Microsoft Word - Chapter- I - Shodhganga

izFke v/;k;

thou ,oa l`tu

dfork ekuo&eu dk jkx gksus ds lkFk gh lkFk ekuo&ân; ,oa ;qx

dk ,d ,slk niZ.k gS ftlesa le;kuqlkj ifjofrZr ekuoh; ,oa ;qxhu psruk

u;s ewY;ksa ,oa iz'uksa ds lkFk izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSA ,oa Js"B dfo ,d lPpk

;qxnz"Vk ,oa lz"Vk gksus ds dkj.k viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls thou&txr~

ds ;FkkFkZ] ewY;] ekuoh; laosnuk ,oa vuqHkwfr dks fpf=r djrk gSA ,sls gh

dfo;ksa esa ,d izeq[k uke eaxys'k Mcjky dk gSA

lu~ 1981 ls fgUnh lkfgR; ds l`tu lalkj esa dfo :i esa nLrd

nsus okys eaxys'k Mcjky dk tUe 16 ekpZ 1948 esa fVgjh x<+oky ftys ds

dkQyikuh xk¡o esa gqvkA dkQyikuh dk ioZrh; izns'k] ogk¡ ds ou] ioZr]

Qwy] jax] >hy] i{kh ,oa izkÑfrd lq"kek ds chp tUesa ,oa iys eaxys'k dk

izÑfr ds lkFk vuk;kl varjax gks tkuk LokHkkfod gSA vius igkM+h izns'k

dk o.kZu Lo;a mudh ok.kh esa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gS&

^^dkQyikuh ,d igkM+h xk¡o gS] tgk¡ fnu esa [kwc fnu gksrk gS vkSj

jkr esa [kwc ?kuh jkr FkhA ml ?kuh jkr esa vkleku esa vla[; rkjsa fn[kkbZ

nsrs FksA tc Hkh eSa igkM+ dks ns[krk Fkk] rks igkM+ yka?kus dh bPNk esjs eu

esa iSnk gksrh FkhA**1

eaxys'k dh ek¡ dk uke lR;s'ojh nsoh ,oa firk dk uke Jh fe=kuan

th FkkA eaxys'k ds ifjokj esa izkjEHk ls gh ,d lkaLÑfrd okrkoj.k FkkA

muds nknkth ,oa firk Jh fe=kuan th x<+okyh Hkk"kk esa dfork;sa fy[krs

FksA dfork ds lkFk&lkFk buds firk laxhr] ukVd ,oa vfHku; ls Hkh tqM+s

FksA mUgksaus viuh ,d ukVd eaMyh Hkh cukbZ Fkh] ftlesa gkL;] O;aX; ,oa

lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ls ;qä ukVdksa dk izLrqrhdj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA ifjokj esa

nknkth] ek¡] firk ds vykok mudh ik¡p cgusa Fkh] ftuds uke Øe'k%

Hkqous'ojh] txns'ojh] jkty{eh] ekyrh ,oa clq gSA eaxys'k ds ckyd eu

,oa lewps thou ij mudh ek¡ dk cgqr vf/kd izHkko iM+kA viuh ek¡ ds

ckj esa eaxys'k Lo;a dgrs gS fd& ^^va/kfo'okl] vf'k{kk vkSj igkM+ dh lo.kZ

O;oLFkk esa iyus ds ckotwn ek¡ fdruh vk/kqfud Fkh] bldk izek.k ,d ckj

rc feyk tc esjk ,d Hkrhtk f'koizlkn tks'kh viuh lgikBh] >kj[kaM

fuoklh 'kkfyuh ls vartkZrh; fookg djuk pkgrk FkkA f'koizlkn ?kksj iafMr

tks'kh ifjokj dh larku gS ysfdu ek¡ ml le; igyh O;fä Fkh ftlus bl

fookg dk i{k fy;k vkSj dgk fd bu nksuksa dh tksM+h cf<+;k jgsxhA

fgUnw&eqlyeku] lo.kZ&vo.kZ] czkã.k&vczkã.k dh ckr mldh n`f"V ls

ges'kk gh ckgj jghA**2

eaxys'k dh ek¡ dks QksVks f[kapokus dk cM+k 'kkSd Fkk ,oa taxyh

tho&tarqvksa ds ckjs esa mudh jk; lcdks pfdr djus okyh FkhA ^^taxyksa ls

?kkl ykrs le; mls 'kk;n nks&rhu ckj ck?k Hkh fn[kk Fkk vkSj og dgrh

Fkh fd ck?k rks fcYyh tSlk NksVk gks ldrk gS vkSj vxj mlds ikl iw¡N

ugha gksrh rks og lfduk ¼NksVh ifÙk;ks okyk ,d isM+½ dh iÙkh ds ihNs Hkh

fNi ldrk gSA**3

eaxys'k cpiu ls gh ,d es/kkoh Nk= FksA mudh izkFkfed f'k{kk

dkQyikuh ds izkFkfed fo|ky; esa gqbZ FkhA ikB~;Øe ds vykok le;

fudkydj os fofHkUu iqLrdksa dk v/;;u djus esa :fp j[krs FksA vkBoha

d{kk rd vkrs&vkrs mUgksaus ^dkek;uh*] ^fiz;&izokl* vkSj ^vk¡lw* dks i<+

fy;k FkkA bUgha fnuksa os ys[ku esa Hkh lps"V gq, Fks ;|fi og ckyiu dh

ps"Vk gh Fkh bl ps"Vk esa mUgksaus yxHkx 12&13 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa t;'kadj

izlkn dh dgkuh ^vkdk'knhi* dh paik ls izHkkfor gks paik dss LFkku ij

în~ek* uke j[k ,d dgkuh fy[kh Fkh] tks ;|fi le; ds izokg esa u"V Hkh

2

gks x;h fdUrq blls mudk l`tu ds izfr :>ku izekf.kr gksrk gSA gkbZLdwy

dh i<+kbZ ds fy, os pack vkSj fVgjh uked dLcs esa nkf[ky gks x;sA mPp

f'k{kk ds fy, mUgsa nsgjknwu vkuk iM+kA nsgjknwu ds Mh0 ,0 oh0 dkWyst esa

mUgksaus ch0 ,0 esa izos'k fy;kA xf.kr esa mudh rfud Hkh :fp ugha FkhA

vaxzsth ,oa fgUnh fo"k; esa mudh :fp vkSj idM+ etcwr FkhA

lu~ 1974 esa eaxys'k Mcjky us la;qDrk th ls fookg fd;kA fookg

ds iwoZ la;qDrk th _f"kds'k esa v/;kfidk FkhA fookg ds i'pkr~ mUgksaus

ukSdjh NksM+ nhA la;qDrk th ds ckjs esa eaxys'k Lo;a crkrs gS& ^êSaus tks

dqN Hkh ik;k gS] mlesa budh lgu'khyrk dkj.khHkwr gSA**4

eaxys'k ds nks vueksy jru gSA iq= êksfgr* vkSj iq=h ^vyek* eksfgr

lhfu;j dkWihjkbVj gS] foKkiu cukrs gS vkSj csVh vyek us ,e0,l0lh0

fd;k gSA ^ck;ks buQksfVDl* ls vkSj ^vkQrkjk* uked dEiuh esa] tks fd

,d cqd ifCyflax dEiuh gSa esa ,fMVj ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSA vyek dks

xkus ds lkFk&lkFk 'kkL=h; laxhr dh Hkh vPNh tkudkjh gSA

fdlh Hkh lkfgR;dkj dk O;fäRo mlds thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ks ls

izHkkfor ,oa fufeZr gksrk gSA thouxr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ O;fä ds fopkj] vkn'kZ]

lksp ,oa Hkko dks lapkfyr djrs gS& ^Ô;fäRo cuk&cuk;k ugha feyrkA gesa

tks dqN izkIr gksrk gS] og dsoy vfLrRo gSA bl vfLrRo dks thou&;FkkFkZ

ls Vdjkdj ,d fo'ks"k :i izkIr gksrk gS] fdUrq fo'ks"k izfrHkk'kkyh vkSj

psruk&lEiUu O;fä viuh izfrHkk vkSj fopkj] v/;;u vkSj vkRela?k"kZ dh

izfØ;k esa mls ,d fof'k"V O;fäRo esa cnyrk gSA**5

eaxys'k dk O;fäRo Hkh vlk/kkj.k :i ls fof'k"V gS D;ksafd bldk

fuekZ.k thou ;FkkFkZ ds Hk;kog FkisM+ksa ls yxrkj Vdjkdj gqvk gSA vr%

muesa rst] cy] vkst] vkLFkk] vkRecy] vkRela?k"kZ ,oa vijkftr ;ks)k dk

vkRefo'okl Hkh gSA eaxys'k LoHkko ls vR;Ur ljy] lgt] lân;] Hkkoqd

,oa fuHkhZd gSA vU;k; ,oa vlaxr fLFkfr;ksa ls le>kSrk ugha djuk tkurs

3

vkSj uk pkgrs gSaA orZeku le; esa tgk¡ prqfnZd Ny] diV] iziap] >wB ,oa

pkykdh vius iSj ilkjs [kM+h gS ogk¡ dfo viuh vkRek dh] lR; dh iqdkj

ij ^'kgj dh yEch nhokj ij* Økafr dk 'ka[kukn djuk pkgrk gSA ftlls

,d u;k ;qx] u;s izdk'k esa Lora=rk] lekurk ds lkFk mUeqä gksdj lk¡ls

ys ldsA

^^lcls yach lcls lQs+n nhokj

[kkyh gS bl oDr

bl ij fy[kh tk ldrh gS dksbZ dfork

dy lqcg ds fy, dksbZ lans'k

bl ij ntZ+ fd;k tk ldrk gS

vxyh yM+kbZ dk ,ykuA**6

eaxys'k ds O;fäRo esa lkgfldrk ,oa laosnu'khyrk dk leUo; gSA

lR; dk tks vkSj tSlk lk{kkRdkj os djrs gS mls mruh gh bZekunkjh ,oa

lkgl ds lkFk vfHkO;ä Hkh djrs gSA lu~ 1964 esas eaxys'k ds xk¡o ds ikl

pack] elwjh ds ekxZ ij ,d QyiV~Vh cukbZ x;h FkhA mlds mn~?kkVu dh

fjiksVZ eaxys'k us iwjh fu"i{krk ds lkFk cukbZA Qyr% mlesa dqN ljdkj

fojks/kh ckrsa Hkh Fkh] tks fd LFkkuh; if=dk esa Nih FkhA ijarq eaxys'k mlls

fopfyr ugha gq,A

O;fäRo fuekZ.k esa :fp dk Hkh fo'ks"k gkFk gksrk gSA ys[ku ,oa iBu

ds vykok eaxys'k dh laxhr ,oa xkus esa cgqr :fp gSA os cM+s mRlkg ls

crkrs gS fd ^êSa fcukdk xhrekyk cgqr lquk djrk FkkA fQYeh xkus

fy[k&fy[k dj Hkstk djrk Fkk ;s vyx ckr gS fd dHkh dksbZ mÙkj ugha

vk;k ijUrq eSa vius fe= Fkfi;ky ds lkFk feydj jktdiqj ds xhr lqurk

vkSj fy[kdj fQYeh xhr Hkstk djrk FkkA**7 blds vykok lCth [kjhnuk]

[kkuk cukuk] Mªkbax cukuk Hkh eaxys'k dks cgqr ilan gSA ihyh nky cukus

4

esa os ekurs gS fd muls vPNk dksbZ ugha cuk ldrkA nksLrksa ds lkFk xIis

yxkuk Hkh mudh vknr gSA

eaxys'k ds ?kj ,oa ifjokj ij oS| ,oa T;ksfrf"k 'kkL= dk Hkh izHkko

FkkA eaxys'k ds nknkth ,oa firkth nksuksa oS| ,oa T;ksfrf"k ds Kkrk FksA

eaxys'k dh eka dks Hkh vk;qossZfnd ls lEcfU/kr dbZ uke tSls gktek pw.kZ]

Tojkadq'k] na'kj] flrksiykfn pw.kZ vkfn ;kn jgrs FksA T;ksfrf"k ds izHkko dks

muds uke êaxys'k* ij Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA eaxys'k crkrs gq, dgrs gS

fd& ^êsjk tUe eaxy dh Nk;k esa gqvk Fkk] ftls 'kk;n ekaxfyd dgk

tkrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k esjk uke esjs firk us izkjEHk esa eaxyewfrZ vkSj ckn

esa Ldwy esa eaxys'k j[kkA eaxys'k dk Bhd&Bhd vFkZ eq>s ugha irk ijUrq

dqN bls f'ko] dqN x.ks'k vkSj dqN eaxy ds bZ'k ds :i esa bls ns[krs

gS---- **8

eaxys'k dks cpiu ls gh lkfgR; esa :fp FkhA x| ls viuh

ys[ku&;k=k dh 'kq:vkr djus okys eaxys'k dh dgkuh ys[ku dh dFkk Hkh

vR;Ur jkspd gS& ^êaxys'k tc nsgjknwu ls fnYyh vk jgs Fks rks jkLrs esa gh

mUgksaus ,d isM+ ds uhps cSBdj ,d dgkuh fy[khA ml dgkuh dks

^lkIrkfgdh* ds fy, Hkst nhA cM+h eqf'dy ls ;g dgkuh LohÑr gks x;h

ysfdu gaxkek [kM+k gks x;k fd bl dgkuh esa v'yhyrk dh xa/k gSA

laiknd euksgj ';ke tks'kh us ,d [kr HkstkA mlesa fy[kk Fkk] vkidh

dgkuh rks cgqr vPNh gS ysfdu bls lkIrkfgdh esa izdV djuk vlEHko gS]

D;ksafd blesa v'yhy o.kZu gq, gSA bl dgkuh dks eSa ^lkfjdk* ds fy, Hkst

jgk gw¡A ^bl izdkj eaxys'k dks fcuk iwNs gh mUgksaus ml dgkuh dks

^lkfjdk* ds fy, Hkst nhA lkfjdk ds lEiknd deys'oj us ml dgkuh dh

iz'kalk dh ysfdu vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd mUgksaus Hkh ml dgkuh esa ls

mu nks iafDr;ksa dks fudkyuk pkgk tks mudh n`f"V esa v'yhy FkhA blls

eaxys'k dks vk?kkr gqvkA mUgksaus deys'oj dks [kr fy[kk fd ml dgkuh esa

5

ls ,d 'kCn Hkh u gVk;k tk,A blh rjg deys'oj vkSj eaxys'k ds chp

i=ksÙkj ds :i esa okn&fookn c<+rk x;kA var esa og dgkuh rks Nih ysfdu

deys'oj ds eu ds eqrkfcdA blls eaxys'k dkQh ukjkt gq,A tc og

dgkuh 1966 esa ^lkfjdk* esa Nih rks bls i<+dj fgUnh ds lqizfl) Js"B

dgkuhdkj vknj.kh; Kkujatu us eaxys'k dks ,d [kr fy[kk mlesa fy[kk

Fkk& ^^fiz; HkkbZ eq>s vkidh dgkuh i<+us dk lqvolj feykA eSa ugha tkurk

vki dgk¡ ds jgus okys gS \ D;k djrs gSa \ fiNys ik¡p o"kksZa ls dksbZ ,slh

dgkuh i<+us dks ugha feyh Fkh tks vkt vkidh dgkuh esa feyhA eq>s

vkidh dgkuh cgqr vPNh yxhA vkidks esjh 'kqHkdkeuk,¡A** bl izdkj ,d

vPNs] lPps nksLr ds :i esa eaxys'k dks Kkujatu feysA blls cM+h lkSHkkX;

dh ckr dkSu lh gks ldrhA**9

x| ls ys[ku dk;Z dh 'kq:vkr djus okys eaxys'k t;'kadj izlkn

dh jpuk ^vkalw* ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA vius thou ds lÙkkou tUefnol iw.kZ

gksus ij viuh Mk;jh esa fy[krs gS& ^êsjh vka[ks Hkhxh gqbZ gSa vkSj lglk ,d

vkalw xkyksa ls cgrk gqvk gksBksa rd vkrk gSA mlesa ued gSA vkalw dk

uedA og esjs Hkhrj pyk x;k gSA fQj ls vkalw cuus ds fy,A fd'kksj o;

esa t;'kadj izlkn dh jpuk ^vkalw* eq>s eqagtckuh ;kn FkhA og igyh

dfork Fkh tks eSaus i<+h vkSj ;kn dhA**10

eaxys'k Mcjky dks firkth dh chekjh ds dkj.k viuh i<+kbZ ch0,0

f}rh; o"kZ esa gh NksM+uh iM+h vkSj thfodk ds fy, 19 o"kZ esa os fnYyh

vk,A fnYyh esa fgUnh îsfVª;V*] îzfri{k* vkSj ^vklikl* esa dk;Zjr gq,A

fgUnh îsfVª;V* ls mudk i=dkfjrk txr~ ls lEcU/k tqM+k vkSj os i=dkj

ds :i esa [kqn dks LFkkfir fd;sA fnYyh ds i'pkr~ eaxys'k dqN le; rd

Hkksiky esa îwoZxzg* ds lgk;d lEiknd jgsA N% lky rd bykgkckn vkSj

y[kuÅ ls izdkf'kr ^ve`r izHkkr* esa lkfgR; lEiknd jgsA 1983 ls nSfud

^tulÙkk* esa ofj"B lgk;d lEiknd cusA 2003 ls 2006 rd ^lgkjk

6

VkbZEl* if=dk ls tqM+s jgs FksA i=dkfjrk ds lkFk&lkFk eaxys'k dk

ys[ku&dk;Z vuojr tkjh jgk gSA 2006 ls us'kuy cqd VªLV esa lykgdj

ds :i esa lsokjr gSA

eaxys'k lkfgR; ,oa i=dkfjrk dks ,d nwljs ls tqM+k gqvk ekurs gSA

os ekurs gS fd i=dkfjrk fopkjksa ds fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

^î=dkfjrk fopkjksÙkstd gS] lkfgR; vkSj i=dkfjrk dk y{; ,d gh gS&

êkuoh; laca/k dh [kkst* vkSj i=dkfjrk tc bl mís'; dks Hkwyrh gS rks

og lekIr gks tkrh gSA vkt dh i=dkfjrk us cktkj ds vkxs ?kwVus Vsd

fn;s gSaA lkfgR; vkSj i=dkfjrk ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gSaA igys ds T;knk

lkfgR;dkj gh i=dkj jgs gSaA**11

lPph i=dkfjrk dks dfo cgqr lEeku nsrs gSaA vius thou ds

la?k"kZe; le; esa i=&if=dkvksa dk laiknu gh mudh thfodk dk vk/kkj

cukA dfo ân; j[kus okys eaxys'k i=dkfjrk dks Hkh l`tukRedrk ls

tksM+dj ns[krs gSA os ekurs gSa fd ftl Hkk¡fr lkfgR; thou ds Hkhrj ls gh

mitrk gS vkSj gj ;qx esa yksxksa dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj

vPNh i=dkfjrk Hkh vius ;qx dk niZ.k gksrh gS vkSj thou rFkk lekt ls

mldk tqM+ko bl Hkk¡fr gksuk pkfg, fd og vius ;qx ,oa vkus okys Hkkoh

;qxksa dk ekxZ iz'kLr dj ldsA dfo deZ vkSj laiknd dk;Z dks ysdj os

dgrs gSa fd& ^^dfork fy[kus ds dkj.k i=dkfjrk esa eq>s enn feyh gSa]

ysfdu i=dkfjrk ds dkj.k 'kk;n dfork esa dksbZ enn ugha feyh gSA

vPNh i=dkfjrk dk eSa cgqr lEeku djrk gw¡ vkSj Hkz"V i=dkfjrk dk eSa

mruk gh fojks/kh gw¡A**12

eaxys'k i=dkfjrk ds lUnHkZ esa bZekunkjh ,oa Kku dks egÙo nsrs gSaA

O;fä dk ôLrq* esa :ikUrj.k vkt dh miHkksäkoknh laLÑfr dk ewy gS ,oa

dfo eaxys'k dk O;fäRo laiknd eaxys'k ds O;fäRo ls tc feyrk gS rks

orZeku le; esa cktkjokn ds i=dkfjrk ij tks opZLo gS] mlls vUnj gh

7

vUnj dgha [kh> mBrk gSA ^î=&if=dkvksa esa] [kkldj nSfud vkSj

lkIrkfgd i=ksa esa vkye ;g gS fd tks dksbZ u;k] mnh;eku] la?k"kZ'khy

lkfgR;&izseh ukStoku ;k Nk= dke dh [kkst esa vkrk gS] mlds gkFk esa

dksbZ Hkh fdrkc Fkek nh tkrh gS fd bl ij leh{kk fy[kdj ykvks tks vkB

lkS 'kCnksa ls vf/kd dh u gksA bl rjg ge lkeus [kM+s csjkstxkj ds izfr

viuh ftEesnkjh fuHkk ysrs gS vkSj ys[kd Hkh viuh leh{kk ls izlUu gks

mBrs gSA bu fnuksa ;g Hkh ugha ns[kk tk jgk gS fd leh{kk fdlus fy[kh gS]

mldh LFkkiuk,a D;k gS vkSj jpuk dks dSls i<+k x;k gSA**13

i=dkfjrk ,oa laiknd dk;Z muds fy, egt ,d is'kk ugha gSA og

muesa lR;rk] ekSfydrk] bZekunkjh ,oa izsjd rRoksa ds vUos"kh gSA ,0oh0

flfCyax us fy[kk Fkk& " The funciton of the press in society is to inform but

its role is to make money"14

eaxys'k ,0oh0 flfCyax ds bl dFku dk fojks/k djrs gS vkSj

i=dkfjrk dks iSls ls ugha cfYd ;FkkFkZ ,oa fopkj&fuekZ.k ls tksM+dj ns[krs

gSaA

x| ls vius ys[ku dk izkjEHk djus okys eaxys'k vkt ,d lQy

dfo ds :i esa izfrf"Br gSA mUgksaus vius ;qx esa QSys pkjksa rjQ dh ph[k

,oa 'kksj ds e/; thou dh e/kqj rku dks] e/kqj laxhr dks cpkus dh dksf'k'k

dh gSA orZeku ;qx esa udkjkRed i{k dks utjvankt djrs gq, os thou dks

ldkjkRed n`f"V ls ns[krs gSA eaxys'k dh dfork ,slh dfork dk la/kku gS

ftlesa vkt dk misf{kr ^vke* vkneh vius lexz :i esa mifLFkr gSA

mldk ,d uwru lkSUn;Z gS tks vius ifjos'k] vius eu vkSj le; dks

[kaxkyus ls mRiUu gksrk gSA Qyr% mudh dfork esa edku] igkM+] fpfM+;k]

?kj] f[kM+dh] 'kgj] cPpk] clar] unh] isM+] gok] f[kykSuk bR;kfn vR;Ur

lgtrk ls ,d uwru lkSUn;Z&cks/k ds lkFk mifLFkr gSA eaxys'k ds

jpuk&lalkj esa dksbZ Hkh pht ^vke* ;k ^lk/kkj.k* ugha gSA NksVh lh NksVh

8

pht Hkh xgjs vFkZcks/k ls lai`ä gSA eaxys'k ds fy, dfork thou dk nwljk

i;kZ; gSA eaxys'k ekurs gSa fd ^^dfork rhu phtksa ls iSnk gksrh gS] tUe]

e`R;q vkSj izse lsA**15 og thoukuqHkoksa ls tUeh vkSj lkFk&lkFk pyrh gSA

ys[kd vFkok lkfgR;dkj ds ÑfrRo dks mlds O;fäxr thou ,oa vuqHkoksa

ls i`Fkd djds ugha ns[kk tk ldrk] D;ksafd ys[kd ds fopkj ,oa mldh

Hkkouk,¡ mlds thou dh gh izfrPNk;k gksrh gSA eaxys'k dh dforkvksa ls

xqtjuk Lo;a ls lk{kkRdkj djus tSlk gSA gj ,d iy dks eu&izk.k ls th

ysus dh ykylk gSA

vius dkO;&l`tu dh ;k=k ds izkjfEHkd fnuksa ds ckjs esa eaxys'k

dgrs gSa& ^^dgkfu;ka fy[kk djrk FkkA ^/keZ;qx* esa lcls vf/kd jpuk,¡ Hkstk

djrk FkkA laiknd ds [ksn okyh if{k;ksa dks rexksa vkSj izek.k i=ksa dh rjg

lqjf{kr j[krk FkkA vkt Hkh os fLyisa dgha fey tk;saxhA û;h dgkuh* esa

Hkh"e lkguh dks dgkuh HkstrkA gj ckj dgkuh Hkh"e th ds iksLVdkMZ ds

lkFk okil vk tkrh] ;g fy[kdj fd vHkh dqN ckr ugha cuhA mlds ckn

nwljk nkSj Fkk fd dfo yhyk/kj txwM+h vk/kqfud dfork fy[k jgs FksA

txwM+h ls eqykd+kr u gqbZ gksrh rks vkt eSa vius xk¡o ds Ldwy esa ekLVjh

djrs gq, xhr fy[k jgk gksrkA 'kk;n MkWDVj ;k fo}ku cu tkrkA txwM+h

us tks esjs fy, njokt+k [kksyk] og vk/kqfud dfork dh rjQ [kqyrk FkkA**16

txqM+h th }kjk [kksys x;s njokts ls xqtjus ds ckn vkt eaxys'k dk jpuk

txr dkQh le`) gks pqdk gS ,oa ledkyhu dfo;ksa esas mudh viuh ,d

fof'k"V igpku gSA muds vc rd ds izdkf'kr dkO;&laxzg ,oa x| lkfgR;

dk fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&

dkO;&laxzg

1- igkM+ ij ykyVsu % ¼1981½

2- ?kj dk jkLrk % ¼1988½

3- ge tks ns[krs gS % ¼1995½

9

4- vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS % ¼2000½

5- u;s ;qx esa 'k=q % ¼2013½

x| jpuk

1- ,d ckj vk;ksok % ¼1996½] ,d ;k=k Mk;jh

2- ys[kd dh jksVh % ¼1997½

3- dfo dk vdsykiu % ¼2008½

vkt ls yxHkx 44 o"kZ iwoZ fnYyh vkdj ^fgUnh isfV~;V*] îzfri{k*

vkSj ^vklikl* vkSj vkSj fQj Hkksiky ls izdkf'kr îwoZxzg* esas dke fd;kA

Ng lky bykgkckn vkSj y[kuÅ ls izdkf'kr nSfud ^ve`r izHkkr* esa

lkfgR; laiknd ds :i esa vkSj vBkjg o"kZ nSfud ^tulÙkk* esa ofj"B

lgk;d laiknd rFkk mlds ckn lgkjk VkbZEl ls eaxys'k tqM+s jgsA 2006

ls us'kuy cqd VªLV esa lykgdkj ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSA

eaxys'k dh fofo/k Hkk"kkvksa esa :fp vkSj Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds vykok

vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk v/;;u mUgsa ,d dq'ky vuqoknd ds :i esa

izfrf"Br djrk gSA muds }kjk vuwfnr dk;Z esa csVksZYV czs"V] gkal ekXuql

,saRlsalcxZj ¼teZu½] ;kful fjRlksl ¼;w;kuh½] T+cXuh;sc gscsZr] rknsÅ"k

:ts+fop ¼iksyLdh½] ikCyks us:nk] ,susZLrks dknsZuy ¼Likuh½] Mksjk xkcs] Lrkdk

isapsok ¼cYxkjh½ vkfn dh dforkvksa dk vuqokn teZu miU;kldkj gseZu

gsLls ds miU;kl ^fl)kFkZ* vkSj ckaXyk dfo uok:.k HkV~Vkpk;Z ds laxzg ^;g

e`R;q miR;dk ugha gS esjk ns'k* ds lg vuqokndA blds vfrfjä ukxktqZu]

fueZy oekZ] egk'osrk nsoh] varewfrZ] xqjn;ky flag] dqjZrqy&,su gSnj ij

o`Ùkfp=ksa dk iVdFkk ys[kuA vuqokn ds ckjs esa Lo;a eaxys'k Mcjky dk

dguk gS& ^^vuqokn ,d iqujZpuk gS blfy, og iqutZUe Hkh gS ,d dfork

10

ds ftrus vf/kd vuqokn gksaxs ml dfork dh la[;kRed c<+ksÙkjh Hkh mruh

gksrh gSA**17

eaxys'k vius thou esa dbZ fons'k ;k=k;sa dj pqds gSA 1988 esa

cYxsfj;k psdksLykokfd;k dh ;k=k vkSj dfork ikB fd;k mUgksausA 1991 esa

vUrjkZ"Vªh; ys[ku deZ'kkyk esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, vesfjdk ds vk;ksok

fo'ofo|ky; x;sA 1996 esa ekLdks] ekWfj'kl vkSj usiky dh ;k=k dhA 2006

esa teZu dh ;k=k dhA tgk¡&tgk¡ Hkh os x;s vius ln~O;ogkj ,oa e`nq ok.kh

ls lHkh ds ân; dks thr fy;kA

lkfgR; ds {ks= esa eaxys'k Mcjky dh vuqie lsok ds fy, mUgsa dbZ

laLFkkvksa us lEekfur fd;k gSA os fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- 1982 esa vkseizdk'k Le`fr lEeku ls lEekfur gq,

2- 1989 esa Jhdkar oekZ iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k

3- 1995 esa 'ke'ksj lEeku ls foHkwf"kr gq,

4- 1996 esa igy ls foHkwf"kr gq,

5- 2000 esa lkfgR; vdkneh iqLdkj ^ge tks ns[krs gSa* Ñfr ds fy,

iqjLÑr vkSj lEekfur gq,A

6- 2003 esa lkfgR; {ks= ds f}tnso lEeku izkIr djus dk xkSjo izkIr

gqvkA

eaxys'k dh leLr jpukvksa esa mudk Hkhrjh vkSj ckgjh lekt]

vUr}ZUn] laosnuk;sa] eu%fLFkfr;k¡] thouxr ;FkkFkZ viuh ekSfydrk ,oa

lexzrk esa fpf=r gqvk gSA mudh jpukvksa ls xqtjuk Lo;a ls lk{kkRdkj

djus tSlk gSA thou ds fofo/k jax] :i] vkdkj] {k.k] lc dqN ,d lkFk

leosr :i esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ,d ,slh vfojy unh dk dy&dy

fuukn gS ftlesa thou dk laxhr gSA ;g laxhr mudh gj jpuk esa

vyx&vyx lqj&rky ,oa y; ds lkFk lqukbZ nsrk gS ftldk foLr`r

foospu fuEuLFk gS&

11

igkM+ ij ykyVsu %

eaxys'k Mcjky dk ;g igyk dkO; laxzg lu~ 1981 esa izdkf'kr

gqvk] ftl ij mUgsa vkseizdk'k Le`fr lEeku feyk ¼1962½ bZ0 esaA bl laxzg

esa dqy 40 dfork,¡ ladfyr gSaA izFke dkO; laxzg fdlh Hkh dfo ds thou

lafpr vuqHko dk] mldh vkLFkk] vukLFkk] Le`fr&LoIu] vk'kk&fujk'kk]

}U}&:nu bR;kfn dk thoUr nLrkost gksrk gSA vkSj dgha uk dgha

dykdkj viuh cspSuh dks tc lEHkky ugha ikrk rks bls i`"Bksa ij mrkj dj

Lo;a dks FkksM+k 'kkar dj ysuk pkgrk gSa ,oa dqN ,slh gh cspSuh] lq[k&nq[k]

Le`fr] nnZ ,oa foLFkkiu dh ihM+k dks Lo;a esa lesVs gq;s gSa dfo dk ;g

igyk dkO;&laxzg îgkM+ ij ykyVsu*A ftlesa îgkM+* Hkh gS vkSj ^ykyVsu*

Hkh vFkkZr~ volkn dk ,d vR;Ur gh foiqykdkj :i îgkM+* ds :i esa

fpf=r gSa rks ubZ mEehn] ubZ jks'kuh] ?kksj re esa Hkh izdk'k fc[ksjrh

^ykyVsu* Hkh ekStwn gSA dfo nq";Ur us Hkh fy[kk Fkk&

^^gks xbZ gS ihj&ioZr lh

vc fi?kyuh pkfg;s

bl fgeky; ls vc dksbZ

xaxk fudyuh pkfg;sA**18

dfo nq";Ur volkn ds igkM+ ls thounkf;uh ^xaxk* ds :i esa Økafr

dk cht cksuk pkgrs gSA eu ds dyqf"kr fopkj/kkjk dks txdY;k.kh xaxk ds

ty ls /kks dj uohu fopkj Hkjuk pkgrs gSa ,oa igkM+ ls eSnku esa vk;s dfo

eaxys'k igkM+ ds dBksj fnup;kZ esa thou th jgs euq";ksa dks ykyVsu ds

ek/;e ls ,d uwru vk'kk ls Hkjuk pkgrs gSA thou ds ?kksj ,dkdhiu esa]

?kksj fujk'kk ds re esa Hkh dfo thus ds fy, ^vk'kk* vkSj îzdk'k* <w¡<+ ysrk

gSA Mwcrs&Mwcrs Hkh mcj tkrk gSa] pwdrs&pwdrs Hkh jg tkrk gS] ;gh dfo

eaxys'k dh [kkfl;r gSA

12

^^,dk,d vkleku esa

,d rkjk fn[kk;h nsrk gS

ge nksuksa lkFk&lkFk

tk jgs gSa va/ksjs esa

og rkjk vkSj eSaA**19

1969 esa dfo tc vius igkM+h izns'k esa cls dkQyikuh dks NksM+dj

vkrs gSa rks foLFkkiu dh ihM+k muds eu&efLr"d dks lkyrh gSA os Lo;a

dgrs gSa&^^;g 1969 dh ckr gSA ;kuh esjh dfork viuh Hkwfe] viuk lekt

NwVus vkSj ,d ,sls lekt esa vkus ds le; lEHko gqbZ tks esjs fy, vtuch

FkkA ;g nqrjQk foLFkkiu FkkA foLFkkiu ges'kk nqrjQk gh gksrk gSA vkt

Hkh xk¡o ds yksx vius ?kj&xk¡o dks viuk ns'k dgrs gSa& gekjk ns'k igkM+

gSA20

Li"V gS fd fnYyh tSls 'kgj esa thfodk gsrq vk;s dfo ds

vUrjtxr esa viuk xk¡o] viuk ns'k] igkM+ lnk thfor jgkA îgkM+ ij

ykyVsu* dkO; laxzg tgk¡ ,d vksj igkM+h thou dh dBksjrk] tM+rk]

'kks"k.k o`fÙk ,oa la?k"kZ dks ;FkkFkZrk ,oa lw{erk ds lkFk izLrqr djrh gS ogha

dfo ds eu esa 'kgj dh pdkpkSa/k] vkik/kkih esa thou dh ljlrk ,oa

thoarrk ds ,glkl ds ej tkus dk nnZ Hkh ifjyf{kr gSA

^^fdrus lkjs iÙks mM+dj vkrs gSa

psgjs ij esjs cpiu ds isM+ksa ls

,d >hy viuh ygjsa

eq> rd Hkstrh gS

ygj dh rjg dkairh gS jkr

vkSj ml ij eSa pyrk gw¡

psgjs ij iÙkksa dh e`R;q fy;s gq,A**21

13

îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* ds lUnHkZ esa iadt flag dh fVIi.kh dks ;kn djuk

vizklafxd ugha gksxk&

^^dfork ds ledkyhu ifjn`'; esa îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* dh dfork,¡ gesa

,d fojy vkSj cgqr lPps vFkksZa esa ekuoh; dfo&lalkj esa ys tkrh gSa

ftlesa cpiu gS] NwVh txgksa dh ;knsa gSa] v¡/ksjs&mtkyksa esa [kqyrh

f[kM+fd;k¡ gSa] vklikl f?kj vkbZ jkr gS] uhan gS] LoIu&nqLoIu gSa]

^lezkKh* dk ,d fo:i ek;kyksd gS exj ;g lc ^,d u, euq"; dh

xa/k ls* Hkjk gqvk gS vkSj ^lM+dsa vkSj Vgfu;k¡] ikuh vkSj Qwy vkSj

jks'kuh vkSj laxhr reke phtsa gfFk;kjksa esa cny xbZ gSaA**22

mi;qZDr dFku ls Li"V gksrk gS fd thou vius fofo/k Lo:i ,oa

la?k"kZ ds lkFk mudh dforkvksa esa mifLFkr gSA îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* esa

laxzfgr dfork,¡ orZeku thou dh dqaBk] [kh>] fujk'kk ,oa 'kks"k.k dk

inkZQk'k djrs gq;s vius vUr%lafpr izdk'k ls ^cgqr dqN* dks cpk ysus dh

dksf'k'k djrh gSA n`';&fp= ls Hkjs fuEu iafä;ksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

^^taxy esa vkSjrs gSa

ydfM+;ksa ds xB~Bj ds uhps csgks'k

taxy esa cPps gSa vle; nQuk, tkrs gq,

taxy esa uaxs iSj pyrs gSa cw<+s Mjrs [kk¡lrs

var esa xk;c gks tkrs gq, taxy esa yxkrkj

dqYgkfM+;k py jgh gSaA taxy esa lks;k gS jDrA**23

mi;qDr iafä;ksa esa dfo us fdruh ljy ,oa lgt 'kCnkoyh esa taxy

esa O;kIr ihM+k dks fp=kRedrk ,oa /oU;kRedrk ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k gSA

^vkSjr* vkSj ^cPps* tks laosnuk ,oa dkseyrk ls] eklwfe;r ls ;qä gS] mudk

fujUrj 'kks"k.k gks jgk gSA ^vkSjrs ydfM+;ksa ds xB~Bj ds uhps csgks'k gSA

vkSjr tks fd tuuh gS] lgpjh gS Lo;a esa l`f"V dk nwljk i;kZ; gSA og

vkSjr tks Hkkoukvksa dk lzksr gS] tks ?kj dks ?kj cukrh gS] ftlesa vnE;

14

vkUrfjd mtkZ ,oa 'kfä gS] ftls Lo;a thou ,oa txr dk ewy ekuk x;k

gS ogh vkSjr igkM+ esa] taxy esa ydfM+;ksa ds xV~Bj vFkkZr~ 'kks"k.k ,oa neu

ds cks> rys ewfNZr gS rks D;k ogk¡ thou dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS \

^cPps* tks Hkfo"; dk nwljk uke gS] cPps Hkh thou vof/k lekIr gksus ds iwoZ

gh Hkw[k ls fpjfunzk esa lks pqds gS vkSj os cw<+s tks gekjs vrhr] gekjh

ijEijkvksa ds lw=/kkj gS] gekjs cqtqZx] iwoZt gSa] os Hkh chekj] lges ls] Mjs

gq,] [kk¡lrs gq,] tSls viuh gh yk'k dks vius da/kksa ij <+ksrs gq, xk;c gksrs

tk jgs gSaA dfo us vkSjr] cPps ,oa cw<+s ds ek/;e ls ;g crk;k gS fd

taxy esa] igkM+ esa vrhr] orZeku ,oa Hkfo"; dqN Hkh lqjf{kr ugha fn[k

jgkA fujUrj ^dqYgkM+h* ds :i esa 'kks"k.k ,oa neu dk pØ py jgk gSa

ftlds rys êkuo&jDr* BaMk gks pqdk gS] psruk ej pqdh gS] laosnuk 'kwU;

gks xbZ gSA thUnxh tM+rk ls ;qä gks pqdh gSA îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* dkO;

laxzg us mudh vfoLej.kh; igpku cuk nhA

^^bldk dkj.k 'kk;n og igyh rktxh fu'Nyrk vkSj mRlkg gks

ftldk laca/k vc vDlj dfo;ksa ds igys dkO;&laxzg ls tqM+ x;k gSA

eaxys'k Mcjky ,d ltx dfo gS] blfy, viuh dfork ds ldkjkRed

igyqvksa dks mUgksaus cjkcj thfor j[kus vkSj fodflr djus dh dksf'k'k dh

gSA24

îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* dkO; laxzg esa ,d dfork gS ^vdsyk vkneh]

ftlesa dfo us cM+h ;FkkFkZrk ls vk/kqfud] orZeku le; esa ,d O;fä ds

vkUrfjd vUrZ}U}] [kh>] dqN uk dj ikus dh foo'krk] ?kwVu ,oa Lo;a ij

Øq) gksus dh O;Fkk dks fpf=r fd;k gSA os fy[krs gSa&

^^vdsyk NksM+ nks eq>s gj ckj vdsyk vkneh

fpYykrk gS ,d xgkjh jkr esa

lalkj dks vius jDr esas vLr gksrs ns[krk

vdsyk vkneh cqncqnkrk gS viuh vkf[kjh edku

15

viuh Nr ij vius Øks/k esa Vgyrs gq,

gkaQrs iSaV dlrs ckj&ckj xys ls

,d v'yhy ?kj?kjkgV lqurs gq, vdsyk

vkneh gks pqdk gSA

fcuk dqN fd;s&/kjs gksrs jgus ls ijs'kkuA**25

eaxys'k ds dkO; dk fo"k; vkl&ikl ds txr~ ls pquk x;k gS] tgk¡

L=h gS] cPps gS] ?kj] edku] I;kj] ijNkbZ] igkM+] 'kgj] Le`fr] LoIu] Qwy]

iÙks] unh] >jus vkfn gS vkSj bUgha lc esa lk¡l ysrk vkt dk gj ,d {k.kA

^^;g edku lkjk dqN fNik;s gq, gS

vius va/kdkj esa vkSjr

vkSjr dk LoIu

vkSjr dk cPpk

vkSjr dh ekSrA26

izLrqr dfork êdku* ,d L=h ds orZeku le; esa ?kj esa mldh

fLFkfr dks] mlds VwVrs&fc[kjrs liuksa dks] mlds Åij gks jgs 'kks"k.k&o`fÙk

dks gekjs lekus fdruh Li"Vrk ls j[krh gSaA okLro esa L=h ^?kj* esa jgrh

gS] ^?kj* cukrh gS] ?kj mldk liuk vkSj cPps mldk va'k gksrs gSa ij fdl

Hkk¡fr ^?kj* vkt êdku* esa rCnhy gks x;k gS vkSj vkSjr fdl Hkk¡fr êju*

ds fy;s foo'k gks jgh gSA ;g cM+h ;FkkFkZrk ds lkFk dfo us n'kkZ;k gSA

îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* dh gh ,d dfork gS îgkM+*A dfo fy[krs gS&

^îgkM+ ij p<+rs gq,

rqEgkjh lakl Qwy tkrh gS

vkokt+ HkjkZus yxrh gS

rqEgkjk dn+ Hkh f?klus yxrk gS

igkM+ rc Hkh gS tc rqe ugha gksA27

16

bl dfork ds ek/;e ls dfo fn[kkuk pkgrs gSa fd îgkM+* tks fd

thou esa ^volkn* dk izrhd gS] og fdruk fpjLFkk;h gS] 'kk'or gS] ges'kk

ls Fkk] gS vkSj jgsxk] Hkys gh euq"; jgs ;k uk jgsA lp Hkh gS fd îgkM+*

tc rd nqfu;k gS rc rd vpy] vVy og vius vfLrRo dks cjdjkj

j[ksxk] tks fd eaxys'k dh dforkvksa esa mifLFkr gSA MkW0 cPpu flag fy[krs

gSa ^^îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* i<+rs le; ve`rk 'ksjfxj ds fp=ksa dh ;kn vkrh gSA

'ksjfxj us fp=ksa dks lgkuqHkwfr nh gS rks Mcjky us vkRekuqHkwfr**28

vkyksP;s dfo ds bl izFke dfork laxzg esa vius xk¡o] dLcs ,oa

igkM+ dh laosnuk] leL;k rFkk la?k"kZ rks fpf=r gS gh ijUrq blds vykok

vius xk¡o ,oa dLcs dks NksM+dj jksth&jksVh dh ryk'k esa vk;s ;qok&ih<+h

dk ,dkdhiu] ;kaf=drk ,oa j¶rkj Hkjh ftUnxh esa Lo;a dks [kks nsus dk Hk;

Hkh nz"VO; gSA bl izdkj dh dqN mYys[kuh; dfork,¡ gS& ^clar*] ^vkoktsa*]

^vkrs&tkrs*] ^?kj*] îgkM+*] ^fpfM+;k*] ^vkf[kjh okjnkr*] ^'kgj&1*] ^'kgj&2*]

^pqipki*] ^Fkdku* vkfnA 'kgj esa O;kIr vekuqf"kdrk] laosnuk'kwU;rk ,oa

Hk;kogrk dk fp= mudh fuEu iafä;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS&

^êsjs jDr dh vafre mNky ds cknA

'kq: gks tkrh gS 'kgj dh nhokjsaA

uhan ds pkjksa fdyksa vkSj dczksa dks jkSanrs nkSM+rs jgrs gSa ?kqM+lokjA

muds fodjky tcM+s gj rjQ dkyA

vkleku mxyrs jgrs gSaA

muds VwVs gq, dopksa ls >jrk gS le;A**29

iadt flag ds 'kCnksa esa dgs rks& ^îgkM+ksa ds lkQ ikuh tSlh

ikjnf'kZrk bu dforkvksa dk xq.k gS ftlds Hkhrj vkSj vkjikj gypy djrs

gq, thou dks ge lkQ&lkQ ns[k ldrs gSaA**30

;g lp Hkh gS fd ikuh tSlh ikjnf'kZrk budh dforkvksa dk xq.k gSA

ftlds Hkhrj euq"; dk thou] thou dk ,d&,d {k.k Li"Vr% yf{kr gksrk

17

gSA Hkkjr Hkkj}kt fy[krs gSa& ^^1982 esa tc blh laxzg ij mUgsa vkseizdk'k

lkfgR; lEeku feyk rks fgUnh ds vo/kwr dfo ukxktqZu us ckjkewy ¼d'ehj½

ds irs ij rRdky tks dkMZ Hkstk vc mldh dqN gh ckrsa ;kn jg x;h gSa&

^bUgha gkFkksa ls fgUnh dfo eaxys'k Mcjky vius igys dfork laxzg îgkM+

ij ykyVsu* ds fy, lEekfur gq,A ;g laaxzg t:j rqEgkjs ikl gksxkA rqe

eaxys'k dh dfork,¡ i<+ukA fgUnh dfork esa os nwj rd tk,¡xsA**31

îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* okLro esa og dqath gSa] ftlds }kjk dfo ds le`)

jpuk&txr esa izos'k djus dk ekxZ fey tkrk gSaA tgk¡ lknkiu gS]

gfj;kyh gS] ykfyek Hkh gS vkSj uk tkus fdrus&fdrus ân;kdk'k ij curs]

mHkjrs fp= gSA

?kj dk jkLrk %

eaxys'k Mcjky dk ;g nwljk dkO; laxzg lu~ 1988 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr

gqvkA Jh dkar oekZ iqjLdkj ls lEekfur bl laxzg esa dqy 43 dfork,¡

ladfyr gSaa ^?kj dk jkLrk* ds iwoZ mudk dkO;&ladyu foLFkkiu dh ihM+k]

vkS|ksxhdj.k ds nkSj esa thou&ewY;ksa dks rgl&ugl dj nsus dh O;Fkk ls

iw.kZ FkkA eaxys'k dh laosnuk viuh ewy /kjrh ls vyx&Fkyx gksdj ,d

vfo'okl ,oa vekuoh; yksd esa] laosnu'kwU; txr esa thus dh laosnuk gS

vr% LokHkkfod gS fd ,sls esa dfo dk vUrjeu lnSo ml jkLrs dks ns[krk

gS tks mls mlds ?kj rd ys tkrh gks] viuh tehu] viuh feV~Vh] viuh

gok] vius yksxksa ls tksM+rh gksA rHkh rks os vius ?kj dk jkLrk Hkwyuk ugha

pkgrs Fks&

^êSa viuh mnklh ds fy,

{kek ugha ek¡xuk pkgrk FkkA

eSa ugha pkgrk Fkk ekewyh

bPNkvksa dks psgjs ij ys vkuk

18

eSa Hkwy ugha tkuk pkgrk Fkk

vius ?kj dk jkLrkA**32

ij blds lkFk gh dfo bl lR; dks Hkh vuqHkwr djrk gS fd 'kgj

vtuch;riu dk] vfo'okl] vekuoh;rk] Ny] iziap] diV ls Hkjk ,d

,slk Hkwy&HkwyS;k gSa tgk¡ vkus dk jkLrk rks gS ijUrq ogk¡ ls ckgj fudyus

dk dksbZ }kj ugha fn[krk gSA ?kj dh vksj ykSVuk bruk lgt ugha gSA ?kj

ds jkLrs ij pyrs gq, ?kj igq¡p tkuk bruk ljy ugha gSA ,d dfork esa os

dgrs gSa&

^^vc ge vk x, gSa

?kj ls cgqr nwj

cgqr cM+s bl 'kgj esa

gesa Hkh feyh gksxh NksVh&lh ,d txg

FkksM+h&lh gok ,d fcLrj

eqlhcrsa ;kn j[kus ds fy,

,d Mk;jhA**33

blh dkO;&ladyu esa ^f[kykSuk* uke dh dfork esa dfo us cM+h

;FkkFkZrk ls 'kgj esa O;kIr vehjh vkSj xjhch ds e/; vUrj dks fn[kk;k gSA

tgk¡ ,d vksj cPpksa dh eklwfe;r ls Hkjh NksVh&NksVh vkdk{kk,¡ gS]

NksVs&NksVs lius gS] cpiu dks cPps dh rjg thus dh pkgr gS ogha

cktkjoknh lk¡ps esa <yh lkekftd O;oLFkk gSA tgk¡ ,d fu/kZu cPps dh ek¡

fur fnu u;s&u;s dherh f[kykSuksa ls Hkjs cktkj dh pdkpkSa/k esa Q¡ls vius

cPps dh bZPNk iqjh uk dj ikus ds fy, vUnj ls grk'k gS] fujk'k gS]

ijs'kku gS] [kh>] dqaBk ,oa ghurk cks/k ls xzflr gSA ,d rjQ mldk eeRo

gS tks vehj ,oa xjhc nksuksa gh ek¡ esa ,d tSlk gksrk gS] nwljh rjQ lekt

esa O;kir vkfFkZd fo"kerk gSaA ,d rjQ viuk loZLo nsdj vius csVs dks

[kq'k djus dh rhoz bPNk gS rks nwljh rjQ vFkZ ,oa Je ds vleku forj.k

19

ls mRiUu vkfFkZd folerk ds vkxs ?kwVus Vsd nsus dh] vius cPps dks

euilan f[kykSus uk ns ikus dh dk:f.kd foo'krk gSaA blh foo'krk ,oa

vUrZ}U} dks ok.kh nsus okys dfo gS eaxys'k McjkyA os dgrs gSa&

^^,d det+ksj f[kykSuk fn[kk

mlls Hkh det+ksj ,d cPps ds gkFk esa

og tc Hkh Hkw[k ls jksrk

ek¡ mldh Fkek nsrh mls f[kykSuk

D;k d:¡ ;g cPpk gS nq"V

D;ksa ugha iSnk gqvk ;g vehjksa ds ?kj esa

dy gh yk;h ckt+kj ls chl :i;s dk ,dA**34

bl dkO; ladyu esa ?kj NwVus dh ihM+k] 'kgj esa vkdj

vtuch;riu ,oa la'k; esa thus dh rdyhQ rks gS ijUrq lkFk gh lkFk ,d

gkSlyk] ,d fo'okl Hkh gS VwV djds Hkh cus jgus dkA muds fy;s thou

dk eryc gS izse] ekuork] lEcU/kksa dh Å"ek] viukiu rHkh rks os dgrs gS&

^^vc ;g ijns'k dh Hkwfe gS

gekjs ikl tks dqN gS

mls gesa vkil esa ck¡V ysuk pkfg,

tSls lw[kh jksfV;k¡

vkleku esa ckny gSa

dHkh Hkh ckfj'k gks ldrh gS

gesa cpk ysuh pkfg, viuh dherh phtsa+

tSls pIiysa tscksa esa iM+h iqjkuh fpfV~B;k¡

nksLrksa ds irs&fBdkusA**35

egkuxjh; thou esa dfo ^jksVh esa ued cjkcj thou* cpkus dh

dksf'k'k esa gSA dfo dh viuh osnuk mnklhÑr gksdj 'kCnksa esa O;ä gqbZ gSA

vr% blesa iqjkuh fpV~fB;k¡] nksLrksa ds irs vkSj bu tSlh gh NksVh&NksVh dbZ

20

phtsa cpkus dh ps"Vk gSA tks vkt dh ^QkLV&ykbZQ* esa [kRe lh gksrh tk

jgh gSA

^îzÑfr ds lkFk euq"; ds laca/kksa ij Hkh ,d fglkch&fdrkch n`f"V dk

gh dCt+k gksrk tk jgk gSA eaxys'k dh dfork isM+ dks ^djksM+kas fpfM+;ksa dh

uhan* ls tksM+rh gqbZ tSls bl rjg ds dCtsa+ ds f[kykQ+ gh [kM+h gSA

egkuxj esa jgrs gq, eaxys'k dk /;ku tw>rh gqbZ x`gfLFku dh fnup;kZ]

csdkj ;qodksa vkSj phtksa ds fy, rjlrs cPpksa ls ysdj nwj xk¡o esa bartkj

djrs firk] unh] [ksrksa vkSj cQZ >kM+rs isM+* rd ij fVdk gSA mldh ut+j

ml v?kk;s gq, oxZ ds chp tkdj cspSu gks tkrh gS tks lc dqN dks

ckt+kj&Hkko ds gokys djus ij rqyk gSA^^36

Li"V gS fd dfo dk vUrZeu rsth ls c<+rs cktkjokn esa djkg mBrk

gS tgk¡ uSfrdrk] lR;] ewY; lc dqN O;olkf;dj.k dh izfØ;k ls tqM+k

gqvk gS&

^îfjfLFkfr cgqr fodV gS eSaus dgk

;gk¡ rd fd uhyk jax

fdlh dks Mjk ldrk gS

cngokl dksbZ ph[k+us yx ldrk gS

bl vkuan eaxy txg esa

ikVhZ dh vkSjr us ns[kh nqxZr

dfork dh gekjs tekus esa

ugha iwNk mlus dfork dk ckt+kj HkkoA**37

^?kj dk jkLrk* esa dfo us îzse* dks vk/kkj cukdj dbZ dfork;sa fy[kh

ijarq bu dforkvksa dk ewyk/kkj îzse tSlk* dqN Ükàxkfjd uk gksdj orZeku

;kaf=d thou esa isze&Hkko ds dgha yqIr gksus] iszse tSls mnkÙk Hkko ds Hkh

O;olk; esa ifj.kr gks tkus dh dgha ihM+k gSA rks dgha O;aX;A îzsse*]

îzsehtu*] îzse lQyrk dh dqath* îzse djrh L=h*] vkfn ,slh gh dfork;sa

21

gSA Mcjky th ds fy, îzsse* thou ds fdlh ,d {k.k Fkk ifjfLFkfr fo'ks"k

esa mRiUu Hkko&ek= uk gksdj muds iwjs vfLrRo dk ,d vax gSA os ekurs

gS fd izse ds fy, lkgl pkfg,] vkRecy vkSj gkSlyk pkfg, ,oa loZizeq[k

iw.kZ leiZ.k Hkko pkfg,A izse lexzrk dh] iw.kZrk dh ek¡x djrk gSA

izse&iFk dk ifFkd dksbZ nqcZy O;fä ugha gks ldrkA rHkh rks os dgrs gSa&

^ôg dksbZ cgqr cM+k ehj Fkk

ftlus dgk izse ,d Hkkjh iRFkj gS

dSls mBsxk rq> tSls detksj ls

eSaus lkspk

bls mBkÅ¡ VqdM+ksa&VqdM+ksa esa

ij rc og dgk¡ gksxk izse

og rks gksxh ,d gR;kdkaMA**38

eaxys'k Mcjky dh dfork ledkyhu euq; dh mÙkstuk dk gh ugha]

foosd dk n`';kys[k gS vkSj mÙkstuk gS rks mruh gh ftruh foosd ds Hkhrj

gksuh pkfg,A ekuoh; laosnuk dks cpk;s j[kus dh dksf'k'k eaxys'k dh

dforkvksa dk mís'; gSA Ñf=erk ds bl nkSj esa lgtrk ;k ljyrk dks

LFkkfir djuk dfo dk /;s; gSA izHkkdj Jksf=; ds dFkkuqlkj&

^^?kj dk jkLrk* dh dfork,¡ dqudqus mnkl rkieku dh dfork,a gSa]

tks euq"; vkSj lekt ds Hkhrj vof'k"V 'kfDr;ksa vkSj laosnukvksa dks cpk;s

j[kus dh vihy djrh gSA dbZ txg os flQZ mudh vksj b'kkjk djds] tSls

izfrØ;k dk bartkj Hkj djrh gSA u LQhfr] u xqLlk] u vkosx] u vkg~oku]

u dkYifud ifjrks"k] u pkSiky cSBd] u fgLlsnkjh dk vk'oklu] u

fpfM+;k] ek¡&cPps&isM+ cxSjg dh izrhdkRedrk ds lgkjs lkewfgdrk dk

geyk] u fodYi dh ryk'k] u ladYi dh /kkd&;kuh dqN ,slk ugha] ftls

dgk tk;s fd eaxys'k fiNyh dforkvksa dks nqg jgs gSA**39

22

Li"V gS fd eaxys'k dh gj dfork esa ey;kfuy lh rktxh] lqjfHk

,oa eu&izk.k dks uohu psruk ls vuqizkf.kr djus dh vnE; {kerk gSA mlesa

vksl dh cw¡n tSlh ikjnf'kZrk] 'khryrk ,oa ped gSA lkFk gh ,d ,slk 'kkar

ykok gS tks le;kuqlkj foLQksV djus esa l{ke gSA ^^dfork pkgs fnekx ds

rg[k+kus esa jgs ;k dkxt+ ds iqtsZ ij mldk dksgjke rks tkjh jgrk gSA

elyu] bl ns'k esa tks NksVs&NksVs tukanksyu gks jgs gSa ;k tghjk 'ks[k dh

tks yMkbZ gSA og ,d cM+h yM+kbZ gSA dfork dh rkdr vxj dqN gS rks

;g fd og ntZ djrh gSA og Qksdl ls ckgj j[k nh x;h gS phtksa dks

ckgj ykrh gS vkSj mUgsa vuns[kk ugha tkus nsrhA**40

ge tks ns[krs gSa

^ge tks ns[krs gSa* lu~ 1995 esa izdkf'kr dfo eaxys'k Mcjky dk

rhljk dkO; laxzg gSA ftls lu~ 2000 ds lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj ls

vyaÑr fd;k x;k gSA bl laxzg esa dqy 57 dfork,¡ ladfyr gSaA bl

laxzg rd vkrs&vkrs dfo dk fpUru vkSj Hkh izkS<+ gks pqdk gSA îgkM+* dh

Le`fr ,oa laosnuk dks ân; esa fy, ^?kj ds jkLrs* dks foLe`r uk djus dh

,d vkUrfjd ftn ;k iz.k fy, gq;s dfo orZeku uxjh; thou ds ;FkkFkZ

ls uk flQZ ifjfpr gksrk gSA cfYd mls lw{erk ls v/;;u ,oa vuqHkwr Hkh

djrk gSA bl dkO;&ladyu dk 'kh"kZd gh gSA ^ge tks ns[krs gSa* vFkkZr~

orZeku le; esa tks dqN Hkh mudh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus gS] n`f"ViFk ls tks ^dqN*

Hkh xqtjrk gqvk muds ân; esa iSB jgk gS] ogh vuqHkwr ^dqN* dh vfHkO;fä

bl dkO;&laxzg esa dfo us fd;k gSA ^^bl laxzg esa ladfyr dforkvksa esa

eaxys'k îgkM+ ij ykyVsu* dh nqfu;k ls ckgj fudy x, FksA vc muds

23

lkeus egkuxj ds jkst+ejkZ dh ft+anxh FkhA 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r yksx FksA vkSj bl

uhfjg yksxksa dh ihM+k dks eglwl djrk ,d laosnu'khy dfoA vc dfo dh

n`f"V esa egkuxj dk og ohHkRl psgjk Hkh mtkxj gks pqdk Fkk ftls os ^cl*

ls vkrs&tkrs ns[krs Fks ;k vius eu dh f[kM+dh lsA bl laxzg dh dfork,¡

vuqHkwfr dh l?kurk esa gh ugha] laosnuk dh xgjkbZ ls Hkh vius vklikl dks

ns[krh gSA mudh dfork O;Ldrk izkIr djrh gSaA vc dfo dh fpark ds

dsUnz esa cPpksa dh g¡lh&[kq'kh gh ugha] bl Hk;kog le; esa] euq";rk dks cpk

ysuh dh cspSuh Hkh gSA**41

bl dkO;&laxzg esa vius ns'k dh] vius egkuxj dh foÑr laLÑfr

ij ,d xaHkhj fpark rks gS gh ij blds lkFk gh lkFk izokl tU; vuqHko Hkh

mudh dforkvksa esa O;Dr gqbZ gSaA ^vesfjdk* ds ckjs esa mudk fopkj gS fd

ogk¡ O;fäokn bruk izcy gS fd yksx ,d&nwljs ds lkFk jgdj Hkh

,d&nwljs ls nwj gSA vtuch;riu dh fLFkfr ls gj O;fä xqtj jgk gSA

ogk¡ yksx jk"Vªoknh gS] lkezkT;oknh gSa] dsoy ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls 'kwU; gSA

^^Vhoh ns[k&ns[kdj vftt vkb,A

ekSle ls Hkh cqjh gSa [kcjsa ekSle dhA

izk.kghu eqLdkuksa ls Åfc,A

Åfc, fcuk I;kj ds pqEcu ysdjA

Åc feVkus dh [kkfrj fQj ls pqEcu yhft,A**42

^ge tks ns[krs gSa esa dfo 'kgj esa jgus dh ihM+k dks] foo'krk dks

fn[kkrs gSa] ftlesa ,d izdkj dk LFkkf;Ro feyk gSA ^^ge tks ns[krs gSa* esa

eaxys'k Mcjky vius fy, ,d gkf'k;k [kkstrs gSaA gkf'k, dh [kkst djuk

24

vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okyksa dh ihM+k dk ,glkl djuk vyx ugha gS cfYd

,d&nwljs esa ?kqyk feyk gSA

dfo ds vUnj l`tu dh bZekunkjh gS vkSj ;g bZekunkjh gh mUgsa

Lohdkj cks/k ls Hkjrh gSA dfo viuh nqcZyrk] viuh fujk'kk gj pht dks

cM+h lgtrk ,oa bZekunkjh ls Lohdkjrs gS ,oa ;g Lohdkjksafä dfork dks

vkSj Hkh vf/kd laizs"k.kh; cukrh gSA

^^tksjksa ls ugha

cfYd ckj&ckj dgrk Fkk eSa viuh ckr

viuh iwjh nqcZyrk ds lkFk

fdlh mEehn esa crykrk Fkk fujk'kk,a

fo'okl O;Dr djrk Fkk cxSj vkRefo'okl

fy[krk vkSj dkVrk tkrk Fkk ;g okD; fd

phtsa+ vius lcls cqjs nkSj ls xqt+j jgh gSA**43

bl laxzg dh dfork;sa ifjofrZr ekuoh; lekt esa dfork ds cps

jgus dh vko';drk dks n'kkZrh gSA gekjh Øwj ,oa vekuoh; O;oLFkk esa

fujUrj u"V gksus ds ckn Hkh dqN cps jgus dh vkgV ls Hkjh gSA

^^[kk¡lh euq"; dks u`R; ls nwj djrh gS

[kk¡lh euq"; dks ea=h ls nwj djrh gS

[kk¡lh euq"; dks nwj djrh gS laLÑfr lsA**44

^ge tks ns[krs gSa* dh vf/kdka'k dfork,a 1990&95 ds mFky&iqFky

Hkjs nkSj ds chp fy[kh xbZ gSaA ml nkSj ds rukoksa vkSj ljksdkjksa dks Mcjky

dh dfork esa fo'oluh; <+ax ls :ikdkj feyk gSA Lora=rk ds i'pkr~

prqfnZd vk;s ifjorZu dks n'kkZrh gS bl laxzg dh dforkA fdl Hkk¡fr oLrq]

laosnuk ,oa ewY; viuh vFkZoÙkk dks [kks pqds gSa] bls dfo us fuEu iafä;ksa esa

cM+h ;FkkFkZrk ds lkFk fpf=r fd;k gS&

^^vc og iM+k ckdh lkeku ds chp

25

ihry yksgs vkSj ydM+h ds lkFkA**45

dfo fujk'kk] grk'kk] osnuk dks cpkdj j[kuk pkgrs gSa D;ksafd ;gh

gkf'k, ls tqM+h gS] dfork ds fy, izsjd gSA dfo dk LoIu mlds ;FkkFkZ ls

Vdjkdj muds Hkhrj ,d vuqxwat iSnk djrk gS] ftldh vfHkO;fä gesa

mudh dforkvksa esa feyrh gSA os fy[krs gSa&

^^vkf[kjdkj eSaus ns[kk fd iRuh fdruh ;kruk lgrh gSaA

cPps ckcys&ls ?kwers gSa]

lxs&laca/kh eq>ls ckr djuk csdkj le>rs gSaA

firk us lkspk vc eSa

'kk;n dHkh mUgsa fpV~Bh ugha fy[k¡wxkA

eq>s D;k Fkk bl lcdk irk

eSa fy[ks pyk tkrk Fkk dforkA**46

fdruh xgjh vkReihM+k ,oa vkRecks/k dh Lohdkjksfä gS mi;qZä

iafä;ksa esaA orZeku Ñf=erk ,oa ;kaf=drk ls Hkjs thou dh ;gh ;FkkFkZrk gS

fd yksx Lotuksa dh bPNkvksa] vdka{kkvksa ls vufHkK gks x;s gSA gekjs

vfLrRo ls tqM+s gekjs lxs&lEcU/kh] gekjs iqoZt] gekjh /kjksgj fdl Hkkafr

vkt dh uo&ih<+h }kjk foLe`r dj fn, tkus ds ckn Hkh gekjh j{kk djus

ds fy, rÙij jgrs gSaA vius dÙkZO;cks/k ls mÙkjnkf;Ro cks/k ls] xgu izse

,oa blls mith fpark ls Hkj dj gekjs bnZ&fxnZ gh dgha jgrs gSaA ^nknk

dh rLohj* firk dh rLohj*] êk¡ dh rLohj* ,oa ^viuh rLohj* bl

dkO;&laxzg dh ,slh dfork;sa gS] ftlesa ;s lkjs Hkko vR;Ur lw{erk ,oa

xEHkhjrk ds lkFk fpf=r gq, gSA ;Fkk&

^^nknk dks rLohjsa f[kapokus dk 'kkSd+ ugha Fkk

;k mUgsa le; ugha feyk

mudh flQZ ,d rLohj xanh iqjkuh nhokj ij Vaxh gSA

os 'kkar vkSj xaHkhj cSBs gSa

26

ikuh ls Hkjs gq, ckny dh rjg

X X X

ek¡ dgrh gS tc ge

jkr ds fofp= i'kqvksa ls f?kjs lks jgs gksrs gSa

nknk bl rLohj esa tkxrs jgrs gSaA**47

vk/kqfud ih<+h vius firk ds ewY;oku xq.kksa dks viuk ugha ik jgh gS]

firk ds laLdkj cPpksa ds }kjk foLe`r fd;s tk jgs gSaA vkt dh ;qok ih<+h

dgha uk dgha vkUrfjd :i ls vR;Ur det+ksj ,oa O;oLFkk ds vkxs ?kqVus

Vsdrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] mlesa izfrjks/k dh] fonzksg dh] lkgl dh deh gSA

os fy[krs gSa&

^^firk dh NksVh&NksVh cgqr lh rLohjsa

iwjs ?kj esa fc[kjh gSa

mudh vk¡[kksa esa dksbZ ikjn'khZ pht+

lkQ+ pedrh gSa

og vPNkbZ gS ;k lkgl

rLohj esa firk [kkalrs ugha

O;kdqy ugha gksrs

muds gkFk&iSj esa nnZ ugha gksrk

os >qdrs ugha le>kSrs ugha djrsA

eSa gw¡ fd fpark djrk gwa O;kdqy gksrk gwa

>qdrk gw¡ le>kSrs djrk gw¡

gkFk&iSj esa nnZ ls djkgrk gw¡

firk dh rjg [kkalrk gw¡

nsj rd firk dh rLohj ns[krk gw¡A**48

iqjkuh phtksa] lEcU?kksa ,oa thoUr ijEijkvksa ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus

laLÑfr dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa gekjs lEeq[k j[kk gSA thoudh Hkkx&nkSM+ ,oa

27

j¶rkj esa dHkh&dHkh cgqr egÙoiw.kZ NksVh&NksVh phtsas NwV tkrh gS ijUrq

dfo bUgha NksVh ijUrq egÙoiw.kZ phtksa dks viuh dforkvksa ds ewy esa j[krs

gSaA vius bl laxzg ds ckjs esa Lo;a eaxys'k dgrs gSa&^êsjs u;s laxzg esa dqN

ikfjokfjd dfork,¡ gSA ^nknk dh rLohj*] ^firk dh rLohj* ;k êka dh

rLohj*A eSa muds tfj;s Js"B ekuoh; xq.kksa dh mifLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk jgk

gw¡ tks fd muds ckn dh ihf<+;ksa esa ugha vk;haA eSa ml foMEcuk dh vksj

b'kkjk dj jgk gw¡ tks esjs nknk vkSj esjs chp gSA**49

^vkokt+ Hkh ,d txg gS* %

o"kZ 2000 esa 50 dforkvksa dk ladyu ^vkokt+ Hkh ,d txg gS* dfo

}kjk jfpr ,d vR;Ur gh mRÑ"V jpuk gSA ;g dfo dk pkSFkk laxzg gSaA

blesa O;kidrk gS] o`gn :i ls iqjs fo'o dks clkus dh {kerk gSA vUrjeu

dh ml vkokt dks mtkxj djus dh dksf'k'k gS tks dgha nc xbaZA ^êaxys'k

Mcjky dh dfork ij ,d vlQy vkSj cfg"Ñr dfo dh Nk;k cjkcj

Mksyrh jgrh gSA [kkldj pkSFks laxzg ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS* esaA eaxys'k

dfo gksus ds eryc dks Hkh viuh dforkvksa esa cjkcj le>rs jgrs gSA

vR;kpkj ls gkFk feyk, xn~xn~ dfo;ksa ls mudh dfork ?kksj for`".kk djrh

gSA iz/kkueaf=;ksa vkSj jk"Vªifr;ksa ds cxy esa [kM+s lQy dfo dh curh ewfrZ

dks rksM+us dh mUgksaus Hkjld dksf'k'k dh gSA**50

bl laxzg esa dykdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk og nq[k Hkh 'kkfey gS tks

phtksa] txgksa vkSj yksxksa dh djkg gS] mudh nch&dqpyh vkRek gSA ^vkokt

Hkh ,d txg gS* dkO; ladyu dks dfo us viuh ek¡ lR;s'ojh nsoh dks

lefiZr fd;k gS] ftlds ckjs esa os fy[krs gS fd ^tks flQZ viuk uke

fy[kuk tkurh gSA* fdruh xgjh Lohdkjksfä] vxk/k izse ,oa lEeku rFkk

fu'Nyrk dh Hkkouk mHkjrh gS bu 'kCnksa esa tks fd vuqHkwr fd;k tk ldrk

gSA blh ladyu dh ,d dfork ^fL=;ka* esa dfo us cM+h lgtrk ls L=h ds

28

izfr lekt ds Øwj joS;s dk inkZQk'k fd;k gS rks ogha ij L=h dh vkUrfjd

n`<+rk] fo'okl] lkgl] [kksdj Hkh Lo;a dks ik ysus dh mldh Lo;a ij

vafMx vkLFkk dks Hkh cM+h lw{erk ds lkFk fpf=r fd;k gSA os fy[krs gSa&

^^ysfdu og fQj ls dxkj ij [kM+h gS

ikuh ls mcjdj vk;h gqbZ lewph lqUnj vkSj fu"dyq"k

,d vka[k ls galrh ,d ls jksrh gqbZ

og fQj ls vk igq¡prh gS iq#"k ds lkeus

tSls mldk dqN u Nhuk x;k gks

tSls og mlh rjg djrh vk jgh gks izseA**51

blh laxzg dh ,d x| dfork ôkilh* esa dfo us cnyrs le; esa

rhozrk ls cnyrs euq"; dh ml o`fÙk dks mHkkjus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS ftlds

vHkko esa og vius vfLrRo dks gh dgha uk dgha feVk pqdk gksrk gSA mls

^Hkwy gq;s*] ^[kks;s gq;s* ^jkLrksa*] %?kjksa*] ^rLohjksa*] ^lEcU/kkas*] ^n`';ksa* dh vksj

okilh dk ladsr nsrk gS tks mls Lo;a ls feykrh gSA ^^vki mu iqjkus

VwVs&QwVs vkbZuksa esa izos'k dj ldrs gSaA tks vc flQZ viuh Le`fr esa Mwcs gq,

gS] 'kk;n vki ogka dksbZ liuk ns[ksa ;k vkids Hkhrj fdlh /kqa/kyh&lh pht

dk tUe gks vkSj vki ml {k.k dks fQj ls ikysa ftlds igys vki og Fks

tks mlds ckn ugha jgsA**52

bl laxzg dh vf/kdka'k dforkvksa esa fuEu e/;oxZ ds thou dk

fp=.k gqvk gSA fuEu e/;oxhZ; thou ds la?k"kZ] leL;k;sa ,oa thou

fLFkfr;ksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr blesa ns[kk tk ldrk gS ^Nqie&NqikbZ* ls ysdj

^?kj dh dk;k dfork* vFkkZr~ ^Nqie&NikbZ* esa fuEu&e/;oxhZ; nqfu;k dk

ladsr gS] lkr fnu dk lQj dfork esa ,d fuEu&e/;oxhZ; O;fä dh

lkIrkfgd fnup;kZ gS blds lkFk&lkFk ^?kj dh dk;k* dfork esa fdjk, ds

edku dk o.kZu gS rks înksZa dh rjg* dfork esa Hkh fuEu&e/;oxhZ; nqfu;k

o.kZu gSA

29

^^mUgsa [kksyus ij fn[krk gS ,d dejk

mlesa dqN thfor yksx

Fkddj lks;k gqvk ,d vkneh

tks 'kk;n vc Hkh ,d liuk ns[k jgk gS

;k ,d L=h tks 'kk;n vkx tykus tk jgh gSA**53

eaxys'k pw¡fd Lo;a ,d lPps dykdkj gS] blfy, dyk ,oa dykdkj

dh mPprk ,oa Js"Brk dks vuqHkwr dj ikrs gSA orZeku cktkjoknh laLÑfr

esa dfo] ys[kd ,oa dykdkj Hkh viuh dyk ds nEHk ls xzflr gS] ;g ns[k

dfo dk ân; O;fFkr gksrk gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd ^ds'ko vuqjkxh* czs"V vkSj

fujkyk] vehj [kk¡ ,oa ^xq.kkun ifFkd* tSls dykdkjksa dks dfo us viuh

dfork ds ek/;e ls gekjs lkeus mifLFkr fd;k gS] tks dyk esa iw.kZr;k Mwcs

gS] dyk ftuds fy, lk/kuk&ln`'; gSA vKs; ds ^vlk/; oh.kk* ds

^ds'kdEcyh* dh Hkk¡fr Lo;a dks iw.kZr;k lefiZr dj nsrk gSA ^xq.kkuan

ifFkd* ,d vo/kwr dh rjg thou ds Hkhrj ls gh jl [khaprk gSA lk/kkj.k

ls gh vlk/kkj.k fuekZ.k djuk mldh ewy fo'ks"krk gSA

^^fL=;ka tks xkrh Fkha mUgha /kquksa ij

xq.kkuan ifFkd us cuk;s vius u;s xhr

tSls iqjkuh pht dks u;k cukdj ykSVus esa gks jpuk dk vkuan

db;ksa us lh[kk muls laxhr dk igyk ikBA**54

^êaxys'k Mcjky ds pkSFks laxzg ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS* dh

dforkvksa esa thou] laosnuk vkSj fopkj dh mu u;h txgksa rd igq¡pus dh

,d mRdV dksf'k'k fn[krh gS tks vDlj le; ds gkf'k;ksa ij ;k LFkwy

;FkkFkZ dh lrgksa ls ijs ;k rFkkdfFkr eq[;/kkjk ls nwj ,d izfr&lalkj dh

jpuk djrh jgrh gSaA bl lalkj esa Hkk"kk vius ^'kCn okD; vkSj foU;kl* ds

lkFk inksZa dh rjg gS ftUgsa [kksyus ij ekewyh dgh tkus okyh oLrqvksa vkSj

?kVukvksa] vks>y gks pqds n`';ksa] Hkqyk fn;s x;s psgjksa vkSj feVs gq, ukeksa ls

30

gekjh eqykdkr gksrh gS vkSj mudh ^,d >yd* gh tSls îwjs thou* dks

vfHkO;ä dj nsrh gSA55

îzfrdkj* dfork esa dfo dfork ds izfr viuh ftEesnkjh] viuk

mís'; ,oa viuk dÙkZO; Li"V djrs gq, fy[kks gS fd&

^^tks dqN Hkh Fkk tgka&rgka gj rjQ

'kksj dh rjg fy[kk gqvk

mls gh fy[krk eSa

laxhr dh rjgA**56

vkyksP; dfo dh ^ykSVk eSa bl cM+s 'kgj esa* tSlh futh yxus okyh

lkoZtfud dfork gS ftlesa os Lo;a viuh lQyrk ds foMacukiw.kZ vijk/k

cks/k ls eqdkcyk djrs utj vkrs gSaA blds lkFk gh bl laxzg dh dfork,¡

eaxys'k dk laxhr ds xgjs tkudkj gksus ls gekjk lk{kkRdkj djrk gSA

Hkhelsu tks'kh ds xk;s ^jkx nqxkZ* dks lquus dh Le`fr esa os fy[krs gSa&

^^vkSj eSa txg&txg HkVdrk Fkk lksprk gqvk og D;k FkkA

ftldh ;kn ugha vk;h

ftlds u gksus dh ihM+k ugha gqbZ

rHkh lqukbZ fn;k eq>s jkx nqxkZ

lH;rk ds vo'ks"k dh rjg rSjrk gqvk

eSa c<+k mldh vksj

mldk vkjksg ?kkl dh rjg mBrk tkrk Fkk

vojksg cgrk vkrk Fkk ikuh dh rjgA**57

^^ledkyhu dfork esa vkokt+ ds fy, i;kZIr txg gSA ysfdu

eaxys'k Mcjky us vius pkSFks dfork laxzg ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS* ls

dfork esa vkokt+ ds fy, ,d u;k Lisl <¡Ww<k gSA ^mldh dfork esa mudh

vkoktsa gS ftudh dksbZ vkokt+ ugha FkhA blh dfork laxzg dh dfork

^viuh /kkjk,¡* esa os dgrs gSa bldk eryc ;g gS fd eaxys'k dh dfork,¡

31

vius ljksdkjska esa vc mudh vkokt esa 'kkfey gks xbZ gSa tks nhu&ghu]

izrkfM+r vkSj 'kksf"kr gSa vkSj vc rd dfork esa rks nwj vius lekt esa Hkh

mudh dksbZ vkokt+ ugha Fkh dfo dh psruk gh ugha] lekt ds izfr mldh

izfrc)rk Hkh Li"V gks jgh gSA58

^Qksu ij gkypky* vkSj ^ckt+kj* tSlh dforkvksa esa dfo fujUrj 'kwU;

gksrh laosnukvksa dks fpf=r djrs gSA fdl Hkkafr vkt O;fä ;a= cu pqdk gS

bldk ;FkkFkZ mn~?kkVu fuEu iafä;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

^îzÑfr dh rjg ckt+kj Hkh ifjorZu'khy gSA

mldk HkwxHkZ Hkh dHkh b/kj dHkh m/kj djoVsa cnyrk gS

Hkwdai ds >Vds jkst gh ;gka vkrs gSa

ysfdu mUgsa eglwl ugha fd;k tkrkA**59

bl laxzg dh dqN dfork,¡ x|&dfork dh Js.kh esa j[kh tk ldrh

gSA ôkilh*] ^pqacu*] ^yh ikb* vkSj ^/kwy* blh dksfV dh dfork gS] ftlesa

fopkjksa dh xgurk ,oa Hkkoukvksa dh ljlrk gSA muls xqtjuk Lo;a ls

lk{kkRdkj djus tSlk gSA

^^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS* laxzg dh dforkvksa ls xqtjrs gq, ml

nq[kh vkRek dh vufxur vkoktksa dks lquk tk ldrk gSA ;g vkdfLed

ugha gS fd bl laxzg dh vusd dforkvksa esa ^vkokt* 'kCn dh vko`fÙk

ckj&ckj gksrh gSA vkf[kj vkokt D;ksa iSnk dh tkrh gS \ rkfd og nwljksa

rd igq¡apdj lkQ&lkQ lquk;h nsA vkokt blfy, Hkh nh tkrh gS D;ksafd

yksx lqurs ughaA blfy, bl laxzg dh vf/kdka'k dfork,a fofHkUu

thoukuqHkoksa ls cuh vkoktksa dh :idekyk yxrh gSa] ftUgsa i<+rs gq, xkSj ls

lquus dh t:jr gS**A60

mi;qZä dFku ds lanHkZ esa dqN mnkgj.k bl dkO; laxzg ls izLrqr

gSA

^^tjk xkSj ls lqusa rks ftu ls dHkh ckr ugha gqbZ

32

mudh /kheh vkoktsa Hkh lqu iM+rh gSa dkuksa esa

os dgrs fn[krs gSa dqN

bl rjg fd ge vutkus gh mlesa 'kkfey gks ysA**61

laxzg dh izFke dfork ^n`';* esa gh dfo mu vatku ,oa vuke yksxksa

dh vkokt ntZ djrs gSa tks vc rd vulquh FkhA iqu% dgrs gSa&

^^vkSj vkokt Hkh ,d txg gSa

tgk¡ fNik tk ldrk gSa

vius dqrwgy] dYiuk vkSj lgt cqf) ds lgkjs

vkxs c<+rk cPpk [kkst gh ysrk gS fNis gq, dksA**62

¼d½ ^^Hkhrj dh rLohjsa ,d inkZ gVkdj ckgj tkrh gSa

thou esa Hkh ,d vkokt

tks vusd vkoktksa esa lqukbZ nsrh gSA**63

¼[k½ ^^xk;k tk pqdk jkx

vkSj mldh vkokt esa tks ,d fgpd lkQ lqukbZ nsrh gSA**64

¼x½ ^^rc dgha ls vkrh gS muds gksus dh vkokt

mudk dksbZ fiz; xhr vpkud lqukbZ ns tkrk gS

os /kheh dksey vkokt esa dqN dgrh fn[krh gSa

ftls ,d Hkkjh dksykgy ds chp

ge lqu ugha ikrsA**65

¼?k½ ^^fQj fdlh vKkr futZu ls ?kcjkdj

ykSV vkrk bUgha lcds ikl Hkjksls ds fy,

lcls de Hkjkslk Fkk mls viuh vkokt ijA**66

¼M+½ ^îSls dh vkokt vkus yxh txg&txg lqukbZ fn;k

O;olk; dk gkuZA**67

33

¼p½ ^^vius gh [kkyhiu dks izdkf'kr djrk vdsyk cYc

vkSj lqukbZ nsrh ,d vkokt

jíh v[kckj dckM+h okyk jíh v[kckjA**68

¼N½ ^^rkfd vkokt psgjs dks tkuus esa Hkwy u djs

vkSj u psgjk vkokt igpkuus esaA**69

mi;qZDr iafä;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^vkokt Hkh ,d

txg gS* dfo eaxys'k Mcjky dk ,slk dkO; laxzg gS ftlesa dfork viuh

iwjh tu&izfrc)rk ds lkFk ekStwn gSA gj VwVs&gkjs] fiNM+s yksxksa dh bPNk]

vkdka{kk] lius vkSj vkokt dks O;ä djus esa l{ke gS tks vc rd vuns[kh]

vulquh FkhA dfork esa fo'okl vkSj Hkjksls dks ftank j[kus dh ,d iqjtksj

dksf'k'k gS bl laaxzg dh dforkvksa esaA

u;s ;qx esa 'k=q %

lu~ 2013 esa izdkf'kr û;s ;qx esa 'k=q* dfo eaxys'k dk ,dne u;k

dfork laxzg gS] blesa dqy 63 dfork,¡ ladfyr gSA ckjg lky ds vUrjky

ls vk;s bl laxzg dks dfo us vius dfo&fe= lqnhi cuthZ dks lefiZr

fd;k gSA vkSj ftuds ckjs esa os fy[krs gS fd ^^tks bl laxzg ds izdk'ku ds

ckjs esa vDlj iwNrs FksA**70 bl laxzg dk 'kh"kZd gh ^cgqr dqN* O;ä djrk

gSA orZeku le; dh vkik&/kkih] rst&j¶rkj ls Hkjh] f?kjh gqbZ ftUnxh

fdl Hkkafr vkard] [kkSQ] Ny] diV] bZ";kZ] vk'kadk] vukLFkk ,oa Hk; ds

e/; lk¡ls ys jgh gS] bldk ToyUr fp= bl laxzg dh dforkvksa esa vuqHkwr

fd;k tk ldrk gSA lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd bl u;s ;qx esa 'k=q dksbZ

ckgjh ugha gS cfYd gekjs chp dk gh gS] gekjs vxy&cxy tks gekjh

lqj{kk] gekjs 'kqdqu ds izfr izfrc) gS ogh dgha uk dgha insZ ds ihNs gekjh

Hkkoukvksa] laosnukvksa] lkekftd&jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dk dkfry gSaA u;s

34

;qx esa 'k=q dh dksbZ igpku ugha gS] dksbZ idM+ ugha gS] dksbZ fuf'pr

irk&fBdkuk ugha gS] og 'kk;n dgha ugha gS ij vk/kqfud] ugha 'kk;n mÙkj

vk/kqfud nkSj esa] HkqeaMyhdj.k dh nkSM+ esa ^viuh laLÑfr* dks dwpyrk gqvk

^bZ&laLÑfr* dks izlkfjr djrk gqvk ;g gj ,d txg] gj ,d ?kj] gj ,d

eu&efLr"d esa og vk;kl&vuk;kl izos'k dj jgk gSA og ,slk 'k=q gS tks

gekjs Hkhrj ds ^ge* dks êSa* esa rCnhy dj jgk gSA dgha Hkh mldk fuokl

LFkk;h ugha gS] mldh mifLFkfr fuf'pr ugha gSaA gj iy cM+h rhozrk ls og

dgha vkSj vkxs fudy tkrk gSA fdruk fofp= gS ;g vuns[kk] v:i 'k=q

tks vn`'; gksdj Hkh lwpuk&rduhdh;ksa ds ek/;e ls gesa rjg&rjg ds

vkd"kZd ,oa yqHkkus okys ^vkWQj* dh lwpuk nsrk gS] [okc fn[kkrk gSA

mEehn txkrk gS ijUrq nsrk dqN ugha gS&

^^gekjs 'k=q ds ikl cgqr ls Qksu uacj gSa <s+jksa eksckby

og yksxksa dks lwpuk nsrk gS vki thr x;s gSa

,d fo'kky izfr;ksfxrk esa vkidk uke fudy vk;k gSA

vki cgqr lkjk dtZ+ ys ldrs gSa cgqr&lk lkeku [k+jhn ldrs gSaA

,d vdYiuh; migkj vkidk bartkj dj jgk gSA

ysfdu iyV dj Qksu djus ij dqN ugha lqukbZ nsrkA**71

dfo vkt dh [kks[kyh ,oa fnu&izfrfnu ttZj gksrh ^lH;rk* ij Hkh

djkjk O;aX; viuh dfork ^vk/kqfud lH;rk* esa djrs gSA os ekurs gS fd

vkt dk ;qx&iSdsftax dk ;qx gSaA ckgjh ped&ned ,oa lkSUn;Z esa gh

yksx brus yhu gks x;s gSa fd O;fä ;k oLrq dh okLrfod vkUrfjd lÙkk

dks iw.kZr;k foLe`r djus esa yxs gSaA rsth ls djoV ysrs ;qx ds ikl fdlh

ds fy, Bgjus dk oDr ugha gSA ,d ckj iz;ksx esa ykbZ tk pqdus ds ckn

dksbZ Hkh oLrq îqjkuh* gks tk jgh gS vkSj îqjkus* dks ir>M+ ds ihys iÙkksa dh

rjg >M+ gh tkuk pkfg,A ;s dksbZ ikjEifjd /kjksgj ugha gS ftlds vk/kkj

35

ij u;s ;qx dk vkxeu fd;k tk ldsA blfy, vk/kqfud lH; yksx lnSo

fdlh û;s* ds Lokxr ds fy, rS;kj gSA dfo ds 'kCnksa esa&

^mldh iSdsftax dwM+snku esa tk pqdh gksrh gS

mldh fuekZrk daiuh fdlh vkSj pht+ ds mRiknu esa yxh gksrh gS

varr% ;g ;kn ugha jgrk fd og pht+ geus

dc [k+jhnh [kk;h ;k bLrseky dh Fkh

;k og dHkh gekjs ikl Fkh ;k ugha FkhA**72

eaxys'k dh dforkvksa es a,d vthc lh lknxh gS ijUrq ;g lknxh

oSlh Hkh ugha ftlesa dksbZ gypy uk gks] ftlesa dksbZ vkx uk gks] ftlesa

dksbZ gypy ukgks] ftlesa dksbZ vkx uk gks] ftles aifjorZu djus dh {kerk

uk gks cfYd mudh dforkvksa esa lrr~ fujUrj Hkko ls tyus okyh fpUxkjh

gS tks le; vkus ij] gok ikus ij ,d Hk;kud vfXu dks izTtofyr djus

dh {kerk ls vkiwfjr gSA mudh ^Nqvks* 'kh"kZd dfork esa blh fpUxkjh dks

vuqHkwr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc os fy[krs gS&

^^ceckt+ tax[kksj lcdks ,d nwljs ls nwj j[kus ds i{k esa gSa

os ftruh xanxh ftruk eyck mxyrs gSa

mls Nwdj gh lkQ+ fd;k tk ldrk gS

blfy, Hkh Nqvks Hkys gh blls phtsa myV&iqyV gks tk;sa

bl rjg er Nqvks tSls Hkxoku egar eBk/kh'k HkDr psys

,d nwljs ds flj vkSj iSj Nwrs gSaA**73

bl laxzg dh dfork,¡ tgk¡ ,d vksj vrhr ds ;FkkFkZ dk mn~kkVu

djrh gS ogha orZeku ds gj ,d igyw ij viuh ut+j Hkh j[krh gSA ,d

lpsr ,oa ltx dykdkj dh Hkk¡fr dfo ^dqN Hkh* vius n`f"V&iFk ls

vks>y ugha gksus nsrk gSA vln tS+nh ds 'kCnksa esa dgs rks&^^,d csxkus vkSj

vlarqfyr nkSj esa eaxys'k Mcjky viuh u;h dforkvksa ds lkFk izLrqr gS&

vius 'k=q dks lkFk fy,A ckjg lky ds varjky ls vk;s bl laxzg dk

36

'kh"kZd pkj gh y¶+tksa esa lc dqN crk nsrk gS( mudh dyk&n`f"V] mudk

jktuhfrd irk&fBdkuk] muds var%dj.k dk vk;ruA ;g bl le; fgUnh

dh lokZf/kd ledkyhu vkSj fo'olu;h dfork gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa fiNys

nks&<kbZ n'kd ds QkflLV mHkkj] lkaiznkf;d jktuhfr vkSj iwath ds u`'kal

vkØe.k ls ttZj gks pqds yksdra= ds vgoky ;gk¡ ekStwn gSa vkSj blds

cjDl ,d lkSUn;Z&psrl~ dykdkj dh m/ksM+cqu dk ikjn'khZ vkdyu HkhA ;s

bDdhloha lnh ls vka[k feykrh gqbZ os dfork,a gSa ftUgksaus chloha lnh dks

ns[kk gSA ;s u;s esa eq[kfjr u;s dks Hkh ij[krh gS vkSj mlesa cnLrwj tkjh

iqjkru dks Hkh tkurh gSaA**74

mi;qZDr dkO;&laxzg esa dfo us ^thou dk ikB*] ^nq[k dk ikB*]

^[kq'kh dk ikB*] îzse dk ikB* vkSj ^vPNkbZ dk ikB*] uked dforkvksa dh Hkh

jpuk dh gSA îzse dk ikB* esa dfo izse dks thou dk loZLo crkrs gS vkSj

dgrs gS fd izse vkt dgha uk dgha lekIr gks pqdk gSA nqfu;k¡ dh cgqr

lkjh l+[rh euq"; ds Hkhrj vk pqdh gSA dfo vkt dh 'kgjh] ;kaf=d thou

ess izos'k dj pqdh Øwjrk] fgalk ,oa vtuch;riu dks n'kkZrs gSaA ^vPNkbZ dk

ikB* esa dfo euq"; ds Hkhrj dh vPNkbZ dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA ml ltx

vkUrfjd euq";rk dks n'kkZrs gSa] ftldh otg ls euq";] euq"; curk gSA ;w¡

rks ;g vR;Ur lgt gSA ijUrq euq"; ds Hkhrj dh euq";rk vkt vR;Ur

dfBu gks pqdh gSA rHkh rks os fy[krs gSa&

^^vdlj vius Hkhrj >kadk fd;s dgha dksbZ xM+cM+ rks ugha

rqEgkjk vnuk t+ehj dgrk jgk xyr xyr lgh&lgh

exj blesa D;k ;s rks gS balkfu;r dk lkekU; o.kZu lkekU; ckrsa

Hkh exj bu fnuksa gks pyh gSaA

fdruh dfBuA**75

eaxys'k dh dfork dk fo"k; vR;Ur lk/kkj.k gSA dgk tk ldrk gS

fd os viuh dforkvksa ds fo"k;&oLrq dks dgha nqj&njkt] thou ls ckgj

37

ugha <w<rs cfYd NksVh lh NksVh phtsa] tks gekjs ikl gS] geesa gh uhfgr gS]

gekjh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus gS] mlh dks viuh dfork dk fo"k; cukrs gSaA ^'kjhj*]

^psgjk*] ^Ropk*] ^vka[ksa*] ^cky*] bR;kfn blh rjg dh dfork;sa gSaA ^vka[ksa

lalkj dk lcls lqUnj n`'; gSaA* tc os fy[krs gSa rks gj ,d O;fä ,d

ckj viuh vk¡[kksa esa fNis lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dks] ml vuqHkwfr dks tks vPNk ns[kus

esa gS] dks eglwl dj ikrk gSA ^vka[ks* ek= ns[kus dk dke ugha djrh oks rks

vius Hkhrj ,d iqjh nqfu;k¡ clk;s gq;s gSA izse dk vuUr lkxj dHkh mlesa

fgyksjsa ysrk gS rks dHkh vrhr dk iqjk fp= Le`fr :i esa mlesa izfrfcfEcr

gksrk gSA ^cky* 'kh"kZd dfork esa dfo dh xw<+ ,oa O;kid fpUru dks ns[kk

tk ldrk gSA ^cky* dks os vkt ds ifjofrZr ;qx esa ân; esa O;kIr izse&Hkko

ds [kRe gksus ls rqyuk djrs gSa os fy[krs gSa&

^^,d nq?kVZuk tks le> esa ugha vkrh

tks blh efLr"d esa ?kfVr gksrh gS

dkSu dg ldrkgS os dSls dc D;ksa fxjrs gSa

os flQZ cky gSa ;k og izse gS js'k&js'ks fxjrk gqvkA**76

38

x| l`tu

^^,d ckj vk;ksok** %

^,d ckj vk;ksok* lu~ 1986 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr dfo eaxys'k dh izFke

x| jpuk gS] ftlds }kjk mUgksaus ;g izekf.kr dj fn;k fd x| ys[ku esa

Hkh og dkO; dh rjg dh ea>s gq, dykdkj gSA ;g iqLrd ,d ;k=k&o`Ùkkar

gS vkSj bls i<+us ij ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dfo ds }kjk fyf[kr ;k dfFkr

;k=k ds o`Ùkkar dks ge lqu ek= ugha jgs gS cfYd mls viuh vk¡[kksa ds

le{k n`'; ln`'k mifLFkr ikrs gSaA gj ,d o.kZu] gj ,d ?kVuk viuh

;FkkFkZrk ds lkFk lEeq[k [kM+h fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA n`';kRed xq.kksa ls ifjiw.kZ

gS ;g jpukA x| esa i| vkSj i| esa x| dh vuqHkwfr djkuk eaxys'k

Mcjky dh cgqr cM+h fo'ks"krk gSA

;k=k lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa egkiafMr jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] ;'kiky]

vKs;] ve`r jk; vkfn dk uke egÙoiw.kZ gS ,oa bl Ükà[kyk esa eaxys'k

Mcjky dk uke Hkh mYys[kuh; gS viuh izFke x| jpuk ;k=k o`Ùkkar ds

dkj.kA ;w¡ rks ;k=k&o`Ùkkar dks i= 'kSyh] Mk;jh 'kSyh] fjiksrkZt 'kSyh ,oa

laLej.k 'kSyh bR;kfn dbZ :i esa fy[kk tkrk jgk gSA ^,d ckj vk;ksok*

,d ;k=k Mk;jh gSA rhu eghus ds fy, vesfjdk ds vk;ksok fo'ofo|ky;

esa baVjus'kuy jkbfVax izksxzke dh Qsyksf'ki ds nkSjku ;g iqLrd fy[kh xbZ

gSA vesfjdk esa jgrs gq, vius izkIr vuqHko dks mUgksaus bl ;k=k&Mk;jh esa

O;ä fd;k gSA ^^^;g eaxys'k dh ;k=k iqLrd dsoy ;k=k&o`Ùkkar gh ugha gS]

;g ,d dSuokl dh rjg gS ftlesa gesa vesfjdk fn[krk gS] ml phjQkM+ ds

lkFk ftls ;k=k djrs gq, dfo us vius <ax ls vatke fn;k 'kk;n vesfjdk

dks dqN T;knk vPNs <ax ls le>us ds fy, ghA blesa vesfjdk ds ckjs esa

39

mlds nSfud thou] lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd okrkoj.k ds ckjs esa dqN

izkekf.kd lwpuk,a¡ Hkh gksrh gSA**77

vesfjdk ds thouxr ;FkkFkZ ls ifjfpr gksus esa ;g iqLrd vR;Ur

lgk;d gSA vesfjdh miHkksDrkokn] ;kSu Lokra«;] ;kSu foÑfr;k¡]

leySafxdrk] vesfjdk dh jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr] laosnu'kwU;rk] rst

Hkkxrh&nkSM+rh ftUnxh dk lk{kkRdkj bl iqLrd ls xqtjus ds ckn gksrk

gSA

L=h&iq#"k lekurk] vesfjdh yksxksa dk LoHkko] jgu&lgu] ikfjokfjd

thou] va/kfo'okl] euksfodkj] lkekftrd fo"kerk] fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr]

;kSu&'kks"k.k] lkaLÑfrd ,oa lkfgfR;d ;FkkFkZ bR;kfn dk vR;Ur lw{e ,oa

ltho fp=.k eaxys'k Mcjky th djrs gSA ^dkQyikuh* ls ^fnYyh* vkus

okys dfo eaxys'k vesfjdk tkus ds izfr viuh dksbZ fnypLih ugha fn[kkrsA

laiw.kZ ;k=k o`Ùkkar i<+us ds ckn dHkh&dHkh ,slk yxrk gS fd os dgha&dgha

Åcrs gq, fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA 'kk;n os vesfjdk tkuk ugha pkgrs FksA mUgksaus

crk;k gS fd vki vxj eq>s vesfjdk fHktokuk pkgrs gSa rks esjh dksbZ bPNk

ugha gSA D;ksafd ml ns'k dk dksbZ lkaLÑfrd bfrgkl] dksbZ vrhr] dksbZ

Le`fr ugha gSA**78

vesfjdk esa jgrs gq, eaxys'k th eglwl djrs gS fd vesfjdk oklh

Hkkoukvksa dh nqfu;k¡ esa ugha cfYd ;FkkFkZ dh nqfu;k¡ esa thrs gSA ;FkkFkZ dk

dVq :i dof;=h miqZyk dh ^,d lQsn frryh* dfcrk esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA

^^tc ,d lQsn frryh izdV gqbZ m|ku esa okluk ls yyd mBs

dkWjus'ku ds Qwy ikuh dh frrfy;ksa us viuh ijNkbZ ns[kh mUgsa yxk 'kk;n

os lqanj ugha gSa] V~;wfyi ds Qwy >qdkrs jgs viuh xjnu ¼dkSu ugha ysuk

pkgsxk muds ljl gksBksa dk Lokn½ ysfdu frryh us cSBus dks pquh ,d

ikuxksHkh] vkf[kj mlh ij Fkk ifjokj ikyus dk iwjk ftEekA**79

40

vesfjdk esa L=h&iq#"k esa lekurk gSA L=h dks L=h ds :i esa ns[kk

tkrk gS vkSj iq#"kksa ls de ugha mls ekuk tkrk gSA Lo;a eaxys'k fy[krs

gSa&

^^gj nks ;k rhu feuV esa ,d cl ftles avDlj pqbaxe pckrh

efgyk Mªkboj gksrh gSA**80

Li"V gS fd vesfjdk esa L=h vkSj iq#"k ds dke esa] mldh ;ksX;rk esa

fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Hksn ugha gSA fL=;k¡ vkRefo'okl ls Hkjh gSA ftUnxh

dks viuh 'krksZa ij thrh gS] viuh ilan] viuh bZPNk] LoPNanrk ds lkFk

thou ;kiu ogk¡ dh fL=;ksa dh viuh fo'ks"krk gSA ,d vesfjdh dof;=h

fØLVh ds lkbfdy ij vkus&tkus dks os cM+s dkO;e; rjhds ls fpf=r

djrs gSa& ^^dkjksa ls Hkjs gq, 'kgj esa fØLVh dh lkbfdy dkO;kRed yxrh

gSA dkjksa dh ,d jl lka;&lka; ds chp mudh [kkeks'k&lh lkbfdy dk

,d fof'k"V O;fDrRo gSA81

vesfjdk esa yksxkaa dh fopkj/kkjk esa LoPNanrk gS] lkglfdrk gS] vkRek

fo'okl ls Hkjk Loj gSA thou ds izfr ,d ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gSA dfBu

ls dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh gksBksa ij eqLdku vkSj vk¡[kksa esa lius ltk;s

vesfjdh yksx thou iFk ij fujUrj vxzlj jgrs gSA thou ls gkj ekuuk

;k ek;w'k gksuk tSls bUgsa vkrk gh ugha gS& ^^vesfjdk bruk vk'kkoknh ns'k

gS fd ;gk¡ esjs tSlk fujk'k jgus okyk vkneh Hkh vk'kkoknh gks pyk gSA**82

eaxys'k Mcjky vesfjdk esa jgrs gq, ogka ds thou dks cM+h xgjkbZ ls ns[krs

vkSj le>rs vkSj ikrs gS fd&

^^vesfjdk esa jksuk euk gS

mnkl gksuk euk gS

,d cgqr cM+h vk¡[k lcdks ns[k jgh gS

ihNs eqM+dj thou dks ns[kuk euk gSA**83

41

eaxys'k ekurs gS fd vesfjdk esa dqN Hkh vlEHko ugha gS ;gk¡ dHkh Hkh

dqN Hkh gks ldrk gSA os fy[krs gS&

^^;g izfrHkk dk ugha] bPNk'kfDr vkSj ladYi dk ns'k gSA dfork

fy[kus ds fy, Hkh tUetkr ;k varfuZfgr izfrHkk tSlh pht+ dh t+:jr

ughaA dksbZ dfo cu tk;s lgt laHkkO; gSA ihVj ukt+jsFk] tks vk;ksok

fo'ofo|ky; esa rqyukRed lkfgR; i<+krs gSa] vÝhdh lkfgR; ds fo'ks"kK

vkSj eSjh ds ifr gS] crkrs gSa fd vesfjdh lekt esa 'kq: ls ;g /kkj.kk Fkh

fd nqfu;k esa ,slh dksbZ leL;k ugha ftldk lek/kku u gks ldsA**84

eaxys'k Mcjky vesfjdk esa jgrs gq, ogka ds ^dYpj* dks Hkh

ns[krs&le>rs gS vkSj ikrs gSa fd îkWiqyj dYpj* êkl dYpj* dks cnyus

ds vius mik; [kkstrk jgrk gSA Qyr% yksx thal dks tgk¡&rgk¡ ls

QkM+dj] jxM+dj iguus yxsA fQ+Lds ds ek/;e ls eaxys'k vius fopkj dks

Hkh O;ä djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd& ^^fQ+Lds dk fnypLi fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd

turk fdlh Hkh miHkksDrk lkexzh esa vius rhjds ls ifjorZu djds fojks/k ds

jkLrs [kkstrh jgrh gS vkSj mldh bl lkeF;Z esa Hkfo"; dh mEehnsa fNih

gqbZ gSaA**85

vkyksPp x| esa eaxys'k th us vkSjrksa dh fLFkfr dk mlds thou ,oa

ekufldrk rFkk nwljs yksxksa ds mlds izfr [kS;s dk Hkh txg&txg o.kZu

fd;k gSA ely ^^vkSjrksa dk vkd"kZ.k 'kk;n ianzsgd lky jgrk gksxkA fQj

psgjs ij rst+h ls >qfjZ;ka vkus yxrh gS vkSj vdsykiu c<+rk tkrk gSA

>qfjZ;ksa dk vkuk bl ped&ned Hkjs lekt ls ckgj tkus dh 'kq:vkr

gSA**86

lkFk gh fL=;k¡ ogk¡ izse ds uke ij Bxh tkrh gSA igys ls gh

ijs'kku ,d L=h tc euksfpfdRld MkDVj dksyksjksMks ds ikl bykt ds

fy, vkrh gS rks MkDVj mlls 'kkjhfjd laca/k cukrk gS vkSj iqu% mlls

iYyk >kM+ ysrk gSA og L=h vius ifr vkSj MkDVj izseh nksuksa ls gkFk /kks

42

cSBrh gSA ;g fLFkfr flQZ ,d L=h dh ugha gS ogk¡ cfYd nksgjs 'kks"k.k dh

f'kdkj uk tkus fdruh gh fL=;k¡ gSA ^MkboksZl* ogk¡ ifr&iRuh ds chp gksus

okyh ,d vke ckr gSA Li"V gS fd vesfjdk esa izse] lEcU/k] fo'okl]

vkReh;rk tSlh Hkkouk;sa de gSA

tkfr&ik¡fr] dkys&xksjs] ,f'k;k&vÝhdk ds chp ;gk¡ vesfjdk esa Hkh

i;kZIr Hksn&Hkko gSA Nk= gks ;k dksbZ lk/kkj.k yM+dk&yM+dh tkfr ds

vuqlkj gh muls lkFk O;ogkj ;k vkilh lEcU/k tqM+rs gSA os Lo;a fy[krs

gS&^^;gk¡ Nk=ksa ds thou esa cgqr ruko fn[krk gSA ,d Hkkjrh; Nk= us

crk;k fd ge dqÙkksa dk& lk thou thrs gSaA gekjk Hkfo"; vius xkbM dh

Ñik ij fuHkZj gSaA87

vk;ksok esa igyh ckj dfo eaxys'k dh fy[kh dforkuqek dqN iafDr;ka

dfo ds ogk¡ ds vuqHko ,oa vesfjdh&thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks vfHkO;ä djrs gSaA

^^jkLrk yack gS] pyuk vklku ugha

jkr [kRe ugha gksrh] ckfj'k Fkerh ugha

'kksj gksrk jgrk gS] lUukVk VwVrk ugha

jks'kfu;k¡ tyrh jgrh gS] va/ksjk Hkkxrk ugha

jksuk vkrk jgrk gS] galh :drh ugha

cQZ+ fxjrh tkrh gS] vkx tyrh jgrh gSA**88

vesfjdk esa chekj gksuk euk gSA vesfjdk esa cw<+k gksuk euk gS] ?kj

cukuk euk gS D;ksafd o`)koLFkk esa ?kj cspdj flQZ ,d ¶ySV esa ,dkdh

[kqn dks dSn djuk vkSj euksfpfdRlk }kjk nh xbZ nokbZ [kkuk gh ogka dk

;FkkFkZ gSA dkyh Ropk dks jklk;fud izfØ;k ls xksjk cudj ekbdsy

tSD'ku ,d thrh&tkxrh nar dFkk gSA varjkZ"Vªh; ys[ku dk;ZØe esa

bdV~Bk gqvk lkfgR;dkjksa dk lekt] mudh vkokt] fe=rk] ladksp]

lkaLÑfr vknku&iznku] oSpkfjd&;k=k lc dqN bl ;k=k&o`Ùkkar dks

jkspdrk] Kku ,oa thou jl ls le`) djrk gSA

43

,d Hkkjrh; dfo ds }kjk vesfjdh yksxksa ,oa ogka dh laLÑfr dks

tkuuk vR;Ur gh jkspd gSA eaxys'k th us ftruh lthork ,oa lw{erk ls

ogka dh ?kVukvksa ,oa n`';ksa dks 'kCnc) fd;k gS] og vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ,d

fp= ds :i esa mHkj tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh rks eglwl gksrk gS fd ge Lo;a

izR;{kn'khZ gSA ;g&o`Ùkkar vius dejs esa cSBs] ysVs gq, Hkh gesa vesfjdk dh

'kSj djkus esa l{ke gSA eaxys'k ds 'kCnksa esa& ^^vk;ksok ,d fLFkj fcac dh

rjg fnekx+ esa ntZ+ gks tkrk gS] vesfjdk Hkys gh dksbZ ûkWLVsfYte* iSnk u

djrk gksA ;g fcac ,d 'kkar unh ds pkjksa vksj bdV~Bk gq, yksxksa dk gSA89

^,d ckj vk;ksok* esa vesfjdk esa jgrs gq, eaxys'k th dk viuk

vuqHko&laalkj gS] Hkwdai dh [kcj ikus ij vius dk'kh] fnYyh] Hkkjr esa jg

jgs lxs&lEcU/kh] fe= tuksa dh [kSfj;r ds fy, fpark gS] ?kj ls nwj u,

vtuch yksxksa ds chp jgus dh dHkh mnklh rks dHkh vtufc;ksa ds chp

dksbZ ^viuk lk* ik ysus dh [kq'kh gSA dgha x|;kRedrk fy, i| gS rks

dgha i|kRedrk fy, x| gSA mnkgj.kLo:i& ^^vkSj nsg ds Hkhrj ;g D;k

gS \ 'kk;n mldk mtkyk vkSj mldk :nuA fnu ds mtkys esa ge mldk

jksuk ns[k ysrs gSa vkSj mls fdlh vry ls fudkydj jkr ds lhus ij j[k

nsrs gSaA ,d varghu jkr vkSj gok dh vkokt+A :dks] dgha er tkvks] dqN

er djks] jkr dh Nkrh dks phjrs bl jksus dks lquksA blesa fcNqM+s gq, yksx

gSa] Hkwyh gqbZ phtsa gSa] mez dh pV~Vku ij ykSVrh] iNkM+s [kkrha] fcy[krh

cpiu dh ygjsa gSaA ;g :nu rqEgsa jkr Hkj cgkrk gqvk ys tkrk jgsxkA*90

vk;ksok esa jgrs gq, ys[kd ekurs gS fd mUgksaus vius ek/;e ls ,d

^Hkkjrh;* dks ogk¡ izLrqr fd;kA Hkkjr ds izfrfu/k ds :i esa mUgksaus ^Hkkjr

dh Nfo* dks cjdjkj j[kkA & ^^vk;ksok esa Ms<+ eghus ls Hkh T;knk le;

fcrk;kA bl chp tks dqN eq>s feyk og 'kk;n cgqr dke dk gSa] gkykafd

mls vHkh eSa le> ugha ik jgk gw¡A ;k 'kk;n eSa bl le; dk vkSj csgrj

bLrseky dj ldrk FkkA tks Hkh gks] lcls vPNk ;g jgk fd eSaus viuh ,d

44

Lora= igpku cuk;s j[krs gq, bu yksxksa dks 'kk;n ,d cqjs Hkkjrh; dh

Nfo ugha nhA ,d cqjk Hkkjrh; eq>s cgqr cqjk] yxHkx vlg~; yxrk gSA

,sls Hkkjrh;ksa dks 'kk;n ^Hkkjr dh Nfo* dh udyh fpark T+;knk jgrh gS]

balkuh Nfo dh ughaA**91

ys[kd dh jksVh %

lu~ 1997 esa eaxys'k Mcjky viuh nwljh x| jpuk ^ys[kd dh jksVh*

ds lkFk ikBdksa ds lkeus mifLFkr gksrs gSA okLro esa ;g dguk T;knk

vehphu gksxk fd ^ys[kd ds fy, jksVh* izkIr djus dh leL;k dks ysdj os

lkeus gSA ;g 'kh"kZd vius vki esa cgqr dqN dgrk gSA dbZ iz'u

eu&efLr"d esa mHkjrs gSA ys[kd viuh reke bZekunkjh ;qä ys[ku ds

ckotwn jksVh dh [kkfrj tw>rk gSA ^jksVh* dh [kkfrj dgha uk dgha ,sls gh

yksxksa ds lkFk ;k mlds v/khu mls ukSdjh djuh iM+rh gS] ftlds izfr

mldh dfork vkx mxyrh gS] fonzksg ds cht dk oiu djrh gSA ys[kd

dks dHkh Hkh ftUnxh dh eq[;/kkjk ls tksM+dj ugha ns[kk tkrk tcfd ,d

ys[kd ;k dfo okLro esa lekt] ns'k ,oa euq"; dh euq";rk dk fuekZrk

gksrk gS vkt ys[kd cuus ij jksth&jksVh dh fpark] ?kj&ifjokj dh nSfud

t:jrsa lcls igys ,d fodjky :i ysdj [kM+h gksrh gS] ftlls yM+rs gq;s

,d dfo ;k ,d ys[kd vius l`tu dk;Z esa layXu gksrk gS ;g thou

la?k"kZ mldh jpuk dks thoarrk ls iw.kZ djrk gSA lkFk gh ys[kdh;

bZekunkjh ij dHkh&dHkh iz'u&fpUg Hkh yxkrk gSA

^ys[kd dh jksVh* iwjh iqLrd laosnu] lajpuk] laokn] vkSj Lokxr

uked pkj [k.Mksa esa foHkDr dh x;h gSA igys [kaM ^laosnu* dh 'kq:vkr gh

eaxys'k ^'ke'ksj dk eryc* ls djrs gS vkSj fy[krs gSaA ^ykSV vk vks Qwy

dh ia[kqM+h@ fQj Qwy esa yx tkA* 92 okLro esa 'ke'ksj thou dh viw.kZrk]

VwVu] deh ,oa fo:irk dks le>us okys dykdkj Fks vkSj ekurs Fks fd

45

ia[kqM+h gS rks gh Qwy gS] Qwy gS rks lqUnjrk] lkSjHk] ifo=rk] dkseyrk] jax

gS tks thou&izkxa.k dks lqokflr djrh gS blfy, VwVh gqbZ ia[kqM+h dks fQj

ls Qwy esa yx tkuk pkfg,A 'ke'ksj dh mi;qZä nks iafä;ka¡ vius vki esa

;qx ds cgko dks] ;FkkFkZrk dks] [kks[kysiu] rhozrk ls >j jgs laosnuk dks

vkSj bu lcdh f'kn~Nrk ls le> dfo eaxys'k dks gS] ;g O;ä djus esa

l{ke gSA eaxys'k 'ke'ksj dks lPps vFkksZa esa dfo ekurs gS D;ksafd vPNk dfo

gksus dk eryc gS lPpk dfo gksuk vkSj lPpk dfo ogh gS tks vPNk balku

gSa& ^^'ke'ksj uke ds balku ds djhc jg pqds yksx tkus gS fd os [kq+n Hkh

viuh dforkvksa dh rjg FksA dfo vkSj O;fä 'ke'ksj esa dksbZ Qkad ugha FkhA

;gk¡ Hkh ,d iw.kZrk FkhA ,d ft+n dh rjg mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ,d vPNk

balku gh vPNk dfo gks ldrk gSA**93

'ke'ksj dh dfork ^,d ifo= txg* dh jpuk djrs gSA tgk¡ izos'k

djus ds iwoZ O;fä vius Hkhrj dh dyqlrk dks ekats fcuk] fcuk fBBds ugha

igqap ldrkA 'ke'ksj dh dfork lEiw.kZrk ds izfr lEeku ls iw.kZ gSA

j?kqohj lgk; ds ckjs esa eaxys'k Mcjky fy[krs gSa fd&^^j?kqohj lgk;

dh dfork lekt esa ncs&dqpys yksxksa dks mnkÙk :i esa fpf=r ugha djrh]

cfYd mudh fLFkfr dh ekQZ+r lekt&O;oLFkk ls eqBHksM+ vkSj ftjg djrh

gS tgka ;g ftjg ugha gS] ogka gesa lk/kkj.k yksxksa ds ,sls iz;klksa ds n'kZu

gksrs gSa tks os vius NksVs ls nk;js esa lÙkk&ra= dh vekuoh;rk ls tw>us ds

fy, djrs jgrs gSA**94

eaxys'k Mcjky ekurs gS fd j?kqohj lgk; nwjn'khZ FksA ^bejtsalh*

ykxw gksus ds ,d o"kZ iwoZ gh mUgksaus viuh ,d dfork esa bldk ladsr ns

fn;k Fkk eaxys'k bl fo"k; esa fy[krs gSa fd& ^^ysfdu ;g iwokZHkkl

var'psruk ds vk/kkj ij dh xgjh Hkfo";ok.kh ugha Fkh] cfYd lekt] euq";

vkSj ;FkkFkZ dks le>us dh mudh oSKkfud laosnuk ds dkj.k laHko gqbZ

FkhA**95

46

d:.kk] osnuk] izse ;k nq%[k lc dh vfHkO;fä Hkk"kk ds }kjk gh gksrh

gSA Hkk"kk ds izfr blfy, j?kqohj lgk; vR;Ur lpsr FksA os fgUnh ds lkFkZd

iz;ksx ds izfr ltx gksus ds lkFk vU; Hkk"kkvksa tSls mnwZ ds izfr Hkh izse

Hkko j[krs FksA

^^nq[k dh le> vkSj nks vFkksZa ds Hk; ls eqDr Hkk"kk 'kk;n os izeq[k

xq.k Fks] ftuls vkdf"kZr u;h ih<+h j?kqojh lgk; uke ds balku vkSj muds

Hkhrj lfØ; vf}rh; efLr"d ds djhc vk;hA96

eaxys'k Mcjky Jh dkar oekZ ds ek/;e ls ,d dfo vkSj ,d

jktuhfrK ds dk;Z {ks= ,oa laosnuk txr ds vUrZ}U} dks cM+h lw{erk ls

izLrqr djrs gSA ^^Jhdkar oekZ dh lkeF;Z ;g Fkh fd mUgksaus lÙkk vkSj

lkfgR; nksuksa dks nks vyx nqfu;k,a ekudj thus dh th rksM+ dksf'k'k dhA

mudh =klnh ;g gS fd ,slk eqefdu ugha gqvkA97

vkyksP; x| esa eaxys'k th us ^mUgksaus vk/kqfud laosnuk dks laHko

fd;kA* uked ,d ,slk vkys[k izLrqr fd;k gS tks okRL;k;u vKs; ds

thou ,oa mudh o`fÙk ds dqN vuqNq;s igyw ls gekjk ifjp; djkrh gSA

elyu dfo vKs; dk uhe ds isM+ ij 20 QqV Å¡ps ,d ?kj cukuk vkSj

fe=ksa ds chp viuh u;h dfork;sa i<+ukA vKs; dfo ds lkFk&lkFk ,d

vPNs QksVksxzkQj] ckxoku] ;k;kokj] c<+bZ vkSj dqEgkj Hkh FksA dfo eaxys'k

dfo vKs; dh ,d dfork ^,slk dksbZ ?kj vkius ns[kk gSA* dh dqN iafä;ksa

ds ek/;e ls vKs; dh laosnuk] fpark] bPNk] LoIu ,oa pkgr dks mifLFkr

djrs gSa%&

^^?kj eq>s pkfg,

?kj ds Hkhrj izdk'k gks

bldh Hkh eq>s fpark ugha gSa]

izdk'k ds ?ksjs ds Hkhrj esjk ?kj gks&

blh dh eq>s ryk'k gS*98

47

^dfo dh t:jr fdls gS* eaxys'k Mcjky dh bl x| dk ,slk

vkys[k gS] ftlesa xksjo ikaMs tSls dfo dks ;kn djrs gq, mUgksaus tks dqN

Hkh fy[kk gS] ;dhu ekfu, flQZ gekjs fnekx esa xqatrk ugha cfYd ân; dks

dgha cgqr xgjs Nw tkrk gSA gesa dfEir djrk gS] lkspus ij foo'k dj nsrk

gS fd nsofj;k ds ,d xkao ls vk;s n'kZu'kkL= ds Nk= xksj[k izse dh ryk'k

djrs bl fueZe 'kgj fnYyh esa] euksjksxh cu bysfDVªd 'kkWd ikrk gS] uhan

dh xksfy;k¡ [kkrk gS vkSj var esa izse dh pkg fy, viuh gh /kksrh ls

yVddj [kqndq'kh dj ysrk gSA ;g gknlk flQZ ,d xksj[k ikaMs ds lkFk

?kfVr ugha gqvk cfYd eaxys'k ekurs gS fd vkt 'kgjh thou dh laosnu

ghurk ,oa Øwjrk Hkjs okrkoj.k esa uk tkus fdrus xksj[k gS tks vkRegR;k

dj pqds gSa] dj jgs gSa vkSj Hkfo"; esa djsaxsA eaxys'k th fy[krs gSa& ^^bl

O;oLFkk esa fdlh laosnu'khy vkneh dh izse dh ryk'k mls vkf[kjdkj

ekufld vLirkyksa ;k euksjksx MkWDVjksa ds njokt+s ij ys tkrh gSA xksj[k

ikaMs; ds lkFk Hkh ;g gqvkA**99

bl x| ls xqtjrs gq, gekjk ifjp; ipkl lky dh mez esa fonk ys

pqds dfo ,oa cgqeq[kh izfrek lEiUu dykdkj lksenÙk th ls Hkh gksrk gS

ftudh dfork;sa eaxys'k ds vuqlkj ^fjQkbaM ,aM ikWfy'M* dforkvksa ls

,dne vyx ,oa fdlkuh vux<+rk vkSj [kqjnjsiu dh dykRed 'kfDr ls

;qä gSA

^lcls thoar dfork dk lEeku* ikBdksa dks dfork dh lgh igpku]

lgh LFkku] lgh ewY;kadu ls ifjfpr djokrh gSA eaxys'k Mcjky ekurs gSa

fd >wBh okg&okgh izkIr djus okys dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa dks lEekfur djus

dh ctk; gessa lPps dfo ,oa lkFkZd dfork dh mifLFkfr dks eglwluk

pkfg,A ^^vkt tcfd fczVsªsu] vesfjdk] Ýkal esa dfork esa ,d cM+k 'kwU; gS]

lcls vf/kd thfor dfork ds fy, ge iwoZ ;wjksih; ns'kksa dh vksj gh ns[krs

gSaA ykrhuh vesfjdh ns'kksa esa miU;kl vxj ,d lkaLÑfrd 'kfDr cuk gS rks

48

os iwoZ&;wjksih; lekt dfork esa viuk psgjk igpkurk gSA dfork ogka gj

oD+r ,d lkekftd mifLFkfr gSA fgUnh esa dfo dk yksdfiz; gksuk] mlds

laxzg dh gtkjksa izfr;ka fcduk yxHkx ,d tqeZ gS vkSj yksdfiz;rk dh ekyk

geus dfo lEesyuha rqDdM+ksa vkSj xyscktksa ds xys esa gh Mky j[kh gS]

ysfdu iwoZ ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa dfork dh lekt esa ,d fuf'pr lEekfur

txg vkSj lkoZtfud Hkwfedk gSA**100

^lUukVs dk LFkkiR;* esa eaxys'k th ;g crkrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh egku

jpuk viuh /kjrh ds ifjos'k] bfrgkl] laLÑfr] Le`fr] jksekap vkSj Hkwxksy ls

cgqr xgjkbZ ls tqqM+h gksrh gSA ikCyksus:nk] jkQk;sy vkYcsrhZ vkSj ,usZLVks

dknsZuy ,ls gh dfo gSaA vksDrkfo;ks ikl Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ls fdrus izHkkfor

Fks] bldk Hkh vanktk bl ckr ls gks tkrk gS fd mUgksaus ^yknsjk ,Lrs* ;kuh

îwohZ fn'kk* uked dkO; laxzg esa Hkkjrh; fo"k;ksa ij dfork,¡ fy[khA ^vehj

[kq+ljksa dk etkj*] ^gqek;wa dk edcjk*] ^cks/kh xkbZu*] ^fp=dkj LokehukFku ds

fy,* vkfn dbZ dfork;sa ikl ds Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] Le`fr vkSj ;FkkFkZ ds

lk{kkRdkj dk ifjp; nsrh gSA

lajpuk [kaM O;kid gSA bl [kaM esa ys[kd us ^ys[kd dh jksVh*]

^ckgj dh gokvksa ls ijs ,d Vksih*] uDdkj[kkuk gS] ij rwrh cksysxh*] ^vius

iSjksa ij fxjrs lekt dh fgalk*] ^dfork dk flusek*] ^gkL; dk njckj*]

^lqurs gq, ge lksprs gSa*] ^NksVh phtksa dk cM+k thou*] _fRod ?kVd dh nks

û;h* fQYesa] ^galrs gq, lkspuk*] ^tSls dksbZ fQ+Ye lglk [k+Re gks tk;s*

uked ys[k ladfyr gSA bl [kaM esa lkfgfR;d ;FkkFkZ dh vfHkO;fä gSA

dfork dk ljksdkj fdl Hkk¡fr vkt cn jgk gS vkSj ,d ys[kd ds fy,

jksVh dh leL;k D;k gksrh gS bls ys[kd us cM+h bZekunkjh ls ^ys[kd dh

jksVh* ys[k esa O;ä fd;k gSA ^^lPps jpukdkj dh iV~Vh O;oLFkk ls dHkh

ugha cSB ikrhA og isV ds fy, fdlh njckj esa pyk Hkh tk;s rks felfQ+V

jgrk gSA og jghe dh rjg îkih isV* dks le>krk jgrk gS fd vxj rw

49

ugha gksrk rks eq>s vius LokfHkeku dks mrkj dj txg&txg gkFk u QSykuk

iM+rkA ij O;oLFkk gh D;ksa] lkfgR; gekjs lekt ls Hkh yxHkx cfg"Ñr

gSA101

fnu&izfrfnu 'kwU; gksrh laosnuk lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd ladV dks

c<+k jgh gSA pkjksa vksj fgalk dk lkezkT; QSyk gqvk gSA ^^foÑfr;k¡ ml

gnrd igq¡p xbZ gSa tgk¡ fgalk Hkh g"kZ nsus yxrh gSA**102

^^vkfFkZd vfuf'prrk vkSj HkkSfrd Hkfo"; dh vlqj{kk esa rks 'kk;n

vf/kla[; ys[kd viuk thou fcrkrs gSA**103 xkSjryc gS fd ,d ys[kd

viuh ys[kuh dks thfodk dk lk/ku ugha cuk ik jgk gSA bl [kaM esa ^galrs

gq, lkspuk* ,oa ^tSls dksbZ fQYe lglk [k+Re gks tk;s* nks ,sls ys[k gS tks

gekjs lekt esa fQYexr ;FkkFkZ dks O;ä djrs gSA pSfIyu dks eaxys'k

Mcjky ,d ,sls dykdkj ds :i esa fpf=r djrs gS tks flQZ galh&etkd

dk ek/;e ugha gS cfYd os lekt esa xjhch ckaVus okys vehj dh vlfy;r

m?ksM+rh gS] ,d xjhc vkneh ls mldk et+kd mM+okrh gS vkSj bl fLFkfr

ds dkj.kksa ij galrs&galrs ge ,dk,d lkspus yxrs gSaA**104

fLerk ikVhy dh e`R;q ds ckn eaxys'k mUgsa ;kn djrs gq, muds

dyk ds foo/k igyqvksa dks mudh fQYeksa ds ek/;e ls O;ä djrs gSaA

fgUnh flusek esa mu fQYeksa dk mnkgj.k os izLrqr djrs gS tks ;FkkFkZ ds

/kjkry ij fy[ks x;sA ftuesa ^fu'kkar*] êaFku*] ^Hkwfedk*] ^pØ*] ^vkØks'k*

^v/kZlR;*] ^vFkZ*] ^lqcg*] ^cktkj*] ^vYcVZ fiaVksa dks xqLlk D;ksa vkrk gS* tSlh

fQYesa izeq[k gSA eaxys'k ekurs gS 'kk;n NksVh phtksa dh ekQZ+r cM+h phtksas

dks crk nsuk gh cM+h dyk gksrh gSA fLerk esa ;g [kw+ch FkhA bl vFkZ esa

mudk NksVk&lk thou ,d egRoiw.kZ dykdkj dk cM+k thou cu tkrk

gSA105

bl iqLrd esa rhljk [kaM gS ^laokn*A ftlesa f=ykspu] j?kqohj lgk;

vkSj fo".kq fpapykdj ds eaxys'k }kjk fy, x, dqN lk{kkRdkj gSA

50

lk{kkRdkj ds iz'uksÙkj lkfgfR;d ,oa dykxr ;FkkFkZ dks izdV djrs gSA

f=ykspu th ls ppkZ djrs le; os dgrs gS& ^^gekjs lekt esa dfo vkSj

dfork dh fLFkfr dks vki fdl rjg ns[krs gS \ D;k og fcMEcuk Hkjh ugha

yxrh gSA**106

^Le`fr* fopkj] euq"; vkSj dfork* uked lk{kkRdkj esa j?kqohj lgk;

ls ckrphr djrs gq, os iwNrs gS& ^^lekt esa vki dfork dh D;k fLFkfr

ns[krs gS \ ;g /kkj.kk vkt izcy gS fd lekt esa dfork dh txg vkSj

t:jr yxkrkj de gks jgh gSA**107 eaxys'k ds bl iz'u esa fujUrj dfork

ds izfr yksxksa dh de gksrh :fp ,oa dfork ds izfr fpark ns[kus dks feyrh

gSA ^gj vkdkj ,d thou gS* 'kh"kZd lk{kkRdkj esa fo".kq fpapkydj dks

xq:th dgdj lacksf/kr djrs eaxys'k Mcjky muds ckjs esa fy[krs gSa&

^^xq:th ds fy, dyk gj le; mifLFkr gS& izÑfr ds fofHkUu vkdkjksa es]a

nhokj ij iM+s ckfj'k ds /kCcksa esa] VwV&QwV x;h mu phtksa esa ftUgsa ge dwM+k

le> dj Qsad nsrs gSA l`f"V dk dksbZZ Hkh vkdkj muds fy, dyk ls ckgj

ugha gSA108

^ys[kd dh jksVh* esa vafre [kaM gS ^Loxr*A ^Loxr* esa eaxys'k viuh

^csrjrhc Mk;jh* o ^,d gkf'k;k tks eq[;Hkwfe gS* ds ek/;e ls vius thou

;FkkFkZ dks izdV djrs gSA Mk;jh ds csrjrhc iUus ys[kd ds thou ds

fofo/k i{k] fopkj /kkjk ,oa HkkoukRed txr ls gekjk ifjp; djkrs gSA

viuh dforkvksa ds ckjs esas os fy[krs gSa& ^êsjh dfork,a¡ eq>s dgha ls izHkkfor

ugha djrh vkSj os dfork,¡ Hkh ugha tks esjh dforkvksa tSls gksaA**109 viuh

Mk;jh esa eaxys'k egkuxjksa dh rst j¶rkj ftanxh esa NwV jgs mu ewY;ksa dks

Hkh fn[kkrs gS] tks egkuxjksa esa Toyar leL;k;ksa dks tUe ns jgh gSA yksx

Hkzfer gksdj uk tkus dgk¡ vkSj fdl vksj Hkkxs tk jgs gSa] egkuxjksa esa \

viuh Mk;jh esa ys[kd Hkz"V jktuhfr ,oa vesfjdh laLÑfr ds [kks[kysiu dks

51

Hkh O;ä djrs gSA eaxys'k Mcjky ,d lQy dfo ds lkFk&lkFk ,d lQy

vkykspd Hkh gSA

^,d gkf'k;k tks eq[;Hkwfe gS* vkys[k esa eaxys'k Mcjky lh/ks&lkns

<+x ls ijarq Li"V oDrk ds :i esa viuh ckr dgrs gSA ;qx cktkjoknh gks

x;k gSA blesa jpuk dks cpk;s j[kuk gSA jpuk dk thou fdlh Hkh lÙkkra=

ds thou ls T;knk nh?kZthoh vkSj lkFkZd gSA110

dfo dk vdsykiu %

lu~ 2008 esa eaxys'k Mcjky viuh rhljh mRÑ"V x| jpuk ^dfo

dk vdsykiu* ds lkFk gekjs le{k vkrs gSA ^^dfo dk vdsykiu* nks fgLlksa

esa caVk gqvk gSA igys fgLls esa eaxys'k vius dqN fiz; dfo;ksa dh jpukvksa

mudh iafDr;ksa dks [kksyrs gq, muds vFkZ&Lrjksa vkSj ml HkkoHkwfe rd

igqapus dh dkssf'k'k djrs gSa] tgk¡ ls os iafDr;k¡ vorfjr gqbZ gksaxh vkSj ,slk

djrs gq, og vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa] fco"k;ksa vkSj fopkjksa ds lanHkZ esa ml

dfo ds vkSj lkFk gh Lo;a viuh lksp vkSj dYiuk dks m?kkM+rs gSaA ;g gesa

,d lkFk nks&nks dfo;ksa ds Hkhrjh yksd esa lekfgr dkO;kRed Lianu vkSj

foe'kZ ds lalkj dh vn~Hkqr Nfo;ka fn[kkrk gSA nwljs fgLls esa dfo dh

csrjrhc Mk;jh gSA ;g Mk;jh ,d cspSu O;fä] ,d vke ukxjfd] ,d iq=]

,d nksLr] ,d laxhr&izzseh vkSj bu lcls FkksM+k T;knk ,d dfo ds :i es

aeaxys'k Mcjky dks gekjs lkeus [kksyus dk dke djrh gSA111

vkyksP; x| esa ys[kd us ;g lkspus ij foo'k dj fn;k gS fd ,d

dfo vius vdsysiu esa lcls vPNk ltZd gksrk gS D;ksafd vius ,dkdh {k.k

esa og reke vewrZ n`';] ?kVuk] fLFkfr] ncko] foLe`fr vkfn dh f'kuk[r

dj mls ewrZ djus dh {kerk ls Hkjk gksrk gSA bl x| esas dbZ

lkfgfR;d&lkaLÑfrd fVIif.k;ka gSa] ftuds ckjs esa eaxys'k dgrs gSa&

^^ftudk eDln ;g Fkk fd vius fiz; dfo;ksa dks lcls igys vius fy,

52

le> ldwa vkSj ;g tku ldwa fd esjh laosnuk esa u;k D;k tksM+ jgh gSA

dfo;ksa dk ewY;kadu djuk ;k mUgsa fdlh dlkSVh ij dluk mudk mís';

u rc Fkk vkSj u vc gSA os flQZ dfork ds xq.kxku dh rjg fy[kh x;h

vkSj vxj gekjs le; ds fdlh dfo dh vkykspukRed iM+rky djrs le;

buesa ls dksbZ fVIi.kh dqN dke vk lds rks ;gh budh lkFkZdrk gksxhA**112

mi;qZDr x| esa panzdqaoj cRokZy] 'ke'ksj] ukxktqZu daqoj ukjk;.k]

yhyk/kj txwM+h] _rqjkt] vkyksd/kUok] ujs'k lDlsuk] lqnhi cuthZ] vln

tS+nh] ujsUnz tSu] ohjsu Maxoky] fot; dqekj] dkR;k;uh] fujkyk vkfn

dfo;ksa ds thou ,oa l`tu ls tqM+s egÙoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k

gSA

blh x| esa ^tgka ,d jsy vkdj :drh gS*] ^LoxZ esa vkx vkSj vkalw*]

^dykdkj izpkj cktkj*] ,sls ys[k gS ftlesa fQYe txr ,oa Hkkjrh; ,oa

ik'pkR; dyk ds fofo/k igyq ij fopkj O;ä fd;k x;k gSA eaxys'k

ed+cwy fQ+nk gqlsu vkSj mudh dyk ds ckjs esa fy[krs gSa& ^^;g fufoZokn gS

fd gqlsu gekjs ns'k ds lcls cM+s fp=dkj gSa vkSj vxj ^Hkkjrh; dyk* ;k

^dyk esa Hkkjrh;rk* tSlh dskbZ pht+ gks ldrh gS rks os mlds Hkh lcls cM+s

izfrfuf/k gSA mUgksaus ,d BsB nslh ^vkbduksxzkQh* fufeZr dh gSA os

^varjjkZ"Vªh; eqgkojs* ds fp=dkj ugha gSa] Hkys gh varjjk"Vªh;p Lrj ij lcls

vf/kd tkus tkrs gksA njvly os gekjs yksd ;FkkFkZokn ds fp=dkj gSA113

^dfo dk vdsykiu* esa Mk;jh va'k esa eaxys'k ,d LFky ij fy[krs

gSa& ^êSa rqEgsa ;kn ugha djrk& ;g dgus dk vFkZ ;gh gS fd eSa rqEgsa ;kn

djrk gw¡A elyu ;g Mk;jh ftlesa eSa viuk :nu ntZ djrk jgrk gw¡A114

Li"V gS fd ;g csrjrhc Mk;jh eaxys'k ds ân; ds mn~xkj dks Lo;a

lesVs gq, ,d ,slk vkbZuk gS ftlesa mudk vUrjeu iwjh fu'Nyrk ds lkFk

izfrfcEcr gksrk gSA * * * * *

53

lanHkZ xzaFk&lwph

1- eaxys'k Mcjky ds lk{kkRdkj ls izkIr rF;& lh-Mh- layXuA

2- eaxys'k Mcjky] ^dfo dk vdsykiu*] i`- 176] jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h

fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&2008

3- ogh] i`- 176&177 4- eaxys'k Mcjky ds lk{kkRdkj ls izkIr rF; lh-Mh- layXu

5- nsofy;k euksgj] ^gfj'kadj ijlkbZ] O;fäRo ,oa ÑfÙkRo* i`- 13]

lkfgR; ok.kh] bykgkckn] izFke laLdj.k& 1985

6- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^?kj dk jkLrk*] ^lQsn nhokj*] i`- 52] jk/kkÑ".k

izdk'ku] fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&1988] igyh vko`fr&2001

7- eaxys'k Mcjky ds lk{kkRdkj ls izkIr rF; lh-Mh- layXu



10- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^dfo dk vdsykiu*] i`- 183] jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku]

u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&2008



13- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^dfo dk vdsykiu*] i`- 185] jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku]

u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&2008

14- MkW0 frokjh vtqZu] ^vk/kqfud i=dkfjrk*] i`- 259] fo'ofo|ky;

izdk'ku] okjk.klh] prqFkZ laLdj.k&2004


16- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^midFku*] i`- 155] vk/kkj izdk'ku] iapdwyk]

gfj;k.kk] izFke laLdj.k&2014

17- ogh] i`- 56

54

18- nq";ar dqekj] ^gks xbZ gS ihj ioZr lh*] fgUnh ikB lap;u] dydÙkk

fo'ofo|ky;] i`- 69] izFke laLdj.k&1998

19- Mcjky eaxys'k] îgkM+ ij ykyVsu*] ^jsy esa lkr dfork,¡] i`- 58]

jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] rhljk laLdj.k&2009

20- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^midFku*] i`- 10] vk/kkj izdk'ku] iapdwyk


21- Mcjky eaxys'k] îgkM+ ij ykyVsu*] iÙkks dh e`R;q*] i`- 61] jk/kkÑ".k

izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] rhljk laLdj.k&2009

22- Mcjky eaxys'k] îgkM+ ij ykyVsu] îqLrd ds vkoj.k ls iadt

flag dk dFku] eq[ki`"B jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] rhljk

laLdj.k&2009

23- Mcjky eaxys'k] îgkM+ ij ykyVsu] îgkM+ ij ykyVsu*] i`- 64]


24- nSfud HkkLdj] 3 tuojh] 2001] ôkLro esa vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS*

25- Mcjky eaxys'k] îgkM+ ij ykyVsu*] vdsyk vkneh*] i`- 37]


26- ogh] êdku*] i`- 41

27- ogh] îgkM+*] i`- 42 28- MkW0 flag cPpu] ^fgUnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl*] +457] jk/kkÑ".k

izdk'ku ubZ fnYyh] laLdj.k&2006] rhljk vko`fÙk&2009

29- Mcjky eaxys'k] îgkM+ ij ykyVsu*] ^'kgj*] i`- 52] jk/kkÑ".k

izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] rhljk laLdj.k&2009

30- Mcjky eaxys'k] îgkM+ ij ykyVsu] îqLrd ds vkoj.k esa iadt

flag dk dFku] eq[k i`"B jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] rhljk

laLdj.k&2009

55

31- iqLrd okrkZ] tuojh&Qjojh&2002] Hkkjr Hkkj}kt dk vkys[k

^dfork dh vkokt*] i`- 48

32- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^?kj dk jkLrk*] ^?kj dk jkLrk*] i`- 75] jk/kkÑ".k

izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] igky laLdj.k&1988] igyh vko`fÙk&2001

33- ogh] ^,d 'kgj dh ukS dfork,¡*] i`- 76

34- ogh] ^f[kykSus*] i`- 73

35- ogh] ^,d iqjkuh dgkuh*] i`- 28&29

36- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^?kj dk jkLrk] îqLrd ds vkoj.k ls iz;kx 'kqDy

dk dFku] jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&1988]

igyh vko`fÙk&2001

37- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^?kj dk jkLrk*] ^cktkj Hkko*] i`- 57&58] jk/kkÑ".k

izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k& 1988] igyh vko`fÙk&2001

38- ogh] îzse*] i`- 47 39- fnueku if=dk] ebZ 15] 1989] i`- 84

40- Mcjky eaxys'k]^midFku*] i`- 53] vk/kkj izdk'ku] iapdwyk gfj;k.kk]

izFke laLdj.k&2014

41- iqLrd okrkZ] tuojh&Qjojh vad] Hkkjr Hkkj}kt dk vkys[k dfork

if=dk dh vkokt

42- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^ge tks ns[krs gS] ^vesfjdk esa dfork*] i`- 76]

jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&1995

43- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^ge tks ns[krs gSa*] ^ckj&ckj dgrk Fkk*] i`- 18]

jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&1995

44- ogh] û`R; esa [kk¡lh*] i`- 43

45- ogh] ^gkjeksfu;e*] i`- 66 46- ogh] ^fy[ks pyk tkrk Fkk*] i`- 47

47- ogh] ^nknk dh rLohj*] i`- 24

56

48- ogh] ^firk dh rLohj*] i`- 26

49- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^midFku* eaxys'k Mcjky ls fefFkys'k JhokLro dh

ckrphr] i`- 73] vk/kkj izdk'ku] iapdwyk gfj;k.kk izFke laLdj.k&

2014

50- if=dk nSfud HkkLdj] lR;aeky lgxy dk vkys[k] ôkLro esa

vkokt Hkh ,d txg gSA

51- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS*] ^fL=;k¡*] i`- 18] ok.kh

izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh f}rh; laLdj.k&2004

52- ogh] ôkilh*] i`- 65

53- ogh] înksZa dh rjg*] i`- 13

54- ogh] ^xq.kkuan ifFkd*] i`- 30

55- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS] iqLrd ds vkoj.k ls]

ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] f}rh; laLdj.k] i`- 30

56- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS*] îzfrdkj*] i`- 91] ok.kh

izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] f}rh; laLdj.k] i`- 2004

57- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS*] ^jkx nqxkZ*] i`- 54] ok.kh


58- if=dk iqLrd&okrkZ] tuojh&Qjojh 2002] 48 vad] dfork dh

vkokt] Hkkjr Hkkj}kt

59- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS*] ^cktkj*] i`- 59] ok.kh


60- f=ikBh vjfoUn] ^dfo;ksa dh i`Foh*] i`- 181] vk/kkj izdk'ku] iapdwyk


61- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS*] ^n`';*] i`- 9] ok.kh


62- ogh] ^Nqie&NqikbZ*] i`- 11

57

63- ogh] înksZa dh rjg*] i`- 13

64- ogh] ^laxrdkj*] i`- 14

65- ogh] ^fL=;k¡*] i`- 19 66- ogh] ^jpuk izfØ;k*] i`- 24

67- ogh] ^xq.kkuan ifFkd*] i`- 31

68- ogh] ^vafre izk:i*] i`- 47

69- ogh] ^Qksu ij gkypky*] i`- 47

70- Mcjky eaxys'k] û;s ;qx esa 'k=q*] i`- 6] jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h

fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&2013

71- ogh] û;s ;qx esa 'k=q*] i`- 43 72- ogh] ^vk/kqfud lH;rk*] i`- 43

73- ogh] ^Nqvks*] i`- 39

74- Mcjky eaxsy'k] û;s ;qx esa 'k=q*] iqLrd ds vkoj.k ls vln tSn+h

dk dFku] jk?kkÑ".k izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&2013

75- Mcjky eaxsy'k] û;s ;qx esa 'k=q*] ^vPNkbZ dk ikB*] i`- 87]

jk?kkÑ".k

izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] igyk laLdj.k&2013

76- ogh] ^cky*] i`- 99

77- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^,d ckj vk;ksok*] îzdk'kd dh vksj ls* jk/kkÑ".k

izdk'ku] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k&2002

78- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^,d ckj vk;ksok*] i`- 18] jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] fnYyh]

izFke laLdj.k&2002

79- ogh] i`- 49 80- ogh] i`-16 81- ogh] i`-18 82- ogh] i`- 26

58

83- ogh] i`- 87 84- ogh] i`- 69&70 85- ogh] i`- 77 86- ogh] i`- 37 87- ogh] i`- 36 88- ogh] i`- 61 89- ogh] i`- 95 90- ogh] i`- 51 91- ogh] i`- 95 92- Mcjky eaxys'k ^ys[kd dh jksVh*] i`- 11] vk/kkj izdk'ku gfj;k.kk]

izFke laLdj.k&1998

93- ogh] i`-13 94- ogh] i`- 19 95- ogh] i`-19 96- ogh] i`-21 97- ogh] i`- 25&26 98- ogh] i`- 29 99- ogh] i`- 31 100- ogh] i`- 38

101- ogh] i`- 47&48

102- ogh] i`- 57

103- ogh] i`- 45

104- ogh] i`- 79

105- ogh] i`- 82

106- ogh] i`- 92

107- ogh] i`- 99

59

108- ogh] i`- 101

109- ogh] i`- 111

110- ogh] i`- 147

111- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^dfo dk vdsykiu*] îqLrd ds vkoj.k ls*

jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] fnYyh igyk laLdj.k& 2008

112- Mcjky eaxys'k] ^dfo dk vdsykiu* i`- 7] jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku]

fnYyh igyk laLdj.k& 2008

113- ogh] i`- 159

114- ogh] i`- 171

60

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