as;eks EdlmanRsab;NamYy ehIybegáItCabridæanRtCak;sMrab;karsþúkTukedaykarkb;eksEdleRbIR)as; sMPar³mincMlgkMedA nig dI. ]TahrN_Edlmanpþl;enATIenH eRbIR)as;FugeQI nig cMebIgsMrab;Ca GIusULg;.


151

karsþúkTukkñúgFug (Storage barrel) :

RbPB : Bubel, M. and Bubel, N. 1979. Root Cellaring: The Simple. No-Processing Way to Store Fruits and Vegetables. Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press. 297 pp.

eKGacsagsg;bnÞb;eRkamdImyyedaykarCIkreNþACMerARbEhl 2Em:Rt ×7 eTA 8 feet¦ ehIy dak;eRKagCuMvijedaybnÞHkþar b¤ duMepH. ]TahrN_xageRkamenHmanTMhMRbEhl 3 x 4 Em:Rt ¬12 x

15 feet¦ CamYynwgCMenoeQI 39 sm kaer CadMbUlEdlmanrn§xül; RKbedaysMBt;ekAs‘UCadMbUl ehIyRKbdMuepHedaybUksuIm:g;BIelImunnwgRKbbnÞb;edayRsTab;dIRkas;mYy ¬2 feet¦.


152

CaKMnitl¥enaH bnÞb;eRkamdIKYrdak;TItaMgenAelIkEnøgCMral. cUreCosvagkEnøgEdlmanépÞdITab ebIBuMdUcenaHeTbnÞb;enaHGacCaMTwk. cUrdak;eGayenAq¶ayBIedImeQI edayehtufab¤seQInwgvayluk CBa¢aMgbnÞb;bnþicmþg². tMélbnÞb;eRkamdIEdl)ansagsg;edayeRbIsMPar³fµI²Gac mantMélGs;RbEhl 1200 duløa b¤ eRcInCagenH ehIyvamanGayueRbIR)as;ya:gtic 20 qñaM. edIm,Ikat;bnßytMél cUBicar NaBIsMNg;EdleRbIduMepH eQIEdleRbIR)as;eLIgvij b¤ kareRbIR)as;dIxSac;edIm,IbMeBjrUgrbs;bøúk CMnYs eGaykarTijsMPar³GIusULg;fµI.

RbPB : Bubel, M. and Bubel, N. 1979. Root Cellaring: The Simple. No-Processing Way to Store Fruits and Vegetables. Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press. 297 pp. Hobson, Phyllis. 1981. Build your own underground root cellar. Storey Communications, Inc. 32 pp.

kareRbIR)as;FugsþúkTukenAxageRkA GaceRbIR)as;CakEnøgmYy edIm,IrkSabrimaNdMLÚgtictYc enA kñúgtMbn;EdlmanGakasFatuRtCak; bu:Enþminkk. eFIñeFIBIeQIpþl;CacenøaHxül;sMrab;xülecjcUl ehIy cMebIgpþl;CaGIusULg;. kEnøgl¥bMputsMrab;rcnasm<½n§EbbenaHKYrsßitenAkñúgcMnucmøb;.


153

karsþúkTukedayFug (Storage bin) :

eksRbGb;eRkamdI RTab;edayRkNat; nig cMebIg Edlkb;dl;EKmxagelIenAkñúgdI nwgCYyrkSa dMLÚgeGayRtCak;edaypþl;karkarBarBIkarkk. eKGactMelIug KMrbeQIedIm,IgayRsYlykplitpl ecjcUl ehIy rmUcMebIgenAEpñkxagelIpþl;nUvGIusULg;kan;EtxøaMg.

Root box:

RbPB : Bubel, M. and Bubel, N. 1979. Root Cellaring: The Simple No-Processing Way to Store Fruits and Vegetables. Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press. 297 pp.


154


karsþúkTukdMNaMs¶Üt nig dMNaMemIm

xÞwm)araMg xÞwms nig plitpls¶ÜtmansmRsbbMputeTAnwgkatrsþúkTukEdlmansMeNImTab. xÞwm)araMg nig xÞwmsnwgduHBnøkRbsinebIsþúkTukenAsItuNðPaBmFüm. RbePTxÞwm)araMgEdlqYlxøaMgman sarFaturwgrlay)anx<s; ehIysþúkTuk)anyUrCagRbePTTn; b¤{Ep¥m} EdlkMrsþúkTuk)anyUrCagmYyEx. sMrab;karsþúkTukry³eBlyUr CaTUeTAxÞwm)araMgRtUv)an)aj;eday maleic hydrazide (MH) BIr bI s)aþh_ muneBlRbmUlpledIm,IraraMgkarduHBnøkkMLúgeBlsþúkTuk.

taragxageRkamenHCabBa¢Ilk<xNÐsþúkTukCaGnusasn_sMrab;dMNaMTaMgenH. sItuNðPaB RH

C F % skþanuBlénkMLúgeBlsþúkTuk

0-5 32-41 65-70 6-8 Ex xÞwm)araMg 28-30 82-86 65-70 1 Ex

0 32 70 6-7 Ex xÞwms 28-30 82-86 70 1 Ex

bEnø nig EpøeQIs¶Üt <10 <50 55-60 6-12 Ex

RbPB : Cantwell, M.I. and R.F. Kasmire. 2002. Postharvest Handling Systems: Underground Vegetables (Roots, Tubers, and Bulbs) p. 435-443. In: A.A. Kader (ed.) Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, University of California . ANR Publication 3311.

sMrab;karsþúkTukxÞwmRkhm nig xÞwmsCaBMnUk eKKYrerobcMRbB½n§xül;ecjcUl edIm,Ipþl;xül;cUl eTAkñúgkEnøgsþúkTukBI)atrbs;bnÞb;enAGRta 2 cubic feet kñúgmYynaTI kñúgmYy cubic feet rbs;plit pl. RbsinebIplitplenAkñúgeks b¤Fug enaHBMnUkRtUvGnuBaØatieGaymanclnaxül;ecjcUleday esrI. eKRtUvtMerobCYrrbs;eksRsbeTAnwgTisedArbs;rhUrxül; ehIyTukcenøaH 6 eTA 7 GiujBIKña. eKRtUvkar pÞt;pÁg;xül;eGay)anRKb;RKan; enAOaténCYrnimYy² ehIyeksRtUvtukeGaymanrn§xül;ecj cUlRtwmRtUv.


155

karsþúkTukCaBMnUk (Bulk storage) :

karsþúkTukenAkñúgeksRkdas b¤ kñúgFug (Storage in cartons or bins) :

RbPB: Oregon State University , 1978. Onion Storage: Guidelines for Commercial Growers. Oregon State Extension Service. Extension Circular 948.

karsþúkTukdMNaMb¤s nig dMNaMemIm (Storage of root and tuber crops)

lkçxNÐsþúkTukCaGnusasn_sMrab;dMNaMb¤s nig dMNaMemImRtUv)anerobrab;bnþbnÞab;tamtaragdUc xageRkam. dMLÚgsMrab;karEkécñmankarrkSaTukl¥bMputenAsItuNðPaBmFüm edIm,IkMNt;plitkmµsár edleLIgexµAenAeBlkMedAkMLúgeBlEkécñ. dMLÚgsMrab;eRbIR)as;k¾RtUvsþúkTukenAkñúgkEnøgggwtpgEdr edayehtufaemImrbs;vanwgplitkørU:PIl ¬ERbCaébtg¦ ehIybegáIteGaymanFatuBul alkaloid

solanine RbsinebIeKTukvaeGayRtUvBnøW. dMLÚgsþúkTuksMrab;eFIV {BUC} sþúkTukl¥bMputenAkñúgBnøWsay


156

(CIP, 1981). kørU:PIl nig solanine EdlekIneLIg nwgCYy karBardMLÚgBUCBIBBYkstVl¥itcéRg nig srIragÁeFIVeGayBukpuy.

dMNaMb¤s nig emImenAtMbn;RtUBicRtUvsþúkTukenAsItuNðPaBEdlnwgkarBardMNaMBIPaBRtCak; edayehtufa rbYsedaysarRtCak;GacbNþaleGayeLIgBN’etñatenAxagkñúg eLItGuc²enAelIépÞ nig gayTTYlrgkarxUcxatkan;EtxøaMg.

sItuNðPaB

°C °F

RH (%) skþanuBlénkMLúgeBlsþúkTuk

dMLÚg

TIpSarRss; 4-7 39-45 95-98 10 Ex

karEkécñ 8-12 47-54 95-98 10 Ex

dMLÚgBUC 0-2 32-36 95-98 10 Ex

5-8 41-46 80-90 2-4 s)aþh_ dMLÚgmI 0-5 32-41 85-95 6 Ex

dMLÚgCVa 12-14 54-57 85-90 6 Ex

13-15 55-59 Cit 100 6 Ex dMLÚgQamman;

27-30 80-86 60-70 3-5 s)aþh_ xJI 12-14 54-57 65-75 6 Ex

Jicama 12-15 54-59 65-75 3 Ex

Rtav 13-15 55-59 85-90 4 Ex

RbPB : Cantwell, M.I. and R.F. Kasmire. 2002. Postharvest Handling Systems: Underground Vegetables (Roots, Tubers, and Bulbs) p. 435-443. In: A.A. Kader (ed.) Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, University of California . ANR Publication 3311.

karsþúkTukdMLÚg (Storage of potatoes)

enAeBlsþúkTukdMLÚg karsþúkenAeRkamdI b¤eRkamcMebIgenATIvalKWCabec©kviTüaEdlcMNaytic EdlGacerobcMedayeRbIR)as;sMPar³EdlGacrk)anenAkñúgRsuksMrab;eFIVrn§xül;ecjcUl nig GIusULg;. ]TahrN_EdlmanbgðajTIenH eKeRbIRbGb;eQIeFIVCa]bkrN_bWtxül;ecjcUl nig cMebIgCaGIusULg;. KMnrdMLÚgTaMgmUl nigcMebIgRtUv)anRKbedayRsTab;dI Edlminhab;xøaMg. edIm,Ikat;bnßykarekInkMedA


157

eKRtUvdak;karsþúkTukdMLÚg (clamp) enAkñúgmøb; ¬eRkamedImeQI elIEpñkEdlRtCak;rbs;sMNg; b¤ enA eRkammøb;¦. enAtMbn;EdlRtCak;xøaMg eKGacbEnßmRsTab;TIBIrrbs;cMebIg nig dI. enAtMbn;ekþAxøaMgeKRtUvkar dI tictYc bu:EnþGacbEnßmeGaymanxül;ecjcUlxøaMgedaysagsg;RbePTbMBg;EpSgEdlmanxül;ecj enA EpñkxagelIénkEnøgsþukTuk (Clamp).

Field storage clamp:

RbPB : CIP. 1981. Principles of Potato Storage. Lima , Peru : International Potato Center (CIP). 105 pp.

eKGacsagsg;kEnøgsþúkTukya:gsmBaØsMrab;brimaNplitpltictYc. ]TahrN_Edlpþl;enATI enHGacsþúkTuk BI 1 eTA 2 etan ehIy eKGaceRbIenAelIksidæan nig enAkñúgPUmitMbn;PñM. dMbUgeKeFIVBIkþar CMenorlabBN’sedIm,Ikat;bnßykarRbmUlpþúMkMedABIRBHGaTitü nig RKbedaydMbUls,Úvya:gFMsMrab; karBarBIBnøWRBHGaTitü nig ePøóg. vamanTVarTUlayenAmçagsMrab;pÞúk nig ykplitplecj.


158

eKsagsg;kEnøgsþúkTukTIBIrBIcMrwgeQIb¤Edk nig kMe)arbUk nig \dæeFIVBIPk;CaragsIuLaMg. vaman TVarBIr EdlTVarmYyenAxagelIsMrab;pÞúkplitplcUl nig TVarmYyeTotenA)atsMrab;gayRsYlykplit pldMLÚgecjlk; b¤ eRbIR)as;. karlabBN’sCYykat;bnßykarekInkMedA ehIy dMbUls,ÚvkarBadMLÚgBI ePøóg nig RBHGaTItü.

RbPB : CIP. 1981. Principles of Potato Storage. Lima , Peru : International Potato Center (CIP). 105 pp.

sMrab;dMLÚgEdlmanbrimaNeRcIn eKgacsagsg;XøaMgsþúkTukEdlmaneRKagRTRTg;xøÜnÉg. eK CIkreNþACMerA 10 feet ehIyeKdak;bMBg;xül;eFIVBIeQItambenþaykMraleFIVBIdI. dMbUlsMNg;sg;BIeQI RKbedayrmUrcMebIg nig RsTab;dIRkas;.


159

RbPB : University of Idaho . No date. Idaho Potato Storage . Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture , Bulletin 410.

bMBg;sMrab;xül;ecjcUlrbs;bnÞb;sþúkTukTaMgmUlGacdak;latepþk nigbBaÄr. bnÞb;sþúkTuk dMLÚgbgðajxageRkamenH pþl;kEnøgxül;ecjcUlCaeRcIntamkareRbIsMPar³gay². bnÞb;GacCaTMrg; b¤ TMhMNamYy edayehtufabMBg;xül; eKGacdak;enATItaMgCabnþbnÞab;BaseBj.

RbPB : Lopez, E.G. 1983. Conservación de la Producción Agrícola. Barcelona : Editorial Aedos. 188 pp.

enAeBldak;dMLÚgcUleTAkñúgkEnøgsþúkTuk kardak;rayplitplCaktþasMxan;sMrab;eFIVeGayman xül;ecjcUll¥. karpÞúkplitplKµanrbob nwgeFIVeGaysÞHclnaxül; ehIy naMeGay)at;bg;enAeBl sþúkTukGaRs½yedayKµanxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan;.

kardak;raydMLÚgesµIKñaenAkñúgbnÞb;sþúkTuk (Even distribution of potatoes in the storeroom) :


160

kardak;raydMLÚgKµanrebobenAkñúgbnÞb;sþúkTuk (Uneven distribution of potatoes in the storeroom):

RbPB : CIP. 1981. Principles of Potato Storage. Lima , Peru : International Potato Center (CIP) 105 pp.


161


karsþúkTukedayRKb;RKgbriyakas (Controlled atmosphere ( C.A. ) storage)

karsþúkTukedayRKb;RKgbriyakas b¤ karERbRbYlbriyakas eKKYreRbICakarbEnßmeTAelI karRKb;RKgsMeNIm nig sItuNðPaBRtwmRtUv EtminEmnCakarCMnYseT. viFIsaRsþsamBaØ²sMrab;kar ERbRbYlsamasFatuxül;enAkñúgbridæansþúkTukmanerobrab;dUcxageRkam (BI Kader, 2002). xül;Edl cUleTAkñúgbnÞb;sþúkTuk b¤ EdlvilcuHeLIgenAkñúgbnÞb;RtUvEtqøgkat;eGay)ansBtamRbB½n§RtYtBinitü nig tamdan. karRtYtBinitü]sµ½nGuksIuEsn³ edIm,I kat;bnßy³

• eFIVvisuT§kmµCamYyGasUt • BIGasUtravdl;cMhay • BIma:sIunplitGasUttamRbB½n§Pñas • BIma:sIunplitGasUttamRbB½n§eRcaHmU:elKul

karRtYtBinitü]sµ½nkabUnic³ edIm,I begáIn³

• Twkkks¶Üt • sIuLaMg]sµ½nmansMBaF

edIm,I kat;bnßy³ • ]bkrN_bnSút]sµ½neRbIcMeraHm:UelKul • ]bkrN_bnSút]sµ½ntamFüÚgskmµ • ]bkrN_bnSút]sµ½ntamsUdüÚmGIuRduksIut • kMe)aresIm ¬eRbI 0/6 KkkMe)aresIm edIm,IeFIVRbRBwtþikmµxül;Ed;eRbIedIm,IbBa©Úlxül;sMrab;Epø

100 Kk. eKGacdak;xül;eeGaykat;tamRbGb; Edldak;enAxagkñúg b¤ xageRkAbnÞb;sþúkTuk C.A. edaypÞal;¦.


162

RbPB : Vigneault, C., Raghavan, V.G.S., and Prange, R. 1994. Techniques for controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables. Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Technical Bulletin 1993-18E.

viFIsaRsþsamBaØmYy edIm,IEktMrUvkMrit]sµ½nkabUnicenAkñúgbnÞb; CA KWkMe)arlayTwk ¬kal;süÚm kabUNat¦ {bnSútkr} Ca(OH)2 . eKsg;]bkrN_bnSút]sµ½nedayeRbIRbGb;kþarbnÞHbitxül;Cit nig mincMlgkMedA dak;enAeRkAbnÞb; CA. RbGb;RtUvmankMe)arRKb;RKan;sMrab;kMLúgeBlsþúkTukTaMgmUl bu:Enþ eKGacbEnßmkMe)arfµI RbsinebIkarRsUb CO2 Føak;cuH.

CO2 nig kMe)armanRbtikmµkñúgsmamaRt 1³1 edIm,IbegáIt)anCafµkMe)ar nig Twk. kMe)arEdl manTMhMtUc² ¬duMm:dæ¦ RbtikmµCamYy CO2 manRbsiT§PaBCagkMe)arEdlmanduMFM. xageRkamenHnwg begáInCaGtibrimanUvRbsiT§PaBrbs;]bkrN_bnSút]sµ½nxñattUcrbs;Gñk³

• eKKYrx©b;kMe)arenAfg; 25 Kk EdlKµanRTnab;b:UlIeGTIELn. • eKKYrbMeBjEtEpñkxøhenAkñúges,agnimYy² ¬50°¦ edIm,IeCosvagRsTab;xageRkAeLIgrwg nig

kat;bnßyRbsiT§PaB. • eKKYrdak;tMrYtes,agenAelI)a:ELtEdlbMBak;edayeFñIedayTukcenøaH 10 sm rvagRsTab;nimYy

² edIm,IeGaymanxül;ecjcUlCaGtibrima. • eKKYrdak;kMe)ar 50° tamGnusasn_sMrab;karsþúkTukEdlsµantukenAelI):aELtelIkMralrbs;

bnÞb;sþúkTuk ¬enHnwgeRbIGs; CO2 plitdMbUgedayEpøeQIya:gx<s;¦.

edIm,IrkSaeGay CO2 enATabCag 2° eKpþl;CaGnusasn_eGayeRbIkMe)arRbEhl 12 Kk kñúg Epøe)a:mmYyetan sMrab;ry³eBlsþúkTuk 3 eTA 3 Ex.


163

sMrab;karkarBarkarkekItmaneGTIELn eKGacsagsg;bnSútkr]sµ½nsamBØamYy bEnßmeTAnwg

bMBg;pÁt;pÁg;xül;. karRtYtBinitüeGTIELn³ edIm,I kat;bnßy³

• b:UtasüÚmEBm:g;kaNat • FüÚgskmµ • GuksIutkmµkatalIs


164

karsþúkTukedayRtYtBinitübriyakasrbs;plitplenAelI)a:ELt k¾GaceFIV)anpgEdredaykar eRbIkartMeLIgBak;kNþalGciéRnþy_sMrab;begáItkarbitP¢it]sµ½n. cMnYn)a:ELtNamYyGacdak;enAkñúgtg; )aøsÞikEdleRbIsnøwkb:UlIeGTIELnRbEvg 7 eTA 8 mil . eKGacTTYl)an r)aMg]sµ½nEdlRbesIrmYyenA elIkMral ¬eRbobeFobCamYybMBg;tamEbbRbéBNIenAkñúgviFIsaRsþsñÚkEdlmanbgðajdUcxageRkam¦ edaydak;snøwkbU:lIeGTIELn 4 eTA 5 mil elIkMral nig RKbvaCamYybnÞHeQI. bnÞab;mkeKbitP¢iteday tMNtg;)øasÞikCamYynwgkMral)øasÞik ¬eRbIsáút¦.

eRKagtg; CA KMrU (Typical layout of a C.A. tent) :

RbPB : McDonald, B. 1982. Controlled atmosphere storage using plastic tents. International Institute of Refrigeration.

karGnuvtþn_samBaØepSgeTot EdlGaceRbIR)as;edIm,IsþúkTukplitplenAeRkamlkçxNÐRtYt BinitüsMBaFbriyakas Tak;TgeTAnwgkarsagsg;tg;)øasÞikEdleRbI bU:lIvInIlkørY (PVC) 20 mil

P¢ÜrenAelIeFñI)a:ELtburaNxagkñúgXøaMgsþúkTukRtCak;edayma:sIunRtCak;. düaRkamxageRkamenHbgðajBI sMBt;tg; CA BIry:ag. tg;xagelIRtUv)anbitP¢itedaybitrUtenAelIEpñkTaMgsgxagrbs;TVar ehIy RClk;)atTVar nig dak;P¢itbnÞHkMralenAkñúgsñÚkTwk. sñÚkeFIVBIbMBg; PVC manGgát;p©it 6 Giuj ¬edaykat; bMBg; 1¼3¦ EdlGaceGaybMBg;pÁt;pÁg;]sµ½n nig bMBg;yk]sµ½n nig ExS probe sItuNðPaB qøgkat;cUl eTAkñúgtg;)an. RKb;eFñr nig tMNrTaMgGs;rbs;tg;RtUv)anpSarP¢itedaykMedA. )attg;bgðajedayTVarrmUrcMhr nig )a:ELtpÞúkplitplmYydak;enAkñúgtg;.


165

RbPB : Leyte , J.C. and Forney, C.F. 1999. Controlled atmosphere tents for storing fresh

produce in conventional refrigerated rooms. HortTechnology 9 (4) 672-675.

eKGaceRbIR)as; tg;)aøsÞikEdlmantMélTab eFIVtammU:dBIsnøwk)øasÞikføa sMrab;karsþúkTukeday RtYtBinitüsMBaFbriyakas éneckébtgTaMgsÞg. kgðartUcmYydak;sMrab;bk;xül;ecjcUlénbnÞb;sþúk Tuk C.A. ¬2° O2 nig 5° CO2 kat;tambnÞb;bU:tasüÚmEBm:g;kaNatenAelIGaluymIjÚ:mGuksIut (Purafil). kareLIgTuMRtUv)anBnüaxN³EdleGTIELnRtUv)anbnSútBIxül;sþúkTuk. GayukalsþúkTuk rbs;eckenAeRkamlkçxNÐTaMgenHKW 4 eTA 6 s)aþh_enAsItuNðPaBFmµta.

RbPB : Shorter, A.J. et al. 1987. Controlled atmosphere storage of bananas in bunches at ambient temperatures. CSIRO Food Research Quarterly 47:61-63.


166

taragxageRkamenHKWCasegçbéntMrUvkar nig Gnusasn_énkarRtYtBinitüsMBaFbriyakas (CA) nig karERbRbYlbriyakas (MA)

segçbBI tMrUvkar nig Gnusasn_énkarRtYtBinitüsMBaFbriyakas (CA) nig karERbRbYlbriyakas (MA) sMrab;Epøe)a:m (A summary of controlled atmosphere (CA) and

modified atmosphere (MA) requirements and recommendations for apples)

kMritsmRsbmFümrbs;BUCEpøe)a:mEdlmanRbCaRbiy_

BUC O2 % CO2 % sItuNðPaB ( ° C) karsþúkTuk (Ex) Braeburn 1/8 1/0 0/7 6-9 Fuji 1/4 1/0 0/3 7-11 Gala 1/7 1/6 1/3 2-9 Golden Delicious 1/6 2/3 0/5 7-11 Granny Smith 1/4 2/0 0/6 7-11 Idared 2/1 2/5 1/9 7-10 Jonagold 1/4 2/7 0/9 5-10 McIntosh 2/1 2/9 2/5 5-10 Red Delicious 1/6 1/8 0/0 6-11 Royal Gala 1/7 1/8 -0/2 5-8 Average 1/7 2/0 0/9

RbPB : Kuprferman, E. 1997. Controlled atmosphere storage of apples. CA ’97 Proceedings, Vol. 2, pp 1-30. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 16, University of California , Davis .

segçbBI tMrUvkar nig Gnusasn_énkarRtYtBinitüsMBaFbriyakas (CA) nig karERbRbYlbriyakas

(MA) sMrab;EpøB½r (A summary of controlled atmosphere (CA) and modified atmosphere (MA) requirement and recommendations for pears)

sItuNðPaBsþúkTuksmRsbKW -1 eTA 0oC ebImindUecñaHminmanbgðaj. ¬BakübMRBYjénPaBmin RbRktI-CAKW ³ IB=internal breakdown or browning ¬karxUcxatxagkñúg b¤ kareLIgBN’etñat¦;

BH=brown heart; PBC=pithy brown core ¬sñÚlBN’etñatehIyes<at¦; CF=core flush


167

¬sñÚlRkhm¦; Cav=cavity ¬pt¦, usually lense shaped ¬CaTUeTAmanragCakB©ak;¦; CI=chilling

injury ¬rbYsedayRtCak;¦).

BUC O2% CO2(%) sþúkTuk Ex CA- Disorders

Abate Fetel 1 1 5-6 IB Alejandrina 3 2 4-5 IB Anjou , d’Anjou 1-2.5 0-0.5 7-8 IB,PBC,Cav Bartlett (=William’s Bon Chretien) 1-2 0-0.5 3-5 CF,PBC Blanquilla, (=Blanca de Aranjuez) 3 3 6-7 Bosc, Kaiser 1-2.5 0.5-1.5 4-8 PBC, Cav Buena Luisa (=Buona Luisa) 3 2 6 IB, CF Clapp’s Favorite 2 <0.7 3-4 IB, PBC Comice (=Doyenne du Comice, Comizio) 1.5-4 0.5-4 5-6 IB(overmature)

Conference 1-2.5 0.6-1.5 6-8 BH,IB, Cav Coscia 1.5 2-3 6-7 CF Flor d’Hivern(=Inverno) 3 3 4-5 IB Forelle 1.5 0-1.5 6-7 General Leclerc 2-3 2-3 3-5 Grand Champion 3 2-2.5 4 Hardy 2-3 3-5 4-6 Josephine 1-2 1-2 8 Krystalli 2 1-2 3-5 Limonera, Llimonera 3 3 3-4 Packham’s Triumph 1.5-1.8 1.5-2.5 7-9 CB Passe Crassane (=Passa Crassana) 3 4-5 5-8 IB Rocha 2 2 8 Spadona 1.5-2.5 1.5-3.5 8-9 IB Nashi, Asian pears : Chojuro 2 1-2 3-4 Kosui 1-2 0-2 3-4 Nijiseiki (=20 th Century) 0.5-3 0-1 5 Tsu Li 1-2 0-3 3-5 IB Ya Li 4-5 0-4 3-4 IB, Cav, CI?

‘Ya Li’ GacbgðajBIRbePTmYyénrbYsedayRtCak;enAsItuNðPaB <5oC

RbPB : Richardson , D.G. and E. Kupferman. 1997. Controlled atmosphere storage of pears. CA ’97 Proceedings, Vol. 2, pp 31-35. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 16, University of California , Davis .


168

segçbBItMrUvkar CA nig Gnusasn_sMrab;EpøeQIeRkABIEpøe)a:m nig B½r A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for fruits other than apples and

pears

CA2 plitpl lMdab;sItuNðPaB °C 1

% O2 % CO2

kareRbIR)as;CaBaNiC¢kmµenA Ex mifuna 2001

Apricot 0-5 2-3 2-3

Asian pear 0-5 2-4 0-1 kareRbIR)as;mankMNt;elIBUCmYycMnYn Avocado 5-13 2-5 3-

10 )aneRbIR)as;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Úntamk)a:l;Twk

eck 12-16 2-5 2-5 )aneRbIR)as;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Úntamk)a:l;Twk Blackberry 0-5 5-10 15-

20 )aneRbIR)as;enAkñúg)a:ELtKMrbkMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún

Blueberry 0-5 2-5 12-20

kareRbIR)as;mankMNt;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún

Cactus pear 5-10 2-3 2-5

Cherimoya & Atemoya 8-15 3-5 5-10

Cherry, sweet 0-5 3-10 10-15

)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúg)a:ELtKMrb b¤ ekskñúgk)a:l; TwkkMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún

Cranberry 2-5 1-2 0-5

FUern 12-20 3-5 5-15

Fig 0-5 5-10 15-20

kareRbIR)as;mankMNt;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún

TMBaMg)ayCUr 0-5 2-5 b¤ 1-3 minsmRsbsMrab; kareFIVFUbTkmµCamYy SO2 5-10 15-

20 eRbIR)as;mankMNt;CMnYseGay SO2 sMrab;Binitü karxUckMLúgeBldwkCBa¢ÚnrhUtdl; 4 GaTitü

RkUcføúg 10-15 3-10 5-10

RtEbk 5-15 2-5 0-1

Kiwifruit 0-5 1-2 3-5 BnüakareRbIR)as;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún nig sþúkTuk


169

C2H4RtUvrkSaeRkam 20 ppb Lemon 10-15 5-10 0-10

Lime 10-15 5-10 0-10

Loquat 0-5 2-4 0-1

Lychee (litchi) 5-12 3-5 3-5

sVay 10-15 3-7 5-8 begáInkareRbIR)as;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Úntamk)a:l; Nectarine 0-5 1-2 b¤ 3-5 kareRbIR)as;mankMNt;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Úntamk)a:l; 4-6 15-

17 eRbIR)as;edIm,Ikat;bnßyrbYsedayRtCak; ¬xUcxat xagkñúg¦ BUCmYycMnYn

Olive 5-10 2-3 0-1 kMNt;kareRbIR)as;edIm,IBnüardUvEkécñ RkUc 5-10 5-10 0-5

lðúg 10-15 2-5 5-8

Peach, clingstone 0-5 1-2 3-5 kMNt;kareRbIR)as;edIm,IBnüardUvRckkMb:ug

Peach, freestone 0-5 1-2 b¤ 3-5 kareRbIR)as;mankMNt;kMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Úntamk)a:l; 4-6 15-

17 eRbIR)as;edIm,Ikat;bnßy incidence nig severity

énkarxUcxatxagkñúg ¬rbYsedayRtCak;¦énBUCmYy cMnYn Persimmon 0-5 3-5 5-8 kMNt;kareRbIR)as;karevcx©b;tam MA

mñas; 8-13 2-5 5-10 eRbIR)as; Waxing edIm,IbegáIt MA nig kat;bnßy cMnucBN’etñatenAxageRkA

Plum 0-5 1-2 0-5 kMNt;kareRbIR)as;sMrab;karsþúkTukry³eBlyUrBUCmYycMnYnPomegranate 5-10 3-5 10-

15

Rambutan 8-15 3-5 7-12

Raspberry 0-5 5-10 15-20

)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúg)a:ELtKMrbkMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún

Strawberry 0-5 5-10 15-20

)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúg)a:ELtKMrbkMLúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún


170

Sweetsop (custard apple) 12-20 3-5 5-10

1 CaFmµta nig¼b¤ Gnusasn_CacenøaH sMeNImeFobBI 90-95° RtUv)anpþl;CaGnusasn_.

2 karpSM CA Cak;lak;GaRs½ytamBUC sItuNðPaB nig kMLúgeBlsþúkTuk. Gnusasn_TaMgenHsMrab;kar dwkCBa¢Ún nig¼b¤sþúkTukelIsBI 2 s)aþh_. kardak;eGayRtUvkMhab; O2 Tab nig¼b¤ CO2 x<s;sMrab;ry³ eBlxøIGac eRbIR)as;sMrab;BinitüGRbRktIPaBsrIrviTüa Pñak;garcMlgeraK nig¼b¤ stVl¥itmYycMnYn.

RbPB : Kader, A.A. 2001. A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for fruits other than apples and pears. pp 29-70. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 22A, University of California , Davis .

segçbBItMrUvkar nig Gnusasn_ rbs; CA sMrab;bEnøRbmUlpl 34 RbePT

sItuNðPaB1 briyakas2

bEnø3 smRsb cenøaH %O2 %CO2 kareRbIR)as;3 Artichokes 0 0 - 5 2 - 3 2 - 3 ++

Asparagus 2 1 - 5 xül; 10 - 14 +++

Beans, green snap 8 5 - 10 1 - 3 3 - 7 +

processing 8 5 - 10 8 - 10 20 - 30 ++

Broccoli 0 0 - 5 1 - 2 5 - 10 +++

Brussels sprouts 0 0 - 5 1 - 2 5 - 7 +

Cabbage 0 0 - 5 2 - 3 3 - 6 +++

Chinese cabbage 0 0 - 5 1 - 2 0 - 5 +

Cantaloupes 3 2 - 7 3 - 5 10 - 20 ++

Cauliflower 0 0 - 5 2 - 3 3 - 4 +

Celeriac 0 0 - 5 2 - 4 2 - 3 +

Celery 0 0 - 5 1 - 4 3 - 5 +

Cucumbers, fresh 12 8 - 12 1 - 4 0 +

pickling 4 1 - 4 3 - 5 3 - 5 +

Herbs4 1 0 - 5 5 - 10 4 - 6 ++


171

Leeks 0 0 - 5 1 - 2 2 - 5 +

Lettuce (crisphead) 0 0 - 5 1 - 3 0 ++

cut or shredded 0 0 - 5 1 - 5 5 - 20 +++

Lettuce (leaf) 0 0 - 5 1 - 3 0 ++

Mushrooms 0 0 - 5 3 - 21 5 - 15 ++

Okra 10 7 - 12 xül; 4 - 10 +

Onions (bulb) 0 0 - 5 1 - 2 0 - 10 +

Onions (bunching) 0 0 - 5 2 - 3 0 - 5 +

Parsley 0 0 - 5 8 - 10 8 - 10 +

Pepper (bell) 8 5 - 12 2 - 5 2 - 5 +

Pepper (chili) 8 5 - 12 3 - 5 0 - 5 +

processing 5 5 - 10 3 - 5 10 - 20 ++

Radish (topped) 0 0 - 5 1 - 2 2 - 3 +

Spinach 0 0 - 5 7 - 10 5 - 10 +

Sugar peas 0 0 - 10 2 - 3 2 - 3 +

Sweet corn 0 0 - 5 2 - 4 5 - 10 +

Tomatoes (green) 12 12 - 20 3 - 5 2 - 3 +

ripe 10 10 - 15 3 - 5 3 - 5 ++

Witloof chicory 0 0 - 5 3 - 4 4 - 5 +

1 PaBsmRsb nig cenøaHFmµta nig¼b¤ sItuNðPaBCaGnusasn_. sMeNImeFob 90-95° CaFmµta RtUv)anpþl;CaGnusasn_ ¬elIkElgxÞwm)araMg¦. 2 Gnusasn_ CA Cak;lak;GaRs½yelIBUC sItuNðPaB nig kMLúgeBlsþúkTuk. 3 skþanuBlénkareRbIR)as;Gacx<s; (+++), mFüm (++), b¤ Tab (+). 4 TiNeTs : chervil, chives, coriander, dill, sorrel and watercress.

RbPB : Saltveit, M.A. 2001. A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for vegetables. pp 71-94. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 22A, University of California , Davis .


172

segçbBIGnusasn_én CA nig MA sMrab;bEnø nig EpøeQIkat;Edl)aneRCIserIsmYycMnYn

James R. Gorny International Fresh-cut Produce Association

Davis , CA 95616 USA

taragTI 1- bEnøRss;kat; (Fresh-cut Vegetable)

briyakas plitpl Fresh-cut sItuNðPaB (oC) %O2 % CO2

RbsiT§PaB

Beets (Red), Grated, Cubed, or Peeled 0-5 5 5 Moderate

Broccoli, Florets 0-5 2-3 6-7 Good

Cabbage, Shredded 0-5 5-7/5 15 Good

Cabbage (Chinese), Shredded 0-5 5 5 Moderate

Carrots, Shredded, Sticks, or Sliced 0-5 2-5 15-20 Good

Jicama, Sticks 0-5 5 5-10 Good

Leek, Sliced 0-5 5 5 Moderate

Lettuce (Butterhead), Chopped 0-5 1-3 5-10 Moderate

Lettuce (Green Leaf), Chopped 0-5 0/5-3 5-10 Good

Lettuce (Iceberg), Chopped or Shredded 0-5 0/5-3 10-15 Good

Lettuce (Red Leaf), Chopped 0-5 0/5-3 5-10 Good

Lettuce (Romaine), Chopped 0-5 0/5-3 5-10 Good

Mushrooms, Sliced 0-5 3 10 NOT RECOMMENDED

Onion, Sliced or Diced 0-5 2-5 10-15 Good

Peppers, Diced 0-5 3 5-10 Moderate

Potato, Sliced or Whole-Peeled 0-5 1-3 6-9 Good

Pumpkin, Cubed 0-5 2 15 Moderate

Rutabaga, Sliced 0-5 5 5 Moderate

Spinach, Cleaned 0-5 0/8-3 8-10 Moderate

Tomato, Sliced 0-5 3 3 Moderate

Zucchini, Sliced 5 0/25-1 - Moderate


173

taragTI 2 – EpøeQI Fresh-cut

briyakas plitpl Fresh-cut sItuNðPaB (oC)%O 2 % CO2

RbsiT§PaB

Apple, Sliced 0-5 <1 4-12 Moderate

Cantaloupe, Cubed 0-5 3-5 6-15 Good

Grapefruit, Slices 0-5 14-21 7-10 Moderate

Honeydew, Cubed 0-5 2 10 Good

Kiwifruit, Sliced 0-5 2-4 5-10 Good

Mango Cubes 0-5 2-4 10 Good

Orange , Sliced 0-5 14-21 7-10 Moderate

Peach, Sliced 0 1-2 5-12 Poor

Pear, Sliced 0-5 0/5 <10 Poor

Persimmon, Sliced 0-5 2 12 Poor

Pomegranate, Arils 0-5 - 15-20 Good

Strawberry, Sliced 0-5 1-2 5-10 Good

Watermelon Cubes 0-5 3-5 10 Good

RbPB : Gorny, J.R. 2001. A summary of CA and MA requirements and recommendations for fresh-cut (minimally processed) fruits and vegetables. pp 95-145. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 22A, University of California , Davis .


174

CMBUkTI 8³ kardwkCBa¢ÚndMMNaMsakvb,kmµ

karRKb;RKgsItuNðPaBKWCacMnucsMxan;kñúgeBldwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvq¶ay dUcenHkarpÞúkRtUveFIVtMrYtedIm,I eGaymanxül;ecjcUlRtwmRtUv eCosvagekItmankMedAedayplitplxøÜnÉgpÞal; RBmTaMgkMedABIbriya kas nig pøÚvrlak;. rfynþdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvmanGIusULg;l¥edIm,IrkSabridæanRtCak;sMrab;karbBa©úHkMedAplit plCamun nig manrn§xül;l¥ edIm,IeGayxül;clnaqøgkat;plitpl. kMLúgeBldwwkCBa¢Ún eKRtUvtMrYt plitpltamviFIEdlGackat;bnßykarxUcxatCaGb,brima bnÞab;mkRtUveRbICnÞl; nig eFIVeGaymansuvtßi PaB. rfynþEdlebIkcMhr GacRtUv)anpÞúktamviFIEdlGaceFIVeGayxül;pøas;TIkat;tambnÞúk nig pþl; PaBRtCak;xøHdl;plitpl xN³Edlrfynþpøas;TI. kareFIVdMeNIreBlyb; nig eBlRBwkRBhamGackat; bnßykMedAkñúgbnÞúkelIrfynþEdlkMBukdwkCBa¢Únplitpl. GñkebIkbrrfynþ sMrab;dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijRtUv mankarhVwkhat;l¥ BIrebobpÞúk nig elIkdak;TMnijrbs;eK. vahak;dUcCamankarRbKl;kargarCaeRcIndl; GñkebIkbr ¬enA US ry³eBlCamFümelIkargarya:gehacNas; 3/5 qñaM¦ dUcenHkarhVwkhat;KWCaerOg RtUvKitCaRbcaM (Hagen, et al., 1999) . Éksarr)aykarN_fµI²EdleFIVkarpÞúkcMruHenAkñúgGaemricxageCIg KWenAEtCakarGnuvtþsamBaØmYy CaBiessCamYynwgkardwkCBa¢ÚnbEnø (Hagen et al, 1999). karpÞúkcMruHGacCakgVl;ya:gF¶n;F¶renAeBl EdlsItuNðPaBsmRsbminmanPaBRtUvKña ¬Ca]TahrN_ enAeBldwkCBa¢ÚnEpøeQIEdlgayxUceday RtCak;;CamYyplitplEdlRtUvkarsItuNðPaBTab¦ b¤enAeBldwkCBa¢Ún plitplEdlpliteGTIELn CamYyplitplEdlgayxUcedayeGTIELn. plitplEdlpliteGTIELnx<s; ¬dUcCa eckTuM e)a:m Rtsk;RsUvCaedIm¦ GacbNþaleGayekItmanGRbRktIPaB nig¼b¤ PaBpøas;bþÚrEdlmincg;)annUvBN’ rsCati nig vaynPaBdl;plitplEdlEdlgayrgxUcxatedayeGTIELn ¬dUcCa és< Rtsk; kar:ut dMLÚg dMLÚgCaVCaedIm¦. KMrb)a:ELtEdlmanTMhMFMGacrk)an sMrab;RKbplitpl Edl)anbBa©úHsItuNðPaBkñúgeBlelIk dak; nig dwkCBa¢Ún. KMrbeFIVBIb:UlIeGTIELn mantMélefak nig TMgn;Rsal ehIyGackarBarbnÞúkkñúg )a:ELtBIFUlI sMeNIm nig kar)at;bg;PaBRtCak;. KMrbmincMlgkMedAEdlmanTMgn;RsalGackarBarbnÞúk BIkarekInkMedAry³eBlCaeRcInem:ag ¬Ca]TahrN_ kñúgeBlBnüaeBledIm,IpÞúkplitpl¦. CYnkaleK eRbIR)as;KMrbEdlmanTMgn;F¶n;edIm,IkarBarplitplRtUBik BIPaBRtCak;enAeBldwkCBa¢ÚnkñúgrdUvrgarpg Edr. sUmemIlenAkñúg Internet sMrab;Bt’manbEnßm (BaküKnøwH³ produce pallet covers) bBa¢aTijkata LúkBI International Ripening Company ( http://www.QAsupplies.com or 800-472-7205).


175

rfynþcMhr

bnÞúkplitplTaMgmUlKYrpÞúkedayRbugRby½tñedIm,IkuMeGaymankarxUcxatedayemkanic. eKGac RTab; b¤ dak;RTnab;rfynþedayRsTab;cMebIgRkas; . eKGaceRbI kenÞlt,aj b¤ karug)avenAkñúg)atrbs; rfynþtUc². eKminKYrdak;bnÞúkepSg²enAelIEpñkelIénBMnUkrbs;plitpleT.

RbPB : Wilson , J. No date. Careful Storage of Yams: Some Principles to Reduce Losses. London : Commonwealth Secretariat/ International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.

eKcaM)ac;RtUvbBa©úHsItuNðPaBbnÞúkEdlebIkcMhrenAeBlEdlGaceFIV)an. eKGacsagsg; ]bkrN_beBa©jbBa©Úlxül;rbs;rfynþsMrab;rfynþcMhrEdlKµanma:sIunRtCak;edaykarRKbbnÞúkefI²CamYysMBt; ehIyeFIVmU:d]bkrN_cab;xül;BIsnøwkelah. eKKYrP¢ab;TMBk;enAxagmux)at ehIyKYrdak;eGay )anx<s;CagkMBs;rbs;rfynþ. el,ÓndwkCBa¢Únx<s; nig/b¤kardwkCBa¢ÚncMgayq¶ay mankarRbfuyeTAnwg buBVehtueFIVeGaydMNaMs¶ÜtelIstMrUvkar.


176

RbPB : Pantastico, Er. B 1980. FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on Reduction of Food Losses in Perishable Products of Plant Origin, Working Document 2: Fruits and Vegetables. (6-9 May, Rome : FAO)

RbB½n§beBa©jbBa©Úlxül;enH )anerobcMsMrab;dwkbnÞúkBMnUksENþkRss;enAkñúg RbeTsGIur:g;. eKsagsg; ]bkrN_cab;xül; nig TredayeRbIkERBa©geQI. bnÞab;BIykbnÞHcugrbs;vaecj eKBüÜr kERBa©gCamYyKñacUleTAkñúgKMrUdUcmanbgðajxageRkam. rMhUrxül;eLIgelIkat;tambnÞúkkMLúgeBldwk CBa¢Ún CYyrkSaplitplBIkareLIgkMedAhYs. eKeRbIRbB½n§enHenAkñúgrfynþ Pick up nig sMrab;dwkBMnUk sENþkexov. lT§plRbesIrbMputTTYl)anenAeBldwkCBa¢ÚnkMLúgeBlRBwkRBhammunéf¶rH.

RbPB : Kasmire, R.F. 1994. Personal Communication.


177

]bkrN_Ba©úHsItuNðPaBFuntUcrbs; USDA

kmµviFIbBa©úHsItuNðPaBeRkayRbmUlplrbs; USDA sgát;F¶n;elIGñkdaMduHFuntUcnUvtMrUvkaredIm,I³ a- Eckfñak; nig RbePTplitplecjBITIval b- evcx©b;plitplRtwmRtUvsMrab;TIpSar c- bBa©úHsItuNðPaBplitplPøam²edIm,IbnßykMedAbnÞab;BIRbmUlpl

]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBFuntUcenHeRbIR)as; 12000 BTU/em:ag ¬1etan¦ 110 v:ul én ma:sIunRtCak;dak;enAbg¥ÜcbnÞb; edIm,IbBa©úHsItuNðPaBxül;xagkñúgRbGb;EdlmincMlgkMedA. xül;RtCak; enAxagkñúgEpñkxagmuxRbGb; RtUv)anbBa¢Únkat;tamplitpledaysMBaFkgðarenAEpñkxagkñúgénCBa¢aMg TIBIr. xül;EdlRtlb;mkvij bk;b:HenAeRkamkMralbeBaäateq<aHeTAmuxRbGb;.

]bkrN_bBa©úHsItuNðPaBGacyktam)an RtUv)ansagsg;eLIgedayRkumshRbtibtþikar enA USDA, Beltsville, Maryland edIm,IbBa©úHsItuNðPaBBBYk berries Edlqab;xUc nig plitplEdl)an bBa©úHsItuNðPaBedayxül;epSgeTot. tMélRbEhlCa 1200 $ bu:EnþtMélGaccuHTabCagenH RbsinebI vasagsg;edayeRbIma:sIunRtCak;. bøg;eBjlkçN³Gacrk)antamGiuT½rNitenAelI website:

http://www.attra.org.

RbPB : Ross, D.S. 2002 E-mail:[email protected]


178

rfynþseNþagEdlmanma:sIunRtCak; (Refrigerated trailers)

sMrab;karRKb;RKgsItuNðPaBdwkCBa¢ÚnsmRsb rfynþdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlmanma:sIunRtCak;caM)ac;RtUv dak;GIusULg;eRKÓgeFIVeGayRtCak;Edlmanka)a:sIuetx<s; nig kgðarTrTTYlxül;. taragepÞógpÞat;xag eRkamenHrYmbBa©ÚlnUveRKÓgTaMgenH nig lkçN³tMrUvkarepSgeTotenAkñúgrWm:kseNþagEdlTTYlxül;BI xagelI.

rfynþdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlmanma:sIunRtCak;-- Pre-loading Checklist

________ etIm:asuInRtCak;dMeNIrkar)anl¥b¤eT?

________ etI]bkrN¾vas;sItuNðPaBRtwmRtUvb¤eT?

________ etIRkdastMrg nig bMBg;m:asuInRtCak;demøIg)anRtwmRtUvb¤eT?

________ etITVarmanbitRtaRtwmRtUvb¤eT?

________ etITVarbiTCitl¥b¤eT? ________ etIenAelICBa¢aMgmansñameRbHEbk b¤RbehageT?

________ etIKMnrxagmuxtMeLIuehIyb¤enA?

________ etIbMBg;bgðÚrTwkenAelIkMralebIkehIyb¤enA? ________ enAxagkñúgrfynþRtUvEts¥at nigKµankøin

________ KµansRmamenAelIkMral

________ kMBs; TTwg beNþayénEpñkxagkñúgRtUvsmKña nig TMhMTMnij? ________ ]bkrN¾epSg²eRbIsMrab;cg nig ]bkrN¾eRbICamYyplitplRtUvFana)annUvsuvtßiPaB ________ etIrfynþseNþagRtUv)aneFVIeGayRtCak;Camun (b¤ekþACamun) b¤eT?

RbPB : Ashby, 1995

lkçxNÐxagkñúgrWum:kseNþagEdlmanma:sIunRtCak;b:HBal;dl;smtßPaBrbs;vaedIm,irkSasItuNð PaBEdlRtUvkarkñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún. GñkelIkdak;KUrBinitürWum:kseNþagmuneBlpÞúk ehIyBinitü lkçN³dUcxageRkam³


179

RbPB : Kasmire, R.F. and Hinsch, R.T. 1987. Maintaining Optimum Transit Temperatures in Refrigerated Truck Shipments of Perishables. University of California Perishables Handling Transportation Supplement No. 2.

KMrUénkartMrYt/tMrYtedayéd

keBaä ¬rwgmaM eFIVedayÉksNaænPaB keBaäEdltMrYt)an¦ plitplGacpÞúkcUleTAkñúgrwm:k seNþagedayeRbIKMrUénRsTab;Gacdak;bRBa©as)an EdlTukcenøaHTMenrrvagCYrsMrab;xül;ecjcUl.


180

RbPB : Ashby, B. H. et al. 1987. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck. Washington , D.C. : USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 669.

plitplEdldwkCBa¢ÚnenAkñúgkatugk¾RtUvtMrYtKñapgEdredIm,IGnuBaØatieGaymanxül;ecjcUlRKb; RKan;kat;tameBjbnÞúk.düaRkamxageRkambgðajBIbnÞúkEdldak; bBaäitBak;kNþalénEpñk telescopeic

rbs;eks. enAelI)atrfynþ)a:ELt b¤ TMrepSgeTotKYreRbIedIm,IrkSakatugputBIkarb:HpÞal;CamYykMral.

RbPB : Ashby, B. H. et al. 1987. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck.

Washington , D.C. : USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 669.

enAeBlpÞúkkatugEdlmanTMhMepSg²Kña eKRtUvdak;eksEdlmanTMhMFM F¶n;enAxageRkambnÞúk. eKRtUvTukcg¥ÚrRsbKñasMrab;xül;qøgkat;beNþaybnÞúkTaMgmUl.


181

RbPB : Nicholas, C.J. 1985. Export Handbook for U.S. Agricultural Products. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 593

Cajwkjab;eksFM²EdleRbIR)as;sMrab;dak;kBa©b;páaRtUvRtYtKñaedayéd enAeBlpÞúkcUleTAkñúg LandwkCBa¢Ún. KMrUpÞúkl¥bMputsMrab;páaRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCaKMrURbehagRBabEdleKtMrYteksenAkñúg RsTab;rwgcMhr ehIy eKTukcg¥ÚrenAxageRkamCBa¢aMgTaMgsgxag. KMrUenHpþl;cg¥ÚrsMrab;xül;ecjcUltam beNþayeBjbnÞúk nigeFIVeGayRKb;eksTaMgGs;b:HedaypÞal;CamYynwgxül;RtCak;.


182

RbPB : Rij, R et al. 1979. Handling, Precooling and Temperature Management of Cut Flower Crops for Truck Transportation. USDA Science and Education Administration, AAT-W-5, UC Leaflet 21058.

KMrUtMrYt /karpÞúkelI)a:ELt nig elIsnøwkEdlrGil eKKYrpÞúkekseGayputBICBa¢aMg nig kMralrbs;rfynþdwkCBa¢ÚnedIm,Ikat;bnßykMedAedaypÞal; eGay)anCaGtibrimaBIbridæanxageRkA. enAkñúgdüaRkamxageRkamenH bgðajBIcMnYneksRkdasEdlKYr b:HedaypÞal;CamYynwgCBa¢aMgrfynþenAeBlEdlpÞúkeBjbnÞúk.

manEtbnÞúkEdlpÞúlenAxagsþaMb:ueNaÑHRtUv)ankarBarBIkarcMlgkMedAedaypÞal;. kareRbI)a:ELt eRcInCYykarBareksRkdaseGayputBIkMral xN³EdlkarpÞúkcMkNþalpþl;TukenAcenøaHxül;mincMlg kMedArvag)a:ELtEdlmanbnÞúk CamYynwgCBa¢aMgxageRkA.


183

RbPB : Ashby, B. H. et al. 1987. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck.

Washington , D.C. : USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 669.

kMlaMgénkarRtYtKña enAeKRtYtekselIKña eKRtUveFIVkartMrwmeGayRtwmRtUvc,as;las;. tameBlEdlGaceFIVeTA)an eKRtUvtMerobeksedIm,IeGayRCugTaMgsgxagrbs;eksRtUvKñaeTAnwgRCugrbs;)a:ELtEdr. PaKeRcInén kMlaMgrbs;eks fiberboard sßitenARCugrbs;va dUcenHkardak;elnecjRtwmEt 1 Giuj nwgeFIVeGay kMlaMgénkarRtYtfycuHBI 15 eTA 34°. karRtYteksEdlmankartMrwml¥RtwmRtUv vapþl;nUvkMlagénkaRtYt)anya:gxøaMgbMputtamEdlGac eFIV)an.


184

bnÞúkEdlpÞúkedaymancnÞl;Tb; CaTUeTAKYrmancenøaHrvagKMnrtMrYtcugeRkayrbs;plitpl nig EpñkxageRkayrbs;rfynþdwk CBa¢Ún. bnÞúkRtUvEtpÞúkeGay)anrwgmaMedIm,IkarBarplitplBIkarregÁIrlMTl;nwgTVaeRkaykMLúgeBldwk epÞrbnÞúk. RbsinebIbnÞúkvapøas;kEnøg enaHvanwgeFIVeGayCitrn§xül;ecjcUl ehIyeksrlMGacpþl;nUv eRKaHfñak;dl;kmµkrEdlebITVarcUlenAkEnøgTIpSareKaledA. eKGacsagsg; cnÞl;Tb;eFIVBIeQI nwgtMelIug vaedIm,IkarBareRKaHfñak;kñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún)an.

RbPB : Nicholas, C.J. 1985. Export Handbook for U.S. Agricultural Products. USDA, Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook No. 593


185

kareFIVcnÞl;edIm,IkarBarbnÞúkGaceFIVeLIgedaeRbI cnÞl;eFIVBIeQI kMNat;eQI b¤Edkér: exñIyxül; b¤ RTnab;sÞIr:UhVÚm. CaKnøwHKWfaedIm,IGclnaKMnrplitpledIm,Ikat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;eBldwkCBa¢Ún.

RbPB : Thompson, J.F. 2002. Transportation. In. Kader, A.A. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops (3rd Edition). UC Publication 3311. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. pp.259-269.

kardwkCBa¢ÚntamGakas (Air Transport)

edIm,IkarBarkarpøas;bþÚrbnÞúkéneksTMnijsMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚntamGakas eKKYrdak;duMesñarwg b¤ Rkdaseksbt; tamEpñkekag b¤RtIekaNrbs;kMraleks. ekskatugEdl)anRtYtKñaenAelIkMBUlnwgman karRtRTg;RbesIr ehIyKYrdak;vaeLIgelI.


186

RbPB : McGregor, B. 1987. Tropical Products Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation Agricultural Handbook Number 668.


187

CMBUk 9³ karelIkdak;enAkEnøgeKaledA

enAeBlelIkdak;plitplenAkEnøgeKaledArbs;va CafµI vaKWCakarsMxan;kñúgkareCosvag kar elIkdak;xøaMg² eFVIeGaycMnYnéndMNak;kalelIkdak;kan;Ettic nig rkSaenAsItuNðPaBTabbMputtamEt GaceFVI)an. RbsinebIplitplRtUv)ansþúkTukmuneBllk; eBlenaHpSarlk;dMu nig rayRtUvkarbnÞb; sþúkTuk s¥at nig manRTnab;GuIsULg;l¥. edaysarEtmanrbs;CaeRcInCaFmµtaRtUv)anelIkdak;dMNal KñaenAcMNucenH vaCakarsMxan;RtUvcgcaMfa minRtUvlayTMnijEdlmantMrUvkarsItuNðPaBepSg²Kña b¤ k¾ sþúkTukplitplEdlgayxUcedayeGTIELn enAEk,rplitplEdlbegáIteGTIELneT. karKrekseday KµanÉksNæanPaB KYeFVIedaymankarRbugRby½tñ edIm,IkarBarkarxUckBa©b;EdlminrwgmaM.

muneBlEdlplitplRtUv)aneKlk;eTAeGayGñkeRbIR)as; GñkelIkdak;RbEhlCaR)afñacg;erob tamKuNPaB b¤ k¾ya:gehacNas;e)aHecalnUvral;plitplEdlxUc b¤k¾rlYy edIm,Ipþl;eGayplitpl nUvkarTak;TajTIpSarkan;EtxøaMg. RbsinebIkarTuM b¤k¾cas;minesµIKña karerobeTAtameKaledA Gacpþl;dl; Gñklk;nUvtémøx<s; sMrab;plitplEdlmanKuNPaBkan;Etl¥.

RbsinebIplitplEdl)anelIkdak; KWCadMNaM climateric fruit EdlRtUvRbmUlplmuneBlvaTMu ¬eck eb:ge)aH GavUkadU sVay¦ GñkelIkdak;enAkEnøgeKaledARbEhlCacg;bnÞMúplitplmuneBlvaRtUv lk;eTAkan;saFarN³Cn. eBlxøHplitpl dUcCa eckRtUv)aneKTukecalenAsItuNðPaBFmµta nig Tuk eGayTMutamFmµCati. karRKbeckCamYy)aøsÞicnwgCYydl;karTuMeGayRsuHKñaenAkñúgLÚTaMgGs; (PHTRC,

1984). kardak;rn§xül;Fmµta ¬bMBg; b¤k¾TueyaénRbePTmYycMnYn¦ enAcMkNþalénBMnUkEpøeQIEdldak; bnÞMú GacCYykat;bnßykarekþAxøaMg kMLúgeBlbnÞMú nig begáInGayukalCabnþbnÞab;. karbBa©Úl]sµ½n eGTIELn b¤k¾smasFatuEdlbeBa©jeGTIELneTAkñúgbrisßansþúkTukBiess ¬EdleKsÁal;fa bnÞb; b¤k¾TUr bnÞúM GaRs½yelITMhM¦ KWCaviFId¾manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarFana karTMuRsuHKña.

taragbgðajsItuNðPaB b¤k¾pÞaMgbgðajsItuNðPaBTURtCak;tampSarTMenIb KYEtsmRsbeTAnwg plitplEdldak;lk;. Ca]TahrN_xN³EdlemÞs nig eb:ge)a:HemIleTAKYeGaycg;Tij enAeBldak; bgðajCamYyés< b:uEnþcUrcaMfa emÞs nig eb:ge)a:H KWqab;xUcedaysarPaBRtCak; xN³Edlés<Fn;nwgPaB RtCak;. plitplesImEdlGacFn;nwgépÞTwk ¬és< broccoli, søwkxÞwm¦ CamYynwgTwkRtCak;Edls¥at GacCYyrkSasMeNImenACMuvijplitplx<s;.

enAxageRkApSar plitplGacTTYlrgBIkgVHénkarRKb;RKgsItuNðPaB nig clnaxül;RKb;RKan; EdlGacnaMeTArkPaBs¶ÜténdMNaM EdlnwgelcecjCaPaBsVit nig RseBan. pSarTaMgenHCanic©kal GacmanRbeyaCn_edaykareRbIR)as;møb;Edl)anbegáIneLIg nig karkarBarBIrxül;Fmµta.


188

cugbBa©b;GñkelIkdak;enAkEnøgeKaledAGacCYybnßykar)at;bg;enAeBlGnaKt; edaykarrkSa nUvkMNt;Rtal¥² BIRbPBénkar)at;bg; EdlRtUvTTYlrgenAÉkEnøglk;dMu nig lk;ray (Kasmire &

Ahrens in Kader, 1992). karkMNt;faetIkar)at;bg; KWbNþalmkBIkarxUcedayGMeBIremkanic rlYy b¤Cm¶W minTan;cas; b¤TuMRCul GnuBaØatieGayGñkelIkdak;pþl;nUvdMbUnµanBIKuNPaBEdll¥dl;GñkpÁt;pÁg; plitplya:gRbesIr. karelIkecj

EpsMrab;elIkdak;plitpl GacsMrYldl;kargarEdlTak;TgCamYynwgkarelIkdak;plitpl sakvb,kmµ enAÉeKaledA. eKGacepÞrkugtWn½rkan;EtelOnedaymankarbt;ekag nig rebIktictYc.

sMrab;rfynþFM² EpelIkdak;EdlmankMBs; 117 dl; 122 sm ¬46 eTA 48 Giuj¦ dMeNIrkar )anya:gl¥ xN³EdlrfynþtUc² b¤ Pick up eKpþl;Gnusasn_eGaymankMBs; 66 eTA 81 sm ¬26 eTA 32 Giuj¦.

RbPB : Selders, A.W. et al. 1992. Facilities for Roadside Markets. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service/ Cornell University Cooperative Extension.

]bkrN_gay²sMrYldl;karelIkplitecjBIrfynþdwkCBa¢Ún GacRtUv)ansagsg;edayeRbIR)as;

bU:lIBIr nig manExSBYrrwgmaMmYy. b:UlITImYyGacdak;P¢ab;enAxagkñúgrfynþEpñk)atxagmux bU:lITIBIrdak; enAxageRkAelIkEnøgEdlGackecj)an b¤enAelIvtßúEdlenAnwg dUcCaCBa¢aMgsMng;CaedIm. eKGacP¢Ür eksedaypÞal;tamdg b¤dak;P¢ab;eTAnwgcMBamrbs;va.


189

RbPB : Pantastico, Er. B. 1980. FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on Reduction of Food Losses in Perishable Products of Plant Origin. Working Document 2: Fruits and Vegetables. (6-9 May, Rome : FAO)

eKGacsagsg;sMNuMCeNþIr edIm,IsMrYldl;karelIkdak;plitplcUlecj. CeNþIEdlmanbgðaj enATIenHGacbt; nig rujcUleRkamrfynþEpñkxageRkay)an enAeBlEdlrynþmanclna. CeNþIrGac sagsg;BIeQI b¤ EdksMEb:t nig eRbIR)as;Edkr)amUlsMrab;eFIVCaTMr. kareRbICeNþIEdlmanbgáan;édKWCaviFIsaRsþsamBaØ nig mansuvtßiPaBmYysMrab;karelIkplitpl ecj. bgáan;édRtUvmanTMhMFMlµmedIm,IkaBareRKaHfñak; nig rwgmaMl¥edIm,IRTTMgn;TaMgGñkelIkdak;rYmCa mYynwgkBa©b;plitplEdlkMBugelIk.


190

RbPB : Pantastico, Er. B. 1980. FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on Reduction of Food Losses in Perishable Products of Plant Origin. Working Document 2: Fruits and Vegetables. (6-9 May, Rome : FAO)

sItuNðPaBsþúkTukbeNþaHGasnñ

enAeBlelIkplitplecjenAÉeKaledAsMrab;ry³eBlxøImuneBleFIVTIpSar GñkelIkdak;GacCYy EfrkSaKuNPaB nig kat;bnßykar)at;bg; edaykarsþúkTukplitplenAsItuNðPaBsmRsbbMputrbs;va. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RbsinebIry³eBlsþúkTukticCag 7éf¶ eKRtUvrkSasMeNImenAcenøaH 85 eTA 95° ehIy kMriteGTIELnRtUvrkSaeGayenAeRkam 1 ppm tamkareFIVeGaymanxül;ecjcUl b¤eday eRbIbnSútkr edlplitplPaKeRcIn eKGacEckCabIRkumdUcxageRkamEp¥eTAtamsItuNðPaB³


191

32-36°F, 0-2°C 45-50°F, 7-10°C 55-65°F, 13-18°C

bEnø nig mWLúg anise artichoke arugula* asparagus* bean sprouts beet Belgian endive* bok choy broccoli* broccoflower* brussel sprouts* cabbage* cantaloupe carrot* cauliflower* celeriac celery* chard* chicory*

collard* cut vegetables daikon* endive* escarole* garlic green onion* herbs(not basil) horseradish Jerusalem artichoke kale kohlrabi leek* lettuce* mint mushroom mustard greens* parsley*

parsnip raddichio radish rutabaga rhubarb salsify shallot spinach* snow pea* sweet corn sweet pea* Swiss chard turnip turnip greens* waterchestnut watercress

basil beans; snap, etc. cactus leaves cucumber* eggplant* Juan Canary melon kiwano okra* pepper; bell, chili squash; summer, soft rind* tomatillo watermelon*

casaba melon cassava crenshaw melon dry onions ginger honeydew melon jicama potato Persian melon pumpkin squash; winter, hard rind sweet potato* taro tomato; ripe mature green yam*

32-36°F, 0-2°C 45-50°F, 7-10°C 55-65°F, 13-18°C Fruits Apple quince apricot raspberry avocado, ripe strawberry blackberry blueberry cherry currant cut fruts date

fig gooseberry grape kiwifruit* nectarine peach pear; Asian pear; European persimmon* plum prune

avocado, unripe cactus pear, tuna carambola chayote cranberry feijoa guava kumquat longan lychee

mandarin olive orange passion fruit pepino pineapple pomegranate tamarillo Tangelo tangerine

atemoya banana breadfruit cherimoya coconut grapefruit* lemon* lime*

mango mangosteen papaya plantain pummelo rambutan sapote soursop

plitplEdlmansBaØapáayKWCaplitplEdlgayxUcxatedayeGTIELn RbPB : Thompson, J.F., Kader, A.A. and Sylva, K. 1995. Compatibility Chart for Fruits and

Vegetables in Short-term transport Storage. University of California DANR Publication 21560 (poster).


192

karEckRbePT¼karevcx©b;eLIgvij plitplmYycMnYnRtUvkarlagsMGat kat;tMrwm cg)ac; b¤EckRbePTenAkEnøgTIpSarlk;duM nig lk;ray. eKKYrerobcMbøg;sßanIy_kargarEdleRbIsMrab;elIkdak;plitplenAeKaledAedIm,Ikat;bnßy eGay)anCaGb,brimanUvclnaminEmnCaplitkmµ. enAkñúgkarbgðajxageRkamenH eKdak;tusMrab;Kr plitplbnÞab;BIsñÚkmYysMrab;lagplitpl ehIyeKdak;kþabgðÚredaypÞal;enAbnÞab;BIsñÚkenaH. enA eBlEd;plitpls¶Üt eKGacx©b;eks ehIydak;cUleTAkñúgreTHEdldak;enAxagsþaMCab;eTAnwgtuevcx©b; eLIgvij. Tamry³bøg;enH Rbtibtþikrmñak;GaceFIVkarTaMgGs;ya:ggayRsYlenAral;CMhanénkarelIkdak; b¤ k¾GacmanGñkRbtibtþikarmYycMnYneFIVkarenAsgxag.

RbPB : Selders, A.W. et al. 1992. Facilities for Roadside Markets. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service/ Cornell University Cooperative Extension.

plitplmYycMnYnGacevcx©b;eLIgvijedayGñklk;duM b¤ Gñklk;rayedayGaRs½ytamkarpøas; bþÚrKuNPaB b¤ karTuMminesµIKña. tuEjkeb:ge)a:HbgðajxageRkamenHmankEnøgeFIVkargarrhUtdl; 5 kEnøg EdlGaceRCIserIsTaMgEpTuM páaQUk b¤ EpøEdlERbBN’BIébtg nig GaceGayeb:ge)a:HBN’ébtgrt;kat; eTAxagcugbnÞat;dMeNIrkar)an. eKdak;EpøEdlRtUve)aHecalenAkñúgFugenAeRkamtu.

RbPB : USDA. No date. Tomato repacking methods and equipment. USDA Marketing Service, Transportation and Facilities Research Division, Marketing Research Report No. 597


193

karbnÞúM karbnÞúMKWCadMeNIrkarEdlEpøTTYl)annUvrsCati BN’ nig lkçN³vaynPaBKYrCaTIRtUvkar. BBYk Epø Climacteric GacTuMenAelIedImenAeBlEdlvaeLIgcas;tamsrIrviTüa. Epø Climacteric rYmmanEpøe)a:m GavU:kadU eck Eb‘rIexov breadfruit, cherimoya FUern feijoa,

fig, RtEbk/ KIvI/ sVay/ Rtsk;RsUveRsam/ lðúg/ passion fruit, B½r/ Tnøab;/ BBYkeck/ quince, lµút/ sapote, Tab)araMg/ stone fruit, (apricots, nectarines, peaches, plum) nig eb:ge)a:H. RbePTEpøeQI TaMgenHmYycMnYn RbsinebIRbmUlplenAeBlmanv½y {ébtgcas;} GacbnÞM)anbnÞab;BIRbmUlpl nig sþúkTukenAry³eBlxøI. Epø B½r nig eckmanlkçN³minFmµtaBiessedayvavivtþn_nUvrsCati nig vayn³PaBya:gl¥enAeBlEdlRbmUlplenAeBlébtgcas; ehIyGacTuMenAelIedIm. GavU:kardUnwgminTuM enAelIedImeT.

plitplmYycMnYnbeBa©jbrimaNeGTIELnya:geRcInenAeBlTuM. EpøTaMgenHrYmman e)a:m apricots GavU:kadU Rtsk;RsUv nectarine, peach, pears nig passion. kMritbrimaN]sµ½neGTIELn nig bNþaleGayEpøeQI climacteric déTeTotcab;epþImdMeNIrkarTuM. EpøeQI cluimacteric mYycMnYneTot dUcCa mWLúgeRsam CaedIm nwgminbegáInbrimaNCatisárkMLúgeBlTuMeT bu:EnþvaeLIgTn;. Epø Non-climacteric RtUvTuMenAelIedImRbsinebIGñkRtUvkareGayEpøenaHTuMeBjelj edayehtu faenAeBlEdlEpøRtUv)aneKRbmUlpl vanwgminmankarbnþTuMeTotekIteLIgenaHeT. rsCati nig vayn³PaB nwgmanKuNPaBTab RbsinebIEpøRtUveKebHmuneBlTuMeBjelj. Epø Non-climacteric mYycMnYnrYmman berries, EpøRkUc (lemons, limes, orange, grapefruits,

mandarins, tangerines) Rtsk;/ date, Rtb;/ TMBaMg)ayCUr/ KUeln/ GURka/ sENþk/ eRmc/ mñas;/ TTwm/ strawberry, summer squash, tamarillo nig «Lwk. Epø Non-climacteric nwgmineqøIytbeTAnwgeKalbMNgénkarbnÞMeday]sµ½neGTIELneT. Ca ]TahrN_ Epø strawberry EdlmanBN’RkhmmineBjnwgminmankarERbBN’ b¤ PaBEp¥meTotenaHeT bnÞab;RtUv)anebH ehIynwgRtUv)anbMpøajya:gelOn RbsinebIdak;eGayRtUveGTIELn. Epø«LwklUtlas; nUvPaBEp¥mrbs;vaya:gxøaMgkMLúgeBlmYys)aþh_munmanv½ycMNas;eBjelj EdleFIVeGayeKminniym RbmUlplmuneBlenHeT. CYnkalkarbnÞMplitplmuneBllk;enAkMritlk;duM b¤ lk;raynwgCYybegáInnUvtMélrbs;va. Ca TUeTAeKeRbIbnÞb;bnÞMsMrab;bnÞMeb:ge)a:H EpøRkUc nig eck. kareRbIR)as;l,ay]sµ½neGTIELnEdlBRgavman suvtßiPaBCagkareRbIeGTIELnsuT§ EdlGacpÞúH nig eqH)anenAkMhab; 3° b¤ x<s;CagenH.


194

sMrab;eb:ge)a:H kMritfñak;bec©keTsrbs;]sµ½neGTIELn RtUv)aneKdak;;cUleTAkñúgbnÞb;enAkMhab; RbEhl 100 ppm sMrab;ry³eBl 48 em:ag. eKRtUvkar RbEhl 0/25 cubic feet/em:ag én]sµ½n eGTIELnsMrab;maDbnÞb;bnÞMEdlmanTMhM 1000 cubic feet. eKGaceRbIkgðatUc²edIm,IFanaBIÉksNæan PaBénrMhUrCabnþrbs;eGTIELncUleTAkñúg nig qøgkat;bnÞb;. karbnÞMedaykMlaMgxül;GaceRbIR)as;ekIn eLIgedIm,Ipþl;nUvsItuNðPaBkan;EtmanÉksNæanPaB ehIykMhab;eGTIELnqøgkat;eGTIELnbnÞb;bnÞM.

karpþl;rhUr]sµ½nCabnþbnÞab; :

RbPB : Kasmire, R.F. 1981. Continuous flow ethylene gassing of tomatoes. California Tomatorama. Fresh Market Tomato Advisory Board Information Bulletin No. 29.

sMrab;Bt’manbEnßmGMBIkarbegáIteGTIELn sUmemIl Internet site of American Ripener Co.,

Inc. at http://www.ripening.com b¤ Catalytic Generators, Inc. (International Ripening

Company) at http://www.Qasupplies.com. eKk¾Gaccab;epþImkarbnÞMedayeRbIeGTIELnEdlbegáItedaykarqøgkat;eGtaNulenAelIfñalEdl

manGaluymIjÚmskmµ. viFIsaRsþenHmansuvtßiPaBCagkareRbI]sµ½nsuT§. CynkaleKeRbIR)as; smasFatuEdlbeBa©jeGTIELndUcCaeGtapun {¬2-kørU:eGTIl¦ GasIut pUsVric}edIm,IbnÞMeb:ge)a:HEdlmaneKaledAsMrab;eFIVkarEkécñ. enAeBleRbIR)as;eGtapuneFIVCa spray

brimaNeGTIELnEdlbeBa©jnwgbegáInnUv pH nig¼b¤sMeNImeFobekIneLIg.

RbPB : Kays, S.J. and Beaudry, R.M. 1987. Techniques for inducing ethylene effects. Acta Horticulturae 201:77-115.

eGTIELnk¾RtUv)aneKGnum½tsMrab;bnÞMRbePTCaeRcIn ehIyeRbIR)as;sMrab;karbM)at;BN’ébtg dUc)anbgðajenAkñúgtaragdUcxageRkam ³

kareRbIR)as;Edl)anGnum½tsMrab;eGtapun (2-chloroethane phosphonic acid)

enAkñúgksikmµshrdæGaemric


195

kareRbIR)as; dMNaM nig rdæEdl)anGnum½t ¬RbsinebIKµanrdæEdl)anbgðajkñúgvg; Rkck enaHmann½yfa RtUv)anGnum½tRKb;rdæ ¦

Postharvest fruit ripening Bananas, tomatoes (FL) Pre-harvest fruit ripening Peppers, tomatoes Fruit removal Apples, carob, crabapples, olive Defoliation Apples, buckhorn, cotton, roses Fruit loosening Apples, blackberries (WA, OR), cantaloupes, cherries (CA,

AZ, TX), tangerines Maturity or color development

Apples, cranberries (MA, NJ, WI), figs (CA), filberts (OR), grapes, peppers, pineapple, tomatoes.

De-greening (preharvest) Tangerines De-greening (postharvest) lemons Dehiscence walnuts Leaf curing tobacco Flower induction Pineapple and other bromeliads Sex expression Cucumber, squash Flower bud development apple Plant height control Barley, daffodils, hyacinth, wheat Stimulate lateral branching Azaleas, geraniums

RbPB : Reid, M.S. 2002. Ethylene in Postharvest Technology pp.149-162. In: Kader, A.A. (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Univ. of California , Div. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.

taragxageRkambgðajBIkarsþúkTukplitpl nig sItuNðPaBbnÞMsMrab;plitplCaKMrUmYycMnYnEdlGacTuM

plitpl dMNkdegðIm (mg C02/kg-hr)1

kMhab;eGTI ELn(ppm)

ry³eBldak;b:H eGTIELn (hr.)

sItu. bnÞM °F (°C)

sItu. sþúkTuk °F (°C)

kMedACak;lak; Btu/lb-F

avocado 62-157 10-100 12-48 59-65 (15-18)

40-55 (4.4-13)

0.81

banana 25-110 100-150 24 59-65 (15-18)

56-58 (13-14)

0.81

honey dew melon

20-27 100-150 18-24 68-77 (20-25)

45-50 (7-10)

0.94

kiwifruit 16-22 10-100 12-24 32-68 (0-20)

32-33 (0-0.5)

0.86

mango 40-200 100-150 12-24 68-72 (20-22)

56-58 (13-14)

0.85

orange degreening

22-34 1-10 24-72 68-72 (20-22)

41-48 (5-9)

0.90

stone fruit 12-81 10-100 12-72 55-77 (13-25)

31-32 (-0.5-0)

0.90


196

tomato 24-44 100-150 24-48 68-77 (20-25)

50-55 (10-13)

0.95

1KuNnwg 220 edIm,ITTYl)ankMedABIdMNkdegðImCa (BTU/ton/24 hours)

RbPB : Thompson, J.F. 1994. Ripening facilities. Perishables Handling Newsletter, Nov. 1994. Special Issue No. 80: 5-8.

karbgðajxageRkamenH KWCabnÞb;bM)at;BN’exov sMrab;eRbIR)as;CamYyRkUcenAkñúgeks. Bidan bnÞb;x<s;EdlGaceGayeksRtYtelIKñaya:gehacNas;bYnCan;. BidanbeBaäatRtUv)andak;bEnßmedIm,Ipþl; eGaymanclnaxül;qøgkat;eBjbnÞb;. sMrab;Bt’manek,aHk,ayBIkarsagsg;bnÞb; karRKb;RKgsItuNð PaB nig sMeNIm nig kEnøgxül;ecjcUl sUmeyagtamGtßbTEdlmancMNgeCIgfa { meFüa)aybnÞM} (Thompson, 1994) enAkñúgEpñkÉksareyagénesovePAENnaMenH.

RbPB : USDA. No date. Modernizing Handling Systems for Florida Citrus from Picking to Packing Line. Agricultural Research Service, Marketing Research Report No. 914.

bnÞb;bnÞMEdlmanTMhMtUc²mYycMnYnGacmanRbeyaCn_eRcInCagbnÞb;eTalFM²sMrab;Rbtibtþikrxñat tUc edayehtufabrimaNplitplEdlRtUvelIkdak;enAeKaledAGacERbRbYlBIeBle\mYyeTAeBlmYy. enAkñúgkrNIenH rMhUrkat;tamRbB½n§GacRtUv)anerobcMedIm,IGnuBaØatieGaymankareRbIR)as;bnÞb;mYy b¤ eRcInenAeBlEtmYy.


197

rMhUrmaRtGacdak;enAkEnøgmYysMrab;PaBgayRsYldl;karRtYtBinitü b¤GaccgExStamCYrmYy. Kardak;rMhUrmaRtenAkñúgkEnøgmYytMrUveGaymankareRbIR)as;bMBg;CaeRcIn RbsinebIrMhUrmaRtRtUv)aneK dak;enAkñúgbnÞb;bnÞMnimYy². sMrab;Bt’manek,aHk,aybEnßmBIrbeobtMelIugrMhUrtamRbB½n§sMrab;karbnÞMEpø sUmemIltam Sherman nig Gull (1981).

rMhUrmaRtenAkñúgkEnøgmYy

rMhUrmaRtedak;nAkñúgbnÞb;bnÞMnimYy²

RbPB : Sherman , M. and Gull, D.D. 1981. A flow through system for introducing ethylene in tomato ripening rooms. University of Florida/IFAS , Vegetable Crops Fact Sheet 30.

bnc©úb,nñenH RbtibtþikrxñattUc GacCYlTIkEnøgbnÞMEdlGacyktam)an BIRkumh‘unepSg²enAkñúg shrdæGaemric. RbB½n§yktam)anEdlmaneFIñpÞúkdUcbgðajxageRkamenH manlkçN³pÞúkdl; 20 )a:ELt rMhUrxül;ecjcUlx<s; ehIygayRsYlRbtibtþi. RbB½n§TaMgenaHRtUvkarEpelIkdak; nig GKÁIsnI pÁt;pÁg; 220 v.


198

RbPB : Modular Ripening Company, Inc. 1994. Norfolk Virginia

Gñklk;ray nig lk;duMxñattUcGacbnÞMEpøeQIenAkñúgFug b¤ eksFM² edaydak;brimaNeGTIELn tictYcEdlbegáItedayplitpl dUcCaeckTuM CamYyEpøeQIEdlRtUvbnÞM. RKbFug b¤eksedaysnøwk )aøsÞikry¤eBl 24 em:ag bnÞab;mkeFIVkarerIKMrb)øasÞikecj. viFIsaRsþsamBaØedIm,IbnÞMEpøeQI enAtampÞHEdlmanbrimaNtictYc KWRtUveRbIcanbnÞM. EpøeQI EdlRtUvbnÞMKYrdak;enAcanEdlmanEpøe)a:mTuM b¤eckTuM ¬b¤plitplEdlpliteGTIELnx<s;epSgmYycMnYn eTot¦. canbgðajxageRkamenHeFIVBIpøasÞikføaGacbt;)an ehIymanrn§xül;ecjcUlenACuMvijEpñkxag elI. edayeRbIviFIsaRsþenH karbnÞMGacekIteLIgBI mYyeTAdl; 4 éf¶.

karbnÞMenApHGaceFIV)anpgEdr edayeRbIviFIsaRsþepSgeTotEdlmankarGnuvtþedayeRbIbec©k eTsTabmantMélefa--- dak;EpøEdlRtUvbnÞMcUleTAkñúgfg;RkdasCamYynwgEpøeQIEdlTuM rYcbiteGay CitRsal² nig eFIVkarRtYtBinitüenAkñúgeBlBIr bI éf¶.


199

kardak;taMgbgðaj tueQIsMrab;bgðajxageRkamenH RtUv)anerobcMedIm,IeRbIsMrab;plitpldUcCa dMNaMEdlmanpáabYn RsTab; (cruiciferous) b¤bEnøsøwkBN’ébtgEdlFneTAnwgPaBRtCak;edayTwkk. eKGaceRbItuenH tamTisepþk b¤ karbgðajpÞaMg². sMrab;lkçN³bec©keTsénbøg;eBjeljbEnßmeTot sUmTak;Tg Cornell University Extension Service, 304 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca , New York , 14853 . eKRtUvkardak;TwkkkEbk² 4 eTA 5 pound enAkñúgépÞTMenrmYy foot kaer sMrab;karbBa©úHsItuNð PaBkñugmYyéf¶. eKGacpþl;FugEdlmanédyYrsMrab;dak;Twkkkrlay. edIm,Ikat;bnßyTwkkk fas bgðajKYrmandak;GIusULg; ehIyrkSaeGayputBIkarb:HRBHGaTitüedaypÞal;. enAeBleFIVkarbgðajplitplsakvb,kmµ RsTab;EtmYy b¤RsTab;BIrrbs;plitplmanTMng hak;dUcCakarBarplitplBI karxUcxatedaysgát; nig karelIkdak;hYscMNuHrbs;GñkeRbI)as;.

RbPB : Bartsch, J.A. et al. No date. Construction and management of an iced produce display. Cornell University , Agricultural Engineering Extension Bull. 438.

eKGacEfrkSa sMeNImeFobx<s;enAeBldak;bgðajedayeFIVkarepSImbEnøsøwk nig dMNaMEdlFn eTAnwgTwk CamYynwgTwks¥at nig RtCak;. eKGacsagsg;]bkrN_)aj;sacsamBaØ²edayecaHrn§bMBg;


200

tUc²CamYynwgRbehagl¥it² ehIyP¢ab;eTAnwgbMBg;Twk. RbsinebIkardak;taMgbgðajenHeFIVenAeRkAsMNg; eKKYrpþl;møb;eGaypgEdr.

eKRtUvsMGat nig eFIVGnam½y épÞsþúkTuk nig taMgbgðajeGay)anCab;CaRbcaM. Karkat;tMrwm karxUcxat nwg plitplEdlCaMEdlsl;TukenAkñúgkEnøgtaMg emIlmineXIj ehIyGacCaRbPBénkarxUc xat køinminl¥ nig eGTIELn.

plitplEdlTTYl)ankMérBIkarepSImenAeBldak;taMgbgðaj ³

Artichoke Mustard greens Beans (snap) Onions (green) Beets Parsley Broccoli Parsnips Brussels sprouts Peas Cabbage Peppers Carrots Radishes Cauliflower Rhubarb Celery Shallots (green) Collards Sprouts Corn Summer squash Eggplant Swiss chard Endive Turnips Kale Watercress Lettuce

eKGacsagsg; tudak;taMgbgðajBak;kNþalmUl BI bnÞHeQI mYyPaKbYn foot KuNnwg R)ambI foot. bøg;sMrab;tuEdlmanbgðajxageRkamenH nig sMrab;TIpSarepSgeTot Gacrk)antam Cornell

University Extension, 304 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca , New York 14853 .


200

tUc²CamYynwgRbehagl¥it² ehIyP¢ab;eTAnwgbMBg;Twk. RbsinebIkardak;taMgbgðajenHeFIVenAeRkAsMNg; eKKYrpþl;møb;eGaypgEdr.

eKRtUvsMGat nig eFIVGnam½y épÞsþúkTuk nig taMgbgðajeGay)anCab;CaRbcaM. Karkat;tMrwm karxUcxat nwg plitplEdlCaMEdlsl;TukenAkñúgkEnøgtaMg emIlmineXIj ehIyGacCaRbPBénkarxUc xat køinminl¥ nig eGTIELn.

plitplEdlTTYl)ankMérBIkarepSImenAeBldak;taMgbgðaj ³

Artichoke Mustard greens Beans (snap) Onions (green) Beets Parsley Broccoli Parsnips Brussels sprouts Peas Cabbage Peppers Carrots Radishes Cauliflower Rhubarb Celery Shallots (green) Collards Sprouts Corn Summer squash Eggplant Swiss chard Endive Turnips Kale Watercress Lettuce

eKGacsagsg; tudak;taMgbgðajBak;kNþalmUl BI bnÞHeQI mYyPaKbYn foot KuNnwg R)ambI foot. bøg;sMrab;tuEdlmanbgðajxageRkamenH nig sMrab;TIpSarepSgeTot Gacrk)antam Cornell

University Extension, 304 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca , New York 14853 .


201

RbPB : Agricultural and Biological Engineering. No date. Description and Price List of Plans for Storages and Market Stands for Fruit and Vegetables. Cornell University Extension Bulletin 851-S.


202

CMBUkTI 10 ³ karEkécñplitpldMNaMsakvb,kmµ

plitpldMNaMCaeRcIn GacEkécñedayeRbIbec©kviTüasamBaØ² enAeBlEdlmanlkçxNÐminsm RsbsMrab;karsþúkTuk b¤minGacykeTATIpSarsMrab;plitplRss;Tan;eBlevla. manviFIsa®sþEkécñCa eRcInEdlGñkEkécñxñattUcGacykmkeRbIR)as; rYmman karhalsMgYt kareLIgem karRckkMb:ug karbgák karrkSaTuk nigkareKobykTwkdmCaedIm. EpøeQI bEnø nig páaTaMgGs;GacsMgYt nig sþúkTuksMrab; eRbIR)as; nig lk;dUrkñúgéf¶xagmux. kareFVIeGayeLIgemmanRbCaRbiyPaBTUTaMgBiPBelak faCa viFIsa®sþEfrkSaGaharmYy ehIyEdlmanplitplGahareLIgemmanCag 3500 RbePTRtUv)an BiBN’naeday Campbell-Platt enAqñaM 1987. EpøeQI nig bEnøGacRtUv)aneKRckkMb:ug b¤bgák ehIyEpøeQI CaTUeTARtUv)aneKrkSaedayeRbITwksár b¤TwkdmEtmþg.

plitplEkécñRtUv)anevcx©b; nig sþúkTukeGay)anRtwmRtUvedIm,ITTYl)annUvskþanuBlPaB én GayukalsþúkTukrhUteTAdl; 1 qñaM. plitplsMgYtRtUv)anevcx©b;enAkñúgeksKµanxül; ¬dUcCa Ekv db)aøsÞik b¤ fg;)aøsÞicbitCit¦. plitplkMb:ug nig dbRtUv)ankMedAeGay)anRKb;RKan;edayeRbIkMb:ug b¤ dbEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ EdlGacbiTP¢itya:gCitl¥. plitplsMgYt nig plitplkMb:ug k¾dUcCaplit plRckdbRtUv)ansþúkTukya:gl¥enAkñúgkEnøgRtCak; nig ggwt.

karelIkdak;eRkayeBlRbmUlpl kardwkCBa¢Ún nig karnaMeTATIpSarrbs;plitplEkécñ GacmanPaBgayRsYl nig mantMélticCagcMNayelIplitplRss; edayehtufakareFVIeGayRtCak; minmanPaBsMxan;GVIeToteLIy. plitplsMgYtsIukEnøgsþúkTuktUcCagplitplRss;xøaMgNas;ehIy elIsBIenHeTotvaGackat;bnßycMnayelIkardwkCBa¢Ün nigtMélsþúkTukeTotpg.

TMgn; 25 epanén TinñplCaplitplsMgYt EpøeQI 4 lb

kar:ut b¤éqefA 3 lb

bEnøesLWrI és<ekþab b¤ eb:ge):aH 1.5 lb

xÞwm)araMg b¤ zucchini 2.5 lb

RbPB : Bills, J. and Bills, S. 1974. Home Food Dehydrating. Bountiful , Utah : Horizon Publishers

eragBum< Intermediate Technology Publication* shkarCamYynwg CTA )aneFVIkare)aHBum< esovePAENnaMGMBI]bkrN_smRsbsMrab;karEkécñ EdlmancMNgeCIgfa Small-Scale Food


203

Processing enAqñaM 1992 EksMrYleday Fellows and Hampton. eyIg´sUmelIkTwkcitþelakGñk eGayeRbIR)as;esovePAenH edIm,ITTYl)annUvB½t’manbEnßmeTotelIkarékécñ EdlmanbgðajenAkñúg ÉksarenH b¤ edIm,IkMNt;)annUv]bkrN_caM)ac; nig plitkrkñúgtMbn;.

* Intermediate Technology PublicationsmanTItaMgenA 9 King Street , London WC2E 8HW, UK

]bkrN_Ekécñ bBa¢I]bkrN_EkécñeRkaykarRbmUlplGacrk)anenA Intermediate Technology Publication.

]bkrN_TaMgenaHrYmmanTUrsMgYt ekssþúkTuk ]bkrN_sMGat ma:sIunkinedayéd m:asIunkinemS:A ]bkrN_ bksMbk ]bkrN_dkRKab;ecj ]bkrN_cMraj;eRbg ]bkrN_ekobEpøeQI nig ]bkrN_kat;b¤s dMNaM. ]TarhN_mYycMnYnmanbgðajdUcxageRkam ³

Two-man cassava grater:

Four-bladed root chopper:


204

Hand-operated fruit press

Cherry pitter:

RbPB : Intermediate Technology Publications, 1987. Post-harvest Crop Processing: Some

tools for agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications. London , England . 29 pp.

karerobcMsMrab;karEkécñ

plitplmYycMnYncaM)ac;RtUvRsusmuneBlbgák b¤sMgYt. karRsusedayeRbITwkekþAdaMBuH b¤ kñúg cMhayekþA)anbBaÄb;nUvRbtikmµrbs;Gg;sIumenAkñúgplitpl ehIyCYydl;karrkSaBN’ nig rsCati


205

bnÞab;BIkarEkécñrYc. RtUvlagCMrHplitplEdl)anRsusenAkñúgTwkRtCak;xøaMg b¤ RCmuCplitplRsus enaHkñúgTwkRtaMTwkkkedIm,IbBaÄb;dMeNIrkarcMGinEdl)anBIkMedA nigeFVIeGaysItuNðPaBcuHya:gelOn.

ry³eBlRsussMrab;plitplmYycMnYn ¬edayeRbITwk 1 kaLúgsMrab;plitplTMgn; 1 epan b¤ Twk 8 lIRtsMrab;plitplTMgn; 1 KILÚRkam¦. cUrbEnßmry³eBl 1 naTIsMrab;ry³kMBs; 2000 hVIt ebIsinkEnøgrbs;GñkenAry³kMBs;elIs 4000 hVIt.

plitpl ry³eBlRsuskñúgTwkekþA ¬naTI¦ Broccoli 3 Green Beans 3 és<ekþab (wedges) 5 karut 5 páaés< 3 (bEnßmGMbil 4 søabRBa) Collard greens 3 eBat (Ep¥m) 7 Rtb; 4 (bEnßmTwkRkUcqµa 1/2 EBg ) Leafy greens 2 pSit 3 eTA 5

sENþk (Peas) 2 dMLÚg (fµI) 4 eTA 10 el<A 2 eTA 3 b¤ rhUtdl;Tn; dMLÚgCVa 15 eTA 20 b¤rhUtdl;Tn; Zucchini/summer squash 3

RbPB : Chioffi, N. and Mead, S. 1991. Keeping the Harvest. Pownal , Vermont : Storey Publishing. McClure, S. 1992. The Harvest Gardener. Pownal , Vermont : Storey Publishing.

EpøeQIdUcCa e)a:m esrI B½r nig Apricot GaceFVIRbRBwtþkmµedayeRbIs‘ulpYedIm,IsMgYt. kareFIV s‘ulpYkmµ ¬dutemSAs‘ulpYmYysøabRBakñúgemSAEpøeQI 1 epan b¤ 12Rkam kñúg 1 KILÚRkamEpøeQI¦ b¤ kareFIVs‘ulPItkmµ ¬RCmuCEpøeQIeTAkñúgsUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmemtab‘Ís‘ulPItkMhab; 1° ry³eBl 1 naTI¦ CYykarBarkarERbBN’exµA kar)at;bg;rsCati nig kar)at;bg;vItamIn C )an.


206

s‘ulpY KWCaRbPBénRbtikmµGalak;sIucMeBaHmnusSmYycMnYn dUcenHkBa©b;énplitplEdleRbI s‘ulpY KYrmanbBa¢ak;elIpøaksBaØaeGay)anc,as;las;. vItamIn C GaceRbIedIm,IkarBarkareLIgBN’etñat kñúgkMLúgeBleFVIkarsMgYt. eRbIemSAGasIutGsáÚb‘Ík 30 ml kñúgTwkekþA]NÐ² 1 lIRt . citEpøeQICa cMNit² dak;cUlkñúgsUluysüúgEdlerobcMTukenaH bnÞab;mkykecjmkvijedayeRbIsøabRBa nig sMrk; eGays¶ÜtBIcMNitEpøeQI.

edIm,ITTYl)anlT§pll¥cMeBaHkarsMgYt plitplRss; EpøeQIKYrRtUv)ancitCacMNit b¤CabYn ehIy cMeBaHbEnøRtUvcitCacMNitesþIg edayciRBa©aM b¤han;. karsMgYtEpøeQIedayeRbIkMedAéf¶nwgcMNay eBlGs;RbmaNCa 2-3 éf¶ b¤yUrCagenHeTAeTot pÞúyeTAvij PaKeRcInéncMNitbEnøEdlRtUvsMgYtkñúg ry³eBlEt 1-2 éf¶b:ueNÑaH.

ry³eBlRtaMsUluysüúgs‘ulpYsMrab;EpøeQImYycMnYn³

EpøeQI ry³eBleFVIs‘ulpYkmµEpøeQIcit 1¼4 ry³eBleFVIs‘ulpYkmµEpøeQIcitmYycMehog Epøe)a:m 45 naTI

Epø Apricots 2 em:ag 3 em:ag

Epøes‘rI 20 naTI 30 naTI RkUcXVic 2 em:ag 3 em:ag Peaches 2 em:ag 2 dl; 3 em:ag Pears 2 em:ag 4 dl; 5 em:ag

RbPB: Miller, M. et al. 1981. Drying Foods at Home. University of California , Division of Agricultural Science, Leaflet 2785. Hobson, P. 1994. Making and using dried foods. Pownal , Vermont : Storey Publishing.

eKGaceFIVRbGb;s‘ulpYkmµEdlmantMélTab² BIRbGb;RkdaskatugrwgEdlmanecaHRbehag Ca eRcInenAkEnøgepSg²Kña edIm,ITukeGaymanxül;ecjcUl)anRKb;RKan;. fassMrab;karsMgYt RtUvRtYtCa fñak;²edaymaneRbIdMu\dæ nig bnÞHeQICakMNl;. fasTaMgGs;RtUv)aneFVIeLIgBIeQITaMgGs; eRBaHcMhay s‘ulpYnwgeFVIeGayeRcscab;elIelah³. eRKOgbgÁMúTaMgGs;enaHRtUvEtdak;enAxageRkA ykl¥KYrdak;enA elIdIval. eyIgRtUveRbIemSAs‘ulpYmYysøabRBa)aysMrab;EpøeQITMgn; 1 epan ¬35 mIlIlIRtsMrab; 1 KILÚRkamEpøeQI¦. dak;s‘ulpYeTAkñúgRbGb;eGayq¶ayBICBa¢aMgénRbGb; eRBaHvaGacbNþaleGay ekþAxøaMg. RtUvbiTP¢it)atRbGb;CamYynwgdI.


207

RbPB : Miller, M. et al. 1981. Drying Foods at Home. University of California , Division of Agricultural Science, Leaflet 2785.

RbGb;eQI³

RbPB : Intermediate Technology Publications, 1987. Post-harvest Crop Processing: Some

tools for agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications. London , England .

karsMgYtedayeRbIkMedAéf¶ plitplGacsMgYt)anedayeRbIBnøWRBHGaTitüedaypÞal; b¤ edayRbeyal. viFIsa®sþgay

bMputsMrab;karsMgYtedayeRbIkMedAéf¶KWRtUvBRgayplitpledaypÞal;enAelIépÞrabBN’exµA ehIyTuk eGaykMedARBHGaTitü nig xül;eFVIkarsMgYtplitpl. cMeBaHRKab;FBaØCati GacsMgYt)anya:gl¥tam meFüa)ayenH.


208

]bkrN_sMgYtedaypÞal;ya:gsamBaØGaceFVIeLIgBIfassMNaj; Edlkl;edaydMueQI b¤dMu\dæedIm,I eGayxül;qøgkat;enAEpñkxageRkamrbs;]bkrN_. eKGacRKbRsTab;és,esIr² elIplitpl edIm,I karBarplitplBIstVl¥it nig bkSIkñúgeBlsMgYt. RtUveFVIkarRtYtBinitüplitplCaerogral;éf¶ ehIy ykvaeTATukeRkamdMbUlebIsinmanemXrkePøóg.

viFIsa®sþya:gsamBaØmYysMrab;karsMgYtedaykMedAéf¶KW RtUvsagsg;eFñImYyBIeQI nig RKbBIelI edaykenÞlt,ajregVIl. enAkñúgrUbPaBbgðajxageRkamenH eyIgeXIjfa cMNitEpøeb:ge)a:HRss;kMBug sMgYtedaypÞal;BIkMedAéf¶elIkenÞlsøwkmYy. xül;Gacqøgkat;BIelI nig xageRkamplitpl CYyCMruj el,OnsMgYt nig kat;bnßykar)at;bg;edaysarkMedAxøaMgeBk.


209

RbPB : Kitinoja, L. 1992. Consultancy for Africare/ USAID on food processing in the Ouadhai, Chad , Central Africa . Extension Systems International, 73 Antelope Street , Woodland , California 95695 .

eKGaceRbIR)as;snwøkGaluymIj:ÚmesþIg² edIm,IbMpøatkMedAéf¶eTAelIfassMgYt. ]TahrN_ bgðajxageRkamenH bgðajBIkareRbIR)as;pÞaMg)aøsÞiicedIm,Icab;ykkMedA nig BenøÓnry³eBlsMgYt.

RbPB : Intermediate Technology Publications, 1987. Post-harvest Crop Processing: Some tools for agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications. London , England . 29 pp.

RKb;fasTaMgGs;rYmmansMNaj; b¤ kenÞlEdleKeRbIsMrab;karsMgYtplitpl RtUvrkSaeGay s¥atl¥Canic©. fasEdleFVIBIEdkGIuNuk )aøsÞic b¤ nILúgmanPaBgayRsYlxøaMgsMrab;rkSa eGayvas¥atl¥ CagfaseQI. TwkEpøeQImYycMnYnnwgCab;s¥iteTAnwgépÞfaskñúgeBleRbImþg². enHvabNþaleGayman


210

karekIneLIgkan;EteRcIneLIgnUvPaBkxVk; nig begáItnUvBBYkpSit EdlGacnwgRbLak;RbLÚk nig CH \T§iBlGaRkk;elIlkçN³xageRkArbs;plitplsMgYt. RtUveRbIemSAsab‘UxøaMg nig Rcasl¥edIm,Iduslag fasTaMgGs;EdlmandUcCasMNaj; b¤ kenÞleGay)ans¥atl¥. TukeGayvas¶ÜtenAeRkamkMedAéf¶mun eBleRbIR)as;vaedIm,IsMgYtplitpl.

vtßúFatuedIm,Iy:agl¥mYysMrab;EjkFUlIBIfñl; pøÚv b¤ dIhuyepSg²KW kal;süÚmkørY. enAeBl)acva elIdI vanwgRsUbsMeNImBIxül; nig rkSadIeGayesIm. RtUveFVIkarras;kal;süÚmkørIteTAelIépÞdIkñúgkMrit knøHepansMrab;dImYyya:tkaer:.

edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvkarlUtlas;rbs;pSit elIfas RtUvlagsMGat nighaleGays¶Ütl¥ sMNaj; nig kenÞl kñúgeBlmineRbIkar bnÞab;mkTukvaenAkEnøgEdlmanxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan;.

RbPB : Mrak, E.M. and Phaff, H.J. 1949. Sun-drying fruits. California Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 392.

edIm,IeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvRbsiT§PaBénkarhal eK)aneRbIkarrcnaCaeRcInRbePTedIm,Icab; ykkMedABIrsµIRBHGaTitü. ]bkrN_sMgYtedaykMedAéf¶CaeRcInRbePT RtUv)aneKGPivDÆn_eLIg nig bgðajdUcxageRkam.

RbePTTUrsMgYt karBiBN’na rUbrageRKag

TUreRbIBnøWpÞal; bnÞb;sMgYtRtUv)anlabfñaMeGayrelag nig ]bkrN_RsUb kMedARBHGaTitüenACab;CamYynwgbnÞb;RtUv)aneKeRbIpgEdr

TUreRbIBnøWminpÞal; eKeRbI]bkrN_RsUbkMedARBHGaTitüenAdac;BIbnÞb;sMgYt

TUrm:UdcMruHKña b¤kUnkat;

bnÞb;sMgYtRtUv)anlabfñaMrelagCaEpñk²b¤eBjTaMgGs;ehIy eKeRbI]bkrN_RsUbkMedARBHGaTitüenAdac; edayELkBITUr

TUrbMBg; Tunnel

CaTUeTA karrcnaeGaymans‘u¿CMuvij nig manRsTab;1 b¤ 2 rbs;)aøsÞic relag. ehIymüa:geTot cMeBaH]bkrN_pÞal; GackøayeTACaminpÞal; )anebIsineKeRbI)aøsÞicexµARsTab;kñúg énkarlabfñaMrelag

TUrbMBg;Tab Low Tunnel

]bkrN_sMgYtpÞal; RsedogeTAnwgxagelI b:uEnþsg;eLIgTab CiteTAnwgdI ehIyCaTUeTA Gacdak;plitpl)anEtmYy


211

RsTab; b:ueNÑaH.

tg; Ca]bkrN_sMgYtpÞal;CamYynwgExSRtg;CaCageRKagEdlekag

TUrragCaFug

]bkrN_sMgYtEbbNak¾)an b:uEnþCaTUeTAminb:HBal;pÞal; nigcrnþxül; EdlGaceFVIeGayRsTab;Rkas;²énplitpl s¶Üt)an ¬CaBiess 300mIlIEm:Rt b¤eRcInCagenH¦

RbPB : Fuller, R.J. 1993. Solar Drying of Horticultural Produce: Present Practice and Future Prospects. Postharvest News and Information 4(5): 131N-136N.

m:UtTUrsMgYtedaykMedARBHGaTitüEdlkan;EtmanPaBsµúKsµajxøaMgenaH pSMedaybg¥ÜckBa©k; b¤ bg¥Üc)aøsÞicenAelIplitplEdlmannaTIsMrab;karBarstVl¥itenAeBldak;halkMedARBHGaTitü.

]bkrN_sMgYtedayBnøWRBHGaTitüpÞal;³

eKsßabna ]bkrN_sMgYtedaymineRbIBnøWRBHGaTitüpÞal;eLIg edIm,IRsUbykkMedARBHGaTitü

GaRs½ytamRbdab;RsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü ¬RbGb;manCMerATab labBN’exµAenAxagkñúg nig RKbBIelIeday bnÞHkBa©k;¦ edIm,IkMedAxül;EdlnwgeFVIdMeNIrkat;tamfasEdlpÞúkedayplitpl cMnYnBI 4 eTA 6.


212

]bkrN_sMgYtedaykMlaMgxül;

eKGacsMgYtdMNaMykRKab;)an edaydak;CaKMnrtamkareRbI]bkrN_sMgYt EdlpSMeTAnwgcrnþ xül;efr manRbPBkMedABIxageRkA. eKRKbkMraleFIVBIelah³ b¤eQIEdlmanecaHRbehagenAelIbnÞb; sMgYtplitpl. kgðarmYyEdlenAcenøaHc®gáan nig TUrsMgYtEdleFVIeGayxül;ekþA pøas;TIqøgkat; plit plEdlRtUvsMgYt.

RbPB : FAO. 1985. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome :

UNFAO. 120 pp.

]bkrN_sMgYtedayeRbIcMehH\nÞn³ TUrsMgYt Batch-dryer bgðajxageRkamenH RtUv)ansßabnaeLIgBIeQIEdlmankgða cMkNþalbMBg;

nig dutedaysaMg b¤eRbgmas‘Ut. eKbegáItTUrsMgYtCaeRcInRbePT edayplitkrCaeRcInkñúgBiPBelak.


213

RbPB : Clarke, B. 1987. Post-Harvest Crop Processing: Some Tools for Agriculture. London,

UK : Intermediate Technology Publications.

]bkrN_sMgYtBIrRbePT RtUv)aneKeRbICaTUeTAsMrab;karsMgYtdMNaMRKab;EdlmanbrimaNtictYc. reTHrujedaymankMralecaHRbehagGacdwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;valdMNaM ehIyP¢ab;CamYynwgc®gáansMgYtEdl GacelIkdak;)an. ]bkrN_sMgYtEdlmanRbehagenAnwg "pot-hole" RtUv)anrcnaeLIgedIm,IeFVIeGay xül;ekþAmanclnaqøgkat;BIeRkamRTenIrCab;mYy. k®nþgEpøEdlmanRKab;nImYy² RtUv)andak;BIelIRTenIr enaH ehIyRtUv)ansMgYtedaykMedAPayeLIgtamRbehagénkMralRTenIr.

reTHrujsMgYt :

Rbehagén]bkrN_sMgYt³


214

RbPB : Kader, A.A. and Thompson, J.F. 2002. Postharvest handling Systems: Tree nuts. Pp.399-406. In: Kader, AA. (Ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California , Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.

TUrsMgYtGKÁisnI

TUrsMgYtGKÁisnIsamBaØmYyGacsagsg;eLIgedayeRbIbnÞHkþar bnÞHelah³ kgðatUc1 GMBUlbMPøW5 ¬GMBUlBgman;¦ edaymanfñaMlabb:sWELn nig sMPar³bMpøatmYycMnYn. ]bkrN_sMgYtEdlbgðaj dUcxageRkammanRbEvgbeNþay 32 GIuj TTwg 21 GIuj nig kMBs; 30 GIuj ehIymaneFñIrdak;fas cMnYnR)aM. kgða nig bnÞHelah³Edldak;tMrwmenAftxageRkam CYyCMrujkMedAeLIgelIqøgkat;RbGb;.


215

RbPB : Chioffi, N. and Mead, G. 1991. Keeping the Harvest. Pownal , Vermont : Storey

Publishing

karsMgYtedayeRbIL bEnø nig EpøeQIGacRtUv)ansMgYtenAkñúgL ebIsinLenaHGacdMeNIrkarenAsItuNðPaBTab)an.

dak;plitplEdlRtUvtMerobelIfaselah³ b¤fasdut edaykMnt;nUvsItuNðPaBenARtwm 140°F ehIy TukTVaTUrenAcMhrRbmaNCa 2-4 GIuj. ry³eBlsMgYtkan;EtelOn ebIsinxül;ecjcUlRtUv)an begáIneLIgedayeRbIkgðatUcmYydak;enAxageRkAL.


216

RbPB : Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. 1984. So Easy to Preserve. University of

Georgia , Athens , Georgia .

karsMgYtpáa eKGacsMgYtpáa edaydak;BüÜrbRBa©as;cuHeRkam b¤edayeRbI ceg¥IrGaMgenApÞH)ayCaCMnYy. páa

halenaHmanlkçN³dUcCaFmµCatiNas; ebIsinTukvabBaÄrkñúgfUrpáakñúgeBls¶Üt. páa Anthurium nwg s¶Üt)anl¥Nas; ebIsinTukeGayvas¶ÜtyWt²bMputenaH. cUreFVIkarkat;Kl;páaCacMerokRsYc ehIydak;va eTAkñúgfUrpáaEdlmandak;TwkkMBs; 2 GIuj. RKb;krNITaMgGs; páaKYrEtsMgYtenAkñúgxül;s¶Üt enAkEnøg ggwt nig s¥at. páaEdls¶Ütl¥ RbsinebITukecal QreLIgelImandUcCa³ strawflower, delphinium,

larkspur, okra pods CaedIm. cMENkpáaEdls¶Ütl¥edaykardak;BüÜrbRBa©as;cuHeRkammandUcCa chysanthemum, amaranthus, African daisy, statice, marigold CaedIm.


217

African daisy supported on a screen of chicken wire:

eKGacsMgYtpáaya:gqab;rh½s nigya:ggayRsYlenAkñúgsIulIkarecl nig dIxSac;. dIxSac;eRbI sMrab;sMgYtpáaRtUvsMGateGays¥atrabesµIehIyebIkan;Etm:t;kan;Etl¥. cab;epþImCamYynwgdIxSac; 1 GIuj enAkñúgFug cUrdak;páaEdlRtUvsMgYtenAelIdIxSac; ehIyRKbvafµm²TaMgRsugedayeRbIdIxSac;bEnßmeTot. eKKYrTukFugeGayenAcMhr ehIypáaKYrEtsMgYtkñúgry³eBlRbmaN 3 s)aþh_. páaEdls¶Ütl¥enAkñúgdI xSac;mandUcCa shasta daisy, lily-of-the-valley, cosmos, dahlia, sweet william carnation, stock,

freesia and narcissus . karsMgYtpáaenAkñúgdIxSac;³

sIulIkareclmantMéléfø b:uEnþeKGaceRbIR)as;sarCafIµ)an ebIsineKkMedAeGays¶ÜtenAcenøaHeBl énkareRbIR)as;mþg². edIm,IeRbIR)as; eyIgRtUvRKbpáaCamYynwgdIxSac;bnÞab;mkbiTKMrbdbeGayCit


218

ENnl¥. RtUvBinitüemIlkarsMgYtBI 2 éf¶ eTA 3 éf¶. sIulIkarmansar³RbeyaCn_CaBiesssMrab;kar sMgYtrukçCatigayEbk)ak; nig páaEdlmanBN’s¥at. páaEdlsMgYt)anl¥bMputenAkñúgsIulIkarmandUcCa allium, anemone, cornflower, roses, tulip nig zinnia.

RbPB : Rogers , B.R. 1988. The Encyclopaedia of Everlastings. New York : Michael Friedman Publishing Group, Inc. 191 pp.

karRckkMb:ug ]bkrN_RckkMb:ugBIrRbePT RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAedIm,IEkécñplitpldMNaMsakvb,kmµ.

]bkrN_TI 1 KW water bath canner EdlCaqñaMgFMmYymanKMrbebIk nig maneFñIedIm,Idak;EkveGaydl; )atFug. qñaMgKYrEtmanCMerAeRCAsmlµmedIm,IRKbdbEkv 1-2 GIuj ehIymanlMhr 1 GIuj eTotedIm,I TukeGaycMhayBuHmanclna)an. Ggát;p©iténqñaMgKYrmineGayelIs 4 GIuj elIGgát;p©itrbs;c®gáan edIm,IFana)ankarbBa¢ÚnkMedA.

GaharmanCatiGasIutx<s;dUcCaEpøeb:ge)a:H RCk nig GaharmanrsCatiq¶aj; nig GaharmanCati sárx<s;dUcCa jams, jellies, syrups nig marmalades GacEkécñya:gmansuvtþiPaBedayeRbI boiling

water bath.

RbPB : Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. 1984. So Easy to Preserve. University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia

]bkrN_RckkMb:ugedaysMBaF RtUv)aneKpþl;Gnusasn_sMrab;karEkécñGahar EdlmankMrit GasIutTabdUcCabEnøCaedIm. ]bkrN_RckkMb:ugedaysMBaFKWCaqñaMgBies eFVIBIelah³F¶n; edaymanKMrb biTP¢it kERBa©gmYyenAxagkñúg nig rn§beBa©jcMhaymYy. rn§beBa©jcMhay GacEktMrUvedayeRbICBa©Ig elx b¤mYl GaRs½ytamRbePT]bkrN_Rck. naLikasMBaFkt;RtasMBaFxül;kñúg]bkrN_RckkMb:ug.


219

RTnicnaLikapþl;tMélGansMBaFBitR)akd CamYynwgnaLikaTMgn; nwgvaytic²enAeBlEdlsMBaF ]bkrN_RckeLIgdl;kMritsmrmü. sMBaF 10 epan enAsItuNðPaB 115°C (240 °F)manPaBsmRsb sMrab;karRckbEnøcUlkMb:ug.

]bkrN_kMb:ugeRbIsMBaF

naLikaRTnic

nalikaTMgn;

RbPB : Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. 1984. So Easy to Preserve. University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia .

mandbEkvcMnYn 3 RbePTEdleKeRbIR)as;edIm,IRckplitplsakvb,kmµEkécñ. EkvRbePT)al; (The Ball Type) nig EkvmanKMrbBIs½gásI (The Zinc Capped Jar) EdlEkvTaMgBIrRbePTenH TamTar


220

eGaymanrgVg;ekAs‘UsMrab;biTP¢it. CYnkal vaGacmankarlM)akedIm,IrkeGay)an b:uEnþRbsinebIGacrk )anenAkñúgtMbn; cUrplitsMbkevcx©b;eGay)anRbesIr. fµI²enHkMb:ug EdlmanKMrbBIrEpñk KWCasMbk evcx©b;EdleKniymeRbITUeTAbMput.

minfadbEkvRbePTNak¾edayEdlRtUvykmkeRbIR)as; enAeBleFVIkarRckbMeBj vaCakarcaM)ac; kñúgkarTuklMhrEpñkelIéndb edIm,ITukeGayplitplGacrIk b¤e)a:genAeBleFVIkarEkécñ. RbsinebIdb RckeBjxøaMgeBk enaHvaGacnwgpÞúH)an. ehIyRbsinebITukcenøaHlMhrdbFMeBk enaHvanwgbNþaleGay plitplGaharxagkñúgxUcxat)an eRBaHxül;EdlelIsmin)anykecjGs;BIdb kñúgeBlEkécñeT.

dbEkv nig KMrb BI eqVgeTAsþaM ³ RbePT mUl KMrbsgásI nig KMrbBIrbnÞH

RbPB : Georgia Cooperative Extension Service. 1984. So Easy to Preserve. University of

Georgia , Athens , Georgia.

kareFIVTwkEpøeQI EpøeQI


221

edIm,IEkécñeb:ge)a:H b¤EpøeQIeTACaTwkEpøeQI enaHeKRtUvrMgas;EpøeQIkñúgTwk b¤TwkEpøeQIrbs;va pÞal;enAkñúgqñaMgelah³KµaneRcH Ekv b¤ qñaMgEdlmanRsabkaca (enamelware). enAeBlEdlplitpl eLIgTn;ehIy eKRtUvkat;eTACacMNittUc rYcsgát;edayeRbImasIunkinGahar qñaMgsMrab;Rtg b¤és,RtgCa eRcInRsTab;eTot. eKGacbEnßmTwkRkUcqµa b¤ sáredIm,IbegáInrsCati. TwkEpøeQIRtUv)aneFVIeGayRtCak; enAkñúgdbEkv b¤ FugRtCak; ¬edayTukvaeGay)an 0>5 GuIjsMrab;lMhBIplitpleTAkan;mat;Ekv¦. TwkEpøeQIPaKeRcInGacRckkñúgkMb:ugenAkñúgGagTwkBuH (Water Bath) ry³eBl 20 naTI b:uEnþcMeBaHTwk Epøe)a:m nig TwkTMBaMg)ayCUrRtUv)anEkécñenAkñúgTwkekþA (sItuNðPaB 82°C b¤ 180 °F) ry³eBl 30 naTI.

bEnø

cMeBaHbEnøeKRtuvci®Ba©aM b¤ citCacMNittUc² bnÞab;mkcMhuyry³eBl 45 eTA 50 naTI rhUtdl; eLIgxab;. bnÞab;mk eKGacsgát;TwkEpøeQIecjBIsac; nig eFVIeGayRtCak; b¤RckkMb:ug. karRckTwkdm bEnøkñúgkMb:ugTamTareGayeFVIkarEkécñenAsMBaF 10 epan enAkñúgqñaMgeRbIsMBaF. cMeBaHcMNuHmYyPIn (Pint) KYreRbIeBlEkécñGs; 55 naTI ehIysMrab;EkvcMnuHmYykVat (Quart) cMNayeBl 85 naTI. RbPB : Stoner, C.H. (Ed). 1977. Stocking Up. Emmaus, Penn: Rodale Press.

viFIsa®sþEkécñepSgeTot karbgák

bEnøPaKeRcIn KYrRsuHmuneBlbgák edIm,IkarBarkar)at;bg;rsCati nig BN’enAeBlsþúkTuk. sItuNðPaBbgák Edll¥bMputKWenAcenøaH -21 GgSaes eTA -18°C (0 eTA 5°F). kBa©b;sMrab;bgák KYrGacRbqaMgnwgkarRCabTwk nig sMeNIm)an ehIymanpÞúkxül;ticbMput tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)anedIm,I karBarGuksIutkmµenAeBlsþúkTuk. kBa©b;)aøsÞicF¶n;² snøwkGaluymIjÚmF¶n; Ekvbgák nig katugbgák EdlmaneRsabépÞrelagTaMgGs;GaceRbICakBa©b;ya:gl¥.

dMNab;rwg rav nig Tn; (Jellies, Jams and Preserves)

kareFVIdMNab; rwg rav nig Tn; nig RbePTGaharEdlmanCatisárx<s; CaeRcIneTotRtUvkarnUvtulü PaBrbs;EpøeQI GasIut buibTIn nig sáredIm,ITTYl)annUvlT§pll¥bMput. EpøeQIminTan;TMumanpÞúknUv buibTIneRcInCagEpøeQIEdlTMu ehIyTwkEpøe)a:m KWCaRbPBd¾l¥énbiubTInBIFmµCati. RbsinebIEpøeQIman GasIutTabenaH TwkRkUcqµa GacRtUv)anbEnßmeTAkñúgl,ayénEpøeQI nig sár ehIy sárGMeBA b¤éqfavsár


222

manPaBl¥RbesIr sMrab;karEfrkSaTukCagTwksIur:UTwkXµM b¤sIur:UeBat. edIm,IrkSanUvKuNPaBEpøeQI RtUvcMGin edaykMedAlµm rhUtdl;eLIgCal,ayCab;nwgsøabRBa. RtUvecosvagkarcMGinRCushYs eRBaHfavanwg kat;bnßynUvsmtßPaBeLIgCaGn§ilrbs;l,ay. RtUvcak;vacUleTAkñúgFug nig biTP¢itedayeRbI paraffin

wax . cMeBaHkarEfrkSaepSgeTotKYrEteFVIkarEkécñenAkñúg boiling water bath ry³eBl 5 naTI.

kareLIgem enAeBl)ak;etrIGasIutLak;TicenAkñúgGahar )anbMElgkabUnGIuRdateTACaGasIutLak;Tic Gahar

RtUv)ankaBarrkSatamkareFVIeGaykMrit pH cuHTab. Sauerkraut ¬eFIVBIés<ekþab¦ nig RsaTMBaMg)ayCUrKW Ca]TahrN_BIrkñúgcMenamGahareLIgemCaeRcInBan;eTotEdlmanenAelIBiPBelak. sMrab;B½t’manbEnßm nig rUbmnþGaharepSgeTot sUmemIlesovePA Chioffi and Mead (1991).

Acidification

RCk; KWCa viFIsa®sþEkécñsamBaØmYyEdleKGaceRbICamYynwgEpøeQI nigbEnøRbePTepSg². sUluysüúgTwkGMbil ¬TwkEpøeQIcMnYn 9 PaK nig TwkexµH/ GMbilminEmnGIuy:Ut 1 PaK/ Twk 9 PaK/ nig sarFatubegáInrsCati nig emÞs¦ RtUv)ancak;cUleTAkñúgplitplenAkñúgEkv ¬edayTuklMhrelI 0>5 Giuj¦. RCk;BITwkGMbilRtUv)anbiTP¢it ehIyTukenAkñúgsItuNðPaBbnÞb;cab;BIry³eBl 3 s)aþh_ b¤ eRcIn CagenH xN³EdlRCk;BIEpøRss;RtUv)anEkécñenAkñúg Boiling Water Bath ry³eBl 10 naTI.

RbPB : USDA. 1977. Canning, Freezing and Storing Garden Produce. USDA Agricultural Information Bulletin 410.


223

CMBUk 11³ karGnuvtþn_suvtßiPaBGahar

kgVl;GMBIsuvtßiPaBGahar enAeBlelIkdak;bEnø nig EpøeQIRss; )anekIneLIgCagmYyTsSn_vtS knøgmkehIy. karpÞúHCaCm¶W EdlbNþalmkBIGahar manCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgEpøeQItUc² eb:ge)a:H bEnøswøkBN’ébtg nig EpøeQIEdlcitehIy. GñkTijdMu nig GñkeRbIR)as;TaMgLay)anbegáInkarykcitþ Tukdak;eTAelIkarGnuvtþn_karelIkdak; EdlnwgFanasuvtßiPaBGahar. vaKWCaTMnYlxusRtUvrbs;Gñk daMduH nig GñkelIkdak;eRkaykarRbmUlpl kñúgkarkt;RtanUvkarGnuvtþn_ edIm,IkarBarplitplRss; BIkarqøg eraK. Gñklk;ray dUcCaenAtampSarTMenIbFM² kMBugEtTamTakarRbRBwtþtamkarGnuvtþn_suvtßiPaBGahar BIGñkpÁt;pÁg;rbs;BYkeK. ehIyvaRbEhlCaminGaceFVIeTA)an kñúgeBlPøam²kñúgkarnaMecjnUvplitpl eTAkan;TVIbGWr:ub nig shrdæGaemrik edayBMumankarkt;RtanUvsuvtßiPaBkarelIkdak;rbs;vataMgBIksidæan rhUt dl;TIpSarenaHeT.

karGnuvtn_þsuvtßiPaBGaharTUeTAmYycMnYn KWkMBugEtpSBVpSaytamry³saklviTüal½y Pñak;gar rdæaPi)al nig EpñkÉkCnnanaenACuMvijBiPBelak. cMeBaHGñkdaMduHEdlcg;naMecj plitplrbs;xøÜn eTAkan;shKmn_GWr:ub eKKYEtdwgfa sþg;darfµIenHKWkMBugEtRtUv)anGPivDÆ eday]sSahkmµEdllk;plit plray edIm,IENnaMnUvkarGnuvtþn_karelIkdak;sRmab;GñkdaMduH nig GñkdwkCBa¢Ún ¬EdleKsÁal;faCa EUREP GAP¦. KMnitsMxan;²TaMgLay KWkarGnutþn_tam GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) enA kñúgksidæan kEnøgevcx©b; nig kñúgeBldwkCBa¢ÚnplitplRss;TaMgGs; nigkareRbIR)as; HACCP

(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) edIm,Ikt;RtanUvkareRbIR)as;sarFatuKWmI fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it sMPar³evcx©b; .l. enAelIksidæanEdlmansuvtßiPaB CaBiesssRmab;plitplEkécñ b¤ plitpl Edl citRss;.

maneBlkMNt;mYyrbs; EUREP-GAP sRmab;suvtßiPaBGahar Edlminc,as;las;sRmab; plitplRss; EdlmanbMNgsRmab;TIpSarenAkñúgTVIbGWr:ub. GñkdaMduH sRmab;naMecj manrhUtdl; qñaM 2003 edIm,IbMeBjnUvcMNuccMbg² sRmab;Gnam½y nig KuNPaB. kEnøgevcx©b;EdlmanlkçN³tUc² nwgTamTarRbB½næTwkfµI nig eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvkarGnuvtþGnam½y. B½t’manfµI²Gacrk)antamry³ GIIunFWENt (http://www .eurep.org).

esckþIENnaMnanasRmab;GñkdaMduHCnCatiGaemrik )ane)aHBumÖedayRbPBepSg²CaeRcIn. c,ab; ftcMlgrbs;GtßbTe)aHBmÖpSay³ “Food safety begins on the farm: A grower’s guide”

Gacrk)anedayminKitluyBI Cornell University’s Good Agricultural Practices Program ¬e-mail:

[email protected]¦.


224

mUlehtu nig RbPBcMbg² énbBaðasuvtßiPaBGaharkMLúgeBlplitkmµ nig karelIkdak;enA eRkaykarRbmUlplbNþalmkBIRkumbIsMxan;² dUcxageRkam. eRKaHfñak;edaylkçN³rUb (Physical

Hazards): Ca]TahrN_ éneRKaHfñak;edaylkçN³rUbEdlGacekItman enAkñúgplitplkMLúgeBl elIkdak;plitkmµb¤ k¾sþúkTukmandUcCa³ - smÖar³sRmab;rwt (Rbdab;kib/ EdkeKal/ vIs/ ex©A) - kMeTcEkv - bMENktUc²éneQI

eRKaHfñak;edayKImI (Chemical Hazards) : ]TahrN_éneRKaHfñak;edayKImI EdlGacqøgeTA kan;plitplkMLúgeBlelIkdak;plitkmµ b¤k¾sþúkTukmandUcCa³ - fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it fñaMsMlab;BBYkpSit tiNXat fñaMsMlab;stVkekr - eRbgma:sIunBI forklifts b¤ bNþaj]bkrN_evcx©b; - elah³F¶n;² (sMN )art GasUnik (Arsenic)) - CatiBulBI]sSahkmµ - brievNEdlRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;karsm¥at nigeFVIGnam½y]bkrN_

emeraKBImnusS (Human Pathogens): manemeraKbYnRbePTTak;TgeTAnwgmnusS CamYynwg plitplRss;³

• )ak;etrIEdlTak;TgeTAnwgdI (Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes)

• )ak;etrITak;Tgkñúglamk (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., E. coli O157:H7 nig epSg²eTot)

• BYk)ara:sIut (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora)

• vIrusbgáeraK (Hepatitis, Enterovirus)

PaKeRcInénemeraKTaMgenHraldaltamry³mnusS ¬b¤stVRsuk¦ eTAkan;Gahar eTAkan;pøÚv epSg²rbs;mnusS. karelIkdak;énbEnø nig EpøeQIedaykmµkrEdlqøgemeraK b¤ GñkeRbIR)as; karcMlgPaBkxVk; kareRbIR)as;;RbB½næbBa¢ÚlTwkEdlkxVk; kareRbIR)as;CIkMb:usEdlminRKb;RKan; b¤ kar b:HBal;CamYYydIEdlkxVk; KWCaviFImYycMnYnEdlGacekItman karbBa¢ÚnemeraKBImnusSeTAkan;Gahar.

xN³EdlKuNPaBplitplGacvaytMél)anedayrUbragxageRkA eTAelIlkçN³ dUcCa BN’ PaBehIm b¤e)a:g nig køin b:uEnþsuvtßiPaBGaharminGacvaytMéldUecñH)aneT. karBinitüBic©½yFmµtarbs; plitplminGackMNt;eTA)aneT RbsinebIBitR)akd vasßitenAkñúgsuvtßiPaB nig enAl¥kñúgkareRbIR)as;.


225

karRKb;RKglkçxNÐdaMduH nig karelIkdak;eRkaykarRbmUlpl KWCakarRbesIrkñúgkarkarBarkarqøgplit plRss;edayeRKaHfñak;tamlkçN³rUb lkçN³KImI nig tamkarqøgeraKedaymnusS.

RbPB : Gorny, J.R. 1999. Chapter 10: Food Safety for fresh horticultural produce. In: Kitinoja, L. and Gorny, J.R. Small-Scale Postharvest Technology: Economic Opportunities, Quality and Food Safety. Postharvest Horticulture Series No.21, Department of Pomology, University of California, Davis

suvtßiPaBGaharenAkñ úgksidæan karGnuvtþn_EdlTak;TgeTAnwgeKalkarN_TaMg 4 enH GacbnßynUveRKaHfñak; EdlplitplGac

qøgemeraKenAkñúgksidæan.

dIs¥at (Clean Soil)

• eCosvagkareRbIR)as;CIminsmRsb • CIkMb:usEdleFVIBIlakmstV RtUvsMlab;BBYkemeraK nig laybBa¢ÚlvaeTAkñúgdIya:gehac

Nas; 2 s)aþh_muneBldaM • karBarmineGaystVRsuk nig stVéRBcUlkñúgcMkar edIm,IbnßyhaniyP½yEdlbNþalmk

BIkarqøgtamlamk • pþl;nUvbnÞb;Gnam½yEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)anenAEk,rcMkar • karBar karFøak;cuH b¤ karrGil BIRbtibtþikarepSg²rbs;stV BIkarcUlkñúgcMkarplitpl • minRtUvRbmUlplplitplkñúgkMLúgeBl 120 éf¶énkardak;CIlamk

Twks¥at (Clean Water)

• eFVIetsþeTAelITwk EdlRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;kareRsacRsB edIm,IrkemeraKenAkñúglamk Qr elImUldæanc,as;las; CaBiessRbsinebITwk qøgkat;Ek,rkEnøgRbRBwtþkmµTwkkgVk; b¤ tMbn; EdlciBa©wmstV.

• dak;bsustVeGayq¶ayBItMbn;bBa©ÚlTwkkMBugeRbIR)as; sRmab;TwkGNþÚgEdlnwgRtUv)aneK eRbIsRmab;kareRsacRsB

• dak;sarFatuKImIeGayq¶ayBItMbn;bBa©ÚlTwkkMBugeRbIR)as; sRmab;TwkGNþÚg EdlRtUveRbI sMrab;eRsacRsB

• eRbIR)as;cMeraH b¤ RsHBRgg edIm,IeFVIeGayKuNPaBTwk)anRbesIreLIg


226

• ebIkEnøgGaceFVI)an cUreRbIkareRsacRsBedaybnþk; edIm,IbnßyPaBesImrbs;bEnø nig eFVI eGaymanhaniyP½ykan;Ettic

• eRbIR)as;TwkEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)anedIm,IFanakarRKb;RKgstVl¥itedaykar)aj;fñaMKImII

épÞs¥at (Clean Surface)

]bkrN_ nig eksRbmUlpl RtUvEtrkSaeGays¥atl¥. sm¥at nig eFVIGnam½y]bkrN_TaMgenH muneBlénkar eRbIR)as;nImYy².

éds¥at (Clean hands)

• kmµkrEdlRbmUlplplitplRtUvEtsm¥atédrbs;BYkeK eRkayeBlcUlbgÁn; • cUrpþl; sab‘U Twks¥at eRbIR)as;kEnSgmYymñak;ÉgenAkñúgcMkar nig TTUceGaykmµkarTaMgGs;

sm¥atédrbs;BYkeK muneBlelIkdak;plitpl. * ( sMrab;Bt’manBIkarTTYl)anbgÁn;Gaccl½t)an sumTak;Tg smaKmGnam½yGnþrCati (Portable

Sanitation Association International) tam (800) 822-3020)

RbPB ³ Cornell University GAPs Program. 2000. Reduce Microbial contamination with Good Agricultural Practices.

karlagsm¥atédeGay)ansmRsbKW CayuT§saRsþmYyya:gmanRbsiTi§PaB kñúgkarkat;bnßy hayniP½yénkarqøgemeraK b:uEnþGñkCMnajEpñksuvtßiPaBGaharCaeRcIn)ansegáteXIjfa man mnusStictYcNas;Edl )anlagédxøÜnya:gRtwmRtUv.

o lagédCamYyTwks¥at ekþA]Nð² edaylagCamYysab‘U o dusédTaMgBIrCamYyKñary³eBl 20 vinaTI o sm¥atenAxageRkamRkck nig cenøaHRmaméd. duscugRmamédnImYy² CamYynwg

édmçageTot.

o lagCMrHedayTwkhUrs¥at

o CUtédedayeRbIR)as;kEnSgmYymañk;Ég

RbPB ³ Cornell University GAPs Program. 2000. Reduce Microbial contamination with Good Agricultural Practices.


227

karkat;bnßykarqøgemeraKkñúgeBlRbmUlpl

kñúgkMLúgeBlRbtibtþikarRbmUlpl buKÁlikenAcMkarGaceFIVeGaykxVk;dl;EpøeQI nig bEnøRss; tamkarb:HpÞal;CamYybEnø nig EpøeQIedayédmins¥at b¤k¾muxkMbit. bgÁn;enAcMkarEdl Gacpøas;bþÚr)an RBmTaMgkEnøgsRmab;lagéd RtUvEtGaceRbIR)as;)an nig RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaysmaCikkmµkrRbmUl pl. karRtYtBinitü nig karbgçMkarGnuvtþGnam½yrbs;kmµkrenAcMkardUcCa karlagédeRkayeBlcUl bgÁn;KWCakarcaM)ac;mYyedIm,IbnßyeRKaHfñak;énkarqøgemeraKBImnusS. kmµkrEdlmanCm¶WedayemeraK eføImRbePT A b¤ k¾GñkEdlmaneraKsBaØaéndMeNIrcg;k¥Üt b¤ k¾GñkEdlmanCm¶WraK minKYreRbIeGayRbmUl plplitplRss;eT.

plitplEdlRtUvRbmUlpl eKminKYrTukeGayenAelIdITMenreT muneBldak;enAkñúgeksEdl s¥at nig manGnam½y. eKRtUvsMGat]bkrN_RbmUlplenAcMkar nig eRsamédeGaymanGnam½y nig minRtUv)andak;eGayb:HedaypÞal;nwgdIeT. eksenAcMkarKYEtsm¥at nig eFVIGnam½yedayEp¥kelI mUldæanc,as;las; RBmTaMgKµanPaBkxVk;dUcCa Pk; eRbgrMGilBI]sSahkmµ duMelah³ b¤ bMENktUc². minGnujatieGaykmµkrenAcMkarQrenAkñúgFugplitpl kMLúgeBlkMBugRbmUlpleT edIm,Ikat;bnßykar raldalemeraK tamry³Es,keCIgCaedIm.

FugplitplenAcMkar nig kRnþkEdleFVIBI)aøsÞic RbesIrCageksEdleFVIBIeQI edaysarépÞrbs; )øasÞicmanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarsm¥at nig eFVIGnam½y EdleKKYreFVIenAral;eRkayeBleRbIR)as;. Rbsin ebIeKmineFIVkarsMGat nig eFIVGnam½yral;eBlbnÞab;BIkareRbIR)as;eT vaGackøayCakxVk; nig bnÞab;mk cmøgemeraKeTAkan;plitplbnÞab;eTotEdldak;enAkñúgeksenaH. ekseQI b¤ kRnþkenAtamcMkar KW esÞIrEtminmanPaBsmRsbkñúgkareFVIGanam½yeRBaHvamanépÞes<at (porous surface) ehIykarritbnþwg eQI b¤ Edk edayEdkeKal BIekseQI GaccUleTAkñúgplitpledayyfaehtu. FugplitplenAcMkar EdleFVIBIRkdas;katug RbsinebIeyIgeRbIR)as;CafµI KYrEtRtYtBinitüeGay)anc,as;sRmab;PaBs¥at nig RTab;fg;)øasÞicb:UlIEmmuneBleRbIR)as;CafµI edIm,IkarBarhaniyP½yénkarqøgeraK.

edayEp¥keTAelITMnij plitplGacRtUvevcx©b;enAcMkardak;kñúgeks EdlnwgRtUveFIVdMeNIreTA RKb;kEnøgeTAkan;eKaledATIpSar b¤ dak;CabeNþaHGasnñenAkñúgFugRbmUlrYm keBa¢I b¤ )avEdlnwgRtUvdwk CBa¢ÚneTAkEnøgevcx©b;. nieyaCik ]bkrN_ kEnøgsþúkTukedayRtCak; sMPar³sRmab;evcx©b; nig Twk Edl nwgRtUvb:HeTAnwgplitplRbmUlpl RtUvEtrkSaeGays¥at nig manGnam½y edImI,karBarPaBkxVk;. RbPB : Gorny, J.R. 1999. Chapter 10: Food Safety for fresh horticultural produce. In:

Kitinoja, L. and Gorny, J.R. Small-Scale Postharvest Technology: Economic Opportunities, Quality and Food Safety. Postharvest Horticulture Series No.21, Department of Pomology, University of California, Davis.


228

karkat;bnßykarqøgemeraKkMLúgeBlRbtibtþikareRkayRbmUlpl

Gnam½ybuKÁlik CaFmµta eRsaméd sMNaj;RKbsk; nig GaveGomRtUv)aneKBak;enAkEnøgevcx©b;sMrab; eKaledA

naMecj. PaBs¥at nig Gnam½ynieyaCik EdlelIkdak;plitpl enARKb;vKÁTaMgGs;énplitkmµ ehIy karelIkdak;TaMgGs;RtUvEt)anRKb;RKg edIm,IeFVIeGaymanhaniyP½yénkarqøgkan;Ettic. bnÞb; Twk nig kEnøglagédRKb;RKan; RtUvEtpþl;eGay ehIyRtUvEteRbIeGay)ansmrmü edIm,IkarBar karqøg emeraKeTAplitpledaybuKÁlwkevcx©b;. kEnøgsm¥atRTnab;eCIg k¾RtUvdak;pgEdr edIm,IbnßybrimaN FUlIBIcMkar nig PaBkxVk; EdlcUleTAkñúgkEnøgevcx©b;. karbeRgon nieyaCikTak;TgnwgGnam½yénkar Gnuvtþn_karelIkdak;GaharKYEtRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIg enAeBlEdlCYlBYkeKmk nig rMlwkeLIgvijmuneBl BYkeKcab;epþImeFVIenAral;rdUvnImYy².

]bkrN_ épÞb:HeTAnwgGaharenAelIExSBanTaj Fugcak;bgÁr .l. RtUvsm¥at nig eFVIGnam½yeTAtam

kalbriecäTeGay)aneTogTat; CamYynwgsmasFatusMGatEdlGnuBaØateGayeRbIR)as;eTAeliépÞb:Hrbs; Gahar. 200 ppm énsUluysüúgsUdüÚmGIubU:kørIt KW Ca]TahrN_d¾l¥énkareFIVGnam½yelIépÞEdl b:Hnwg Gahar. eKKYreRbIsarFatueFVIGnam½y enAeRkaykarsm¥at EdlxøaMgehIymandac;;;swk edIm,Idkyk sarFatusrIragÁ dUcCa FUlI b¤ kMeTckMTIrukçCatibu:eNÑaH. kareRbIR)as;cMhay edIm,Ism¥at]bkrN_ KYrEt eCosvag BIeRBaHcMhayekþA GaceFVIeGaysarFatusrIragÁeRkom nig begIitCaRsTab;CIv (biofilm)

EdlERbkøay]bkrN_enHesÞIrEtminGaceFVIGnam½y)an. cMhayekþAk¾GaceFVIeGayEbksac)ak;etrI (aerosolize bacteria) eTAkñúgxül; nig raldalkarqøgemeraK eBjkñúgkEnøgevcx©b;.

sMPar³evcx©b; ral;smÖar³evcx©b;TaMgGs;KYrEtplitBIvtßúFatu EdlmanKuNPaBkñúgkarb:HCamYyGahar edIm,I

Fanafa ral;smasFatuBulenAkñúgsmÖar³evcx©b;minelcecjBIsMbkkBa©b; eTAkñúgplipleT. kak sMNl;KWmIBulRbEhlCamanvtþmanenAkñúgsmÖar³evcx©b;mYycMnYn edaysarEtkareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedIm EdleKeRbIrYcmþgehIy. kBa©b;EdlTMenrdUcCaRbGb; nig fg;)aøsicKYrEtsþúkTukenAkñúgkEnøgbitCitedIm,I karBarkBa©b;TaMgenHBIstVl¥it stVkekr FUlI kMeTckMTI nig RbPBénkarcmøgsMxan;déTeTot. skmµPaB karBarTaMgenHminRtwmEtRbqaMgeTAnwg kar)at;bg;énsarFatusMxan;b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþGackarBarCarYm nig suvtßiPaBsMPar³TaMgenHpgEdr.


229

karlagsMGat nig kareFVIGuIRdUxUlIgedayTwk (Wash and Hydrocooling Water)

ral;TwkEdlb:HCamYyplitplsRmab;lag b¤eFIVGIuRdUxUlIg RtUvEtmansuvtßiPaBsRmab;briePaK. TwkKYrEtmanpÞúkkørsrubBI 100- 150 ppm nig man pH BI 6-7/5. kareRbIR)as;kør KW edIm,IkarBar karqøgBITwkeTAkan;plitplenAkñúgeBllag b¤ kñúgRbB½næGIuRdUxUlIg vanwgminesþrIlplitpleT. cUrpøas; bþÚrTwkenAkñúgFugcak;bgÁr nig ]bkrN_eFIVGIuRdUxUlIgeGay)aneTogTat;. sRmab;B½t’manbEnßmGMBI karsmøab;emeraKkñúgTwk sUmemIlenAkñúgkare)aHBum<eday Trevor Suslow eRkamcMNgeCIg “Publications organized by Topic” EdlCaEpñkébvibsay "http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu". TwkkksRmab;eFVIeGayRtCak;

cUreRbIR)as;TwkkkEdlplitBIRbPBTwkGacbriePaK)an.

kardwCBa¢Únedaymanm:asIunRtCak; plitplKWRtUvdwkCBa¢Únya:gl¥bMput enAkñúgrfynþEdlmankarRKb;RKgsItuNðPaB. kareFVIeGay

rfynþRtCak;Camun muneBlpúÞkplitpl. karrkSaplitplEdlqab;xUc enAeRkam 5 ºC (41o F) sUm,I kñúgxN³eBldwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;pSareKaledAk¾eday vanwgBnüaGayukal nig kat;bnßyGRtalUtlal; sMxan;²énBBYkmIRkum edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgemeraKBImnuSpgEdr.

sItuNðPaBEdleKeRbIsRmab;kardwkCBa¢Ún plitplqab;TTYlrgkarxUcxat edayRtCak; nwgmin karBarplitpl RbqaMgnwgkarlUtlas;rbs;emeraKPaKeRcInenaHeT. rfynþEdleRbIsRmab;kardwk CBa¢ÚnRtUvEtsm¥at nig eFVIGnam½ytammUldæanCaeTotTat;. rfynþeRbIsRmab;dwkCBa¢ÚnstVrs; plit plstV b¤ sarFatuBulminKYrRtUveRbI sRmab;dwkCBa¢ÚnplitpleT. RbPB : Gorny, J.R. 1999. Chapter 10: Food Safety for fresh horticultural produce. In:

Kitinoja, L. and Gorny, J.R. Small-Scale Postharvest Technology: Economic Opportunities, Quality and Food Safety. Postharvest Horticulture Series No.21, Department of Pomology, University of California , Davis. Cornell University GAPs Program. 2000. Reduce Microbial contamination with Good Agricultural Practices. Harris, L.J., D. Zagory, and J. R. Gorny. 2002. Safety factors. p. 301-314, in: A.A. Kader (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, third edition. University of California, ANR Publ. No. 3311.

kareFVIGnam½yeksRbmUlpl ]bkrN_ nig kEnøgevcx©b; karlagsm¥atedaysm<aFx<s; karduHsm¥at nig kareFIVGnam½yeksdak;dMNaMTaMgGs; ]bkrN_

epSg² nig kEnøgevcx©b;muneBlRbmUlplRbcaMéf¶nImYy². kareFIVGnam½y (Sanitizer) KYrEteRbIenA eRkayeBlsm¥ateBjeljedaydusxat; edIm,IdkykecjsmasFatusrIragÁ dUcCa FUlI b¤kMeTckMTI rukçCati CaedIm. Sanitizers EdlmanlkçN³BaNiC¢kmµPaKeRcIn manpÞúksarFatukør b¤ smasFatu quaternary ammonium ( QUATS, QAC, Benalkonium chlorite, N-alkyl dimethylbenzyl


230

ammonium chlorite). sUluysüúgkør EdlpSMeLIgBI]sµ½nkør hypochlorites nig cloramines KWmin manPaBsmRsbCamYynwg smasFatu quaternary ammonium sanitizer eT.

kareRCIserIsén sanitizer mkeRbIR)as;KW GaRs½yelIépÞEdlRtUvsm¥at PaBrwgénTwk ]bkrN_ EdlGaceRbIR)as;)an RbsiT§iPaBeRkamlkçxNÐFmµta nig témø. TaMgGs; enH KWTamTarnUvkarykcitþ Tukdak;x<s;enAeBleRbIR)as; ]sµ½nbENÑn emSA nig sarFaturavEdlmankMhab;. sUmeRbI taragxag eRkam edIm,ICYykñúgkareRCIserIs sanitazer EdlsmRsbsRmab;Rbtibtþikarrbs;Gñk.

]sµ½nkør Hypochlorites (Na, K or Ca hypochlorite)

Chloramines (di- or trichloroisocyanuarate)

smasFatu Quaternary ammonium

eRbIR)as;sMrab; ³ ral;épÞEdlb:H nwgGahar

ral;épÞEdlb:H nwgGahar

ral;épÞEdlb:H nwgGahar épÞEdlminb:H nwg Gahar FatuEdl es<at s¶Üt CBa¢aMg

lkçN³rbs; sanitizer

kMhab; 25 eTA 200

ppm

25 eTA 200

ppm 25 eTA 200 ppm 200 ppm

skmµPaBsmøab; emeraK

x<s; x<s; x<s; ERbRbYl

PaBCak;lak; TUeTA TUeTA TUeTA l¥sMrab;RbqaMg nwgpSit

el,On elOnxøaM elOnxøaM elOn lµm rUbrag ]sµ½nbENÑn emSAl¥CagTwk emSA sYluysüúg bgçab; esßrPaB l¥ l¥ l¥ l¥Nas; CatiBul Tab Tab Tab Kµan bMErbMrYl pH l¥bMputenA pH=

6- 7/5

l¥bMputenA pH= 6- 7/5

l¥bMputenA pH= 6- 7/5

RbsiT§iPaBelI bMErbMrYlxøaMg

sItuNðPaB x<s;bMput 115 °F

x<s;bMput 115 °F

x<s;bMput 115 °F x<s;bMput 120 °F

RbsiT§iPaBkñúgTwk skmµPaBFøak;cuH skmµPaBFøak;cuH skmµPaBFøak;cuHkñúgTwkrwg GskmµPaBkñúgTwkrwg


231

rwg kñúgTwkrwgxøaMg (>500 ppm)

kñúgTwkrwgxøaMg (>500 ppm)

xøaMg (>500 ppm)

karkat;; tic eTAmFüm kat;xøaMgenA pH

<6 rWelI 115°F

tic eTAmFüm kat;xøaMenA pH

<6 rWelI

Tab kat;xøaMgenA pH <6

rWelI 115°F

Kµan

RbPB : Price, R.J. 1992. Sanitizers for food plants. University of California Cooperative Extension Sea Grant Extension Program Publication 92-9.

kartamdaneLIgvij (Traceback)

smtßPaBkñúgkarkMNt;nUvRbPBénplitplRss; KWCaEpñkd¾sMxan;én GAP. CaBiessvaman sar³sMxan;enA eBlEdlGñkdaMduHpþl;bnÞúkeTal b¤enAeBlplitplRtUv)annaMecjedayGñkdaMduHBIcMkar epSg²Kña.

karGnuvtþxageRkamenHRtUv)anKaMRTeday U.S FDA:

- GPivDÆn_nitiviFIedIm,ItamdanplitplBI ksidæan eTAdl;Gñkevcx©b; GñkEckcay nig Gñklk;ray

- karkt;RtaKYbBa¢ak;BIRbPBénplitpl ¬karkMNt;ksidæan nigcMkar EdlCakEnøgplitpl plitpl¦ kalbriecäTRbmUlpl nig eQµaHGñkelIkdak;plitpl.

- GñkdaMduH Gñkevcx©b; GñkbBa¢ÚnGIva:n; KYrshkarCamYyGñkdwkCBa¢Ún GñkEckcay nig Gñklk;ray edIm,IGPivDÆn_karRKb;RKg]bkrN_ edIm,IsRmYldl;dMeNIrkarBinitüeLIgvij. ]TahrN_énpøaksBaØasMbkkBa©b;EdlmanRbeyaCn_sRmab;RtYtBinitüeLIgvij

plitpl EpøsVay BUC Alphonso

eQµaHksidæan Pathak Brothers

TItaMg Kanpur , U.P. India

dUccMkar 12 éf¶ExRbmUlpl 12 mifuna kUdrbs;GñkRbmUlpl #4 kUdGñkevcx©b; #2 RbPB : U.S. FDA. 1998. Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and

vegetables. Food Safety Initiative Staff (HFS-32). http://www.fda.gov


232

B½t’manbEnßm edImI,TTYl)anB½t’manbEnßmGMBIkmµviFIsuvtßiPaBGahar sUmTMnak;TMngGgÁkarxageRkamenH³

California Department of Food and Agriculture, Food Safety Issues (http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/ah/food_safety.htm ).

Cornell University Department of Horticulture 134A Plant Science Building Ithaca , New York 14853-5904 GAPs Program: (607) 255 1428; http://www.cce.cornell.edu/store/customer/home.php?cat=252

Gateway to U.S. Government Food Safety Information: http://www.foodsafety.gov

International Fresh-Cut Produce Association "Food Safety Guidelines for the Fresh-cut Produce Industry 3rd Edition" 1600 Duke Street Suite 440 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 299-6282; http://www.fresh-cuts.org

Produce Marketing Association P O Box 6036 Newark , Delaware 19714 Phone (302) 738 7100; FAX (302) 731 2409; http://www.pma.com

United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association "Industrywide Guidance to Minimize Microbiological Food Safety Risks for Produce" 727 N. Washington St . Alexandria , VA 22314 Phone (703) 836-3410; http://www.uffva.org

University of California FoodSafe Program One Shields Avenue , Davis , CA 95616 Phone (530) 752-2647; http://foodsafe.ucdavis.edu

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Q & A about HACCP. (www.fsis.usda.gov/QA/haccpq&a.htm)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration ( http://www.fda.org ).

A guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruit and vegetables. (http://www.foodsafety.gov/~dms/prodguid.html)

Western Growers Association "Voluntary Food Safety Guidelines for Fresh Produce" P.O. Box 2130 , Newport Beach , CA 92658 Phone (714) 863-1000; http://www.wga.org


233

ÉksareyagTUeTA Aiyer, RS. et al. 1978. No-cost method for preserving fresh cassava roots. Cassava Newsletter 4: 8-9. Cali, Colombia: CIAT.

ASEAN-PHTRC. 1984. Village Level Handling of Fruits and Vegetables: Traditional Practices and Technological Innovations. Postharvest Horticulture and Training Center, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at Los Baños. Extension Bulletin No. 1

Bachmann, J. and R. Earles. 2000. Postharvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables. ATTRA Horticulture Technical Note. 19 pp. (http://www.attra.ncat.org)

Brackett, R.E. 1999. Incidence, contributing factors, and control of bacterial pathogens in produce. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 15:305-311.

Broustead, P.J. and New, J.H 1986. Packaging of fruit and vegetables: a study of models for the manufacture of corrugated fibreboard boxes in developing countries. London: TDRI. (for information contact NRI, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom).

Campbell-Platt, G. 1987. Fermented Foods of the World: Dictionary and Guide. Stonam, Massachussetts: Butterworth Heineman.

CIP. 1982. Annual Report. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center.

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esckþIbEnßm A: RbPBBt’manbénßmenAelIGiuF½Nit (updated November 2003)

]bkrN_ nig sMPar³pÁt;pÁg;eRkayRbmUlpl

http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu

esovePAbBa¢IBIRbPBFnFanénbec©kviTüaeRkayRbmUlpl on-line GacRsavRCavrktamBakü KnøwHsMrab;sMPar³pÞt;pÁg;rab;ry nig ]bkrN_eRkayRbmUlplCaeRcInRbePT.

http://qasupplies.com

Rkumh‘un International Ripening Company pþl;nUvplitplsMrab;elIkdak;RKb;RKgplitpl cab;BIkarkMNt;v½ycMNas;enAcMkarrhUtdl;karerobcMbnÞb;bnÞMenAkMritlk;ray.

cMNat;fñak; nig sþg;dar c,ab;PUtKamGnam½y http://www.ams.usda.gov

http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/ (National Organic Program standards)

http://www.ams.usda.gov/fv/ (Fruit & Vegetable Programs)

http://www.ams.usda.gov/tmd/ (Transportation & Marketing Programs)

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Commodities Act and the Federal Seed Act . kmµviFIplitpl AMS k¾BinitüemIlpgEdrelI kic© RBmeRBogTIpSar nig karbBa¢aTij karRsavRCavrdæ)al nig kmµviFIpSBVpSayBaNiC¢kmµ nig karTij plitplsMrab;kmµviFIGaharshB½n§.

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/

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237

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http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/online_ma nuals.html

bBa¢Irbs; APHIS/Plant Protection nig Quarantine Manuals EdlmanCaeGLicRtUnic.

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/pdf_files/FV%20Chapters.htm

kMNt;c,ab;naMcUl bEnø nig EpøeQI - ¬esovePAeBjeljmanCa online¦

kareFIVTIpSarplitplksikmµ

Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops

ADB-RETA 6208 Trial Planning and Training Workshop

October 17-18, 2005, RIFAV, Hanoi, Vietnam 253

http://www.bluebookprco.com/

The Produce Reporter Company Blue Book Services GnuBaØatieGaysmaCikRtYtBinitüBt’man CMnYjCasarvnþ dUcCaGRta\NTanrbs;GñkTijEdlmanskþanuBl.

http://www.ams.usda.gov/tmd2/ ccard

krNIsikSaénvKÁbNþúHbNþalBI karRbtibtþieRkayeBlRbmUlpl kareFIVTIpSar nig kardwkCBa¢Ún eRkayRbmUlplsMrab; Ghana. vibsayrYmmansMPar³sMrab;bNþúHbNþal nig karP¢ab;eTAkan;TIpSar CaeRcIn.

http://www.agoa.gov/

RbFanaFibtI Clinton )ancuHhtßelxaelI African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)

cUleTAkñúgc,ab;enAéf¶TI 18 ]sPa qñaM 2000 Ca Title 1 of The Trade and Development Act of

2000. maRtaenaHpþl;nUveRKOgelIkTwkcitþGrUbIsMrab;RbeTsGaRhIkeGaybnþkarxMRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜn edIm,IeGayebIkcMhresdækic© nig ksagTIpSaresrIrbs;eK. rYmbBa©ÚlenAkñúgvibsayenHKWCaRbPBFnFan CMnYjrbs;GaRhikEdlGaceRbIR)as;TaMgkarRsavRCav b¤ CaBt’mantameRkay BIplitpl b¤ esvakmµ EdleKcg;lk;. esvakmµEdl)anpþl;eGayedayvibsayenHminmanbg;cMNayeT.

www.pma.com

smaKmTIpSarplitpl EdlbegáItenAqñaM 1949 KWCasmaKmBaNiC¢kmµsklEdlminKitkMér bMerIeGay Cag 2400 smaCikEdleFIVTIpSarelIEpøeQI bEnø Rss; nig plitplEdlBak;B½n§CaeRcIneTot BaseBjBiPBelak . smaCikrbs;eKTak;TgeTAnwgplitkmµ karEckcay karlk;ray nig Epñk esvakmµGaharrbs;]sSahkmµ.


238

Bt’manBIsuvtßiPaBcMNIGahar

http://foodsafe.ucdavis.edu

kmµviFIsuvtþiPaBcMNIGaharrbs;saklviTüal½y California pþl;eGaynUvBt’mandl;GñkdaMduH EdlCYykñúgkarxMRbwgERbgrbs;eKedIm,IkarBarsuvtßiPaBcMNIGahar. Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops



http://ucgaps.ucdavis.edu University of California's Good Agricultural Practices

http://www.foodsafety.gov

pøÚveTAkan;Bt’manrbs;rdæaPi)alshrdæBIsuvtßiPaBcMNIGahar.

http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/gaps.html

esovePAENnaMrbs; US FDA BI { karbegáInsuvtßiPaB nig KuNPaBrbs;bEnø nig EpøeQIRss; }.

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/secguid6.html

ÉksarmKÁúeTsBIsnþisuxes,óg .

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/pes tadd.html

mCÄmNÐlsMrab;suvtßiPaBcMNIGahar nig kareRbIR)as;CIvCati – fñaMsMlab;ktþacéRgNamYy Edl)aneRbIR)as;kñúgkardaMduH nig kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµeRkayRbmUlplénplitplnimYy² RtUvEtcuHbBa¢I sMrab;kareRbIR)as;enAkñúgshrdæsMrab;kmµvtßúplitplCaBiess. kaksMNl;fñaMsMlab;ktþacéRgminRtUv elIskMritEdl)andak;eGay.

[email protected]

kmµviFI rbs; Cornell University ’s Good Agricultural Practices Program pþl;eGayCasMeNAeday minbg;éføBIkarENnaMdl;GñkdaMduHeRkamcMNgeCIgfa Food Safety Begins on the Farm: Good

Agricultural Practices for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops




239

karGnuvtþn_karRbtibtþieRkayRbmUlpl http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu

enAkñúgvibsayrbs;saklviTüal½y California (UC) GñknwgeXIjBIsnøwkkargarCak;EsþgCa eRcInedayELk² GMBI bEnø nig EpøeQI Gnusasn_BIsItuNðPaBsMrab;sþúkTuk karP¢ab;eTAnwgGñkpÁt;pÁg; ]bkrN_eRkayRbmUlpl nig GtßbTsMeyaKCaeRcInBIkarRbtibtþielI plitplEdlqab;xUc.

http://www.postharvest.org

vibsayEdlRKb;RKgedayRbB½n§pSBVpSayGnþrCatipþl;eGaynUvkarENnaMedayminmancMNay dl;eTAGñkpSBVpSay nig GñkGaCIBeRkayRbmUlplEdlcab;GarmµN_enAkñúgkarGPivDÆn_CMnajCabnþ eTotxagbec©kviTüaeRkayRbmUlpl/ karGb;rM nig karGnuvtþn_bgðaj. CDRom CaeRcInGMBIsMPar³Gb;rM eRkayRbmUlplEdlGacrk)anedayminbg;éføtamry³sMbuRt ¬sUmbBa©ÚltMél 4/95 $ sMrab;esvaft cMlg karevcx©b; nig dwkCBa¢Ún¦.

http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/

kMENBRgagBIkarrMlwkeLIgvijEdlnwgmkdlqab;² cMeBaHesovePAksikmµ rbs; USDA elx 66³ karsþúkTuk xñatBaNiC¢kmµrbs;EpøeQI bEnø nig páa nig fñal .

http://www.fao.org/inpho/

vibsayrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatirYmbBa©ÚlnUv FAO CaeRcInRbePT nig kare)aHBum<epSg² EdlGñkeRbIR)as;Gacrktam on-line b¤ download sMrab;kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn)an. kare)aHBum<BIkar Gb;rMrbs; UCDavis. karGnuvtþn_karRbtibtþieRkayeBlRbmUlplxñattUc ³ esovePAENnaMsMrab;dMNaM sakvb,kmµ ¬e)aHBum<elIkTI 3¦ pþl;BIGnusasn_éntMélEdlmanRbsiT§PaBBIkarRbtibtþibEnø nig EpøeQI eGayRbesIreLIgcab;taMgBIksidæan rhUtdl;TIpSar. kare)aHBum<epSgeTotepþatelIkarevcx©b; sþúkTuk TIpSar b¤ BIkarbNþúHbNþal nig pSBVpSay.

http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/postharv/

vicsayenHpþl;mUlniFIeday saklviTüal½y North Carolina State Edlpþl;CaBt’manBICMerIs énkarsþúTuk nig karbBa©úHsItuNðPaBeRkayRbmUlplsMrab;plitplCaeRcIn. Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops



http://www.uckac.edu/postharv/

mCÄmNÐlksikmµénsaklviTüal½y California Kearney.


240

http://postharvest.ifas.ufl.edu

RkumeRkayeBlRbmUlplénsaklviTüal½y Florida .

http://www.fdocitrus.com

ed)a;tWm:g;Bt’maneRkayeBlRbmUlplRkUc Florida.

http://www.postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu

Bt’maneRkayeBlRbmUlplsaklviTüal½y Washington State University.

http://www.postharvest.com.au/

Bt’manmnÞIrBiesaFn_eRkayeBlRbmUlpl Sydney ( Australia ).

http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/horticulture/

viTüasßanRsavRCav nig GPivDÆn_GURsþalIxagt,Úg.

http://www.chainoflifenetwork.org

RbCuMBt’manTUlMTUlayBIkarRbtibtþieRkayRbmUlplpáa. Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops



http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu

vibsayenHBN’naGMBIkare)aHBum< sMNuM slide vIedGU CaeRcInGMBIksikmµ nig sakvb,kmµEdl)an begáIteLIg nig pþl;sMrab;lk; eday saklviTüal½y California. manbBa¢Iya:gEvgpgEdrsMrab;kare)aH Bum<EdlGacrk)anedayminbg;éføsMrab;karGan nig downloadsepSg².

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