1

Projekt Nové kompetence žák ů v odborném vzd ělávání Č. projektu: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/02.0008

Coursebook for the study branch:

Natural Science Lyceum

Made by: Mgr. Hana Pappová

2

English for Natural Science Lyceum

Hana Pappová Teacher´s book

3

CONTENT FIRST YEAR MY STUDY BRANCH ........................................................................................... 5 CHEMISTRY ...................................................................................................... 6 Wordlist 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Quick Quiz ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Changes in matter ........................................................................................................................... 8 PERIODIC TABLE AND ELEMENTS ........................................................................ 9 Elements in the Human body........................................................................................................... 9 Wordlist 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 11 BIOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 12 Wordlist 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 13 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ................................................................................ 15 Ecology ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Wordlist 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 17

SECOND YEAR

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ........................................................................... 18 Compound names ......................................................................................................................... 19 Wordlist 5 ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 21 PLANTS ......................................................................................................... 23 Wordlist 6 ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 24 Plants A ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Plants B ......................................................................................................................................... 27 Wordlist 7 ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 28 Wild flowers ................................................................................................................................... 29 GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE EARTH ................................................................... 30 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ............................................................... 31 Save tropical rainforests ................................................................................................................ 32 Wordlist 8 ...................................................................................................................................... 33 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 33

THIRD YEAR

LABORATORY ................................................................................................. 34 Wordlist 9 ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 35 Laboratory work............................................................................................................................. 36

4

ACIDS AND BASES ........................................................................................... 37 Wordlist 10 .................................................................................................................................... 39 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 39 ANIMALS ........................................................................................................ 40 INVERTEBRATES ............................................................................................. 41 Wordlist 11 .................................................................................................................................... 42 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 42 Vertebrates or invertebrates A ....................................................................................................... 43 Vertebrates or invertebrates B ....................................................................................................... 44 Wordlist 12 .................................................................................................................................... 45 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 45 VERTEBRATES ................................................................................................ 46 Birds .............................................................................................................................................. 47 Insects ........................................................................................................................................... 48 Mammals....................................................................................................................................... 49 Reptiles ......................................................................................................................................... 50 Water animals ............................................................................................................................... 51 Animal quiz .................................................................................................................................... 52 ENDANGERED ANIMALS ................................................................................... 53 Food chains ................................................................................................................................... 54 Wordlist 13 .................................................................................................................................... 55 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 55

FOURTH YEAR

COMMON CHEMICALS ...................................................................................... 56 Wordlist 14 .................................................................................................................................... 57 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 57 HUMAN BODY ................................................................................................. 58 Body parts ..................................................................................................................................... 60 HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS ................................................................................... 61 Muscular system ......................................................................................................................... 62 Wordlist 15 .................................................................................................................................... 63 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 64 Human body quiz .......................................................................................................................... 66 IT IS UP TO YOU ............................................................................................... 67 Recycling....................................................................................................................................... 67 Composting ................................................................................................................................... 68 Recycling in questions ................................................................................................................... 69 Wordlist 16 .................................................................................................................................... 70 Vocabulary in use .......................................................................................................................... 70 WHO IS WHO IN SCIENCE .................................................................................. 72 NATURAL SCIENCE LYCEUM ............................................................................. 74 ANSWER KEY .................................................................................................. 75 WORDLIST ...................................................................................................... 82 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 89

5

MY STUDY BRANCH 1 Who are you? Introduce yourself to the other people.

Hello. My name is _________ _____________. I am a s_________ . I go to the Secondary School of Business and Services in Jihlava.

My study branch is called Natural Science Lyceum. Now I am in the First Year.

After I finish the school I may study at university.

2 Which sentence is true for you? Tick it. In primary school I liked mainly Biology and Chemistry. I wanted to go to a secondary school where I can study subjects which I enjoyed. I like laboratory work. After I leave this secondary school I would like to study at university or college. I may get a part job. I would like to study hard because I really want to study at university. Once I will definitely work in a laboratory. I really don´t know what I will do after Maturita, so I may study I may get a job.

What´s your name?

Where do you study?

What´s your study branch?

What are you going to do after you leave school?

How long will you study in this school?

Where can we find your school?

What subjects do you study? Which is your favourite

subject?

How old are you?

6

CHEMISTRY So you´re asking, what is Chemistry ? You probably know but can you explain it in English? Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that take place with the matter . Everything on Earth, everything in our solar system, everything in our galaxy, and everything in the universe is made up of matter . Matter is the name that scientists have given to everything that you can touch, or see, or feel, or smell. Matter is everything around you. Matter is made of atoms and molecules . Matter is everything that has a mass . It can be found all over the universe but you usually find it just in a few forms. Matter exists in these three fundamental states : solid liquid gas These states depend on the temperature and pressure . Later the fourth state was found - plasma . So you should know about solids , liquids , gases , and plasmas but you may have heard also about a new one called Bose-Einstein condensates. The first four have been around a long time. The scientists who worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995. So since 1995 scientists have identified five states of matter. They may discover on more by the time you get old. Chemistry also studies elements and compounds . Let´s speak about oxygen , for example. It is an element which can move from one physical state to another. Oxygen (O 2) as a gas still has the same properties as liquid oxygen . The liquid state is colder but the molecules are still the same. Water is another example. The compound of water is made up of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen atom (O). It has the same molecular structure whether it is a gas, liquid, or solid. Although its physical state may change, its chemical state is the same. Changing states of matter is about changes temperatures , densities , and other physical properties . The basic chemical structure does not change. (http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_intro.html, adapted)

7

Wordlist 1

atom atom identify rozpoznat

molecule molekula liquid tekutina

element prvek mass masa

compound sloučenina matter hmota

dense hustý oxygen kyslík

density hustota pressure tlak

fundamental základní properties vlastnosti

gas plyn scientist vědec

hydrogen vodík solid pevná látka

chemical structure chemická vazba state stav, skupenství

Quick Quiz

How many questions can you answer without the text above?

a) What does Chemistry study?

b) How can you call the smallest part of everything?

c) How can you say basic in a different way?

d) How can you call the people who study Chemistry?

e) What is bigger than atom?

f) What are the three fundamental states of matter?

g) Which word has a very similar meaning as "matter"?

h) Name at least five examples of "solids".

i) Name at least five examples of "liquids".

j) Name at least one example of "gas".

k) How many states of matter can we identify? Name all of them.

l) Can you name two chemical elements?

m) When physical state changes, does chemical state change as well?

n) What physical properties change when physical state changes?

8

Changes in matter Use a dictionary if necessary. Look at the picture of the candle burning. The wax of a candle burns into ash and smoke. The original materials are changing into something different. Changes that create a new material are called chemical changes .

Look at the picture of water boiling and changing into steam. Steam is another form of water. Heating water didn´t create a new material. Water (liquid) changes into steam (gas). Only the state changed. Changes in the shape, size, or state of a material are called physical changes .

Study the changes in each picture below. Tell what is changing. Then decide if the change is a chemical change or a physical change.

What is changing? What kind of change?

1 1

1 1

1 1

steam

9

PERIODIC TABLE AND ELEMENTS Let´s have a look how the universe works. What is all matter made of? Elements are the building blocks of matter. There are only about a hundred basic elements. Or better to say only over a hundred elements have been discovered. The basic elements are the same in the universe. For example, atoms of iron (Fe) found on Earth are the same as the atoms found on meteorites. The iron atoms on Mars that make it red are the same too.

Here are a few elements in English. Is it difficult to understand the words? Why?

Elements in the Human body

CARBON IRON CHLORINE CALCIUM HYDROGEN BROMINE ZINC CHROMIUM SULPHUR SODIUM COPPER ALUMINIUM OXYGEN PHOSPHORUS SILICON HELIUM

10

Chemistry of You

99% of the mass of the human body is made up of only six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus . Every organic molecule contains carbon . Each body cell consists of water. In fact, there are 65-90% water in each cell. So, it isn´t surprising that oxygen and hydrogen are major components of the body. Here are the major elements in the body. You can read what these elements do. Oxygen is present in water and other compounds. It makes 65% of body weight. Carbon is found in every organic molecule in the body. It makes 18.6% if body weight. Hydrogen is a component of the water molecules in the body, as well as most other compounds. It makes 9.7% of body weight. Nitrogen is a component of proteins, and other organic compounds. It makes 3.2% of body weight. Calcium is a major component of the skeletal system. It is found in bones and teeth. It makes 1.8% of body weight. Phosphorus is found in the nucleus of every cell. It makes 1.0% of the body weight. You can also find some other elements in the body, such as sodium, chlorine or sulfur . http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Elements-in-the-Human-Body/

Wordlist 2

aluminium hliník iron železo

bromine bróm melt tát

burn hořet silicon křemík

calcium vápník sodium sodík

carbon uhlík steam pára

helium hélium sulphur, sulfur síra

chlorine chlór wax vosk

copper měď zinc zinek

chromium chróm symbol, formula značka (chemická)

11

Vocabulary in use

1 Which elements are these?

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

2 Which elements are described here? a) You'll find it on the upper right of the table as element number two. It

is the other very simple element that you will find with one atomic orbital. The chemists Lockyear and Frankland named the element. They named it after the Sun.

b) Iron, ____, gold, and silver are metals. It is used for coins, and it is a key element in the creation of bronze.

c) It is the first element in the periodic table and the most basic and common of all elements in the universe. Over ninety percent of all the atoms in the universe are its atoms and they are the lightest of all elements.

d) You're breathing right now and your body is taking in its molecules.

You need it to survive, as do all other living organisms. 3 What elements are these?

4 Which of these elements can you find in your body ?

H

Cl Au Si S

Fe Ag Na

Al O

12

BIOLOGY So you´re asking what is Biology? You probably know but would you understand it in English? Biology is the study of life and changes that take place with and around all living things. In the same way everything on Earth is made of atoms, everything that is alive on Earth is made up of cells . A living thing can be one cell or it can be billions…Most cells on Earth have similar pieces and parts. Let´s look at cell structure. A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells have a variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of functions. It is easier for an organism to grow and survive when cells are present. If you were made of one cell, you would only be able to grow to a certain size. Also, if you were an only cell you couldn´t have a nervous system or muscles for movement, etc. The trillions of cells in your body make your life possible. There are many types of cells. In biology we can speak about plant-like cells and animal-like cells . Plant cells are easier to identify because they have a protective structure called a cell wall made of cellulose. Plants have the wall but animals don´t. Plants also have organelles like chloroplast which makes them green or large water-filled vacuoles. http://www.biology4kids.com/

13

Wordlist 3

alive naživu microorganism mikroorganismus

animal cell živočišná buňka muscle sval

billion miliarda organelle organela

brain mozek plant cell rostlinná buňka

cell buňka protective ochranný

cellulose celulóza protein bílkovina

divide rozdělit survive přežít

grow růst tissue tkáň

chloroplast chloroplast vacuole vakuola

include zahrnovat water-filled naplněný vodou

Vocabulary in use

1 Anagrams

Put the letters into the correct order to get some biology terms. 1 NABRI 2 LAPNT 3 CLOHROPLSAT 4 LCEL 5 PIROTEN 6 TISESU 7 SCLEMU 8 BRIAN 9 CUVAOLE 10 WORG

2 Answer a) Look at the cells on page 9. What do they have in common? b) Guess the Czech word for the term.

Why is it easy to understand it? c) What does a plant cell have but animal cell doesn´t? d) What is the function of chloroplast? e) What is Biology? What is it about? f) Who is your Biology teacher? g) How many Biology classes do you have? h) When do you have Biology classes? i) What do you like about the subject? j) What did you talk about last class?

14

3 Divide the words in the box into three parts. cell muscle chloroplast cell wall tissue grow nervous system human water filled vacuoles organelles plant cell animal cell

PLANT BOTH ANIMAL

4 Does it include plant cells or animal cells? human, tree, giraffe, sunflower, fly, heart, stomach, tulip, mushroom, ant, pine, crocodile, rose

5 Write down 10 other examples of organisms with pl ant cells and 10 with animal cells.

with plant cells with animal cells

6 True or false? a) There are only two types of cells. b) All cells have cell walls. c) Cells can arise spontaneously. d) The cell is the basic unit of structure in living things. e) All cells have a nucleus.

7 Is in the picture a plant cell or an animal cell? Why do you think so?

15

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Find out how green YOU are! How often do you do what the question describes? 1 Always? 2 Sometimes? 3 Not often? 4 Never?

1 2 3 4

take your paper, metals etc. for recycling?

leave lights on after you have left a room in your house?

watch parents use dangerous chemicals on the soil without

saying anything to them?

burn rubbish in your garden on a sunny day?

your parents drive you less than a kilometre to school / a friend?

clean lakes or rivers in your local area?

build habitats for wild animals in your garden or local park?

think about joining Greenpeace, or another eco-organization?

plant trees or flowers?

organize an environmental meeting at your school?

demonstrate about an environmental issue?

used your bicycle or your legs instead of a car?

separate the waste into organic / inorganic, paper / plastic etc?

Well, are you green like this or this or this or this ?

16

Ecology Ecology is the study of the "homes" of people, animals and plants. Ecologists are interested in where people, animals, and plants live and how they interact with each other. Biosphere The biosphere is the living world. It is high in the atmosphere, at the bottom of the ocean, and deep down in caves. Since the biosphere is so complicated, many ecologists like to divide it up into smaller parts which can be understood more easily; these smaller parts are called ecosystems. Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a more or less independent part of the biosphere, for example, a forest, lake, river, grassland, ocean. Although some animals might move between ecosystems, most of them live in their own preferred environment. Ecosystems are divided into two parts which are the place (habitat) and the living things (community). It is difficult to think of one without the other: for example an oak forest is an ecosystem, but if you take away the community of animals and plants, there would be no oak trees, so the habitat would not be the same.

Habitat A habitat is a place in which you find animals and plants. The kinds of animals and plants which can live in a habitat depend upon what the habitat is like. Is it very hot or cold? Is it very wet or dry? Is the soil very acid or alkaline? It also depends upon what other animals and plants live there. Large things like oak trees may provide shelter for animals against extremes of climate, but they could also prevent some plants from getting enough light for photosynthesis. Community The community consists of all the animals and plants living in one habitat. Different animals and plants affect each other.

17

Wordlist 4

acid kyselý habitat domov, biotop

alkaline zásaditý hunting lov

biosphere biosféra chemicals chemická látka

bulb žárovka instead of místo

cave jeskyně interact vzájemně působit

community společenstvo local místní

cruelty krutost low-energy nízkoenergetický

depend záviset oak tree dub

ecologist ekolog plant rostlina, pěstovat

ecology ekologie recycle recyklovat

ecosystem ekosystém rubbish odpadky

effect ovlivňovat shelter skrýš

environment životní prostředí soil půda

environmental týkající se živ. prostř. waste odpad

grassland louky a pastviny wild divoký

Vocabulary in use

1 Look around. What green objects can you see? The word "green" has got one more meanings. Which ones? Name as many green words as you can.

2 What does it mean if somebody is "green"? � Explain it using your own words. � Use a correct word to label such a person. � Describe what such a person does using the quiz above.

3 Explain the following words to your partner. Let him or her guess.

SOIL PLANT WASTE ACID WILD

CAVE GRASSLAND RUBBISH RECYCLE HABITAT

18

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS Can you recognize what is an element and what is a compound?

Do you remember some more examples of elements? So, what is a compound? Compounds are groups of two or more elements that are bonded together. There are two main types of bonds that hold those atoms together, covalent and ionic bonds. There are millions of different compounds around you. When elements join and become compounds, they lose their individual characters. Sodium alone is very reactive. But when sodium and chlorine combine, they form a non-reactive substance called sodium chloride (Salt, NaCl). The compound has none of the characters or the original elements. The new compound is not as reactive as the original elements. It has a new life of its own. Most compounds are made up of combinations of bonds. If you look at sodium chloride (NaCl), it is held together by one ionic bond. What about magnesium chloride (MgCl2 )? One magnesium (Mg) and two chlorine (Cl) atoms. Those examples are very simple compounds, but most compounds are combinations of ionic and covalent bonds. Let's look at sodium hydroxide (Na-OH).

ELEMENTS ELEMENTS

AND COMPOUNDS

COMPOUNDS

oxygen

sodium hydrate

iron sulfide

iron

sodium

copper

sodium chlorite

hydrogen

lithium

barium peroxide

water

sodium hydroxide

19

You can see that on the left is the sodium (Na) part and the right has the oxygen/hydrogen (-OH) part. This is a very good example of how there can be different types of bonds within one compound.

Compound names

Let's start with some basic rules. When you have two different elements , there are usually only two words in the compound name. The first word is the name of the first element. The second word tells you the second element and how many atoms there are in the compound. The second word also ends in IDE. That's the suffix. When you are working with non-metals like oxygen (O) and chlorine (Cl), the prefix of the second element changes based on how many atoms there are in the compound. It's like this.

You can see that the prefixes are very similar to the prefixes of geometric shapes. You know what a triangle is. Right? Well the prefix tri- means three. So when you have three chlorine (Cl) atoms, you would name it trichloride.

20

Look at the other names, too. You may know about a pentagon, a hexagon, or an octagon. The naming system in chemistry works the same way! Let's put these ideas together! Remember, we're only talking about simple compounds with no metal elements. Most simple compounds only have two words in their names. Let's start with Carbon monoxide (CO). You have one carbon (C) atom and one oxygen (O) atom (you can also use the prefix MONO to say one atom). Remember that the second word

ends in -ide. So...

(1) Carbon + (1) Oxygen = Carbon monoxide Now we'll build on that example. What if you have one carbon (C) and two oxygen (O) atoms?

(1) Carbon + (2) Oxygen = Carbon dioxide One last example and we'll call it quits. Now you have one carbon (C) and four chlorine (Cl) atoms.

(1) Carbon + (4) Chlorine = Carbon tetrachloride You should be getting the idea now. The compound name can tell you how many atoms are inside. Take a look at some of the examples and see if you understand what is happening in the name. Summary: What are the chemical symbols of these compounds? Carbon monoxide _____________________

Carbon dioxide _____________________

Carbon tetrachloride _____________________

Sodium chloride _____________________

Sodium hydroxide _____________________

Where could you hear or see these prefexes: DI-, TRI-, TETRA-, PENTA-, HEXA-, HEPTA-, OCTA-, NONA-, DECA- What language are these prefixes from? Memorize them.

21

Wordlist 5

bond vazba, vázat se non-reactive nereaktivní

carbon dioxide kysličník uhličitý phosphorus fosfor

carbon monoxide kysličník uhelnatý prefix předpona

combine spojit (se) reactive reaktivní

compound sloučenina sodium hydroxide hydroxid sodný

covalent kovalentní sodium chloride chlorid sodný

hydrogen peroxide peroxid vodíku substance látka

ionic iontová suffix přípona

Vocabulary in use

1 Complete the text about the symbols of chemical e lements. Some symbols are easy to remember, such as C for _______________, O for

___________________ and S for ______________________. This is because the English name

is very similar to the Latin name of these elements. Some others might be more difficult, such as

Na for __________________, Fe for ___________________, Au for ___________________ and

Ag for _____________________.

Some of the elements have a single letter for a symbol. These are generally the very common

ones such as ox________________, or ca______________. Most of the elements have double

letter symbols, for example Cl for _____________________

2 Put the prefixes into the correct order: NONA-, OCTA-, DI-, TETRA-, TRI-, HEXA-, HEPTA-, PENTA-, DECA-

____________________________________________________________________________

22

3 Read the compound names below. Match the names to the molecules on the right. Then write down the symbols (formulas) of the compounds. CARBON DIOXIDE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SILICON DIOXIDE PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE WATER

4 Can you name these compounds in Czech?

Sodium hydride NaH

Lithium carbonate Li2CO3

Iron sulfide FeS

Sodium chlorite NaClO2

Hydrogen fluoride HF

Zink oxide ZnO

5 Write down the symbols for the following compound s:

a) sodium chloride __________________

b) calcium oxide __________________

c) carbon monoxide ______________

d) aluminium oxide _________________

e) iron oxide _________________

f) hydrogen peroxide _______________

g) carbon dioxide __________________

23

PLANTS Plant Basics

There are loads of species of plants on Earth. Just as there is a system of classification for animals, there is also a system of classification for plants. Because plants adapt so well to any climate, scientists need a way to organize the hundreds of thousands of species.

What Makes a Plant?

What do they all have in common? The big thing that connects plants is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process that allows plants to take energy from the Sun and create sugars. Not all plants go through the process of photosynthesis. As with all of biology, there are exceptions and you may learn about plant species that are parasites. Plants also have cell walls. Only plants have an additional cell wall made from cellulose .

Photosynthesis

Not all of the light from the Sun makes it to the surface of the Earth. Even the light that does make it here is reflected and spread out. The little light that does make it here is enough for the plants of the world to survive and go through the process of photosynthesis . Light is actually energy, electromagnetic energy to be exact. When that energy gets to a green plant, all sorts of reactions can take place to store energy in the form of sugar molecules. If you imagine a plant it is usually a plant with leaves, stem and roots in the ground. However, there are many plants without leaves, stems or roots - these are called algae and fungi . Some plants reproduce by means of spores - these are ferns and mosses . Flowering plants and conifers reproduce by seeds . So, can you name any ...

� plants with leaves � plants without leaves � flowering plants � conifers, ...?

24

Wordlist 6

adapt přizpůsobit se fern kapradina

additional navíc flowering kvetoucí

algae řasy fungi houby

bloom květ in common společný

branch větev leaf, leaves list, -y

broad-leaved listnatý moss mech

bush keř parasite parazit

by means prostřednictvím photosynthesis fotosyntéza

climate klima root kořen

conifer jehličnan seed semeno

coniferous jehličnatý species druh

crown koruna spore výtrus

exception výjimka stem stonek, kmen

Vocabulary in use

1 Which plants ... 2 Label the picture of a pla nt. • don´t have any leaves, stems

or roots? • have leaves, stems and roots? • reproduce by means of spores? • reproduce by seeds?

3 What does the picture show?

25

4 Name ... • the process thanks to which we have oxygen to breathe. • what all plants have in common. • a few plant species. • two kinds of trees. • two ways how plants reproduce • some parts of some plants. • some parts of a tree. • some parts of a bush. • some parts of a flower.

5 Complete the scheme with the correct terms

26

Plants A Here are a few examples of plants.

SPRUCE SUNFLOWER WHEAT BIRCH

MOSS ROWAN PINE DAISY

OAK TULIP FERN CHESTNUT

CORN FIR COTTON POPPY

MAPLE BARLEY DAFFODIL LARCH

27

Plants B How many plants do you remember? Label the pictures.

28

Wordlist 7

barley ječmen maple javor

birch bříza oak dub

corn kukuřice pine borovice

cotton bavlna poppy vlčí mák

daffodil narcis rowan jeřabina

daisy kopretina spruce smrk

fir jedle sunflower slunečnice

chestnut kaštan tulip tulipán

larch modřín wheat pšenice

Vocabulary in use

1 How many plants can you find?

2 Ask your partner. What tree is typical for our region? What Christmas tree did you have last? What plants do we grow for food? What plants do we grow for textile? What conifer loses its needles in winter? What is your favourite flower? What plant has got the seeds to eat? What tree is the symbol of Canada? Which tree do you think is the most beautiful? Can you name any red flowers? What is the difference between a tree and a bush? Can you name any yellow flowers?

3 Complete the table.

CONIFEROUS

TREES

BROAD-LEAVED TREES

FLOWERS OTHER PLANTS

29

Wild flowers Do you know these wild flowers? Maybe the explanations will help you. Try to guess. Then check.

a) a small white flower which you can see in the spring ____________________

b) a small bluish purple flower ____________________

c) a wild plant with blue bell-shaped flowers ____________________

d) a plant whose leaves and flowers float on the surface of lakes, ponds etc.

____________________

e) a small yellow (or white or purple) flower that appears in early spring

____________________

f) a yellow flower that grows in spring ____________________

g) a small flower with a yellow centre and white petals ____________________

h) a yellow flower with a hollow stem in which there is a white milky substance

____________________

i) a wild plant with many small light blue flowers ____________________

j) a spring plant with small white bell-shaped flowers ____________________

k) a small plant with many small bell-shaped white flowers ____________________

l) a wild plant with blue flowers ____________________

30

GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE EARTH THE BIGGEST GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD

DISCUSSION

http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/global

group work

1 Choose the 3 worst problems the world faces today from the list below and number them 1, 2, 3.

International Terrorism Overpopulation

Nuclear Weapons Environmental Pollution

Destruction of Natural Resources Drug Abuse

Crime AIDS

2 What your own ideas would you add to the list of the biggest global problems?

3 Give your 3 choices and state why you put them in that order. Discuss it in your group. Agree the 3 worst problems in your group. Then discuss it in your class.

4 Which of these are global environmental problems?

http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/environment

5 How do you understand these expressions taken fro m the dictionary from above? Try to guess.

• the Department of the Environment • pollution of the environment • damage to the environment

6 If environment is a noun what is an adjective for med from the noun?

Global : covering or affecting the whole world

Environment: the natural world in which people, animals and plants live

31

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Acid rain Contamination of the air, water, or soil with substances that can cause

harm to human health or the environment.

Global warming

It is mixed with sulphuric, nitric and other acids formed by gases released into the atmosphere when fuels are burned (factory smoke, cars, etc.). It is responsible for damaging forests and crops, and is harmful to fish and other aquatic life in rivers and lakes.

Greenhouse gases Originally it meant a mixture of smoke and fog. Today, it is used for any kind of air pollution found in cities, including dust, smoke, exhaust gases or chemical fumes.

Pollution Anything that is unwanted or unused and is thrown away.

Smog A gradual warming of the earth's surface temperature caused by the emission of gases that trap the sun's heat in the earth's atmosphere.

Waste A long period of abnormal dryness, with little or no rainfall.

Endangered species

These are gases that trap the heat of the sun in the earth's atmosphere, producing the greenhouse effect. The result is an increase in the temperature of the earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

Drought

Destruction of forests to make land for agriculture. Cutting down trees, which provide oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, is seen as a cause of increased greenhouse effect. It is also the destruction of animal habitats.

Deforestation The world sources will soon be exhausted.

Energy sources Animals and plants in danger of becoming extinct.

Match.

32

Save tropical rainforests WATCH THE VIDEO http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2444 How many people were talking? Which one do you remember? What did they talk about?

1 Look at the map and find the locations of tropica l rainforests.

2 Read the text and circle the best words to fill t he gaps. Rainforests are situated around/about/up the equator of the earth like a green belt. After millions of years of evaluation, they are the least/very/most biologically rich ecosystems on our planet. Tropical rainforests contain a wide range of species of plants and animals. They are also home to many different animals/people/plants , who have unique cultures. Rainforests are also resources for all of us. Rainforests absorb almost a fifth of the world´s man-made CO2 gas/chemicals/emissions every year. So if the rainforests are destroyed, it´s a bad news for all of us. Cutting down and burning/planting/cleaning tropical forests to clear the land in this way gives rainforests nations globally traded goods, such as palm oil, beef and soy. The world´s population will increase from 6 billion to 9 billion over the next 40 years. This population will also need more food, animal feed and fuel. And this will lead to more destruction of rainforests - with devastating end/causes/effects for everyone. The Prince´s Rainforests Project believes that emergency funding is needed to help protect rainforests and to help/stop/make rainforest nations to continue to develop without the need for deforestation. If we don´t take action, we could lose another 100 million hectares of tropical forests over the next 10 years - that´s an area the size of Egypt. Saving the rainforests will give the world a better chance to stabilize the climate change, while we also preserve important ecosystem benefits, not mention the fact that one billion of the poorest people on Earth depends on/from/for the rainforests.

33

Wordlist 8

benefit užitek,výhoda fuel palivo

cause zapříčinit gradual postupný

contain obsahovat greenhouse skleník

contamination kontaminace harm škoda, škodit

crops úroda harmful škodlivý

deforestation odlesňování overpopulation přelidnění

drought sucho rainfall srážky

dust prach released uvolněný

emission emise responsible zodpovědný

endangered v ohrožení source, resource zdroj

equator rovník surface povrch

exhaust vyčerpat, výfukový trap past

extinct vyhynout vapour pára

Vocabulary in use

1 How many global environmental problems can you na me?

2 Pairwork: Look at page 30. Read the explanation on the right and let your partner guess what you are speaking about.

3 Pairwork or groupwork Try to use your own words to explain these words:

4 What is your own opinion on the global environmen tal problems?

EXTINCT ENVIRONMENT GLOBAL PROBLEM

EQUATOR GREENHOUSE RAINFALL FUEL

ENDANGERED ANIMAL RAINFOREST DROUGHT

TROPICAL INSECT CROPS VAPOUR

34

LABORATORY

REAGENT TUBES BEAKER BOILING FLASK BURNER

What do we use it for?

We use it for measuring temperature

We use it for weighing materials

We use it for heating

We use them for chemical reactions

We use it for preparing solutions

We use it for measuring water

We use it for boiling solutions

We use it for holding flasks on a titration stand

We use it for measuring small volumes of

liquid

We use it for holding instruments in titration

We use it for studying samples

THERMOMETERS GRADUATED CYLINDER

TITRATION STAND

WEIGHING BOATS CLAMP HOLDER PETRI DISH PIPETTE

35

Wordlist 9

beaker kádinka Petri dish Petriho miska

boil vařit pipette pipeta

boiling flask varná baňka reagent tube zkumavka

burner kahan sample vzorek

clamp holder držák solution roztok

chemical reaction chemická reakce thermometer teploměr

graduate cylinder odměrný válec titration titrace

heat zahřívat titration stand stojan

hold držet volume obsah

measure měřit weighing boat navažovací lodička

Vocabulary in use

1 Chemical laboratory conversation � Where is your chemical laboratory? How would you get there from here? � What´s the name of your Chemistry teacher? When did you see him/her last? � How often do you work there? Where were you there last? � Do you enjoy your laboratory work? Why yes, why not? � What laboratory equipment do you work with? What do you use more and less often? � What do you do in your laboratory? What did you do last?

2 Chemical drawing Draw a picture of a piece of chemical equipment and let your partner guess what it is and what it is good for?

3 Laboratory quiz 1) What do you use to measure temperature? 2) What do you use to heat any solution? 3) What do you use to weigh materials? 4) What do you use to study samples? 5) What do you use to prepare solutions? 6) What do you use to boil solutions? 7) What does hold boiling flask to a titration stand? 8) What do you use to measure small volumes of

liquid? 9) What do you use to do chemical reactions? 10) What do you use to measure water?

36

Laboratory work

What laboratory equipment can you see in the picture? What does the picture mean? What is the lab technician doing? How do you know that some chemicals What is she wearing? Why? are dangerous or poisonous?

In the laboratories we do different experiments and analyses . It is important to know what we are doing because laboratory work may be very dangerous . We may poison ourselves or blow up the lab! That´s why we have to know the basic safety rules which say how to behave in the lab.

Here are the basic safety rules. Complete them usin g the expressions from the box:

� Never eat, drink, or ______________ while working in the laboratory.

� Read labels carefully.

� Wear safety _____________when working with dangerous materials or equipment.

� Wear gloves when using any dangerous or ___________material.

� Wear _______________, laboratory __________, and glasses. Shorts and sandals should

not be worn in the lab at any time.

� If you have long hair, make sure it is _________back.

� Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.

� The room needs air flow or ______________to prevent overheating.

� Clean up your work area before leaving.

� Wash your ______________before leaving the lab and before eating.

hands gloves tied glasses toxic

coats ventilation smoke

37

ACIDS AND BASES Before reading

1 Match the words on the left with their descriptio ns on the right.

2 Answer: Which one is acidic? Which one is basic? Which one is neutral? Read the text. Every liquid you see will probably have either acidic or basic characters. One exception might be distilled water. Distilled water is just water. Most water you drink has ions in it. Those ions in solution make something acidic or basic. In your body there are small compounds called amino acids. Those are acids . In fruits there is something called citric acid. That's an acid, too. But what about baking soda? When you put that in water, it creates a basic solution. Vinegar? Acid . Scientists use something called the pH scale to measure how acidic or basic a liquid is. The scale goes from values very close to 0 through 14. Distilled water is 7 (right in the middle). Acids are found between a number very close to 0 and 7. Bases are from 7 to 14. Most of the liquids you find every day have a pH near 7. They are either a little below or a little above that mark. When you start looking at the pH of chemicals, the numbers go to the extremes. If you ever go into a chemistry lab, you could find solutions with a pH of 1 and others with a pH of 14. There are also very strong acids with pH values below one such as battery acid. Bases with pH values near 14 include drain cleaner and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Those chemicals are very dangerous.

After reading

1 Answer: � What is the difference between acids and bases? � Is water always neutral? � Name two examples of dangerous chemicals. Why are they so dangerous?

VINEGAR

BAKING SODA

WATER

WHITE POWDER THAT YOU PUT INTO CAKES WHEN BAKING.

YOU DRINK IT, WASH WITH IT AND SWIM IN IT.

YOU PUT IT INTO SALADS, FOR EXAMPLE.

38

2 Label the definitions with these terms:

Neutral, Acid, Aqueous, Base, Weak Acid, Weak Base, Strong Acid, Strong Base Here are a couple of definitions you should know:

_________________: A solution that has an excess of H+ ions. It comes from the Latin word

acidic that means "sharp" or "sour".

_________________: A solution that has an excess of OH- ions. Another word for base is alkali.

_________________: A solution that is mainly water. Think about the word aquarium. AQUA

means water.

_________________: An acid that has a very low pH (0-4).

_________________: A base that has a very high pH (10-14).

_________________: An acid that only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution. That means not

every molecule breaks apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (3-6).

_________________: A base that only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution. That means not

every molecule breaks apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (8-10).

_________________: A solution that has a pH of 7. It is neither acidic nor basic.

3 Look at the pH scale below. Compare. What is more basic - baking soda or soap? What is less acidic - lemon or apple? Make more comparisons.

39

Wordlist 10

acid kyselina battery acid elektrolyt

acidic kyselý break apart rozdělit se

alkali zásaditý citric acid citronová kyselina

amino acid aminokyselina pH scale hodnota pH

baking soda jedlá soda sodium hydroxide hydroxid sodný

base zásada value hodnota

basic zásaditý vinegar ocet

Vocabulary in use

1 Do you know these words? These are some words fro m the box above. One letter is missing in each of them. Write them down. WATER ___________________ BATTER __________________

ACD __________________ ALUE ___________________

ASE __________________ CALE __________________

CITIC ___________________ AMIN ACID__________________

CIDIC __________________

2 Are these statements true or false? a) Water is always neutral. b) Most chemicals are either alkali or acidic. c) If a chemical is very alkali or very acidic, we should be careful because it is dangerous. d) If a chemical is alkali, it cannot be basic.

3 Memory game

Students A have 2 minutes to look at the scheme of pH scale on page 35. Students B ask some questions like these: What is more basic - baking soda or soap? What is less acidic - lemon or apple?

Then swap.

40

ANIMALS What is an animal? Let´s look into a dictionary:

1) a creature that is not a bird, a fish, a reptile, an insect or a human � the animals and birds of South America � domestic animals such as dogs and cats

2) any living thing that is not a plant or a human � the animal kingdom � This product has not been tested on animals.

3) any living creature, including humans � Humans are the only animals to have developed speech.

http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/animal

41

INVERTEBRATES The animals are divided into two groups based on th e presence and absence of a backbone. The backbone is the feature that defines whether the animal is a vertebrate or invertebrate. Vertebra is another wor d of Latin origin used for a backbone. So, there are two basic groups of higher animals. They are vertebrates and invertebrates. Invertebrates do not have backbones. What makes invertebrates different?

1) They are multicellular . It's more than being a colony of individual cells. The cells are working together for the survival of the organism.

2) They have no backbone . 3) They have no cell walls. When we talked about plants, we always

mentioned cell walls. Invertebrates don't have them. 4) Most of them have tissues that are specific organizations of cells. Most

of them reproduce sexually (not asexually). That means there are males and females.

Most invertebrates can move. Invertebrates can't make their own food. Scientists use the word heterotrophic . They feed off other things to get their energy. Plants are autotrophic. They make their own food. Being heterotrophic is one of the main characteristics of being an animal. We eat things, whether it is plants or other animals. That's just the way the world works. http://www.biology4kids.com/files/invert_main.html http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/animalid/divide.htm

At the bottom of invertebrate world there are sponges. What are these animals like? Do you know? Sponges - The simplest multicellular (many-celled) animals. They usually fix themselves to rocks on the sea bed, and feed by filtering small pieces of food from the water around them. Although they may look like seaweed and other plants, sponges are definitely animals - they do not make their own food as plants do! Can you find them in the picture on the left? Try to guess how you can call them in your native language.

42

Wordlist 11

amphibian obojživelník reproduce rozmnožovat se

autotrophic autotrofní reptile plaz

backbone páteř sexually pohlavně

blood krev shellfish korýši

gull racek snail plž

heterotrophic heterotrofní sparrow vrabec

invertebrates bezobratlí sponge mořská houba

lizard ještěrka toad ropucha

mammal savec vertebra obratel, páteř

ray rejnok vertebrate obratlovec

Vocabulary in use

1 Are the statements true or false? a) All vertebrates have got backbones while invertebrates don´t. b) All invertebrates are cold-blooded. c) All vertebrates are warm-blooded. d) People are autotrophic. e) Penguins are mammals. f) Sparrow is quite a common bird in our country. g) There are loads of rays in Czech rivers and ponds. h) Most animals are either males of females.

2 Are these animals vertebrates or invertebrates? Write V fro vertebrates and I for invertebrates. REPTILE SPARROW SNAKE SPONGE HUMAN CRAB LIZARD TOAD WORM SPIDER BUTTERFLY GULL SNAIL SHELLFISH AMPHIBIAN INSECT CORAL STARFISH COLD-BLOODED ANIMAL WARM-BLOODED ANIMAL

43

Vertebrates or invertebrates A

LADYBIRD EARTHWORM CARP SQUID

OWL CANCER FLY SQUIRREL

WASP VIPER STARFISH TICK

PIGEON CRAB SWAN BEE

MOSQUITO TARANTULA EEL JELLYFISH

44

Vertebrates or invertebrates B

45

Wordlist 12

ant mravenec mosquito komár

bee včela owl sova

cancer rak peacock páv

carp kapr pigeon holub

crab krab squid chobotnice, oliheň

earthworm žížala squirrel veverka

eagle orel starfish hvězdice

eel úhoř swan labuť

fly moucha tarantula tarantule

goat koza tick klíště

jellyfish medúza viper zmije

ladybird slunéčko sedmitečné wasp vosa

Vocabulary in use

1 Here are a few animals hidden in anagrams. How ma ny animals can you decode? HROSE GOTA SEPIDR KANOGARO FORG SALOMN PACOCEK TEIGR CEROCODIL SROPARW TELEPHAN FWOL EGALE TAN APELICN UHMAN LAGORIL TADO

2 Name as many animals as you know. Divide them into two groups - invertebrates and vertebrates. Divide them into two other groups - cold-blooded and warm-blooded. Divide the vertebrates into 5 groups and name these groups correctly. Compare.

3 Speak about a particular animal in detail. example: LION It belongs to vertebrates and warm-blooded animals. It is a mammal, so as all mammals it breathes with lungs, has babies and feeds them with milk. It has a fur on its body. You can also give some other details, such as: Its fur is light brown and the part on its head is called a mane, which is typical for the lion, not the lioness. ...

4 Game Speak about a particular animal in detail and let your classmates guess what animal you are describing.

46

VERTEBRATES Fish, reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals - they all have internal skeletons and backbones.

Common name : Bony fish Examples : Salmon, tuna, goldfish, seahorses Where they are found : In the sea and in freshwater Description : These fish have bony skeletons and thin paired fins. Their bodies are covered in scales and, like sharks, they use gills to get oxygen from water. Most bony fish lay lots of eggs, and take very little care of their young. Need to know : There are more types of bony fish than any other type of vertebrate. They make up most of the fish that swim in the seas, rivers and lakes. Common name : Amphibians Examples : Frogs, toads, newts, salamanders Where they are found : On land and in freshwater Description : Amphibians have moist, naked skin (without scales). Adults generally live on land and breathe air, while young amphibians (tadpoles) live in water and have gills. Need to know : Most amphibians lay lots of eggs and do not look after their young. There are some exceptions - some frogs brood their eggs on their back, on their legs, and even in their stomach! Common name: Birds Examples : Parrots, pigeons, penguins Where they are found : Flying in the skies, swimming in the sea and wading in lakes and rivers Description : Birds bodies are covered in feathers, they have beaks or bills, and most have adapted their bodies to flight. They lay small clutches of eggs and generally look after their young. Need to know : Not all dinosaurs died out with Tyrannosaurus rex. Birds are dinosaurs! They evolved from small feathered dinosaurs millions of years ago, and are still flying today. Common name : Reptiles Examples : Crocodiles, snakes and lizards, turtles Where they are found : On land, in the oceans, and in freshwater Description : Reptiles have lots of different body forms, but most have dry scaly skin. They usually lay small clutches of eggs and can look after their young. Need to know : Reptiles, amphibians and fish are usually described as being 'cold blooded', because they do not maintain a constant body temperature, as mammals and birds do. Their blood is not really cold though, because they can warm themselves in the sun. Common name : Mammals Examples : Mice, lions, monkeys, whales, humans Where they are found : On land, in the oceans, and in freshwater Description : Mammals' bodies are covered in fur. Most mammals give birth to small numbers of live young, they look after them, and feed them with the milk they produce. Need to know : The platypus is a very strange mammal - unlike most other mammals it lays eggs. It is also the only mammal that is poisonous - the male platypus has poisonous spurs on its legs. http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/animalid/divide.htm

47

Birds

a) a small colourful bird (similar to a parrot) often kept as a pet in a cage _________

b) a large bird with a beautiful green and blue tail _________

c) a small farm bird that cannot fly, it is a young hen or a rooster, people eat its meat

_________

d) a bird that lives on or near water, it has short legs and a wide beak _________

e) a large bird with long legs and a long beak, it is usually black and white _________

f) a very large bird, it has got a long neck and legs and can run very fast and cannot fly

_________

g) a very large bird that can fly and eats small animals, often called "King of Birds" _________

h) a large pink bird with long legs _________

i) a large white bird which is often kept on farm, it is bigger than a duck _________

j) a farm bird that is kept for eggs and meat _________

k) a small bird that migrates in winter and eats insects _________

l) a large farm bird common in many parts of the world _________

m) a large bird which is usually eaten on special days, such as Thanksgiving _________

n) a bird that flies and hunts small animals at night _________

o) a very small bird that can fly backwards _________

p) a large white bird with a long neck, it lives on lakes and rivers _________

q) a sea bird with black and white body, it cannot fly and lives in the Antarctic _________

r) a grey bird that we can usually see in towns _________

48

Insects

a) a small black creature with 8 legs. It catches and eats insects _________

b) a very small black or brown insect which lives in large groups and works very hard

_________

c) a small red beetle with black spots _________

d) a small black and yellow insect. It is attracted to sweet things and stings painfully

_________

e) a small black and yellow insect which lives in large groups and makes honey _________

f) a small insect that feeds on the blood. It can jump very well _________

g) an insect with big colourful wings and a long thin body _________

h) a worm with short legs that exists as an early stage in the life of other insects _________

i) a long small insect with many little legs _________

j) a large brown insect that you can find in very dirty places _________

k) a small brown insect that makes very specific sounds, especially at night _________

l) a small insect that can fly _________

m) a small flying insect that produces light at night _________

n) a small insect that flies usually at night and bites people to drink their blood _________

o) a small creature that holds onto your skin and sucks your blood _________

49

Mammals

a) a wild animal that looks like a dog, it is usually red and has got a thick tail _________

b) a small animal that climbs trees and jumps from branch to branch, it is usually red or brown

and eats nuts, it has got a long thick tail _________

c) and animal with horns and long legs which lives in Africa, it can run very fast _________

d) a small animal that looks like a mouse, it can fly and it hunts at night _________

e) a grey animal living in and near the sea and eating fish, it hasn´t got legs, only two short flat

arms and a tail _________

f) a big brown animal that lives in forests and mountains, it eats other animals and likes honey

_________

g) a small brown animal that lives in and near water, it can cut trees with its teeth and build walls

across rivers _________

h) a very large sea animal that looks like a very large fish _________

i) a farm animal, usually white or grey, which gives milk, it has got two horns and lives in

mountain areas _________

j) a large wild animal that looks like a cow, it lived on American prairies and was hunted by

Indians for food

k) an African and Asian animal that has two humps on its back, people use it to ride on and to

carry things _________

l) a large brown forest animal that eats grass, the male has large antlers _________

m) a large black-and-white Chinese bear _________

n) a wild rabbit, bigger, with longer ears and legs _________

o) an Australian animal that jumps on its legs and carries its young in a pocket _________

p) a very intelligent sea animal that swims in groups and can do many tricks _________

q) a large animal for Africa or Asia, it looks like a big cat and eats other animals, people say it is

the King of animals _________

50

Reptiles

a) a large reptile similar to a crocodile, originally from America and China, it has a shorter and

broader head than a crocodile _________

b) a small green animal that lives in water or near water, it can jump because it has long and

strong back legs _________

c) a small reptile with a long tail _________

d) an animal that usually lives in water, has a large hard shell on its back and short legs

_________

e) a reptile with a long body and no legs _________

f) a kind of snake that makes a noise with its tail _________

g) a large kind of frog _________

h) an animal with a hard shell on its back. It has got short legs and a head that can hide in the

shell. It usually lives on land _________

i) a small reptile that changes the colour on its skin, it has got a long tongue _________

j) a large reptilian creature that lived on the planet millions of years ago _________

51

Water animals

a) the largest mammal on Earth, it lives in the ocean _________

b) a large sea fish with big sharp teeth, it is usually dangerous _________

c) a fish that lives in ponds etc, in the Czech Republic it is eaten at Christmas _________

d) a small fish that swims upright, it looks like a horse _________

e) a sea animal that has a hard shell on its back, eight legs and two pincers, it walks sideways _________

f) a long fish which looks like a snake _________

g) a creature that lives in water, it has a soft body without any colour and it can sting _________

h) a sea animal that has a shell, eight legs and two strong pincers _________

i) a shellfish that people eat and that sometimes produces pearls _________

j) a big flat fish with a long thin tail _________

k) a sea creature that looks like a star _________

l) a large fish with pink flesh, it lives in northern seas but travels up rivers to breed _________

52

Animal quiz 1. Frogs and toads get about by jumping from place to place. Their skeletons are adapted to

jumping, they have a: a) long, thin spine and small feet b) short, strong spine and big feet c) short, strong spine and small feet

2. Birds walk around on their back legs, but they also fly. To do this, their skeletons have adapted so that their 'arms' have turned into:

a) feathers b) wings c) their tail

3. Kangaroos and koalas carry their babies around in their pouches. When they are born kangaroo babies are about the size of:

a) an elephant baby b) a human baby c) a jelly baby

4. Tadpoles have to change a lot before they turn into frogs. These changes include:

a) growing lungs, teeth and legs b) growing gills, teeth and legs c) growing lungs, teeth and tail

5. Cows are herbivores. They have well developed teeth for chewing grass. They also have four stomachs - this is because:

a) they eat too much grass b) they need extra grass to turn into milk c) it takes time for them to digest the grass

6. People think that respiration means breathing - this is not true. Respiration is a chemical reaction that turns glucose and oxygen into:

a) energy, water and carbon dioxide b) energy, water and carbon monoxide c) energy, water and sulphur dioxide

7. Birds do not want to store a lot of water in their bodies - it would make them too heavy to fly. They produce uric acid instead of urine. It is the:

a) brown stuff you can see in their poo b) white staff you can see in their poo c) pink stuff you can see in their poo

8. The platypus has poor eyesight. To find its prey it uses special receptors in its bill. These receptors pick up:

a) radio waves b) ultra-violet light c) electric impulses

9. Snakes also have interesting ways of sensing their environment. Some snakes: a) smell with their skin and “see” heat b) smell with their tongues and “see” heat c) smell with their tongue and “see” ultra-violet l ight

http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/life/quiz/index.htm

53

PROJECT LESSON

ENDANGERED ANIMALS

Which endangered animal is which? Write down P for the panda, B for the polar bear and T for the tiger.

HABITAT

___ It lives in the Arctic. ___ It lives in the forests of China. ___ It lives in the forests, woods, grasslands and swamps of Asia. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

___ It has an orange-brown coat with white fur with black stripes. ___ It has a white coat with black fur around its eyes, ears and legs. ___ It has thick cream fur and brown eyes. DIET

___ It eats bamboo. ___ It eats wild pig, antelope, deer, and buffalo. ___ It eats seals, walruses, seaweed, and birds´ eggs. INTERESTING FACTS

___ It hunts at night. ___ It can swim and run up to 55 kilometres an hour. ___ It eats 12 hours a day! POPULATION

___ There are only 1,600 in the wild. ___ There are only 5,000 - 7,000 in the wild. ___ There are only 20,000 - 25,000 in the wild. Now find out some other endangered animals such as the elephant, rhino, dolphin, gorilla, snow leopard, turtle, and orang-utan and see what you can do to protect them: http://gowild.wwf.org.uk/gowild/amazing_animals/

VIDEO LESSON

54

Food chains

Food Chains/ Food Webs are what biologists describe as a relation between animals in their habitat and the foods they eat. A simple food chain would be the sun grows the grass, the deer eat the grass, and the wolves eat the deer. A food chain shows how each living thing gets its food. Some animals eat plants and some animals eat other animals. For example, a simple food chain links the trees - the giraffes (that eat trees), and the lions (that eat the giraffes). Each link in this chain is food for the next link. A food chain always starts with plant life and ends with an animal.

1. Plants are called producers because they are able to use light energy from the Sun to produce food (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water.

2. Animals cannot make their own food so they must eat plants and/or other animals. They are called consumers . There are three groups of consumers. Animals that eat ONLY PLANTS are called herbivores (or primary consumer). Animals that eat OTHER ANIMALS are called carnivores .

� carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers � carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers

e.g., killer whales in an ocean food web ... phytoplankton → small fishes → seals → killer whales

3. Animals and people who eat BOTH animals and plants are called omnivores .

Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores If something goes wrong with one animal then it will reflect on all the other animals. If we have a drought then no grass will grow, so the deer will starve and slowly start dying out. Then there is no food for the wolves and they start running down to dangerously low numbers. Then they are classified as endangered animals. Once an animal is endangered people start protecting them and laws are passed to protect the animals. Pollution is a major cause of the endangerment of certain animals and a break in the food chain or food web. One example is people using their cars too much and polluting the air.

55

Wordlist 13

bamboo bambus link spojení

buffalo bizon omnivore všežravec

carnivore masožravec seal tuleň

deer jelen seaweed mořská řasa

fur kožešina starve hladovět

herbivore býložravec swamp močál, bažina

hunt lovit walrus mrož

chain řetěz wild divočina, příroda

Vocabulary in use

1 True or false?

If we are very quiet, we can meet a deer in a forest. Most mammals have fur on their body. Buffalos are carnivores. Herbivores eat bamboo. There were many buffalos in the wild but nowadays there are not very many of them. Walruses are much bigger and heavier than seals. If you are starving for some time, you are very hungry then. Hunting is a common hobby of young people. There are a lot of swamps in the Czech Republic. Seaweeds might be quite a nutritious food in the future. All humans are omnivores.

2 Name as many examples as possible of:

endangered animals wild animals animals with fur herbivores omnivores carnivores

3 Give a few interesting details of one animal and let your classmates guess. First give more general and then more specific details. Speak about its habitat, physical description, interesting facts, diet and so on. Mention if the a nimal is herbivore, omnivore or carnivore.

56

COMMON CHEMICALS Join the bubbles to triangles: name of the chemical - its description - its formula.

See the example.

It is sold as table salt.

CARBON

The weaker solution of it is sold as a household cleaner.

CH3COCH3

LEAD

BUTANE

It is sold as lighter liquid.

It is a strong base that may sometimes be found in solid drain cleaner.

SODIUM BICARBONATE

It is in eggshells and seashells.

Car battery acid is about 40% of it. It is sold as vitamin C

tablets in pharmacy.

SODIUM HYDROXIDE

It is baking soda, which is sold in grocery stores.

AMMONIA

ACETONE

It is found in lead fishing weights.

It is found in some nail polish removers and some paint removers.

ASCORBIC ACID

It is used in pencils. Diamonds are pure carbon.

SULPHURIC ACID

C

C6H8O6

NaHCO3

NaCl

Pb

H2SO4

CaCO3

NaOH

NH3

C4H10

CALCIUM CARBONATE

SODIUM CHLORIDE

57

Wordlist 14

acetone aceton household domácnost

ammonia amoniak, čpavek lead olovo

butane butan lighter zapalovač

cleaner čistič pure čistý

common běžný remover odlakovač, odbarvovač

drain odpad seashell mušle, ulita

eggshell vaječná skořápka weight závaží

Vocabulary in use

1 Label the chemicals correctly. Something happened and the letters somehow mixed.

2 Play a game.

Find someone who � has already used some drain cleaner � has never eaten vitamin C in tablets � used some nail polish remover this or last week � knows how the mineral of pure carbon is called in English � has some butane his or her lighter � knows what chemical eggshells and seashells contain � can find some paint remover in his or her household � knows the English expression for "olovo" � can say the chemical expression for "salt" � thinks that he knows how acetone smells � can name at least five common chemicals in English

CEATONE

MAMONIA

SACORBIC CIDA

PANTI ERMOVER

58

HUMAN BODY

PARTS OF BODY

How many words do you know? Let´s study a few more ones!

59

http://www.easypacelearning.com/pictures-to-help-you-with-learning-english

PARTS OF BODY

How many words do you remember? Label, then check!

60

Body parts

a) grown on top of the head _______________________

b) on each side of the head and used for hearing _______________________

c) connects the head to the body _______________________

d) connects the arm and to the base of the neck _______________________

e) the little hole in in the centre of a person's belly _______________________

f) part of the body just above hips _______________________

g) between the forearm and the upper arm _______________________

h) from the waist to the top of the leg _______________________

i) part of the leg between the hip and the knee _______________________

j) connects the lower and upper leg _______________________

k) muscle at the back of the lower leg _______________________

l) the back part of the foot below the ankle _______________________

m) connects the foot to the leg _______________________

n) the lower part of the leg below the ankle _______________________

o) each foot has 2 big toes _______________________

61

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS Look at the human body. It is made of different par ts. It´s like a very complicated machine always working to keep you alive. A system is a group of organs that work together and provide an organism with an advantage for survival. It is the most complex organization in your body and the final level of the progression from cells to tissues to organs and then systems .

NERVOUS SYSTEM SKELETON SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Nervous system

Your nervous system is divided into two parts. Your central nervous system includes your brain and your spinal cord . Your brain is linked to the rest of your body by nerves. The body sends messages and the brain tells the body what to do. Messages travel down the spinal cord to the nerves. Your brain works when you sleep so you can breathe and digest and your heart can beat. Did you know? The left part of the brain is good at languages and math! The right part is good at art and music! There are special centres for the senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste ) and also for speech, thought, balance, and breathing!

Skeleton system

The skeleton works very closely with the muscular system to help you move. The bones of your skeleton create a framework to which your muscles and organs can connect. The skeleton also plays a role in protection. The skull protects the brain. The backbone protects the spinal cord. The ribcage protects your heart and lungs. Did you know? Your skeleton has about 206 bones! You have about 27 bones in each hand! The biggest bone is your femur ! The smallest bone is in your ear!

62

Muscular system

The big purpose of the muscles found in your body is movement . You have no control over most of the muscular system. You control the voluntary muscle in your arms, legs, or neck. You have little or no control over the heart, for example. Those other muscles are under the control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Muscles are connected to the bones by tendons . When you want to move, your brain sends a message to your muscles. Muscles work in pairs: one muscle gets shorter (contracts), and the other muscle gets longer (relaxes). Did you know? There are about 620 muscles in your body? When you smile you move about 30 small muscles in your face. When you walk you use about 200 muscles for every single step.

Circulatory system Blood and heart make up the circulatory system. Blood moves oxygen and nutrients around the body and collects waste (carbon dioxide).

The heart is a muscle. It pumps the blood around the body.

Arteries take the blood away from the heart to the body. The blood in arteries is bright red and full of oxygen.

Veins take blood back to the heart. The blood is dark red and there is no oxygen in it. Did you know? A seven-year-old has 3 litres of blood. An adult has about 5 litres of blood. A child´s heart beats about 100 times a minute. An adult´s heart beats about 70 times a minute.

Respiratory system

Your respiratory system is all about exchanging gases with the environment. Your respiratory system is made of your nose and mouth, a tube called the pharynx, another tube called the trachea , and your lungs. Lungs take in oxygen from the air into the blood and remove carbon dioxide. This happens every time you breathe in and out. When you exercise you breathe faster because your muscles need more oxygen. Did you know? Adult lungs can hold about 5 litres of air. Adults usually breathe 18 times a minute and more than 25,000 times a day.

63

Digestive system

Where does food go? Your teeth break the food into small pieces. The food is mixed with saliva in your mouth. The food goes down a tube called esophagus into your stomach . Your stomach muscles mix the food with special juices to make it very soft. The food goes into your intestines . Nutrients in the food pass into the blood. The blood carries the nutrients to every part of your body. Food that can´t be digested comes out of your body when you go to the toilet. Did you know? The whole process of digestion lasts about 18 hours. Food usually stays in the stomach for about 3 hours. The small intestine is 5 metres long.

Wordlist 15

artery tepna nasal cavity nosní dutina

beat bít nutrient živina

circulatory oběhový oesophagus jícen

collar bone klíční kost respiratory dýchací

connect spojit ribcage hrudní koš

digestive trávicí saliva slina,-y

digestive trávit sense smysl

femur stehenní kost sight zrak

framework soustava skeleton kostra, kosterní

gall bladder žlučník skull lebka

joint kloub small intestine tenké střevo

large intestine tlusté střevo speech řeč

larynx hrtan spinal cord mícha

lungs plíce tendon šlacha

muscular svalový vein žíla

64

Vocabulary in use

1 Circle the correct words. a) My elbow is a part of my leg / arm. b) My knee is a part of my leg / arm. c) My shoulder joins my leg / body to my leg / arm. d) My wrist joins my arm / hand to my leg / arm. e) My hip joins my arm / body to my leg / arm. f) My ankle joins my leg / body to my arm / foot.

2 Body parts and movements What body part / parts do you use to

� do homework � ride a bike � kick a ball � throw a ball � eat and drink?

What body part / parts do you use to do your favourite leisure activities? For what activity do you use your

� knees � shoulder � wrists � ankles � elbows � hips?

3 Complete the text with the words in the box. There are more than ______________ (1) bones in the human body. The bones form the skeleton.

The skeleton supports the body. We have got bones in our head, trunk and limbs. Our limbs and

legs are limbs. The bone in the head is called the skull. The bones in the trunk are the backbone

and the ribs. The humerus is a bone in the arms. The bones in the ______________ (2) are the

femur, the tibia and the fibula.

There are about ______________ (3) muscles in the human ______________ (4).Muscles are

for walking, running and ______________ (5). Some important muscles are the biceps, the

______________ (6) the pectorals, and the quadriceps. Muscles can be voluntary or involuntary.

______________ (7) are muscles that we can´t control. The heart is an involuntary muscle.

muscles legs 200 body triceps 650 jumping

65

4 Use the terms from exercise 3 to label the scheme s. Bones and muscles

Joints

5 A joint is a place where two bones are joined together in the body. Joints make the skeleton flexible. The most important joins are

1) the ________________________ 2) the ________________________ 3) the ________________________ 4) the ________________________ 5) the ________________________ 6) the ________________________

6 Label the most important organs. a) ________________________ b) ________________________ c) ________________________ d) ________________________ e) ________________________ f) ________________________ g) ________________________

Organs

66

Human body quiz

1) Which part of the brain is good at maths?

2) Why is the skeleton important? 3) How many muscles are there in your body?

4) How many times does your heart beat in one minute? 5) How are muscles attached to the bones?

6) What does the nervous system consist of? 7) Which muscles work automatically?

8) What does the circulatory system consist of? 9) Does the brain work when you sleep?

10) What´s the biggest bone? 11) What is ANS?

12) What does the digestive system consist of? 13) Which part of the brain is good at art?

14) What are the five human senses? 15) What system is the nasal cavity part of?

16) What does the skull protect? 17) What does the ribcage protect?

18) What do you usually do with your teeth? 19) What´s the name of the bone that protects the spinal cord?

20) How many muscles do you use for a single step? 21) How is the brain linked to the rest of the body? 22) How many bones are there in your skeleton?

23) What colour is the blood in the arteries? 24) What colour is the blood in the veins? 25) What does the body send to the brain?

26) How many bones are there in each hand? 27) where is the smallest bone?

28) Why do you breathe faster when you exercise? 29) How do muscles work?

30) Where can you find saliva? 31) What does the respiratory system consist of?

32) How many lungs have you got? 33) What kinds of intestines can you name?

34) How long does the whole process of digestion last? 35) How can you call the two tubes that are important for breathing?

36) What systems of the human body can you name? 37) How long is the small intestine?

38) Where is the liver? 39) How can you call the digestive tube that leads into the stomach?

40) Which bone has the same name as a part of clothing? 41) How long does food stay in the stomach? 42) How can you call the liquid in your mouth?

43) How many breaths do you have in one minute