19
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K>DK>DK>DK>D----1: t&lniRmk si(hRy: Av$p, pÜ(t an[ h[t&ai[1: t&lniRmk si(hRy: Av$p, pÜ(t an[ h[t&ai[1: t&lniRmk si(hRy: Av$p, pÜ(t an[ h[t&ai[1: t&lniRmk si(hRy: Av$p, pÜ(t an[ h[t&ai[ 1.1.1.1.1.11.11.11.1.... pppp\\\\iAti(vk:iAti(vk:iAti(vk:iAti(vk: 1.1.1.1.1.21.21.21.2.... kli a[Tl[ S&?kli a[Tl[ S&?kli a[Tl[ S&?kli a[Tl[ S&? 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.3333.... kli (vS[ (v(vF (vÜini[nikli (vS[ (v(vF (vÜini[nikli (vS[ (v(vF (vÜini[nikli (vS[ (v(vF (vÜini[ni>>>> m>tÄy m>tÄy m>tÄy m>tÄyi[i[i[i[: : : : Birt)y klimt, piáiRy klimt: 1111....1.1.1.1.4444.... kliai[n&> vg)<krN:kliai[n&> vg)<krN:kliai[n&> vg)<krN:kliai[n&> vg)<krN: 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.5555.... l(lt kliai[:l(lt kliai[:l(lt kliai[:l(lt kliai[: AYipRykli, (SÃpkli, (c#ikli, s>g)tkli an[ kiÄy k[
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20
pppp\\\\krNkrNkrNkrN----1111
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21
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si(hRyni a¿yis krti> t&lniRmk si(hRy a¿yis kE r)t[ j&di[ pD[ C[, t[ smjvi miT[
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kli a[Tl[ S&> t[ smjvi miT[ kli S¾d kyi> kyi> vpriy C[ a[n) tpis krv) ji[Ea[.
'kli" aYvi Art S¾d ki[En[ pN aji·yi[ nY). 'si(hRykli", 'nZRykli", 'avrNkli",
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22
kli}, 'The Art of Conversation" {vitc)t krvin) kli}, 'The Art of Public
Speaking" {jih[rmi> bi[lvin) kli}, 'The Art of Translation" {trj*miai[ krvin)
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minv p\vZ(_i C[.
1.1.1.1.1.4: 1.4: 1.4: 1.4: kkkklilililiai[ai[ai[ai[n&> vg)<krN:n&> vg)<krN:n&> vg)<krN:n&> vg)<krN:
kliai[n&> vg)<krN kr)a[ ti[ m&²yRv[ k&drt) kli an[ minvs(j<t kli a[m b[ Bigi[
piD) Skiy. ai b[ (vBigi[mi> pN minvs(j<t klini pN b)ji b[ vgi[< pD[. l(lt kli an[
upyi[g) kli.
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23
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s>g)t n[ kiÄy a[ #iN kliai[ h[gl p\miN[ r>gdS)< C[.
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j[ni aiFir m*t< C[.2222 (v(vF kliai[ni vg)<krN bid hv[ aipN[ l(ltkliai[ (vS[ (vAtZt
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24
1.1.1.1.1.5: 1.5: 1.5: 1.5: l(lt kliai[:l(lt kliai[:l(lt kliai[:l(lt kliai[:
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sdicir aicr[ C[ an[ n)(tSiA#in) rcni kr[ C[. #i)J S(kt t[ yi>(#ikS(kt. a[n[ p\yi[Jn[
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AYipRyklin&> mi¹ym E>T, c&ni[ an[ p¸Yr C[. Birtni[ tijmh[l AYipRy, (SÃp an[
(c#iklini[ u_im nm*ni[ C[. mhib(lp&rni m>(dri[, si>c)ni At*p k[ k&t&b(mnir AYipRyklini
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AYipRyn) a[k mh_vn) S]l) d(xNmi> amrivt)mi> pi>gr) ht). bi]Ükil)n Birt)y kLi
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25
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C[.
{4} {4} {4} {4} ssss>>>>g)tkli: g)tkli: g)tkli: g)tkli:
(nRS[ nimni jm<n (fli[si[fr[ kH&> ht&> k[ 'Life would have been a mistake,
without music." {s>g)t (vnin) minv)y (jºdg) a[ a[k mhin By>kr B*l C[.}
s>g)t a[k a[v) kli C[ k[ j[ni oiri mni[r>jn p\i¼t Yiy C[. Bgvinn) B(kt kr)
Skiy C[. ai s>g)tklin[ kiÄykli siY[ li[h)ni[ (nkTni[ s>b>F C[. kirN k[ S¾d an[ aY<
kiÄymi> an[ s>g)tmi> bºn[mi> p\yi[jiy C[. s>g)tmi> S¾dni ¹v(nn&>-aviji[n&> p\i¹yiºy rh[
C[. s>g)tn&> mi¹ym avij k[ nid C[, a[ avij k[ nid gLini[ hi[y Sk[ C[ k[ b)ji ki[E t>t&
viwni[ pN hi[y Sk[. vi>sL)mi> hvi f*>k)n[, t>b*rini> tirn[ rNzNiv)n[, tbli pr Yip dEn[
s>g)t n)pjiv) Skiy C[. Birt)y pr>primi> s>g)tmi> til k[ airi[h-avri[h mh_vni bn)
26
rh[ C[. g&jrit) k(v s&ºdrm[ Birt)y s>g)t pr>prini k[Tlik rigi[ upr k[Tli>k siƒn[T l²yi>
C[. ai r)t[ a[mi> s>g)tkli an[ kiÄyklini[ j&di[ j m[L rciyi[ C[.
{5} {5} {5} {5} kiÄykiÄykiÄykiÄy k[ k[ k[ k[ si(hRykli:si(hRykli:si(hRykli:si(hRykli:
kiÄy an[ si(hRy a[kb)jini pyi<y C[. kiÄyklin[ sj<k, k(v k[ si(hRykir S¾d an[
aY<n[ a[Tl[ k[ BiPini mi¹ym tr)k[ p\yi[j[ C[. S¾d k[ aY< a[Tl[ k[ BiPi a[k mi¹ym tr)k[
si]Y) vFir[ s*Èmmi> s*Èm mi¹ym C[. S¾d an[ aY<n) (v(vF aY< Ciyi upsiv)n[ j&di j&di
k(vai[ kiÄykZ(tn&> sj<n kr[ C[. pr>prigt vg)<krN p\miN[ kiÄy gwmi> k[ pwmi> sji<y C[.
jyir[ a[ pwmi> sji<y C[ Ryir[ a[mi> C>d p\yi[jiy C[. ai C>dmi> ly mh_vn&> t_v C[. ai
upri>t kiÄyklimi> k(vn) kÃpniS(kt p\yi[jiy C[. k(v (v(Bºn al>kiri[n[ p\yi[Jn[ gwmi> k[
pwmi> si(hRykZ(tn) rcni kr[ C[. vk\i[(kta[ kiÄyn&> Jv>t B*t t_v C[, a[ kiÄyni[ aiRmi C[.
k(vti kinn) kli C[ a[Tl[ a[mi> vN<n&> miF&y< mh_vn&> bn) rh[ C[. k(v vN<n kr[ C[ t[n)
siY[ siY[ dS<n pN kr[ C[ a[Tl[ k[ k(v ApOT an[ WOT bºn[ C[. (vVn) uµctm ki[(Tn)
k(vti minv-Jvnn&> ki[E rhAy vN<v[ C[.
S¾dn) kliRmk sZ(OTn[ si(hRy nim[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[. si(hRy GNi[ Äyipk S¾d
C[ an[ (v(vF aY<mi> p\yi[jiy C[. ''BiPimi> a(BÄy(kt Yiy t[ bF& si(hRy a[vi[ aY< krti
a(tÄyi(¼t di[P aiv[ C[.""3333 'BiPimi> a(BÄy(kt siFvin) kli t[ si(hRy" pi[tin&> a[ (vFin
a[bkrk\i[Àb)n[ pi[tin[ pN aF*r&> li³y&> C[. s>AkZtmi> 'si(hRy" S¾d 's(ht" prY) bn[li[ C[.
's(ht_vni[ Biv" t[ 'si(hRy." 'kiÄy`" S¾d pN s>AkZtmi> 'si(hRy"ni[ pyi<y C[. s(htAy Biv: s(htAy Biv: s(htAy Biv: s(htAy Biv:
si(hRym`si(hRym`si(hRym`si(hRym` a[v) 'si(hRy"n) ÄyRp(_i Yiy C[. s>AkZtmi> 'si(hRy" S¾d aÃp p\c(lt C[, pN
piCLY) 'si(hRy" S¾d 'smg\ vik`p\vZ(_i"ni (vSiL aY<mi> vprivi li³yi[.
1.1.1.1.1.6: 1.6: 1.6: 1.6: si(hRyn) Äyi²yisi(hRyn) Äyi²yisi(hRyn) Äyi²yisi(hRyn) Äyi²yi::::
si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[ aipvini[ p\yRn Birt)y m)mi>ski[ an[ piáiRy (vcirki[a[
kyi[< C[. ph[li> aipN[ Birt)y m)mi>ski[n) Äyi²yiai[ ji[Ea[.
27
{1} {1} {1} {1} Birt)y Birt)y Birt)y Birt)y m)mi>ski[n)m)mi>ski[n)m)mi>ski[n)m)mi>ski[n) Äyi²yiai[:Äyi²yiai[:Äyi²yiai[:Äyi²yiai[:
1. Bimh:Bimh:Bimh:Bimh: S¾diYi[< s(hti] kiÄym`. {S¾d an[ aY< siY[ aiv[ t[ kiÄy.} Bimh adi[P-
silDŸkir S¾d an[ aY<ni shBiv viL) rcnin[ j kiÄy min[ C[.
2. d>D):d>D):d>D):d>D): Sr)r> tip(kZOTi<Äyivcpºni pdiv(l. {EOTiY<Y) y&kt Äyv(µCºn-(vB*(Pt pdivl)
a[Tl[ k[ pdsm*h t[ kiÄyn&> Sr)r.}
3. p>(Dt jgºniY:p>(Dt jgºniY:p>(Dt jgºniY:p>(Dt jgºniY: rmN)yiY<p\(tpidk: S¾d: kiÄym` {rmN)yaY<ni[ p\(tpidk S¾d a[
kiÄy C[.}4444
4. r&WGrr&WGrr&WGrr&WGr[ '~iÜ(vv[k"mi> kH&> C[: ''a[kb)jin[ sip[x a[v) smin$pn) vAt&ai[n[ a[kq)
krv) t[ si(hRy.""5555
5. ain>dvF<n:ain>dvF<n:ain>dvF<n:ain>dvF<n: ''ah)> k[Tlik jNiv[ C[ k[ S¾d an[ aY< $p) Sr)rviL&> kiÄy C[ t[
(n(v<vid C[."" a[mni mt[ Sr)rmi> j[m aiRmi sir$p C[ t[m kiÄymi> aY<. aYi<t`
ain>dvF<n an&sir: ''rsi[(ct g&Nil>kiry&kt S¾diY< t[ kiÄy!""6666
6. rijS[Kr:rijS[Kr:rijS[Kr:rijS[Kr: t[ai[ g&Ny&kt an[ sil>kir vikyn[ kiÄy kh[ C[. rijS[Kr kh[ C[:
aiºv)(xki, #iY), viti< an[ d>Dn)(t a[ cir (vwiai[ni sir$p pi>cm) (vwi
si(hRy C[. S¾diY<yi[y<Yivt` shBiv[n (vwi si(hRy(vwi. {a[ p\miN[ si(hRymi> S¾d an[
aY<ni[ yYivt shBiv ap[(xt C[.}7777
7. k&>tk:k&>tk:k&>tk:k&>tk: ''vk\ k(vÄyipirviLi t(odi[n[ aih`lid aipniri b>Fmi> si(hRyp*v<k rh[li
S¾d an[ aY< t[ kiÄy."" kiÄyn) sic) smjN miT[ ah)> al>kir an[ al>kiy<n[
alg piD)n[ t[n&> (vv[cn krvimi> aiv[ C[ pN sic) vit a[ C[ k[ sil>kir hi[y t[ j
kiÄy. k&>tk kh[ C[: ''si]>dy< (sÜ krvi miT[ S¾d an[ aY< a[ b>n[n) b[mi>Y) ki[E
b)ji krti> c(Dyit&> pN n hi[y t[m Utrt&> pN n hi[y, j[mi> b>n[ a[kb)jin) ApFi<
krti hi[y a[ kirN[ mni[hr a[v) ki[E ali](kt a[Tl[ k[ (c_imi> cmRkir p[di kr[
a[v) (vºyisB>(g-gi[qvN) t[ si(hRy.""8888
8. mÀmT:mÀmT:mÀmT:mÀmT: tddi[Pi[ S¾diYi]< sg&Nivnl>kZ(t p&n: kviD(p. ''kiÄy a[ S¾d an[ aY<n&> si(hRy
'kiÄy" bn[ C[, j[ g&Ny&kt C[, di[P r(ht C[ an[ kyir[k j (nrl>kir hi[y C[.""
28
9. h[mc>Wh[mc>Wh[mc>Wh[mc>W: ''di[P vgrni, g&NviLi an[ al>kirviLi S¾diY< t[ kiÄy.""
10. vivivivi³BT³BT³BT³BT {(ot)y}: ''(ndi[<P, sg&N an[ GN&>Kr&> al>kirviLi S¾diY<n[ kiÄy kh[ C[.""
11. jyd[v:jyd[v:jyd[v:jyd[v: ''di[Pvgrn), lxNi[viL), r)(ty&kt g&NY)B*(Pt, al>kirviL), rsviL)
an[k vZ(_iai[viL) viN) 'kiÄy" nimn) Yiy C[.""
12. (vVniY:(vVniY:(vVniY:(vVniY: ''rsiRmk viky t[ kiÄy.""9999
13. rv)ºWniY Tigi[rrv)ºWniY Tigi[rrv)ºWniY Tigi[rrv)ºWniY Tigi[r: ''s(ht S¾d prY) 'si(hRy"n) uRp(_i YE C[, a[Tl[ Fit> aY<
krti> 'si(hRy" S¾dmi> (mlnni[ a[k Biv Ø(OTgi[cr Yiy C[."" rv)ºWniY Tigi[r
kh[ C[: ''biHp\kZ(t an[ minvc(r#i minvãdymi> xN[ xN[ j[ aikir FirN kr[ C[,
j[ s>g)t ¹v(nt kr[ C[, t[j (c#i an[ t[j gin BiPimi> Äykt YviY) si(hRy Yiy
C[.""10101010
14. Diˆ. bh[crBiE r. pT[lDiˆ. bh[crBiE r. pT[lDiˆ. bh[crBiE r. pT[lDiˆ. bh[crBiE r. pT[l si(hRyn) Äyi²yi aipti kh[ C[: ''(cr>Jv m*Ãyn&>,
Av$pn) uRkZOTtiviL&> n[ p\bL BiviRmk p\BivviL&> kÃpniRmk lKiN t[
si(hRy.""11111111
Birt)y m)mi>ski[a[ aip[l) si(hRyn) (v(vF Äyi²yiai[n[ ji[ti si(hRy (vS[n)
smj ai r)t[ ApOT Yiy C[ k[ jyi> S¾d an[ aY<n&> siy&jy hi[y, ki[E a[v) S¾dsm*hn)
pdiv(l k[ j[mi> EOT aY< a(Bp\[t hi[y, ki[E a[vi[ S¾d j[mi>Y) rmN)y aY< p\(tpi(dt Yti[
hi[y, jyi> S¾dni[ aY< kiÄyni[ aiRmi hi[y, a[v&> ki[E viky k[ jyi> g&Ny&kt an[ sil>kir
hi[y, a[v&> ki[E rsiRmk viky-aim (v(Bºn Äyi²yiai[n[ ji[ti> a[k vit ApOT C[ k[ jyi> S¾d
pN hi[y an[ a[ S¾dni[ aY< pN hi[y. S¾d an[ aY<n) s(httin[ kiÄy kh) Skiy. si(hRy
BiPimi> j sji<y C[ an[ a[mi> kÃpni p\yi[jiy C[. Birt)y m)mi>ski[ni si(hRy (vS[n)
Äyi²yiai[ ji[yi pC) piáiRy (vcirki[ si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[ k[v) aip[ C[ t[ ji[Ea[.
{2} {2} {2} {2} piáiRy (vcirki[a[ aip[l) si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[: piáiRy (vcirki[a[ aip[l) si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[: piáiRy (vcirki[a[ aip[l) si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[: piáiRy (vcirki[a[ aip[l) si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[:
1. rn[ rn[ rn[ rn[ v[l[k[ v[l[k[ v[l[k[ v[l[k[ an[ an[ an[ an[ aiƒAT)n viƒr[naiƒAT)n viƒr[naiƒAT)n viƒr[naiƒAT)n viƒr[n 'Theory of Literature"mi> si(hRyn) p\kZ(tn) cci<
kr[ C[: ''One way is to define ‘Literature’ as everything in print.""
a[brk\i[Àb) a[mi> p\Ryiynni[ m(hmi> krt) Äyi²yi aip[ C[: ''si(hRyn) kli a[Tl[
29
an&Bvn[ an&Bv l[K[ j[ m*Ãyvin an[ upBi[³y gN) BiPi oiri b)jin[
phi[>ciDvin) kli.""12121212
2. ~) vs<fi[ÃD~) vs<fi[ÃD~) vs<fi[ÃD~) vs<fi[ÃD a[mni p&Atk 'jjm[ºT En (lTr[cr"mi> si(hRy a[Tl[ S&? a[ smjivti
kh[ C[: ''si(hRy a[ dr[k p\kirn) biH vAt&ai[a[ mhin p&r&Pi[ upr piD[l) Cipn)
an[ t[n[ (vS[ a[ mhin p&r&Pi[a[ kr[li (vciri[n) ni[>F C[. si(hRyn&> (vPyvAt&
minvJvn an[ p\vZ(_ini bFi> Xin ai(vOkrNi[n[ aivr) l[ C[."" aigL a[ kh[ C[:
''si(hRy a[ minvji(tn&> mgj C[.""13131313
3. a[(rATia[(rATia[(rATia[(rATi[Tl[Tl[Tl[Tl: ''BiPini mi¹ym oiri p\kZ(tn) an&kZ(t a[Tl[ kiÄy.""
4. li[ºjiEnsli[ºjiEnsli[ºjiEnsli[ºjiEns: ''S¾di[n) sm&(ct ÄyvAYi a[Tl[ kiÄy.""
5. jhi[n D^iyDnjhi[n D^iyDnjhi[n D^iyDnjhi[n D^iyDn: ''k(vti minv AvBivn&> sic&> an[ Jv>t (c#i C[, j[ minvji(tn[
ain>d an[ upd[S aipvi minvp\kZ(tni Bivi[, mn:(AY(tai[ an[ Bi³y
p(rvt<ni[n[ p\At&t kr[ C[.""
6. (v(lym vD`<zvY(v(lym vD`<zvY(v(lym vD`<zvY(v(lym vD`<zvY<: ''All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings, it takes its origins from emotion recollected in
tranquility."" vD`<zvY<ni mt[ k(vti p\bL ligN)ai[n&> Avy>B* uµCln C[, an[
t[ni[ ud`Bv (c_in) Si>t avAYimi> Bivni (c>tn-AmrNmi>Y) Yiy C[.
7. kiˆl(rjkiˆl(rjkiˆl(rjkiˆl(rj: ''kiÄy a[ rcnini[ a[vi[ nm*ni[ C[, j[ a[n) rcnini tRkil ain>dni h[t&n[
kirN[-nh)> k[ sRyni h[t&n[ kirN[-(vXinn) kZ(tai[Y) (vr&Ü C[. an[ ain>dn[ tRkil
lÈy minnir aºy rcni p\kiri[Y) t[ a[ r)t[ (Bºn C[ k[ t[ni[ ain>d smg\ kZ(tmi>Y)
(nOpºn Yiy C[; an[ t[ ain>d kZ(tni p\Ry[k a>gY) p\i¼t s>ti[Pni smºvymi> hi[y
C[. aYi<t` kiˆl(rjni mt[-dS<n, e(this, (vXin an[ upd[SY) kiÄy (Bºn C[.
kirN k[, kiÄyn&> lÈy tRkil ain>d C[. an[ kiÄy, si(hRyni aºy gw p\kiri[Y)
(v(SOT pN[ uµc C[; an[ t[mi> kirNB*t C[ kiÄyn) (v(SOT rcni pÜ(t!""
8. (lyi[ Ti[ÃsTi[y(lyi[ Ti[ÃsTi[y(lyi[ Ti[ÃsTi[y(lyi[ Ti[ÃsTi[y: ''kli p\g(tn&> mi¹ym C[. p\g(t a[Tl[ p*N<ni p\(tni[ (vkis.""
30
9. m[¸y& aini<ÃDm[¸y& aini<ÃDm[¸y& aini<ÃDm[¸y& aini<ÃD: ''Poetry is a criticism of life under the conditions fixed for
such a criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty.""14141414
10. b[kn:b[kn:b[kn:b[kn: miNs pi[tini tk< an[ kÃpni {Imagination}Y) sZ(OTmi> n hi[y t[v&> u_pºn
kr[ C[, an[ t[n&> nim k(vti.
11. a>g\[J S¾d Poetryn&> m*L Poieo=I Make C[ a[Tl[ ki>E nv&> u_pºn krv&> a[
k(vti.15151515
Birt)y m)mi>ski[a[ si(hRy miT[ kiÄy S¾d p\yi[jyi[ C[ an[ piáiRy (vcirki[a[
Poetry S¾d p\yi[jyi[ C[. piáiRy (vcirki[ si(hRy minv)ni an&Bvn[ BiPi oiri aºyn[
phi[>ciDvin) kli min[ C[, ki[Ek si(hRyn[ minvji(tn&> mgj kh[ C[, ti[ ki[E u_im S¾d
yi[³y k\mmi> m*kiti t[ kiÄy bn[ C[ a[m kh[ C[, si(hRy minv AvBivn&> sic&> (c#i rj* kr[ C[,
ki[E si(hRyn[ ligN)ni[ uRkT uBri[ kh[ C[, k>E nv&> uRpºn kr[ C[ t[ si(hRy. aim, ah)>
pN S¾d C[, aY< C[, kÃpni C[, ligN) C[, Biv C[. si(hRy j[mi> minvBivi[n) a(BÄy(kt
S¾d an[ aY< oiri Yiy C[. kÃpni j[mi> um[riy C[ an[ j[n&> p\yi[jn ain>d C[.
si(hRyn[ aipN[ b[ Bigi[mi> vh[c) Sk)a[; l(lt si(hRy an[ l(lt[tr si(hRy.
l(lt si(hRy si(hRykirn) sj<k S(ktn&> si(hRy C[, sj<nni[ ain>d a[mi> Äykt Yyi[ hi[y
C[. aiv& si(hRy ain>d k[ rsin&B*(t miT[ sji<y C[. si(hRymi> aivti si]>dy< k[ li(lRyn[
kirN[ t[ l(lt si(hRy kh[viy C[. t[j r)t[ j[ si(hRymi> kÃpni an[ sj<ktini r>gi[ nY)
an[ j[ni[ h[t&> mi#i Xin p\sid C[ t[vi sRy(nB<r, mi(ht) p\c&r k[ Xiny&kt si(hRyn[
l(lt[tr si(hRy kh[ C[. a[ sj<kn) nY) t[Tl) (Sxkn) k[ (c>tkn) p\vZ(_i C[.
minv)n&> (c_i ki[Ek vAt&ni[ mm< pimvi p\vZ_i Yiy C[ Ryir[ t[ k[Tli>k c]t(sk vlNi[
diKv[ C[. ri[jbri[jni Äyvhirmi> simiºy miNs ki[EpN b[ vAt&mi>Y) a[kn) ps>dg) krt)
vKt[ t&lni krvi p\[riy C[. ai t&lnin) p\vZ(_i kyir[k sBinpN[ ti[ kyir[k aBinpN[ Yt)
aiv[ C[. viAt(vk Äyvhirmi> an[ aidS< (vcirNimi> pN minv) ji·y[ aji·y[ t&lni krti[
rh[ C[. Diˆ. a(Vn d[siE jNiv[ C[ k[: ''b[ k[ t[Y) vFir[ vAt& vµc[ p\gT-ap\gT t&lni krti>
31
rh[vin&> an[ t&lnin[ aiFir[ ps>dg) krti> jvin&> vlN pN a[k shjvZ(_i j[Tl&> ÑQm*L an[
p\bL lig[ C[.""16161616
simiºy r)t[ ri[jbri[j Yt) t&lnimi> Äy(ktni a>gt aiRmlx) gmi-aNgmimi>
rigo[P ai(d pN ji[Diy[li hi[y C[. pr>t& ai t&lnin) vZ(_in[ k[ vlNn[ ki[E a[k vAt&ni
Xinn) p\i(¼tn) p\(k\yi tr)k[ p\yi[Ja[ C)a[ Ryir[ t[mi>Y) a>gt rigo[P-ah`m vg[r[ ai[gL)
jvi ji[Ea[. a[mi> vAt&l(xti an[ tTAYti p\vt<v) ji[Ea[ an[ Ryir[ j pZYÊrN an[
vN<nn) j[m t&lni pN a[k ai[jir bn) rh[ C[. k[Tli>k (vXini[mi> n[ (vwiSiKiai[mi>
t&lnin[ mi#i a[k aiRmlx) vlN---Attitude--- tr)k[ n(h pN vAt&lx) pÜ(t ---
Method--- tr)k[ p\yi[jvimi> aiv[ C[. am[(rk) t&lnivid) a[f. DbÃy&. c[>Dlr[ 1910mi>
(sn(sniT) (vV(vwilymi> pi[tini p\Ym jih[r Äyi²yinmi> dSi<Äy&> ht&> k[: 't&lniRmk pÜ(t
a[Tl) j p\ic)n C[ k[ j[Tl&> p\ic)n (c>tn pi[t[ C[." a[Y) j m[ksm*lr j[vi[ jm<n (voin kh[
C[: ''All high knowledge gained by comparison and rests on comparison.""17171717
{uµckxin&> Xin t&lniY) p\i¼t Yiy C[ an[ t&lnin[ aiFir[ j a[ Tk) pN rh[ C[.}
t&lniRmk pÜ(t p\yi[J a¿yis krvin) r)t nv) nY). aƒ(rATi[Tl[ pN ai pÜ(tni[
(v(nyi[g kr[li[ C[ a[vi[ uÃl[K si>pD[ C[. (v(vF Xin(vXinn) SiKiai[mi> j&di j&di smy[
t&lniRmk pÜ(tn[ p\yi[jvimi> aiv) C[. t&lniRmk si(hRyn) pr>prini[ e(this ji[ti
si(hRynix[#i[ ai pÜ(t si]Y) mi[D) p\yi[jvimi> aiv) t[ aipN[ ji[E Sk)a[ C)a[. a[kid s]ki
p*v[< a[ pÜ(tY) si(hRyni x[#i[ (vcir(vmS< Yvi piÀyi[. sit-aiq diykimi> a[ni[ (vkis
vFir[ p\miNmi> Yyi[ C[. si(hRyni a¿yisni x[#i[ a[ pÜ(tni[ (v(nyi[g s&r[K an[ s&ØQ
$pmi> F)m[ F)m[ Yti[ jiy C[, aij[ pN ai Av$p (vkisni p>Y[ C[. p(rNim[ t&lniRmk
si(hRyni a¿yis)ai[a[ ai x[#imi> an[k p\kirn) m*>zvNi[ an[ aApOTtiai[ni[ simni[ krvi[
pD[ C[ t[Y) a[ (vS[ sBinti k[Lvvin) j$r C[.
32
1.1.1.1.1.7: 1.7: 1.7: 1.7: a[k BiPin&> si(hRy {a[k BiPin&> si(hRy {a[k BiPin&> si(hRy {a[k BiPin&> si(hRy {Single Literature} an[ } an[ } an[ } an[
t&lniRmk si(hRy {t&lniRmk si(hRy {t&lniRmk si(hRy {t&lniRmk si(hRy {Comparative Literature}:}:}:}:
a[k BiPini si(hRyni[ a¿yis krnir jyir[ si(hRykZ(tn[ k[ºWmi> riK) a¿yis kr[
C[ Ryir[ j[ t[ kZ(tni GTk avyvi[ni[ prAprni[ aºvy tpis[ C[. kZ(tni[ piq an[ a[ kZ(tni>
GTk a>gi[ tYi t[ni s>b>Fi[ a[ni a¿yis(vPyn&> k[ºW(b>d& bn) rh[ C[. ai p\kirni a¿yisn[
Textual Criticism tr)k[ ai[LKivvimi> aiÄy&> C[. ti[ b)J bij& a[n[ a>t:vt)< (vv[cn
Intrinsic Criticism tr)k[ pN ai[LKivvimi> aiv[ C[. j[ri[m Ati[l(nRz jyir[ Kinds of
Criticismn) vit kr[ C[ Ryir[ (vv[cnni pi>cmi> p\kir tr)k[ Intrinsci Criticisimn)
(vcirNi kr[ C[. aikZ(tvid) aili[cki[ kZ(tn[ aikZ(t tr)k[ tpis[ C[. t[mi> k>Ek Ki[T&> nY).
pr>t& t[ai[ Ryi> j aTk) jiy C[ t[ Ati[l(nRzn[ pyi<¼t ligt&> nY) an[ pC) kZ(tn) tpis
s>AkZ(tni s>dB<mi> khi[ k[ smg\ Jvnni s>dB<mi> krvini[ aig\h a[ s[v[ C[. 'Art & Life
again" S)P<k h[qLn) cci<mi> pN kZ(tn) tpis s>AkZ(tni s>dB<mi> krvini[ s>k[t C[.
Ati[l(nRz Kinds of Criticism nimni p\krNmi> b)ji K>Dmi> Contextual Criticismn)
vit (vgt[ kr[ C[ an[ kZ(tn[ smg\ Jvnni, s>AkZ(tni, (v(vF vidi[ an[ SiA#ii[ni s>dB<mi>
miNvin) t[mj niNvin) (hmiyt kr[ C[. s>dB< sip[xtini[ aig\h s[v[ C[. a[k aY<mi> ai
t&lniRmk si(hRy a¿yisn&> j a[ b)j&> nim C[.18181818
a[k j BiPini ki[E a[k si(hRyni[ a¿yis krti> t&lniRmk si(hRy - a¹yyn k[v)
r)t[ j&d&> pD[ C[ t[n&> u_im udihrN aipti Diˆ. a(Vn d[siE kh[ C[: ''mhiBirtmi> aj&<n
pi[tin) Fn&(v<win&> ki]Sl b[ vir diKv[ C[. p\Ymvir jyir[ g&r& Wi[N aj&<nn) Fn&(v<win)
ksi[T) l[ C[. ai Fn&(v<win) ksi[T)mi> aj&<nn[ d*rni ziD pr b[q[li px)n) ai>K v)>Fvin)
hi[y C[. aj&<nn&> biN C*T[ C[ n[ px)n) ai>K v)>F[ C[. a[k BiP) si(hRy Single
Literatureni[ a¿yis krnir (jXis& a¹y[ti, aj&<nn) j[m j ki[E a[k BiPin) a[k kZ(t,
a[k kti<, a[k ai>di[ln, a[k si(hRy (sÜi>t k[ a[k BiPi si(hRyni a[k j y&gn[ j&a[ C[. a[
33
aij&bij&ni p(rv[Sn[ ziz&> ji[ti[ nY). a[n) Ø(OT a[k BiPin) kZ(tn[ anºy$p[, aºy
(nrp[x$p[, a[ni Aviy_i an[ Avy> pyi<¼t $pmi> j&a[ C[.
y&vin aj&<n Wi]pd) Avy>vr v[Lia[ b)Jvir Fn&(v<win&> ki]SÃy diKv[ C[ Ryir[ (AY(t
vFir[ s>k&l C[. jlk&>Dmi> AY>B C[. AY>B pr t&li C[. t&lini b[ pÃli> C[. AY>Bn) upr Ti[c[
miCl) gi[Lgi[L frt) rh[ C[. ai vKt[ a[ upr ck\ikir[ frt) miCl)n) ai>Kn&> p\(t(b>b
n)c[ jLmi> pD[ C[. t[ ji[E t&lni b[y pÃlimi> pg riK) vF krvini[ C[. t&lini b[y pÃlimi>
pg riKvini C[. t&lniRmk si(hRyni[, (jXis& a¹y[ti ah)> aj&<nn) j[m j, b[ kZ(tai[ni,
b[ BiPini b[ kti<ai[ni[, b[ BiPini b[ ai>di[lni[, b[ BiPini b[ si(hRy (sÜi>ti[ k[ b[
BiPini b[ y&gi[ni[ a¿yis a[mi> rh[li> ki[Ek siÀy, siFÀy<, p\Biv k[ siØÆy pr lx k[(ºWt
kr)n[ a¿yis kr[ C[.""19191919
ki[E a[k u_im ki[(Tn) si(hRykZ(tni[ aiAvid k[ fr)fr)n[ a[n&> an&S)ln kr)a[ Ryir[
Bivk tr)k[ aipN[ si(hRykZ(tni a¿yisn) k[Tl)k p\(k\yiai[mi>Y) p\sir YEa[ C)a[. si]
p\Ym ti[ aipN[ a[ si(hRykZ(tni[ piq krti> krti> a[n&> avli[kn {Observation} kr)a[
C)a[ a[Tl[ k[ a¿yis (vPyni E(ºWygÀy pisi>n[ avgt kr)a[ C)a[. pC) a[ avli[knn&>
aipN[ vN<n {Description} krvi p\riEa[ C)a[. vN<n krti> krti> kyir[k Yi[D)k sBinti
siY[ vg)<krN {Classification} kr)a[ C)a[. an[ sh[j vFir[ b&(Ü S(kt diKv) stk<
bn)a[ Ryir[ si(hRykZ(tn&> pZYÊrN {Analysis} krvi trf aigL vF)a[ C)a[.
pZYÊrNn) p\(k\yi dr(myin si(hRykZ(tni (v(Bºn GTki>Si[ vµc[ni[ s>b>F tpis)a[ C)a[.
a[ bFi GTki>Si[n) kZ(tni k[ºW (bºd& siY[ni[ s>b>F pN tpisvi p\[riEa[ C)a[. avli[kn,
vN<n, vg)<krN an[ pZYÊrN kyi< bid k[Tl)kvir ji·y[ aji·y[ aipN[ b[ k[ t[Y) vF&
kZ(tai[n) srKimN) krvi p\[riEa[ C)a[. ai srKimN) k[ t&lni {Compare} krti> krti>
b[ kZ(tai[ vµc[ni B[dn[ tpis)a[ C)a[ an[ t[n[ prAprni (vri[F {Contrast}mi> pN ji[Ea[
C)a[. ai r)t[ Comparison an[ Contrastn) p\(k\yi pN si(hRykZ(tni[ mm< pimvi miT[
p\yi[jiy C[.
34
a[k BiPini si(hRy a¿yis an[ t&lniRmk si(hRy a¿yis vµc[ni B[d (vS[
aiTl) mi(ht) p*rt) C[. ah)> b)J a[k vit ApOT kr) l[v) j$r) bn[ C[. a[k BiPin&>
si(hRy an[ t&lniRmk si(hRy b>n[ a[km[kY) (vri[F) nY), prApr p*rk C[, b>n[a[ a[km[kni[
aiFir l[vi[ pD[ C[. a[kBiP) si(hRyni[ a¹y[ti aƒ(rATi[Tlni smyY) t&lnini[ a[k pÜ(t
tr)k[ ai[C[v_i[ a>S[ (v(nyi[g krti[ aiÄyi[ C[.
1.1.1.1.1.8: 1.8: 1.8: 1.8: t&lniRmk si(hRy (vt&lniRmk si(hRy (vt&lniRmk si(hRy (vt&lniRmk si(hRy (vSSSS[ ³y*EY[,[ ³y*EY[,[ ³y*EY[,[ ³y*EY[, m[¸y& aini[<ÃDm[¸y& aini[<ÃDm[¸y& aini[<ÃDm[¸y& aini[<ÃD tYi tYi tYi tYi
rv)ºWniY Tigi[r: rv)ºWniY Tigi[r: rv)ºWniY Tigi[r: rv)ºWniY Tigi[r:
t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> Av$p an[ Äyi²yiai[ni[ (vcir kr)a[ t[ ph[li> j&di> j&di>
(voini[a[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn) s>Xi k[ s>k[ti[ (vS[ aiCi[ pitLi[ (nd[<S kyi[< C[ t[ lxmi> l[vi
ji[Ea[.
t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> Av$p smjvi miT[ a](thi(sk k\mmi> ji[Ea[ ti[ a[vi (voini[mi>
jm<n k(v-niTykir ³y*EY[ {j[mn[ gaY[ k[ gT[ pN kh[vimi> aiv[ C[.}, t&lniRmk si(hRyn)
cci< siY[ a>g\[J k(v an[ s>AkZ(t (vcirk m[¸y& aini[<ÃD tYi (vVminvn) vitni[ aidS<
p\At&t krnir Birt)y mhik(v rv)ºWniY Tigi[rni[ (dSis>k[t smjvi[ aivÆyk C[.
• ³y*EY[ {E.s. 1749 Y) 1832}:³y*EY[ {E.s. 1749 Y) 1832}:³y*EY[ {E.s. 1749 Y) 1832}:³y*EY[ {E.s. 1749 Y) 1832}:
jm<n k(v-niTykir ³y*EY[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn) (vcirNi krniriai[mi> si] p\Ym
¹yin K[c[ C[. ³y*EY[ k(v hi[vi upri>t (vXinni a¿yis) hti. ‘Anatomy’ni x[#i[ a[mN[
‘Comparative Method’ni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[. t&lniRmk pÜ(tY) t[ai[ p(r(ct hti. t[m
Cti> a[mN[ ApOT S¾di[mi> t&lniRmk si(hRyn) vit kr) nY). a[mN[ pi[tini Jvnni
a>(tm diykimi> (vVsi(hRyn) (vBivni trt) m*k) ht). E.s. 1827mi> ³y*EY[ ‘World
Literature’ a[Tl[ k[ '(vVsi(hRy"ni[ uÃl[K kr[ C[. t&lniRmk si(hRyni[ nh)>. ³y*EY[ v](Vk
Ø(OT Frivniri udir (c_ini si(hRykir hti. a[mN[ a[vi[ aig\h ri²yi[ k[ mi#i riOT^)y k[
p\i>t)y s)miai[mi> p&riE rh[nir si(hRyn&> mh_v ai[C&> C[. ³y*EY[ kh[ C[ k[ p\i>t k[ d[Sni
35
si(hRyn[ k[ s)miDin[ a(tk\(mn[ (vVsi(hRy trf m)T mi>Dv) ji[Ea[. a[n) siY[ ³y*EY[
a>FriOT^B(ktni pN (vri[F) hti. riOT^i[ vµc[ ApFi< UB) krv), v]mnAy f[livv&> a[ h)n an[
j>gl) bibt C[. (vVsi(hRyn) (vBivni oiri t[ai[ a[v&> kh[vi migti hti k[ mn&Oyjitmi>
j[ k>E siv<(#ik, sv<kil)n, sv<simiºy an[ sv<miºy C[ t[n[ (vVni si] smY< sj<ki[a[
pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> (n$(pt krv&> ji[Ea[.
E.s. 1827ni jiºy&air)mi> ³y*EY[a[ a[krm[nn[ kh[l&>: ''National literature is
now rather an unmeaning term: the epoch of world literature is at hand and
every one must strive to hasten its approach."" {hv[ 'riOT^)y si(hRy" lgBg
aY<h)n s>Xi bn) gE C[, (vVsi(hRyni[ y&g siv sm)p C[ an[ a[ni aigmnn[ Rv(rt
bnivvi dr[k jN[ mYv&> pDS[.} a[krm[n 1825mi> ni[>F[ C[ k[ ³y*EY[ a[>S) vP<n) vy[ pN
ki[Ek mhin smºvyn) (dSimi> aigL vF) rHi hti. a[k (c>tk tr)k[ t[ai[ simisim[ni
F\&vi[n[ biYmi> l[vini mtni hti. ''Truth for him lay not in compromise but in the
embrassing of opposites.""20202020 a[k p\kirn) smg\ti an[ a(KliEni[ aig\h ³y*EY[ stt
s[vti rHi C[. a[mni[ ai aig\h a[mn[ p\i>t, p\d[S k[ riOT^ni si(hRyn[ ai[L>g)n[
(vVsi(hRy p\(t ji[vi p\[r[ C[.
³y*EY[ si(hRyn[ sv< p\kirn) s>k&(cttimi>Y) m&kt krvi EµCti hti. m[ksm*lr pN
ai ai>trriOT^)y a[kiRmtini p&rAkti< hti. ³y*EY[ pN (v(vF si(hRyni smºvyni[ aidS<
s[v[ C[. ai a>g[ r[n[ v[lk[ kh[ C[:''‘World literature’ was used by him to indicate a
time when all literatures would become one. It is the ideal of the unification
of all literatures into one great synthesis where each nation would play its part
in a universal concert."" {a[mN[ (vV si(hRy S¾dni[ upyi[g a[ smy s*cvvi kr[li[ k[
jyir[ bFi> si(hRyi[ a[k YE rh[S[. a[k mhin smºvymi> bFi> si(hRyi[a[ a>gB*t bn)
jvini[ a[ aidS< C[ k[ jyi> dr[k d[S v](Vk m[Limi> pi[tin) B*(mki BjvS[.}21212121
(vVsi(hRyn) (vBivni an[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn) (vBivni smin nY), Cti> 't&lniRmk
36
si(hRy"n) aiF&(nk (vBivni piCL (vVsi(hRyn) (vBivnia[ p\[rk p(rbL tr)k[n)
kimg)r) ti[ avÆy bjiv) C[.
• m[¸y& aini[<ÃD {E.s. 1822 Y) 1888}:m[¸y& aini[<ÃD {E.s. 1822 Y) 1888}:m[¸y& aini[<ÃD {E.s. 1822 Y) 1888}:m[¸y& aini[<ÃD {E.s. 1822 Y) 1888}:
t&lniRmk si(hRyn) cci< siY[ a>g\[j k(v, s>AkZ(t (vcirk m[¸y* aini[<ÃD {1822 Y)
1888} s>kLiy[li rHi C[. r[n[ v[lk[ dSi<v[ C[ t[m, aini[<ÃD a>g\[Jmi> Comparative
Literature S¾d viprniriai[mi> si]Y) p\Ym C[. aini[<ÃD[ (vv[ck tr)k[ a[k si(hRyn[ b)ji
si(hRy krti> aigL k[ piCL gi[qvvi miT[ a[Tl[ k[ uµcvµctini[ k\m nÊ) krvi miT[
t&lnin[ p\yi[J ht). aini[<ÃDni[ t&lnini[ h[t& aºy si(hRyi[n) t&lnimi> pi[tin&> si(hRy kyi>
C[ n[ k[v&> C[ t[ jiNvi-tpisvini[ hti[. 't&lniRmk si(hRyn) (dSimi>" nimni pi[tini
p&Atkmi> Diˆ. a(Vn d[siE aini[<ÃD (vS[ kh[ C[: '' 'y&ri[pn) t&lnimi> ji[Ea[ ti[ E>³l[>D
si(hRyx[#imi> piCL C[." a[v&> lK)n[ aini[<ÃD aiRm(n>di kr) rHi C[.""22222222
ah)> ni[>Fv&> ji[Ea[ k[ Xin p\i(¼t miT[ t&lnin) pÜ(t vAt&lx) an[ tTAY r)t[
p\yi[jiv) ji[Ea[, aiRm(n>di k[ aiRmÅliFi miT[ n(h. vs>t bipT ni[>F[ C[ t[ p\miN[:
''si(hRyn&> g&Nmipn krv&> aYvi uRkZOT si(hRyni (nym (sÜ krvi a[ ai a¿yisni
uÑOTi[ nY). j&d) j&d) pr>priai[ (vS[ sBin rh[v&>, si(hRyi[ vµc[ni siÀyB[dn&> s>Si[Fn krv&>
an[ Sky hi[y Ryi> aivi siÀyB[di[n) kirNm)mi>si krv) a[v) ah)> ap[xi C[.""23232323
m[¸y& aini[<ÃD[ pi[tin) bh[n pr lK[li a[k p#imi> ni[>¹y&> C[: ''How plain it is
now, though an attention to the comparative literature for the last fifty years
might have instructed any one of it that England is in a celtainrence for
behind the continent.""24242424 ah)> aipN[ ci[ÊspN[ a[Tl&> ti[ ni[>F) Sk)a[ k[ aini[<ÃDn)
aiv) Ø(OTY) t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yisn) (dSimi> a[k kdm m>Diy C[. m[¸y* aini[<ÃD[ (vVni
si(hRyi[ni p(rS)ln an[ t[mni u_imi>Si[ni p\sirn) aivÆykti dSi<v) ht). (vv[ckni
kt<Äyi[ni s>dB<mi> a[mN[ kH&> k[ (vv[cn a[Tl[ (vVmi> j[ u_im jNiy C[ an[ gNiy C[ t[ni
a¿yis an[ p\cirn&> (nm<m sihs. ah)> aini[<ÃD pN d[S k[ p\d[Sni s)(mt si(hRymi>Y)
bhir n)kL) (vVni (vSiL si(hRyn[ ApS<vini[ s>k[t kr[ C[.
37
• rv)ºWniY Tigi[r {1861 Y) 1941}:rv)ºWniY Tigi[r {1861 Y) 1941}:rv)ºWniY Tigi[r {1861 Y) 1941}:rv)ºWniY Tigi[r {1861 Y) 1941}:
Birt)y k(v rv)ºWniY Tigi[rn&> nim t&lniRmk si(hRy siY[ s>kLiy[l&> C[. a[mN[
Birtmi> (vVsi(hRyni[ (vcir vh[ti[ m*kyi[. jyi> aiK&> (vV a[k miLi[ bn) jiy a[vi[
aidS< s[vnir rv)ºWniYn&> JvnBrn&> Av¼n '(vVminv" {Universal man}n&> ht&>. a[mN[
ai (vVminvni s>dB<mi> s)miai[n[ a(tk\m) jvin&> vlN diKÄy&>. a[ Av¼n (sÜ krvi miT[
a[mn[ p*v< an[ p(ámni[ smºvy a(nviy< li³yi[. 1908mi> a[mN[ minvjitn) a>t(h<t
a[ktini[ (nd[<S krti> kH&> ht&>: ''Bl[ ApOT r)t[ h&> smj&> k[ n(h pr>t& hv[ mir[ Av)kirv&> j
pDS[ k[ smg\ minvmi> rh[li[ h&> a[k C&>; an[ t[ a]ky j[Tl[ a>S[ h&> yYiY< an&Bv&> t[Tl[ a>S[
mir&> kÃyiN C[, miri[ ain>d C[.""25252525 Tigi[r 1907mi> 't&lniRmk si(hRy"n&> Birt B*(mmi>
b)jiri[pN krti p\vcnmi> kh[ C[: ''s>k&(ct p\d[Svid/ p\i>tvidmi>Y) aipN[ m&kt Yv&> j rH&>.
p\Ry[k l[Kkni sj<nn[ 'a[k smg\pN[" aipN[ ji[v&> ji[Ea[ an[ a[ smg\tin[ mn&Oyn) v](Vk
sj<niRmktini Big$p[ ji[v) ji[Ea[. a[ v](Vk t_v '(vVsi(hRy" oiri Äykt Yy[l&> jNiS[.
hv[ ai (dSimi> Dg mi>Dvini[ smy pik) c*kyi[ C[."" Tigi[r si(hRyn[ sj<k, smy an[
AYL(nrp[xBiv[ jiNvi-miNvini[ an&ri[F krti kh[ C[: ''(vVsi(hRymi> (vVminvn[
ji[vini[ ØQ (náy aipN[ kr)S&>; p\Ry[k l[Kkn) rcnimi>Y) t[n) smg\tin[ g\hN kr)n[, t[
smg\timi> minvji(tni ai(vBi<vni p\yRnni[ m[L siF)S&> - a[vi[ s>kÃp krvini[ smy hv[
aiv) phi[>µyi[ C[."" Tigi[r si(hRyn[ sj<k, smy an[ AYL(nrp[xBiv[ jiNvi-miNvini[
an&ri[F krti kh[ C[: ''(vVsi(hRymi> (vVminvn[ ji[vini[ ØQ (náy aipN[ kr)S&>; p\Ry[k
l[Kkn) rcnimi>Y) t[n) smg\tin[ g\hN kr)n[, t[ smg\timi>Y) minvji(tni ai(vBi<Äyi
p\yRnni[ m[L siF)S&>-a[vi[ s>kÃp krvini[ smy hv[ aiv) phi[>µyi[ C[.""26262626 rv)ºWniY jyir[
(vVsi(hRyn) vit kr) rHi C[, Ryir[ pi[t[ 'Comparative Literature"n) vit kr) rHi C[,
a[v&> a[mN[ ApOT ky&† C[. ''miri upr j[ aili[cni krvin) jvibdir) niKvimi> aiv) C[,
t[n[ aipN) BiPimi> '(vVsi(hRy"n[ nim[ ai[LK)S&>... ... si(hRymi> mn&Oy pi[tini ain>dni[
k[v) r)t[ ai(vBi<v kr[ C[, an[ a[ ai(vBi<vni> ji*jvi> Av$p oiri minviRmi pitin&> ky&>
(nRy $p dSi<vvi EµC[ C[, a[ j (vVsi(hRymi> yYiY< ji[vini[ (vPy C[.""27272727 rv)ºWiniY
38
udir(c_ini> v](Vk Ø(OTviLi, smg\ minvji(tmi> a[kti> ji[niri k(v hti. rv)ºWniYni[
¹y[y, si(hRy oiri, (vVsi(hRy oiri S&> pimv&> t[ vktÄyni a>g[ p\gT Yiy C[: ''g\iÀy
s>k)N<timi>Y) m&(kt pim)n[ (vVsi(hRymi> (vVminvn[ ji[vini[ ØQ (náy aipN[ kr)S&>;
p\Ry[k l[Kkn) rcnimi>Y) t[n) smg\tin[ g\hN kr)n[, t[ smg\timi> smAt minvji(tni
ai(vBi<vni p\yRnni[ m[L siF)S&>--- a[vi[ s>kÃp krvini[ smy hv[ aiv) phi[>µyi[ C[.""28282828
rv)ºWniY udir(c_ini v](Vk Ø(OTviLi, smg\ minvji(tmi> a[kti ji[niri k(v hti. 'jyi>
aiK&> (vV a[k miLi[ bn) jiy" a[vi[ aidS< s[vniri Tigi[rn&> JvnBrn&> Av¼n '(vVminv"
{Universal Man}n&> rH&> ht&>. a[ Av¼n (sÜ krvi miT[ a[mn[ p*v< an[ p(ámni[ smºvy
a(nviy< li³yi[.
1.1.1.1.1.9: 1.9: 1.9: 1.9: t&lniRmk si(hRy: S¾diY<t&lniRmk si(hRy: S¾diY<t&lniRmk si(hRy: S¾diY<t&lniRmk si(hRy: S¾diY<
'' 't&lniRmk si(hRy" s>Xini[ (vcir kr)a[ ti[ ai b[ S¾di[ vµc[ (vS[PN-(vS[Oyni[
s>b>F C[. a[ p\miN[ aY< krti> j[ si(hRy t&lnim*lk C[ an[ j[mi> t&lniai[ Äyip) C[ a[vi
si(hRyn[ t&lniRmk si(hRy kh[viy.""29292929 't&lniRmk si(hRy"ni[ pi(rBi(Pk aY< C[:
'si(hRyni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis." aiY) a[ (vv[cn p\vZ(_i C[. aim, 't&lniRmk si(hRy" a[k
p\kirn) (vv[cn p\vZ(_i hi[E (vv[cnni x[#imi> aiv[ C[.
'BgvWi[m>Dl"mi> t&lni cir aYi[< s*cÄyi C[: {1} t&lni a[Tl[ upmi. {2} s>AkZt
t&l` {ti[Lv&>} prY): a[k vAt&n[ b)J vAt& siY[ srKivv) t[; srKimN); a[k vAt&n[ b)J
vAt& siY[ smBivmi> m*k) b>n[ vµc[ni s*Èm B[di[n&> avli[kn krv&> t[. t&lni krv)= kdr
krv); b&j jiNv). (k>mt krv); srKiv) ji[v&>; sminti kr) ji[v); srKivv&>. {3} ti[l;
kdr; k)mt; b*j. {4} srKipN&>; sminti: bri[br). a[ j r)t t&lniRmkni[ aY< aipti
kH&> C[: srKimN)$p; j[mi> t&lni krvimi> aiv) hi[y t[v&>.30303030 'siY< g*jrit) ji[DN)ki[S"mi>
t&lnini[ aY< aipti kH&> C[: t&lni a[Tl[ srKimN), an[ t&lniRmkni[ aY< aipti kH&> C[:
'kÀpƒr[(Tv." 'bZhd` g&jrit) ki[S"mi> kH&> C[: t&lni a[Tl[ {1} srKimN), sminti. {2}
upmi. {3} kdr, (k>mt an[ t&lniRmk miT[ kH&> C[: j[mi> a[kY) vFir[ vAt&ai[ vg[r[n)
39
srKimN) krvimi> aiv[ t[v&>, 'kiƒÀp[r[T)v," '(rl[(Tv."31313131 'BiPi-S¾d-ki[P" nimni (hºd)
S¾dki[Smi> t&lnini[ aY< aipti kh[viy& C[ k[ t&lni a[Tl[ sminti, yi t&Ãyiti krni, bribr
krni, ti]l hi[ni.32323232 '(h>d)-g&jrit) ki[S"mi> t&lnini[ aY< C[: t&lni srKimN) {2} ti[Liv&>
{3} giD)ni> p]Di> ai>jvi {4} t]yir Yv&>.33333333 'gili mi[D<n (DÈnr)"mi> t&lnini[ aY< C[:
'Compa/re: to examine similarity of things; t&lni krv); srKivv&>:- Comparable:
srKiv) Skiy a[v&>:- Comparative: t&lni pr aiFi(rt {2} srKimN)mi>: {3}
{ÄyikrN} ai(Fkti yi ºy*ntidS<k $p:- Comparison: srKimN), t&lni."34343434 'aiF&(nk
si(hRys>Xiki[S"mi> t&lniRmk si(hRyni[ aY< aipti kh[viy&> C[: ''t&lniRmk S¾d ah)>
t&lni krvin) p\(k\yini[ (nd[<S kr[ C[. t&lnimi> (vPyn[ a[v) r)t[ rj* krvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ j[ni
oiri a[mi>ni siÀy aYvi v]PÀyni[ ²yil aiv) Sk[. 't&lniRmk si(hRy" a[ si(hRy
(vcirn) a[k Avt>#i SiKi C[, j[ni oiri (v(Bºn BiPiBiP) li[ki[ an[ d[Si[ni si(hRy
vµc[ni[ ai>trs>b>Fi[n&> (vÅl[PN an[ pr)xN krvimi> aiv[ C[.""35353535
g&jrit)mi> vpriti[ S¾d 't&lniRmk si(hRy" a[ a>g\[J 'Comparative
Literature"ni[ g&jrit) an&vid C[. a>g\[J 'Comparative" S¾d l[(Tn S¾d
'Comparativus" prY) Utr) aiÄyi[ C[. 'Compare" S¾d pi[(lT)kl, Eki[ni[m)ni x[#i[
(vS[PN tr)k[ p\yi[jiy C[. j[ni[ aY< Yiy C[: ''to examine the mutual relation of to
bring into comparison""--- srKiv) ji[v&>, m&kibli[ krvi[, t&lni krv). t[ni[ (vAtZt aY<
a[vi[ Yiy C[ k[ siØÆy an[ v]ØÆyni m&Ñi kiQvi miT[ (Bºn (Bºn vAt&ai[n[ srKivvin) vZ(_i
an[ sim¸Y< tYi kiy<Y) kirNni[ (nN<y krvin), ØOTi>t aipvin) an[ (ndS<nn) pÜ(tY)
(vmS< krvin) S(kt.36363636 ai S¾diY< yi[³y (dSimi> lE jiy t[vi[ C[. f\[>cmi> a>g\[J j[vi[ pyi<y
C[: 'Literature comparee." jm<n)mi> jm<n BiPimi> ai t&lnivZ(_in[ (vXinn) kxi
aipvi 'Vergleichende Literaturewissenschaft" a[v) s>Xi p\yi[jiy C[. ph[li S¾dmi>
t&lnini[ an[ b)jimi> (vXinni[ aY< s*cviy C[. ''kiƒn<v[l y&(nv(s<T)ni p\i[. l[n k*pr pi[t[
j[ (vBigni a¹yx hti, t[ (vBign[ {k>Ek (v(SOT n[ ci[kks aY< s*cvvi miT[} 'The
Comparative Study of Literature" kh[vDivvini[ aig\h riKti hti.""37373737 't&lniRmk
40
si(hRy"ni[ ÄyikrNn) Ø(OTa[ (vcir krti F)r& pr)K kh[ C[ k[ ''ai b[ S¾di[ vµc[ (vS[PN-
(vS[Oyni[ s>b>F C[. aiY) ai pdmi>Y) viµciY< a[vi[ n)kL[ k[ j[ si(hRy t&lnim*lk C[ t[
an[ aigL vF)n[ kh)a[ ti[ a[v&> si(hRy k[ j[mi> t&lniai[ Äyi¼t C[.""38383838 t&lniRmk
si(hRyni S¾diY<n[ ji[yi pC) (v(vF (voini[a[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn) aip[l) Äyi²yiai[n[
jiNvi smjvini[ p\yRn kr)a[.
1.1.1.1.1.10: 1.10: 1.10: 1.10: t&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[ an[ t[nit&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[ an[ t[nit&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[ an[ t[nit&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yiai[ an[ t[ni>>>> lxNi[: lxNi[: lxNi[: lxNi[:
aºy (vwiSiKiai[ni p\miNmi> t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yisn) (vwiSiKi k>Ek nv)n C[.
t&lniRmk si(hRyni (vPy an[ t[n) (vwiSiKimi> p\v[S krti> ph[li t[n) Äyi²yi krvini j[
p\yisi[ Yyi C[ t[mi>Y) k[Tli>k agRyni p\yisi[ni[ p(rcy (htivh rh[S[. Äyi²yiai[ ni[>F) t[n&>
pZYÊrN kr) t&lniRmk si(hRyni lxNi[ tirvvin&> t[mj t[ni Av$pn[ smjvin&> srL
bnS[. Äyi²yi a[Tl[ 'vAt&n&> p*rt&> an[ aivÆyk vN<n."39393939 Äyi²yin[ a>g\[Jmi> 'Definition"
kh[vimi> aiv[ C[: ''The setting of bounds, limitations."" ki[E a[k (vPyn) Äyi²yi
aipv) a[Tl[ (vPyni a¿yisn) pÜ(t an[ a¿yisx[#in) s)miai[n[ ai>k) aipv).40404040
t&lniRmk si(hRyn) j[ (voini[a[ Äyi²yiai[ aip) C[ a[mi> h[n\) (rmik, (pki[Es an[
r&si[, a[s.a[s. p\vr, a[.ai[v[n. aiƒ(ÃD^j, j[.a[. kDn, ji[h`n fl[cr, a[f.DbÃy&. c[>Dlr an[
Erv)n ki[p[nni[ smiv[S kr) Skiy.
'a (Dxnr) aiƒf (lTrr) TÀs<"mi> j[.a[. kDn t&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yi aipti
kh[ C[:
''Comparative Literatine is the examination and analysis
of the relationships and similarities of the literatures of
different peoples and nations.""41414141 {''(v(vF p\jiai[ an[
riOT^i[ni si(hRyi[ni s>b>Fi[ an[ siÀyi[n&> p(rxN an[ pZYÊrN a[Tl[
t&lniRmk si(hRy.""}
41
ji[h`n fl[cr[ pi[tini (nb>F 'F) (k\(T(szm aiƒf kÀp[(rzn" {'The Criticism of
Comparison"}mi> uÜt kr[l) (pki[Es an[ r&si[ {Pichois and Rousseau}n) Äyi²yi ai
p\miN[ C[:
''Comparative Literature: analytical description,
methodical and differential comparison, synthetic
interpretation of interlinguistic and intercultural literary
phenomena through history, criticism and philosophy in
order the better to understand literature as a specific
function of human mind.""42424242 {''t&lniRmk si(hRy: minv mnni
a[k (v(SOT kiy< tr)k[ si(hRyn[ smjvin) tk p*r) piD[ C[. a[mi>
e(this, (vv[cn an[ t_vXin oiri ai>tr-BiPik)y an[ ai>tr-
si>AkZ(tk si(hRyn) GTniai[n&> (vÅl[PNiRmk vN<n, pÜ(tsrn) an[
(v(SOT t&lni tYi s>klniRmk aY<GTn krvimi> aiv[ C[.""}
ai Äyi²yimi> si(hRyn[ minvmnni (v(SOT kiy< tr)k[ smjvi miT[ (vÅl[PNiRmk vN<nni[
aig\h riKvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. a[m pN s*cÄy&> C[ k[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> x[#i ki[E a[k kiL, d[S,
k[ BiPi p*rt&> myi<(dt nY). t&lnivid) a[k si(hRyni[ aºy si(hRyni s>dB<mi> an[ j$r
jNiy Ryi> aºy kliai[, (vXini[ an[ smij(vwiai[ ai(dni s>dB<mi> (vcir kr[ C[. a[
upri>t si(hRyn) t&lni s>AkZ(tni s>dB<mi> pN YE Sk[. ai a[k p\kirn) stt sip[x a[v)
(vcirNi C[. (pki[Es an[ r&si[n) Äyi²yimi> t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> p\yi[jn dSi<Äy&> C[.
minvmnni a[k (v(SOT kiy< tr)k[ si(hRyn[ smjv&> a[ a[n&> p\yi[jn C[. ai p\yi[jn (sÜ
krvi miT[ t&lnin) pÜ(tni[ (v(nyi[g krvini[ C[. t&lni krti> krti> smºvyiRmk aY<GTn
krv&> ji[Ea[ an[ a[m krvi jti> (v(vF BiPini si(hRyi[ an[ (v(vF (vwiSiKiai[ni[ s>dB<
si>kLvi[ ji[Ea[.
t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yis)ai[mi> (vS[P p\miNmi> Av)kZt a[v) Äyi²yi C[ h[n\)
(rmikn). t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yis x[#in) s)mir[Kiai[n[ a[ (vAtir[ C[. h[n\) (rmik
42
{Henry Remak}n) Äyi²yi ji[h`n fl[cr[ pi[tini (nb>F ''The Criticism of
Comparision""mi> ai p\miN[ uÜt kr) C[:
''Comparative literature is the study of literature beyond
the confines of one particular country and the study of the
relationship between literature on the one hand and other
areas of knowledge and belief, such as arts… philosophy,
history, the social sciences, the science, religion etc… on
the other. In brief it is comparison of one literature with
another or others, and the comparison of literature with
other spheres of human expression.""43434343 {''t&lniRmk si(hRy
ki[EpN a[k ci[Ês d[Sni s)miDin[ a(tk\m) jEn[ Yti[ si(hRyni[
a¿yis C[. t[ a[k px[ si(hRy, ti[ b)j[ px[ kliai[, t_vXin,
e(this, smij (vwiai[... (vXini[, Fm< vg[r[ Xin an[ miºytini>
aºy x[#ii[ vµc[ni s>b>Fi[ni[ a¿yis C[. T*>kmi>, a[ a[k si(hRyn)
aºy si(hRy k[ si(hRyi[ ji[D[n) an[ si(hRyn) aºy minv)y
a(BÄy(ktni b)ji> x[#ii[ ji[D[n) t&lni C[.""}
ah)> ai Äyi²yi t[ s)mix[#in[ bi>Fvi krti> (vAtir[ C[, a(t (vAtZt kr[ C[. (rmikn)
Äyi²yin>& pZYÊrN krti> smjiy C[ k[ si(hRyni[ t&lniRmk pÜ(ta[ a¿yis kr)a[ Ryir[
a[k krti vFir[ d[Sn) j&d)-j&d) BiPiai[ni si(hRyni[ a¿yis krvi[ ji[Ea[. b)J bij&
(rmikni mt[ si(hRyn) t&lni si(hRy (sviyn) aºy kliai[ siY[ pN YE Sk[. #i)j&>
t&lniRmk si(hRymi> si(hRyn) t&lni aºy Xin-(vXin k[ miºytini b)ji x[#ii[ siY[ pN
YE Sk[. a[Tl[ k[ si(hRy an[ t_vXin, si(hRy an[ e(this, si(hRy an[ Fm<, si(hRy
an[ smij(vwi vg[r[ siY[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis a[mi> smiv[S pim[ C[. a[Tl[ k[ (rmik j[n[
minv)y a(BÄy(ktni b)ji x[#ii[ kh) ai[LKiv[ C[ a[m kh[ti> a[k trf si(hRy[tr kliai[n&>
x[#i K&Ãl&> Yiy C[ ti[ b)J trf si(hRy an[ b&(Ü S(kt j[mi> p\yi[jiy[l) hi[y an[ j[ni[ h[t&
Xin s>pidnni[ hi[y t[ tmim SiA#ii[n&> x[#i pN K&Ãl&> Yiy C[. t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yisn&> x[#i
43
ai tbkk[ ti[ a[Tl&> bF&> (vAtZt bn) jt&> jNiy C[ k[ pC) jiN[ a[mi> k>E b)j& bik) j rh[t&>
nY). aiY) j vs>t bipT (rmikn) Äyi²yimi> rh[li p\(tpidnni[ t¸yi>S Av)kir) a[v& kh[vi
p\[riyi C[ k[: '' ai k>E t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yisn) (v(SOTti nY). j$r hi[y Ryi> Ryi> ki[Ek
si(hRykZ(tni[ t_vXin, Fm<, aY<SiA#i, e(this vg[r[ siY[ni[ sip[x s>b>F C[ t[ tpis)
Skiy pr>t& Äyi²yimi> t[ bFi s>BiÄy GTki[ni[ uÃl[K krvi[ yi[³y n(h qr[... p\At&t (vPymi>
m&²y_v[ ji[vini[ C[ t[ si(hRy-si(hRy siY[ni[ s>b>F, a[k si(hRyni[ k[ si(hRykirni[ b)ji
si(hRy pr pD[li[ p\Biv. a[Tl[ ai (vPyni> lxNi[ dSi<vt) vKt[ t&lniRmk
si(hRyi¿yisn&> x[#i aºy si(hRyi¿yis krti> kE kE bibtmi> j&d&> C[ a[Tl&> j ji[v&> j$r)
C[.""44444444
a[s.a[s. p\vr {S.S. Prawar} t&lniRmk si(hRyni a[k mh_vni a¿yis) (vcirk
C[. a[mN[ pi[tini g\>Y 'Comparative Literary Studies"mi> t&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yi
aipti kH&> C[:
''An examination of literary texts (including works of
literary theory and criticism) in more than one language,
through an investigation of contrast, provenance or
influence or a study of literary relations and
communications between two or more groups that speak
different languages.""45454545 {''(vri[F, siØÆy, m*L A#ii[t aYvi
asrn) tpis oiri a[k krti> vF& BiPimi>n) si(h(Ryk kZ(tai[
{si(h(Ryk (sÜi>ti[ an[ (vv[cnn) kZ(tai[ sm[t}n) pr)xi; aYvi
j&d) j&d) BiPiai[ bi[lti> b[ k[ vFir[ j*Yi[ vµc[ni si(h(Ryk s>b>Fi[
an[ Äyvhiri[ni[ a¿yis.""}
p\vr agiun) Äyi²yiai[Y) ah)> b[ bibti[mi> j&di> pD[ C[: {1} a[k krti> vF& riOT^)y s>AkZ(t
(vS[n) t&lnivid)n) jiNkir). {2} si(hRy an[ Xinni aºy x[#ii[ vµc[ni[ s>b>F. p\vrn)
ai Äyi²yimi> b[ riOT^i[n) b[ BiPiai[ni[ aig\h s[viyi[ nY). pr>t& a[k j riOT^n) b[ BiPiai[
hi[y ti[ pN t[mni si(hRyni a¿yisn[ t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yisni x[#imi> smiv) Skiy.
44
aipNi p\At&t a¿yis Birt j[vi bh& BiP) riOT^n) sit BiPiai[; g&jrit), (hºd), mriq),
b>giL), ai[(Dyi, as(myi an[ t(ml BiPin) sit kZ(tai[ 't_vm(s", 'air·yk", 'amZt[r
s>tin", 'piNkLi", 'k&(r>J ki Shd", 'j>gl k[ f*l" an[ 'pZ(Yb)r hi>Nh)"ni[ smiv[S Yiy
C[. sit[ a[k j d[Sn) kZ(tiai[ C[ pN sit[ kZ(tai[n) BiPi j&d)-j&d) C[ a[Tl&> ah)> ni[Fv&>
p*rt&> C[. ji[ ki[E a[k sj<k b[ k[ vF& BiPimi> si(hRy sj<n krti[ hi[y ti[ a[vi sj<kn) b[
kZ(tni[ j[ a¿yis Yiy a[n[ t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yismi> smiv) Skiy. b)J bF) mi[Ti
Bign) Äyi²yimi> kh[viE C[ t[m a[k vit ApOT pN[ kh[viE C[ k[ a[k krti> vF& BiPimi>n)
kZ(tai[n) pr)xi Yiy C[. a[ tpis k[v) r)t[, kyi> pisi>n[ lxmi> riK) YE Sk[; t[ (vS[ p\vr
kh[ C[ k[ (vri[F, siØÆy, m*L A#ii[t aYvi asrn) tpis oiri a[ YE Sk[.
t&lniRmk si(hRyn) T*>k) Äyi²yi aipti a[. ai[v[n aiƒ(ÃD^j {A.Owen Alridge}
'Comparative literature: Matter and Method"nimk s>pi(dt g\>Yn) p\Ativnimi>
jNiv[ C[:
''Briefly defined Comparative Literature can be
considered the study of any literary phenomenon form the
perspective of more than one national literature or in
conjunction with another intellectual discipline or even
several.""46464646 {s>(x¼t Äyi²yi kr)a[ ti[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn[ a[kY)
vF& riOT^)y si(hRyni p(rp\[Èymi> k[ aºy ki[E a[k aYvi k[Tl)k
bi](Ük XinSiKimi> s>yi[gmi> ki[E pN si(h(Ryk GTnini[ a¿yis
l[K) Skiy.}
ai[(ÃD^jni mt p\miN[ t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yisx[#imi> (Bºn (Bºn BiPiai[ni si(h(Ryk
(sÜi>ti[, ai>di[lni[, kZ(tn&> (vPyvAt&, Av$pi[ an[ si(h(Ryk s>b>Fi[ni[ a¿yis pN smiv[S
pim[ C[. ai[(ÃD^j aigL cil)n[ a[m pN kh[ C[ k[ si(hRyni b)ji bFi s>b>Fi[n) j[m
si(hRyni[ Jvn siY[ni[ s>b>F pN a[Tli[ j m*Ãyvin C[, an[ t[ni[ pN t&lniRmk si(hRyni
45
a¿yis x[#imi> smiv[S YE Sk[. ah)> ti[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yis x[#i a[Tl&> bF&> (vAtr[
C[ k[ jiN[ bF) B[d r[Ki B*>siE jiy C[.
aijni t&lniRmk si(hRyn) (vBivni Erv)n ki[p[n {Irvin Copen}n) Äyi²yimi>
p\(t(b>(bt Yiy C[:
''Comparative Literature, though in principle a historical
discipline, devotes itself with interest and intensity to
questions of theory and methods of investigation.""47474747
{t&lniRmk si(hRy a[ ji[ k[ s]Üi>(tk r)t[ a[k a](thi(sk (vwiSiKi
hi[vi Cti> t[ uRkZTti an[ rsp*v<k (sÜi>tni p\âi[ an[ ji>c-tpisn)
pÜ(tai[n[ vr[l&> C[.}
aim, t&lniRmk si(hRy mi#i si(hRyni e(thisn) SiKi n rh[ti si(h(Ryk (sÜi>t an[
tpisn[ pN aivr) l[ C[ an[ aim t[ (vv[cnn) pÜ(t bn) rh[ C[.
a[f.DbÃy* c[>Dlr {F.W. Chandler} 1966mi> aip[l) Äyi²yi ai p\miN[ C[:
''A conception involving a method, a conception of
literature as a whole, a conception of this whole as
composed of national elements, a conception of literature
as distinguish form linguistics.""48484848 ''{t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yis}
a[k (v(SOT pÜ(tY) si(hRyn[ t[n) smg\timi> ji[vini[ a[k ²yil C[.
si(h(Ryk a(KliE (Bºn riOT^i[ni {si(hRyi[ni} a>Si[Y) s>Fiy[l) C[.
BiPi(vXinni a¿yisY) j&d) a[v) ai (vBivni {(vwiSiKi} C[.""
ah)> t&lniRmk si(hRy an[ BiPi(vXinn[ j&di piDvimi> aiÄyi> C[. BiPi(vXinni x[#imi>
pN t&lniRmk pÜ(t p\yi[jiy C[ pr>t& Ryi> t[ t&lniRmk BiPi(vXin tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[.
ah)>, a[Tl&> ApOT kh[viy&> C[ k[ a[k krti> vFir[ riOT^i[ni si(hRyi[Y) si(hRyn) smg\ti (sÜ
Yiy C[.
ji[h`n fl[cr {John Fletcher} t&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yi aipti kh[ C[:
46
''To sum up, then “Comparative Literature is the branch of
literary study which concerns itself with the basic
structures underlying all literary manifestations, of
whatever time or place; so it is concerned with whatever is
universal in any particular literary phenomenon. There is
therefore no limit in theory to its field of investigation,
since. Literatures in all languages, and their relations with
each other and with other art-forms, come within its
purview.""49494949 {ti[ smipn krti> kh) Skiy k[, ''AYL an[ kilit)t
a[vi> bFi> j si(h(Ryk p\gT)krNi[mi> rh[l) piyin) s>rcniai[ ji[D[
s>b>F Frivti si(h(Ryk a¿yisn) SiKi t[ t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yis.
t[Y) t[n[ ki[EpN ci[Ês si(h(Ryk GTnimi> rh[li v](Vk t_v ji[D[
s>b>F hS[ a[m kh) Skiy. miT[ s]Üi>(tk Ø(OTa[ t[ni> tpis x[#ii[n)
ki[E s)mi n hi[E Sk[, kirN k[ sv< BiPiai[ni si(hRyi[ an[ t[mni
aºyi[ºy s>b>Fi[ an[ aºy kliAv$pi[, siY[ni s>b>Fi[ t[ni> Äyi²yi
vt&<Lmi> vs) Sk[.""}
Birt)y t[mj piáiRy t&lnivid)ai[ pis[Y) t&lniRmk si(hRyn) b)J k[Tl)k
mh_vn) Äyi²yiai[ mL[ C[ t[ rij*rkr pi[tini s>pi(dt p&Atk 't&lniRmk a¹yyn: Av$p
ai]r smAyia["mi>50505050 ni[F[ C[ t[ ji[E lEa[:
r[n[ v[l[k[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yi aipti kh[ C[:
'' 't&lniRmk si(hRy" si(hRy k[ smg\ $p ki a>tri<OT^)y p(rp\[Èy m[> a¹yyn
krti h]. (jsk[ m*l m[> yh Bivni (n(ht rht) h] (k si(h(Ryk sZjn ai]r
aiAvidn k) c[tni jit)y Ev> rijn](tk, Bi]gi[(lk s)miai[> s[ m&±t Ek rs
ai]r aK>D hi[t) h].""
t&lniRmk si(hRy si(hRyn[ jit)y tYi rijn](tk, Bi]gi[(lk s)miai[Y) pr YEn[ ji[vi-
jiNvi-m&lvvi miT[ si(hRyni smg\ $pn[ ai>trriOT^)y p(rp\[Èmi> m*k) a¿yis kr[ C[. a[ni[
47
p&$PiY< si(h(Ryk sj<n an[ aiAvid)y c[tnin[ aK>D an[ a[k rsmi> m[Lvvimi> smiy[li[
C[. ah)> t&lniRmk si(hRyn) a¿yis pÜ(tni[ (nd[<S kyi[< C[.
t&lniRmk si(hRy (vS[ pisn[T kh[ C[:
''si(h(Ryk (vkis k[ simiºy (sÜi>ti[> ki a¹yyn (nÅcy h) t&lniRmk si(hRy
ki mh_vp*N< a>g h].""
pisn[T t&lniRmk si(hRyni a[k mh_v p*N< a>g tr)k[ si(h(Ryk (vkisni simiºy
(sÜi>ti[ni a¹yynn[ gNiv[ C[.
kliEv AkiT t&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yi aipti kh[ C[:
'' 't&lniRmk si(hRy" m[> (v(Bºn BiPiai[> m[> (l(Kt si(hRyi[> aYvi usk[
s>(x¼t GTki[> k) si(h(Ryk t&lni hi[t) h] ai]r yh) uski aiFir t_v h].""
kliEv AkiT pN t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yis miT[ (v(Bºn BiPiai[n[ a(nviy< gN[ C[.
(vv[cnni m&²y ai[jir tr)k[ T).a[s.a[(lyT t&lni an[ (vÅl[PNn[ gNivti kh[ C[:
''t&lni ai]r (vÅl[PN aili[ck k[ p\m&K ai]jir h]. m*Ãyi>knprk aili[cni k)
~[Oqti ki[ mipn[ k[ (lE t&lniRmk pÜ(t ki liB uqit) h].""
(vv[cnmi> si(hRy kZ(t k[ si(hRykirn&> m*Ãyi>kn krvi miT[ t&lniRmk pÜ(t upyi[g) an[
liBkirk gNiv[ C[.
t&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yi aipti Diˆ. ng[ºW a[ni ud[̀Æy trf a>g*(l(nd[<S krti
kh[ C[:
'' 't&lniRmk si(hRy" Ek p\kir ki a>t:si(h(Ryk a¹yyn h] ti[ an[k
BiPiai[> ki[ aiFir minkr clti h] ai]r (jski uÑ[Æy hi[ti h]--an[kti m[>
Ekti ki s>Gin.""
an[ktimi> a[kti AYipvini ud[̀ÆyY) t&lniRmk si(hRy an[k BiPiai[n[ aiFir bniv)
a>t:si(h(Ryk a¿yis C[. aim, Diˆ. ng[ºW ah)> t&lniRmk si(hRyni a[k mh_vni ud`[Æyni[
(nd[<S kr[ C[.
mriq) (voin vs>t bipT t&lniRmk si(hRy (vS[ kh[ C[:
48
''Ek k) ap[xi a(Fk si(hRyi[> ki t&lni k) shiyti s[ (kyi gyi a¹yyn.""
vs>t bipT pN a[k krti vF& si(hRyi[n[ t&lnin[ aiFir bniv)n[ krvimi> aiv[l a¿yisn[
t&lniRmk si(hRy a¿yis kh[ C[.
Birt)y si(hRyni (voin EºWniY ci]Fr) t&lniRmk si(hRyn) Äyi²yi aipti lK[
C[:
'' 't&lniRmk si(hRy" (v(Bºn si(hRyi[> ki t&lniRmk a¹yyn h] tYi si(hRy k[
siY Xin k[ d*sr[ x[#ii[> ki B) t&lniRmk a¹yyn h].""
ah)> EºWniY ci]Fr) si(hRyni[ a¿yis si(hRy siY[ ti[ gN[ j C[ pN si(hRykZ(tni[
a¿yis Xinni aºy x[#ii[ siY[ Yti a¿yisni[ pN smiv[S kr) t&lniRmk si(hRyni
a¿yis x[#in[ (vAtir kr[ C[.
1.1.1.1.1.11: 1.11: 1.11: 1.11: t&lniRmk si(hRynit&lniRmk si(hRynit&lniRmk si(hRynit&lniRmk si(hRyni>>>> lxNi[: lxNi[: lxNi[: lxNi[:
t&lniRmk si(hRyn) upri[kt (v(vF Äyi²yiai[n[ aiFir[ t&lniRmk si(hRyni> k[Tli>k
lxNi[ n)c[ p\miN[ C[:
1. t&lniRmk si(hRymi> sj<niRmk a[v) a[k krti> vFir[ kZ(tai[ni[ a¿yis krvimi>
aiv[ C[. a[ kZ(t b[ riOT^n) hi[y t[ EOT C[ pN a[k j d[S k[ riOT^n) hi[y ti[y t[ b[
kZ(tai[ j&d) j&d) BiPin) ti[ hi[v) GT[ a[vi[ aig\h awi(ppy†t s[viyi[ C[. a[k j
sj<kn) b[ BiPimi> rciy[l) kZ(tni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis pN smiE Sk[. di.t. niTy
Av$pn) Ø(OTa[ kZ(tai[ni a¿yis kr)a[ ti[ r(Syn niTk 'Y\) (sATs<"ni[ a¿yis
b>giL) niTk '(c#ii>gdi" siY[ kr) Sk)a[. a[ upri>t '(c#ii>gdi"ni[ t&lniRmk
a¿yis (hºd) niTk 'a>Fiy&g" siY[ k[ g&jrit) niTk 'y&g[y&g[" niTk siY[ pN kr)
Skiy.
2. t&lniRmk si(hRymi> mi#i sj<niRmk si(hRy kZ(tai[ni[ j a¿yis Yvi[ GT[ a[v&> nY),
a[mi> si(hRyni[ aºy kliai[ siY[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis pN smiv[S pim[ C[. di.t.
y&k\[Enni piTngr k)vn) nJk aiv[l bib)yir nimni AYL[ jm<n niz) lÆkr[ j[
49
nrs>hir kr[li[ t[ni prY) si[(vy[T l[Kk aini[ti[l) k&zn[Rsi[a[ 'bib)yir" nimn)
nvlkYi lK). aij (vPy prY) y[vt&S[ºki[a[ k(vti lK) 'bib)yir". ai k(vti
prY) p\[riEn[ s>g)tkir d(m(#i Si[Atiki[(vc[ t[n) p\²yit t[rm) (sfn) k>pi[z kr). a[
j r)t[ si(hRy an[ (fÃmn) pN t&lni up[(xt C[. b>giL) BiPin) 'd[vdis"
nvlkYi hi[y an[ (hºd)mi> bn[l) 'd[vdis" (fÃm hi[y ti[ a[ b>n[n) t&lni pN
aivkiy< bn) rh[ C[.
3. t&lniRmk si(hRymi> sj<niRmk si(hRy an[ aºy Xin (vXinn) SiKiai[ni[
t&lniRmk a¿yis pN smiv[S pim[ C[. di.t. si(hRy an[ mni[(vXinni s>dB<mi>
g&jrit) nvlkYi 'niET m[r" k[ (hºd) nvlkYi 's&(nti"n[ mni[v]Xi(nk s>dB<mi>
tpis) Skiy. a[ upri>t si(hRy an[ e(this, t_vXin, smijSiA#i an[ F<mni
s>dB<mi> pN a¿yis kr) Skiy C[.
4. t&lniRmk si(hRymi> j&d) j&d) BiPiai[n) s]Üi>(tk si(hRym)mi>sini b[ s>p\Ryyi[, b[
pr>priai[, b[ y&gi[, b[ vidi[, b[ Av$pi[n) t&lni pN s>Bv) Sk[ C[. aim t&lniRmk
si(hRyn&> x[#i si(hRym)mi>si an[ (vv[cnn) t&lni s&F) pN (vAtr[ C[. di. t.
si(hRym)mi>sn) Ø(OTa[ ji[Ea[ ti[ Birt)y kiÄym)mi>si an[ piáRy kiÄym)mi>sini[
t&lniRm a¿yis pN kr) Skiy. b[ vidi[mi> ji[Ea[ ti[ aiF&(nktivid, a[ni[ p(ámmi>
ud`Bv, a[ni kirNi[ an[ Birt)y BiPiai[mi> a[ni ud`Bvn) cci< hiY Fr) kyi
kirNi[Y) a[ Birtn) (v(Bºn BiPiai[mi> j&di j&di smy[ d[Ki d[ C[ a[ni[ a¿yis
hiY Fr) Skiy.
5. t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yisn&> mh_vn&> pi>cm&>, k[ pÜ(tn) Ø(OTa[ ph[l&> lxN a[ C[ k[ ai
a¿yismi> t&lni, srKimN)ni[ a[k pÜ(tni $pmi> aig\h C[. ai t&lnini[ h[t&
uµcivµctini[ k[ uRkZOTti-(nkZOTtini g&Nmipnni[ hi[ti[ nY)... ... t&lniRmk
pÜ(tmi> pZYÊrN an[ vg)<krNn) p\(k\yini[ smiv[S pN Yiy C[. t&lni krti> krti>
mi#i siÀyi[ni[ j n(h v]PÀyi[ni[ (nd[<S pN YE Sk[ C[. kyir[k k[Tl)k kZ(tni s>dB<mi>
a[ni m*L A#ii[tn) tpis pN aivkiy< bn) rh[ C[.
50
6. t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yisni x[#imi> a[k lxN a[ni> Av$p an[ a¿yisx[#imi>Y) j
Af&T Yiy C[; a[ lxN t[ C[ an&vidn) a(nviy<ti. t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yis)n[
(v(vF BiPiai[ni> si(hRyi[, si(hRy kZ(tai[, si(hRy p\vihi[ ai(dn) t&lni krvimi>
an&vidni[ ai~y l[vin&> a(nviy< bn) rh[ C[. ki[E pN Äy(kt simiºy r)t[ #iN-cir
BiPi jiN) Sk[ an[ t[ni si(hRyni[ a¿yis kr) Sk[. ai s>ji[gi[mi>, an&vidi[n)
shiy lE a¿yisx[#i[ aigL vFv&> a(nviy< an[ slih Br[l&> C[. a[Tl[ j an&vid
p\vZ(_i a[ t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yisn&> aig>t&k n(h pN a>t(h<t AviBi(vk a(vBijy
Big bn) rh[ C[. aim a[k r)t[ kh)a[ ti[ a[m kh) Skiy k[ an&vid vgr t&lniRmk
si(hRyni a¿yis)n[ cil) j n Sk[. ah)> a[ pN ni[>Fv&> j$r) bn) rh[ C[ k[ ki[E
a[k kZ(tni a[kY) vF& an&vidi[ Yyi hi[y ti[ a[vi an&vidi[ni[ m*L kZ(t siY[ni[
a¿yis pN t&lniRmk si(hRymi> AYin pim[ C[. di.t. 'g)ti>jl)"ni g&jrit)mi>
Yy[li an&vidi[.
7. sitm&> lxN ji[Ea[ ti[ --- j&d) j&d) BiPin) kZ(t a¿yis miT[ hiYmi> l[ti>j, BiPi
j[ s>AkZ(t {an[ smij-pr>pri siY[} s>kLiy[l) hi[y t[ s>AkZ(tn) a(BXti pN
a(nviy< bn) rh[ C[. di.t. g&jrit) nvlkYi 'srAvt)c>W" an[ t[l&g& nvlkYi
'shA#if[N" nvlkYini[ Birt)y s>AkZ(tni s>dB<mi> a¿yis kr) Skiy. aim ti[ miri
ai a¿yisni[ a[k (vPy j Birt)y si(hRyn) (v(Bºn sit nvlkYiai[mi>
s>AkZ(tni[ a¿yis C[.
1.1.1.1.1.12: 1.12: 1.12: 1.12: t&lnint&lnint&lnint&lnin&> ai](cRy: &> ai](cRy: &> ai](cRy: &> ai](cRy:
t&lniRmk si(hRy¿yismi> ki[E pN b[ s>AkZ(t, BiPi k[ d[Sn) kZ(tai[ni[ siY[ siY[ m&k)
d[viY) a[ni[ a¿yis u(ct qrti[ nY) a[Tl[ k[ t&lniRmk si(hRyni nimn[ siY<k q[rvti[
nY). udihrN tr)k[ ji[Ea[ ti[ F&v\ BÍn) 't_vm(s" nvlkYi an[ TiƒÃATi[yn) nvlkYi
'y&Ü an[ Si>(t"n[ siY[ siY[ m*k) srKiv)a[ ti[ a[n) srKimN) miT[n) ki[E a[k u(ct
B*(mki si>pDt) nY). 't_vm(s"mi> m*L[ Birt)y, vPi[< (vd[Si[mi> a¿yis piCL (vtiÄyi> bid
51
ai(dvis)ai[n) s>AkZ(tni[ a¿yis krvi k-mn[, fr) Birt aivti niykni r[vi ki>q[ni ar·y
B\mNn) kYi C[, jyir[ a[n) siY[ m*kvimi> aiv[l) kZ(t 'y&Ü an[ Si>(t" aRy>t Äyipk flk
pr (vAtrt) a[k d[Sn) smg\ p\jini utir-cQivn) kYi C[. bºn[ vµc[ ki[E d[K)t&> siÀy
nY). alb_i b>n[ j&d) BiPi, s>AkZ(t an[ d[Si[n) kZ(tai[ C[. pr>t&, a[Tli j mi#iY) a[ b[ni[
siY[ siY[ Yti[ a¿yis Bivkni (c_in[ p\ki(St krniri[ n pN hi[y.
upmi> al>kirmi> pN a[k pdiY<n[ b)ji pdiY< siY[ srKivvimi> aiv[ C[ Ryir[ pN
upmin an[ upm[y vµc[ ki[Ek siÀy hi[v&> ji[Ea[ a[vi[ (nd[<S al>kir SiA#i)ai[a[ kyi[< C[.
bribr a[j r)t[ t&lniRmk si(hRymi> pN t&lni miT[ j[ kZ(tai[n[ ps>d krvimi> aiv[ C[ t[
kZ(tai[ vµc[ siÀyn) ki[Ek B*(mki hi[v) ji[Ea[. h[mc>Wiciy[< a[v&> pN s*cÄy&> C[ k[ upmin,
upm[ymi> siFÀy< hi[y a[ upri>t ãwti hi[v) ji[Ea[. a[Tl[ k[ a[ t&lni (p\y lig[ a[v) hi[v)
ji[Ea[. siÀy pr aiFi(rt ãw a[vi[ t&lniRmk a¿yis sj<kn) s>v[dnin[ s>Jvn)ni[ ApS<
aip) SkS[. Bivkn) c[tnin[ (vAtir), (vv[ckn) (vcir smZ(Ümi> a[ um[ri[ kr) SkS[. a[vi
a¿yisn[ a>t[ ki[Ek bZhd` (vSiL an[ s*Èm sRyni[ sixiRkir s>B(vt bn) rh[S[.
1.1.1.1.1.13: 1.13: 1.13: 1.13: t&lniRmk si(hRyni h[t&ai[:t&lniRmk si(hRyni h[t&ai[:t&lniRmk si(hRyni h[t&ai[:t&lniRmk si(hRyni h[t&ai[:
Xin (vXinni (vAfi[Tni ai y&gmi> (vVmi> minv-minv an[ riOT^-riOT^ vµc[n&>
Bi]gi[(lk a>tr GT) rH&> ti[ C[; pr>t& minv minv vµc[n&> c]t(sk a>tr stt vFt& gy&> C[.
mn&Oy mn&OyY) (v(µC(dt Yti[ gyi[ C[, (v(µC(dtti n[ (v(µCºntini ai y&gmi> riOT^-riOT^
vµc[ minv)-minv) vµc[, d[SkiLn) s)min[ v)>F)n[, s>Akir smjN, s>AkZ(t, sãdyti
ai(dni[ a[k s[t& rciy a[ aRy>t a(nviy< aivÆyti bn) gE C[. ai s>ji[g[imi> kli,
si(hRy oiri si>AkZ(tk aidin-p\din oiri (vVni bh&jn smijn) a[kti siFvi miT[n&>
siFn t[ si(hRy an[ t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yis C[. minv)n) c[tnini[ (vAtir siF)n[ vs&d]v
k&T&>bkm`ni[ aidS< (sÜ krvin) a[mi> s>Bivni rh[l) C[. aijni y&gmi> (vVni d[Si[ siY[
si(h(Ryk s>b>F ji[Dyi (vni pi[tini BiPini si(hRyni[ (vkis s>B(vt rHi[ nY). kirN k[
aijni sj<kn) c[tni v](Vk p(rv[Smi>, (vVÄyip) rijk)y, simi(jk, si>AkZ(tk, si(h(Ryk
p(rbLi[n) p\bL asr z)l)n[ j (vks[ an[ GDiy C[. aivi s>ji[gi[mi> t&lniRmk
52
si(hRyi¿yisn) sihiyY) dr[k BiPini si(hRyn[ aiRm(nr)xN kr) pi[tini si(hRymi>
nvi[ºm[P p\gT krvin), (vVni si(h(Ryk p\vihi[mi> a[k siY[ vh[ti rh)n[, pi[tin) S(kt-
smZ(Ü vFirvin) am*l tk mL[ C[.
ai p\kirni (v(SOT a¿yisY) si(hRyn) tYi (vVni Bivki[n) c[tnin) (x(tj
(vAtr[ C[. Bivki[n) s&r&(cni GDtrmi> a[ a¿yisY) s&gmti Yiy C[. si(hRy p\diY< (vS[n)
si(hRykir tYi Bivkn) smj, sãdyti s*Èmtin[ p\i¼t kr[ C[. s>k&(ct riOT^vid[ p\[r[li
ah>Biv, s>k)N< a(Amti, k[ (m¸Yi(Bminn[ AYin[, ai a¿yisY) aºy riOT^i[ni> si(hRyi[ trf
tTAYti, sd`Biv, sãdytini[ udir Ø(OTki[N k[Lviy C[ n[ aºy si(hRyi[n) (vlxNti k[
(vS[Ptini[ Av)kir kr)n[ pi[tini si(hRymi> rh[l) uNpi[, myi<diai[ vg[r[ d*r krvin) p\[rNi
mL[ C[. p\i>t)ytin) s>k&(ct (x(tji[ (vAtr[ C[ an[ prAprn) shin&B*(tni[ flk pN (vAtr[
C[. t&lniRmk a¹yyn Av$p an[ smAyiai[ nimni g\>Ymi> Diˆ. mni[rmi Smi< t&lniRmk
si(hRyn&> mh_vn) cci< krti kh[ C[:
� t&lniRmk a¿yis oiri a[v) (vS[Ptiai[ ujigr Yiy C[ j[ simiºy a¿yisY) s>Bv
nY).
� nvi s>dB< nvi $pmi> p\gT Yiy C[.
� BiPi an[ si(hRyni[ ghn s>b>F AYi(pt Yiy C[.
� aini oiri mn)ST^ºsl[Snmi> shiyti mL[ C[.
� pirAp(rk aidin-p\din oiri BiPiai[ an[ si(hRyi[n) (x(tji[ (vAtr[ C[.
� t&lniRmk a¿yis p*vi<g\hi[Y) m*(kt apiv[ C[.
� a[k j d[Sni (v(vF a[kmi[n[ prApr nJk aivvi miT[ p\i[Rsihn mL[ C[.
t&lniRmk s>Si[Fn oiri kZ(t k[ sj<kmi> sRyiºv[PN kr)n[ (nOkPi[<n&> nv& $p kiQvimi>
aiv[ C[. t&lniRmk s>Si[Fn mn&Oyni (vciri[, Bivi[ an[ simi(jk c[tnin&> dp<N C[. aigL
kh[ C[. ''t&lniRmk a¿yis Äy(ktRv, min(sk p\(k\yi, simi(jk, rijn](tk an[ si>AkZ(tk
(AY(t pr pN sirg(B<t Xini[ºm[Pk p\kiS piD) Sk[ C[.""51515151
53
p\At&t a¿yis miT[ ps>d krvimi> aiv[li[ (vPy: 'Birt)y nvlkYiai[mi> p\kZ(t an[
s>AkZ(t: a[k (vPyvAt&lx) t&lniRmk a¿yis: ps>dg)n) (vS[P kZ(tai[ni s>dB[<"mi> m&²y_v[
't_vm(s," 'air·yk," 'amZt[r s>tin," 'piNkLi," 'k&(r>J ki Shd," 'j>gl k[ f*l" an[
'pZ(Yb)r hi>h)" {Frt) k) hs)} a[m Birtni sit j&di j&di Bigi[n), sit j&d) j&d)
BiPiai[n), sit j&di> j&di> ar·y (vAtiri[n) kZ(tai[n[ siY[ siY[ m*k) ai kZ(tai[mi>
ail[Kiy[li p\kZ(t an[ s>AkZ(tni (n$pNn[ t[ni smg\lx) $pmi> jiNvi-miNvi-niNvini[
p\yRn C[. Birtn) (v(Bºn BiPiai[ni si(hRymi> j[ t[ BiPimi> p\kZ(t an[ s>AkZ(t (vPyk
(vcirNi Yt) rh) C[, a[n&> (n$pN Yt&> rH&> C[ a[n[ a[k) siY[ m*k) smºvyiRmk aY<GTn
kr), v](v¹ytimi> a[ktin) Si[F kr), (v(vF Bigi[n[ B[gi kr) a>KDtin) Si[F kr), sim&(hk
SiNpN trf g(t krvini[ an[ a[n[ aiFir[ Birt)ytin) (vBivnin[ ApOT krvini[ ud[Æy
C[. j[Y) Birtmi> rh[l) v](v¹ytimi> a[kti an[ a>KDtin) Si[F kr) Skiy. a[j r)t[ j[n[
aipN[ p\Ym minv)y Äy(kt_v kh) Sk)a[ a[vi ai(dvis)ai[, a[mn) s>AkZ(t, jit jitn)
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54
K>DK>DK>DK>D----2:2:2:2: K>DK>DK>DK>D----2: t&lniRmk si(hRy2: t&lniRmk si(hRy2: t&lniRmk si(hRy2: t&lniRmk si(hRy:::: a¿yisx[#i an[ (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisx[#i an[ (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisx[#i an[ (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisx[#i an[ (vPyvAt&lx)
a¿yis:a¿yis:a¿yis:a¿yis: 1.1.1.1.2.12.12.12.1.... pppp\\\\iiiiAtiAtiAtiAti((((vvvvkkkk:::: 1.1.1.1.2.22.22.22.2.... t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yisx[#i:t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yisx[#i:t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yisx[#i:t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yisx[#i: p\Biv k[ asrni[ a¿yis, siØÆyni[ a¿yis, pr>prini[ a¿yis,
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55
K>DK>DK>DK>D: : : : 2222
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1.1.1.1.2.1:2.1:2.1:2.1: pppp\\\\iiiiAtiAtiAtiAti((((vvvvkkkk::::
aipN[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn) (v(vF Äyi²yiai[ni aiFir[ t[ni Av$pn) cci< kr). a[
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(vAtir) d)F&>.""52525252
1.1.1.1.2.2: 2.2: 2.2: 2.2: t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yist&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yist&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yist&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yis x[#i:x[#i:x[#i:x[#i:
t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a¿yis x[#i a[k d[S, kiL k[ BiPi p*rt&> myi<(dt nY).
t&lnivid) a[k si(hRyni[ aºy si(hRyni s>dB<mi> an[ aivÆykti an&sir aºy kliai[,
(vXini[, smij(vwiai[ vg[r[ni s>dB<mi> pN (vcir kr[ C[. t&lnivid) si(hRyi[, sj<ki[ k[
sj<ni[n[ e(this, (vv[cn, t_vXin vg[r[ni s>dB<mi> tpis[ C[. k(vti k[ si(hRyni[ s>g)t,
56
(SÃp, AYipRy, nZRy, (c#i vg[r[ aºy kliai[ siY[ni[ s>b>F a[ K*b rsp\d (vPy C[.
hi[ÃDrl)n, r[Àbi[ an (rÃk[n) k[Tl)k kiÄykZ(tai[ (SÃp an[ AYipRykliai[ oiri p\[(rt C[.
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avkiS rh[. g&jrit) si(hRymi> ~)FriN)a[ mi[ni(lsini (c#in[ ji[E k(vti lK),
a[pi[l)n[rn) k(vti k[ g&lim mi[hÀmd S[Kn) 'aYvi"n) an[k k(vtiai[ pr (c#iklini[
p\Biv vrtiy C[. yi[s[f mƒkvinn&> a[k kiÄy '(mlc)mn)ai[" k[ j[mi> (c#iiRmktini[ ai~y
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a¿yis smijSiA#ini p(rp\[Èymi> yYiY< qrS[.
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YE Sk[. sj<ki[ an[ ai>di[lni[ vµc[ni s>b>Fi[ krti>y[ si(hRy an[ Jvn vµc[ni[ s>b>F vFir[
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ai upri>t t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yis x[#imi> n)c[n) bibti[n[ smiv[S kr) Skiy.
pppp\\\\Biv k[ asrni[ a¿yis:Biv k[ asrni[ a¿yis:Biv k[ asrni[ a¿yis:Biv k[ asrni[ a¿yis: t[mi> b[ (Bºn an[ t&lnixm bibti[ j[mn) asr pD) C[ t[
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mhiBirtni[ g&jrit) nvlkYi pr p\Bivn) vit kr)a[ Ryir[ 'a(³nkºyi,"
57
'kZONivtir," 'miFv kyi>y nY)" k[ 'gi[k&L," 'mY&ri" vg[r[ nvlkYiai[ni[
a¿yis YE Sk[. 1968mi> siymn z[n[ ti[ 'p\Biv"n[ t&lniRmk si(hRyni
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si(hRymi> k(v kiºt, ºhinilil, umiS>kr ji[P), s&ºdrm`, rij[ºW Sih, uSns`
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sj<nn[ uRkZOT bniÄy&> C[ j. aiY) aivi sj<ki[ni si(hRyni a¿yismi>
58
pr>prini[ a¿yis an[k Ø(OTa[ upkirk n)vD) Sk[. Birtn) (Bºn (Bºn
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pN t&lniRmk a¿yis YE Sk[. b>giL)mi> S(SB*PN disg&¼tia[ t[mni
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ai p\kirni a¿yisY) an&vidn) smAyiai[ni[ p(rcy Yiy C[. t&lnivid)
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59
C[ t[ni[ pN a¿yis krvini[ rh[ C[. aimi> aY<n) siY[ siY[ BiPiS]l)ni,
aikirni, Av$pni, si>AkZ(tk s>dBi[<ni m&Ñiai[n[ pN tpisvini rh[ C[. ai
sjjti miT[ t&lnivid)a[ mi#i ''(o-BiP)"" j n(h pN ''(o-si>AkZ(tk""
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60
1.1.1.1.2.3: 2.3: 2.3: 2.3: (vPyvAt&lx) {(vPyvAt&lx) {(vPyvAt&lx) {(vPyvAt&lx) {Thematic} a¿yis an[ t[n&> } a¿yis an[ t[n&> } a¿yis an[ t[n&> } a¿yis an[ t[n&>
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vAt&, aY<, (vPy, Biv k[ rs C[. (vPyn[ smjivti 'bZhd` g&jrit) ki[S"mi> kh[vimi> aiÄy&>
C[ k[ (vPy a[Tl[ E(ºWy-g\iH pdiY<, (vcirvi k[ BNivin) vAt&. vAt& a[Tl[ k[ 'niTy kYi
kiÄy vg[r[ni m*L p\s>g, vZ_i, ¼li[T," 'kºT[ºT" ai(d gNvimi> aiv[ C[. an&B*(t a[ j kZ(tn&>
a>tAt_v C[. a>g\[Jmi> themeni pyi<y$p[ 'subject," 'subject-matter," 'content,"
'substance," 'motive," 'invention," 'significant" 'theme," 'matter," 'meaning,"
'value," 'experience," 'feeling" a[vi S¾di[Y) dSi<vvimi> aiv[ C[. 'Y)m" a[Tl[, bibt k[
61
p\krN. am&k (vPy pr lK[li[ (nb>F. kiÄy k[ s>g)t rcnini[ (vPy a[vi[ aY< s*cviyi[ C[.
'aY<," 'vAt&," '(vPy," 'kYivAt&" j[vi S¾di[ s>AkZt-g&jrit)mi> p\c(lt C[.
si(hRyni[ (vPy minv an[ ai p\kZ(t C[. sj<k minvJvn an[ aij&bij&ni
vitivrNmi>Y) vAt& {plot}n) ps>dg) kr[ C[. ~) Brt qikr a[mni p&Atk 'g&jrit)
si(hRyp\kiri[-avi<c)n"mi> ni[>F[ C[: ''vAt& a[Tl[ nvlkYini[ m&²y k[ºWvt)< (vcir, j[ a[n&>
kl[vr, j[n) aij&bij& viti< g*>YiE C[ a[n[ aipN[ vAt&, (vPy, (vcir gm[ t[ nim aip)a[
pN t[ nvlkYini[ aiRmi C[.""55555555 si(hRykir vAt&n[ ai[p aip) si(hRyn&> sj<n kr[ C[.
si(hRykir pi[tin) kZ(t miT[ j[ vAt&n) ps>dg) krti[ hi[y C[ t[ni[ aiFir t[n) r&(c an[ Ø(OT
pr avl>(bt hi[y C[. si(hRykirni (vPyni vt&<Lmi> pi]ri(Nk, a](thi(sk, simi(jk,
c]t(sk k[ v]y(ktk a[m gm[ t[ (vPyn[ vAt& tr)k[ lE kZ(t rc[ C[. si(hRykZ(tn) a[Tl[ k[
nvlkYi, niTk, T*>k)viti< vg[r[n&> sj<n krti[ si(hRykir t[mi> (vPy, vAt&n) siY[ siY[
kÃpnini[ pN upyi[g kr[ C[.
1.1.1.1.2.5: 2.5: 2.5: 2.5: (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis:(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis:(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis:(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis:
ah)> (vPyvAt&lx) (vPyn) cci< Diˆ. F)r& pr)K (l(Kt 't&lniRmk si(hRy"ni
aiFir[ t]yir krvimi> aiv) C[. (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis a[ t&lniRmk si(hRyn&> a[k K*b j
K[DiN pim[l&> a¿yis x[#i C[. t&lnivid) (v(vF d[S, kiL, BiPini sj<ki[n) kZ(tai[mi> j[
(vPyvAt&ai[ {Themes} (n$piyi[ hi[y C[ t[n[ pi[tini a¿yismi> aivr) l[ti[ hi[y C[. a[k
j (vPy (vS[ j&d)-j&d) BiPini si(hRykiri[ a[ j&d)-j&d) kZ(tai[n) rcni kr) hi[y a[ni[
jyir[ a¿yis krvimi> aiv[ a[n[ (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis kh[viy. (vPyvAt&ni aivi
a¿yisn[ Thematics k[ Themotology {(vPyvAt&SiA#i} kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. jm<n BiPimi>
a[n[ ' Stoffgeschichte" kh[ C[. ai jm<n simi(sk S¾d b[ pdi[ni[ bn[li[ C[. Stoff {ATi[f}
a[Tl[ k[ (vPy an[ Geschichte {g[(SAT[} a[Tl[ e(this. t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yis)
miT[ (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis GNi[ mh_vni[ bn) rh[ C[. a[k j (vPyvAt&mi>Y) (Bºn-(Bºn
62
si(hRykZ(tai[ (Bºn-(Bºn BiPiai[mi> (nmi<N pim[ a[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis krvimi> aiv[
Ryir[ a[k j (vPy pr_v[ni b[ Ø(OTki[Nni[ p(rcy Yiy C[.
aipNi a¿yis x[#imi> aipN[ (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis {Themetic-study}x[#i
Av)kiy&† hi[viY) (vPyn[ k[ (vPyvAt&n[ k[ºWmi> riKvini[ p\yRn kr)S&>. (vPyvAt&SiA#ini
a¿yismi> (vPyvAt&ai[n) siY[ kYi GTki[ {Motifs}ni[ a¿yis pN ap[(xt C[. ulr)S
viEATn kh[ C[ t[m: ''Motifs and themes however are thematological categories
rather than units of meaning.""56565656 viEATn (vPyvAt&SiA#imi> (vPy an[ (vPyvAt&
{subject, matter and theme} upri>t kYiGTk {Motif}, p(r(AY(t {Situation}, kÃpn
{Image}, lxN {Trait} vg[r[ni[ smiv[S kr[ C[. a[s.a[s. p\vr pi[tini g\>Ymi> ni[>F[ C[ k[
(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis a[ t&lnivid) a¿yis)ai[ni[ pi[t)ki[ an[ min)ti[ (vPy C[. p\vr kh[
C[: ''Comparing Brecht’s version of a theme and form he found in Shelley
(Who had himself adapted themes and forms form Petrarch and the Bible)
brought us into a domain in which comparatists have always felt very much at
home, despite repeated efforts to drive theme out of it, that of ‘thematics,’
‘thematology’ or stoffgeschichte."" p\vr (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yismi> pi>c bibti[ni[
smiv[S kr[ C[: {1} p\ikZ(tk GTni, {2} kYi GTki[, {3} p(r(AY(tai[, {4} vg<p\(t(n(Fai[
an[ {5} p&riN-e(this vg[r[n) pi#isZ(OT.57575757 smZÜ si(hRykZ(tmi> a[ni tmim GTk avyvi[
aºyi[ºy siY[ s>b>F Friv[ C[. a[km[k siY[ sJvpN[ s>kLiy[li hi[y C[ an[ bFi gi]N
ligti> GTk avyvi[ j[n[ aipN[ m&²y avyv kh)a[ C)a[, t[n) siY[ s>b>F Friv[ C[. ai
bFi> GTk avyvi[ vµc[ pN ci[Ês (vBijk r[Ki di[rvin&> m&Æk[l bn[ C[.
1.1.1.1.2.5.1: 2.5.1: 2.5.1: 2.5.1: pppp\\\\ikZ(tk GTni:ikZ(tk GTni:ikZ(tk GTni:ikZ(tk GTni:
pZ¸v), piN), t[j, viy& an[ aikiS ai pi>c t_vmi>Y) p\kZ(t bn[l) C[. p\BivSiL)
sj<k si(hRysj<n miT[ ai t_vi[n[ pi[tin) E(ºWyi[ oiri stt g\hN krti[ hi[y C[. a[ jyir[
ki[E klikZ(tn&> (nmi<N krvi b[s[ Ryir[ a[ s>(ct Ciyi[ {Impressions}ni[ yYi[(ct upyi[g
krti[ hi[y C[. a[mi> pv<ti[, vni[, sm&W, nd)ai[, zrNi>ai[ j[vi> p\ikZ(tk t_vi[ni[ upyi[g kr)
63
si(hRykZ(tmi> ail[Kti[ hi[y C[. p\kZ(tmi> bnt) GTniai[ pN ah)> a¿yisni[ (vPy bn)
Sk[. Frt)k>p, jviLim&K), a(tvZ(OT, vnmi> lig[l divinL k[ vivizi[D&>, d&kiL vg[r[ p\ikZ(tk
GTniai[ni[ (v(Bºn BiPiai[ni sj<ki[ k[v) r)t[ (v(nyi[g kr[ C[ t[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis YE
Sk[. aiv) GTniai[n) AY*L up(AY(t kZ(tn[ kliRmk Ø(OTa[ k[Tl) upkirk n)vD) C[ t[ pN
tpisni[ a[k m&Ñi[ C[. p\vr[ ti[ kH&&> C[ k[: ''aiv) GTniai[n) si(h(Ryk rj*ait-literary
representation-j t&lnivid)n[ mn mh_vn) C[.""58585858
uprn) rj*ait ji[ti aipN[ k[Tli>k udihrNi[ ji[E ai vitn[ tpisvini[ p\yRn
kr)a[. g&jrit) nvlkYikir pºnilil pT[l[ 'minv)n) BviE"mi> kr[l&> B)PN d&kiLn&>
(n$pN, ETi(lyn nvlkYikir E³ni(zyi[ (sli[n)a[ 'fi[ºtimiri" nvlkYimi> kr[l&> B*K an[
d&kiLn&> vN<n tYi nT h[msn nimni sj<k[ 'F) h>gr" {B*>D) B*K}mi> kr[l&> B*K an[ d&kiLn&>
vN<n, kiºd&crN mhi>(tn) 'sji"mi> ai[(rAsimi> j[ By>kr d&kiL pDyi[ hti[ t[n&> (n$pN C[.
a[ cir[y kZ(tai[ni[ (vPyvAt&lx) t&lniRmk a¿yis YE Sk[. 'minv)n) BviE"mi> d&kiLn&>
j[ (n$pN Yy&> C[ t[ a[n) (c#iiRmkti miT[ ¹yin K[c[ C[ t[Tl&> j C*Ti pD) gy[li> niyk-
ni(ykin[ j[ B*(mki pr B[gi kr[ C[ an[ pC) j[ GTniai[ sji<y C[ t[mi> m&²y aiFir$p bn[
C[ t[ l[K[ pN ni[>Fpi#i C[. a[j r)t[ am[(rkn nvlkYikir anƒAT h[(m>³vƒn) nvlkYi 'F)
ai[ÃDm[n aƒºD F) s)" {The oldman and the sea}, g&jrit) nvlkYikir g&Nv>triy
aiciy<n) nvlkYi 'd(ryilil" k[ F\&v BÍn) nvlkYi 'sm&Wi>(tk["mi> j[ sm&Wni[ sm&(ct
(v(nyi[g kyi[< C[, a[ nvlkYiai[n[ lEn[ pN t&lniRmk si(hRyni[ a¿yis) nvlkYin)
rcnimi> Yy[li sm&Wni (v(nyi[gni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis kr) Sk[. aim sj<k p\ikZ(tk GTnini[
kE r)t[ an[ Si miT[ upyi[g kr[ C[ t[ pN a¿yisv&> rsp\d YE pD[. ai B*(mki pr j ah)>
ai a¿yismi> 't_vm(s" {g&jrit)}, 'air·yk" {b>giL)}, 'amZt[r s>tin" {ai[(Dyi},
'piNkLi" {mriq)}, 'k&(r>J ki Shd" {t(ml}, 'j>gl k[ f*l" {(hºd)} an[ 'pZ(Yb)r hi>Nh)"
{as(myi} a[m sit[ BiPin) sit[ kZ(tai[mi> pZ¸v), piN), t[j, viy& an[ aikiS j[vi>
p>cmhiB*ti[ k[v&> ail[Kn piÀyi> C[ t[ni[ a¿yis krvi Fiyi[< C[. minv) y>#i(vXinni[ ai~y
64
lE p\kZ(tmi>Y) s>AkZ(t trf g(t krti[ rHi[ C[ a[Tl[ ai a¿yismi> mi#i p\kZ(t n(h pN
s>AkZ(tni[ a¿yis pN smivvini[ Eridi[ ri²yi[ C[.
p\vr[ ai j m&Ñimi> b)J b[ bibti[ trf ¹yin di[y&† C[:
{I} minv a(AtRvn) SiVt hk)kti[
{II} vt<nni> snitn minv)y p\âi[ an[ p\Yiai[
{{{{I} minv a(AtRvn) SiVt hk)kti[:} minv a(AtRvn) SiVt hk)kti[:} minv a(AtRvn) SiVt hk)kti[:} minv a(AtRvn) SiVt hk)kti[:
p\vr ain[ 'eternal facts of human existence……"59595959 kh) C[. minv
a(AtRvn) aiTl) hk)kti[mi> p\vr Av¼n, mZRy& vg[r[ni[ smiv[S kr[ C[. ai hk)kti[ni[
(v(nyi[g si(hRykir pi[tin) rcnimi> k[v) r)t[ kr[ C[ an[ a[ oiri S&> (sÜ kr[ C[ t[ni[
t&lniRmk a¿yis kr) Skiy. D[kit<, (vT`j[ºAT)n k[ f\i[ED j[vi> (c>tki[-(vcirki[ k[
minsSiA#i)ai[ Av¼nn) vit kr[ an[ ki[E sj<k kr[ t[mi> GNi[ tfivt rh[ C[. riF[Æyim
Smi<n) nvlkYi 'Av¼nt)Y<"mi> Av¼nni[ kr[li[ upyi[g t[mj r(Syn kYil[Kk di[Ati[
a[ÄAk)n) viti< 'F) D^)m aiƒv a (r(Dky&ls mƒn"mi> Av¼nni[ upyi[g-ai b>n[ nvlkYini[
t&lniRmk a¿yis YE Sk[. t[mn) t&lni krviY) b>n[ si(hRykiri[n) sj<ktini[, sj<n rhAy
{motive} an[ kiy< p\yi[jnini[ {motivation} ²yil aivS[. a[j r)t[ mZRy&ni[ (vPy pN
an[k sj<ki[ Kpmi> l[ C[. aiÃb[r kim*n) (v²yit nvlkYi 'F) aiuTsiEDr," g&jrit) sj<k
s&r[S ji[P)n) lG&nvl 'mrNi[_ir" an[ (hºd) nvlkYikir aX[yJn) 'apn[ apn[
ajnb)" nvlkYimi> ail[Kiy[li mZRy& k[ (Svrim kir>t r(ct 'mZRy& pC)" nvlkYimi>
ail[Kiy[l mZRy& pC) Si[F) kiQ[l) sµciEn) kYi, k[ j[mi> l[Kk[ mZt Äy(ktni piCL rh)
gy[li> pglini (nSinni[ p)Ci[ kr), pi[tini smZÜ an&Bvi[n&> mi(m<k byin kr)n[ Jvnni
g*Q dS<nn[ viti<mi> vN) l)F&> C[ t[n) t&lni krviY) cir[y sj<ki[a[ kr[li mZRy&n) SiVt
hk)ktni[ (v(nyi[g a[mn) sj<kp\(tBi an[ sj<k km< pr Si[ p\kiS piYr[ C[ t[ni[ ²yil
aivS[.
{{{{II} vt<nni>} vt<nni>} vt<nni>} vt<nni> snitn minv)y p snitn minv)y p snitn minv)y p snitn minv)y p\\\\âi[ an[ pâi[ an[ pâi[ an[ pâi[ an[ p\\\\Yiai[: Yiai[: Yiai[: Yiai[:
65
p\vr ain[ 'perennial human problems and patterns of behaviour."60606060 tr)k[
ai[LKiv[ C[. ai m&Ñi a>tg<t t[ai[ cir bibti[ smiv[ C[: {1} B\i>(t an[ viAtv vµc[ni[
s>GP< {conflict between illusion and reality…}, {2} (ny(tn) s_ii {power of
destiny}, {3} sici p\[mn) ksi[T) {the crossing of true love…}, {4} Äy(Bcir
{libertinage}. fƒli[bT<n) 'midim bi[vr)," svi<ºT)sn) kZ(t 'Din (khi[T[," k[ c&n)lil
m(Dyin) nv(lki 'kikv>¹y," an[ rv)ºWniY Tigi[rn&> (v²yit niTk '(c#iigdi"mi> B\i>(t an[
viAtvni[ s>GP< Ø(OTgi[cr Yiy C[. 'riyni[ pv<t," 'E(Dps F) r[ks," 'n hºyt[" an[ v)n[S
a>tiN)n) nvlkYi '(p\yjn"mi> (ny(tn) s_iin&> ail[Kn ji[vi mL[ C[. 'Sik&>tl," 'F)
T[Àp[AT," 'ri[(myi[ an[ j*(lyT," 'h)rri>zi," 'S[l) (vjiN>d" k[ 'mL[li Jv"mi> sãdyi[ni
sici p\[mn) ksi[T) ji[vi mL[ C[. S)lBWn) 'si>z k) b[li m[>"mi> (n$piy[l p\[m(vh)n yi]n-
s>pk<-s>b>F, li[D< biyrnni 'Diƒn j*an", di[Ati[ a[ÄAk)n) 'F) (Dsg\[sf&l af[r" k[ b&Üd[v
bs&n) (vvidiApd b>giL) nvlkYi 'rit Br[ vZ(OT"mi> A#i)p&r&P s>b>F s>dB[< Äyi(BcirpNin&>
j[ (n$pN Yy&> C[ t[ pN t&lni miT[n) rsp\d simg\) C[.
1.1.1.1.2.5.2: 2.5.2: 2.5.2: 2.5.2: kYiGTki[:kYiGTki[:kYiGTki[:kYiGTki[:
kYiGTki[ k[ GTki>Si[ {Motifs} (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisn) b)J mh_vn) bibt C[.
m&²y_v[ li[ksi(hRymi> aivti kYiGTki[ni[ an[ a[ni n*tn Av$p[ Yy[li avi<c)n
(v(nyi[gni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis krvimi> aiv[ C[. AT)Y YiƒÀpsn[ li[kviti<mi> aivti>
kYiGTki[n[ #iN (vBigmi> vg)<kZt kr[ C[.
{k} kYimi> kiy<rt lix(Nk pi#ii[
{K} kYin) B*(mkimi> (AYt agÀy, ai(Fd](vk t_vi[
{g} kYimi> aivt) ki[E C*T) (vlxN GTni
F)r& pr)K kh[ C[: ''pr), rixs, DikN, v[Æyi, pi[pT ai(d px) k[ aºy p\iN), Si[ky ai(d
pi#ii[ ph[li> (vBigmi> aiv[, ti[ vh[m-$(Qai[, (nSin) $p m&(Wki k[ a[v) ki[E c)j, UDt)
S[tr>J k[ jid*E fins vg[r[ b)ji (vBigmi> aiv[ an[ pisin) rmt j[v) ki[E (vlxN C*T)
GTni #i)ji (vBigmi> aiv) Sk[.""61616161 udihrN l[K[ a[k GTki>S {Motifs}ni[ (vcir kr)a[.
66
(vK*Ti> pD[li> Avjni[n&> (mln Yiy t[ p*v[< prAprn[ ai[L²yi vgr pN t[ai[ a[k p\kirn&>
aikP<N an&Bv[ a[ GTki>Sni[ (v(nyi[g li[ksi(hRy an[ (SOT si(hRymi> an[k kZ(tai[mi>
Yy[li[ ji[E Skiy C[. j[m k[, BvB*(tn&> 'u_irrimc(rt," mhik(v ki(ldis kZt 'a(BXin
Sik&>tlm`," m[¸y& aini[<ÃD r(ct 'si[rib aƒºD r&Atm" an[ 'nLi²yin" vg[r[mi>.
upri[kt cir[ rcniai[mi> GTki>S smin C[, t[m Cti> p\Ry[k rcni pi[tin) aigv)
(v(SOTti Friv[ C[. kirN k[ dr[k kZ(tmi> GTki>Sn&> kiy<-p\yi[jn {motivation} (Bºn (Bºn
C[. cir[y kZ(tai[mi> minvJvnn) sip[xtia[ p\AtZt GTki>Sn) (vPygt cmRkZ(t sji<y C[.
a[k j GTki>Sn) klip\y&(ktmi> cir sj<ki[a[ v](SOTy an[ v](v¹y p\gT ky&† C[. ai r)t[
t&lnivid) (vPyvAt&ni a¿yismi> kYiGTki[ni[ k[ GTki>Si[ni[ a¿yis krti[ hi[y C[.
viti<mi> viti< kh[vini> GTki>Sni[ (v(nyi[g pN (vVni an[k si(hRykiri[a[
pi[tpi[tin) rcniai[mi> kyi[< C[, a[ni[ pN t&lniRmk si(hRymi> C*T) (vlxN GTni tr)k[
a¿yis YE Sk[. m¹ykil)n g&jrit) si(hRyni smY< k(v SimL BÍn) s>²yib>F
pwviti<ai[mi>, pºnilil pT[ln) nvlkYi 'minv)n) BviE"ni CÎ&> p\krN 'bivin) l>gi[T)"
tYi gi[vF<nrimn) rcni 'srAvt)cºW"mi> srAvt)cºWni gZhRyig pC) t[ni[ (m#i cºWki>t
srAvt)cºWni (pti lÈm)n>dn aigL ckli ckl)n) aiDkYi kh[ C[. ai #iN[ sj<ki[n)
p\s>gkYin) (n$pN r)(t an[ kiy<p\yi[jni k[vi (Bºn C[ a[ t&lniRmk a¿yis oiri jiN)
Skiy.
1.1.1.1.2.5.3: 2.5.3: 2.5.3: 2.5.3: p(r(AY(tai[: p(r(AY(tai[: p(r(AY(tai[: p(r(AY(tai[:
p\vr j[n[ p(r(AY(tai[ {situations} kh[ C[ t[ni[ a¿yis pN ai (vPyvAt&ni
a¿yis x[#in) myi<dimi> j aiv) jiy C[. (ptip&#i vµc[ni[ s>GP<, b[ p\[m)ai[n&> am&k p\hir[
mLv&> k[ C*Ti> pDv&>, snitn p\Ny(#iki[N j[v) p(r(AY(tai[ (v(vF d[SkiLn) kZ(tai[mi>
avirnvir (c(#it Yt) hi[y C[. Tigi[rn) rcni 'Gr[bi(hr[," Srdbib&n) 'd[vdis,"
gi[vF<nrimn) 'srAvt)cºW" k[ pºnilil pT[ln) 'mL[li Jv," (vVniY sRyniriyN r(ct
'a[kv)ri" j[v) nvlkYiai[-ai bF) kZ(tai[mi> p\Ny(#iki[Nn) p(r(AY(tni (Bºn (Bºn
(AYRy>tri[ t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yis (vPy bn) Sk[ C[.
67
r.(v. piqkn) viti< 'm&k&ºdriy"mi> k[ biEbln) 'uDiu d)kri[" viti<mi> (ptip&#ini[
s>GP< ail[Kiyi[ C[. a](thi(sk GTni (n$pNn[ k[ºWmi> riK)n[ lKiy[l) rcniai[ pN ai
p\kir[ (vPyvAt&n) Ø(OTa[ a¿yispi#i bn) Sk[ C[. j&di-j&di s>ji[gi[mi>, j&di>-j&di>
p(rbLi[Y) j&d)-j&d) p(r(AY(tai[n&> sj<n Yiy an[ t[n&> j&di-j&di Ø(OTki[NY) (n$pN Yiy
a[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis YE Sk[. m&Ãkrij ain>dn) viti< 'F liƒAT ciEÃD"mi>, p\[mc>dJn)
(hºd) viti< 'Edgih"mi> an[ pºnilil pT[ln) nvlkYi 'mL[li Jv"mi> m[Lin)
p(r(AY(tni[ upyi[g kriyi[ C[ ai #iN[ rcnimi> m[Lin&> kiy<p\yi[jn {motivation} j&d&> j&d&>
C[. ai Ø(OTa[ #iN[y kZ(tni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis YE Sk[.
1.1.1.1.2.5.4: 2.5.4: 2.5.4: 2.5.4: vg<pvg<pvg<pvg<p\\\\(t(n(Fai[: (t(n(Fai[: (t(n(Fai[: (t(n(Fai[:
p\vr[ ci[Yi[ a¿yisni[ m&Ñi[ vg<p\(t(n(F$p pi#ii[ {types}ni[ gNiÄyi[ C[. smijmi>
k[Tl)k Äy(ktai[ pi[tini k[Tli>k lxNi[n[ kirN[ ci[kks vg<mi> (vBi(jt YE jt) ji[vi mL[
C[. vg<p\(t(n(F$p pi#ii[mi> Äyiysi(yk pi#ii[, smijni (v(vF Xi(tvg<ni pi#ii[, (v(SOT
smij Jvnr)(tn&> p\(t(n(FRv krti> pi#ii[, riji, p\Fini[, p\vis)ai[, v[pir)ai[, Sh)di[,
Dik&ai[, ai>tkvid)ai[, ~mJv)ai[, (Sxki[, k\i>(tkir)ai[, klikiri[ vg[r[ pN aiv) Sk[. bFi
j smY< si(hRykiri[ t[mn) si(hRysZ(OTmi> aivi> pi#ii[n&> sj<n krti hi[y C[. zv[rc>d
m[GiN)a[ 'miNsiEni d)vi"mi> k[ b>giL) sj<k jris>G[ 'ujLi> pDCiyi kiL) Bi[>y"mi>
g&n[giri[n) sZ(OT ail[K) C[. a[ bºn[ kZ(tai[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis YE Sk[. gi[vG<nrim[
'srAvt)cºW" nvlkYimi> an[ Tigi[r[ 'gi[ri" nvlkYimi> BivniS)l an[ aidS< y&vinn&>
c(r#i-(c#iN ky&† C[ t[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis YE Sk[.
1.1.1.1.2.5.5: 2.5.5: 2.5.5: 2.5.5: p&riNp&riNp&riNp&riN----e(this ai(dn) pi#isZ(OT:e(this ai(dn) pi#isZ(OT:e(this ai(dn) pi#isZ(OT:e(this ai(dn) pi#isZ(OT: pi]ri(Nk-p\ic)n si(hRy, e(this k[ d>tkYini si(hRymi>Y) p\c(lt Yy[li> (vS[P
pi#ii[n[ pN (v(vF sj<ki[ pi[tin) kZ(tai[mi> nv) Ø(OTY) an[ nvi Av$p[ ki[E (vS[P
p\yi[jnY) ail[K[ C[. ai p\kirn) (v(vF d[SkiLn) kZ(tai[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis m*LA#ii[t
siY[ kr) Skiy. Birt)y si(hRymi> kZON, rim, pi>Dvi[, d&yi[<Fn, kN<, rivN, Wi]pd), nL-
dm>yt), Uv<S), (vVi(m#i, prS&rim, b&Ü, mhiv)r ai(d an[k pi#ii[ ai vg<mi> aiv) Sk[.
68
Tigi[r r(ct 'kN<-k&>t) s>vid," umiS>kr ji[P) r(ct 'kN<-kZON" an[ (dnkr kZt 'r(ÆmrY)"
kiÄy, (SviJ siv>t kZt 'mZRy&j>y" nvlkYi an[ mhiBirtn&> 'kN<"n&> pi#i-aim upri[kt
pi>c[ kZ(tai[mi> kN<n&> j[ r)t[ ail[Kn Yy&> C[ t[mi> pi[tpi[tin) p\(tBin) (v(SOTtiai[ k[v)
r)t[ p\gT kr) C[ t[ni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis YE Sk[. p&riN-e(thisn) pi#isZ(OT mhd`a>S[ vF&
fLdiy) n)vD[ C[. p\(sÜ an[ (vS[P nimFir) pi#ii[ni[ jyir[ b[ sj<ki[ upyi[g kr[ C[ Ryir[
aiv) sj<niRmk kZ(tai[mi> t&lniRmk a¿yisn[ a>t[ ji[vin&> ti[ a[ hi[y C[ k[ j[ t[ sj<kni
sici sj<niRmk Äy(kt_vni[ a[mi>Y) k[vi[ p(rcy si>pD[ C[. ai miT[ p\vr jNiv[ C[: ''… …
the true protagonist is rather the creative personality of each separate poet
who has given to the old figure and fable its new shape and content.""62626262 {j*ni
pi#i an[ j*n) li[kviti<n[ nvi[ aikir an[ nv&> a>tAtRv bxnir p\Ry[k pZYk` k(vn&>
sj<niRmk Äy(ktRv j blk[ sici[ niyk C[.} si(hRy sj<k Xit Äy(ktai[ni[ nvi[ avtir
Si miT[ GD[ C[ t[ smjivti vs>t bipT kh[ C[: ''t[mni Äy(ktRv pr nvi[ p\kiS niKvi miT[
aYvi t[mni Äy(ktRv pr nvi[ aºvyiY< krvi miT[; ki[E ki[E vir li[kmiºy smjNn&>
(nrsn kr)n[ a[kdm (vr&Ü Av$pn&> (c#i (nmi<N krvi miT[.""63636363 l[Kk aiv&> Si miT[ kr[ C[ t[
smjivti aigL kh[ C[: ''aiv) p\(sÜ Äy(ktai[ni> c(r#ii[mi>Y) k[Tli>k SiVt, fr) fr)n[
p\gT Yti>, aY<gB< sRyi[ {constants} si>pDti hi[y C[ a[vi[ aipNn[ (vVis hi[y C[.""64646464
pi]ri(Nk pi#ii[ni (c#iNmi> aiF&(nk smAyiai[ni[ bi[F Yiy C[. S>b*k, a[klÄy k[ aijni
d(lti[, ai bFini p\âi[ ti[ a[k j C[. a[k p&riNkYin[ b[ l[Kki[ k[v) r)t[ upyi[g kr[ C[ t[ni[
t&lniRmk a¿yis Yiy ti[ a[ bºn[ l[Kki[n) (v(SOTtiai[ni[ an[ sim¸y<ni[ bi[F Yiy. ai
bºn[ l[Kki[ smkil)n hi[y k[ b[ (Bºn BiPini hi[y t[ j$r) nY). vs>t bipT kh[ C[:''a[k
j p&riNkYi k[ p\iN)kYini[ d&(nyini b[ (Bºn BiPini l[Kki[ upyi[g kr[ C[ Ryir[ d[S-kiLn)
j&d) p(r(AY(tn[ kirN[ t[mni> si(hRyi[n[ k[vi> j&di> p(rmiNi[ p\i¼t Yiy C[ t[ ji[v&> vF&
ud`bi[Fk qr[ C[.""65656565
(vPyvAt&ni[ a¿yis krt) vKt[ t&lnivid)a[ (v(vF sj<ki[n) (v(vF (vPyi[n)
mivjt pr j aiKr[ ai>gL) m*kvin) hi[y C[. mhin sj<ki[ GTki>S, vg<p\(t(n(F$p pi#ii[,
69
p(r(AY(tai[, p&riNkÃpni[ ai(d bFi>ni[ j y&gvt` g*>YN) krti[ hi[y C[. aivi (kAsimi>
t&lnivid)a[ pi[tini a¿yisn[ a>t[ sj<kn) sj<ktia[ (vPyvAt&n) bF) j simg\)ni[
pi[tin) r)t[ k[vi[ upyi[g kyi[< C[ t[ tpis) a[ sj<ktin&> j aiKr[ m*Ãyi>kn krvin&> rh[ C[.
(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis (vS[ vs>t bipT kh[ C[: ''si(hRyni (vPy (v(SOT
kÃpnib)ji[mi>Y) (vk(st Yiy C[ t[n&> hv[ a[k nv&> SiA#i j (nmi<N Yy&> C[. ai (vAt&b)j-
(vkiSSiA#i {Thematics} t&lniRmk si(hRyi¿yis) miT[ (vS[P mh_vn&> C[; kirN a[k j
vAt&b)jmi>Y) (Bºn (Bºn si(hRykZ(t an[ t[ pN (Bºn (Bºn BiPiai[mi> (nmi<N Yiy C[
t[Y) t[mni[ a¿yis a(tSy ud`bi[Fk qr[ C[.""66666666 ai vAt&b)ji[n&> AY*L vg)<krN aipti
vs>t bipT n)c[ni> vg)<krNi[ s*cv[ C[:
1. (nsg< an[ t[ s>b>F) miNsn) p\(t(k\yi a[Tl[ k[ nd)ai[, sm&W, pv<t, vivizi[Di>,
vnAp(t, p\iN)Jvn vg[r[ni s>b>Fmi> Yti[ min(sk p\(tBiv.
2. jºmmZRy&, jriÄyi(F, Av¼n, Bis a[vi> minv Jvnni> snitn sRyi[n) Si[F; minv
Jvnni yxp\âi[ni> an[ minv vt<nni (v(c#i (c#ii[ni> Av$pi[ ji[vi; sRy an[
B\mni[ s>GP< an&Bvvi[; miNs an[ (ny(tni[ s>GP< an[ t[mn) hirJt s*(ct
krv); Kri p\)(tBivn) yi[giyi[gjºy (nOfLti aTL hi[vin&> dSi<vv&>; AvµC>d
vZ(_ini[ Av]ricir (c(#it krvi[; eRyi(d.
3. si(hRyni an[ li[ksi(hRyni s>k[t an[ p\t)ki[: sZ(OTn) uRp(_i, A#i) an[ p&r&Pni
(n(m<(t vg[r[ bibti[mi> an[k p\t)ki[ hi[y C[ an[ t[ni oiri k[Tli>k SiVt sRyi[
s*cviy[li> hi[y C[. Sip, vrdin, a(tmins a(AtRv, p&nj<ºm, mZt Äy(kta[ kr[l&>
Jv>tpNin&> niTk vg[r[.
4. p&nriv(t<t Yti> GTnick\i[: p\[mni[ (#iki[N, (ptip&#i vµc[ni[ s>GP<, (nb<L d[Kiti
miNs[ phiD j[vi d[Kiti rixs siY[ l)F[l) TÊr, p\[m)ai[n&> p\Bit(mln k[ (vyi[g,
aSky ligt&> Bi(v Kr&> qrv&> eRyi(d.
5. miNsi[ni[ k[ (v(SOT sm&diyi[ni (vViRmk p\kiri[ {Types} a[ Av$pmi> l)F[li>
dS<ni[... vg[r[.
70
6. li[kkYi, p&riN, e(this, si(hRy eRyi(dmi> p\(sÜ Äy(kt(c#ii[n[ nvi> si(h(Ryk $p
aipvi>... aivi Äy(kt(c#ii[n[ (Bºn (Bºn si(hRyi[mi> (Bºn (Bºn ud[Si[Y) (v(SOT
g&Ndi[Pni> p\t)k bnivvimi> aiv[ C[...
7. p&riN an[ e(thisni p\Bivk p\s>gi[ an[ GTniai[n[ nvi[ aiSy aipvi[.
{Interpretation}
e(this, p&riNi(dn) p\c(lt pi#isZ(OTni[ si>p\t sj<k[ kyi> Ø(OTki[NY) k[vi[ (v(nyi[g kyi[< C[
t[n) t&lni krv) a[ t&lnivid)n&> sic&> lÈy hi[v&> ji[Ea[. aiv) t&lnin[ aiFir[ t[, j[ t[
sj<kn) sj<np\(k\yi an[ sj<np\(tBini m*Ãyi>kn pr aiv) Sk[. (vPyvAt&ni a¿yismi>
S]l)ni[ a¿yis smi(vOT C[, k[m k[ a[ bºn[ prApr s>l³n C[. (vPy an[ S]l) arsprs
mL)n[ j aikir sj[< C[. p\vir jNiv[ C[: ''… thematic studies must not be divorced
from study of literary style… …""67676767 {si(h(Ryk S]l)Y) (vPyvAt&ni[ a¿yisn[ C*Ti[
piDvi[ n ji[Ea[.} si(h(Ryk Av$p {genre}ni[ a¿yis pN t[niY) a(v(Cºn C[. aim,
t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yis)n[ miT[ (vPyvAt&n&> a¹yyn an[k Ø(OTa[ agRyn&> C[.
(vPyvAt&ni[ a¿yis a[k bij&Y) (vcirFirini a¿yis p\(t lE jiy C[ ti[ b)J bij&Y)
si(h(Ryk a¿yisni[ drjji[ pN p\i¼t kr[ C[. (vPyvAt& an[ kYiGTki[ni t&lniRmk
a¿yisY) a[ jiNvi mL[ C[ k[ kyi> p\kirni[ sj<k kyi> p\kirn) simg\) ps>d kr) an[ a[ni[
kE r)t[ (v(nyi[g kr[ C[. aij p\kirn) a¿yisn) b)J mh_ii dSi<vti p\vir jNiv[ C[:
''Thematic studies enable us, in fact, to examine and contrast the spirit of
different societies and epochs as well as those individual talents.""68686868 {kh)ktmi>
ti[ (vPyvAt&ni[ a¿yis (v(vF smiji[ an[ jminiai[n) tis)r tYi t[ Äy(ktgt
p\(tBiai[n[ tpisvi an[ t[mn) vµc[ni[ tfivt Si[Fvi miT[ aipNn[ S(ktmin bniv[ C[.}
aim, (vPyvAt&ni a¿yisY), a¿yisgt kZ(tai[mi> (n$piti smij an[ j[ t[ jminin)
tpis pN YE Sk[. a[ tpisn[ aiFir[ t[ t[ kZ(tni sj<kn) p\(tBi an[ sg<S(ktni[ kyi>s
pN kiQ) Skiy C[.
71
1.1.1.1.2.6: 2.6: 2.6: 2.6: (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisni h[t&ai[:(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisni h[t&ai[:(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisni h[t&ai[:(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisni h[t&ai[:
t&lniRmk si(hRyni j[ h[t&ai[ C[ t[ h[t&ai[ (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisni h[t&ai[ hi[y
Sk[. (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisni[ m&²y h[t& a[k (vPy (vS[ sj<ki[a[ alg alg {(Bºn-
(Bºn} Ø(OTki[NY) si(hRykZ(tn) rcni kr) hi[y t[n[ srKiv), smºvylx) Ø(OT k[Lv),
sim&(hk SiNpN Si[Fvini[ hi[y C[. p\[m k[ p\Ny, mZRy& j[vi (vPy an[k pisi>viLi hi[y C[.
a[ bFi s>k&l (vPyi[ C[, a[n) siY[ b)ji an[k Bivi[ an[ (vPyi[ s>kLiy[li hi[y C[.
ki(ldis tpAyi pC)Y) vZ(Ü pimti> kr[li p\[mn&> ail[Kn, S[ks(pyr[ p\[m)pi#ii[n) ksi[T)n[
$p[ p\[mn&> kr[l&> ail[Kn, m]#iy)d[v)n) 'n hºyt[" nvlkYimi> l³np*v[<ni p\Nyn&> ail[Kn,
BvB*(ta[ kr[l&> 'u_irrimc(rt"mi> aÜ]t p\[mn&> ail[Kn, (vn[S a>tiN) r(ct '(p\yjn,"
pºnilil pT[l r(ct 'mL[li Jv" an[ ~) (vVniY sRyniriyN r(ct 'a[kv)ri"
nvlkYimi> ail[Kiy[l (v(SOT p\kirni[ p\[m-a[k j (vPyni (v(vFtiByi< ai bFi
ail[Kni[ni t&lniRmk a¿yisY) p\[m j[vi> pdiY<n) smj vFir[ U>D) an[ vFir[ Äyipk-
(vSiL bn[ C[. t[j r)t[ mZRy& (vPyn[ lEn[ (v(vF sj<ki[a[ si(hRykZ(tn) rcni kr) C[. t[mi>
f\[>c nvlkYikir aiÃb[r kim&n) 'aiuT siETr"mi> kr[l&> mZRy&n&> (n$pN, (hºd) nvlkYikir
aX[yJ r(ct nvlkYi 'apn[ apn[ ajnb)" an[ s&r[S ji[S) r(ct 'mrNi[_ir"
nvlkYimi> mrNn&> ail[Kn; ai bF) kZ(tai[n[ siY[ siY[ m&k) t&lniRmk a¿yis oiri
aipNn[ mrN k[ mZRy& j[vi (vPyn) smj vFir[ U>D) an[ Äyipk-(vSiL bn[ C[. aim
(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yis oiri upri[kt (vPyi[n[ lgt) smj vFir[ U>D) an[ Äyipk-(vSiL
bn) Sk[.
1.1.1.1.2.7: 2.7: 2.7: 2.7: ups>hups>hups>hups>hir:ir:ir:ir:
ai r)t[ t&lniRmk si(hRyni x[#imi> (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisn&> mh_v q)k q)k
agRyn&> C[. (vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisni[ a¿yis) mi#i t&lni kr)n[ aTk) jti[ nY) a[ t&lni
krti> krti> aY<FTn an[ smºvyn) p\(k\yi oiri minvJvnni> sRyi[ an[ rhAyi[n[ smjvi
72
j[ mYimN kr[ C[ t[mi> a[n&> mh_v C[. y&Ü, Si>(t, simi(jk Si[PN, nir)c[tni, vg< s>GP<,
si>AkZ(tk s>GP<, p\kZ(t, s>AkZ(t, p\[m, mZRy& vg[r[ pN aivi j mh_vni (vPyi[ C[. j[ni
t&lniRmk a¿yisY) Bivkn) s>v[dnin) (x(tji[ (vAtir pim[ C[. t&lniRmk si(hRyni
a¿yisY) Xinn) (x(tji[ pN (vAtir pim[ C[. ki[EpN (vPyn&> zi>K& pi>K& Xin t&lnin)
p\(k\yiY) vF& ApOT bnvi pim[ C[. smijn) (x(tj (vAtZt Yiy C[ n[ Jvnni Atr[ Atrni
U>DiNi[n[ tig) Skiy C[. t&lniRmk si(hRyni a¿yisn&> a[k p(rNim a[ pN C[ k[ a[niY)
rsin&Bv ti[ s&lB bn) j rh[ C[ t>d&pri>t Jvnn) g&Nv_iin&> jtn pN Yvi pim[ C[.
(vPyvAt&lx) a¿yisni[ a¿yis) a[k (vPy (vS[ j&di-j&di sj<ki[a[ (Bºn-(Bºn
Ø(OTki[NY) j[ ail[Kn ky&† hi[y C[ t[ni[ a¿yis kr) srKiv), smºvylx) Ø(OT k[Lv)
sim*(hk SiNpN Si[Fvini[ p\yRn krti[ hi[y C[.
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
73
pidT)p pidT)p pidT)p pidT)p
1.1.1.1. ki[qir), j>yt: 'upk\m", g*j<r g\>YrRn kiyi<ly, amdivid, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1969. pZ: 01.
2.2.2.2. pT[l, {Diˆ.} bh[crBiE r.: 'si(hRy(vv[cn", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<, g&jrit rijy,
amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1974. pZ: 19 Y) 20.
3.3.3.3. pT[l, {Diˆ.} bh[crBiE r.: 'si(hRy(vv[cn", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<, g&jrit rijy,
amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1974. pZ: 25.
4.4.4.4. p&ri[(ht, v[N&: 'kiÄyni[ simi(jk Fm<", pZ: 28 Y) 30.
5.5.5.5. pT[l, {Diˆ.} bh[crBiE r.: 'si(hRy(vv[cn", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<, g&jrit rijy,
amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1974. pZ: 26.
6.6.6.6. p&ri[(ht, v[N&: 'kiÄyni[ simi(jk Fm<", pZ: 33 Y) 34.
7.7.7.7. pT[l, {Diˆ.} bh[crBiE r.: 'si(hRy(vv[cn", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<, g&jrit rijy,
amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1974. pZ: 27.
8.8.8.8. k&>tk: vk\i[(k_iJ(vt: pZ: 30.
9.9.9.9. p&ri[(ht, v[N&: 'kiÄyni[ simi(jk Fm<", pZ: 42 Y) 44.
10.10.10.10. Tigi[r, rv)ºWniY, an&. pir[K, ng)ndis: 'si(hRy" pZ: 07.
11.11.11.11. pT[l, {Diˆ.} bh[crBiE r.: 'si(hRy(vv[cn", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<, g&jrit rijy,
amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1974. pZ: 30.
11112.2.2.2. a[brk\i[Àb) {an&: ng)ndis pir[K}: 'si(hRy (vv[cnni (sÜi>ti[", vi[ri aƒºD k>pn) m&b>E-
2, p&nm&<WN: a[(p\l, 1971. pZ: 36.
13. 13. 13. 13. vs<fi[ÃD, an&. pir[K, ng)ndis: 'si(hRymi> (vv[k", pZ: 21 Y) 23.
14.14.14.14. p&ri[(ht, v[N&: 'kiÄyni[ simi(jk Fm<", pZ: 52 Y) 60.
15.15.15.15. n)lk>q, rmNBiE mh)ptrim: 'k(vti an[ si(hRy: vi[Ãy&m 1l&>", {kiÄy cci<} pZ: 04 Y)
07.
74
16.16.16.16. d[siE, {Diˆ.} a(Vn: 't&lniRmk si(hRyn) (dSimi>", (dÄyin>d p\kiSn, birDi[l), p\Ym
aivZ(_i: 1992. pZ: 07.
17.17.17.17. a[jn: pZ: 10.
18.18.18.18. Prmir, dmy>t): '(Svk&mir ji[P) an[ j]n[ºWk&mirn) nvlkYiai[mi> nir)c[tni" p\kiSk:
pi[t[, rimp&ri rimbig, s&rt, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 2005. pZ: 20 Y) 21.
19. 19. 19. 19. d[siE, {Diˆ.} a(Vn: 'ag&>(lnd[<S", si(hRy s>gm, s&rt p\Ym aivZ(_i: 2000. pZ: 16 Y)
17.
20.20.20.20. b\MBÍ, {Diˆ.} p\sid: 't&lniRmk si(hRy: (sÜi>t an[ (v(nyi[g", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N
bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, piTngr yi[jni Bvn, g&jrit kiƒl[j piCL, a[(lsb\)j, amdivid-
380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1998. pZ: 04 Y) 05.
21.21.21.21. a[jn: pZ: 06.
22.22.22.22. d[siE, {Diˆ.} a(Vn: 't&lniRmk si(hRyn) (dSimi>", (dÄyin>d p\kiSn, birDi[l), p\Ym
aivZ(_i: 1992. pZ: 17.
23.23.23.23. bipT, vs>t: 't&lniRmk si(Ry¿yis", p\kiSk: ~)mt) niY)biE dimi[dr qikrs) m(hli
(vwip)q, m&b>E, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1989. pZ: 10.
24.24.24.24. d[siE, {Diˆ.} a(Vn: 't&lniRmk si(hRyn) (dSimi>", (dÄyin>d p\kiSn, birDi[l), p\Ym
aivZ(_i: 1992. pZ: 16.
25.25.25.25. Tigi[r, rv)ºWniY, an&. pir[K, ng)ndis: 'si(hRy" pZ: 74.
26.26.26.26. b\MBÍ, {Diˆ.} p\sid: 't&lniRmk si(hRy: (sÜi>t an[ (v(nyi[g", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N
bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1998. pZ: 07 Y) 08.
27.27.27.27. Tigi[r, rv)ºWniY, an&. pir[K, ng)ndis: 'si(hRy" pZ: 90 Y) 91.
28.28.28.28. a[jn: pZ: 94.
29.29.29.29. b\MBÍ, {Diˆ.} p\sid: 't&lniRmk si(hRy: (sÜi>t an[ (v(nyi[g", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N
bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1998. pZ: 14.
30. 30. 30. 30. Bgvt(s>hJ: 'BgvWi[m>Dl", Big 5 mi[ {(t-(n:}, v)N p\kiSn p\i. (l. rijki[T-01,
75
aivZ(_i b)J-2007, pZ: 4160.
31.31.31.31. SiA#i), k[. ki.: 'bZhd` g&jrit) ki[S": K>D 2 ji[, y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<, g&jrit rijy,
amdivid-06, aivZ(_ii p\Ym: 1981, pZ: 1086.
32.32.32.32. rsil, {Diˆ.} rimS&kl an[ b)ji {s>pidki[}: 'BiPi-S¾d-ki[P", p\kiSk tYi p&Atk (vk\[ti
pi[t[, alihbid, aivZ(_i: 1951, pZ: 885.
33.33.33.33. d[siE, mgnBiE {s>pidk}: '(h>d)-g&jrit) ki[S", g*jrit (vwip)q amdivid-14, aivZ(_i
ci[Y), p&n:m&WiN: nv[Àbr-2001, pZ: 250.
34.34.34.34. gili, a[l. air. {s>pidk}: 'gili mi[D<n (DÈnr)", nvn)t p(¾lk[S E(ºDyi (l(mT[D,
amdivid, pZ: 88.
35.35.35.35. Ti[p)viLi, cºWkiºt an[ b)ji {s>pidki[}: 'aiF&(nk si(hRys>Xiki[S", g&jrit) si(hRy
p(rPd, gi[vF<nBvn, ai~m mig<, amdivid-09, aivZ(_i p\Ym: 1986, pZ: 52.
36. 36. 36. 36. d[siE, {Diˆ.} a(Vn: 't&lniRmk si(hRyn) (dSimi>", (dÄyin>d p\kiSn, birDi[l), p\Ym
aivZ(_i: 1992. pZ: 23.
37.37.37.37. b\MBÍ, {Diˆ.} p\sid: 't&lniRmk si(hRy: (sÜi>t an[ (v(nyi[g", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N
bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1998. pZ: 14.
38.38.38.38. pr)K, {Diˆ.} F)r&: 't&lniRmk si(hRy", p\kiSk: a[s.v).SiA#i), k&ls(cv, g&jrit
y&(nv(s<T), amdivid, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1984. pZ: 11.
39.39.39.39. 'siY< ji[DN)ki[S", aivZ(_i pi>cm): pZ: 790.
40.40.40.40. b\MBÍ, {Diˆ.} p\sid: 't&lniRmk si(hRy: (sÜi>t an[ (v(nyi[g", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N
bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1998. pZ: 08.
41.41.41.41. a[jn: pZ: 18.
42.42.42.42. a[jn: pZ: 16.
43.43.43.43. pr)K, {Diˆ.} F)r&: 't&lniRmk si(hRy", p\kiSk: a[s.v).SiA#i), k&ls(cv, g&jrit
y&(nv(s<T), amdivid, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1984. pZ: 12 Y) 13.
44.44.44.44. d[siE, {Diˆ.} a(Vn: 't&lniRmk si(hRyn) (dSimi>", (dÄyin>d p\kiSn, birDi[l), p\Ym
76
aivZ(_i: 1992. pZ: 28 Y) 29.
45.45.45.45. pr)K, {Diˆ.} F)r&: 't&lniRmk si(hRy", p\kiSk: a[s.v).SiA#i), k&ls(cv, g&jrit
y&(nv(s<T), amdivid, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1984. pZ: 20.
46.46.46.46. b\MBÍ, {Diˆ.} p\sid: 't&lniRmk si(hRy: (sÜi>t an[ (v(nyi[g", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N
bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1998. pZ: 16.
47.47.47.47. a[jn: pZ: 18.
48.48.48.48. a[jn: pZ: 18.
49.49.49.49. d[siE, {Diˆ.} c]tºy jsv>tBiE: 't&lniRmk si(hRy Birt)y s>dB<", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N
bi[D<, g&jrit rijy amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1996. pZ: 10.
50.50.50.50. rij*rkr, B.h. an[ bi[ri, rijml {s>pidk}: 't&lniRmk a¹yyn: Av$p an[ smAyiai[",
viN) p\kiSn nv) (dÃh)-110 002, p\Ym s>AkirN: 1990, pZ: 35.
51.51.51.51. a[jn: pZ: 42.
52.52.52.52. d[siE, {Diˆ.} a(Vn: 't&lniRmk si(hRyn) (dSimi>", (dÄyin>d p\kiSn, birDi[l), p\Ym
aivZ(_i: 1992. pZ: 26.
53.53.53.53. pr)K, {Diˆ.} F)r&: 't&lniRmk si(hRy", p\kiSk: a[s.v).SiA#i), k&ls(cv, g&jrit
y&(nv(s<T), amdivid, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1984. pZ: 33.
54.54.54.54. a[jn: pZ: 47.
55.55.55.55. qikr, Brt: 'g&jrit) si(hRy p\kiri[", pZ: 22.
56.56.56.56. b\MBÍ, {Diˆ.} p\sid: 't&lniRmk si(hRy: (sÜi>t an[ (v(nyi[g", y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N
bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, amdivid-380 006, p\Ym aivZ(_i: 1998. pZ: 41.
57.57.57.57. a[jn: pZ: 41.
58.58.58.58. pr)K, {Diˆ.} F)r&: 't&lniRmk si(hRy", p\kiSk: a[s.v).SiA#i), k&ls(cv, g&jrit
y&(nv(s<T), amdivid, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1984. pZ: 57.
59.59.59.59. a[jn: pZ: 58.
60.60.60.60. a[jn: pZ: 58.
77
61.61.61.61. a[jn: pZ: 59.
62.62.62.62. a[jn: pZ: 63.
63.63.63.63. bipT, vs>t: 't&lniRmk si(Ry¿yis", p\kiSk: ~)mt) niY)biE dimi[dr qikrs) m(hli
(vwip)q, m&b>E, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1989. pZ: 67.
64.64.64.64. a[jn: pZ: 67 Y) 68.
65.65.65.65. a[jn: pZ: 68.
66.66.66.66. a[jn: pZ: 66.
67.67.67.67. pr)K, {Diˆ.} F)r&: 't&lniRmk si(hRy", p\kiSk: a[s.v).SiA#i), k&ls(cv, g&jrit
y&(nv(s<T), amdivid, ph[l) aivZ(_i: 1984. pZ: 64.
68. 68. 68. 68. a[jn: pZ: 63.
