Title 「も」の多様性に関する統語論的研究
Author(s) 榎原, 実香
Citation
Issue Date
Text Version ETD
URL https://doi.org/10.18910/72214
DOI 10.18910/72214
rights
Note
Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKAOsaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA
https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/
Osaka University
2018
i
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1 ................................ ................................ ....... 1 1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1. ......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2. .................................................................................................. 4 1.1.3. .................................................................................................. 6
1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.1. ............................................................................................ 12 1.2.2. ............................................................................................ 14 1.2.3. ......................................................................................... 20 1.2.4. .............................................................................. 26 1.2.5. ..................................................................................... 26 1.2.6. ..................................................................................... 27 1.2.7. ....................................................................................................... 28
2 ................................ ............................... 30 2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.1. ....................................................................................................... 36 2.4.2. ................................................................................................... 40
2.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.5.1. .......................................................................... 47 2.5.2. Kuroda (1965) .......................................................................................... 49 2.5.3. 2006 ........................................................................................... 50 2.5.4. ..................................................................................... 53 2.5.5. .......................................................................... 55
2.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3 ................................ ....... 57
3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2.1. .............................................. 61 3.2.2. .......................................... 64
3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.3.1. ................................................................... 75 3.3.2. ................................................................... 75 3.3.3. ................................................................... 76 3.3.4. ....................................................................... 79
3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4 ................................ ................... 82 4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.4.1. .......................................................................... 91 4.4.2. ....................................................................... 97
4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.5.1. ....................................................................................... 100 4.5.2. C ................................................... 101 4.5.3. A B ........................................ 103
4.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5 ................................ ..................... 107 5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.2.1. + ................................................................... 110 5.2.2. + ............................................................... 114
5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.3.1. A .......................................................... 117
5.3.2. B .......................................................... 120 5.3.3. C .......................................................... 122
5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6 ................................ .................. 128 6.1. + .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 6.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7 ................................ ... 138 7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8 ................................ ..................... 142 8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 8.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
151
1
1
1936 2006
1986 2007
(1)
(2)
(3) 3
(4)
(5)
―
∃
2
3
4
Agreement
5
2
6 Negative Concord Item
4 7
5
1.1.
1.1.1.
1 1897
1908
1936: 472 ≠
≠
1 1977, 1940
1981, 1991
1) a. 3 b. 3 c. *3
3
(6) a.
b. * 2
c.
d. *
1908 ≠
(7) ⅳ ≠
(8)
(9)
(7) a.
b.
(8) a. *
b.
(9) a. # 3 4
b.
2 *
ⅳ
3 #
ⅵ
4
4
1936
(10) a. ↑ CHJ
951
b. *
∃
1.1.2.
1948
1948
ⅳ
(11)
1948: 178
1974, 1986
ⅳ
α
5
(12) ( )
( )
( )
1984
≠ 1984: 80
(13)
×
1981, 1991
1981
(14)
(14)
∩ 1981: 66
1991 X P ⅳ X
P
6
(15) 1984
(15)
ⅳ
1.1.3.
ⅳ
2016
(16) ( )
( )
( ) 2016: 10
2016
7
5
(17) { *Ø}
(18) { *Ø}
(19) { ??Ø}
(20) { *Ø}
(21) a. { *Ø} ( ) 2009: 27
b.
(22) a. { *Ø} ‥ ( ) 2009: 27
b. ‥
(23) a. { *Ø} { *Ø}
b.
(24) a. { *Ø}
b.
1.2.
( ) 2009
5 ―
2) 2014: 621 3) 2014: 621
8
( ) 2009: 19
(25)
‥
( ) 2009: 87
(26) 86
(27) 5
(28)
‥
( ) 2009: 137
(29) 1
(30)
(31) 3 2
( ) 2009: 27
(32) ( ) 2009: 27
( ) 2009:
28
(33) 3
9
( ) 2009: 28
(34)
φ 1995
= ←
∩ =
ⅳ
ⅳ =
= ⅳ
←
←
( ) 2009
∩
(35) ∩ 300 φ 1995: 236
←
ⅳ
∩
/
φ 1995: 229
1 φ 1995
10
(36) 10 φ 1995: 243
2009: 37-43 4
(37) (38)
(37) ( )
2009: 37
( )
2009: 38
( ) ⅰ
ⅰ 2009: 39
( )
2009: 41-42
(38)
ⅰ
2009: 121-122
2009
(37 ) ⅰ (37 )
11
(37 ) (37 )
6
(39) 1 2009: 122
ⅰ
ⅰ
2009: 129
(40) 2 2009: 122
ⅰ
ⅰ 2009: 135
(41) 3
ⅰ
ⅰ
2009: 130
(42) (42) ∃ H ⅵ x F
H [y1] [y2] x
(43) (44)
ⅳ
6 2009 3 1
1
12
(42) H = {y1, x, y2, ……}
(43) a. =(1)
b. = {↑ , , , ……}
(44) a. =(2)
b. = { , , …… }
(45) (46) 3
(47)
ⅳ
(45) a. =(3)
b. = { , * }
(46) a. 3 =(4)
b. = {3 , *3 }
(47) a. =(5)
b. = { , ??↑ }
( ) 2009
1.2.1.
( ) 2009: 19
2010, 2014
13
(48) ⅵ a.
b. 1991: 75
= { , , , ……}
(49) ⅵ a.
b.
= { , , , ……}
ⅳ
‥ ⅵ (50)
…
(51) (52)
(50) a. … 2016: 15
b. … = { , , , ……}
(51) a. 2016: 15
b. = { , , , ……}
(52) a. 2016: 15
b. = { , , , ……}
ⅵ
2007: 13
(53)-(55) ⅳ
ⅵ
(53) a. … 2016: 15
b. … = { , , …… }
(54) a. 2016: 15
b. = { , , …… }
14
(55) a. 2016: 15
b. = { , , , …… }
ⅳ
1.2.2.
φ 1995
2009
( ) 2009: 87
ⅳ
(56) ∩
(57) (58)
(56) a. ∩ 2016: 16
b. ∩ = { , , …… }
(57) a. 2016: 16
b. = { , , …… }
(58) a. 2016: 16
b. = { , , …… }
∩
15
( )
2009: 103
‥ 1992: 153
ⅳ
ⅳ
ⅳ
(59) a.
b. = {??, }
(60) a.
b. = {??, }
ⅵ
1991
(61) 1
ⅳ
Intensity
(61)
(61) 1
16
http://www.ableart.org/org/handbook/2-2.html
1991: 70 (62
a)
ⅳ
(62) a. 1991: 70
b.
c.
(63)
ⅳ (63) su-
do- ⅳ
(63) a. http://www00
2.upp.so-net.ne.jp/hidemi-k/thought/t061.html
b.
su-
1991
+ = +
∩
ⅳ 2010
17
(64) ⊆
(65) ??
(66) ??
(67) (68)
(67) a.
b. = {??, ?}
(68) a.
b. = {??, ?}
2010 +
(2010) even
∩ ⅳ
5 5
5 1 4
(69) a. 5
b. = {# , ↑ , …… 5 }
c. = {1 , 2 , …… 5 }
(70) a.
b. = {# , # , …… }
c. = { , 5 , , ……}
18
∩
( ) 2009 1993
2009 1993
(71)
(71) 1993: 156
ⅳ (72b)
(73)
ⅳ
(74)
ⅲ
ⅳ
(72) a.
b. = { , , , …… }
(73) a.
b. = { , , , …… }
(74) a.
b. = { , , , …… }
1993 ( ) 2000
19
ⅳ
(75) ( ) 2000: 231
(76) ( ) 2000: 231
ⅳ ⅳ
+ (77a)
ⅳ
(77c) +
ⅳ
(77) a. ↑ 3
b. ↑ 3
c. * ↑ 3
d. ↑ 3 = { , }
(78a) (79a) (80a)
(78) a. *
b.
c. 3
(79) a. *
b.
c. 100
20
(80) a. *
b.
∩
∃
φ ∃
1.2.3. 7
( ) 2009: 26
‥
ⅳ 2007 1984, 2009
2007: 34
1991 2009
( ) 2009 1991 8
1
∃
7 2017c, 2018c 8 1991 1991
α 1991: 81
21
1 1991
2008
2008
2008
2008
(81) a.
b. = { , ??}
(82) a.
b. = { , ??}
22
(83) a. α α
b. = { α, ??}
1.2.3.1.
2008
(84a)
(85)
(84) a. 2008: 39 9
b. = { , , , , ……}
(85) { } 2008: 40 10
1.2.3.2.
2008 (b)
(86) a. 2008: 39
b. = { , , ……}
(87) a. 3 2008: 45
9 ( ) 2009
2008
10 A A B A B2008 2009 A A B
A A B
23
b. = { 3 , ,
……}
(88) a. 2008: 47 11
b. = { ,
, …… }
1.2.3.3.
2008 (89)
(90)
∩
(89) a. 2008: 49
b. = { , , ……}
(90) a. # 2008: 49
b. = { , ??}
2008
1.2.3.4. 2008
2008
11 (4) ⅵ
ⅳ 4) ‥
2008: 47ⅳ
24
2008 (91a)
(92a)
(91a) (92a)
(91) a. 12
b. = { , ↑ , ……}
(92) a.
b. = { , , ……}
(91a) (92a) ⅵ
2008 α
(93) (94)
2008
2001 (93)
(94) 2007 13
ⅳ
(93) a.
b.
(94) a.
b. ??
12 ⅵ
13 2007
2008
25
c. = { , ??}
2008 ∩
2008 1991
2008 (95) (96) (97)
(95) (97) (b) (c)
(96)
(95) a.
b. #
c.
(96) a. 3
b. 3
c. ?8 3
(97) a.
b. #
c.
ⅵ
2
26
2 2008
1.2.4.
( ) 2009: 28
(98) 3
25
(98) a. 3 ( ) 2009: 28
b. = {??, 3 }
(99) a. 25 ∩ ( ) 2009: 28
b. = {…… 27 , 26 , 25 }
1.2.5.
φ 1995: 236
[ ] [
] (100)
(101)
2008
27
ⅳ ⅳ
(100) a.
b. 2016: 22
c. = { , ,
, ……}
(101) a.
b. 2016: 22
c. = { , ,
, ……}
(100) (101)
(102) (103)
ⅵ
(102) ?
(103) ?
1.2.6.
ⅳ (105) ∩
100
28
(104) a. 100
b. = {??, 100 }
(105) #
(106) (107)
(106) 50 φ 1995: 243
(107) 100 #
1.2.7.
∩
≠
∃
(108) a.
b.
c.
3 1991
29
3
+
∩
∩
∩ ‥
∩
30
2
1
2.1.
2009: 25-32
4 4
(109) ( ) α +
α
( ) ⅳ
( )
( )
(109 ) (109
) (109 ) (109 )
Label
(110b) 3
(110a)
(110d)
(109 ) α (109 )
31
(110c) (109 )
2009
(109 )
(110e)
(110) ( ) α
a. #
b. #3
( ) ⅳ
c. *
( )
d. #[ ]
( )
e.
(110 ) α (110 )
ⅳ
(110 ) ⅳ ⅳ
ⅳ
(110 )
2.2.
32
NP VP
(111)
(112)
(111) a. +
b. ? [ ] ? +
c. [ ] +
(112) a. +
b. [ ] +
c. * [ ] * +
2006 [Case] D
DP
(113) a. *[DP { } ]
b. [PP { } ]
(114) a.
b. *[DP[DP ] ]
Bare Phrase Structure X0
Xmax
XP=Xmax X=X0
XP Xmax Label
(115) a. Maximal Projection
b. Minimal Projection
33
c. Intermediate Projection
2016: 541
2006
N D
Watanabe (2008)
NP #P NP
CaseP
∃ Mass Partitives Abbott 1996 #P
#P QP CaseP
DP ⅳ Watanabe
DP 3 r 3 QP D
3 r 3
CaseP Q
3
r 3 #P Case
3 3 NP # 6
YP/Ymax
3 XP/Xmax Y/Y0
3 ZP/Zmax : 3 X/X0
3 Watanabe (2008) DP
2
34
(2008) Takahashi (2002) D
∩
(116) [DP [QP [CaseP [#P NP #] Case] Q] D] Watanabe 2008: 517
(117) *[DP[CaseP[NP ] Case] D]
(118) [DP[CaseP[NP ] Case] D]
2.3.
1974, 1993
∃ 1974, 1993
≠
A D 4
1974, 1993 A B ⅰ
C D ∩
A D ≠
A B B C C D14
Luigi Rizzi C D
14 A D
D
C . / ……
B . / ……
A . / ……
4 1974, 1993
35
CP
2012 2014 2015
5
(119) a. A ≒vP b. B ≒FinP c. C ≒ForceP 2015: 8
3 3
ForceP 3
3 TopP Force
3 3
FocP Top 3
3 ModP Foc
3 3
TopP Mod 3
3 FinP Top
3 3
TP Fin 3
3 NegP T
3 3
vP Neg 3
3 VP v
3 3
V
B
C
D
A
5
36
2.4.
Agree
( ) 2016: 531 Value
Unvalued Feature Chomsky
(2000, 2001) ⅳ uF ⅳ iF
ⅳ uF c- ⅳ iF
(120) Wh C what [Q]
C ⅳ [Q] what ⅳ [wh]
(120) [CP C [TP John bought what]]. 2001: 217
[Q] [Q][wh]
Probe Goal
Wh
Kishimoto (2001) LF Hiraiwa (2005b) Transfer
Indeterminate-Agreement Hiraiwa
(2005b) c-
(121) The head of the chain of the indeterminate must be in cd(Q) at Transfer. Hiraiwa 2005b: 100
(122) a. ↑ i[PROi ]-
b. *? i[PROi MIT ]- Hiraiwa 2005b: 105
2.4.1.
Oku (1998)
pro LF
37
(123) a.
b. Ø OK OK Otani and Whitman
1991: 346-347
Saito (2007) LF
PF
LF
ⅳ
(124) a. *[ ]i [↑ ti ] [ ]j Ø
b. *[ ]i [↑ ti ] [ ]j Ø
Saito 2007: 210
Saito (2007) Case
Absence of Overt Agreement
LF
LF
(125) a.
b. ↑ Ø Saito 2007: 216
(126) a. John brought [his friend].
b. *But Mary didn’t bring Ø. Saito 2007: 215
38
Sugisaki (2011) Saito (2007) [Q]
(127) a. [DP ]
b. ↑ Ø
(128) a. A:
B: Sugisaki 2011: 69
b. A: Ø
B:
Ikawa (2013) LF
Phonetically Null
(129) a.
b. * Ø
(130) A:
B: { Ø Ø}
(131) A:
39
B: { #Ø #Ø }
(132) A:
B: { Ø Ø Ø}
(133) A:
B: { Ø #Ø #Ø}
LF
(134) a.
b. Ø
c. * Ø
(135) A:
B1:
B2: Ø
Sato and Ginsburg (2007) Sakamoto and Saito (2018)
LF Sakamoto and Saito (2018) (136)
ⅵ pro
40
(137) PF (137B2) LF
(136) i
a. [DP ]i-
b. [DP pro]i
c. *[DP ]i- Sakamoto and Saito 2018: 351
(137) A: [DP ]-
B1: [DP ]-
B2: *[DP ]- Sakamoto and Saito 2018: 354
2.4.2.
2006, 2009
Topic Particle Stranding 2012 Nasu 2012
2018 Argument Ellipsis
2006,
2009
Sloppy Identity ⅳ
pro
(138) A:
B: {Ø # } 2009: 104
(139) A:
B: {Ø # } 2006: 4
(140) A: − i ti
B: Ø − = OK − OK −
41
ⅳ
2018 2006, 2009 2012
(141) A1:
B1: Ø
A2:
B2: Ø
(142bB)
ⅵ
(142) a. A:
B: Ø
b. A:
B: Ø
2018 ForceP
1994
42
(143) A1:
B1: * Ø
A2:
B2: * Ø
(144) A:
B: [Ø … ] 2018: 90
(145) A:
B: [Ø … ] 2018: 90 15
(146) a. { }
b. { } 1994: 197
(147) a. # i { } ti
b. * i { } ti 1994: 125
2012 Nasu (2012) Topic Particle
Stranding
(148) A:
B: Ø × 2012: 8
15 2009
PFSato 2012 Sato and Maeda in press
ⅳ
(145)
43
(149) A: ↑
B: { Ø *Ø} 2012: 2
2012
(150) ( )
( ) ⅳ
ⅳ
( ) > >
(150 )-(150 )
ⅳ
( )
(151) A:
B: Ø …… Nasu 2012: 223
(152) A:
B: Ø ……
(153) A:
B: *Ø *
44
Hoji 1985 Saito 1985
( )
(154) A:
B: { Ø } 2012: 3
(155) A:
B: { Ø }
someone
(156) #
(157) # ↑
( ) > >
(158) A:
B1: *{ Ø } Ø
B2: Ø { Ø }
(159) A:
B1: *{ Ø } Ø
B2: Ø { Ø }
45
(160) A:
B1: Ø Ø
B2: * Ø Ø
(161) A:
B1: Ø Ø
B2: * Ø Ø
(162) A:
B1: Ø Ø
B2: #Ø Ø
(163) A:
B1: Ø Ø
B2: #Ø Ø
4
Sentence-initial Topic
Root Phenomenon
Argument Ellipsis saP Speech Act Phrase
( )
( )
( ) > >
46
Nasu 2012 saP
saP saP
CP saP
(164)
LF ⅳ
(164) saP >> ForceP > TopP > IntP > TopP > FocP > TopP > FinP16
ⅳ
saP FocP
(165) saP > > ForceP > TopP > TopP > FocP > TopP
LF
LF [Q]
(167)
(166) A:
B: {Ø Ø}
(167) A:
B: {#Ø Ø}
(168) PF: [Ø ]
16 1994 ’
CP (164)
47
LF: [[ { [null] [null]} ] ]
2.5.
∃ ∃
2009
17
(169) ⅵ
2009: 85
(170)
α ⅵ
2009: 85
ⅳ
2.5.1.
Quantifier wh
Logical Operator ( ) 1992: 420
17 1995
θ
1986 19951995 2009
48
=
2014: 15
(171a) someone someone > everyone
ⅳ everyone someone someone
everyone > someone ⅳ everyone
someone someone
May (1977) LF: Logical Form
(171b) (171c)
everyone everyone
someone everyone someone someone
ⅳ
(171) a. Someone loves everyone.
b. [someone[loves everyone]]
c. [everyonei[someone[loves ti]]]
(SS) someone > everyone S
3 3 someone 3
loves everyone
(LF) everyone > someone S
3 (everyone)
3 someone
3 loves everyone
6 May (1977) everyone
49
2006: 126 ⅳ LF
2006
Kuroda (1965)
2.5.2. Kuroda (1965)
Kuroda (1965)
Kuroda (1965) 2009
mo (mo-Attachment) mo (mo-Deletion)
Kuroda (1965)
≠ ∃
(172) [X-NP-Y]-mo
mo [X-NP+mo-Y]-mo
mo [X-NP+mo-Y]-mo
Kuroda 1965: 80 2006: 124
Kuroda (1965)
ⅳ
(173) ↑ ↑
50
2.5.3. 2006
2006, 2008 Scope
Propagation of Focus Kuroda (1965)
2006, 2008
LF c-
vP
(174) ↑ …
a.
b.
c. 2006: 123
(175)
(176b) (176c)
Kuroda (1965)
LF XP
3 2 X+Q 6
K 3
K tQ
6 1
2006: 127 7 2006
51
ⅵ
(175) a. ↑ #
b. Hanako’s mother came. Taro’s mother also came.
(176) a.
b.
c.
2006 (174b)
(177) (174b)18
(177) ↑ …
a. * ↑
b. ↑
c. * ↑
(178) (179) (a)
(174b)
(178) (179) (b)
vP
FocP19 c-
18 2008
2006 19 2013 CP Luigi Rizzi vP
vP vP2013
5) [AspP[TopP*[FocP[TopP*[VoiceP ] ] ] ] ] 2013: 166
52
(178) a. ∀
b. ∀ [FocP i j [VoiceP ti [VP tj ] ]]
(179) a.
b. [FocP i j k [VoiceP ti [CP[VoiceP tj [VP
tk ]] ] ] ]
2006
(180)
ⅵ
(180)
(180) [ [ ] ]
1990 6981
(181)
(181)
[ [ ]]
KG094
53
LF
LF
2.5.4.
É. Kiss (1998)
(Identificational Focus) Information Focus É. Kiss (1998: 248)
(182) ( ) The identificational focus expresses exhaustive identification; information focus merely
marks the nonpresupposed nature of the information it carries.
( ) Certain types of constituents, universal quantifiers, also-phrases, and even-phrases, for
example, cannot function as identificational foci; but the type of constituents that can function
as information focus is not restricted.
( ) The identificational focus does, information focus does not, take scope.
( ) The identificational focus is moved to the specifier of a functional projection; information
focus, however, does not involve any movement.
( ) The identificational focus is always coextensive with an XP available for operator
movement, but information focus can be either smaller or larger.
( ) The identificational focus can be iterated, but information focus can project.
(182 ) ⅳ ‥
Vallduví (1995) 1998
(183) A:
B:
54
É. Kiss (1998: 245)
Exhaustive Subset ⅳ
ⅳ
(184) The function of identificational focus: An identificational focus represents a subset of the set of
contextually or situationally given elements for which the predicate phrase can potentially
hold; it is identified as the exhaustive subset of this set for which the predicate phrase actually
holds.
(182 ) ⅳ
also
also
(185) *Mari egy kalapot is nézett ki magának.
Mary a hat.ACC also picked out herself.DAT
'It was also a hat that Mary picked for herself.' É. Kiss 1998: 252
(186)
(182 ) (182 )
(182 )
(182 )
(187) ↑
(188) ↑
55
(182 )-(182 ) (182 )-(182
)
∃
2.5.5.
Shudo (2002)
(189a) ↑ (x)
∃(F) (190) ∃ F x
(189b)
∃(F) ↑ (x)
ⅵ
(191) ⅵ R(H(x), C) F ⅵ F(x)
cH(x) ∃ H Shudo (2002)
(189) a. ↑
b. ↑
(190) MO (x, F)
x is a constituent marked by mo;
F is a property
Proposition: F(x)
Presupposition: y [y x & F(y)] Shudo 2002: 4-5
(191) MO (x, F)
Host proposition: F(x)
Mo-presupposition: y H [y x & H(y) & F(x) cH(x) & R(H(x), C)] Shudo 2002: 57
56
2.6.
Uriagereka (1999)
Multiple Spell-Out 8
ⅳ PF: Phonetic Form
LF: Logical form
Phase 20 Merge Agree
Articulatory-Perceptual System
Conceptual-Intentional System Spell-Out 21
LF
Narrow Syntax
[wh] ⅳ
Narrow Syntax
20 Chomsky (2000) CP v(*)P PhaseDP Chomsky (2000)
PIC: Phase Impenetrability Condition
2001: 253-254
6) a. [ ] b. [ ] 1995: 179 21 Transfer Multiple Transfer Model
CHL (C-I System)
︎ ︎ ︎ (Lexicon) (Numeration) (Syntactic Computation)
︎ ︎ ︎ (A-P System)
8
57
3
2.2
X0 Xmax 2.3
vP FinP ForceP
3.1.
1948 1991
α
1.1.2 2.1 α
(192)
(193)
2008: 40
α
ⅳ
1995: 190 1974
≠
(194) * +
58
(195) *
(196) *↑
(197) ??
2006 Host
Clitic ∃ 22
(198) a. Xmax
b. X0
… X0 + Q0 ...
ⅳ
ⅵ
(199) A: ↑
B: Ø
(200) A:
B: {Ø #Ø}
22 2006 PF
PF Morphological Component 2006: 5
Xmax 3 Xmax Q0/max
6 … X0 ...
2006: 23
9 2006
59
(201) a. [DP ] DP
b. * [DP ]
(202) a. [PP ] PP
b. * [PP ]
(203) a. ↑ [VP ] VP
b. *↑ [TP ]
(204) a. [AP ] AP
b. * [AP ]
(205) a. [CP↑ ] CP
b. [CP↑ ]
2015 vP
2015 2011 23
23
1989 20111989
7) a. (i)
(ii) (iii)
non-finite tense
(iv) 1974 C
(v)
b. ( )
60
2011
(206) a. *
b. *
(207) a. *
b. * 2016: 34
IP V
VP
VP
(208) a.
b.
(209) a.
b.
(210) a.
b. 2016: 31
2012 vP A
1989 1974
A 1989
B ⅳ B
(211) * 1989: 166
(212) 3 1989: 166
( ) ( )( ) ⅳ ( ) 2011: 16-17
61
(213) [ ] 1989: 167
A A
ⅳ
(214) a. [ ] A
b. *[ ] B
c. *[ − ] C
A
ⅳ A 1974
B 1989
ⅳ
(215) [ ] ⅱ https://qa.mamari.jp/question/3093
349
(216) [
] http://www.sakai015-office.jp/article/14255961.html
A vP
3.2.
3.2.1.
Wh- Indeterminate
Pronominals Kuroda 1965 Tsai 1994
62
2006 Hiraiwa (2005ab)
(217) A:
B: #Ø
(218) A:
B: Ø
D
Head Movement Takahashi (2002)
c-
(219) (220e)
(219) a. *[ -ti ][ i]
b. *[ i][ -ti ] Takahashi 2002: 584
(220) a.
b. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[ ]D+ ] ] ]
c.
d. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ]D+ ] ] ]
e. *
f. [TP[DP[DP ] ][vP ] ]
24Takahashi (2002)
D Scope Shift
Quantificational D 24
8) a. [ ] b.*[ ]
63
D
ⅳ
(221) VP
(222) ∧ PP
(223) ←
http://brasileiro.jugem.jp/?eid=21 AP
Takahashi (2002)
(224) a. *
b.
(225) a. *
b.
(226) a. * ↑
b. ↑ 2006: 244
1989
‥
A
(227) − −
http://u-note.me/note/47505836
(228) β
http://www3.ssj.gr.jp/himeji/sosa-es/
64
sfs6_diary/sfs6_diary/200810.html
A
4
3.2.2. 25
(229a) (230a)
(229b)
(230b)
(229) a. 100
b. *
(230) a. ↑ 3
b. A:
B: * I-JAS JJE41-I 00540
3.2.2.1.
3 5
2013 10 Q NC [[[NQ] ][NP]] N QC [[NP ]NQ]
NQC [[NP][NQ]] Q N C
25 2017a
65
Watanabe (2008) DP Q NC N QC NQC
N Q
DP
NQ: Numeral Quantifier UQ: Universal Quantifier
Ochi (2012) Fitzpatrick (2006) (231)
30 6
(231) a. 30
b. * 30
Ochi (2012) Classifier ∩
3 3 3
2 2 NP 2 NP 2 #P CaseP 2 #P #P 5 2 DP2 2 2 NQ NP 2 5 2 2 t#P Case NP2 tNP # tNP
3 3 3 3 : : 3 NP 3 NQ 6 6NQ NQ NP NP
11
10
66
CLP26
P ∩ DP
(232) [XP[NPN] [ P[CLP tNP CL] UQ]X]
(233) [DP[NP ][ P[CLP 30 tNP CL] UQ] ]
(234) [DP[NP ] ] [ P[CLP 30 tNP CL] UQ]
UQ
UQ 30
Q NC
(235) [30 ]
(236) [30 ]
N QC
(237) [ 30 ]
(238) [ 30 ]
NQC
(239) [ 30 ]
(240) [ 30 ]
26 Nakanishi (2008) Floating Numeral Quantifier
Watanabe (2008)
Ochi (2012) Nakanishi (2008)
67
UQ 12
Q NC N QC NQC UQ
UQ CLP
UQ NQ 30
(242) 30 = (242)
Q NC
(241) * [30 ]
(242) [[[30 ] ] ]
(243) DP
30
(242) 30 (244) 30
(245)
30
N QC
(243) [[[ ] ] 30 ]
(244) *[[[ ] ] 30 ]
3 3 3 3 : 2 : 2 : 2 5 2 6 CLP 2 NP 2 2 CLP NP tCLP UQ NP+ tCLP UQ CLP tCLP UQ 12 UQ
68
(245) [[ ] 30 ]
NQC UQ NQ 30
NQC
(246) * [ 30 ]
(247) *[[[ ] ]30 ]
(248) [[ ]30 ]
UQ (252) NQ UQ NP
(254) NQ UQ NP
NCQ/QNC
(249) * [ ] [30 ]
(250) *[ ] [30 ]
(251) * [30 ]
(252) [30 ]
(253) * [30 ]
(254) [[30 ] ][ ]
(255) *[30 ][ ]
(256) *[30 ][ ]
NQ CLP UQ
Q NC [DP[[[NQ]UQ] ][NP]]
Watanabe (2008) QP
UQ DP
Q NC DP
N QC [DP[NP[DPNP ]][[NQ]UQ]]
69
DP UQ
CLP NQC
NP CLP [DP[NP][[NQ]UQ]]
3.2.2.2.
Q NC N QC
NQC
30
Q NC
(257) * [30 ]
(258) [[30 ] ]
(259) #[30 ]
(260) *[30 ]
N QC
(261) *[[ ] 30 ]
(262) *[[ ] 30 ]
(263) [30 ]
(264) #[ 30 ]
(265) *[ 30 ]
3 3 3 2 5 NP 2 5 2 : NP 2 CLP UQ NP CLP UQ 2 DP2 2 2 DP2 5 2 2 6 NP2 CL t CL CLP UQ
13 UQ NQ
70
NQC
(266) * [ 30 ]
(267) #[ 30 ]
(268) [30 ]
(269) ??[ 30 ]
(270) *[ 30 ]
NCQ/QNC
(271) * [ ] [30 ]
(272) #[ ] [30 ]
(273) * [30 ]
(274) [30 ]
(275) * [30 ]
(276) [30 ] [ ]
(277) #[30 ][ ]
(278) *[30 ][ ]
(279) a. 30
b. [TP[DP ][vP [CLP30 ] ] ]
(280) a. # 30
b. [TP[DP[DP ] ][vP 30 ] ]
c. # 30
d. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ] ]30 ] ]
e. # 30
f. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP30 ] ] ] ]
71
(281c) (282b)
(281c) (282b) 30
30 (282c)
(281) a.
b. *
c. 30
(282) a. 30
b. 30
c. 30
1989
1974 A
Watanabe (2008) QP DP
QP DP
DP ⅳ 30
5
ⅳ
CL
4
DP DP DP 3 3 3
2 4 NP CLP 4 3 CLP NP 5 3 NP CLP 3 NP2 3 3 3 tNP 1 3
tNP 1 CL tNP 1 CL CL
14
72
3.2.2.3.
UQ
CL CLP UQ (284)
UQ ⅳ
(283) *
(284) a. [30 ]
b. [30 ]
c. [ 30 ]
d. [ 30 ]
NQ UQ (285)
UQ
NQ UQ
(285) a. * [30 ]
b. * [30 ]
c. * [30 ]
e. *[30 ]
3 DP 3
2 : 1 4 3 CLP NP tCLP UQ 3 3
tNP 2 CL
15 (284b)
73
CL
3.3. 27
1.2.3
φ 1995 1995
(287c) (288c) (286c) (287e) (288e)
(286) a.
b. [CP[TP[vP[DP ] ] ] ]
c. #
d. [CP[TP[vP[DP ] ] ] ]
(287) a. 3
b. [CP[DP3 ][TP[vP ] ] ]
c. #3
27 2017c, 2018c
* DP 3 5 3 NP : D 3 CLP UQ
3 3 1 CL
16
74
d. [CP[DP3 ][TP[vP[DP ] ] ] ]
e. #3
f. [CP[DP3 ][TP[vP[vP ] ] ] ]
(288) a.
b. [CP[DP ][TP[vP ] ] ]
c. #
d. [CP[DP ][TP[vP[DP ] ] ] ]
e. #
f. [CP[DP ][TP[vP[vP ] ] ] ]
1.2.3
1989 (289)
(290) B 2001
(291) (292)
C 28
(289) 3 1989: 179
(290) 12 1989: 179
(291) 2001: 71
(292) 2001: 71
1989 (289)
(290) 2001 (291) (292)
28 1995 D
4.5
75
3.3.1.
(293) + + ⅳ A
(294) A +
A B C
A
(293) [ ] A h
ttp://www.vill.shimukappu.lg.jp/shimukappu/today/nmudtq0000009ckz.html
(294) [ ] Φ A
(295) [ ] C http://www2.k
obe-u.ac.jp/~ymiura/hp/RA_letter_1108.html
A vP
(296) [DP[NP[NP + ] ] ]
3.3.2.
(297) (298) A
(299)
(300) (301) (302) B
(303) C B
2008 2001
B ⅳ
76
(297) #[ ] A
(298) #[ ] A
(299) [ ] B http://tanaka-yuki.com/spring/post-10903/
(300) [ ]
B http://nekogatasan.jugem.jp/?eid=61
(301) [ ] B https://news.w
alkerplus.com/article/119185/
(302) [ ]
B http://keisukenaga.com/?p=16844
(303) [3 ] C
https://ameblo.jp/20-8/entry-12255431738.html
B FinP
vP
(304)
(305) *[NP ]
3.3.3.
(306ab) 2001
(306) a. #[CP[TP[DP ][vP ] ] ]
b. #[CP[FinP[DP ][vP ] ] ]
c. [CP[ForceP[DP ][FinP[vP ] ] ] ]
A
ⅳ
77
(307)
(308) *[NP ] 10
(309) [CP[DP[DP ] ][FinP[vP ] ] ]
ⅳ
(310) (313) A (311)
(314) B
(312)
(315) (316) C
C
(310) * [ ] A
(311) #[ ] B
(312) [ ] C https://retty.
me/area/PRE33/ARE239/SUB23901/100000613839/23623192/
(313) *[ α ] A
(314) #[ ] B
(315) [ ] ↘ C ht
tps://www.1101.com/store/nihoncha/report_02.html
(316) [ ] ↘
↘ C https://syoset
u.org/novel/70727/178.html
C
5
78
FinP FinP
vP
FinP FocP
ⅳ
5 C
(317) (318)
ⅳ (317)
CP
(319) FinP
FinP ForceP
(317) a.
b. [CP[DP ]i [FinP[DP i][vP ]] ]
(318) a. ??3
b. [CP[DP3 ]i [FinP[DP i][vP ] ] ]
(319) a.
b. [CP[FinP[DP[DP ] ][vP ]] ]
c. [CP[DP ]i [FinP[DP proi][vP ]] ]
(320) a. 3
b. [CP[FinP[DP[DP3 ] ][vP ] ] ]
ForceP
TopP
FinP #[ ]
TP #
vP #
79
c. *[CP[DP3 ]i [FinP[DP proi][vP ] ] ]
A B C
vP
vP FinP FinP
A
B C
3.3.4.
2.2 DP DP
(321c) (321d)
29
(321) a. [DP ] DP h
ttps://ameblo.jp/akane12777/entry-11744879852.html
b. [NP + ]
c. [NP ]
http://kakeru.town.kawara.fukuoka.jp/enjoy/384/
d. ??
29
80
30
(322) #[DP ] DP
(323) #[DP ] DP
vP FinP
ForceP
3.4.
X0 Xmax
30 NP DP
3 Xmax + 3 + 3 + 1 X0 + + +
17
81
A vP
B vP FinP
C FinP
ForceP
FinP
vP
18
82
4
3
Shimoyama (2006) (324)
Wh
(324) [[[ ] ] ]
Shimoyama 2006: 146
4.1.
2006: 135
[+focus] Feature Sharing Agreement
LF
[+focus]
H’ 3 KP H+Q[+focus] 6
[+focus] 6 [+focus]
2006: 135 19 [+focus]
83
2
ⅳ
ⅳ
[Q]
(325) a. A:
B: #Ø
b. A:
B: Ø
Shudo (2002) 2006
[+focus]
Vallduví (1992, 1995)
LF IS: Information Structure
LF S-Structure
(326) LINK a la festa to the party
FOCUS TOTHOM everybody IP
TOTHOM everybody
(326) a. [IP A la festa1 [IP=F hi1 vaig enviar TOTHOM t1 ]]
to the party loc 1s-past-send everybody
‘The party [F (I) sent EVERYBODY to ].’
b. IS: [IP A la festa1 [IP=F vaig enviar TOTHOM t1 ]]
c. LF: [IP tothom2 [IP a la festa1 [IP hi1 vaig enviar t2 t1 ]] Vallduví 1992: 127
Vallduví (1992, 1995) LF Information Composing
84
Information Structure
Knowledge-Store FOCUS
LINK TAIL
Update 20
(327) IS Configuration: [IP link [IP [IP focus ] tail ]] Vallduví 1992: 126
ⅳ 1978 1998
FOCUS ∃
Vallduví (1992, 1995)
(328) A: ↑
B1: #
B2: ↑ 1978: 54
(329)
∩ 1998: 131
(330)
1978: 60
(331) [S |V] 1998: 131
(332) [ link[[ focus] tail]] 31
31 TAIL Vallduví (1992, 1995) FOCUS
TAIL
LF | DS—SS—IS (Information Composing) | PF
20 Vallduví (1992, 1995)
85
2011
FocP
Otsu (1994) ⅵ
Discourse Topic
LINK
(333b)
ⅳ FocP
FinP LINK ⅳ
(333) a.
b. i ti
c.
(335) 32 1994 2015
FOCUS
Vallduví (1995)
ⅳ
LINK (336) ’
1994, 2015
LINK (327)
32
’ 1994
86
(334) A:
B:
(335) a. [L i] [T ei ] 1994: 197
b. i ei 1994: 197
c. i ei 1994: 197
(336) a. [L ] [[F ] ]
b. [L ] [[F ] ] 1994: 197
(337) a. *[F i [L ] ti ]
b. *[F i [L ] ti ] 2015: 23
1974, 1993 1987
C B
(338) a. *[ ] C
b. [ ] B 1987: 41
Vallduví (1992, 1995)
ⅳ
LINK ⅳ CP
LINK
Narrow Syntax
FinP FOCUS FinP LINK
87
4.2.
2006 ∩ [+FOCUS]
FOCUS
Information
FOCUS [+FOCUS] LINK [+LINK]33FOCUS
ⅳ ⅳ
ⅵ Shudo (2002)
33 [+FOCUS] [+LINK]
[+FOCUS] ⅳ [+LINK] ⅳ
XBP 3 YBP XB’ 3 XB FinP 3 Fin’ 3 Fin XAP 3 YAP XA’ 3 XA
LINK
FOCUS
21
88
Hoji (1985) Tomioka (2007) Wh [+FOCUS]
Intervention Effects
[+FOCUS]
Tomioka (2007) [+FOCUS] [+FOCUS]
C
[+FOCUS] Relativity
(339) a. ?*
b.
(340) a. ?? Tomioka 2007: 98
b.
(341) a. ??? Tomioka 2007: 98
b.
(342) [Wh1 [~ [INTV [+FOCUS] t1 ]]] Tomioka 2007: 109
LF movement *
(343) [Wh1 [~ [intv [-FOCUS] t1 ]]] Tomioka 2007: 109
LF movement OK
[+FOCUS]
(344b) [+FOCUS]
Cmax 3 Xmax[+LINK] 3 : C0[+LINK] Ymax
3 Zmax[+FOCUS] 3 Y0[+FOCUS]
LINK
FOCUS
22
89
C C
(344a) (344c) [+FOCUS]
C [+FOCUS]
(344) a. [CP[TP[DP ]F [ ] ] ]
b. [CP[[DP[DP[C ] ] ]F ] ]
c. [CP[TP[DP ]F [ ] ] ]
[wh] [Q]
[+FOCUS]
[+FOCUS] [+LINK]
4.3.
(345) (346)
LF
[Q]
(345) A:
B: { Ø Ø Ø}
(346) A: TOEIC [ ]F
B: { Ø Ø Ø}
2006 Tomioka (2007) [+FOCUS]
90
2006 [+FOCUS]
[+FOCUS]
(347)
(348b)
ⅳ
(347) [CP[TP [vP ] ] ]
[+FOCUS]
(348) a.
b.
[+FOCUS] C
[+FOCUS] C
[+FOCUS] [+FOCUS]
(350B2)
(349) [CP i[TP [vP ti ] ]
[+FOCUS]
(350) A:
B1:
B2: ??
[+FOCUS]
∃
FOCUS
91
4.4.
4.4.1. 34
Nishigauchi (1990) LF Wh-
Nishigauchi (1990)
(351)
(351) [[ ] ]
Nishigauchi 1990: 164
Nishigauchi (1990) Φ Island Wh- D D-Linked 35
D Non-D-Linked
Φ Wh- LF
Φ
(352) a. [ ]
b. A: [ ]
B:
(353) a. [ ]
b. A: [ ]
B:
(354) a. [ ]
b. A: [ ]
34 2017b 35 D Wh-
—
Pesetsky (1987)
92
B:
Unselective Binding Heim 1982 Tsai 1994
∩
(355) [ ]
(356) [ ]
Takahashi (2002) (357)
ⅳ
(357) Takahashi 2002: 580
Shimoyama (2006)
Shimoyama (2006) (358)
Shimoyama (2006)
(358) [[[ ] ] ]
Shimoyama 2006: 146 =(324)
93
(359)
Yes/No
Wh (B1) (B2)
ⅳ
3
(359) A:
B1:
B2: ↑
Ikawa (2013) (360)
(361)
(362) (363)
(360) A:
B: { Ø #Ø #Ø Ø}
(361) A:
B: {#Ø Ø}
(362) A:
B: * Ø
(363) a.
b. * Ø
94
Probe Goal
Chomsky (2000, 2001) 36Hiraiwa
(2005b) (355) (356)
Hiraiwa (2001, 2005ab) Multiple Agree
3
(364) [CP[DP[NP[CP ] ]D+ ] ]
[Q]
c- D D+
D+ Kishimoto (2001) Complex Head
ⅳ [uQ] [iQ] Indeterminate
Agreement D ⅳ
[uwh] ⅳ [iwh]
Goal
[Q]
Wh Yes/No Δ
36 2017b [Q]
Spec-Head Agreement Chomsky (1995) Move-F
[Q] LFLF Chomsky (2000, 2001) Hiraiwa (2001, 2005ab) Multiple Agreement
Spec-Head Move-F
Spec-Head Agreement
95
(365) [CP[DP[DP[NP[CP ] ]D] ] ]
[Q]
ⅳ
DP [Q]
D [Q] [Q] C
[Q] Wh
CP 3 [Q]
DP 3 3 NP 1 3 D [Q]
CP i 3 3 vP 3 ti VP 3 [Q]
z
23
96
v v+
vP
(366)
(367) A: [CP[FinP[vP[VP ]v+ ] ] ]
B:
CP 3
[Q] DP 3 DP [Q] 3 3 NP D 3 CP i 3 3 vP 3 ti VP 3 [Q]
z
24
97
(368) A: [CP[FinP[vP[vP ] ] ] ]
B:
[Q]
[Q]
4.4.2.
3
(369) A: 3
B: {3 3 Ø Ø }
(370) (371)
(372)
(372B2) (373A) (373B2) 30
(373A) Wh
3.2.2
CL
CLP
98
(370) A:
B: { * Ø #Ø }
(371) A:
B: { * Ø #Ø }
(372) A:
B1: 5
B2: 5
(373) A:
B1:
B2: # 30
(374) [CP[TP [CLP + ] [vP ] ] ]
CL
4.5. 37
A B C
A
[Q]
37 2018a 2017c, 2018c
99
(375) a.
b. A:
B1: { Ø Ø Ø}
B2: Ø
(376) a.
b. A:
B1: { Ø Ø Ø}
B2: Ø
B
[Q]
(377) a.
b. A:
B1: { Ø Ø Ø}
B2: Ø
(378) a.
b. A:
B1: { Ø Ø Ø}
B2: Ø
C
[Q]
[Q]
100
(379) A:
B1: { Ø Ø Ø}
B2: Ø
(380) A:
B1: { Ø Ø Ø }
B2: Ø
A B C [Q]
4.5.1.
≠
1987 1993 Watanabe (2002)
11
2012
(381) a.
b. # 2012: 34
2012 CP
ForceP
(382) CP
A
B
ⅳ ⅳ 2012: 31-32
101
∃ CP
C 1995
1974, 1993 D
(383) #
(384) # 1995: 23 #
(383) (384) C
C
C
4.5.2. C
FinP
ModP
( ) 2003
(385) a.
b.
c.
d.
6
ⅳ
∃ ( ) 2003: 15
Force
102
6 C
6 C
ForceP
(b)
ⅳ C
ⅳ
(386) a. #
b.
(387) a. #
b.
CP
C
[+FOCUS]
(388)
#
#
#
??
103
C LINK
[+LINK] 4.2
LINK ∃ 1.2.3
2008
ⅳ
[+LINK]
ForceP 38
C Force [+LINK]
[-LINK]
2012 C
4.5.3. A B
A B
38 2018a C ForceP
ForcePForceP
[+LINK] Force
ForceP 3
3 [+LINK] Force [+LINK] 25 ForceP
104
7 A
7 A
A
A
3.3 vP [+FOCUS]
8 B
B
B
T [+FOCUS]
B
#
#
#
#
105
TP FinP
[+FOCUS]
[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]
4.6.
[Q] [+FOCUS] [+LINK]
[Q]
[Q]
[+FOCUS] [+LINK] FinP
[+FOCUS] ForceP [+LINK]
[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]
(389) ( ) [Q]
( ) [+FOCUS]
( ) [+LINK]
[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]
TP 3
3 [+FOCUS] T [+FOCUS] 26 TP
106
Narrow Syntax
27
2.4 LF
[Q]
[+FOCUS] [+LINK]
LF
[+FOCUS]
Shudo (2002) ⅳ
ⅵ
[+FOCUS/+LINK]
[+FOCUS] [+LINK]
Syntactic Computation
[Q]
[+FOCUS] [+LINK]
27
107
5 39
4
5.1.
1991
ⅵ
(390) a. ↑
b. = { , , ↑ , ……}
(391) a.
b. = { , , , ……}
(392) (393)
(392) a.
b. = { , , , ……}
(393) a.
b. = { , , , ……}
39 2018b
108
2009
(394) Normal Focus
Backward Focus
Forward Focus
40
1995
Merge
(396a) (395b)
(396b)
(395) a. ↑
b. [TP[DP[DP ] ][vP ] ]
(396) a. ↑ #
b. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ] ] ] ]
2016 2009 (396)
40 1986
(9a) (9b) 9) a. b. 1986: 150
2009: 71 [ …… NP AdvP ……Pred T] c- VP
(175) (176)
10) 11) a. *
b. Ⅲ
109
c- c-
(a) (c)
(c)
2009
c-
(397) a. ?? ∀
b. [vP[PP ] [VP[DP[DP ] ] ] ]
c. ∀
d. [vP[PP[PP ] ][VP[DP ] ] ]
(398) a. ??
b. [CP[TP [vP [FinP[DP[DP ] ] ] ] ]]
c.
d. [CP[DP[DP ] ]i[TP [vP [FinP ti ] ] ]]
4.3
[+FOCUS] c- [+FOCUS]
(399) a. [DP[DP ] ]
[+FOCUS]
b. [DP ]
(400) a.[vP[DP ][ ]]
[+FOCUS]
110
b. [vP ]
ⅳ
5.2.
5.2.1. +
(401b) (401a)
(401) a.
b.
ⅰ
ⅰ
2007 ( ) 2009
(402)
2007: 60
Hamblin (1973)
ⅳ
∃
(403) a.
b.
111
c.
d. = {A , B , C , D , ……}
e. = A + B + C + D + ……
Shimoyama (2006)
(404) a.
b.
(405) a.
b.
Kobuchi-Philip (2009)
ⅳ
(408) (407) (a)-(d)
(406) a. Kobuchi-Philip 2009: 182
b.
(407)
a.
b. ↑
c.
d.
(408) = { , ↑ , , }
Kobuchi-Philip (2009)
— (409)
112
(409) Mo: λPλRλx[ …… (((AT(x)-AT( + P)) R) ∅)] Kobuchi-Philip 2009: 185
(410) a.
b. x
∃
X
X
(411) a.
b. = { , , , ……}
(412) a.
b. = { , , ……}
(413c) −
(413d)
(414)
vP v vP
(415c)
(413) a.
b. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ] ] ] ]
113
c. # − 41
d. [TP[DP ][VP[DP − D+ ] ] ]
(414) a.
b. [TP[vP[vP [DP ][DP ] ] ] ]
c. # −
d. [TP[vP[DP ][DP − ] v+ ] ]
(415) a. ↑
b. [TP[DP[DP↑ ] ][vP ] ]
c. #
d. [TP[DP D+ ][vP ] ]
+
[+FOCUS]
[Q] [+FOCUS]
(c)
A AP
(416) AP
(417) A
(416) a.
[[[ [AP[AP ] ] ] ] ]
https://blog.goo.ne.jp/atatakasa11tk13/e/93b819
341a9a86627b73728043285992
b. = { , , ……}
41 Kishimoto (2001) m- Kishimoto (2001) X
Y Xc-
114
(417) a. [AP + ]
https://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/four2945
29/67683057.html
b. = { , , , ……}
c-
ⅳ
[Q]
[+FOCUS]
(418) a. [DP − ]
[Q, +FOCUS]
b. [DP x−]
5.2.2. +
3 5 100g
Kobuchi-Philip (2010) 30
many
(419) 3
2007
115
(420) 3
‥ 1 2
2007: 41
ⅳ
(421) a. 30
b. = {1 , 2 , 3 , …… 29 , 30 }
(422) a.
b. = {1 , 2 , 3 , …… }
(423) 5
∃ (424) 5
(425) 1 (423)
ⅵ
∩
(423) a. 5
b. = {1 , 2 , …… 5 }
(424) a. 5
b. ~ = {60 , 30 , …… 5 }
ⅳ
(425) a. 1
b. ~ = {10 , 5 , …… 1 }
(426)
116
3 3
3.2.2 CL
(426) a.
b. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ] ] ] ]
c. # 3
d. [TP[DP i ] [vP[CLP 3 ti + ] ] ]
3.2.2 4.4.2 CL
(427) a. [CLP3 ]
[+FOCUS]
b. [CLP x ]
42
42 vP (12)
v
v+Head Movement Neg ⅳ
12) a. ↑ b. [TP[NegP[vP[vP ] ] ] ] c. ?? ↑
117
5.3.
ⅳ A B C
ⅳ
(428) ⅲ
( ) 2009: 3
(430)
(431)
A B C
(429) a. ↑
b. = {↑ , , ……}
(430) a. ↑
b. = {↑ , ,
……}
(431) a.
b. = { , , ……}
5.3.1. A
A
(432)
(433) d. [TP[NegP[vP[VP ]v+ ] ] ]
118
ⅵ
(432)
https://www.tripadvisor.jp/ShowUserR
eviews-g1066444-d4776956-r221568783-Tosa_Dining_Okyaku-Chuo_Tokyo_Tokyo_Prefect
ure_Kanto.html
(433)
https://okinawaupgiri.amebaownd.com/posts/2573
802
A
A
(434) (435)
A ⅳ
1989 (434)
A (435) A
2008
(434) 1989: 179
(435) ⅱ
40 http://kizyunokoro.web.fc2.com/essay985.htm
(436) = { , , , , , …… }
X X (437)
A
∩
119
(437) a.
b.
c. = { , , , ……}
A (440) (441) (442)
A
N ∃
NP A
(438) ??
(439) #
(440) #
(441) #
(442) #
(443) a. [NP[NP + ] ]
b. [NP[NP + ] ]
A
[+FOCUS]
(444) a. [NP[NP + ] ]
[+FOCUS]
b. [NP x]
120
5.3.2. B
B
(445)
(446) = { , , 12 , ……}
(447) B
(448)
Δ
B
B
(447) https://tokoya.biz/index.php?QBlog-2017
0831-1
(448) #
http://www.dr-ueno.com/i
mg/news/news29_9.pdf
3.3.2 4.5 B TP DP
T A TP
(449)
(450) # 5 6
(451) [TP[DP[DP ] ] ]
121
(452) B
ⅳ B
ⅵ
(452) a. 8 http://soen.tokyo/blog/akane/2016/08/
b. = { , 8 , , ……}
B
B C
CHJ
0 3
1900
B 190043 B C
B
(453)
CHJ 1909
(454) CHJ 1917
(455)
ⅴ CHJ
43 β
‥ 2C ‥
13)
↑
←
CHJ 1306
122
1925
(456) CHJ 1925
B
B
T
(457) a. [TP[DP ] ]
[+FOCUS]
b. [TP ]
5.3.3. C
C
2008
(458) (459)
∩
ⅳ
(458d) (459d)
Shudo (2002)
(458) a.
b. = { , , , ……}
c.
d. ↑ #
123
(459) a.
b. = { , ,
, ……}
c.
d. #
2008
C
(460)
https://nariyuki.org/chibalot
te20180204
(461) = { , ,
, ……}
(462)
∩
(462) http://yurulu.net/
retire/hujii-souta-8/
(463) = { , ,
, ……}
124
ForceP
c-
(464) a. 3
b. [TP[DP[DP ] ][vP3 ] ]
(465) a. ↑
b. [CP[DP[DP↑ ] ][FinP ] ]
(466a) (467a)
(466) a. ↑
b. ↑
(467) a. ↑ #
b. ⅲ
(468a) (468b) (469a)
ⅳ
(468) a. # ↑
b. #
c.
(469) a. #
b. ↑
C
125
CP [+LINK]
(470) ↑
(471) [ForceP[DP[DP↑ ] ][TP[vP ] ] ]
ⅳ
C
(472) a. [CP[DP↑ ] [TP ] ]
[+LINK]
b. [CP↑ ]
vP [+FOCUS]
TP T [+FOCUS]
ForceP ForceP
ⅳ CP
‥ Shudo
(2002) 9
126
9
5.4.
[Q] [Q]
(473) [NP[NP + ] ]
(474) [DP [NP ]D+ ]
(475) [NP ]i [CLP3 ti + ]
A
B
C
C
XAmax 3 YA 3 ZA 1
XA0
28
127
c-
[+FOCUS/+LINK]
(476) [TP[DP[DP ] ] ]
(477) [TP[DP[DP ] ] ]
(478) [CP[DP[DP ] ] ]
[+FOCUS/+LINK]
Zmax wi
2 3 Xmax Ymax Z0 5
29
128
6
5
C [+LINK]
NPI NCI 44
NCI C
6.1. +
Negative Concord Item
(479) a. {* }
b. {* }
c. { }
10
44 Negative Concord Item
AgreeConcord
- -
129
1991
(480) a. {* }
b. { }
(481) a. {* }
b. ?? { }
+45
(482) a. {* }
b. {* }
c. {* }
d. {* }
ⅰ
ⅰ
1987 2005, 2006 2011
(483) × 2005: 22 2009: 73
45
ⅰ
130
35-11
(484) × × 2005: 22 2009: 73
21-77
4.5 (485)
ForceP (486)
(485) a. [ ↑ ]
b. # [ ↑ ]
c. ↑
d. ↑
(486) [ForceP↑ { # } ]
NegP (487)
NegP C
∩ C
(487) a. [NegP { *Ø} ]
b. * [ ][NegP ]
6.2.
NPI: Negative Polarity Item
46 NCI: Negative Concord Item
any- Kato (1985)
46
131
NPI 47 c-48
(488) a. [ ] Kato 1985: 150
b. # [ ] Kato 1985: 151
NCI
4
( ) NCI almost
(489) *John didn’t eat almost anything. NPI
(490) NCI
( ) NCI ∃ ⅳ
(491) A: What did you see?
B: *Anything. NPI
(492) A:
B: NCI
47 1994 PPI
∃ PPIPPIⅳ
14) 1994: 117 15) 48 2007 XP-
NPI NCIKobuchi-Philip (2009) ∃
16) a. *↑ b. ↑ 2007: 81 17) a. b. ↑
132
( ) NCI Yes/No
(493) a. Have you seen anything? NPI
b. If John steals anything, he’ll be arrested. NPI
(494) a. * NCI
b. * NCI
( ) NCI
(495) I didn’t say that John admired anyone. NPI
(496) ?* [ ] NCI Watanabe 2004: 565
Watanabe (2004)49
ⅳ
LF
Watanabe (2004) [Q]
(497) A:
B1: {#Ø Ø}
B2: Ø
(498) A:
B1: {Ø Ø}
B2: Ø
Wanatabe (2004)
LF
(499) 0
49 Watanabe (2004)
133
LF 2007 (500)
LF LF
[Q] LF
LF
(499) A:
B: [ ] Watanabe 2004: 584
(500) A:
B: ↑ 2007: 93
C
[+FOCUS/+LINK]
C ∩
ⅳ
6.3.
(501) *
(502) *
(503)
(504) a. [[DP ] ] {* } 50
50 ∃
134
b. [[PP ] ] { }
c. [[PP ] ] {?? }
C
(505)
(506)
(507) #
(508) a. [[DP ] ]
b. [[PP ] ]
c. *[[PP10 ] ]
6.4.
ForceP FinP
(509) a. *[ForceP [FinP[NegP↑ ] ] ] 51
b. [ForceP↑ [FinP[NegP ] ] ]
(510) a. #[ForceP[TP[DP ] ] ]
b. [ForceP[DP ] ]
51 (18a) (18a) (18b)(18b)
(18a) (18b) (18b) 18) a. [ ]
b. [ ]
135
C
ⅳ Neg
(511) a. *[ForceP [CP [NegP ] ] ]
b. [ForceP[CP[FinP [NegP ] ] ] ]
[+FOCUS]
(512) [NegP ]
[+FOCUS]
C NegP
[+FOCUS]
30
6.5.
(513b)
[+FOCUS]
[+FOCUS]
(515b)
[+FOCUS]
NegP 3 3 6 Neg + [+FOCUS] [+FOCUS]
30 [+FOCUS]
136
[+FOCUS]
(513) a. [[ ] { * } ]
b. [[ ] { } ]
[+FOCUS]
(514) a. [FinP ] https://www.city.satsumasendai.lg.jp/
www/genre/1207717373116/index.html
b. [FinP ]
(515) a. [ForceP [ ] { # } ]
b. [ForceP[ ] {*? ?? } ]
[+FOCUS] [+LINK]
6.6.
∃
ⅳ CP
FOCUS
LINK
[+FOCUS] NegP FOCUS
ForceP 3
+ Force’ 3 Force NegP 3
Neg’ 3 6 Neg
LINK
FOCUS
z
z
31
137
C
NegP C ForceP
[+FOCUS]
[+FOCUS]
[Q]
(516) a.
b. = { , , , , ……}
c. ?? CD
d. CD
e. [NegP[DP ] ]
[Q] [+FOCUS]
f. [DP x < >]
(517) a.
b. = { , , , , ……}
c. ??
d.
e. [NegP[DP ] ]
[Q] [+FOCUS]
f. [DP x < >]
C
138
7
6
7.1.
1.2.4
( ) 2009: 28 (518) 3
ⅳ
3
(519) 25
(518) a. 3 ( ) 2009: 28
b. = {……, 5 , 4 , 3 }
(519) a. 25 ∩ ( ) 2009: 28
b. = {……, 27 , 26 , 25 }
( ) 2009
(520) a. { * }
139
( ) 2009: 28
b. = { , , …… }
‥
(521) a. 4
b. #4
c. #4
d. #4
PP
P
(522) a. [PP[NP8 3 ] + ]
b. [PP[PP8 3 ] ]
c. # 3
P PP
(523) CHJ
1100
(524b)(524c) (524d)(524e)
140
P
(524) a. {Ø }
b. [PP[PP[NP ] ] ]
c. [PP[NP ] + ]
d. [PP[PP[NP ]Ø] ]
e. * [PP[NP ]Ø+ ]
P
7.2.
φ 1995
ⅳ
(525) 5
ⅳ
(525) a. 5 https://ncode.syosetu.com/n5848ej/1/
b. 5 = { , , , ……}
(527) (528)
A B C
C
(526)
(527) #[ ] A
141
(528) #[ ] B 52
(529) [ — ] C
(530)
(531a) (531b) (531c)
FinP ForceP
(530) a.
b. ??
(531) a. #5
b. #5
c. 5
C
CP FinP ForceP
CP
52 (19)
19)
142
8
ⅳ
ⅳ
X0 Xmax
A
1974, 1993
vP A
A
vP TP B
ForceP C
143
LF
[Q]
+
(532) A: [CP[FinP[vP[VP ]v+ ] ] ]
B:
(533) A: [CP[FinP[vP[vP ] ] ] ]
B:
+
(534) A: [CP[FinP − [CLP ] ] ]
B: { #3 #Ø Ø }
LINK FOCUS
[+FOCUS/+LINK] LF
B C
B
(535) a.
b. #
C
(536) a.
144
b. #
c. #
(537) a. *
b.
32
Narrow Syntax
[Q] [+LINK] [+FOCUS]
Narrow Syntax
Transfer
+ + A
B C TP ForceP
[+FOCUS/+LINK]
/[Q]
32
145
c-
8.1.
[+FOCUS/+LINK]
A
[+FOCUS]
(538) [[[DP ] ] ] =(1)
↑
(539) [[[DP ] ] ] =(1)
↑
(540) [[DP ] ] =(2)
+ + A
A + CL + D
v
146
(541) [CLP3 ] =(3)
3
2
(542) [DP ] =(4)
{ , ↑ , ……}
A
(543) [[NP ] ]
B TP T
B
B
(544) [TP[ ] ]
C ForceP Force
ForceP c-
C
(545) [ForceP[ ] ] =(5)
147
[Q]
NegP Neg [+FOCUS]
∃
(546) [NegP[ ] ]
{ , , ……}
11
11
∃
+ X0 vP A [Q] [+FOCUS]
+ X0 CL vP A /[Q] [+FOCUS]
A X0 vP A [+FOCUS]
Xmax vP A [+FOCUS]
B Xmax TP B [+FOCUS]
C Xmax ForceP C [+LINK]
148
(547) ( ) [Q]
( ) [+FOCUS/+LINK] 53
[Q]
FinP [+FOCUS]
ForceP [+LINK]
[Q]
[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]
[+FOCUS] [+LINK]
[Q]
[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]
X0 +
+ A Xmax B
C CL0
+ X0 [Q] +
A Xmax
TP B
ForceP C
[+FOCUS/+LINK]
[Q] NegP
[+FOCUS]
53 Watanabe (2002) ⅳ
-Interpretable Focus Feature
∩
149
Forcemax 3 2 3 YCmax Force0 C Tmax 3 2 3 YBmax T0 B
33
Xmax 3
3 Xmax 3 3
2 3 X0 A X0 CL0 +
[Q] X max 3
3 [Q] 2
X0 + [Q]
[+FOCUS/+LINK] Xmax 3 6 3 Ymax X0 [+FOCUS/+LINK] [+FOCUS/+LINK]
Negmax 3 [+FOCUS]Ymax 3 2 Neg0 Y0/max [+FOCUS] [Q] [Q]
33
150
8.2.
∃
ⅳ ∃
(548)
(549)
∩
∩
∩
∩
151
2006 ⅳ .
2008
8(2): 37-53. .
2010 ( )
193-225. .
2006 wa ⅳ
8 2005 1-8
2009
16: 95-107.
2000
.
2001 ⅳ
568: 947-973.
2007 ( )
227-260. .
2011 ( ) 70
1-36. .
2013 .
2015 α 2015
ⅱ 147-152.
2016 , .
2017a 11: 85-104.
2017b
155 276-281.
2017c
18 270-277.
2018a 12: 187-198.
152
2018b
2017 ‥ 11-20.
2018c 18(2):
110-126. .
2009 136: 93-119.
2010 ( )
67-94. .
2014 .
1897 .
1993 .
2010
A 10(7): 213-222.
2014
A 13(4): 1-7.
1974 .
1986
1-27. .
2014 1 ( ) 619-622. .
2007 Neg c- + 131: 77-113.
2011 7(2): 32-47.
1978 .
↗ 2009 ↓ 821: 66-75.
1940 .
φ 1995
( ) 227-260. .
2009
21(2): 191-216.
2010 ( )
151-192. .
2007 .
153
1998 ⅳ
2: 113-203. .
1987 ⅵ 6(5): 37-48. .
, 2009
, .
1991
10(9): 80-86. .
1981 (3) →
6: 53-67.
1991 .
Σ 2008 8(1): 36-52.
.
2010 ( )
260-284. .
2012 .
2011 ⅳ
( ) 70 207-229. .
2001
.
2012 CLAVEL 2: 1-12.
1989 ( )
1-56. .
1991 .
( ) 2003 4 8 .
( ) 2009 5 9 10
.
1984
3(4): 79-89. .
1986
105-225. .
154
1989 ( )
159-192. .
2008 α
( ) 8(2): 20-36. .
2009 .
1995
( ) 175-207. .
1995
( ) 1-35. .
1994 23(2): 116-119. .
( ) 2007 .
2010 ⅳ ( )
1-30. .
2012 CP
12(2): 24-42. .
( ) 1992 .
( ) 2016 .
2007 13: 1-14.
2015 ,
.
2011 ( ) 70
61-84. .
1987 ( ) 3: 278-306. .
1993 ( )
149-167. .
2013 Derivational Feature-Based Relativized Minimality
( ) 163-184. .
1990 9(5): 4-15. .
1991 .
1992 .
155
( ) 1995 .
1977 .
1960 .
2001 32: 65-79.
1974 .
1993 .
1994 .
2012 ( )
115-151. .
2015 .
2018
48: 87-96.
2006
.
1948 .
2005 74(1): 15-32.
2006 75(2): 34-52.
1908 .
1922 .
1936 .
1987 64(7): 47-66.
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I-JAS http://lsaj.ninjal.ac.jp/?ca
t=3 [2018 11 ]
CHJ https://chunagon.ninjal.ac.jp/ [2018 11
]
‥
http://sakubun.jpn.org [2018 11 ]
1990[2011] 2011 http://ter
amuradb.ninjal.ac.jp/db/ [2018 11 ]
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