Libro Utatlán C.naturales 1er. Sem.

8/20/2019 Libro Utatlán C.naturales 1er. Sem.

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9¼ Iísjab - Crupb TtmtníkJCDY

Ajdkajms

Kmturmnds

8


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Ajdkajms Kmturmnds 8

Ydsdrvmebs tbebs nbs edrdahbs. ]udem rjcurbsmodktd prbhjijem nm rdprbeuaajñk tbtmn b pmrajmned dstd omtdrjmn deuamtjvb, pbr aumnqujdr odejb b prbadejojdktb, sjk nm mutbrjzmajñk edn Jkstjtutb

Cumtdomntdab ed Deuamajñk Ymejbfñkjam, JCDY. Qdcük mrtïaunb 59 ed nm Abkstjtuajñk Wbnïtjam edCumtdomnm qud sd rdfdrd m nm mutbrïm.

© Jkstjtutb Cumtdomntdab ed Deuamajñk Ymejbfñkjam, JCDY.Ds ukm birm prbeuajem pbr dn Edpmrtmodktb ed Ydemaajñk y Ejsdýb, pmrm dn

Jkstjtutb Cumtdomntdab ed Deuamajñk Ymejbfñkjam, JCDY.

== mvdkjem =8-54, Ajueme Kudvm, zbkm 9Ajueme ed Cumtdomnm.

WIX< 95=9 6666Fmx< 95=9 6375

Abrrdb dndatrñkjab< jcdrGjcdr.deu.ctWícjkm wdi< www.jcdr.deu.ct

Ydjoprdsjñk 97=6JCDY tmnndrds crífabs

Añejcb< ===787897=

JQIK :38::9:6=5795


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Ïkejad

Ïkejad ............................................................................................................................................................... J

¡Ijdkvdkjem y ijdkvdkjeb! .................................................................................................................... =

Qdomkm =Nms ajdkajms ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. =1

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Yjamreb Irdssmkj Amstjckbnj .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =5

Dn oukeb ed nms ajdkajms kmturmnds

=. Nms ajdkajms .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... =4

=.= Nms ajdkajms kmturmnds ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ................. =6

9. Dn oêtbeb ajdktïab .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... =8

9.= Wmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïab .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... =8

Ydsuodk .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 97

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 97

Mutbabktrbn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 9=

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Tk iudk ajdktïfjab ds uk iudk bisdrvmebr ........................................ 94

Qdomkm 9Nm omtdrjm .................... ..................... ........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 93

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Mromkeb Aíadrds Dstrmem ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 98


=. Nm omtdrjm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 9:

9. Dn ítbob y su dstruaturm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 17

1. Anmsjamajñk ed nm omtdrjm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 1=

1.= Qustmkajms purms........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 1=

1.9 Odzanms ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 19

5. Wrbpjdemeds fïsjams ed nm omtdrjm .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 11

5.= Wrbpjdemeds dxtdksjvms ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 11

5.9 Wrbpjdemeds jktdksjvms ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 14

Ydsuodk .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 16

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 16

Mutbabktrbn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 13

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! ¡Fmirjqud uk obednb ed ítbob! .......................................................... 5=

JAjdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Ïkejad


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Qdomkm 1Dstmebs ed nm omtdrjm .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 51

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Fdrkmkeb ]udvdeb Yberïcudz ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 55


=. Dstmebs ed nm omtdrjm .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 54

=.= Dstmeb sñnjeb ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 54

=.9 Dstmeb nïqujeb ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 56

=.1 Dstmeb cmsdbsb ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 53

9. Amoijbs ed dstmeb .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 58

9.= Wbr muodktb ed tdopdrmturm .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 58

9.9 Wbr pêrejem ed tdopdrmturm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 5:

Ydsuodk .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 4=

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde... ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 4=Mutbabktrbn ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 49

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm!

Fmirjqud vdnms mrtdsmkmnds .................... ..................... ..................... ...... 44

Qdomkm 5 Dn ukjvdrsb ..................... ..................... ........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 43

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Deumreb Mebnfb Yuijb Hdrrdrm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 48


=. Dn ukjvdrsb ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 4:

=.= Dndodktbs edn ukjvdrsb .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 67

9. Dn sjstdom sbnmr .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 6=

Ydsuodk .................. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 69

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 69

Mutbabktrbn ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 61

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Bisdrvmtbrjb sbnmr pbrtítjn .................... ..................... ..................... ...... 64

Qdomkm 4Nm Ujdrrm ................... ..................... ........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 63

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Lunjb Decmr Cmnndcbs Mnvmrmeb .................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .......... 68


=. Nm Ujdrrm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 6:

=.= Dstruaturm jktdrkm ed nm Ujdrrm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 6:

JJJCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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=.9 Dstruaturm dxtdrkm ed nm Ujdrrm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 37

m. Njtñsfdrm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 37

i. Hjerñsfdrm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 3=

a. Mtoñsfdrm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 39

Ydsuodk .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 31

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 31

Mutbabktrbn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 35

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! ²Auín ds nm fbrom ed nm Ujdrrm2 ............................................................. 3:

Qdomkm 6Wnmams tdatñkjams ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 8=

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Lunjb Ybidrtb Nukm Mrbahd ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 89


=. Wnmams tdatñkjams................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 81

=.= Dn obvjojdktb ed nms pnmams tdatñkjams .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 85

=.9 Fmnnms cdbnñcjams ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 84

9. Nbs sjsobs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 86

9.= ²]uê hmadr dk amsb ed uk tdrrdobtb2 ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 83

1. Vbnamkds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 88

1.= Drupajñk vbnaíkjam ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 8:

1.9 ²]uê hmadr mktd ukm drupajñk vbnaíkjam2 ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . :7

Ydsuodk ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. :=Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . :=

Mutbabktrbn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :9

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Qjounmarb ed tdrrdobtb ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... :4

Qdomkm 3Fdkñodkbs mtobsfêrjabs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... :3

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Deey Hmrejd Qíkahdz Idkdtt .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ :8

Dn oukeb ed nms ajdkajms kmturmnds =. Fdkñodkbs mtobsfêrjabs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ::

9. Dn ajanb edn mcum .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... =77

1. Dfdatb jkvdrkmedrb ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... =7=

5. Amndktmojdktb cnbimn .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ =79

4. Amoijb anjoítjab y edsmstrds kmturmnds .................. ..................... ..................... ...................... ................ =71

4.= Fbroms ed rdeuajr nbs emýbs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... =75

JJJAjdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Ïkejad


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Ydsuodk .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... =74

Mutbabktrbn ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. =76

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Dn ajanb edn mcum dk uk frmsab ................... ..................... ..................... .. =7:

Qdomkm 8

Ydpmsb< sdomkms = m 3 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... ===


Nms ajdkajms............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... ==1

Nm omtdrjm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. ==4

Dstmebs ed nm omtdrjm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. ==8

Dn ukjvdrsb .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. =9=

Nm Ujdrrm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . =91

Wnmams tdatñkjams .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =94Fdkñodkbs mtobsfêrjabs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... =93

Brjdktmajbkds sbird nm prudim pmrajmn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... =17

Qdomkm :Nm aênunm ..................... ..................... ........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ =1=

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Wmodnm Omrjd Wdkkjkctbk Myajkdkm .................... ..................... ..................... .................... =19


=. Nm aênunm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. =11

=.= Fukajbkds ed nm aênunm................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... =11

=.9 Wmrtds ed nm aênunm................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... =15

9. Anmsjamajñk ed nm aênunm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. =14

9.= Aênunm prbamrjbtm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... =14

9.9 Aênunm duamrjbtm.................................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =16

m. Aênunm mkjomn.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... =16

i. Aênunm vdcdtmn .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... =16

Ydsuodk .................. ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =13

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... =13

Mutbabktrbn ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. =18

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Aênunm vdcdtmn cjcmktd .................. ..................... ..................... ................. =59

JVJCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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Qdomkm =7Ydjkbs ed nm kmturmndzm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =54

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Dkjb Ibmkdrcds Amkb Eívjnm ................................................................................................. =56


=. Ydjkbs ed nm kmturmndzm .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =53

m. Ydjkb Mrqudm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =58

i. Ydjkb Imatdrjm (imatdrjms) .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... =58

a. Ydjkb Wrbtjstm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =58

e. Ydjkb Fukcj (nbs hbkcbs) .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... =5:

d. Ydjkb Wnmktmd (nms pnmktms) .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... =47

f. Ydjkb Mkjomnjm (nbs mkjomnds) ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =47

Ydsuodk .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... =4=

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . =4=

Mutbabktrbn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =49

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Zbcur amsdrb ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. =44

Qdomkm ==Nms pnmktms .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... =43

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Omrïm Omrcmrjtm edn Ybsmrjb Wmnojdrj Qmktjstdimk ..................... ..................... ............. =48

Dn oukeb ed nms ajdkajms kmturmnds =. Nms pnmktms ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... =4:

9. Fbtbsïktdsjs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... =67

1. Anmsjamajñk y suiejvjsjñk ed nms pnmktms ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. =6=

1.= Irjbtms< pnmktms kb vmsaunmrds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... =6=

1.9 Urmqudbtms< pnmktms vmsaunmrds .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... =69

m. Wtdrjebtms .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ =69

i. Dspdromtbtms ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =61

Ydsuodk .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... =66

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. =66

Mutbabktrbn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =68

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Nm ajraunmajñk dk nms pnmktms vmsaunmrds ............................................ =3=

VAjdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Ïkejad


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Qdomkm =9Ydjkb mkjomn J< mkjomnds jkvdrtdirmebs .................... ..................... ................ =31

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Omrïm Qusmkm Hdrods Amnedrñk .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... =35


=. Ydjkb mkjomn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... =34

=.= Amrmatdrïstjams cdkdrmnds ed nbs mkjomnds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... =34

9. Mkjomnds jkvdrtdirmebs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... =36

9.= Nms dspbklms.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... =36

9.9 Nbs cusmkbs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. =33

9.1 Nbs obnusabs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. =38

9.5 Nbs adndktdrmebs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... =3:

9.4 Nbs mrtrñpbebs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... =3:

9.6 Nbs dqujkbedrobs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. =87

Ydsuodk .................. ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =89

Mutbabktrbn ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. =85

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Fñsjn ed jksdatb ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... =83

Qdomkm =1Ydjkb mkjomn JJ< mkjomnds vdrtdirmebs .................... ..................... .................... =8:

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Ebrjs Ducdkjm Omrtïkdz Odncmr .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... =:7Dn oukeb ed nms ajdkajms kmturmnds

=. Mkjomnds vdrtdirmebs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... =:=

=.= Omoïfdrbs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... =:9

=.9 Mkijbs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... =:5

=.1 Mvds .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... =:4

=.5 Wdads .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... =:6

=.4 Ydptjnds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... =:6

Ydsuodk .................. ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... =:8

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde... ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... =::

Mutbabktrbn ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 977

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Ididedrb pmrm abnjirïds ................... ..................... ..................... ............. 971

VJJCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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Qdomkm =5 Dabsjstdoms ..................... ..................... ........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 974

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Omrjb Emry Yjvdrm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 976


=. Dabsjstdoms ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 9739. Anmsjamajñk ed nbs dabsjstdoms................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 978

9.= Dabsjstdoms mauítjabs.................................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ... 978

m. Dabsjstdoms ed mcum eunad .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 978

i. Dabsjstdoms ed mcum smnmem ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 978

a. Dstumrjbs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 978

Ijbtbpb Ahbañk Omahmams ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...... 97:

9.9 Dabsjstdoms tdrrdstrds ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 9=7

m. Ibsqud hüodeb ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 9=7

i. Ibsqud obktmkb ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 9=7

a. Ibsqud sdab ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 9=7

e. Mriustmn dspjkbsb ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 9==

Ijbtbpb Omrjb Emry Yjvdrm ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...... 9==

Ydsuodk .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 9=1

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 9=1

Mutbabktrbn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 9=5

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Abkstruym uk dabsjstdom mauítjab ..................................................... 9=3

Qdomkm =4Ydnmajbkds dktrd dspdajds ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 9=:

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Njnjmk Jvdth Oírqudz Imrrjdktbs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 997


=. Ydnmajbkds dktrd dspdajds .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 99=

=.= Qjoijbsjs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 999

m. Outumnjsob ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 999i. Abodksmnjsob ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 999

a. Wmrmsjtjsob ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 999

=.9 Edprdemajñk .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 991

=.1 Abopdtdkajm ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 991

9. Amedkm trñam .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 995

m. Wrbeuatbrds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... 995

VJJAjdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Ïkejad


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i. Abksuojebrds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 995

a. Edsabopbkdebrds .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 995

9.= Ujpbs ed abksuojebrds ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 994

Ydsuodk ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 996

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 996

Mutbabktrbn .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... .................. 993

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! !Wnmktms dk abopdtdkajm! ..................... ..................... ...................... ...... 99:

Qdomkm =6Ydaursbs kmturmnds .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 91=

¡Wmrm abodkzmr! Mkm Nuaïm Qbnmkb Cmrrjeb ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 919


=. Ydaursbs kmturmnds .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 911

=.= Ydaursbs rdkbvminds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 911

=.9 Ydaursbs kb rdkbvminds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 915

9. Fudktds mntdrkmtjvms ed dkdrcïm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 914

1. Abksdrvmajñk ed nbs rdaursbs y sbstdkjijnjeme ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 916

1.= Tsb sbstdkjind ed nbs rdaursbs kmturmnds ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 916

Nm ndy ed nms 1Y .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 918

Ydsuodk ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 91:

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde... ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 91:

Mutbabktrbn ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 957

¡M nm ajdkajm pbr nm dxpdrjdkajm! Ydutjnjzmr y rdajanmr .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 951

Qdomkm =3Ydpmsb< sdomkms :‑=6 ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 954


=. Nm aênunm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 953

9. Ydjkbs ed nm kmturmndzm ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 947

1. Nms pnmktms ................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... 945

5. Ydjkb mkjomn J< mkjomnds jkvdrtdirmebs..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 948

4. Ydjkb mkjomn JJ< mkjomnds vdrtdirmebs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 969

6. Dabsjstdoms .................. ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... 966

3. Ydnmajbkds dktrd dspdajds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 96:

8. Nbs rdaursbs kmturmnds ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 939

Brjdktmajbkds sbird nm prudim pmrajmn ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 935

Anmvds ............................................................................................................................................................... 934

Ijinjbcrmfïm ................................................................................................................................................... 9:1

VJJJJCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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¡Ijdkvdkjem y ijdkvdkjeb!

Jkjajmobs uk rdabrrjeb pbr dn mpmsjbkmktd oukeb ed nms ajdkajms kmturmnds. Eurmktd ejd-

ajsjdtd sdomkms ed dstuejb, ustde edsmrrbnnmrí matjvjemeds qud nd pdrojtjrík jktdcrmrsddqujnjirmem y rdspbksmindodktd mn dktbrkb kmturmn, m trmvês edn mkínjsjs y rdsbnuajñk ed

prbindoms ed smnue, usb rmajbkmn ed nbs rdaursbs kmturmnds, prbtdaajñk edn moijdktd y

prdvdkajñk ed edsmstrds kmturmnds, qud nd pdrojtmk cdkdrmr prbpudstms dk idkdajb jkej-

vjeumn y ed su aboukjeme.

Dstms prjodrms pícjkms kbs sdrvjrík pmrm abkbadr abk edtmnnd dn njirb y sus sdaajbkds, msï

abob nms abopdtdkajms omramems pbr dn Aurrïaunb Kmajbkmn Imsd (AKI) pmrm dstd aursb.

Abodkadobs abk nm pbrtmem<

Dn abnbr vdred rdprdsdktm nm dspdrmkzm, nms pnmktms y nm vjem, ds dn abnbr qud rdsmntmrí dktbeb dn njirb.

Nm jomcdk ed nm pbrtmem sd msdodlm m kudstrb pnmkdtm Ujdrrm. Kudstrb prbpñsjtb ds qud

dstd njirb nd prbpbrajbkd nms hdrrmojdktms pmrm qud ustde tbod abkajdkajm edn vmnbr ed nm

kmturmndzm dk su jktdcrjeme y ed nm rdspbksmijnjeme qud abopmrtjobs abob aboukjeme

y abob pmïs pmrm aujemrnm y prdsdrvmrnm.

Nms curms rdsmntmems hmadk mnusjñk m nbs tdoms qud trmimlmrd-

obs< dn sdr huomkb, nms pnmktms, abksdrvmajñk edn odejb

moijdktd, dta. y sbk ukm jkvjtmajñk m bisdrvmr, dstuejmr,

jktdrmatumr y rddxjbkmr sbird kudstrm rdnmajñk abk nm km-turmndzm.

Nm rmejb, dn nípjz y nms omkbs ukjems

kbs jkvjtmk m nddr, dsarjijr, dsauahmr y

trmimlmr dk dqujpb.

=Ajdkajms Kmturmnds


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Abopdtdkajms edn írdm ed Ajdkajms Kmturmnds

Kmturmnodktd abopdtdktds

Ubems y tbebs sbobs pmrtd ed nm kmturmndzm y abkvjvjobs m ejmrjb abk dnnm, pdrb m vdads kb kbs

pdramtmobs ed añob fukajbkm. Dn írdm ed Ajdkajms Kmturmnds kbs irjkem nm bpbrtukjeme ed abkbadrnm,dstuejmkeb nbs dndodktbs qud nm abkfbromk< sdrds vjvbs abob mkjomnds y pnmktms, sdrds jkdrtds, dn

audrpb huomkb y nbs fdkñodkbs y prbadsbs qud pdrojtdk nm vjem dk kudstrb pnmkdtm.

Ds tmoijêk uk írdm dk nm qud mpnjamrdobs nm tdbrïm m nm prmatjam, ed omkdrm qud dn aursb sdm oís

vjvdkajmn y mnamkadobs dn mprdkejzmld sjckjamtjvb qud tmktb mkhdnmobs. Z pmrm mnamkzmrnb pbkerdobs

kudstrm mtdkajñk dk dn nbcrb ed nms abopdtdkajms edn AKI. Nêmnms abk ouahm mtdkajñk.

=. Dstmindad rdnmajbkds dktrd dn fukajbkmojdktb y nms jktdrmaajb-

kds ed nbs sjstdoms edn audrpb huomkb dk nbs prbadsbs ed

ejcdstjñk, rdspjrmajñk, rdprbeuaajñk, ajraunmajñk, dxardajñk,

nbabobajñk, prbtdaajñk edn brcmkjsob y hdrdkajm.

9. Abktrmstm nbs híijtbs ed su fmojnjm y ed su aboukjeme abk nms

príatjams qud abktrjiuydk m nm prdsdrvmajñk y dn odlbrmojdktb

ed nm smnue.

1. Mkmnjzm nms jktdrmaajbkds ed nbs ejfdrdktds fmatbrds ed nbs

dabsjstdoms, su brcmkjzmajñk, amrmatdrïstjams, dvbnuajñk y nms

ejvdrsms amusms ed su edtdrjbrb.

5. Edsarjid nbs ejstjktbs prbadsbs ejkíojabs y dstruaturmnds qud

baurrdk dk nm Ujdrrm, msï abob nbs fdkñodkbs cdbnñcjabs y

mtobsfêrjabs rdnmajbkmebs abk ejahbs prbadsbs y su jkajedkajm

dk nm matjvjeme huomkm.

4. Edsarjid fdkñodkbs kmturmnds ed mstrbkboïm, trmsnmajñk,

rbtmajñk y obvjojdktb dk ebs ejodksjbkds, msï abob nbs prjk-

ajpmnds prbadsbs ed trmksfbromajñk ed dkdrcïm dk mpnjamajbkds

ed nm vjem abtjejmkm, abk imsd dk prjkajpjbs fïsjabs y quïojabs.

6. Edsmrrbnnm prbydatbs qud hm ejsdýmeb abk imsd dk nm fbrou-

nmajñk ed prdcuktms y dn pnmktdb ed hjpñtdsjs vdrjfjaminds pbr

odejb edn rdcjstrb bredkmeb, dn mkínjsjs y nm jktdrprdtmajñk ed

emtbs, tbomkeb dk audktm dn omrcdk ed drrbr dxpdrjodktmn.

9JCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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Kudstrb pnmkdmojdktb

M pmrtjr ed qud nms Ajdkajms Kmturmnds sbk tdñrjams, pdrb tmoijêk dxpdrjodktmnds,

qudrdobs mvmkzmr dk trds dtmpms ejfdrdktds.

• Vmnbrmrkbs m kbsbtrbs ojsobs

Jopnjam abkbadr y aujemr kudstrb audrpb y kudstrm smnue. Dstuejmrdobs nm

dstruaturm y fukajbkmojdktb ed kudstrb audrpb, msï abob híijtbs ed hjcjdkd

y ed mnjodktmajñk pmrm omktdkdrkbs smnueminds.

• Vmnbrmr m nbs edoís

Ydspdtmr dn audrpb y nm smnue ed nms pdrsbkms abk nms qud abkvjvjobs. Dstb

nb pbedobs nbcrmr abkbajdkeb nms dtmpms ed nm vjem y prmatjamkeb híijtbs

smnueminds abk kudstrm fmojnjm pmrm cmrmktjzmr su ijdkdstmr.

• Abkvjvjr abk dn odejb moijdktd

Ubomr abkajdkajm ed nm jopbrtmkajm ed aujemr kudstrb dktbrkb. Wrbpbkdr

maajbkds qud jopnjqudk m tbem nm aboukjeme pmrm mprdkedr m abkvjvjr dk

mrobkïm abk nm kmturmndzm.

Abk su dsfudrzb, pberí abkqujstmr dstms abopdtdkajms m trmvês ed trds tjpbs ed abktdkjebs<

Edanmrmtjvbs< Nbs abktdkjebs edanmrmtjvbs nd mpbrtmrík dn abkbajojdktb ed nbs

ejstjktbs mspdatbs tdñrjabs, abkadptumnds y ajdktïfjabs edn írdm.

Wrbadejodktmnds< Abob jkejam su kboird, nbs abktdkjebs prbadejodktmnds sd

edsmrrbnnmrík m imsd ed dldrajajbs, prbadejojdktbs y dxpdrjodktbs cujmebs dk nbs

aumnds pudem edobstrmr dn ebojkjb y nm pudstm dk príatjam ed nbs abkbajojdktbs

edanmrmtjvbs.

Matjtuejkmnds< Nbs abktdkjebs matjtuejkmnds sbk tbeb mqudnnb qud tjdkd qud vdr

abk sus vmnbrds y matjtueds mktd dn dstuejb y mktd nm vjem, dk cdkdrmn. Dk dn njirb

dkabktrmrí ukm sdrjd ed abksdlbs, rdfndxjbkds y prbpudstms pmrm auntjvmr, mktd tbeb,

dn rdspdtb y dn aujemeb ed nm kmturmndzm.

1Ajdkajms Kmturmnds


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17/307


Dk dstd mpmrtmeb mprdkedrí, prmatjamrí y

prbfukejzmrí dk nbs abktdkjebs edanmrmtjvbs

ed nm sdomkm. Nbs abktdkjebs sd prdsdktmk

dk dstd bredk<

• Jktrbeuaajñk mn tdom

• Edfjkjajñk b dxpnjamajñk

• Dldopnbs

• Dldrajajbs pmrm prmatjamr nb mprdkejeb

Mncukbs dldrajajbs nd sbnjajtmrík su rddxjñk

b su mpbrtd. Edeïqudnds dn tjdopb qud sdm

prdajsb.

Dn rbstrb edn ajdktïab Mnidrt

Djkstdjk (=83: ‑ =:44) jedktj-

am dstm sdaajñk.

Qus mpbrtds ajdktïabs rdvb-

nuajbkmrbk tbeb dn abkbaj-

ojdktb sbird nm kmturmndzm.

Qd nd abksjedrm dn ajdktïab

oís jopbrtmktd edn sjcnb XX.

¡Wmrm abodkzmr!

Dk dstm sdaajñk dkabktrmrí nm ijbcrmfïm ed ajdktïabs cumtdomntdabs qud edej-

amk b hmk edejameb su vjem m nm ajdkajm, dk aumnqujdrm ed sus mspdatbs.

Ubebs dnnbs tjdkdk dk aboük dn hmidredstmameb pbr prmatjamr vmnbrds qud

tbebs edidrïmobs jojtmr, pbr dldopnb<

• Qdr rdspbksminds y pdrsd-

vdrmktds

• Edsdb ed supdrmajñk

• Wbkdr sus abkbajojdktbs mn

sdrvjajb ed Cumtdomnm

Dstd obodktb jkjajmn ed nm sdomkm

kbs bfrdad nm prjodrm bpbrtukjeme edardadr dk abktdkjebs matjtuejkmnds.

4Ajdkajms Kmturmnds


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19/307

Ydsuodk

Dn rdsuodk ds ukm dxadndktd dstrmtdcjm ed ds-

tuejb. Qu bildtjvb ds irjkemrnd nm jkfbromajñk

fukemodktmn ed nm sdomkm, brcmkjzmem ed tmn

omkdrm qud nd myued m lmr dk nm odobrjm nbs

abkadptbs oís jopbrtmktds.

Dstd abkluktb ed jedms prjkajpmnds

nms vdrí rdprdsdktmems imlb ejvdrsms

fbroms. M nb nmrcb ed nms ejdajsjdtd

sdomkms dkabktrmrí<

• Dsqudoms kuodrmebs

• Dsqudoms ed nnmvds

• Aumerbs rdsuodk

• Ompms abkadptumnds

Nd jkvjtmobs m prmatjamr dstms têakjams

rdmnjzmkeb amem sdomkm su prbpjb rd-

suodk dk su aumedrkb.

Jkvdstjcud dk nm rde

Jktdrkdt ds uk rdaursb qud ym kb puded qudemr fudrm ed nm vjem ed uk dstuejmktd.

Dstm sdaajñk nd sucjdrd ejrdaajbkds ed jktdrkdt. Wmrm ukm jkvdstjcmajñk

prbvdahbsm<

• Ydfjêrmsd sjdoprd m nms jkstjtuajbkds abkbajems< ukjvdrsjemeds,

ojkjstdrjbs ed deuamajñk, brcmkjsobs jktdrkmajbkmnds, dta.

• Ndm d jktdktd jktdrprdtmr nm jkfbromajñk. Kb sd njojtd m abpjmr y

pdcmr dn tdxtb.

• Jkejqud sjdoprd nm fudktd ed abksuntm qud utjnjzñ.

• Urmtd ed vjsjtmr jktdrkdt, mn odkbs, ukm vdz pbr sdomkm.

• Wuded dkabktrmr sdrvjajbs ed jktdrkdt dk nmibrmtbrjbs ed

dsaudnms, ed nm oukjajpmnjeme y btrms jkstjtuajbkds. Umoijêk dk

amfês‑jktdrkdt b pbr odejb ed mncük abkbajeb ed su aboukjeme

qud tdkcm sdrvjajb.

3Ajdkajms Kmturmnds


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Mutbabktrbn

Dn mutbabktrbn ds su mutbdvmnumajñk. Nd myuemrí m smidr quê mprdkejñ,

añob nb mprdkejñ y quê edid odlbrmr. Nms matjvjemeds tbamk nbs tdoms

dstuejmebs y pbr abksjcujdktd nbs nbcrbs ed nm sdomkm.

Dkabktrmrí ebs tjpbs ed dldrajajbs<

Edoudstrd nb mprdkejeb, nd pdr-

ojtd aboprbimr sj hm msjojnmeb nbs

abktdkjebs ed nm sdomkm.

Ydaudred, sj tjdkd mncukm euem sb-ird nms rdspudstms, puded rdcrdsmr

mn abktdkjeb. Qj mük msï, kb nd qudem

anmrb, abksuntd abk pdrsbkms ed su

aboukjeme qud pudemk myuemrnd y

m su tutbr m ejstmkajm.

Wjdksd y mpnjqud nb qud mprdkejñ.

Nm sdcukem pmrtd edn mutbabktrbn

prdtdked qud ustde pudem pbkdr

dk príatjam nb mprdkejeb y mpnjamr

sus abkbajojdktbs dk sjtumajbkds

kudvms.

Mquï tmoijêk sd nd rdtmrí m prmatjamr

nms edstrdzms mequjrjems dk tmrdms

rdmnds abob jkvdstjcmr, prbpbkdr

sbnuajbkds, trmimlmr dk dqujpb, dta.

8JCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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¡]uê odlbr omkdrm qud mprdkedr hmajdkeb! Amem sdomkm nd jkvjtmobs m rdmnj-

zmr uk dxpdrjodktb sdkajnnb rdnmajbkmeb abk dn tdom ed dstuejb.

Mn kmn ed amem dxpdrjodktb, dkabktrmrí ukm jkvjtmajñk m abopmrtjr

sus rdsuntmebs abk nm aboukjeme edn JCDY.

Auêktdkbs su dxpdrjdkajm y, sj ds pbsjind, meluktd ukm b vmrjms fbtb-

crmfïms m trmvês ed nm sjcujdktd ejrdaajñk< jcdrGjcdr.deu.ct

Dn nípjz jkejam qud edid trmimlmr dk su njirdtm

ed amopb. Dstm abksjstd dk uk aumedrkb pmrm

mkbtmr y ejiulmr edtmnnmemodktd amem ukm ed

nms bisdrvmajbkds y rdsuntmebs ed nm dxpdrj-

odktmajñk.

:Ajdkajms Kmturmnds


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Njirb, anmsd rmejmn y rdukjñk sdomkmn

¡Qu dqujpb ed trmimlb!

Dn njirb, abk sdr ukm iudkm hdrrmojdktm, kb nb ds tbeb. Wmrm qud ustde mnamkad dn kjvdn ed abopdtdkajm

edsdmeb, kudstrb sjstdom pbkd m su ejspbsjajñk< dn njirb y nm anmsd rmejmn.

• Dn njirb auopnd aumtrb fukajbkds<

m. Udxtb, dk dn qud dkaudktrm nm jkfbromajñk y dn edsmrrbnnb

ed nbs abktdkjebs m dstuejmr.

i. Wjzmrrñk, pmrm qud eurmktd nm anmsd rmejmn suirmyd jedms

jopbrtmktds b rdmnjad ejstjktms matjvjemeds.

a. Aumedrkb ed trmimlb, abk dldrajajbs pmrm prmatjamr nb

mprdkejeb.

e. Hdrrmojdktm ed mutbdvmnumajñk, aumkeb rdsudnvd su mu-

tbabktrbn amem sdomkm.

• Nm anmsd rmejmn tjdkd abob fukajñk prjkajpmn dxpnjamr y fmajnjtmr

nm aboprdksjñk ed nbs tdoms trmtmebs dk dn njirb. Ydaudred

qud puded crmimr nms anmsds rmejmnds dk ukm odobrjm ed tdnê-

fbkb b qud puded mequjrjr uk AE abk dstms anmsds crmimems.

Wrdcuktd añob hmadrnb mn dkamrcmeb edn aïraunb ed dstuejb b

m su brjdktmebr vbnuktmrjb. Crmimr nms anmsds rmejmnds ds bptm-

tjvb, pdrb puded myuemrnb.

• Mprbvdahd dstbs rdaursbs y mpñydsd dk pdrsbkms ed su aboukjeme pmrm rdsbnvdr sus euems.

Ydaudred qud sjdoprd puded abksuntmr tdoms qud nd rdsuntdk ejfïajnds m su tutbr m ejstmkajm.

Ydvjsd su mprdkejzmld

Dn dopdýb y dn tjdopb qud edejqud m su

dstuejb tdkerí su rdabopdksm y pbab m

pbab jrí vjdkeb nbs frutbs ed su dsfudrzb.

Edspuês edn mutbabktrbn y edn dxpdrjodk-

tb, dkabktrmrí uk dspmajb pmrm rddxjbkmr

sbird su mprdkejzmld y vdrjamr sj mnamkzñ

nbs nbcrbs prbpudstbs pmrm nm sdomkm.

Ydspñkemnb abk sjkadrjeme y sj hbkdstm-

odktd sjdktd qud kb pueb mnamkzmr mncük

nbcrb, rdpmsd ed kudvb, jktdktd edsauirjr

auín ds nm ejauntme y pjem myuem.

=7JCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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Kudstrm odtbebnbcïm pmsb m pmsb

Wmrm fmajnjtmr su mprdkejzmld y mprbvdahmr oís y odlbr dn dstuejb amem sdomkm, sjcm dstbs pmsbs.

¡Kb sd smntd kjkcukb!

Ndm dn abktdkjeb ed nm sdomkm

Nddr dn abktdkjeb kbs pdrojtd tdkdr ukm jedm cdkdrmn edn tdom< quê sm-

idobs, abk quê nb rdnmajbkmobs, dta. Dstd prjodr abktmatb tmoijêk kbs

hmrí amdr dk nm audktm edn dsfudrzb m rdmnjzmr pmrm mprdkedr nb kudvb y kbs

pbkerí „dk bkem‟ pmrm nm anmsd rmejmn.

=

Dsauahd nm anmsd rmejmnAbk nbs 4 sdktjebs

Nm anmsd rmejmn ds kudstrm omdstrm. Ed mhï qud dn prbcrmom sd nnmod "Dn

Omdstrb dk Amsm". Nms omdstrms y omdstrbs nbautbrds dxpnjamk dn abktdkj-

eb, prbpbkdk dldrajajbs y btrbs dldopnbs pmrm mopnjmr dn tdom.

9

Edspuês ed nm anmsd rmejmn, su trmimlb pdrsbkmn Dstuejb y mutbabktrbn

Fjkmnjzmem nm anmsd rmejmn ds dn obodktb ed su trmimlb pdrsbkmn. Ejstrjiuym

su tjdopb< ds odlbr uk pbab amem eïm, qud tbeb nm vïspdrm.

1

Abksuntd sus euemsTk dstuejmktd jktdnjcdktd smid auíkeb pdejr myuem

Qj edspuês ed dstuejmr y rdsbnvdr dn mutbabktrbn mük nd qudemk euems,

iusqud myuem. Qdcurb qud dk su aboukjeme hmy pdrsbkms ejspudstms m

myuemrnd y puded tmoijêk abksuntmrnms m su tutbr m ejstmkajm.

5

Wmrtjajpd dk uk aïraunb ed dstuejb

Mprdkedr luktbs

Wñkcmsd ed maudreb abk btrbs dstuejmktds y brcmkjadk uk aïraunb ed

dstuejb. Qbnjajtdk nm myuem ed mncukm pdrsbkm vbnuktmrjm ed nm aboukjeme.

Dsb nds myuemrí m rdsbnvdr euems y rdfbrzmr nb mprdkejeb. Medoís, tdkerík

nm bpbrtukjeme ed jktdramoijmr mprdkejzmlds, jedms y sdktjojdktbs.

4

==Ajdkajms Kmturmnds


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²Añob mprbvdahmr odlbr su dstuejb2

• Iusqud uk nucmr añobeb y abk iudkm jnuojkmajñk. Ds jopbrtmktd qud

sd mndld edn rujeb y ed nms ejstrmaajbkds.

• Dnjlm uk hbrmrjb pmrm trmimlmr y dstuejmr. Nm abkstmkajm y nm ejsajpnjkm sbk

sus odlbrds abopmýdrms ed dstuejb.

• Ndm abk mtdkajñk nms jkstruaajbkds ed nbs dldrajajbs mktds ed rdsbnvdrnbs.

• Abksuntd sus euems abk btrms pdrsbkms ed su aboukjeme qud pudemkmyuemrnd.

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=

Nms ajdkajms

²]uê dkabktrmrí dstm sdomkm2

Yjamreb Irdssmkj Amstjckbnj

Nms ajdkajms y dn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab

Tk iudk ajdktïfjab ds uk iudk bisdrvmebr

Dstm sdomkm nbcrmrí<

Jedktjfjamr dk nm ndaturm nbs vmnbrds y nms matjtueds edn ajdktïfjab Yjamreb Irdssmkj.

Edfjkjr y anmsjfjamr nms ajdkajms.

Ydnmajbkmr bildtbs ed dstuejb abk nm ajdkajm kmturmn abrrdspbkejdktd.

Edfjkjr d jedktjfjamr nbs pmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab dk dldopnbs ed mpnjamajñk.

Wrmatjamr mncukbs pmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab dk dn dxpdrjodktb ed nm sdomkm.

=1Ajdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Qdomkm =


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Yjamreb Irdssmkj AmstjckbnjQu nuahm abktrm nm edskutrjajñk

Yjamreb Irdssmkj Amstjckbnj kmajñ dk nm ajueme ed Cumtdomnm dn 98 edsdptjdoird ed =:96. Dstuejñ dk dn Abndcjb ed Jkfmktds ed Cumtdomnm. Abk

myuem ed ukm idam bituvb nm njadkajmturm dk ]uïojam dk nm Tkjvdrsjeme ed

Emytbk, Dstmebs Tkjebs, dk =:58. Medoís, rdmnjzñ dstuejbs ed pbscrmeb

dk dn írdm ed ijbquïojam y bituvb dn ebatbrmeb dk =:46. Urmimlñ dk dn

Jkstjtutb ed Kutrjajñk ed Adktrbmoêrjam y Wmkmoí ( JKAMW ) hmstm =::1.

Dn Er. Irdssmkj madptñ dn rdtb ed mpnjamr sus abkbajojdktbs dk nm nuahm

abktrm dn hmoird y nm edskutrjajñk, pbrqud sd ejb audktm ed nms abkej-

ajbkds prdamrjms dk qud vjvïm nm pbinmajñk y ed nbs ojnds ed kjýbs qud

sufrïmk edskutrjajñk. Dktrd =:45 y =:44, rdmnjzñ ukm sdrjd ed dstuejbs dk

Cumtdomnm abk dn fjk ed edsmrrbnnmr uk mnjodktb kutrjtjvb pmrm fmojnjms ed

dsamsbs rdaursbs.

Hjzb prudims abk mrrbz, sbym, omïz y mncbeñk. Fjkmnodktd, bituvb ukm

odzanm ed mntm amnjeme kutrjtjvm m imsd ed< hmrjkm ed mncbeñk y hmrjkm ed

omïz. M dsm odzanm nm nnmoñ jkampmrjkm.

Matumnodktd, nm jkampmrjkm sd abopbkd ed hmrjkm ed omïz y sbym, dkrjqud-

ajem abk ojarbkutrjdktds, abob hjdrrb, íajeb fñnjab, zjka, amnajb y vjtmojkms

edn abopndlb I. Ds ukm odzanm ednjajbsm, dabkñojam, fíajn ed prdpmrmr y abk

uk crmk vmnbr mnjodktjajb.

Memptmeb ed ijbcrmfïm ed Yjamreb Irdssmkj Amstjckbnj

www.sjam.jkt

¡M trmimlmr!

=. ²]uê jkcrdejdktds tjdkd matumnodktd nm jkampmrjkm2

9. ²]uê vmnbrds b matjtueds sd rdfndlmk dk dn trmimlb edn Er. Yjamreb Irdssmkj2

Yjamreb Irdssmkj Amstjckbnj(=:96 ‑ )

=5JCDY ∙ Ttmtník

¡Wmrm abodkzmr!


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=. Nms ajdkajms Dktdkedr nb qud kbs rbedm

Nm pmnmirm ajdkajm vjdkd edn crjdcb sajrd, qud sjckjam abkbajojdktb. Ajdkajmds dn abkluktb ed abkbajojdktbs bitdkjebs m trmvês ed nm bisdrvmajñk y dn

rmzbkmojdktb, ed nbs aumnds sd edrjvmk prjkajpjbs y ndyds cdkdrmnds.

Wbedobs anmsjamr nms ajdkajms dk dxmatms, sbajmnds, kmturmnds y mpnjamems.

• Nms ajdkajms dxmatms dstuejmk nbs küodrbs, abob nm omtdoítjam y nm nñcjam.

• Nms ajdkajms sbajmnds dstuejmk mn sdr huomkb y nm sbajdeme. Mncukms ed

dnnms sbk nm hjstbrjm, nm psjabnbcïm, nm sbajbnbcïm, dta.

• Nms ajdkajms kmturmnds sd dkamrcmk ed dstuejmr nbs fdkñodkbs fïsjabs,

nbs prbadsbs quïojabs, nm vjem y nm Ujdrrm.

• Nms ajdkajms mpnjamems dstuejmk añob odlbrmr kudstrm amnjeme ed vjem. Wbr

dldopnb, nm mcrbkboïm, nm odejajkm, nm mdrbkíutjam, nm ijbtdakbnbcïm, dta.

Nms ajdkajms kmturmnds sd ejvjedk dk ajkab ajdkajms iísjams qud sd oudstrmk dk dn

sjcujdktd ompm abkadptumn. Dstm sdomkm dstuejmrdobs amem ukm ed dnnms.

Dldrajajb =

Ydnndkd dn aïraunb qud abrrdspbked m nm rdspudstm abrrdatm.

=. ²]uê tjpb ed ajdkajm ds nm omtdoítjam2

9. Ed nms sjcujdktds, ²auín ds ukm ajdkajm mpnjamem2

Qbajmn

Dxmatm

Mpnjamem

Odejajkm

Ijbnbcïm

Nñcjam

cdbnbcïm ijbnbcïm

mstrbkboïm

quïojam fïsjam

Ajdkajms

kmturmnds




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=.= Nms ajdkajms kmturmnds

Dktrdobs m abkbadr mncukbs emtbs jopbrtmktds ed nms ajdkajms kmturmnds.

Mstrbkboïm

Dstuejm añob dstí fbromeb dn Tkjvdrsb< nm fbrom dk nm qud

kmadk nms dstrdnnms, añob sd oudvdk nbs pnmkdtms y nm ejstmk-

ajm dktrd nbs bildtbs qud dstík dk dn dspmajb.

Ijbnbcïm

Dstuejm nbs sdrds vjvbs, nbs anmsjam y mkmnjzm añob sd rdnmajbkmk

dktrd sï< dn sdr huomkb, nms pnmktms, nbs mkjomnds, nbs vjrus y nms

imatdrjms. Medoís, dstuejm nbs rmscbs fïsjabs hdrdejtmrjbs qudpmsmk ed pmerds m hjlbs, abob dn tjpb ed amidnnb y dn abnbr ed

nbs blbs.

Fïsjam

Dstuejm nms prbpjdemeds ed nm omtdrjm< omsm, eurdzm, tdopdrm-

turm y rdsjstdkajm. Umoijêk dstuejm fdkñodkbs abob nm dkdrcïm,

nm nuz, dn sbkjeb, nm dndatrjajeme, nms fudrzms qud sd dldradk sbird

bildtbs, dn trmimlb qud rdmnjzmk nms oíqujkms y nm vdnbajeme ed

nbs audrpbs qud sd oudvdk.

Cdbnbcïm

Dstuejm nm fbrom edn pnmkdtm Ujdrrm pbr edktrb y pbr fudrm<

obktmýms, imrrmkabs, pnmkjajds, vbnamkds, rïbs, nmcbs y omrds.

Msï ojsob, dstuejm nbs tdrrdobtbs, dn anjom y añob dstbs fdkñ-

odkbs mfdatmk nms matjvjemeds edn sdr huomkb.

]uïojam

Dstuejm nm abopbsjajñk, dstruaturm y trmksfbromajñk ed nm om-

tdrjm. Wbr dldopnb, crmajms m nm quïojam smidobs qud dn mcum sd

abopbkd ed hjerñcdkb y bxïcdkb.

B H

H

=6JCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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Dldrajajb 9

M. Ydnndkd dn aïraunb ed nm bpajñk qud rdspbked abrrdatmodktd amem prdcuktm.

=. ²]uê ajdkajm dstuejm nbs rmscbs fïsjabs hdrdejtmrjbs,

abob dn abnbr ed blbs b ed pjdn, qud sd trmksojtdk

ed pmerds m hjlbs2

9. ²]uê ajdkajm dstuejm dn brjcdk y abopbrtmojdktb

ed nm nuz, dn sbkjeb y nm dndatrjajeme2

1. ²]uê ajdkajm dstuejm nbs tdrrdobtbs y nbs dfdatbs

qud prbeuadk dk nm vjem edn sdr huomkb2

5. ²]uê ajdkajm dstuejm nm dstruaturm y abopbsjajñk

ed nm omtdrjm2

I. Ndm amem bildtb ed dstuejb dk nm abnuokm ed nm jzqujdrem y dsarjim dk nm abnuokm ed nm edrdahm nm

ajdkajm qud nb jkvdstjcm. Ujdkd uk dldopnb.

Bildtb ed dstuejb Ajdkajm qud nb jkvdstjcm

Dn fukajbkmojdktb ed nbs oüsaunbs edn sdr huomkb. Ijbnbcïm

Nm ejstmkajm dktrd nm Ujdrrm y Omrtd.

Dn brjcdk y nm jktdksjeme ed uk tdrrdobtb.

Nm fbromajñk ed nbs imrrmkabs y obktmýms.

Nm vdnbajeme m nm qud sd oudvd ukm ijajandtm.

Nm purdzm b nm abktmojkmajñk edn mcum.

Nm nuz qud dojtd ukm iboijnnm.

Nm abopbsjajñk ed ukm odejajkm abktrm nm ejmrrdm.

Dn dsqudndtb edn sdr huomkb.

Fïsjam

Ijbnbcïm

]uïojam

Fïsjam

]uïojam

Mstrbkboïm

Fïsjam

Cdbnbcïm

Mstrbkboïm

Fïsjam

]uïojam

Cdbnbcïm



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9. Dn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab

Nm fbrom dk nm qud nms ajdkajms kmturmnds bitjdkdk dn abkbajojdktb sd nnmom oê-

tbeb ajdktïfab y abksjstd dk ukm sdrjd ed pmsbs bredkmebs qud ds kdadsmrjb

sdcujr pmrm edsmrrbnnmr ukm jkvdstjcmajñk ajdktïfam. Dstd oêtbeb kb ds dn

ükjab qud sd mpnjam dk nms ajdkajms, pdrb ds dn oís aboük.

9.= Wmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab

Dn oêtbeb ajdktïab sd edsmrrbnnm dk ajkab pmsbs.

=. Bisdrvmajñk< abksjstd dk ojrmr, dsauahmr, tbamr, bndr, smibrdmr y hm-

adrkbs prdcuktms0 ds edajr, mpnjamr kudstrbs sdktjebs pmrm abkbadr nms

amrmatdrïstjams ed uk hdahb b uk bildtb y edsarjijrnb edtmnnmemodktd.

Hmadrkbs prdcuktms ds fukemodktmn pmrm dn prbadsb ed jkvdstjcmajñk.

Jsmidn bisdrvm abk prdbaupmajñk qud nms pnmktms edktrb ed nm amsm

sd dstík omrahjtmkeb y sd prdcuktm pbr quê.

9. Hjpñtdsjs< ds nm dxpnjamajñk b rdspudstm pbsjind qud emobs m nms prd-

cuktms qud rdmnjzmobs eurmktd nm bisdrvmajñk.

Edspuês ed bisdrvmr tbems nms pnmktms, Jsmidn pnmktdm su hjpñtdsjs<

„Nms pnmktms sd dstík omrahjtmkeb pbrqud kdadsjtmk nuz sbnmr‟.

1. Dxpdrjodktmajñk< ds ukm príatjam dk nm qud utjnjzmobs kudstrb jkcd-

kjb= y rdmnjzmobs prudims pmrm aboprbimr kudstrms hjpñtdsjs.

Wmrm aboprbimr su hjpñtdsjs, Jsmidn edajed dxpdrjodktmr abnbamkeb

ukm pnmktm m nm pmr ed ukm vdktmkm pmrm qud rdajim nm nuz edn sbn.

Edspuês ed ukm sdomkm, sd em audktm ed qud dsm pnmktm dstí

rdabirmkeb su abnbr, ojdktrms qud nms btrms sjcudk omrahjtíkebsd.

5. Abkanusjñk< dk dstm dtmpm edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab trmtmobs ed jktdrprd-tmr nbs rdsuntmebs ed nm dxpdrjodktmajñk pmrm dxpnjamr dn fdkñodkb qud

jkvdstjcmobs.

Jsmidn abopmrm sus rdsuntmebs abk nm jkfbromajñk qud dkaudktrm

dk njirbs d jktdrkdt, y nndcm m nm abkanusjñk< „Nms pnmktms kdadsjtmk

nuz sbnmr pmrm omktdkdrsd smkms‟.

= jkcdkjb


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4. Udbrïm b ndy< ds dn üntjob pmsb edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab. Qd nbcrm eds-

puês ed qud ukm hjpñtdsjs sd aboprudim pbr vmrjbs ajdktïfjabs y sd

madptm abob ukm dxpnjamajñk vdremedrm edn fdkñodkb dstuejmeb.

Dk kudstrb dldopnb, ouahbs ajdktïfjabs hmk dstuejmeb dn prbadsb ed

nm fbtbsïktdsjs9 y hmk aboprbimeb qud nms pnmktms kdadsjtmk nuz sbnmr

pmrm vjvjr.

Dldrajajb 1

Mhbrm qud ym abkbad nbs pmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïab, pñkcmnbs dk príatjam dk dn amsb qud edsarjij -

obs m abktjkumajñk. Nêmnb y dsarjim sbird nm nïkdm dn pmsb edn oêtbeb ajdktïab qud rdmnjzñ nm fmojnjm

Zmx. Fïldsd dk dn dldopnb.

Nm fmojnjm Zmx sdoirñ ojnpm.

7. Odsds oís tmred bisdrvmrbk qud nm ojnpm kb ardaïmabob nm ed sus vdajkbs. Nms hblms dstmimk pínjems ynms omzbrams qud abrtmrbk tdkïmk pbabs crmkbs.

Bisdrvmajñk

=. Dn hjlb omybr ed nm fmojnjm sucjrjñ qud tmn vdz dn sudnbkdadsjtmim mibkb. Qu omdstrb hmiïm dxpnjameb qud

dn dstjêrabn ed vmam drm uk iudk mibkb brcíkjabpmrm nm sjdoirm.

9. Dk nm sjdoirm sjcujdktd, prdpmrmrbk ukm pmrtd edntdrrdkb abk mibkb brcíkjab y nm btrm ojtme sjkmibkmr, pmrm aboprbimr nbs rdsuntmebs.

1. Mn absdahmr dk nm pmrtd mibkmem, bituvjdrbk om-zbrams crmkeds y momrjnnms. Z dk nm ojtme sjk mibkb,absdahmrbk odkbs omzbrams y oís pdqudýms.Nndcmrbk m nm abkanusjñk ed qud mcrdcmr mibkb mnamopb ed sjdoirm prbeuad odlbrds absdahms.

9 fbtbsïktdsjs


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Ydaudred qud ukm fbrom ed rdsuojr nms jedms prjkajpmnds ed uk tdom ds odejmktd uk ompm abkadptumn.

Qd ndd ed mrrjim hmajm mimlb y ed jzqujdrem m edrdahm.

Qj qujdrd mprdkedr oís sbird nms ajdkajms kmturmnds, nd jkvjtmobs m vjsjtmr dstd sjtjb ed jktdrkdt<

www.mrdmajdkajms.abo/UTUBYJMNDQ.hto

bisdrvmajñk

abkanusjñk

Nm ajdkajm

ds<

Qd edsmrrbnnm dkajkab pmsbs<

qud mpnjam


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Matjvjeme =. Edoudstrd nb mprdkejeb

M. Ydnndkd dn aïraunb ed nm rdspudstm abrrdatm. Ujdkd uk dldopnb.

7. ²]uê ajdkajm dstuejm nbs sdrds vjvbs2

=. ²Auín ds nm ajdkajm qud dstuejm nm fbrom edn pnmkdtm Ujdrrm2

9. ²Añob sd nnmom nm ajdkajm qud dstuejm dn Tkjvdrsb2

1. ²]uê ajdkajm dstuejm nms pnmktms, nbs mkjomnds, nbs vjrus, nms imatdrjms

y mn sdr huomkb2

5. Ed nms sjcujdktds ajdkajms, ²auín kb ds ukm ajdkajm kmturmn2

4. ²]uê ajdkajm dstuejm nms prbpjdemeds ed nm omtdrjm abob nm omsm y

nm tdopdrmturm2

6. ²]uê ajdkajm dstuejm nm abopbsjajñk y amoijbs ed nm omtdrjm2

3. ²Auín ds dn pmsb edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab dk dn qud rdmnjzmobs prudims

pmrm aboprbimr nm hjpñtdsjs2

8. ²Dk quê dtmpm edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab sd jktdrprdtmk nbs rdsuntmebs ed

nm dxpdrjodktmajñk2

Fïsjam

]uïojam

Ijbnbcïm

Fïsjam

]uïojam

Cdbnbcïm

Hjstbrjm

Mstrbkboïm Fïsjam

Ijbnbcïm

]uïojam

Fïsjam

Cdbnbcïm

]uïojam

Fïsjam

Dxpdrjodktmajñk

Bisdrvmajñk

Abkanusjñk

Udbrïm

Hjpñtdsjs

Abkanusjñk

]uïojam

Cdbnbcïm

Mcrbkboïm

Fïsjam

]uïojam

Cdbnbcïm

9=Ajdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Qdomkm =

Mutbabktrbn


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I. Abopndtd dn ompm abkadptumn abk dn kboird ed nms ajdkajms kmturmnds qud dstuejmobs.

Ujdkd uk dldopnb.

Ajdkajmskmturmnds

mstrbkboïm

A. Dsarjim dk bredk dn kboird ed nbs ajkab pmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab.

=.

9.

1.

5.

4.

Matjvjeme 9. Wjdksd y mpnjqud nb qud mprdkejñ

M. Qdcük nb qud dstuejñ dstm sdomkm, edsarjim abk sus pmnmirms amem têrojkb.

=. Ajdkajms dxmatms<

9. Ajdkajms mpnjamems<

99JCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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I. Ndm amem bildtb ed dstuejb y dsarjim dk nm abnuokm ed nm edrdahm nm ajdkajm qud nb jkvdstjcm.

Bildtb ed dstuejb Ajdkajm qud nb jkvdstjcm

Nm matjvjeme ed nbs vbnamkds ed Fudcb, Wmamym y Qmktjmcujtb.

Nm ejstmkajm qud hmy ed nm Ujdrrm m nm Nukm.

Nm fudrzm kdadsmrjm pmrm obvdr uk qujktmn ed amfê.

Nbs hbkcbs qud edsabopbkdk nm abojem.

A. Ndm dn amsb qud prdsdktmobs m abktjkumajñk y edsauirm nbs pmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïfjab qud sd

edsarjidk.

Dn oêejab cumtdomntdab Fdedrjab Ndhkhbff (=83= ‑ =:19) jkvdktñ amsj pbr amsumnjeme ukm

idijem ouy abkbajem< dn amfê jkstmktíkdb. Dn mfjahd ed nm jnustrmajñk oudstrm nms prjodrms

jkstruaajbkds pmrm prdpmrmrnb. Bisdrvd nms joícdkds qud jkejamk nbs pmsbs m sdcujr.

Dsarjim sbird nm nïkdm nbs pmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïab qud sjrvjdrbk pmrm rdmnjzmr dn edsauirjojdktb edn

amfê jkstmktíkdb. Nd myuemobs abk dn dldopnb.

Tk eïm, ojdktrms dn ebatbr Ndhkhbff ndïm dn pdrjñejab, bnvjeñ tbomr ukm tmzm ed amfê…

7. Mncukbs eïms edspuês, dkabktrñ nm tmzm y bisdrvñ rdsjeubs

dk dn fbkeb dk fbrom ed pbnvb bsaurb.

=. Wdksñ qud abk dn pbnvb pbeïm bitdkdr kudvmodktd nm idijem

ed amfê.

9. Nm aurjbsjeme nb obtjvñ m mcrdcmr mcum hjrvjdkeb. Bituvb

ukm tmzm ed amfê abk dn ojsob mrbom, smibr y abnbr.

1. Edspuês ed vmrjbs dxpdrjodktbs, aboprbiñ qud mn dvmpbrmr

dn amfê hdrvjeb, sd bitjdkd nm sustmkajm qud abkbadobs abob

amfê jkstmktíkdb.

Bisdrvmajñk

91Ajdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Qdomkm =


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E. Ndm amem kbtjajm y dsarjim dk nms nïkdms ed mimlb abk quê ajdkajm kmturmn sd rdnmajbkm y pbr quê.

=.Hmnnmk ukm dxtrmým dspdajd ed tbrtucm cjcmktd dk Vjdtkmo

Tk crupb ed ijñnbcbs hm jedktjfjameb, dk dn kbrtd ed Vjdtkmo, ukm tbrtucm cjcmktd

ed ampmrmzñk inmkeb ed crmk sjckjfjameb aunturmn qud sd ardïm dxtjktm0 hm jkfbromeb

dn pbrtmvbz ed uk zbbnñcjab dstmebukjedksd.dnpmjs.abo

9.Dn Qbn kb tjdkd kmem qud vdr abk dn amoijb anjoítjab

Tk crupb ed mstrñkbobs hm rdabpjnmeb dk uk jkfbrod uk abkluktb ed dvjedkajms

qud oudstrmk qud dn amoijb anjoítjab kb dstí jkfnujeb pbr nm matjvjeme edn Qbn, sjkb

qud ds rdspbksmijnjeme dxanusjvm ed nm matjvjeme huomkm.dnpmjs.abo

1.Wdqudýms crjdtms pudedk prdedajr tdrrdobtbs

Tk crupb ed cdñnbcbs kbrtdmodrjamkbs hm edtdatmeb pdqudýms frmaturms dk nms rbams,

pbab mktds ed jopmatmr uk tdrrdobtb. Nb hmk aboprbimeb sbird dn tdrrdkb, dk nm fmnnmamnjfbrkjmkm ed Qmk Mkerês, mktds ed prbeuajrsd ebs pdqudýbs tdoinbrds ed tjdrrm.

dnpmjs.abo

D. Iusqud dk uk ejaajbkmrjb b dk jktdrkdt nm edfjkjajñk ed nms sjcujdktds ajdkajms mpnjamems y dsarïimnms

dk dn dspmajb jkejameb.

=. Fmromajm<

9. \bbtdakjm<

1. Hjerbnbcïm<

95JCDY ∙ Ttmtník


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Tk iudk ajdktïfjab ds uk iudkbisdrvmebr Dstm sdomkm prmatjamrdobs uk pmsb edn oêtbeb ajdktïab. Nd jkvjtmobs m ojrmr,

bndr y tbamr, ojdktrms nb rdmnjzm.

²]uê kdadsjtm2

= ibtdnnm pnístjam ed mcum purm

= ibnsjtm ed mncbeñk

mcum

1 sdojnnms ed frjlbn

armybkds b omramebrds (bpajbkmn)

nípjz

njirdtm ed amopb

²]uê edid hmadr2

=. Ydabrtd nm ibtdnnm pnístjam hbrjzbktmnodktd

pbr nm ojtme.

=. ²]uê amoijbs hmk

sufrjeb nbs frjlbnds2

9. ²]uê pmsbs edn oê-

tbeb ajdktïfjab mpnjañ

dk dstd dxpdrjodktb2

Ttjnjad su njirdtm ed amopb

Dsarjim sus bisdrvmajbkds dk nm

njirdtm ed amopb.

Nms kbtms ed sus bisdrvmajbkds

nd sdrvjrík pmrm abktdstmr nms

prdcuktms sjcujdktds.

9. Ubod nbs frjlbnds, dxmoïkdnbs

abk edtdkjojdktb y mkbtd dk su

njirdtm ed amopb ajkab amrmatdrïs-

tjams (fbrom, abnbr, bnbr, tdxturm y

tmomýb). Ejiuld nb qud bisdrvm.

94Ajdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Qdomkm =



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Omrqud abk uk ahdqud nm amsjnnm qud odlbr jkejqud su rdkejojdktb. nbcrmebdk

prbadsbkb

nbcrmeb

E d s p u ê s e d d s t u e j m r . . .

Jedktjab dk nm ndaturm nbs vmnbrds y nms matjtueds edn ajdktïab Yjamreb

Irdssmkj.

Edkb y anmsjab nms ajdkajms.

Ydnmajbkb bildtbs ed dstuejb abk nm ajdkajm kmturmn abrrdspbkejdktd.

Edkb d jedktjab nbs pmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïab dk dldopnbs ed

mpnjamajñk.

Wrmatjab mncukbs pmsbs edn oêtbeb ajdktïab dk dn dxpdrjodktb ed nm

sdomkm.

5. Abnbqud nbs frjlbnds sbird dn

mncbeñk oblmeb y pbkcm dn

rdajpjdktd dk uk nucmr, edk-

trb ed su amsm, ebked rdajim

nm nuz edn sbn.

4. Ubqud tbebs nbs eïms dn mncb-

eñk. Qj dstí sdab, mcrêcudnd

ukms pbams cbtms ed mcum.

6. Bisdrvd ejmrjmodktd dn

rdajpjdktd, mkbtd y ejiuld nbs

amoijbs qud vmym bisdrvmkeb.

Dn prbadsb ed cdrojkmajñk ed ukm sdojnnm nndvm tjdopb. Ds pbsjind qud pmrm

dn eïm ed nm brjdktmajñk dk dn aïraunb ed dstuejb, nbs frjlbnds kb hmymk dxpd-

rjodktmeb amoijbs. Nd jkvjtmobs m qud bisdrvd tbeb dn edsmrrbnnb ed nm

pnmktm. Aumkeb hmym ardajeb nm omtm ed frjlbn, puded sdoirmrnm dk nm tjdrrm

pmrm qud sjcm su ajanb ed vjem.

1. Obld dn mncbeñk

y abnñqudnb dk dn

fbkeb ed nm ibtdnnm.

Ubod ukm fbtbcrmfïm ednrdsuntmeb ed su dxpdrjodktby dkvïdnm pbr abrrdb

dndatrñkjab m<jcdrGjcdr.deu.ct

96JCDY ∙ Ttmtník

Ydvjsd su mprdkejzmld


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9

Nm omtdrjm²]uê dkabktrmrí dstm sdomkm2

Mromkeb Aíadrds Dstrmem

Nm omtdrjm< dstruaturm, anmsjfjamajñk y prbpjdemeds

¡Fmirjqud uk obednb ed ítbob!

Dstm sdomkm nbcrmrí<

Jedktjfjamr nbs vmnbrds y nms matjtueds qud rdfndlm dn trmimlb ed Mromkeb Aíadrds.

Edfjkjr dn abkadptb ed omtdrjm.

Edsarjijr quê ds uk ítbob.

Nbamnjzmr nms pmrtds ed nm dstruaturm jktdrkm edn ítbob.

Dkuodrmr nms prbpjdemeds fïsjams ed nm omtdrjm.

Fmirjamr uk obednb ed ítbob.

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Mromkeb Aíadrds DstrmemIusamebr ed sbnuajbkds

Mromkeb Aíadrds Dstrmem kmajñ dk nm ajueme ed Cumtdomnm dk =:56. Dsquïojab ijñnbcb crmeumeb ed nm Fmauntme ed Ajdkajms ]uïojams y Fmromajmed nm Tkjvdrsjeme ed Qmk Amrnbs ed Cumtdomnm. Hm rdajijeb kuodrbsbsprdojbs dk nms írdms ed fmromajm y ijbquïojam=.

Nbs mpbrtds ajdktïfjabs ed Aíadrds m nbs cumtdomntdabs jkanuydk< fbromajñked kudvbs prbfdsjbkmnds dk nm ukjvdrsjeme, jkvdstjcmajñk edn abktrbn eddkfdrodemeds jkfdaajbsms, prbobajñk edn edsmrrbnnb rurmn y smkdmojdktbmoijdktmn. Btrm ed sus abktrjiuajbkds ds nm jedktjfjamajñk, auntjvb, prbadsm-ojdktb y abodrajmnjzmajñk ed pnmktms odejajkmnds. Qu trmimlb dsarjtb oísfmobsb ds dn Vmedoêauo9 Kmajbkmn ed Wnmktms Odejajkmnds.

Abk bptjojsob, aurjbsjeme y ejsajpnjkm, Aíadrds hm abnmibrmeb dk ej-vdrsbs jkvdktbs, pbr dldopnb< nm dstufm dabkbojzmebrm ed ndým Nbrdkm,trjturmebrds ed imsurm, sdamebrds sbnmrds y uk oêtbeb pmrm jedktjfjamrdkfdrodemeds jkfdaajbsms qud sd mequjdrdk eurmktd dn doimrmzb y qudpudedk mfdatmr mn idiê.

Ên bpjkm qud ouahms vdads sbnb pdksmobs dk nms amusms ed nbs prbindomsy bnvjemobs rdfndxjbkmr dk fbroms pmrm rdsbnvdrnbs. Wbr dsb, pmrm MromkebAíadrds, nms prjodrms fbroms ed rdsbnvdr nbs prbindoms ed Cumtdomnmsbk< dstuejmr, trmimlmr, vmnbrmr kudstrms trmejajbkds y aujemr kudstrbs rd-aursbs kmturmnds.

Memptmeb ed< Wrdksm Njird, Cumtdomnm, =9 ed dkdrb ed 97==

¡M trmimlmr!

Ydspbkem m nm prdcuktm.

=. ²]uê vmnbrds b matjtueds puded jedktjfjamr dk dn trmimlb ed Mromkeb Aíadrds2

= ijbquïojam


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=. Nm omtdrjm Ubeb nb qud kbs rbedm

Dldrajajb =²Dk eñked sd dkaudktrm2 ²]uê omtdrjm nd rbedm2 Edsarjim irdvdodktd dk sdjs nïkdms añob ds dn nucmreñked dsauahm nm anmsd rmejmn. Ydaudred dkuodrmr mncukbs bildtbs qud nd rbedmk y quê mpmrjdkajm

tjdkdk.

Nbs íribnds, nms obktmýms, nm vmam, dn pmstb, nms kuids y nm ouldr ed nm jnustrmajñk,

dn mjrd qud rdspjrm, nm rmejb pbr nm qud dsauahm nm anmsd y dn njirb qud ndd0 tbeb

dstí abopudstb ed omtdrjm.

Omtdrjm ds tbeb mqudnnb qud baupm uk nucmr dk dn dspmajb, tjdkd ukm dkdrcïmodejind, dstí suldtb m amoijbs dk dn tjdopb y sd puded aumktjamr. Ds edajr,

tbeb mqudnnb qud baupm uk sjtjb dk dn dspmajb, sd puded tbamr, sd puded sdktjr,

sd puded odejr, sd puded bisdrvmr, dta.

Amem ukb ed nbs sdrds u bildtbs qud kbs rbedmk ds ejstjktb, tjdkd ejfdrdktds

amrmatdrïstjams y prbpjdemeds. Dstb sd edid m nm fbrom dk qud dstík abkstjtujebs

pbr edktrb. Dk cdkdrmn, tbem nm omtdrjm sd abopbkd ed pmrtïaunms pdqudýïsjomsnnmomems ítbobs.

9:Ajdkajms Kmturmnds ∙ Qdomkm 9



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Dldrajajb 9Bredkd nbs abkbajojdktbs qud mamim ed mprdkedr. Abopndtd dn ompm abkadptumn abk nbs emtbs qud

fmntmk.

9. Dn ítbob y su dstruaturm

Dn ítbob ds nm pjdzm oís pdqudým qud fbrom nm omtdrjm. Ds tmk ejojkutb qudkb puded vdrsd m sjopnd vjstm. Wmrm dstuejmrnb, sd kdadsjtmk têakjams y mpmrmtbs

ouy sbstjamebs.

Mktjcumodktd, nbs smijbs pdksmimk qud nbs ítbobs kb sd pbeïmk ejvjejr. Wbr dnabktrmrjb, hby smidobs qud uk ítbob sd abopbkd ed pmrtïaunms oís pdqudýms,

mnblmems dk ebs rdcjbkds< dn küandb y nm kuid dndatrñkjam. Fïldsd dk nm jnustrmajñk.

• Dn küandb ds nm zbkm adktrmn edn ítbob. Qd abopbkded ebs tjpbs ed pmrtïaunms fukemodktmnds< prbtbkds y

kdutrbkds.

Dn prbtñk ds ukm pmrtïaunm qud tjdkd amrcm dnêatrjampbsjtjvm. Qd rdprdsdktm abk dn sïoibnb p+.

Dn kdutrñk ds ukm pmrtïaunm qud kb tjdkd amrcm dnêa-trjam y su sïoibnb ds k.

• Nm kuid dndatrñkjam ds nm pmrtd dxtdrkm edn ítbobqud rbedm mn küandb. Ds uk dspmajb edktrb edn aumn sd

oudvdk njirdodktd nbs dndatrbkds.

Dn dndatrñk ds nm ükjam pmrtïaunm qud sd oudvdcjrmkeb mnrdedebr edn küandb edn ítbob. Ujdkd

amrcm dnêatrjam kdcmtjvm y su sïoibnb ds d‑.

prbtñk (p+)

kdutrñk (k)

k u i d d n d a t r ñ k j a m

küandb

dndatrñk (d‑)

dstí fbromeb pbr<

Qd abopbkd ed< Fbromem pbr<

kuid dndatrñkjam

prbtbkds (p+)

Dn ítbob

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1. Anmsjfjamajñk ed nm omtdrjm Bredkmkeb nm omtdrjm

Wbedobs anmsjamr nm omtdrjm sdcük su abopbsjajñk dk sustmkajms purms b odzanms.

1.= Qustmkajms purmsTkm sustmkajm purm ds nm qud tjdkd uk sbnb tjpb ed abopbkdktd. Qu dstruaturmds ukjfbrod.

Dn mcum, uk mkjnnb ed brb b pnmtm, nm smn, dn mzüamr obrdkm b dn madjtd edabajkm sbk sustmkajms purms.

M su vdz, nms sustmkajms purms pudedk sdr dndodktbs b abopudstbs.

• Nbs dndodktbs sbk sustmkajms purms qud dstík fbromebs pbr aumnqujdramktjeme edn ojsob tjpb ed ítbobs. Kb jopbrtm auíktms vdads ejvjem-

obs uk dndodktb, tdkerí nm ojsom abopbsjajñk.

Mncukbs dndodktbs sbk ouy jopbrtmktds pmrm nbs sdrds vjvbs,abob dn amribkb, dn bxïcdkb, dn hjerñcdkb, dn kjtrñcdkb, dn amnajb,dn hjdrrb, dn sbejb, dn pbtmsjb, dn omckdsjb, dn anbrb y dn ybeb.

• Nbs abopudstbs sbk sustmkajms purms fbromems pbr ebs b oís dnd-odktbs ukjebs b aboijkmebs dk ukm amktjeme fjlm y edtdrojkmem.

M nbs abopudstbs tmoijêk sd nds nnmom obnêaunms.

Tk abopudstb ouy aboük ds nm obnêaunm edn mcum, fbromempbr 9 ítbobs ed hjerñcdkb (H) y = ítbob ed bxïcdkb (B), msïabob sd vd dk nm jnustrmajñk.

Dldrajajb 1Ejmrjmodktd dstmobs dk abktmatb abk dndodktbs y abopudstbs. Wmrm rdabkbadr eñked pbedobs

dkabktrmr mncukbs ed dnnbs, ndm dn rdaumerb y abktdstd m nms prdcuktms.

Dn mjrd qud rdspjrmobs ds ukm odzanm ed ouahbs cmsds. Nbs cmsds qud sddkaudktrmk dk omybr amktjeme sbk dn kjtrñcdkb (K) y dn bxïcdkb (B). Btrbs

dstík dk odkbr amktjeme abob dn ejñxjeb ed amribkb, fbromeb pbr = ítbobed amribkb (A) y 9 ed bxïcdkb (B), y dn vmpbr ed mcum.

=. ²]uê cmsds sbk dndodktbs sdcük nm ndaturm2

9. ²]uê cmsds sbk abopudstbs sdcük nm ndaturm2

obnêaunm ed mcum

HH

HH

BB

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Dldrajajb 5Bisdrvd mtdktmodktd nm curm edn pmstdn y edn vmsb abk kmrmklmem. Wjdksd dk nbs abopbkdktds edamem ukb y rdspbkem m nms prdcuktms.

=. ²Auín ed nms fjcurms pberïm sdr ukm odzanm hbobcêkdm2

Dxpnjqud pbr quê.

9. ²Auín ed nms fjcurms pberïm sdr ukm odzanm hdtdrbcêkdm2

Dxpnjqud pbr quê.

1.9 Odzanms

Tkm odzanm ds nm ukjñk ed ebs b oís sustmkajms purms dk nm qud amem ukmabksdrvm sus prbpjdemeds. M ejfdrdkajm ed nbs abopudstbs, nms odzanms pudedk

sdpmrmrsd dk amem ukm ed nms sustmkajms purms qud nms abopbkdk.

Nm njobkmem ds ukm odzanm hdahm abk mcum, mzüamr y lucb ed njoñk. Ujdkdtrds sustmkajms purms aboijkmems, amem ukm abk sus prbpjdemeds.

Tk amneb ed pbnnb y ukm tmzm ed amfê sbk odzanms, pdrb tjdkdk ukm mpmrjdkajm

ouy ejfdrdktd. Qdcük su mpmrjdkajm nms odzanms pudedk sdr hbobcêkdms y hd-

tdrbcêkdms.

• Odzanms hbobcêkdms< sbk nms odzanms dk nms qud kb sd ejstjkcudk nmssustmkajms qud nms abopbkdk. Ubems sus pmrtds sd vdk jcumnds y tjdkdk nms

ojsoms prbpjdemeds.

Nm njobkmem ds ukm odzanm hbobcêkdm pbrqud kb sd ejstjkcudk

sdpmrmemodktd dn mcum, dn mzüamr, kj dn lucb ed njoñk y tbebs nbsvmsbs qud sd sjrvdk tjdkdk dn ojsob smibr.

• Odzanms hdtdrbcêkdms< sbk mqudnnms dk nms qud sï sd ejstjkcudk nmssustmkajms qud nm fbromk. M sjopnd vjstm sd pudedk mprdajmr sus pmrtds y

amem ukm tjdkd ejfdrdktds prbpjdemeds.

Tkm dksmnmem ds ukm odzanm hdtdrbcêkdm. Wuded tdkdr ndahucm,pdpjkb, tbomtd, smn y lucb ed njoñk. Ubebs sus abopbkdktdssbk ejstjktbs, sd bisdrvmk m sjopnd vjstm y tjdkdk ejfdrdktdsprbpjdemeds.

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5. Wrbpjdemeds fïsjams ed nm omtdrjm Qd ojrm, sd tbam... sd sjdktd

Nms prbpjdemeds sbk nbs rmscbs b amrmatdrïstjams qud ejfdrdkajmk m mncujdk b

mncb. Qj hminmobs ed ukm pdrsbkm, pbedobs edsarjijr sus amrmatdrïstjams fïsjams<

mntm, imlm, obrdkm, edncmem, abnbahm, dta.Msï abob edsarjijobs m ukm pdrsbkm pbr su mpmrjdkajm, pbedobs sdýmnmr nms

prbpjdemeds fïsjams dk nm omtdrjm.

Nms prbpjdemeds fïsjams sbk nms aumnjemeds ed uk bildtb qud sd pudedk bisdr-vmr y odejr. Qd anmsjamk dk dxtdksjvms b jktdksjvms.

5.= Wrbpjdemeds dxtdksjvms

Nms prbpjdemeds dxtdksjvms sbk nms amrmatdrïstjams fïsjams qud edpdkedk ed nm

amktjeme ed omtdrjm prdsdktd b ed su mpmrjdkajm. Dstms prbpjdemeds sbk<

• Omsm< ds nm amktjeme ed omtdrjm ed uk audrpb, sd ojeddk `jnbcrmobs abk nm myuem ed ukm imnmkzm. Aumktm oís

omsm tdkcm uk bildtb, omybr sdrí su pdsb. Wbr dldopnb<

Tk qujktmn ed omïz tjdkd ukm omsm omybr qud ukmmrrbim ed omïz, pbr dsb pdsm oís.

• Qmibr< ds nm prbpjdeme qud ejstjkcujobs abk dn sdktjeb edn custb. Wdraj-ijobs aumtrb smibrds iísjabs<

Eunad


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Emtb aurjbsb<dn mcum ds ukdldopnb ed omtdrjmjkbebrm (kb tjdkdbnbr), jkabnbrm (kb

tjdkd abnbr) djksïpjem (kb tjdkdsmibr).

• Bnbr< ds nm prbpjdeme qud pdrajijobs pbr odejb edn bnfmtb.Wuded sdr<

Mcrmemind


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5.9 Wrbpjdemeds jktdksjvms

Nms prbpjdemeds jktdksjvms sbk nms amrmatdrïstjams fïsjams qud pdromkdadk

abkstmktds pmrm amem sustmkajm. M ejfdrdkajm ed nms prbpjdemeds dxtdksjvms,

nms amrmatdrïstjams jktdksjvms kb edpdkedk ed nm mpmrjdkajm, kj ed nm amktjeme

ed omtdrjm prdsdktd, sjkb ed nbs amoijbs ed tdopdrmturm y ed nm ampmajeme

ed ejsbnvdrsd.

Qbk prbpjdemeds jktdksjvms<

• Wuktb ed fusjñk< ds nm tdopdrmturm m nm qud ukm sustmkajm sñnjem sd fuked b sd edrrjtd. Wbr dldopnb<

Nm omrcmrjkm sd edrrjtd m ukm tdopdrmturm ed 17 ¼A. Dstmtdopdrmturm ds dn puktb ed fusjñk ed nm omrcmrjkm.

• Wuktb ed diunnjajñk< ds nm tdopdrmturm m nm qud hjdrvd ukmsustmkajm nïqujem. Wbr dldopnb<

Dn mcum hjdrvd m =77 ¼A.Dn madjtd ed omïz hjdrvd m 917 ¼A.

Kb jopbrtm nm amktjeme ed mcum b ed madjtd, sus puktbs edfusjñk y ed diunnjajñk sdrík nbs ojsobs.

• Qbnuijnjeme< ds nm ampmajeme qud tjdkd ukm sustmkajm ed ejsbnvdrsd dkbtrm. Qdcük su crmeb ed sbnuijnjeme, nms sustmkajms pudedk sdr<

Qbnuinds< sustmkajms qud sd ejsudnvdk fíajnodktd, abob nm smn dk dnmcum.

Wmrajmnodktd sbnuinds< aumkeb sbnb sd ejsudnvd ukm pmrtd ed nm sus-tmkajm. Wbr dldopnb, aumkeb edlmobs dk rdpbsb dn frdsab ed omsm,

sbnb ukm pmrtd sd ejsudnvd dk dn mcum y btrm pmrtd sd edpbsjtm dk dn

fbkeb.

Jksbnuinds< aumkeb ukm sustmkajm kb sd ejsudnvd dk btrm, abob dnmadjtd. Qj tbomobs ukm auahmrmem ed madjtd y nm odzanmobs dk uk

vmsb ed mcum, kbs emobs audktm ed qud kb sd ejsudnvd.

Dldraj

Date post:	07-Aug-2018
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Libro Utatlán C.naturales 1er. Sem.

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