Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio
–
CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
SoilSoil Science Science ‐‐ topictopic
No. 3:No. 3:
MorphogeneticalMorphogenetical approachapproach
andand soilssoils
Characteristic
features
of
forest
soils
Non‐homogenous
profiles
of
uninterrupted
development
Organic
horizons
Distinctive
soil
biota
Skeletal
texture
classes
High
acidity
High
mobility of
mineral
elements
Characteristic
features
of
forest
soils
Forest tree species grow extremely long time→ soilcomponents, unavailable for agricultural plant species, can besplit into active/bioavailable forms
Forest habitats show a great amount of dead organic mattercovering mineral soils→ production of organic acids withindecomposition of plant litter forms outstandingly strongextractive environs
If
there
are soluble
substances, we
have
to use
A weak extracting agent for estimating risks for theenvironment
A middle strong extracting agent for estimating an actualplant nourishment
A high‐powered extracting agent for estimating a long‐term plant nourishment
The
circumstances
of
every
individual
soil
horizon
formation differ
in such rate
that
properties
of
the
horizons
as a whole
are each
other
incomparable
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Notes
Principles
Soil
taxonomy=soil
systems=classification
of
soil
= soil
typology
A general
feature: combination
of
two
approaches
1) Soil
forming
factors
2) Pedogenetic
processes
Soil
forming
factors
Genesis of soil
Functional viewpointsNotes
Pedogenetic
processes
Morphometrical parameters
Structural viewpoints Notes
Concept
of
description
of
intimate
soil
properties
Genetically derived stratigraphy of profile
Morphological, physical, chemical and biologicalfeatures of horizons
Goals
from
both
theoretical
and
practical
points
of
view
Creation of basis for progress in soil scientificknowledge
Soil mapping
Prediction of soil development under an impact ofutilization of soil
Hierarchically
highest
soil
units=units
derived
from
dominant pedogenetic
processes
→ classification
derived
from
genetical
viewpoints
Key
role=limits
of
soil
properties
values
→classification derived
from
structural
viewpoints
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Notes
Requirements
Soil classification system should be opened but their
structure have to ensure an inner stability
Soil classification system should be universal
Soil classification system should be compatible
Requirements
Emphasis should be put on hierarchical assemblage
of soil
Emphasis should be put on multicriterional features
Emphasis should be put on an extend of soil profile
differentiation
Soil taxonomy should be based on relativelyexactly field evaluated properties of soilhorizons
Soil taxonomy should be based on polygenetical soil development including therelict soils
Requirements
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Notes
Overview
of
forest
soil
classification
General principles
FAO/ISSS 1994
US department of agriculture system 1990
Canadian system of soil classification 1987
Other classifications (C.P.C.S. 1992, Russian and German
systems, in particular)
Processes
in profile development
Eluviation × illuviation
Calcification × decalcification
Melanisation × leucinisation
Salinisation × desalinisation
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Cheluviation
Decomposition × biosynthesis
Erosion × accumulation
Humification ×mineralization
Peat formation
Podzolization
Lessivage
Gleying
Pseudogleying
Ferrallitizatio
Lateritization
Pedoturbation
Brunification
Processes
in profile development
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Notes
WRB ‐
major soil
units
Fluvisols, gleysols, regosols, leptosols, arenosols, andosols, vertisols, cambisols, calcisols, gypsisols, solonchaks, solonetz,
kastanozems, phaeozems, greyzems, luvisols, planosols, podzoluvisols, podzols, lixisols, acrisols, alisols, nitisols, ferralsols, plinthosols, histosols, anthrosols.
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Notes
Soil
Taxonomy/C.S.C.S. ‐
major soil
units
Histosols, entisols, vertisols, mollisols, aridisols, spodosols, alfisols, ultisols, oxisols, inceptisols.
Brunisols, chernozemic soils, cryosols, gleysols, luvisols,
organic soils, podzols, regosols, solonetzes/solods.
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Notes
A. World Reference Base for Soil ResourcesInternational Society of Soil Science (ISSS) International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) Food and Agriculture Organisation of The United Nations (FAO) IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2006, 2nd edition. World
Soil Resources Report 103, FAO, Rome. E.U. 145 pp. ISBN: 9251055114
B. Soil TaxonomyA Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil SurveysUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)Soil Survey Staff, 2010. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11th ed. USDA‐Natural Resources Conservation
Service, Washington, DC. 344 p. ISBN 978‐0‐16‐085427‐9
C. The Canadian System of Soil ClassificationAgriculture Canada Expert Committee on Soil Survey(Soil Classification Working Group of the Committee) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) The Canadian System of Soil Classification (1998)
Agric. Agri‐Food Can. Publication 1646. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa. 187 p.
A general
description
of
WRB
Podzoluvisol
‐
referred
to higher
clay
content
in B horizon showing
either
an
broken
boundary
by tonguing
of
E horizon
or
reddish
nodules
Podzol
‐
referred
to cementation
by organic
matter, iron and aluminum
below
an
A or
E horizons
Lixisol
‐
referred
to higher
clay
content, lower
CEC and high base saturation
in B horizon, lacking
both
mollic
A and
albic
E
horizons
Acrisol
‐
referred
to higher
clay
content, lower
CEC and
low
base saturation
in B horizons, lacking
albic
E horizon
Alisol
‐
referred
to high
clay
content, high
CEC and
low
base saturation
in B horizon, lacking
E horizon („acid Luvisol“)
Nitisol
‐
referred
to high
clay
content, blocky
structure
which
falls
easily
apart
(due Fe‐oxides), lacking
the
tonguing
(which
is
diagnostic
for
podzoluvisol)
Ferralsol
‐
referred
to strongly
deeply
weathered
soil
material
based
on low
activity clay
Plinthosol
‐
referred
to iron‐rich, humus poor
mixture
of
clay
in mostly
platy hardpans
caused
by repeated
wetting
and
drying.
Histosol
‐
referred
to peat
moss: soils
having
at
least
40cm of
organic
material
or
at least
80 cm of
organomineral
material
Anthrosol
‐
referred
to human
activities
Fluvisol
‐
referred
to fluviatile, marine
and
lacustrine
sediments
which receive
fresh
material
at
relatively
regular
intervals
Gleysol
‐
referred
to unconsolidated
soil
materials
showing
a saturation
with water
to such an
extend
that
evidences
of
reduction
processes
are seen
Regosols
‐
referred
to unconsolidated
soil
material
haveng
no diagnostic horizons
other
than
an
ochric
or
umbric
horizon
Leptosol
‐
referred
to limitation
in depth
by continuous
hard
rock or
a highly calcareous
material
Arenosol
‐
referred
to soil
materials
coarser
than
sandy
loam
and
having
no other
horizons
than
an
ochric
or
albic
E horozon
Andosol
‐
referred
to soil
materials
formed
mostly
vulcanoclastic
material coarser
than
2mm
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Notes
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Vertisol
‐
referred
to soil
materials
derived
from
high
percentage
of
the
clay particles
in all
horizons
and
showing
cracks
on soil
surface
Cambisol
–
referred
to altered, cambic
B horizon
being
at
least
15cm thick
Calcisol
– referred to soil
materials
rich
in calcium
carbonates
(both
calcic
and petrocalcic
horizons)
Gypsisol
–
referred
to soil
materials
enriched
with
calcium
sulphate
(gypsic and
petrogypsic
horizons)
Solonchak
– referred to soil
materials
saturated
with
exchangeable
sodium or/and
magnesium and
showing
distinctly
higher
clay
content
Solonetz
–
referred
to degradation
of
solonchaks
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Kastanozem
–
soil
having
minor
mollic
A horizon, calcic
or
gypsic
horizon
Chernozem
–
soil
having
main
mollic
A and
calcic
horizon
Phaeozem
–
soil
having
main
mollic
A horizon
and
lacking
both
calcic
and gypsic
horizons
Greyzem
–
soil
having
mollic
A horizon
and
higher
clay
content
in dark
B horizon
Luvisol
–
having
higher
clay
content
in B horizon
and
lacking
both
mollic
A and albic
E horizons
Planosol
–
referred
to saturation
of
surface
water
(mottling); soil
having
albic
E horizon
overlying
slowly
permeable
horizons
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Notes
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Other classification systems the classical versions
INRA (1995) Référentiel pédologique. INRA, Paris. 332 p.
Arbeitskreis für Bodensystematik der DBG (1998) Systematik der Bôden und der Bodenbilden ‐ den Substrate Deutschlands. Mitteilungen der DeutchenBodenkundlichen Gesselschaft, No. 86. 180 p.
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Other classification systemsRussian classification systems
V. V. Dukutchajev, N. M. Sibircev B.G. Rozanov, V.M. Fridland
German classification system
H. Pallmenn, W. Laatsch E. Muckenhausen, E. Ehwald
English/Welsh, Belgian, Netherlandish,Portuguese, Australian,
New Zealander, Brazilian, Japanese
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Notes
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
C.S.C.S.
Brunisol
–
referred
to brownish‐coloured
Bm
horizon
Chernozemic
soil
–
referred
to humified
products
of decomposition
of
xerophytic
or
mesophytic
grasses
Cryosol
–
referred
to both
organic
and
mineral
soil
material exposed
to cryoturbation
(disrupted
or
mixed
horizons)
Gleysol
–
referred
to influence
of
either
periodic
or
sustained
reducing
conditions
caused
by non‐aered
water
Luvisol
–
referred
to eluvial
Ae
and
Bt
horizons
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Organic
soils
–
referred
to peat, muck
and
bod soils
Podzol
–
referred
to accumulation
of
amorphous
material composed
mainly
of
humified
organic
matter
combined
with
Al
and
Fe
Regosol
–
referred
to weak
development
Solonetz
–
referred
to significant
amounts
of
sodium
Solod
–
referred
to degrydation
of
formar
solonetz
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Notes
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
USDA soil classification – Soil Taxonomy
Baldwin, M., Kellog, C.E., Thorp, J., 1938 Thorp, J., Smith, G.D., 1949 Soil
taxonomy
1975; Soil
taxonomy
1983;
Soil
taxonomy
1988
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio – CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0018
Soil TaxonomySpodosols
–
referred
to either
spodic
(reddish, darker
and
brighter
colours
caused
by illuvial
Fe and
Al
associated
with organic
compounds) or
placic
horizon
(thin, dark
reddish
layer
cemented
by Fe‐, Mn
–
organic
matter
complexes)
Alfisol
‐
referred
to prominent eluviation
followed
by illuviation: difference
in clay
content, high
base saturation
in Bt
horizon
Ultisol
–
referred
to high
content
of
clay
particles
characterized by low
base saturation, primarily
leached
and
weathered
Oxisol
‐
referred
to intensive
weathering: removal
of
soluble weathering
products, production
of
residual
sesquioxides
and
clay
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Inceptisol
–
referred
to cambic
B horizonHistosol
–
referred
to organic
parent
material
: more than
50% of
organic
material
in the
upper
80cm of
the
profileEntisol
–
referred
to slight, weak
development: properties
determined
largely
by the
parent
material
without
other
horizonsVertisol
–
referred
to high
clay
content, prominent changes
in
volume resulting
in cracks
vs. very
plastic
consistencyMollisol
–
referred
to very
deep
mollic
epipedon; accumulation
of
large
amount
of
organic
matter
in the
presence of
calciumAridisol
–
referred
to arid
and
semiarid
environments
where
one
or
more diagnostic
horizons
(argilic, natric, cambic, calcic, petrocalcic, gypsic, petrogypsic) were
developed
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Notes