TO~HO MOCKB~, aXMII BeKa OH0 Havana npOB0- BIIOJIHe m6epm~bre MepOnptIHTliH. ... TO ecm nommrnymcsr...

Y e a o s e ~ . WIHM~HILXIEI~~CR rocyAapcTBeHHbm yrrpasnemm, B cwry o c o 6 e ~ - H O C T ~ W cBoero qyaa H ~ H ~ ~ € ! X H O onepqyeT 061mm~ n o m m ~ , B TOM nucne rrpa Harmcam anome K a s e H H w r , 6 m p o ~ t p a r n e c ~ ~ ~ 6pm. 06rrple no- rrpmopp~ KaEt 6n1 HEFOTKYA~. MX rrpnmocm mona, ~ y 3 , CMU, HH- TepHeT. Ha C M o M nene H CMR, H MHT~PHBT, H pe6m1e 3aBeAeEiIM S q b

BCerO BbICTyllaKJT B POJM peTP&HCJUlTOPOB. H O B ~ I ~ IIOHHTIM, a TWHCe HOBbte

cmicm~ a m cTapbIx n o a d , p o w a m m rawe Bcero B ronoBax mopteii, ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ a m ~ p i x c n O C M ~ I C J I ~ H H ~ M nommecEoro npoqecca H a rrpo+ecclro- H ~ H O W , I ~ O C M S W X O ~ ~ OCHOBe. T O ~ H O 3tEMBYT ET TBOPJ3T 3TM gartIe BCe-

ro He B MOCKB~, cmrcr-ne~ep6yp1-e mi Bonome, a B C m kimr 3anmof Esporre. A p o c c & c ~ ~ e rrom~onom H e K p m e c E H H C I T O ~ S ~ T B C B O ~ pa- 6 o ~ a x y ~ $ ~ ~ O R ~ K T , nocqma~o& Ha poccdcmfi mememy-- ~bl j i , 06pa30~a~emm& EI W H ~ O ~ M ~ I J H O ~ R P ~ H X H .

Odae~c~cze~o poccmrBc~a~: nomononu?. H e memw rny6oem ~ p w - d, pa3pywae~m pnmowofi K O ~ H I H K T ~ ~ O B , MeYyuZawt ~ e q anono- remaor% H H ~ X ~ ~ M O M , H ~ O W T C H B O Y B ~ CJLOXWO~I CMIY-. 3 poccd- C I E O ~ ~ ll0JIHTOnOrkil.i eCTb OPrBHW3aURH, HO H8T ~ ~ P O ~ ~ C C B O H ~ J I ~ H O F O coo6qec~sa CO C B O m 3TMYeCIEHM ROAeKCOM ZI llpH3H&HHbIMM mep- , KOTOpble 06na,qam~, B TOM mCne. M MOPaJLbHhIM aBTOPWTBTOM. kep laca~ - Eta 3m C T P O ~ P T - ~ , o m e w w u B 1996-1998 roaax 3a peamJarplm rrporpam Oowa 4opna B Poccm, c ~ s y ~ n e ~ ~ e ~ omerana: < < F o m m c ~ - 80 P O C C ~ C I U L X P e H b I X I I P e ~ O ~ E l I O T wJfHI€0~aTb CTilTbH B 3 a r I ~ l X xypanax, a T w e ~wmTbca s ~ @ o p ~ w e i i c 3 a p y 6 e m m ~ ~ Iconerami, no OTHOmeHmO K CBOkIM PYCCIMM COTOBaPlil48.M OHH AeJIalOT 3T0 B€!CbM&

H~OXOTHON'. POCCURH~ HE m6m HW W-OBaTb CBOHX P O C C ~ C F C M X KOJlJIel;

HH n u a n H a HMX CC~IJIIUT. A ~ ~ o p r n e m AJISI HE~X memw EUM 3 a p f lemo~,

HJDI B -eM CnyYae B A O P ~ B O J D O ~ O H H O ~ ~ POCCNH. M e w TeM M O m O Ha-

3 B a n K&K - Om0 m - YeJIOBBICa, ~ a c m a 6 1 ~ 0 3 ~ d KOTOPOrO M.

rJIy6ma ~IOIMM~HIM nommecmx rrpoqeccm c n e m 6br ero ~ o p u a e e ~ B

m 6 o i i 143 3m-IX cTpaH, ~wrfo%m CUIA. ~ T Q - Mewefi M ~ x a h o ~ m C w m . Ao Hero Q.M. Eypnm&i, A.A. hmcaa 3a3urwmarm o c ~ o s b ~ no- JIHTO~OIIIEI y Hac B cqaae , HO A.M. C c m c m mmcsr rrepBbIM cyry6o oparzl- aammm, CamcTornemHbm mrcmTeneM B c+epe ~ e o p e m e c ~ o i i n o m o - ntsm~. M o m o rtpmnman W I ~ I H e npmwam KoHuermm C a m m a , HO

~ e m s a ~ r n m a n c ~ ~ rrommec~oii ~ayrcoii B POCCW, mopq1y51 em T P Y A ~ I ~ . ~ o J I ~ I L I ~ H c T B o POCCM~~CKEIX ~ O J I ~ ~ T O J I O ~ O B - TJT@OKO 3aBHCIIMbIe JIIOIpl,

K TOMY XCe XOPOILIO O T A i t I O m e ce6e OTYeT SIO l l O B O m C B O ~ ~ 3itBHCliMOCTM.

OHU CmeCTBYEOT ~ ~ C O ~ I O T H O BHe CHCTeMbZ K O O p m a T , KOTOPYH) ewe B

1973 r, o n p e a e m cose~c~nf i (no reorpa+a~ rxpoatmam, HO H e no m- rry M~ILLIJI~HIUI) (PEZTIOCO* Mepa6 M a ~ a p a w a n ~ M EEOTOp&I1 KaWeTCff CTDJlb ~ C T ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ OH rOJ30pHJI: c c M ~ e KaXeTCH, YTO O ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ T I I B H O ~ 3HB- HHe KBK TaJEOBOe HeOTaeJMMO OT AOCTOMHCTBB B CaMOC03HaHEIR YBJl08658-

CKOrO CweCTsa, He0Tp;enkiMO OT CO3HBHHR M M CBOerO M@CTB B hMP03aa- m a , OT COSHaI-IHR ~btcmefi JI~~YHOCTHO~~ C B O ~ O W I U H~~&BEICZIMOCTH>>~.

B ~aruefi c q m e ~ O J I M T O J I O ~ no 60mmeB qacm a w e n i o t f p a m r m a .

OH^ He H C X o m 113 TOrO. qTO I-IO-eCKHe HByIEH AOfl-I 6 b l ~ b o6pa14e- m[ KO BceM JIFOW, CJ-ryrnm ZM mepecaM (rrpewe scero - ~ O J I ~ U I ~ C T -

sal, n o M o r a T b KM rrpeononeBaTb o m m e H m OT n o m u . T O ~ I C O rrpn pe- a ~ r ~ 3 a w ~ 3~0ro rrpmwna cTmer BO~MO=IM TO, o SeM moacwamo JIplcO M BbtPa3BWJIbHO HBIINCaJl 3~1~i~apHh18 @IUTOCO& @pM,QliX h u e : rcBcmasl n o m m a CBOWTGH K TOMY, w 0 6 b 1 cnenam C H O C H O ~ ~ m 3 ~ 5 1303-

MOWO 6omme~y w c ~ r y m ~ e f i > > ~ . B COBpeMeHHOM MMpe ~OMHHllpOBaHEFe B ZIH@OPM~~@IOHHOM IIpOCTPaH-

CTBe lTpHpaBHHBaeTcR. K l3HTeIIlIeIETJ'llJlbHOMy f iOMIMHPOBam. u, 6naro- naps a ~ o i i a6eppaqaa, HelcoTopare nonmonom CmaEoT, YTO KX HayKa Cpem r y M a H H T a p H H X mCWllXHH CTOHT H a IIBPBOM MBCTe. TO llPHBOmT K C H H C X O W ~ ~ H O - ~ P ~ H ~ ~ P ~ % R T ~ ~ H O M ~ OTHOmeHEilO. H a q H M B p . UC-

T O ~ H H , be3 onopbr H a H O T O ~ ~ E O nonmonorau ~ H O rpo3m yrrpoqemecT- BO ZI ~1crrom30~ame JIOXHHX n o s d .

K T O M ~ me ncToparr KaE Hawa. memmm E P ~ H ~ ~ ~ H O ~ K ~ H C T ~ H W - ElJlbHOB 3HaYeHHe, MOXCeT IIOMOYb I I O ~ T O J I O ~ O~P@CTII H ~ O ~ X O J I ~ M O ~

semocnroe m ~ e p e w e . Hc~opm noMoraeT m m B BblxItUBam N 9emBe- IEY, IZ 0 6 1 4 e c ~ ~ y B qenow. Ona c n y m ~ npeoaonemm crpaxa nepen HeA3- ~ ~ X H O C T ~ H ) CMePTIf TeM, S T 0 rOBOPHT 0 B03MOXHOCTH COXP&HeHZIA -0-

C m B ~ ~ ~ C C I ~ C E I ~ O B ~ O ~ ~ DBMRTM. Hpyrm mnefi. B COBeTcKoe Bpem ~apomasrua~cs~ r r o m T o n o m c y v e c T B o s a J r a B pamrur ac~oparec~o i i Hawu. Cehac, rrpespaTmmcn B caMocTomemHylo W C Z S W ~ ~ ~ , nom- TOJIOl3iJI Y3fEe B HOBOM KBYeCTBe AOnXCHB n O B 8 P m C R W O M IE EICTOPBH, v~o6br 06pecrtr CaMOCTOJrreJlbHOCl'3 H Haywocm.

Poccdic~tarr II(UIEITOJIO~II, ~ ~ J H ~ ~ I I ; I ; B R C R B 3 ~ a 9 2 1 ~ e r n ~ o i i CTenem HB c~oeo6pa3~o n o m m WeRx m 6 e p m 3 ~ a , OveHb Y a c T o O n e p u p y e T 06- pa so^ <<rocyaapcTsa - H o w o r o c.ropo=a*. A-IA ~ ~ H Q M ~ H rrpeAcTaeT B Bwe mcynapcma, Haaeaemoro MHHHM~MOM Q~HEEIJI&, cseAemnIx K noa- ~ e p x m m n o p m a A 3 a w ~ e C T P ~ H M OT BHeZIlKnx yrpo3, HO npawwec- IEB H e BMeusmamueroca B C O W ~ ~ H O - ~ K O H O M H ~ ~ C K Z I ~ rrpo~eccb~~.

-- -- KOmOKHtl E.H. HflOCTACH r(rOUAAPRBA-HOYHOrO CIOPOMKAII ...

W C X O ~ H3 TOTO, YTO IIOHtlTHe AOJLmHO COOTBeTCTBOBan pea- 0~06-

p m a e ~ o i i HM A ~ ~ ~ C T B H T ~ J I ~ H O C T Z ~ , npemaraeM 6onee n p t l c ~ a n ~ o Bran- Aenca B TY anoxy, K ~co~opoii Tpa-oHHo OTHOW [ P o p m p o ~ a ~ ~ e u Ha- vaao @ y m c ~ o m i p o s a ~ m rocynapcTBa B xaqecme Q H O ~ H O ~ O cTopoacaB.

O p a ~ w s c ~ o e a 6 c o n 1 o ~ ~ c ~ c ~ o e rocyaapcTBo anom <<cTaporo pemsmaw H e

6b1~10 IlOCTpOeHO Ha ~ m 6 e p a ~ r b ~ b 1 ~ r r p H m a X , HO I30 ~ ~ o p o A llOnOBIIHe XMII BeKa OH0 Havana npOB0- BIIOJIHe m 6 e p m ~ b r e MepOnptIHTliH. ~ I J I paspeurea neoa B cTpaHy caTqa; B 1769 row JwcsEvltIposaHa MOHO- nonm H o r n a m myx MHJ& H a Toprosmo C B ~ c T - EI O c ~ - k m e f i . Erne paaee, B 2764 row, 6bma npempmmTa nomITKa p a 3 p e m ~ ~ 0 6 0 ~ ~ ) TOprOBJlO 3 e P H O M . K O P O ~ ~ B C K ~ p a 3 1762 rOna JI8raJrH30BaJl CeJlbCKyIo RYCTaPHyro n p o m m ~ e ~ o c T b . Paccemas~ ~ a ~ y + a m y p a noJIyYklna no- r r o n ~ ~ ~ e n m C i c m q n p a 3 ~ 1 i - r ~ ~ . P e r n a ~ e ~ ~ a w m TexHmecmix ~ C J L O B M ~ ~

rrpo113~o~c~sa BO M H O ~ c@epax cTaHoBmacb 6osree ni6~oii. Gnaroaapsr @ H ~ M O K P ~ T B M , TeOPeTHKBM 3JCOHOMBCKOTO J I H ~ ~ ~ ~ J M ~ M Z ~ , HaYaJr PaC- npOCTp~lUlTbCSI B3Tm Ha BHJJTPeHHH)HJ TOPrOBmO K&K H a CPeACTBO c6a- narrcllponamia I I O T ~ ~ ~ H O C T ~ ~ ~ H pecypcoa o6uecma. B nepnon npe6a1sa- HMII %pro H a nocTy rewepam~or-o Komporrepa @ ~ u r a ~ c o ~ dam n o p c a H ~opone~c9Mii 3-T 06 OTMeHe orpanZirenn8 H a Toproam 3ePHOM H a ~ c e i i TeppHTOPKH @ P ~ H - 38 UCMIIJOYBHHRM f I a p ~ ~ & , 6- J l H K B ~ O B B S I M qexa ( H ~ H , KaIt HX H ~ ~ ~ I B ~ J I E I BO Opa~lpw, ~opnopaum), kcoTopbre 063em-

H a m peMecneHHIlEcoB EI acecmo perymposaml. MX ~ I ~ O H ~ B O H C T B ~ H H ~ K I H TOPTOBYH) AeRTeJTbHOCTb. f l p a ~ ~ a , pe@op~bl THlpr~ ~ H J M CBeP-I T[OCJIe

ero oxTaBKa. Abconro~Hc~c~oe rocynapcmo, acxowr 143 CBOHX qeneii BO~HHO-nom-

meclcofi cTpaTermi, K O J I O H E I ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ ~ K C ~ I ~ H C ~ , a ~ o ~ o m e c ~ c o f i 60pb6bl c a p y m ~ cTpaHaMa H H e B nocnemwm oqepem rrpocTo 133 coo6pame~kd HaqaoHmHoro rrpecmma, r r o o ~ m o p a s n a ~ ~ e rrpoMnnuneHHocm. Tbcy- napcmo snmasano EcoweccuH H a pa3pa60~1cy mmepzmwx pecypcoe,

npMBHJIerHI3 H a OlXPblTHe nPOZISBOACTB, C Y ~ C ~ O B B T L O QOZ13BOJJCTBa,

BBomBmHe TexHonomecKue HoBmecTBa, OmayIIBaJIo nepeesp; cnewa- ~ C T O B ~ 3 - 3 a py6e=a, YYpewano noolqpa~sm~bre rrpeMm c uemm pas- pa60m1i H BHBJYpHliH HOBbIX T ~ K H O ~ O ~ . B C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C ~ rOCYABpCTBa HaxoAHmcb O C O ~ ~ H H O KpynHbre M Heperno yHEuE.arramIe c Temonomec- I E O ~ TO~IICEI 3 p e m M ~ H ~ + ~ K T Y P M , eMy TaIcme rrpmajwemam orpomwe MaccElsnr ~ r e c o ~ , KoTopble ~e 6 n m w e m r H a rrponamy K e nepaon peno- n m w , HecMoTpsr H a n-peArrptwrTnre ycmm6. C TOYKH 3 p e m m p m e c - Koro c-raryca. B Kowe XWIl B. C ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ I O WH Bwa U ~ H T P ~ ~ O B ~ H - H ~ I X ~ a q a a ~ ~ y p : rocynapcmeHme (manufactures d'Etat): EopoJreBclcae no HaSBaHHHI (manu factures roya le~)~ , HO @ m r n e c ~ ~ Y acTmIe; YacTHHe, H e m e e r n e onpenenemoro o~waa~maoro cTaTyca H @ ~ H K U O ~ ~ O B ~ B -

m e na O C H O B ~ H ~ npocToro pa3peme~m no-. K rocynapcmemm ~ a ~ y @ a ~ q p a ~ OTHOCMJIEIC~ 3 ~ a ~ e m 1 e napmmue rrpem- M e - neHoB, C a ~ o w p ~ , 3 e p ~ w ~ i t 5 1 M&HY+WTYPB, CBBPCIEBII +ap@opo~u M a - ~ y a a ~ ~ y p a . Mx HenocpeacTseHIxbIM CO~CTB~HHHKOM CFJMT~TICIL KO~OJII, @ p ; u ~ w , BCe OHH HaXOD,ElJIHCb l lOn l l p m M IcOHTpOJIeM J;BOp40BOrO Be-

AoMcTsa matiments du Roil. Pa6owe rocynapcmem-mx ~ a ~ y @ m ~ y p H ~ O -

m c b B ~ ~ ~ E I B I Z T I ~ ~ O B B H H O nonomew: r a c m o NJIE~ ~IOJMOCT~H) OHN

O C B O ~ O W ~ C ~ OT H U O ~ O O ~ J ~ O W ~ H U I I , I IOJIygaJM H a P O B y K a 3 B H H m IEsapTqy, ecm me y ammmcrparplu ne xsaTaJro m ~ e u e d , aM Bma- s m c n oco6nre IcsapmpmIe f i e ~ b r ~ ~ ~ . Ha ~ T H X rrpewrpmiTtrsrx c p e c m o - s m oco6b1fi IICIpWOK noJryrem s s m ~ Mamepa. Cornac~o nef cmosa~- mlsM H B K o H u e XVfIl semi nocTaHosnemm 1608 H 1667 ronon, nocae u e c m neT F e m e c T s a a renrpex neT pa60~b1 B KarecTTae rromacTepbR KW* ~ ~ ~ O T H E I K CTaHOBIZTICR M ~ C T ~ P O M , He yIIJIam8SL C n e ~ ~ m H o r O B ~ H O C ~ II HB nomeprarrcb aItsaMeHy. TOT, ICTO npMxom H a ~ a ~ ~ @ a ~ v p y , y m mesl mam+u~a-, n o w m s s a ~ ~ e MacTepa nocne rrrecm naT pa- 6 0 ~ b 1 no PeKoMewauw c y 6 m e w a m a - snewa anmmcrpaum ~ q - $art~ypn~. P a 6 o w e rocynapcmemmrx ~ a ~ y a a ~ ~ y p 6 m HenoncymI w- M ~ C ~ ~ T K B H ~ I M mumi PeMecnemmx q e x o ~ ~ .

B HeKOTOpbIX c@epa~ ~OMbIlUeHHOSo IZPOEF3BOflCTBa 4aCTHa.H m- a m a 6e3 rncy~apcme~~oii noprsepmu osasbmanacb 6eccwm~oii, nomac 06~apyxmanacb A orcperrenemm 3KoeomecKasr p ~ O C ~ YaCTCIbUI

rrpempmuma~enefi. C y r q e c ~ ~ o s m rrpenen pucrca, 3a KOTOP~IA pemBnOcb nepecTynaTb T O ~ K O rocyaapcmo. Haqasrueec~ B Kowe XVIII B. cepbea~oe TexmmecIcoe rrepeBoopyxeme @ p a ~ q y ~ c ~ o f i rrpo~bmemocm (nep~bre mam rrpomnasremoro nepe~opo~a) cy6c~mrposmoch B ssavmem~oft menem ~opolre~c~toii w m c ~ p a u a e f i EI M~CTHLIMEI BJZ~CTIIMH.

3 TO me spew rocynapcTBo ((CTaporo nopwa-') T ~ K EI H e morn0 co3aam HWIOrQBylO CHCTBMY, ~ ~ o H H P ~ ~ B PaMEEaX T O C Y A ~ P C T B ~ ~ H H O ~ ~ 610- poIcpam, TO ecm nommrnymcsr HOPMW mcy~apcmemoji m c ~ p m - H ~ I H uepapxm ~i C O C T O ~ ~ 1 3 Y E I H O B H ~ O B , perynqpHo n o q - r m m x sap- nna-ry OT rocyAapcTBa. npmo H a c6op OCHOBHMX HUOI-OB ~ a x o m o c b B p p a x racmrx oma am it reHeparmmtx o n c y q m o ~ , K ~ I I ~ M ~ H H O ~ o n y c - ~ c a s r u ~ l x orpornre 3 ~ 1 o y n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ r r p ~ c6ope ~ m o r o ~ , TOT rrpoaseon n 0 3 ~ 0 m CKonawman orpowme C O C T O ~ . H~COOTB~TCTBAB @paws- cltoro rocynapcma ~ p e 6 o s m m HawoHwmoro R mpoBoro pbrma, B yc- JLOBEIIIX KOTOPbIX CYI~eCTBOBaJTa 3KOHOMXKB @P-, SZBMOCb 0rz~0fi H3 cyrq~oc~~bur rrp- Bemmofi p e B o m m Koma XVIlI seEa.

Qmoco@~ M ~ I O ~ J I O M M C X O & ~ E I ~ Tom, mo m6epamr3~ no- ~ c - m u l r r e n m o e pa3sme m e m o B 3rroxy ICTapOrO pexman, memo Toma m o p m M O H T ~ ~ I E ~ ~ H Bom~ep. Kena H %pro. Ho rocy~apc~~o so Qpmtqm H a rzpmwmax m6epamz3~a cTma so3mmam ~ o m o B e m u penomow.

B e m m $pa~qy3masl pe~omm o c ~ o 6 o ~ a n a m o c n . Bce ee mmrm OT @ ~ O B no m 0 6 m q e ~ obpwya 1794 ram Tpamoeam H- co~o- KJ'ITHOCTb C B O ~ O R H ~ D I -0~T6a. Bnac~b HEIX BbICTyEIAa Ka3t 3MaHalJMJI nommmec~ofi BOJIM mwm. ~ ~ K O H O H ~ T ~ ~ HCXOAMJM ra TO^, YTO m a w e onocpeacmylome opra~msamm rre A-HH B M e I I M s a m m B omomem rpwamuia w mcynapcma. B CooTBemm c mii J I O ~ O B R QImoco@~eft Y q m ~ o e co6pame s ~ a p ~ e 1791 roaa no no- flam-mp~a r r p w o 3 W H , J I H K B ~ o B ~ ~ KOPIIOPalJKl4 A B B O W ~ CHCTeM)' IIaTBHTOB, o h - s a m m m Bcex anwemueB rrpommemm a Toprosbnr sasegewd. fla~em QeACT&BJLIUI ~060fi AO-HT, CBW~T~JI~CTB;Y~O- 06 WT@ H M O - ra sa rrpa~o 3 - ~ C R onpep,enemofi X O ~ ~ C T B ~ I I H O ~ ~ A ~ ~ J I ~ H O C T ~ I O . OH H e men m e m o6wero c ~ e ~ p m o j i , AoKyMemoM <icTaporO nopmm, pery- JMpasasmm peMeaeI.myro ne+mem~om. T ~ K ~ z l ~ c m m 06~830~ He or-

p m m ~ a n caepy I I ~ E Z T T O ~ H M J I ~ c a m m ~ n o ~ u aHeprm ero arrwmm. na~em m m m n p m e Bcero tUICTP~M€?mOM ~ m r n ~ o f i n- rocynapcTBa.

CTOJIb CBO%CTB~HH~SI 38XOHOflaTeJISIM P e B M I O m C ~ O C O ~ H O C T ~ BWeT6 C O ~ U l b H M e ki 3KOHOMIFTeCICkIe q 0 6 ~ 1 e m B HaLlJTOHaJlbHOM ~aCILtTa6e np0- mmacb N B HX omomemm K p a 6 0 w ~ s b r c ~ y n n e m . 3a6ac~osm moro- Icpamo 3anperumcb H npu (<c-rapoM pexmen, HQ Kopone~c~& cose-r 06brq1-10 rrpwrhlarr rrocTax-rosneme, sarrperqasruee p a d o m 1caxofi-rn60 OA- HOG CnewmHocm a K TOW me orrpenenemoii M E C T H O C ~ c03aa~an 06%- emiHeH,w, ycqamam C O ~ ~ B H E L I I II <~KO&~IWUO~, 3 m o m 0 6 q w ~ Kaccy a ~.n.". Bomposamdi 14 ~ I E R 1791 roaa Yrpemmem~bm co6pame~ sa- IEOH J e Waneme o ~ o c w r m K p a 6 o w Bcex rrpo@eccd H ~ceZi @ p a w m l 2 .

Pa3pbm M e w q m m h , HO H e ~cnomrmrrreRca ~o~cmrry~weB 1793 roaa u peaJIbmIM yc~pof icmo~ rocynapcma cyrqecmosm H e TOJI~KO B rrpars- T ~ ~ ~ C K O R AemernHocm mo6m4e~. Po6ecrmep~c~on, cmpee, MOXHO 3m0-

n o s p m B peBonmwomoM Q ~ H ~ T c I ~ M ~ , veM B m 1 . 1 3 ~ e . Pobecmep. C ~ H - X m c ~ , K y m ~ ~ H O H e Morm nocnenoBaTemHo 1.1 seneycTpememo B03ABMTaTb 3~ElFWIe ~ ~ B O J W ~ O H ~ I O ~ ~ JlHKTaTmbI, O C T B B U C b B w e HCcHpeH- I-MMM fleMonpaTm. OTHOCHC~ @ a ~ m c m e c r u l K c o 6 c m e ~ ~ o i i cym6e, Po- becmep K caMoMy ce6e OTHOCUJ~CII ~ m c IE I I H C ~ ~ M ~ ~ P e B O m w i , a H e H ~ I E K B ~ I C I I J ~ ~ ~ UeHHOCTM B CACTeMe BJIaClW. J&O~MHCKU WTaTSrpa. H B B O W -

uru c q a x H a BCH) E~pony, B KarEecme c ~ o e i i E I H C ~ ~ O H ~ H O ~ ~ 6 a 3 ~ mena KOHBBHT, TO e c m napnmem, B KOTOPOM coxpawmicb nerarrnme BOSMONHOCTH @%WJI5HOCTkl OKIt03- M JIJM C B O ~ O D O ~ O 0 6 c y m e m m r e s b I x nommnecmx ~ o n p o c o ~ . H TOMY x e n a p n u e m - cacTeMa Kormema Haxomzrracb B OM cm6~03e c npmoji ,ne~o~~pameZi camm- JIOTOB. @ p ~ 3 c d HCTOPMIC A. C O ~ Y J ~ ~ , XapUTepEI3Y8 <<lTpHMJTKl AehSOKpa- T ~ B Tor0 BpeMem, mcm: ~{LIILR moil cMcTemI xapamepHo, BO-nep~m, rmruemie r t o m m e c m rrpm r p m a ~ , no~o3peaae~arx BO B ~ W ~ ~ H O M

ollrorrremi~i IE peBomum, H ynmeme EIX 113 0 6 ~ 3 ~ c 0 6 p d cex@ c nptmeHemeM, B C-e HWO~HOCTM, C ~ I . Bo-BTO~EJX, T ~ ~ O B O ~ ~ ~ U I ~ H H O ~ caHltmoTam npaBo KompompoBaTb aemmnocn m rrpe~c~amrrenefi EI

rrrrmaTb MX nomo~ortiii B C w a e nOTepH E~MEI no~epk151. a36qa~enefi. Becb- M a norca3a~emm1 HeKoTopHe rrpaeml.. . o-rrcpmu~ noaara ronocon, ~ ~ 6 0 - 1361 6e3 ronocomum - ~ P O C T ~ I M sbFaxemeM o614ero ono6pem: ~ d m y w 6 a m o i p o a ~ y c m O T b I CYETTBJM I I ~ H S H ~ I € O M r p w a H c ~ 0 i i ~ e 6 ~ 1 m n a - fieXHOCTH H apHCTOKPaTII3Ma. 3~ ITOJMTEPIeCKylO CHCTeMY C ~ I I O T b I Ha- MepeHbI 6 1 3 ~ lIpIXMeHMTb He TornKO B KOMMYHaJIbHOM, HO H B 061qe~wno- HaJIbHOM M ~ C I I I T ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ . C O B ~ P ~ ~ H H O klCKmOWXTeJIbHM8 YCJLOBEISI BOW C

esponej icm MOH~PXIZRMH. KomppeBomwiomim m a c e i i Ha Teppmo- p m Q)pa~wm, H ~ O ~ X Q ~ O C T ~ 0nop1r1 Ha 6emre-e c n o ~ Hacenemfl H rn nommmecKoe mmeime B m e C ~ ~ W O ~ O T O B ~ ~ C T B B ~ I J I I ~ m06-e~ n p ~ - 6e- IC n o m e acecmoro PerYJIWPoBam qeH II HOKQOJLR HW rrpo~br- WIeHHbIM lIpOEI3BOP.CTBOM. % o H o M W ~ ~ C ~ E & J I E ~ ~ ~ P B T D I ~ M OKMitJIM H e q H - romm npk~ pememm ve3~bl~aIHbM 344ar.

B xoae pesomom He 6bma CO~ABKB. Monem ycmiinwofi n o ~ e c ~ t o f i ca- CTehmr, H B TO m@. 3peM 1rp-J ~ ~ @ @ K I I ~ B H O ~ O M)CYWCTBeHHOM w- p a s n e w 6bmi 3 m ~ e m 1 . Ii06e~p1 H a +pornax np~6nmcam M O M ~ H T m- Bern snro6mc~oii m ~ a r y p b ~ . Henomynmd! a em e ~ O M b ~ e ~

- .-

B u n p o c u ~~~~~~~~~~~nnoro n ~ y n u ~ n n a n b ~ o r o ynpaanennn. 2 0 0 7 . Ton I . No1 -- - -

C T ~ H O B ~ C ~ 113~~mmmm. 3 ~ a m m ~ w W C T ~ rrommecwm macca, B TOM w a e cpem m o 6 m q e ~ , Hywa~lacn B T o n e p m o M roCyAapcme, a PO- 6ecmep 6bm C ~ ~ O M onaceH W Bcex, EETO o m @ He O T J J ~ ~ J I C R Henon- f c ~ o c ~ n m . 5 more p;eMoEpamecEwe MoMeHTbl, coxpammm~ec~ B ~ e a p a x m o 6 m c ~ o 8 m T a r y p M , 6 b m nCnoJIb30~ml q O T M B C a m ~ 0 6 ~ e ~ .

T e p m o p n o c J r y x m yrcpenneHHm npaa n m o c m H C~opa'ImaHm ae- MOltPBTWIeCKHX MBXaHW3MOB.

Ilapwo~can~bm 06pa30~ a p a ~ q 3 c ~ o e r o c y ~ a p c ~ ~ o nep~ofi rronosmr BeIca C O ? I f l T ~ O B ce6e H ~ C T B ~ E ~ T Z ~ H O C T ~ H ~@@~IETIIBHOCT~. 3 ~ a O C O ~ ~ H -

H O C ~ Bbma cssr3ma c C O S A ~ H H O ~ I a TOAH peBomwat B 3a~pememofi Hmo- J I ~ O H O M rbcy~apcrsemofi C M C T ~ M O ~ ~ yrrpaBJremm @ m a c a m . Hmorna pa- H e e rocynapc-mo BO (Irpa~m He Morm pemmca H a qeneHanpmneHHoe ocyrrlecmJTeme W ~ $ ~ ~ O H H O ~ ITOIMTHKH, 1160 H€? 0 6 ~ 1 ~ ~ 0 B03MOXHOCTblO c a ~ o c ~ o m e m ~ o r o sbmycrca 6 y ~ a . w m x AeHer - accmaToB, m 6ecrrpeqe- nemoe 0 6 e c u e m ~ e m m o c b @OPMOR H ~ o ~ % ~ ~ ~ ~ € o ~ o nOnomTemHo- ro Harrora H a m e Haceneme Q p v . d e s ~ a r p . i o ~ m ~ o n , A o x o q a - HeT H w , - WBOpEzrr B ~ W O H O A ~ T ~ J I ~ H O M C O ~ P ~ H H M Jle6pea. - He MOXeT 6b1~b ~ 8 0 6 0 p b 1 , e m ~ o x o m a ~ r a c n roc6mme~a, ymepx-aemoro ~ a w e 3 , He no- cTynaeT B ICEIH~~I~~~CTBO, perymp~o H m m ~ o mcrremmpyeeMoe u ~ c o q o - mpyeMoe npeacTmmemm B ~ O L I L T I O M Vemm KaHwepa Morry, KoHcepsaTop no ~ o s r a ltoc~eii JIe6pea m e reM KTO 6b1 TO m 6bm0 ~HBJI,

wo yrrpameme rocympcmemmai ~mmcami AOJLH~HO O C ~ U W C T B ~ C R : 3 & @ e ~ m ~ 0 O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B B H H O ~ ~ Bmpo~pameii, a rocywpcmemre @rnmcb~ aoJMWb[ 6bM'b c ~ p 0 3 f ~ ~ t h f 0 6 ~ 8 3 0 ~ 3-eHbI OT ~ ~ 0 f i - J l H 6 0 803MOXHO-

cm BMemaTemcTsa B m HenocpeficTBemoe yrrpmnemie YacTwIx m q H m ~ K C I U ~ ~ ~ T ~ B Yacmac m p e c a x . T e p m q o p ~ m ~ , K&IE EI EIX rrpemecT- seHHElIUr - S I I C O ~ ~ I , 6b~1k1 CTC)POHHHKBMEI 3KOfFOMWieCKOrO m6epa~11.13~a, no om He 6 m A O ~ ~ T H I C ~ M H . HOBTOMY ZI B n e p ~ o ~ A~lpe~mpm r o c y ~ a p c ~ - BO O T H H ~ ~ H e orpmmmano c e 6 ~ @- cc~oworo c~opoma~. I3p1.i An- pemopm MEIIIMCTP B H y r p e m i x A ~ J I Qpaxicya ne He+ura-ro ocyruecmm riep- ~ y m B C ~ O ~ U I ~ ~ O nepenmb Hacenem, rrpempmxan c T a T n c T w i e c K a e

o6menosam~ 3 E O H O m MHOIWX AeIIBPTaMeHTOB, CIIOCO~CTBOBBJI PFL3BliTKfO

PeWOrO Cy~OXOACTsa, OpKU-lM3OBaJl BMCTaBlty WOMbIUUleHHbM T O B a p B , pe- QprlU-tM30BaJI C H C T e w 0 6 u e c ~ a e ~ ~ o r o BCIXOMOUJ~CTBOB~W~.

n o Mepe T o r o EaK Hapon aom,qan nommqecEp cueHy, BoJpacTana rronmmecKa ponb apMm.

n p ~ l onope Ha apMm reHeparr 6 o ~ a n a p ~ B Eaqecme rrepeoro XoHcyJra, a 3 a T e M MMllBPBTOpa, BbICTYnEtn H S C T O q I I M &pXBTBICTOPOM r0CynapC.T-

Bewwx WCTIIT~TOB. IIpeqnowe~~m n C O ~ A ~ H H ~ R HM I~OHGTP-JI rocy- AapCTseHHO~ Y C T ~ O ~ C T B ~ f3 ~ a ~ 6 0 J I e e IIpMWHnHaJrbHblX GBOHX MOMeHTaX o p r a ~ t l 3 a ~ ~ ~ 1 a c r r o n m ~ e n b ~ o 3 BnacmnpocyuecmoBanaBecbnep~on~o B ~ o p o l M ~ O B O R B O ~ I , MHoroe coxpameTcn B M O T ~ AO H ~ L I X AH^#.

B TO Xe BPeMII CHCTeMa ~ ~ K O H O U ~ T ~ ~ T ~ H O ~ BJracTH, CO3a-a nepBb[M ICOHCYJIOM, Morns 6brrb r r p k m T a naxe mqmmm maccam mnm H a H e n p o -

nonmmenmoe apeMa, T ~ K EaK naruana m am-m6o PeaJmHbIX BOBMOX- H O C ~ V ~ ~ B ~ ~ ~ B ~ C T B H J I Ha M e X m 3 M ~~~ llOJKKTIFleCXCkIX peUte~&.

K O H C ~ I T ~ W R 1799 maa MI1 roAa Pecrry6mm) o6ecnewmw1a Herrpmoe w36crpa~em~oe rrpao ma ~ y m c ~ o r o Hacene- c.rpa~a~. YUBCTBOB~T~ B sbr- bopax B Ka=iecme ~ 3 6 q a ~ e ~ 1 e f i om ~ y m m 1 cTapIue 21 roga, mmm-

KOXOKHH E.H. HflOCTPlEH (tlOCYpPP~BA-HOYHOIO CTOPOMa..

ecJr r p m a ~ a ~ ~ , rrpommme IIOCTORHHO 5 OWOM H TOM x e M e m H a rtpo- T a x e m se Me.Hee rona. Cls6 ipa~ea~oro npasa m m c b AoMame c ~ ~ y - M H A ~ H I C P O T ~ I . 313 7 m. BB~OCJLOIQ Myxmoro Hacenew T O ~ K O 5 m. CO-

OTB@TCTBOBaJrH YCTaHOBJIEHHOMy u@risY 33pocJIbIe MYXmHbT K ~ W O B KOMMYHLI. 06nmmrrple n p a s o ~ ronoca, a 3 6 q m CBom ~o~a6JIeti wcneH- HOCTb WTOPbIX COOTBeTCTBOBaTIa 0 ~ 0 f i ~ ~ M T O G VaCTM m611pa~eneff. B CBOIO

ouepem H O T ~ ~ J I H KOMMJ%I 1i361ipm H O T ~ ~ J I ~ ~ AenapTaMeHTa, wcneHHocTb Kowpba Tawce cocTamma owy net- Y X T ~ ~o~aBneft 06xemi- H e m l x B ~ M T AenapTaMem. H o ~ a 6 m AenapTweHToB 113611pm AeneraToB B m m e c m e o ~ p ~ o f i j e m o f i yacm c ~ o e i i wmemiocm, ~3 KOTOP~DI Qopm- ~ O B ~ J I M H W ~ O H ~ J I ~ ~ I ~ c m c o ~ , npmepao orcono 5 THC. YenoBeK. I43 ~ T O ~ O

cmcea C ~ H ~ T , ~ a 3 ~ a r a e ~ b d i H a n o n e o ~ o ~ , @opmposan nemc3IaTypy n Ha-

3~auan H a HeIcoTopbIe Apyme mcynapcmermre nocmc. Has~aqerne Ha

Aonmocnr emo on, ypos~sr ~ 0 ~ a 6 m KO- H aerrapTawemoB ocyqecm- COBM@CTHO C ITPaBEITeJXbCTElOM,

Ha KBHQOM y'pOBHe 6b1n @ ~ c ~ s e ~ H b & H ~ ~ E I ~ B T ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ ~ TYP; r106emi~-

Wllhr 0 6 ~ m n m c ~ AerryTaT, ~a6pagmufi ~aki60JIbUIee IEOJJkIWCTBO TOJIOCOB.

l l a p n a ~ e ~ ~ c o c ~ o m u3 ~ y x naJIaT, ' U I ~ H ~ E IEOTOP~M ~a3naw~mcb C e ~ a - TOM: T p ~ 6 y ~ a ~ a 213 80 YeJIOBeK II ~ ~ I E o H o ~ & T ~ J I S J H O T O KOpl lyCa ZMCJleHHOCTbH)

300 ueJroseK. Cyuecmosm T O ~ K O orno + o p ~ a m ~ o e orpammeme ~ ~ 0 6 0 - mr C e ~ a ~ a B npouecce [ P O ~ M ~ ~ D B ~ H U R IIapna~ema rn rJreHoB nawIoHm- Horo cmicrca - B ~ W O H O A ~ T C ~ H O M mpryce y ~asmoro nerrapTaMema non- meH 6bm 6b1m XOTH 6b1 OAIM rrpeAcTaBmem. Ha rrpmme cpem W e H O B 3mii nanarbr O I E ~ ~ ~ I B B J I O C ~ Bornme Komecmo napmas H rrpeacTasme- neii c o c e m AenapTaMeHToB. Exceromo oma ma^ Yacm aeqTaTciB KW- ~ 0 k nanaTbr ocso6om~a~1a CBoH MeCTI1, C ~ H ~ T nepei%36txpm Mx. TWU ~ 3 6 ~ - PaTenhHaR CHCTeMa 6 ~ n a TwaTeJIbHO npOAyMaHHbIM @ C ~ A Q M ,

n p m p n m a ~ m M ~ X & H E I ~ M odopa H Y S ~ ~ H ~ X X mo~ef i , ~ o ~ o p n ~ % ocyqecmnm caM Hanoneo~ t~ ero AosepeHmre mqa. K~ma ~ ~ e c e m ~ i i B @eeparre 1 80 1 rona s a ~ o ~ o r r p o e ~ ~ , rrpe~oc~aemumfi npltsmemc~~y npmo meax- AaTa B nenapTaMemax upe3sb~af31e cym~, B ~ I ~ B ~ J I peswe so3pmcem B T p d y ~ a ~ e a 3 a o ~ o n a l . e n ~ o ~ Kopnyce (B more 3 8 ~ 0 ~ 6bm ymepweH He- 3HitYWEJM3bIM ~ O ~ ~ C T B O M ) , C ~ H ~ T 1 8 MaPTB 1802 rOJ(a rQNW.fUI rIOCTa- HOBsIeHW. - 240 3 a m ~ o n a ~ e ~ ~ b ~ o r o c o 6 p a m 11 80 WeHOB Tpn6y~a~a 6 b ~ 06-baane~br He nomexmmm n e p e a s 6 p m . A Hanoneo~ Bce saue CTU IVHOPJ.IPOBaTb H ~ ~ X O H O D ~ T ~ J I ~ ~ K D p v C H ~ l f 6 ~ 8 , ~ ' ~ .

B 1802 roaa OH rrpo~ynnniposa~~ cnezyorrlyro K O H C T I I ~ W I H ~ , K O T O P ~

~ a n o a o BHecna rrpakwnmwmto HOBOTO. Passe r T o EoHTponb 3a no~a6- nmw, saceaasmm~ s r-isb~pa~enb~brx KoJ1JIemsrx ortpyroB n OenapTa- MenToB, e v e 60nee ymecToYmcsr 3a cveT npasa nepeoro EoHcyJra ~ a 3 ~ a - YaTb 10 WIeHOB B I€&mmKl OICPyWliyH) ~ 3 6 ~ p a ~ e ~ m ~ y ~ o IEOnneTUH3 kl 20 rneHos B K a m m AenapTmeHTcEym. B ]more B oEpyacmIe icomemH BXO- AWIO oKono 3 1 300 ~ 1 3 6 p a ~ ~ b 1 x M 3500 ~ a s ~ a q e m b m weaoa, a Eonnerm neItapTaMeHT0B COCTOsuM: ki3 23 000 I ~ ~ ~ P B H H ~ ~ X I4 1 700 Ha3HaYeHHbIX

uneaoB. Konnem rrpeqcTasmna aayx K m a T o B H a K q o e 0 ~ 8 0 6 0 - ammeem Memo B napfiaMeHTe, a C ~ H ~ T sbl6~pan onHoro 113 HHX. C T ~ - rreab, AO ~ o ~ o p o f i Hanoneo~ r r p e s e 6 p e ~ e n b ~ o oTHocMncsl naxe K. CBO- eMy PYYHOMY 3JleKTOpav ll XOpOlnO ynpaBJrJ3eMbIM sbrBopa~, HJlJlEOCTPHPyeTCJl TBM @&ELTOM, 9TO HB lTpOT$IXeHKZP. HeCIEOJIhICEFX neT OH

~pe6osan OT C e ~ a ~ a HasHaYeHEui B 3 a ~ o n o ~ a ~ e r n ~ b * ~ O p q c mu, ICOTO- pble H e 6 b m ~ axe npencTmnerm ome em mi^^.

M e c m e opram1 Bnacmi IIPH H~JIOJI~OH~ Tame H e o6nmma A r n e MH- m ~ a J I b ~ 0 f i B B T O H O M H ~ ~ ~ . 3 a~co~ OT 28 IIJlKlBbO3a BOCbMOrO rOAa pecny6ns- IEU (17 a e ~ p a m 1800 rop;a) BBoAan reHepamHnIe cosem AenapTaMeHToB, H a c Y a T b m a m m OT 16 no 24 u n e H o n , K O T O P ~ X X ~ a s ~ a r a n nepsnrii KOHCYJI,

OrIklpUCb Ha AeIIapTaMeHTCHHe CllHCKkI H O T B ~ J I ~ ~ ~ . K O H C ~ 1802 r0- aa a s ~ e m a rrpmiqm Kor*rruremosaxIm r e H e p a m H b n r coBeToB: Tenepn BLD~OP- npencTasnm nae # a m a T y p b I H a K w o e a3 MecT reae- p a n n H o r o ,coaemnHa, cr omoro ~3 HITX E o ~ a n a p ~ ~ a s ~ a r a ~ r CPOKOM H a 15 neT. B anoxy lTepsoii M~neprru reHepamHbre c o ~ e . m I 3 a ~ m m c b npewe B c e r o sonpocam o 6 n o x e ~ ~ ~ ~IPIIM~IMM Hmoram. OHH co3~aswm KOMETC-

cnH, m e n H rrpaso @ o p h i y m p o s a ~ b noaen-R. Pec~aspauaa coxpamna n p m w ~aa~auemrsz reHeparmHnrx CoBeTHaKoB.

H a n o n e o ~ rrpoBoaun ~ e p br a nomepmEy +prtnqsc~~of npomnuneHHo - CTM H TOprOBml. qepe3 rOA KtOCJIe yCTaHOBJIeHHJ3 KOHCyJrnCKOrO PeXEIMa npn nomepmKe Eo~anap~a H no H H w H a m B e yw~oro-xmmca, K P ~ I I H O -

ro npemnmiMaTensr, a c 21 srmapR 1801 rona - MHHHcTpa B W p e H H M x gen llhmTaAfl 6n1no OCHOBaHO < < O ~ U ~ ~ C T B O IIOOIJlpeHM H B W O H B J J ~ H O ~

rIpOMbIIWlf3mlOCTIi>). Ero PmOBOaMTeJIRMH CTaJM )'qeHbIe - Eep~o~rJIe, H o m e , MOHX, CaM Wan~anb. M ~ m c ~ e p c m o B H ~ T P ~ H H ~ I X A ~ J I wenpo cy6- c ~ p o e a n o pacxomr 3 ~ 0 r o 0 6 q e c ~ s a .

M m m c ~ ~ ~ y l p e m m nen rrpM: H a I I O n e o ~ e r r p e a c e a a T e m c T s o s a n B Te~e- PUtbHOM COBeTe no TOpI'OBJIe, B ~ ~ H ~ P ~ J I ~ H O M COBeTe MOCTOB N AOpOr, B r e ~ e - p a r z n ~ o ~ coseTe 06uecmemoro 0 6 p a 3 o s ~ , B Cose~e r p m a w m m 3na- k, B C o ~ e ~ e Mep EI BecoB. B IIOCTOSWIOB ICOMMCCEM Arpap~om H O A ~ K C ~ ~ ~ .

B ne1ca6pe 1802 rona 6a1na B H O B ~ c03~a~b1, HO yace H a ~osbrx ocHosa- H H ~ , O T ~ Y - I X OT 3nom iic~apom nopma)) mwqan TPB Topro~b~e nanam. B 1803 rona ocHostura n a ~ r a ~ a ~a~ytpamyp .

npli Hano~reo~e 6 m C O ~ A ~ H Earn Qp-. I l e p ~ o n a r r n ~ o ero KWI-

TaTI COCTaBJlJUI 30 MHnnHOHOB [ P P ~ o B . TIpe~CTllBJIeHHble 30 TbICSPIaMH

~ E E V ~ , CTOHMOCTbH) OAHa TbICfFIB, @PBHHOB K W M . ~ P ~ B ~ J T ~ ~ ~ C T B O OT-

~ p b m o B H e M CBOG pacqemIji cYeT H IC~TMIO 5 mrcm em a~m, 3apym~- lmcb npki TOM r a p a ~ ~ ~ ~ e f i r e ~ e p a ~ l b ~ b l x c60p1umo~. B @espane 1 800 roga 113 15 peremB Eama Q P ~ H U N 8 R B J I ~ C ~ 6amwpam: neppero, M m e , Pe~mbe , X e p ~ e a , Kapne, Eac~eppem, C e s e ~ , E a p d o n , 6 - Hero- rplmlLMJ4 II O D H ~ ~ J J I HOTaPHyCOM, ~IOCJI~AHAB B O K T R ~ P ~ TOTO X e r0aa 6m s a ~ e ~ e n H a E m m a , n p o ~ e c c a o ~ ~ x i o r o 6 a ~ ~ ~ p a l 9 .

B Ty nOpy E ~ H K Opa~ql i l i He 06~1aaan HHlcaICHMH HCIGnw~HTeJIbHbI-

MH HpBBBMkI, M. YBCTHbIe 6 a ~ ~ E i BO BCeM MOrJlH eMy COCTaBnfITb ICOHKY-

peHqHm. HO J ~ K O H OT 14 anpensI 1803 rona AaposaJr E ~ H K Y Q P ~ H U E I ~ I H a 15 JIeT EICKSLKlYEJTeJIbHyH) IIPMBETJIerEFEO Ha 3MACCEIH) ~ ~ H I C O B C K E I X

~ ~ H K H O T O B (billets a uue et au porteur). Toraa me KanaTan Bama 6 ~ n A o s e n e H ao 45 MIIJI~TLHOHOB. a B 1806 row OH 6 ~ n yaenHseH ~ p ; ~ o e ~ O . npa Hanoneo~e, O C O ~ ~ H H O K R O H ~ ero npaenemjr. npasmenbcTBoM .racTo npammoeanucn saii~nr y 6 a ~ ~ a Qlpa~uua. B pe3ynb~a~e 3 ~ 0 r o C O K p a q e H H e 3anaCOB ~BOHKO* MOHeTbI CTaHOBZZnOCb CTOJIb yTpOXaH3- U H M , YTO ELHK 6b1n BbIHyXAeH BBOAHTb OTCPOYKM B O ~ H ~ J I E L Y E L B ~ H H H C O ~ C T B ~ H H M X qeHnwx 6 p a r (rem boursement des billets)21. B n o c n e ~ c ~ -

-- --

KDXOKHH E.H. HNOCIAIM nlDCYAAPCIBA-HOYHOTO CTOPOWI ... E G -- -----

--

BWM IIpaBmenbcTBa Pec~aspaqu~ TaExe ~cnorra3osano ~ ~ H I E Opaaqmr~ C O ~ C T B ~ H A O T O KpBAHTOBaHMR.

[email protected] ctrcTeMa 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ ~ ~ . 3 1808 row Hanoneo~ co- 3 ~ a n ymBepcuTeT, K O T O ~ ~ I ~ ~ BKJUOYW B c e 6 ~ npeno~asa~enefi sbrcurefi 1.1 cpemefi m~onbt. Hava~ra~oe 06pa30sa~kie ocTanocb m e ymsepcmeT- c ~ o i i C H C T ~ M ~ I . H ~ O J Z ~ O H 4apoBa.n ymmepcmery 31iamern~ym CO~GT- nemocn. Aoxo~br OT Hee nnmc np~6brm OT peanasawa npomeeAeHHo- ro B cTeHax caMoro yrimepcmeTa o6ecner~s&m em cyrrlec~Bosame.

Pa6os~R sonpoc r r p ~ Hanoneo~e ewe He o6pen ~ a c m ~ a 6 n o c m , HO H e - KOTOpbIe IIOmO@I B Or'HOIlI€!HHM 6ea~oro TOpOACKOrO HilCeXeHHrZ TaEE3YCe 6 n m ~ onpeaenem1 B 3noxy K O H C Y J I ~ T ~ H n e p ~ o i i R ~ n e p m . E o ~ a n a p m 3 ~ xapa~~epu3onancsr coueTmaeM penpeccwsHocTa tr n a ~ e p ~ m 3 ~ a .

C w c ~ e ~ a ICOHT~OJCIT 1.1 3 q e ~ 0 ~ s a ~ c p e m a c a ~ ~ K O H O A ~ T ~ ~ H O , 1 neEa- 6 ~ ~ 1 1803 rOAa 6bm rrpHHAT 3aEOH 0 <<pa60wx ICHEI;YtBaX)), a 3aEOH OT 12 arrpem 1803 roaa ~ocrrpo~sn6n ocHosHbre rtonozerrm ~ ~ K O H B JTe mane- nbe. Pa6owe K ~ I W C N srrepBMe 6brm BseAeHbI KoponeBcmim y ~ a 3 a m B c e ~ ~ f i 6 p e 178 1 rona. Yupem~em~oe co6pame o m e m o m B 1791 row, K ~ E E H Bce npowe mp-ecKRe @ O P M ~ H O C T Z I , CTecmume ~ ~ 0 6 0 ~ TOP- rosm H r r p o m m e ~ n o c ~ ~ ~ . O m a o npH HanoJIeo~e pa6owe IcrmmKkl: 6n1- m soecTaHoaneHa1, c mmaprr 1813 roga orrH 6 m pacnpoclrpaaemr ki ~a maxTepon, paHee C B O ~ O ~ I X OT 3~0ro no~rtrr~efic~oro a o ~ y ~ e w r a ~ ~ . A w e nomepxllaa cyry6o aEoHomsecIcoe cqehzneme rrpempmnma-renefi YBeJlFlCITb TQOAOJlXHTt3JmHOCTb pa60~em W A , HXIOJIeOHOBCKMe YIIHOBHH-

ICIl apT'JW3H"lXpOBaJIM 3TO H ~ O ~ X O ~ M O C T ~ R ' I YMBHbWHTb C B O ~ O J I H O ~ BPeMSI ~ B ~ O T H Z I K O B , ICOTOpOe MOrJIO 6bITb yno~pe6ne~o Ha OprUIM3aWUO ITpQHC- ROB n p o w rrpemp~ma~ene f i H n o m o T o m y c ~ a q e ~ d ~ ~ . 0 naTepHmcTcmM nop;xoae K pa6ore~y ~onpocy B HanoneorxoBcItym

arroxy ~~~~~~~~~o m~opwr samc~a, nomoToanemaa Pemo ne C ~ H - Nm-q'Amcemi a rrpeqcTasnemu B m a p e 1804 roaa s ~ ~ ~ K O H O P I ~ T B J I ~ ~ I ~ ~

~coprxyc. MY BCeX HapoaoB ki BO Bcex Bonnm~~ roponax cyrqecmyeT macc r p w a ~ . omarcono Amem K ~ K OT Boraxma, TU a OT ~ y x m r , - mcm 3 M C O H O ~ T e J r a . - ItnaCC, K O T O P ~ ~ ~ VOCm Y 60ra Jn- 3AOPOBWI C W b I , 8, Y o6uecma Tpyaa a oxpamr Tpyna; A melo e BW peMecnemos H pa6o- YHX. HO eCJlM 3aOpOBbe NM H3MeHReT, eCJM pa6o~a OTCyTCTBYeT, WJlM O H I I He- noc.raTo.mo rrpeAycMoTpem H ~ O ~ X O W Q C T ~ c6epeate~~ii, a mOmtMcnexi- HOCT~ cehm caenma S p e m B 3 m x c 6 e p e ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ s n r , wm T m m e speMeHa n oco6ue Hecramsr norJI0m-m EIX, - Toqa yae CowaeTm AJLH TWO& cema s a ~ p y ~ ~ ~ e m ~ o e nonomeme; ona HawmaeT ~ y m ~ a n c ~ , E I ~ snaAaR errre B mueTy, ona qacqaeTa B BcnoMoIqecmosamm, HO He B 061qecme~~ofi ~ ~ ~ M T B O ~ ~ W I ~ H O C T M ; II e m ee Hewacne e3bmae~ o n o m w EI bnaromo- BHT nOAaBmer0 ee. TO uy~cmo co6cme~~oro AocTomcTsa, m ropAocTa ee oTsepnieT n m o e noamme. B aToM nonowem 06c~on~emcma rtprmyx- aam noxcepmoBam Y a c n O ~ C T ~ H O B K M , oae3fZqy C~~J~DUHIOK) Z Z ~ E MeHee no- nesqm, a moma name H n e o 6 x o ~ . H r r p m o m rrpmmpmm c 3 m . A M e w TeM ma ~ e 6 e m , ara onema, nymemaa II&CICOPO B rrpona- z y , rmc ICW nemm W H ~ I HeMeAnemo n O S ~ E E ~ ~ ~ I O T C H c HeTepmmeM. npo- amm 3a 6ecqeno~ cemm, w o 6 1 6 b m 3 a ~ e ~ BHOBI K p e m mpm- 40 nopome. B aToM c~ryrae HacKomxo 6bmo 6b1 mmeM JIJX anqemqt BTHX ~ e u e f i men B O ~ M O ~ O C T ~ O T A ~ T ~ ~ I X B 3 w a a sa yMepeHHylo ccyw, c

~wewofi n o r a c H T n ee B 6 m x a & h e ~ 6y~yrr le~ . B ~ T O M m a e B S ~ M ~ H He- 0 6 x o ~ o f i eMy T I O M O W OH 6 y ~ e ~ 1rpl.fHJ'WeH JMUlb Ic BpeMeHHOMJ' JMIlre- m, no- 06ne1veme B c ~ o e f i ~ y w e , H e c~panas~ B cBoeM c ~ M o J ~ ~ M M ,

noqwrn nOMOIUb, oc-raaasrcb ~ e s a ~ ~ c - m ; B TOM c w a e , H a E o H e u , Koma M e H e e TluKemle a 60~1ee mpbi6b~b~b1e ~prrm n p o m w T ~ ~ y r yrelzIeHwr H a 31y cemm. - mename s e p H p ce6e sanosrcemoe ZIMyI4eCTB0, ynnanm ccyqy. noAcKaxeT eZi H ~ O ~ X O J ~ I M O C T ~ 66m 6epeammofi; H e I c o m p b I e BpeMemIe, nemo 3a6nmaeme m e - IIO~BOJIRT eii c ~ ~ o r m ~ a ~y ~e6ommym c w , lco~oparr n o M o r J r a eR so s p e u 60ne3m ~IJM 6 e 3 p a 6 0 ~ z i w 1 , ~ TU B c I t o p e as- r n w e c m d men c ~ p a ~ m m , q x m ~ EI ne~am>+. Pemo ~ 0 6 m a n c ~ peopramsam ccymoro nena B napme, a m e H H o - 3 a k p b m Bcex Sam- HM?C CCYWIX Kacc M C o c p e n o T o ~ e H w Bbrnaw CCYP, ~ I O A ~ZLIUIW B PFEUC rrpa- B u T e m c T s e H H o r o yrpemaeHm, ItoTopoe ~osmasrzrr 6b1 r r p e a e ~ ~ DenapTa- Mema Ce~a. Ero wea 6 b m y m a r r & ~ b ~ H n o m e p x c a H b 1 .

Hanoneo~ CBO- AeKpeTaMn wpemn B 1805 row r r o J r o x e m e n o ~ ~ y - 6 n a r o ~ ~ o p m e m ~ o r o n a p m c K o r o n o ~ 6 apna uMont-de-Rete~, K O T O ~ ~ I B E b u a B a J I CCYAbI lIOA OYeHb YMepeHHbIe IlpOlJeHTbI a, IcaK CYkiTaJrOCb, H e O ~ M ~ H ~ I B B J I CBOHX IUIHeHTOB, YTO 6blJI0 CTOnb C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O YaCTHbIX

C C y m I X KaCC EI POCTOB~MIEOB. A Y T B ~ P X A ~ H H ~ & HM 3aKOH OT 16 IIJIIOBEF-

osa XI1 roaa P ~ C I I ~ ~ ~ I E T I F E I r n a c s u I , TO PpeacaeHEcSI, sbwamque CCYDI noA 3 U O r , MOrYT ~ ~ G C T B O B ~ T ~ i<TOJIbItO B NHTepeCBX 6embrx EI TOJIbKO IIOJry-

W B pa3pelIIeHHe ~ T ~ ~ B H T ~ ~ c T B ~ ) ~ ' ~ .

C TO- 3 p e m ~ oprm3ar~1m mcy~apc-me~~oii ~ m m , Pec~aspaam rrpw HecJra MMO trro n p m i a m ~ o HOBOTY) no c p a m e m c b e p ~ e f i . Cornac- HO X a p m 1 81 4 rona, I C O ~ J I ~ o6na~an r r p a ~ o ~ 3 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ a ~ e m w o i i mimwam- B ~ I , OH ace p e w a s 1 rrpm-urn,di -Tam ~ ~ X O H a em rrpoqmmposan. Kopoa c o s b m nmam Ha ceccm H B m60fi M0MeH-r MOT rrpepsan sacem- ~ ~ i s r napJraMema, OH Mor pacrrycm narraTy RerryTaToB. CT~TM 14 X a p m QeAOCTZWl#Ei MOHapXy rrpaB0 EiWaBaTb OpflOHUCbI. TO eCl% B neo6xolpl~bnr cny~a~x s e p m ~ B E E O H O A B T ~ J ~ H ~ ~ ~ Bnam TXOMKMO napnmema. Y n e ~ b ~ ~b1cLLtefi !dmaTbI - II3pbI - HMHB,-Cb WpOJIeM. ~ B & H M ~ n3pa 6bu10 0 6 m - neHo HacnencTseHHbIM. I lpe~ce~a~e~le i i namT mpJmema TaKsIte H a 3 H a w

KOV. El ~ ~ 6 0 p a . x =em q a g o yramosan T O ~ E E O a p ~ 3 b 1 , rtnamrrme B Kaqecme npmoro Hmora 6onee 300 @PBHKOB EZ a o c n e 30-nemero 803-

pama, T.e. 72 TMC. 83 29 m. rrpommasm BO @p- B TO epem. B Bbr-

dopax 1815 roaa rrpmmm wacme 42 ~ I C . ~ ~ . ~ I ~ B B O M 6 m ~36pamtbru o6na- nam T O ~ I E O q cTaplne 40 neT H mamume H e MeHee 1000 @pamoe rrp~~oro H a n o r a . B CooTBemTBmi c ~ K O H ~ O H H O ~ ~ xapmeib Bce myre- m ZIC~O-HO~~ a cyne6noR snacm ~ t o ~ ~ p o m p o ~ m c b KoponeM. Kopom Ha3HauaJI H C M e m MMHMCTpOl?, l p 3 @ 1 t ~ 0 ~ , l T p O ~ O P O B , cy~efi, K O M W O -

B ~ J I B O O ~ ~ ~ ~ E ~ H H ~ I M E I cmam C T P ~ I , rrpnceamarr o@qepcme 3 ~ m . CHC- ~ e ~ a B 3~a-~ot menem ocrmacb rrpemef. ~ 1 3 ~ e ~ m c s r p e m .

~ W H H O COXpaI-IeHHe ~ T O P ~ I L P H O R C)TIi ll03BaT1SUIO IMHCePBaTMBHOMY MeHbnWrCTBY 6JIWOnaw CBOeMf B m Ha KopOJM o6pe~ta~n B rocyAapcT- se rros~uw~, He cooTseTcTsosasruJle era peannHoMy secy s 0614ecme. Cosm- smwb namsm cmyaam. ~ompym ~rpm 06p~coaan ~ c m p m Qmcya M o B HUUyMeBlIIeM B 1821 rOAy rIOJIImmecKOM rra~@J'Ie~e i<O BOSMOSKHOCTSDE.

rrpasmemcma a 0 ~ 0 3 ~ ~ k i ~ B C O B ~ ~ M ~ H H O B O p m ~ ( d e s moyms de

gouvernement et d'opposition dans l'etat actuel de la France~). K T O M ~ BPB- M e w rj130 ~ ~ I J I H e TOJIbKO B3BeCTHbIM M C T O P ~ O M , HO A YeJIOBeICOM, kIMeBllMM 6omuzoB m c q a m m r h o m . OH ycnen no6ma~b r o c c e I c p e T a p e M MM-

mcTepcTsa sHyrpeHIMx flea B nepHon nep~oii P e c ~ a B p m E ~ P ~ O H O B , a B 181%1820 romr OH s o 3 r m m aammcTpaumu no yrrpamem nenapTa- MeHTaMll M HOMMyHaMEl B P m B X MlWHCTBPCTBa BHmeHHkZX AeJI - A0 TWO,

K ~ K no nomrnnecKm r r p m m 6nu1 o q m e H B O T C T ~ B I C ~ " ~ .

no M H e m m mpmcya mso, npasmenbcmo H e MOrJIO B ~ I X ~ , H e BOC-

CTaHOBAB i<CTapOrO l t O p w K a > > , HO H a 3TO BOCCTaHOBJIeHMe y Her0 He 6~11no c m . 0 6 p e ~ e ~ ~ o e ~ a , 6e3~ef ic~sae, OHO BbrAstxraJIo B I c a r e c m e cmoonpaa- AaHHH xaom.recKoe c o c T o m e e 06uectna H c a ~ o ace ero nopowano, 3a- AasmiaaR cao6o~y npeccbl n a c c o ~ s a u r n ~ ~ ~ .

C y ~ e p e ~ H J d p a 3 y M AOJIXBH O l l p e f l e J I m rOCyAapCTBeHHO@ YCTPO~CTBO,

a He Hapon-CyBepeH, - CSWBTI k30 . B E ~ H K H ~ ~ HCTOPHK kI OAHH 113 ~ 0 ~ e f i yMepeHHbur, h s o T o r H o nepenasan HacTpoeHm, xapamepHbIe w born- mmcm a B cpeae JreranbHo aeZic~sos aslrreii D ~ I ~ O J Z ~ U H Z I pemmy Pec~as- P a q H H . k 3 0 M C X O W H3 TOrO, S T 0 HWFTO He BePliT HH B B03MOXCHOCTh IIPII- MOrO H IlOCTORHHOrO OmpELBJIBHHSI BJIaCTET BC& COBOKynHOCTbH) l + p W a H , Ha s n e p c n e K m 8 y a36pamis1 Bcex o p r a s x o B snacm H a ocnose ~ceodlqero ~3611pa~enb~o1-o npasa. C y s e p e m ~ e ~ Hapona, B ero m.reprcpeTqtr, - a ~ o ynpasneme B c o o l e e ~ c ~ s m c 0 6 u m ~ 1 Emrepecam, s o T n m e OT yrr- PaBneHHfl B YaCTHbLX HHTepeCaX. Bnac~b #OJIXHa 6bma CWTaTbCa H Corn- AaPET3HPOBilTbCR. C ~aadonee CkIJIbHbIMEI HHTePeCaMH, IIPOJTBJLSIBIIIHMHCR B

06zqec~se. t i ~ a r e ronopa, ~ a ~ l d o x e e a w n B H a s r racTb 06zsec~sa AonmHa 6b1na IIepeAaBaTb CBOH) C v BJIBCTH, TO eCTb rOCyflBPCTBY, KOTOPOe aOJUfE-

HO 6bmo B o T s e T y ~ a 3 b 1 ~ a n 3 ~ 0 f i gacrn 0 6 q e c ~ ~ a ee rrp~3same K yn-pa8- nemto. 6e3 ~ L I I H H X O ~ H H R ~ C O B h i 3 0 E I A ~ H ~ @ I - O B ~ 3 ~ y ma- WiCTb odwecr~a, BKJrEo'MB B Hee ((CO~CTB~HHMKOB, W O K B T O B , HOTapMy-

COB, KBnWTULHCTOB, M~HJ'@~KTYPHCTOB, H ~ ~ O I S E F ~ ~ H T O B . . . )>''. ~PH-- a ~ r ~ l ~ b I f i aHTH3MJ'IMTaPEI3M 6b1~1 ZUHPOKO PaClTpOCTPaHeH Cpew o6ecrre- reHHwr m e f i speMeH Pec~aspaqaa. E m p o ~ p a ~ b ~ p a ~ m b ~ x y p o ~ ~ e f i B TOM nnaHe pemo COCT~BJUUIH ~ c m q e m e .

r o c y n a p c m e ~ ~ m m w H o B m a M H pa6owe B anoxy P e c ~ a s p w m BOC- npmnmmcb ax 06e3nonemarr, HO B U e a o M n o K o p H m c ~ o e j t cyw6e Macca. Mapn~ ropop;os, nomueficmie m b r , -cTpaTopnr mimcTep- CTBa BHYTPeHHklX AeJI o 6 p a u m Ha pa6ov~yr BmrrYraHEIe B CBJ33H CO CTa'I-

KBMM, BKTBMII q W 3 M B IlJIEE <<B03MYTHTeJlbHbLMR BbICKa3bIBBEIIMMlD> no- nmmecsoro xapawepa. B omorrremiIi Mexm npeAnpmmaTemm ~1

pa6owm snacra B ~y nopy rrpewrormm H e BMewmaTbm 683 oc060fi ~I~O~XOAIIMOCTN, npzl BCeM TOM MCXOAEZTLH H 3 npHHIlJWIOl3, YCTaHOBJIeHHbUI. B row P e ~ o n ~ l q m 11 Bmept~a. IIpei$s~r nenapTaMeHTa 0 6 , O T W T L I B ~ T C ~

s neea6pe 1822 row nepea MEIHHCT~OM BHyrpenmx Aen, coobqan, TO OH 3 CBOElX ABRCTBHSIX CJIeAOBaJf AYXY 38ROHEt OT 16 @ P ~ ~ O P B 4 rOna (Pe- cnybna~n. - E.K.3, H a n p a s n e H H o r o H a sarrpe~ B c s r x o r o pona a c c o ~ ~ w i i H

nomep=-e cyry6o ~ w ~ ~ m b H o r o xapamepa ~ s a m o o m o m e ~ ~ M e w x o 3 s r e s a ~ ~ k~ p a 6 0 w m ~ ~ . Ilam~m pa6orax c o p r a m 3 o ~ a ~ a c ~ pa- w ~ ~ U T ~ I T ~ I CBOHX MtrrepecoB sYsecTxco npecemmcb. E m x e pabowe oc- MeJIHBaJMCb J'CTpOHTb K ~ I C P - ~ ~ 6 0 A e M O H C T p q H I , rZpOTIiB HElX H w & 8 - JMJIIICb C-I H e TOJIbIEO 110- H XaEln.apMOB. 80 YaCTO H ap-.

IIpa~na, B Tex cnyyanx, Korna croaop mencsr H co CTOPOH~I pa60wx. a co c~opoml n p e m p m ~ a ~ e n e f i , a IE TOMy x e II03EIIS)IR pa604ux OCBe- uanacb ~ p m w e f i , snacTu IIoAqac nposrenm 1 t o n e 6 a ~ n ~ m name ~ 0 3 - HHK- MeSICBeAOMCTBeHHbIe CItOphl. B h e ~ e BO BpeMfl K O H @ ~ K T ~

Meacm npennpmimaTeJwMn II: pygoKonam npetpe~~ , nxonmrnli# B c ~ c - TeMy MtrHHCTePCTB a BHYTPeHHAX AeJl, p@IUmeJLbHO nOmepXa XOsJWB, a M ~ C T H ~ I ~ ~ llPOIEYPOP, n 0 ~ ~ l H ~ s I l J ~ f i ~ f l MElHHCTePCTBY EOCTWHA, CIEnOHeH 6bUI ~ACJVJIIitTbCff K MHemH) pabor~x . He npQReMOHCTp~poBaJr rOToBH0-

CTH npIiMemTb cTamm 41 5 Y~OJIOBHO~O Konewa, npenycMaTpmaBUIym H a K a s a m R 3a CTatIIEM, a npo~ypop B AenapTaMeme COH~I-H-JIyapb~, Ear-

aa K H e M y o 6 p a ~ ~ m c b X O ~ R ~ B ~ yroJIbHbIx ~-0nei3 F ; n a ~ s ~ B c e a s ~ co cTau- KOR yrneKorroB B MapTe 1320 roaa. llpo~typop cocnanca na cwen0cTaTo.r-

HOCTb ABHHbIX>>, npeflOCTaBneHHbIX eMy ~ T ~ ~ ~ I I H M M ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ ' .

f0pa3n0 raue BJlaCTIT OnepaTHBHO BbICTpaJrH H a CTOpOHe lTpeEIlpHKl€- ~a~eneii. K T O M ~ x e X O ~ R ~ B ~ , ~ 0 6 m a ~ c b acenaeMoro, Morm ompancn H a CTpYKTYpbI, T ~ ~ O H H O J ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ B U I Z I ~ EIX HHTepeCbI llepen roc)'- AapcTseHmIMa OpraHam. Kor~a B A ~ b e ~ e pa60-e -~~pacunnugm~~ nonmr- T-Cb YCTaHOBkiTa MEIHHMJW OllJIaTbI CBOerO TPYAa, BOCnPOTHBHBmHeCR

npenrrpmmaTenH saseiic~sosami aMbeHcJtya ToproBym nanaTy, K O T O ~ W I

c noMorubw npeae~ra AenapTaMeHTa C o m a y6ema MumcTpa BHyTpeH-

HkZX AeJI npCWeH&lTb K. BuHoBHblM 415-10 CTaTbH). V ~ 0 6 b 1 8 3 6 ~ ~ a ~ b cyne6- Horo rrpecneaoBamisI, pa6or1~le O T K - B J ~ J H C ~ OT cBoero ~ o r n a r u e m ~ ~ .

Tai% Kart padorae AeMoHcTpupoearm BomrrreB Y ~ C T L H ) 6e3pa3nme K IIOJTMTNUBCKMM CTpZLCTJIM, 0 YeM CHrHaIIH3HPOBWIM W H b I nOJIHmEI,

BJIaCTb MOrJra O C O ~ ~ H H O H e YTPYXtnaTb ~ 8 6 ~ IiaTePHaJJHCTCItHMH itKUHIIMM.

M ~ B ~ C T H O mimb o AerrenbHocm repqora Eeppafic~caro; B EtavecTse npe- swema @ m a ~ ~ p o n m e c ~ o r o o6luecma OH na-rpoHqosm patiowe 06- WeCTBa B ~ ~ H M o I I o M o I ~ I ~ ~ . B TO X e BpeMX, llOHZlMaR O C O ~ Y E O 3HaWMOCTb

ntlpKXZl, lTpaBEITeJrnCTB0 H MYHkIWrIaSMTeT CnBPXKBELJIM UefIbI Ha xne6, a B IlePClOAbI CIIana ~ K O H O M I ~ ~ I ~ C K O ~ ~ aI€TIlBHOCTZl Ha~CIHWlH O ~ U ~ ~ C T B B H H H ~

pa6ow AJUI TOrQ, W O ~ ~ I llO)JJp3psIEEtTb XOTR 6b1 9aCTb TeX, KT0 JlHIIIAnCSL 3 a p a 6 o ~ ~ a . Ho nomMaHEzR: ~acrpoemfi padorem nmna naxe y w e f t , no AOnry crrym6n1 IIPU3BBHHMX CJIemTb 3a 3THMH HZLCTPOBHHRMEI, BBHO H e

xeaTano. llpeaelt~ n a p ~ x c ~ o & nonmqmi H B 1829, H B nep~0ib nonoerne 1830 rOAa BILnOTa A0 MIOSIbCICHX ~ ~ e f i POIEOBCirO AJUi RITHaCTkiH EYP~OHOB rona coo6rqm rnase ~ a 6 m e ~ a MEKIUICTPOB, wo pa6ouee Haceneme CTO- n w b r ne mTepecyeTcR AenaMH norruTmM H o3a60re~o TonbKo pado~oii H p a 3 s n e ~ e r n a ~ ~ .

h ~ e n m r e ~ m naxce camx p m a m ~ b m B ~ ~ W O B B anoxy Pec~mpa- W A e u e ~e Bwem B pa6owix c m y , ~ t o ~ o p m Morna n o w y x m n o c m e - m m m nommecrtm qenefi. MMV~~JIEIC~ J I E ~ L I ~ ~ Hemmpbre ncmyemm A3 3ToN npaBWa. Talc, B O ~ B E I I ~ E I T ~ J I ~ H O M =Te llaJIanI TI3pOB no TIOBOW aBq- C T O B C K O ~ saro~opa 1820 rona roBopmocb o cyqecmosam Tpex BomTe- TOB: ~OH&~B~TIICTCI€O~O non PYI~OBOACTBOM repqora P o s m , pecrry6ma~- CKOTO, non rrpencenaTencmoM lla@afie~a, H <irpe~o6mc1coron, Hasaamoro ax no MecTy p o w e m ero 1 ~ p e 3 ~ e m a Xose@a P3. I I o c n e m ~ o m e ~ noMoraa EoMmTeTy J'Ia@aiie~a, sep6yrr eMy CTO~OHHE~IFOB cpem cmemoB w p a 6 0 w x ~ ~ . 3ni ~ c m Y e r i m 06nerm-m B m e 1830 rona opramsam 6 y p ~ a 3 ~ b m 3ne~emBMEI peBOJIloIMOmIX f l e h c ~ ~ d i p a 6 0 ~ 1 1 ~ .

KDMKHH E.H. HnOCTACH nlOCY~PClBA-HOYHOIOO CTOPOMn ...

Koponeac~~e o p n o ~ a ~ c b ~ 6 m 0 6 ~ a p o ~ o ~ a ~ b l 26 MIOJLI~ 1830 rona, a 3 ~ o

Hemmemo B H ~ B ~ J ~ O ~03q1qerne cpepp m6epa~1b~o ~ac~poeHHbnr na- PHXCICIIX npempmm~a~eneji. OHM H a y a m 3aJEPbIBitTb CBOH IIpWlTpIZRF118,

06'b51cw ~ ~ I ~ O ~ I M M , TO m c y ~ a p c ~ ~ e m d i nepeBopoT, y w m e ~ ~ b ~ K a p o ~ X, mrrraeT HX B O ~ M O ~ H O C T M npononman pa6o~y. n e p s b ~ ~ u sarcpbmcb rase- TbI II ~0rpa@MM. ~ P O U U I H C O ~ P M R C YqaCTHeM GTWeHTOB pa6o~nx. B e r e p 0 ~ 27 HKWR B npemecme CewMapco YneHbr ~ a h o r o 06rqecma

< < T ~ H ~ Y H ~ I > > OPTaHEI30BaJli rrepebre YJUFMhIe BbICTJTMeHkIJ3, HaWUIOCb C V O - memcmo 6 a p p ~ ~ w ~ ~ . IComnecmo m e 8 , s3mmcsr 3a opya-me, 6bmo oqem HeBemmo, HO H a nx cTopuHe 6brmr cnMnaTm nonasmmryero Born- IIIIlHCTBa IIapWKaH. ~o~cl 'a~l l l tre He nOCRMJlH H a C O ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ T ~ . TIOAfIZIHSI-

mcb rrpmasa~ c ~ o ~ i x pyrco~om~e~~eii . C O C T O ~ ~ ~ H ~ I X r p m a H ycnoKaH- B U I TOT Q ~ T , -0 B O W MHCYpreHTOB 6 b m OAeTbI ~ ~ 6 0 B 6ypxya3~0e mame, n ~ 6 o B V-M cnyma~enefi n o m e m e c ~ o i i ~ I C O J B I .

Bnacm o ~ a 3 m c b a6cmmo Henorp'oToBnemITvM K omopy Yncrre~- H O C ~ B O ~ ~ C H , H a x o ~ m m B pacnopmemm rrpaememcma, 6bma Heao- C T ~ T O W O ~ ~ . Bcmpe BbMCHErJIOCb, W O B O ~ C I F ~ M He XBa-TBRT 60e3ap4so~ H rrp0- s a a ~ ~ a ~ ~ . r e ~ e p m M ~ ~ M O H ocmecTsnm IcoMmoopame 6e3 scmoro a m y 3 ~ a 3 ~ a u rrpm nepsofi B O ~ M ~ O ~ ~cxymu-~ B neperompw c ~ ~ K O B O A T I - T~JHMH 6app~mw. J I m e h e mcm @mmecm YKJIOHWIE~C~ OT ~ C T Z I S I B 6oeebor ~ericmmx, a Ha ~ p e m i i nem rrpomoc~oswt~ oTawlbme nomaze- nemw oma3mcb npoaoman 60pb6~ B xone ynmmm 6oes donee 1500 re - noseK 6 b m patIeHbI M. y 6 m , cpem m o ~ o n o 80% o m o m c b K p a 6 0 9 ~ ~ ~ .

K snacTa npHruJni m6epanb~bre nonmasecKne rpymliponw , H aKo - Heu noJlyrlHsmme mHpoNEze BOSMOXHOCTM am peanu3aw~. cso~lx npoelc- TOB TOCYAaPCTBeHHbIX II O ~ U @ C T B ~ H H ~ U I . p e @ o p ~ . O C ~ ~ C T B J ~ ~ H H F L H pa6o- ~ m , pamamm[m ~ J I ~ M ~ I - X T ~ M M nHTemlIrewm H ~ e m o i i 6ypxya3~eii Mmmc~asr p e B o m m mena C B O ~ p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ o ~ nepexon snacm K ~ p y - raM ~ p y n ~ o f i m 6 e p ~ ~ o i i 6ypxya3m.

1 asrycTa J I y ~ - @ ~ t m i m y ero ~ ~ o ~ c e p s a m a ~ b ~ e c ~ o p o ~ ~ ~ n u r npemommm CnkicoK W e H O l 3 B P ~ M ~ H H O ~ ~ K O ~ C C ~ ~ , UemH3 I C O T O P O ~ ~ 6 b m W C T O a m - mcTpaTIlsHbre ~ ~ H W M . Him6onee ~ a c r n ~ a 6 m e aena rocynapcma nepe- XO- B BeAeHEle COBBTB-, B COCT:TaBe KOTOPOrO 6 b ~ 1 ~ 3 Arone~, Cebacnmm, Hepbe, ~ ~ O J I ~ M , m3xe Bornen a Mone. HUKTO ~3 HEM. He 6bm 6 ~ ~ 3 0 ~ K. Ha- PO&I-IOMY mLZmeHME0. r1i30 6bIA HB3HaZleH MZlHIlCTPOM BHJTpeHHIlX AeJL, CTitB B 3TOM ItaqeCTBe WleHOM B ~ ~ M ~ H H o ~ ! KOmCCIIEI, a He WIeHOM C O B ~ T ~ .

3 asrycTa c o c m o c b s a c e r n e napJlaMema. Pem HaMecTHElIEa s m e ~ m a TpmamoHHoe BbIcrymeme w p m . B ~ e f i qw O p n e w c d 6n1x rpenmm- JreH ax cpeamo rrpom map=, a crpme o b e w a c b uemaFI: H crrpasen- masr ~ c ~ p ~ , npemm mepecm H ~ L W I n Kqee noAqepmm q ~ o m cocyaecmosamm c q y r r m ~ ~ mcyAapcTBam. Ommo m m yMepeH- ~ a s r H HeorrpenmeHHaJI nporpama o p n e a m c ~ o ~ B ~ I ~ B ~ J I ~ BoJmeHne w e C T ~ H

nUXI"I'1- CpeAri ~ C ~ ~ J ~ J ~ M X W U B B H p&QHl€aJIbHbM I lPen~~aB~~enefi c~ap0fi OR- n o 3 w i . 6nmo npmmm pememie He npmman JIy--a B KarecTse K O P O ~ 693 r a p e na~~b~eftutix J m 6 e p m ~ b ~ p e a o p ~ . M 3 s e c d opamp nesom Kpma d e p a n o ~ Eepap BHec rrpemmmm no nepecMoTpy Xaplu~t.. Omw IcolrcepsaTopaM ywocb y c q o m T~K, rn n e R c ~ ~ m m o i 3 pabOmfi no MeHeHlrm Xapmni ~ ~ H R T M C ~ E p o m N rho . llocneme 1 4 3 ~ e m n m Eepapa, H norrpaswi omamcb 6ome EtOHcepBammnm, YeM -om.

- BOlIpOChA T O C y f l a p C T B 9 H H O T O #l M y H H ~ M n a J l b H O T O ynpaBneHIfA. 2007. Tom 1. No1

6 a s r y c T a Eepap s a w m ~ s ~ e ~ e m f i npoem Ha sacen- nBnaTbI, no- 6asm co6cme~~b1e J t o m - p n o n p a s m . Oma~o 06cymeme 6 b m r r p e p ~ a ~ o , q e n o H c T p a y m pecrry6ma~ye~, r r p o T e c T o s a s m n p o m ~ O H ~ O U I B A -

IIIem, IIO HX MHeHEW, He3WOHHOrO 38XBaTa BJIaCTki CTOPOHHEIICaM JI~M-Q)EI- m a . r1130 npemoxm nepemcm 06cymeme Ha m e ~ y r o d aem, we- gompam TeM C-IM nocnemoe rrpmme wm O T u o H e H n e nor rpaBoE.

B more rrpoew n o n p a B o I c K X~PTZIEI 6b1n ~PZIHSLT B pe3ynb~a~e ~ e 6 0 ~ l b - lu0h AIICIcyCCkiH EI C OfIeHb He3HaYHTE!JIbHbIMM EI3MeHeIM8MM. OH B m Y a J I

B c e 6 ~ A e K S I a p B m 0 TOM, YTO TpOH HOMHHBJIhHO H $BKTEF~~cKA C B O ~ O -

aeH, R rrparfiameme HaMecTHEncy s a ~ m ero c A ~ M ~ H ~ H H O ~ ~ K O H C T I I T ~ ~ H -

ef . O C H O B ' H ~ I ~ IIOllpaBkCII. K X~PTHEI 6bm1i CJIeAJ'H)l4kiMH:

b 6bm11 H ~ W I ~ I n p e a ~ 6 y n a , B ~ c o ~ o p o f i AorCyMeHT 6b1a r r p e a c T a s n e H

KaK MkIJIOCTb, IIOX-taJIOBaIiHari MOHapXOM, Ei CTitTbSi, AeICJlapHPSfIO - uaa I ~ ~ T O J I W I I ~ M rocygapcme~~ofi pem~eiir;

b 6bmo O r p a m e H o npaBo ~ o p o ~ r s r Ha ~ 3 ~ a m e y ~ a 3 0 ~ H ABKP~TOB;

b ~ ~ U I E F y c m e H b I rapam= C B O ~ O J X ~ I HpeccbI; rrpaso s a ~ o ~ o g a ~ e n b ~ o i i amm~amnr 3 a I c p e m n o c n 3a R o p o n e M H

n a p n a M e H T o M ;

b B03paCT, ll03~0~rflKlI&3 6 a m o ~ ~ p o s a ~ b c ~ B AelIJ'TaTnI, ~ ~ I J I CHRXeH

ao 30 neT, za no3son~rou~fi r r p l r H m a T b JnEacme B r o n o c o B a H m i - AO

25 n e T , ocTaJIbHbIe rronoaemisr ~ s 6 ~ i p a ~ e n ~ o r o u e ~ s a A O ~ H ~ I 6b1-

SM 6bm YCT&HOBJleH&I ~aJrn~efiIHMM 3aICOHOAaTeJIbCTBOM; b c o s ~ a m e .rpe3sbrrafi~brx T ~ H ~ Y H ~ J L O B ~ a n p e u a n o c b ~ ~ .

~ o , T M T H ? W C K E ~ ~ ~ P e m , B O ~ H E I I E ~ 6narogap~ M I O ~ C E E O R PeBOJTlOqMH,

IIOJryqztrc AOCTaTOYHO WYCMbICJleHHOe O ~ O C H O B ~ S I E F ~ . ECJIM PemEIM P ~ c T ~ B - pa- C TOSKH 3peHMR VaBa 3H-CR Ha EICTOPWIeCIEOM < < ~ O X ~ C T B ~ H -

HOM IIPa36 ~ 0 ~ 0 3 ~ e i i ) > , EL rOCYAaPCTB0 ~ W O B I ~ I ~ ~ XVIlI II Kapxa X Morn0 OIIHpaTbCsI Ha MHOrOBertOBJW T P m m K ) , TO 3aKOHHOCTb l lpBJIeHI lR ~ Y M - @ m n n a rroeeprarracb CoMHemiEo M c TOSKEI. 3 p e ~ m n o c n e n o B a T e n b H b I x

c ~ o p o ~ ~ ~ n c o s p H a c m e c I c o r o n p E i w M n a ( o m r o B o p m m , YTO < < H o B ~ I ~ ~ KO-

POJIb ~ ~ I J I ~ 3 6 p i t H He IIOTOMJ', a HeCMOTPH Ha TO, YTO OH E s T ~ ~ o H > ) ~ ( ) ~ , ki C TOY-

KH 3 p e m n o c n e n o s a T e s m H b I x CTOPOHHIIICOB H a p o m o r 0 c p e p e m T e T a .

K O H C T E Z ~ 1830 rona HaAeJrma E o p o n s I ~ c r m o w T e m H o ~ P O K H M M ~OJIHOMOYM~MM - OH mnmc51 ~ J I ~ B O I C mcyaapc-ma, a eMy rrpvrHttAJrexana

BCJi lTOJlHOTa H C ~ O J X H H T ~ J ~ ~ H O ~ ~ BDitCTII, 3aKOHOAllTeJIbHaSI BJIaCTb OTlIpaB-

nanacb rrarraTELMEx H K o p o n e M . AETIHOCT~ ~ o p o m 0 6 a ~ ~ n m a c b c B m q e H -

~ 0 f i R H ~ I T P M K O C H O B ~ H H O ~ ~ , llPH3HaB&JICSI OH Ei B ~ I C U I ~ ~ ~ C Y A ~ ~ H O ~ ~ BJIaCTbH). C a ~ a MOHaPXHR He YCTmaBJTMB&TIaCb K o H c T X I ~ W ~ ~ ~ , a rrpEI3HaBaJraCb K S M C T O p l W e c K ~ A M I H O C T ~ ' O . % e ~ b 1 n&IIaTbl n 3 p O B Ha3HarIaJrHC b KOPO - JIeM. TOJrbICO IIaTIaTB. ABllJ'TaTOB ~136~panacb H a OCHOBe qeH30BOrO ~ 1 3 6 ~ - p a T e m H o r o rrpasa. B n e ~ ~ o p a ~ nmam B 1830 row c o c ~ o m s3 166 000 YenoseK, B 1846 row OH c o c r a B u n 241 000.

Ycnemoe ysacnie M H O ~ X napmcmix P ~ ~ O Y E F X B I?H)JI~CEEOB PeBOJIH)-

uaH n o p o m o B p a 6 0 ~ e ~ Hacenem c m n ~ q ~ HanemmI H a H o B o e OTHO-

UIeHEIe EE EIX n p 0 6 ~ 1 e ~ a ~ KaEE CO CTOPOHbI B J I ~ C T ~ ~ ~ , TaK EI CO CTOpOHbI EIX x o s ~ e ~ . C npewrpamaTemA HX. ~ c a s w t o c b 6 n 1 , 0 6 . a e m ~ i n o o6wee Re- no 60pb6brsa cno6oay. I'Io ropony n p o K a m a c b B o m i a pa6owx ~ a m @ e - C ~ a m . ~ M C T ~ O BbMBWIOCb lIOJmOe OTCYTCTBEIe B3aMMOIIOHMMaHIISI Me- P~~OYEIMEI II H O B W BJIBCTBMH.

-

KCOKOKHH E.M. HflOCTRCH rtlOEYMPCTBR-HO'IHOr0 CTOPOMa ... --

Koma KaMemukiKM napnjtca 0 6 p a ~ m c n K r I p e @ e ~ ~ y CeHb1. y q a B J m 0 - ueMy AenapTaMeHToM. B I E O T O ~ ~ Z ~ ? Bxomn a IIapk~xc, c rrpocbdoii sarrpe- T W T ~ cnem~ym pa6o~y H COKPITHT~ pado~ee spem, OH o m e m nM ~ o s - 3EaHkleM, B IEOTOpOM SCrrpeKHJ'JI B 3TOM < L H ~ O ~ ~ Y M ~ K H O M , IIOCIIeWHOM, OnpOMeTuMBOM)> n p e ~ O X C e H H H , HOTOpOe OH OXapaK~epH30BaJI KaK H e A O -

c ~ o h o e flux noseqemH B nnOcnenHee B p e m II m T ~ W ~ ~ O H H O ~ S I Q ~ ~ S I ~ H O - GTH>h. 01111, IIO er0 MHeHHFO, K3afibLJl~ Ha MrzIOBeHkie B c e rrpaHvm1, p m KOTOpbLX 60poJI~~b If KOTOPHf? HeICOTOpbIe ~3 HXX OMbInM C B O ~ ItPOBbH). . . O m y n y c ~ u m 113 B H ~ TOT @ m ~ , TO C B D ~ O ~ ~ B ~ y n a ne MeHee C B R n e w a , reM Bce myrue ~ a u m C B O ~ O ~ I ~ . Apyroe Bomeame, sbmyzrCeHHoe HeAas- HO I I I L ~ H ~ Y ~ ~ L H ~ I M n p e a e ~ ~ u ~ ~~umqm, xoporno M ~ B ~ C T H ~ Z M m 6 e p a n o ~ X q o ae n ' 3 n o ~ (Girod de I'Ain], n ' p e ~ p e ~ m o paBowx, vro ~lx IteMoH- c ~ p a m ~npem 6 y m pacchiaTpmancn K a K HapymeHm 0 6 w e c ~ s e ~ ~ o r o n o p m a , a cam pa6owe PHCK~WT nomeprHyTbcH npemeAoBaHm no yronoaHoMy K-o~e~ccy sa ~ctrlarcom~e c06pamn. ccEcm, BepHme c ~ o e f i cea- TmemaJIbHocm, KOTOP~A O ~ I I B J I S I ~ T r e p o m e c K o e Haceneme Hapma, OHM ne cogeplnam HH omor0 aKTa Hacmm, HX B C T P ~ W , donee a m Me- H e e mymme, c a m no ce6e - yrpoxam- Becnopgqoe.. . Ecmi y pa6orm IIapmitrt e c m xopomo o6oc~orra~~b1e TpeBosami~, rn cnenyeT npencra- BHTb HX ~ B ~ a J I b H O U B O I $ ~ ~ J I ~ H O ~ I ~ O P M ~ KOMJIeTeHTHbIM BJIaC-

TsLM... JIm60e ~pe60~itfflie~ q 6 C O B a H N O e HELM, C npocn6oR Hamero BMe- UIaTemCma B OTHOLUeHnR XO3-B If pa60~ero IIO TIOBOQ' yCT&HOBJIeHHR 3apa60moii maTU M J ~ nPOAOJlWTeJIbHOCTH pabo~ero ma, rn snr60pa pa6owx H e MOXKeT 6 b m lTPHEfIT0, nOCECOJIbKY TIpOluBOpeYHT TeM 3 a K O H a M ,

KOTOpbIe OCBRTIZTIEI I l P W I l C B O ~ O ~ I ~OM~IIUJI~HHOCTIZ,>".

B 3mx ~ y x O + H . ~ A ~ ~ H ~ I X 0 6 p ~ r ~ e m x OnpeAenem o T p a x e H a HH- TepmpeTanfl C B O G O L S ~ ~ ITpBBUTeJIhCTBOM. Csodoga 6 m a a q n 6 y ~ o ~ m- B V a , a MaCCOBbIe MMTHHIW B AeMOHCTPaWH, Aa.lKB MEIPHhIB. 6 b m i(P- pOXaIomHM 6 e c n o p w ~ o ~ ~ , Ha 3THX A e M O H C T p a ~ l l a X BMABAril3IHCb ~pe6osm~sr OT m a co6paenmxcrr B o m o uenoe pa60wx, B TO speMa arc MCyAtlPCTBO IIPEL3HBBitJIO JIHIUb W H J Q ' a J I b H b I X Tpa3fEAaH. ToJT~Ko @CJM 6b1 T P ~ ~ O B B H M 6 b l m IIpenCTaBJlBHbI S ~ r i s y ~ H O ECOnlneTeHTHbIM OP-

raktaM, O m MOrJIH 6b16b~b ~006qe paCCMOTpem. HO H TorAa T P ~ ~ O B ~ R , KOTOpbIe BE~LTIEZ 3UBneEKbI B TOT MOMBHT, 6 m ~ ~ ~ C O J I ~ T H O HelTpHeMJIeMbI, IlOCKOJIbKy HaBII3blBMUte KOJISICKTHBHbIX np&BMSI III.IUIEZT0 6b1 I I - I B W -

MOB HX C B q e H H O T O lTpaBit BeCTEl CBOe IIpOB3BOAGTBO K W O m CYElTtiJM WXHbIM. N C B O ~ O A ~ TpyA&H ZI ~ceo6oaa rrpo~3~oficma)> 6 b n HeOTABJIElMbI

OT ~ p y r m ceoboa, o c B m e m w x MH~JI~CKOB pe~onmmeii; nommym Ha 3m C B O ~ O ~ ~ I OSHaYaJlu 6b1 IlpeAaTeJIbCTBo CaMHX lIpEanrHIIOB p a 6 o m napma, HOTOPbIe OHM COBCeM ewe HeAaBHO <<OpOCUJIII CBO& KpOBbH7M.

AM mi6epmo~ Hogom pe3~ma A ~ ~ C T B H R H T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H A B pa6omix 6blm He Tonmo HerrpaeMJreMbImi, HO II CoBepmem ~ P ~ A O H ~ ~ , H I , ~ P ~ M . H M ~ H - HO 3TBM M O X H V ~GMCHEITL I I O K P O B U T B J X ~ C T B ~ H H ~ ~ TOH 0 6 ~ ~ l y e d na- pmclc~ur snac~efi. ECJM NceHmMemaJX6HocTm pa60wx 6 m a wepomec- fib), a HX WIOJUfbHDCTbB - ~ ~ ~ o H H o R ) ) , TO A ~ ~ ~ C T B M pa60wix ~ ~ L T M

nocnemIMH H H ~ O ~ J Q W U H ~ ~ M E ~ ~ ~ O A O ~ H O AeT$IM, OHM { ( 3 a 6 b m ~ flnO- TePIUlkl M3 B W J CBOB TTpMEWHTmE)> ki CO3AaJIB < < J T ' P O X C B H ~ ~ 6 e c n o ~ o ~ n . HeCMOTPR Ha XOpOIIIHe HaMepeKKJX. C J I ~ O B ~ T ~ J I ~ H O . Mx 60~1ee P a w O H a - Hble HaCTaBHIFIEW AOJWHbI HaDOMHHTb kiM 06 MX O~R~~HHOCTRX. e m OTe-

secmix n e ~ q ~ B o K a m e T c s r H e n o c T a T o w o , p a d o r ~ e 6 y w n o m e p w I Ha- ~ a s a ~ a w - npecJxenosaHuEo no 3arco~y. T a ~ m 06pa30~, Icorna ~ o r p a 4 - C s M @ pa6owe C Jcpnlcami c<Aa 3APaBCTBYeT CBO~OAB!)) rPOMkIJM MeXaHliYe- CWe TIpeCCbI, IEOTOpbIe JIEIlZlHJIEl HX B 0 3 M O ~ H O C ~ TPYWTbCR, HJlM KOWa OHH aOKa3blBaJIH, YTO M ~ X ~ H I ~ Y ~ C K H ~ ~ rIpeCC CWSIGETT ((TOJIbICO mepeCaM HeCIFOJIbKllX kIH,lJ,HBHJIYJMOB B UpOTHBOpeYMT ~ a c ~ o m e f l c~o6op;e~~, Ha 3TM

AeMOHCTpaylzN O r e ~ ~ O f i H p p a ~ O H f l J I b H O C T M MOXWO 6 ~ ~ 0 OTBeTkITb TOJI~IGO cmoii - q e p b r n e ~ a ~ m m o ~ 6bm1.i a p e c T o B a m H IIpeAaHbI c y ~ y 3a o p r a ~ ~ 3 a y 1 . r ~ H ~ ~ ~ K O H H O ~ O CroBopa.

Tsepm@i o m e T snac~eii p a 6 0 ~ r m i BcKope ~ o c m m e n a e M O r 0 p e 3 y n ~ a ~ a . ~ O T O K . A ~ M O H C T P ~ @ ~ B aBIYCTe H ce~~J36pe IQeBpanzTICa I3 PVeeK K OKTII-

6pm H ~ o ~ 6 p r o EZ COBCeM npeKpamcsr IC ne~cabplo. Omacm TO ~ ~ O N ~ O U U I O

14s-sa 6e3pa6omq~, I F O T O ~ ~ 6b1na B~ICOI€O$~ yme flo k h m b c ~ c o # i pesomum, a Tt3Lepb BbIpOClra ewe boame B pe3yJIbTaTe ~ I O J I ~ I T ~ ~ Y ~ C I ~ O ~ ~ H e C ~ a 6 1 z r m ~ O -

CTII. B nepnoa B ~ I C O I E O ~ ~ 6e3pa6omnp,1 H cna60r0 n o p m a ewmmemoe, Ha TO H W ~ ~ O T C ~ pa60me, - a T o B M e r r r a T e n c T s o npasmencma; K a K TOJBICO

BePOJrTHOCTb 3TOr0 YM@HbIIlaeTCR, ~ ~ ~ B C T O B K E F IlpOTElB X 0 3 H e B EIMeIOT MMHll-

M U U , H ~ Z U ~ C H a ycnex. W X O T ~ B o r n e - pa6orero IuIacca nocne Mwm- c ~ o i i p e B o n m m 6 b 1 n a M H T ~ H C M B H ~ ~ M M , B TO me s p e m om 6 b m oYem He-

IIpOflOJIXHTeJIbHbIMEi. O ~ ~ K O PelTpeCCIlBHOCTb OTBeTHbIX ~ e f i ~ ~ ~ ~ f i B J I ~ C T ~ ~ ~ HOBOrO P e X H M i l M: HenOHHMaHEle C HX CTOPOBI TOM, YTO VOEICXO-

m, m e n o H ~pyroii pesynb~a~, I C O T O ~ ~ ~ o m ~e rrpewkSqem. H ~ I E O T O ~ ~ I ~ ?

as wma ~ a ~ l 6 o n e e rpaMoTHbIx EI ~ X T E ~ ~ H ~ I X pa60wx ~ O ~ I T ~ J I M C ~ nepe- @op~ymxposam H 6onee y 6 e m e m ~ o ~ 1 m o ~ b TO=~KY 3 p e m C B o e r o

Icnacca. ~ J O M ~ ~ M O 3~01-0 , p m a m a b r e aneMem ~3 wcna m T e m e w m , mesr oprm3- B m e T ~ ~ ~ I - E I X O ~ W ~ C T E I , BH- He TOJI~IEO 3a pecq6- ~~C~ ~ O P M Y TOCY~aPCTBeHHOrO ycTpofic~~a, HO H BCe H B C T O ~ I T B ~ ~

CTW nponarayrplposan ~ceo6ulee I T ~ ~ I I ~ ~ T ~ J I ~ H O ~ npao . A B ~ a ~ 6 o m e ~ W K ~ J I ~ H O M 113 T ~ H ~ I X napmcmix o 6 u e c ~ ~ - B 06wecme Apy3efi Hapo- na - C T ~ J I ~ sewam M ~ I C J I ~ , ZITO cym6a n p o n e T a p M e B A o m H a C o c T a B m

omy a3 ICOCTOJXHISIX 3a60~ rocynapcme~~ofi macm. P a b o r n B o n p o c , K a E

m K o m a paaee, o ~ a 3 m c a ~a nosecme rn @paHqysc~oro rocynapcma. 8 C T p m a X ~ O C ~ J I $ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ MaCTkl: ~ ~ c K . o ~ ~ MOHapXEIEI 6 b m 0 AOCTa-

TOWO q e f i , 0 6 ~ l w a ~ m O C ~ ~ I M C O W ~ J ~ ~ H ~ I M 3 p e m e ~ , HO r rpohe~a 6b1-

na He B r i o c T m o B K e ~ O ~ J I ~ M H , a B TOM, E E ~ K ee peruam. h s o a WCTb KOH-

cepsamHo HacTpoeHHbnc C T O ~ O ~ ~ O B HOBO^^ MoHapxmi ~I - IOB~JM rrpewe B c e r o H a penpeccmme MepbI. HBJUUIC~ c itBrycTa no O K T ~ ~ L 1830 rona MEF- HMCTPOM BHyTpemmx sex, Opmcya lhso ~XTMBHO 3 m c a peopram~13meit Harplo~am~ofi map-. KOWCCHH), K O T O P O ~ ~ l?i~o nopywa ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ T O B K Y p y x 3 ~ O H O ~ O e K T O B Ha 3TY TeMY, B03rJIXBWI nEl@affeT. C~apb& reHepaJI Coxpa- ~wr HeeoTopyto ~ O ~ ~ Y J L R P H O ~ cpem Hapom EI B TO x e BpeMsI 6bm Bnome JIOslnOH HOBbIM BJlaCTJ3M. no-0 COWX-JMJ3 B@@~KZBHOM MHCTpyMeHTa ,&WI

nOAru3JIeHIIR B03MOXHfdX B ~ I c T Y W I ~ H L ~ ~ , Hf3JIb3IZ ~ ~ L T I O A O q C m , ~ 0 6 ~ pa- 6owe o6pem y-e~eii a3 wma O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H L I X ~ O B .

26 C B H T ~ ~ P H 1830 roaa B nmaq AerryraToB noc.rynmo ~ p e 6 o s w e o npeceremm AesrTenbHocTEi p e c n y 6 n m a ~ c ~ m 11: COIJMUIHCT~~CKHX 06- u e c T B , KoTopue B nonpmcame kury6a~ 1792 roaa r r p o B o m r a c ~ b r e 3a- C e A m , - 0 3 ~ b ~ a h i 0 C B O ~ O F ~ I O KPATkIKOBaJIOCb lIpaBkITeJIbCTB0.

l l p e g c ~ a ~ m e m cpemero mnacca d m 0 6 e c n o a o e ~ b 1 TOG m ~ e f i , KO-

T O p U BAOXHOBJWJIB ~e06~3~8.-18 3HT)'3Aa3M C ~ ~ H T O B - P ~ C ~ J M E E ~ - UeB H a nposenerme n y m b r x A ~ M O H C T ~ ~ I S M ~ C ~ p ~ 6 y m 1 h 3 0 S-HJI, YTO

c q a x cwTaeT rrpeyaemeHmM; B TO x e speMsI OH nonyc~m, YTO rrona- Tmecwe q 6 b 1 H a caMoM nene pas~~c~amr tr BOCXB&TLRHIT < < ~ B B Q ~ O ~ A O H - nbrii q y x ~ . NMU OcmecTBm, - M B O ~ W I O K , - . . .cqacTJmym H CJIaBHym

pesomuurn, wo M ~ I He H m e p e H M BsepraTb O p a ~ m B cocTome peso- myam. OH ~OBOPNJI o ce6e, TO menaeT muxema mepen, K a K =TO ~pyrofi, HO <<decrropqqo~c - 3m Be p a a ~ m ~ e , WTaLIELII - TO H e qorpeccn. r~30 np@mO?KMJl YWeCM- CTaTbHl 291 Y ~ O ~ O B H O ~ O KOfleKCa, KOTOPaR sarrpezyana o c H o s m e tta~oro-m6o pemuo3~0r0, n o m e c E o r o HJIM

nmepaqpioro 061secma c YHCJIOM W I ~ H O B bonee 20 uenoseEc pery- JUIPH~IX c06pmr~h be3 pa3pemem~ npaBsTelracTsa. Ho npewomeme Ih- 30 ae n p o ~ ~ o ~ ~ .

n o n ~ o ~ o r ~ a MmiacTepcma BHyrpenmx AeJx 6 ~ n l i no-npemaeq, RELIC

II B nepAo8 Pec~mpayli~, spe3sb1raho LUZIPOIFHMEF. A ~ M ~ I H E T C T ~ ~ I Z A R ae- IIapTaMeIiTOB H ICOMMYH, I I O J I H W . H & w o H ~ ~ J ~ ~ H ~ R I'BELPAkIH, 06wecreea- Hbre pa60~b1, 0 6 ~ q e c ~ s e ~ ~ ~ d e 6 n a r o ~ ~ o p ~ ~ e n b ~ b t e mcnrryrbr, cenbcEoe X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B O , llPOMbIUUIeHHOCTb, ItOMMePqEIJI, HaYKa, JIHTepaTypa H HCKyC- CTBO - KOpO'Ie, BCe, 9 T O l'IPeACTaBJIJlJl0 ~a~ep~aJIb~b1f i U ~ 0 p W I b ~ a d HH- TepeC mH CTPaHbI, IZnH BCB, YTO BOnHOBaJIO IlPliBkITeJIbCTBO, - 6bu10 IIOA KOHTpOJleM MMHHCTepCTBa BHJ'TPeHHHX Aen. H m n b c ~ ~ ~ r PeBOmOWI:R lltLp8- JLN30BaJla AeSITeJIbHOCTb MkIHXCTePCTBa A BHeCna ~ e ~ s 6 e x ~ b 1 e H3MeHe- HIM B nepCOHtiJI apMEM ~ J ' E I K ~ O H ~ P O B . H O B ~ I R MI1HMCTP BCTBBW H a paC- CSeTe, ti~06b1 BGTPf2TIITbCJE C H B ~ O ~ ~ I ~ RClCBTeJIRMn MeCTB, KOTOPble

s a n o n o ~ ~ m nap=. 3 a ~ e ~ cnenosmli py-rmmIe AeJla AenapTaMema 1.1

pa6o~a c o r p o ~ ~ o f ~oppecnowe~wef i , noceweme Cose~a, 0 6 ~ 3 3 a ~ ~ o c - TW B napnaMeHTe. 3acegam~ npoxoAHnM emeweeao, KpoMe Bocrcpece- ma, c I I O ~ ~ A H S T HJIM c m y x wcoB AIGR EI: ~ J I H C L ao ~ I X T H , mecm H naxce noaae. OH I L O B B O ~ ce6e m m b ~ e ~ h i p e - m m racoB c H a . . .

npo6ne~a ~ o n m n o c m ~ x ~as~auemiii ocnoxxmacb TeM. YTO ~i ~ m - cTpa nHyTpeHHux nen 01ta3bmarroch ypes~brrahoe Gameme. OT h 3 0 TPR- 6onan~ 6onee PeUMTeJIbHblX ~ ~ R c T B ~ n0 s a ~ e ~ e YHHOBHHKOB BPeMeH Pe- c.raspaw H a C T O ~ O ~ O B HOBONI pexma, ~ D I , rtpoBeAemwe h30 B O ~ U ~ H H H c nadepuarn p a ~ m ~ b m OTT~HKOB, B X O ~ ~ ~ M M B @mampo- mecmie u n p p e opramsam, C O C J T Y ~ e ~ y xoporrry~o cnym6y. OH IIbITaACR. H ~ R T H yMep43HHbIX, HHTBJUDQeHTHbIX N 3HePITNHbIX -€!a. Kp0- Me TOrO, O H COllPOTHBJIILnCR llOJWIWKe MilCCOHOrO YBOJ5HeHIlR H83HaYeH-

rTeB anoxki E y p 6 0 ~ 0 ~ ; ~awxe OH nbrrmc~, X O T ~ H 6e3ycnem0, cnacm He-

IEOTOpbIX I13 YlWOBHMEOB AelTaPTaMeHTa HapOAHOrO O ~ P B ~ O B ~ E I H R KOTOpUe OTKa3WlMCb lTPBCRIWyl% Ha BePHOCTh HOBOMJ' ITpaBEITeJBCTBY.

~ T O ~ L I c 6 m BOW p a d o w s b ~ c ~ y n r r e d , rrpasmemcmo, B m e m m c - Tepma sHyrpeHHEnr nen. 3arrpowo y napnaMema m -OHOB Q ~ ~ ~ L H I E O B Ha OTKp-e O ~ I I I ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I X P ~ ~ O T W Bespa6omarx, neHCm J3WeHblX B xone HKNXICMX 60ee n I C O M J I ~ H C ~ B A O B ~ M y 6 m . Tom ace pem- m e w ~ a ~ o s r c e ~ ~ n ~ e ~ a p @ b ~ Ha s e p ~ o c u e m c m m H& ~ n e 6 ~ ~ .

3 ~ 6 e p ~ m ~ , nomumposasmne B npasmenbcTs ax Ily~i-Qanmrra, ram- B b 1 6 b w PeIIIHTeJlbHO ~ O P O T ~ C R IIPOTm TOTO, S T 0 OHm CgHTIWIkI ampxkiefi, noxpbrsoM ycToeB rocynapc~ea k~ oBrqecma, B TO ace Bpem, s e p m i e no- cnenosaTeJm trneii I l p o c ~ e w e ~ ~ a , OHH ~ O T O B ~ I 6bmn TpamTb y c m ~ H

AeHbIU Ha HapOAHOe 06pa308a-H~e. ~ I o A X C ~ T MMHIICTBPCTBa O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H S X

c 1829 no 1837 roan[ B O ~ P O C donee YeM H m a pasa. n p ~ TOM ~ U H ~ H C O - BbIe PeCypCbI penWIHJIllCb B OCHOBHOM 38 CYeT HaVWIbHOrO 06pEL30~a~~8.

r e ~ e p m ~ b r e CoBeTbr A e n a p T a M e A T o B B O ~ ~ O B ~ J I E I onpenenea~b~e C ~ M M ~ I ,

K o T o p a r e nepenasanacb n p e a e ~ ~ a m B n a p m nrrll: Bl tJI IoreHwi B racy- ~ a p c ~ s e m b ~ i i 6mnxce~. Cosnas anacn emHm cacTeMa 06pa30~am5~ non KOHTPOJIeM r o c y n a p c T B a . ~ ~ K O H OT 28 B I ~ H J ~ 1833 rona npespamm npe- n o ~ a s a~e~reii HaranbHoro wwra s rocyflapcme HWX cnymangxx a HHTer-

paposan rn B cMcTeMy ymBepcriTe-ra. tam^ 06pa30~, rocyAapcTB0 now- Y m O ~0lIOJIHElTe~bH) ' lO B 0 3 M O X H O C m B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T B H J I Hi3 I I O m a H H b M H3

WCJIa n p O C T O J l l O ~ O B , KoTopbIe pace C O I l p H K a C ~ C b C ~ ~ J I E I S H O ~ BJIB- C T ~ T O ~ I C O B n q e c 6 0 p w f x 0 ~ HanoroB, ~ O J I W ~ ~ ~ C K H X II ~ a W a P M O B .

Ho C.penCTsa Ii yC&iJIMJI T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ J I H C E J A ~ ? I c T B H T ~ J I ~ H o THTaHWi@CKH@.

XOTH Ha OAHO HaWkJIbHOe 06pa30~ame lIlJIO I I O p S I m a OAKOrO MHJrJrHOHa $ P ~ H K O B B Ton, B 1833 row He M e H e e CeMM TbIcJIV KOMMYFI OCTBBaJIOCb

be3 l L l ~ 0 L t ~ ~ . 8 0 MHOlWX @ P ~ H I U I ~ C K Z I X nepeBHIiX JTHTeJIRMM H B K O H u e 30-x rOAOB ~ ~ W I E F HHBilJlkImI HaIIOneOHOBCKAX B O ~ , HeIIPHrOWbIe AJIJ3

~ a ~ o f i - n n 6 o n ~ o i i A e m e n m o c T a m a name e n a . ~ e n b w ~ BHHHHX ~ a r a 3 ~ 1 - HOB, KOTOPbIe IIOIIOJIHRJIM C B O ~ ~ AOXOA TeM, W.0 TIPSiMO B CBOHX JIaBKaX

n p o B o a H n H sa~amsr. B, TeM H e MeHee , nporpecc 6n1n Hanauo. 3a 1832-1847 roDI sncno p a v x c a HaramHbrx =on y s e n m n o c b c 1 936 000 no 3 530 000, T . e . H a 1 594 000; sa 1847-1863 rogaI o ~ o B ~ I - pocno ~ m m H a 806 000, ~ O C T E F ~ 4 336 000. B pe3ynb~a~e sa ~ O A L I kiIOJIbcIC0fi MOHapXLlK KOJtH!IeCTEIO HerpaMOTHblX C m e C T B e K H O COKpaTH-

XOCb. E c ~ B 1830 rOm H a 100 PeIEPYTOB lTPZiXOAliJlOCb m4, He YMeH3- urn HIJ =Tam, HM mc&m, nopgqKa 50% ( T O Z I H ~ ~ 49,73%0), TO K 1847 rony npoasoruno cmaceme H a 15%. (34,91%). 8 m e p H o n B~opofi mne- PRIi ~ K ) P O I E P & T ~ I OWYTElJlEF O n a c H o c T b 0 6 p a 3 o e a m r r , H TeMnbI o 6 y u e ~ ~ a ~ ~ A H I I K O B , B TOM YHCJIe p a 6 o ~ ~ x , ynaJ'tH. B 1862 rOAy HeI'paMOTHbIX Cpe- AH peKpyToB - 27,493, CHEixemie c 1847 roaa Bcero H a 7,4%45.

XOTR ~ J C ~ B H O ~ ~ UeJLbIO 3ilKOHa 1833 lTlfla CTaJla 3WaWk C03AaTb 06uec.r- Be- HaqarxbHym mIcony , Ih3o ne CTpeMIEJrcsr p u p y l l ~ ~ ~ b y a e neiicmp- m e m o m , e m om omeqwm HOB- TP~~OBBHEZIIM. no o T H o L u e m IE uepKosmmi rrmonm, K o m p b l e yxe Hecm 6pem HasamHom o6pa30sa- ma, k~ O C O ~ ~ H H O K C Q ~ A ~ E ~ I M B rrpemec~~ym-e n e m e m (rrpo~ec- TaHTcmiM M I C ~ T O J I H Y ~ C ~ ) monm h30 H C ~ W B J I HcEpemee pame- me. 6onee Toro, OH nonaran, .ITO o d l s e c ~ ~ o T o m a o snIarpaeT OT MHoXeCTBa LUXOJI If COpl3BHOBaTeJrnHOCTH MeTOAOB. ~ B K O H , BCZIea 3a XapTH- eA, npasHasan n p w u <<GBO~O)@I oBpa3osmn. Jro6oB renoseIc 18 neT a maprue M O ~ o q b m H a Y a J m m LZIKOJ~Y r r p ~ emcmemioM ymo~m - H- ~ O M B , n 0 3 ~ 0 ~ 1 q e r o Becm rrpenonasamie k~: noJlyreHHoro

nome cnaw OrrpeneJIemIx ~ K ~ ~ M ~ H O B , EI. cepm+ma~a o ~ 0 6 p o ~ p a s m .

C ~ e ~ m u m e npyr npyra npaeHresrbcTsa JIy~1-4mnna naeapos am, npu6eruni K penpeccHmf, rn H a Y C T ~ ~ E I . M H O ~ O K P ~ T H O 0 6 ~ m e m 1 e O ~ O H e l i T a M k F B 6 e c n p m m o c ~ n O W , TeM H e MeHee , KYPCOM, o6ec- nermanruIIM @pa- amaowmecEoe, TexHoJrormecKoe, c o w a T z n H o e a ~ C ~ T Y U A O H U b H O e P83BHTEle. Henony~rsrp~bre MHHUCTpbI I I p M ~ a ~ cTpaHy m ~ b no npasmm r r p a B o B o r o r o c y n a p c T s a . O m H e n m ~ m ~ c b ne- penepmBam Kapm EI Me- B ~ I ~ O P H ~ I O CHCTBV, XOTSI, H ~ Y Y M U c 1831

rOAa, ~b160pb1 YitCM @3EEUllI COBCeM Be Te p@3YmTitTbl, IEOTOPH~ Y C ~ B S I -

s m t r 6b1 KOPOJIII ~i el-u MEIHHCT~OB.

T ~ K , npomemkie B 2 831 row ~bl60phl B nanaTy a e n y ~ a ~ o ~ qssem B 3 a f i o ~ o ~ a ~ e J I b ~ b a OpraH ET, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, B f i ~ ~ l b l ~ l y K ) T[OmTmY m ~ e f i jaMoKpaTmecKrix 36emp;emiI. Cpem m X 6bm M I I J I T ) ~ ~ ~ ~ W R O K ~ T , C b m pe- MecJIeHHHIEa 3 ~ b e ~ Ka6e. B 3 832 row OH ony6mosan CBDH) nepBYJO KHH-

ry < < P e ~ o m u s r 1830 roaa H ~ e ~ ~ y w a a GmyaqkIflb (iiReuolution de 1830 et sitrtation presente,,), a ~ o ~ o p o f i A O K ~ ~ M B ~ J , YTO pemnmuwo CoBepmELmf p a 6 o ~ ~ e , a 6yp~1cya3m r t p ~ c ~ o m a . ee nnoAbI.

Poxqqwcb ~ o ~ n r e ' coqmumcmemue a Bomymcnnetxue ~eopm, KO- Topbre nocn pesomom 1830 roaa CT- nponarawqosaTa B paMuefi cpe- ne. 31 o ~ ~ a 6 p a 1831 rona r r p e @ e ~ ~ napma f i c ~ n p e m c u B c e M K E I ~ C -

capm n a p m ~ o i i no- pe-~o nocew-rb sce rry6mmm1e nponosem CeH-CKMOHHCTOB, @HKcHPYsI BCe, W O I T O K ~ T C R M M ~ p a ~ q e 6 ~ b m i no OTHO-

m e m K npaBMTemCmy d o HarrpaanemIM r p ~ l l ~ O ~ I ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ ~ O Cno- IEORCTRU~. R -ape 1832 rona OH BHOBL narrpmm m ~ y m r p B c e M ~lvmuefl- CIEKM KOMHCCaPaM C T O ~ I . B KOTOPOM c o o 6 ~ a n 0 HOBbIX OHBCHOCTSM, I ? C X O m L L M X OT CeH-CHMOHliCMB. n e p ~ ~ , H a uM me~oBaJr0 0 6 p i t m BHH- M=@, - COCJIaCHO II0GT)TETBlIIeh Ic AeMy lUI+op~aI@iEi, CeH-CZIMOIUlCTbI H8- raw co3~asam o p r w 3 m ~3 pabow; mopoe - o m rrpmneKmi B CBOM

pm~ m ~ e 8 6oran1x, a T-e MonomIx moaefi 1.13 ~<y~axaern1x c e ~ e i h ) ~ ~ . Opneamcm~ 6 ~ . m rrpmepmemami *sonomk cepe-} H rrocrenemo-

C n l BO BCeM. HO Hme T J I ~ € F ! J I ~ ? ~ ~ nOTpRC~HUII B Bwe p a 6 o ~ m U pecITj6- ~ ~ H C K M X B O C C T ~ H e 3 a c ~ a ~ m m ommanca OT CBOHX n p m i ~ n o ~ . r ~ 3 0 c m m , wo < < u ~ H T ~ B J u ~ ~ ~ YMOB xyme, YeM U ~ H T ~ E W M S & Z P Z I I aem, H He oma~ammcn OT 3mm y 6 m e m IM 6y- MHHMCT~IIM myrpemmx nen, m1 6y- MKMIXWPUM 0Gpit3o~am~ k~ M F I ~ C T ~ O M EIHOCTPWM sen, HH Toma, xoma 3~ n o c ~ rmbr K ~ B ~ B T ~ . TOT ~IPHIUIJXU Qpa~cya k s o c @ o p ~ i p o s a n B 6 b m o c ~ b CBOK) MMHMC~IOM BHYTpeHHkIX nen B mcme K TIpe@eICTy Bepxtrefi CoHbt. OH 061.acwm ~ ~ @ A K T Y , CBOeMY CTaPOMy 3IElUCO- M O W : (<He ~one6mcb, ~ e H d M3pOB, KOMPbIX OTBePraRT HaPOA Ii IEOTOpble cTecHmT ~ e h , BMecTa Toro, =1~06b1 rromepmmaTn. Bce, mo meeT cJrenym H ~ O P ; O ~ D C T ~ ~ C T H ~ ~ O p e w , 6 y ~ e ~ me% moxoR pe3ym~a~; Bce, m ro- BOPW 0 CTPBMj'IGHMXl AeJIItTb AeJIO U BepHV CJX)X€HTb H a P O a ABCT C m 11: AO- BeQMe. JllO~efi, IGOTOpbIe JMeWT W t l T b A ~ ~ ' ~ ~ C T B O B B T ~ B COOTBeTCTBM

co CBOW Y ~ ~ ~ B H U I I M E I . flep~oe, m, ~ e o 6 x o ~ o ~ameik crpme, mo no- BCeMeCTHoe pa3BH'IMe He3tlBHCMMbM ~ ~ e d M BJWIH&. ~ R H T ~ X N W ~ ~

MOB x y m , u e M u e ~ ~ p a r m s m nem4'. B 1833 rou rrpaBmmcTBo cRena- JIO ~ a a c ~ b d i uar B C T O P O ~ CO~AZLHMJI Mecmoro caMoyrrpaBnemm. 22 mm 1833 roaa 6bm p e m e H aamH o BM~OPHOCTH reHepannmrx c o B e m o B . O ~ U ~ C T B O nonpxno ewe o w n e r a n d IT m i c ~ m y m 3 ~ p o ~ ~ Ka- HW HenocpencTaeHHoro B S ~ ~ O A ~ ~ ~ C T B E I S I c T O C ~ A B ~ C T B O M .

Cy-I rrpuuimb~x Heperno snmocm orrpasnaTemme q m ~ o p ~ m- w, KOTOP~IX B npitBmmcTBe c w a m onacmm CMJTMH&MEI. 3a c s n H r s y G n ~ ~ m NYTO TaKOe C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~ ? ) ) Ei <cnpe~~~~pememe C Q ~ C T B ~ H - lUtlCaM>> B 1842 rOAy 6b1~1 OTAaH n0fl CJ'A n p y f i 0 ~ . HO CyA IIpH- ero on- p m m . a en, pevb Ha cym 6bma B TOM s e row o ~ ~ ~ ~ J w E o B ~ H ~ ~ ~ . Yeno~e~c, o 6 ~ m m d rry6m0 , TO ~c06c~~em0c-m ecm Kpaman, n o w BW- M Q ~ O C T ~ npoaomafi q o n m a ~ ~ CBOHX ~ c p a ~ o m m wefi. nome mn,

B o n p o c ~ rocyaapcrneunoro a Mynnqnnansnoro ynpaanewaa. 2007. TOM I . NPI

K ~ E E H& rrpoqecce B TyJryse cya orrpmnan rpymry pa6o.arx. C T O ~ O H ~ O B KOM- Mymcmecmx weii, rryokfypop s o c ~ ~ : ~Eemrasr @paw3c~arr 6yp- ~ c y a 3 m ! n ~ ~ . H ~ ~ ~ B H C E I M O C T ~ CYAOB. 683 Y e r o HeMbtCrmMo rrpaBoBoe mcynap- CTBO, B nepkioq Blo~mc~ofi M o n a p x m p e p m a c b K ~ K m o m a paHee.

0 H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O C T I I C T H M y ~ O B a H E t R : IIPOM~LILUL~HHOCO P113BmHR

nyreM ynemesnem zcpema II C O ~ ~ ~ H Z I I I H H B ~ C ~ I I Z ~ O H H I J X ~ ~ ~ O B C K U X

C T P ~ T S ~ ~ name B nepuon P e c ~ a ~ p a m n menn O T H H ~ ~ H e T O J L ~ K O T e o p e - mecIck~B EF I'IPOII&~&HABCTCK~ XapBKTBP. ~~ Qpa~um U YaCTHbIB 6 & ~ -

KOBCIfkie CTPyIcTypbI IBITWIHCb B O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ Ha CUIyaLPlIO B EPOMbIUL-

XBHHOCm, IIpeqe B e e r 0 BO BpeMR C n W O B ~ K O H O M H ' I ~ C K O ~ ~ WTKBHOCTH.

Bo spem ~cpas~ica 1826-1 828 ronoB, oco6emo TIIX@JIO orpasmmerocrr Ha cmyawa B 3m3ace, Q)pamwii rrprmm pememe, BnposeM, o+a- qMaJmHo H e o6masne~~oe. ne rrpmmaTb l reHHnIe 6 y ~ a r ~ , rapaHTupoaaH- m e I I O ~ C R M E F TOBKO n3 3nb3aca. TO HernacHoe pemeHMe nocnenosa- no nome T o r o , H a K H a coBe-re y n p a ~ n m ~ ~ ~ t ~ x 6a~ICa B ~ I C ~ c A O K J I ~ ~ O M

o cwcyaum B Mws~yse r r a p ~ m c ~ ~ 6asrmp Ome50. Hapac~asme npobne- =I B ~ I P O ~ ~ B H H O C T R Mm~ry3a Morm npmecm K semoii peawm, M, mo6n1 ~sbernam E C a ~ a c l p o @ b ~ , napmcKEle 6 a ~ ~ ~ p b s p e m m BMeIIIaTbcH. B K o q e msapn 1828 rona c-lcaT ~ ~ W P C K W X AOMOB J I ~ + + B T ~ , POT- urnbaa, Qynb~a, Aasrdo, Q o , Tmpe s n u e m s a h B 5 ~ ~ ~ O H O B

@P~HKOB, ~3 KOTOPMX 4 no- ~pymreiianm snbsacc~cm rrpempmma- TeJIBCECHM CTpyEETypaM - ~ o J I ~ @ E O C Y , MlV)' KOMIXBHHA, it TafCXe Kexm~y, EI 1 MZZTUIHOH - WyIItM, H ~ Z Z ~ O J I B B FCpelII€HM T I ~ ~ ~ ~ H J ~ T M M ~ ' .

B0 @ ~ B H U I ~ H nep~0G lTOJIOBHHb1 XlX BeKl MeHSIJIkICb lTpaBHTeJIbCTBa

a peXUMb1, HO 3KOHOMM9eCKaJ3 IIOnHTHEEa I IOpa3HTeJIbHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ CO-

xpaHnna npeeMcTsemxocTa. 6o~ree T W O , B I E ~ H ~ H C H ~ I ~ MoMeHTbr Y a m -

HbIe nHUa, rOCyAapCT3eHHbIe Xi MyHWETllBJIbHbIe CTPPTYPbI HeH3MeH-

HO Haxomim B ~ ~ M M O I I O H M M ~ H ~ I ~ AJISI o c y l q e c T s J r e H u R comacosamrx aeiicmd. Tat , rn npeononem ~Rrne~reibnem Kpmtrca Itowa 1840-x r o ~ o ~ B p e ~ e ~ ~ o e npasmenbcmo 7 MapTa 1848 roaa nocraaoamo c o 3 ~ a ~ ~ e Y ' I ~ T H ~ I X ~ I O P O , n0JIYWlBtIIHX CpeACTBa OT rOCyAapCTBa EI MeCTHbIX Op-

r a H O B BJtBCTW. K a n k i ~ a n ~ T M X opra~a3aw8 COCTaBJrJ3JrCJX Ha OjJJIy TPeTb

213 3 ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 9 MOHBTbI, I I ~ ~ A o c T ~ B J I ~ H H o ~ YaCTHbIMEl ~ P e J J J f T e J l ~ , H a OAHJ' TPeTb - ZI3 O ~ S I ~ ~ T ~ J I L C T B M ~ ~ Y H I I a J T H T e T O B M Ha OAHy TpeTb - A 3

boaoa, BbITIylqeHHbIX I C ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B O M ' ' . B TOT X e AeHb 7 MapTa B na- p m e 6 ~ x 0 yqpeacneso Yqemoe 6mpo c K a n m a n o M B 20 MHJIJIHOHOB, B ero co3na~aa yvacTBosanH a 3 s e c ~ ~ b 1 e 6amspn1 A.Q)ynbn H 3.flepeB- pa. rIono6~oro me pOAa ~ ~ H K H ~ ~ I J I E I C03AaHbI H B 63 n p o B m u H a m H b I x

r0pOAaX. B Mmnyse B ~ A M H H E ~ C T ~ ~ T H B H ~ I ~ ~ COBeT H ~ ~ H O H U ~ H O ~ O Y q e ~ - HOrO 6wp0 BOlllJIEi K P Y I I H ~ ~ ~ I U A ~ EAeCTHbI9 rZPeAITPElHEFMaTeJIkI Max-14- Enex, K e x n ~ ~ , K m n a ~ a ~ ~ . Mnr. Bnocneqc~sm Y ~ T H ~ I ~ 6mpo 6b1nu npeo6pa30sa~br B aHoHHMaMe 06mecma M B B o M M a H a z i m n I e a x q H o -

HepHbIe 0 6 t s e c ~ s a ~ ~ . T ~ M H e M e H e e perynEIpyrouacI porn qaBEITeJmCma H 6 a m 0 ~ B nep~ofi

IIOJIOBHHe XIX BeKa 6nma M ~ J I O ~ H ~ ~ M O ~ H3-38, @ ~ = c o B o ~ ~ H T e m e C - K O ~ HeB03MOXHOCl'M B O ~ ~ ~ B ~ ~ C T B O B ~ T E I EIB MaCCy Mf2JIKEM YaCTHbUI BJIweJIb-

qeB. 6 m p o ~ p a m e c ~ d m ~ p y ~ e ~ ~ a p d ~ o s ~ e f cmm Ha BECOHOMZPIBC- IEF M 3 H b ~ ~ I J I AOBOJIbHO OlpUUNeHHbIM. B rOAbI P ~ c T ~ B ~ w B CkiCTeMe

~ ~ n o J r n k i T e J l b ~ 0 f i BJxaCTIl ~ K O H O M H I F O ~ 3BHnMBnOCb m C T e p C T B 0 BHyT-

- -- KOHOKOKHH E.H. HflOClKM ttlO€YAlaPCTBA-HOYHDr0 CTOPOMn ... E= --

--

p e ~ m nesl. C 181 5 roaa B ero p a w cyrqecTBoeaJra rplpeIcm cemcrto- r0 X O ~ ~ C T B ~ , ToprOBJM 11 M~HY@&KTYP; W-IOma TOPrOBmO N M ~ H ~ @ & K T ~ P M

oTaemm OT CemcKoro X O ~ ~ C T B ~ . B m a p 1828 roaa 6bmo C O ~ A ~ H O crre- WmHOe kflDi&lCTepCTeO Topronm a M ~ W & ~ . K T ~ P (KBK 3T0 ~ ~ I J I O nPEI Ha- noneoHe nome 1812 ro~a) , npocyrrzecmmasmee no asrycTa 1829 rop;a, Kowa B H O B ~ BOIIPCJC~I KOMMepqm N ~ O M b I U U I e H H O C m 6b1~1kl B03BpWeHbI

BeQOMCTBy BHyTpeHHHX D ~ J I ~ ~ . n0cj-R flloJIbc~0fi peB0JwUllkl 3lX BOnpOCbl Y w @ BCeM, 6 b m OTH€!CeHhI IE KOMneTe- 0~060r0 MlTHMCTepCTBB, XOTJJ

0 6 % ~ ~ eM3 H O ~ [ O M O ~ a, COOTBeTCTBeHfIO, HitSBaHHe He pa3 M ~ H J W I S ~ C ~ ~ ~ .

Bos~eiicm~le npaBkiTenbcTea EZ ~ ~ H K O B 6bm0 3 a ~ p y ~ ~ e ~ r b ~ t ~ A

BCJIeaCTBHe TOrO, S T 0 B IIepBOmI KpH3RCOB 3ltOHOMWIeCKaR XU3Hb ~ ~ I C T ~ O

apxar;r31rposaaac~. X o w e ~ a e y e m l x 6 p a r olcasbremocb s a ~ p y m ~ e n a - HblM, KpemHblf! OnepitIIMll CBOPaWiEI&JIHCb, PaCYeTbI B ~ H ~ ~ w T ~ J I & H O ~ CTe- nem ISpOkI3BOWZTMCb H B J J H + M ~ ~ ~ , YTO nopomnano ewe 6onbmd xaoc.

Ilpas~~errnc~so B mue mmcTpa CemcKoro X O ~ J ~ ~ T B ~ u ToproBJni B Kowe 1830-x maoB H MEmMCTpa 061uecme~~bur pabo~, cemcsoro ~ 0 3 . d ~ ~ - Ba I3 TOPrOBJlM B K O w e 3840-x rOAOB IwTEiJIOCb lTpOSiHBeHT8-pM3ElpOBaTh BCH) @ P ~ ~ C I E Y I O T&lOMbaZUleHHOCTb B l T p D B I . 1 m . O&H~ICO @P&HW~CKOMY

rrpaBHTemcmy, OnqaBmeMyw H a u e ~ m 3 0 ~ ~ aqmmcTpam- H J W CIICTeMY, YaWOCb IIpeflCTaBHTb 0 6 . a e ~ ~ y ~ o , HO AmeICO He HC'3flpTBIBa-

m u g w CTamcmecKym Eapmq. Taa, B rrogroTo8neHHoM no yxa3a~mo m- KHCTpa O ~ W ~ C T B ~ H W X pa60~, CeJIbCKOrO X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B ~ A TOprOBJlH O @ H ~ ~ H O M u 3 ~ a ~ m dtatistique de la France, publiee par le ministre des trauaux publics, de i'agn'culture et du ~ornrnerce>~~~ oTcyTcTByeT HH@OP- M a m a o rrpoMbnunemocm Taxoro ~ w c ~ p a m ~ o pa3smoro AenapTmeH- Ta, K ~ K H m w C e ~ a . H ~ T cseqemii o AenapTaMemax tap^ a Bayqesr. He- nomTeH II caM r r p a w m a c c ~ ~ @ ~ ~ ~ a q m npoMbmeHHbur npemp-.

b e a rrporpecca B Karecme s e q a m ~ o R ki,qeH renoseuec~tofi I Z C T O P ~

IIM~HHO B 1830-40-x roaax 06pena 06werrpk13~arn1ocra. Ho q a Bcex Heco- Mtremmx ycnexax 06qecma o w e m e F C ~ M ~ H C W O C ~ n e p e ~ a e ~ o r o spe- Mem He omyc~asra BCeX AyMaFOwrx w e f i TOR morn. flpo6ne~a pa6orero macca, 060c~p~zs111mcsr ran OT mas, H e Haxoma cBoero pa3pememm.

6 b l ~ 1 ~ . IIOHCICki II&JUIH 1TWOB. BHHM~T~JI~HO H3YqBJIBCb npodne~a 6 e ~ - HOCTM B UeJIOM. 32 HI03151 1840 rOAa MnHHCTp BHyTpeHHEzx AeJl CBO- m- K Y ~ P O M npemkican n p e @ e ~ ~ m co6pa~b BCIO ~eo6xo~qmym r m a o p ~ a - m AJIR CocTaBnemn nomoro CraTkIcm~ecKoro o63opa o cwryaqm c nayrrepa3~0~ BO o p a ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ . no ,,em, ~ICOHOMHCTOB, B , mpy .a- wifi mamra~brii 1x3 mcxa 0 6 m a ~ e ~ ~ e f i D p a m k ~ O T H O C ~ C S I K H Y ~ ~ B -

mawcrr, a H a 166 r p w a ~ npaxonmocn no o m o ~ y ~ k ~ u e ~ y ~ ~ . no nmw- amse rrpommrnewrmgoB rocynapc~~emb~e W H O B H ~ H 0 6 p a m ~ c b K npobne~e orpmmeHma AeTcrcoro Tpyna.

O P ~ ~ 3 c ~ o e rocyaapcTBo noa ynpaBnemeM mfiepano~ name B rom kl~lnbcleofi MoHapxmi nnmanocb ~ T H B H O B O ~ A ~ ~ T B O I I ~ T ~ HB commmare npoqeccbr, npe3yse Bcero repes meluaremcmo B T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ I B I C O B + ~ ~ I , r q e mere H a cTopoIle npempmma~enefi, a T-e vepes pe@opharpo- B w e caepbr o 6 p a s o ~ a m ~ . Ko~e-0, ypoBem BMemtbTeJLbCma rocynapcma B nep~ofi nonosme XIX seEa 6n1n Hamoro mme, reM B XVIII sme, B 3n0xy <<cTaporo nopman, mu BO B T O P O ~ ~ nomBnHe XX BetCa, B anoxy

- -- -- -- - Bonpocst PocyAapcTseHnoro a MyRnqnnanbHoro ynpartrennn. 2 0 0 7 . TOM I. N U ~ -- --

<<rocyaapcTsa ~ceo6ryero 6 n a r o n e ~ c ~ s m > > , HO, KBK n o ~ a 3 b 1 ~ a e ~ flame ~ i t ~ ~ b ~ f i H-H ICpant& H C T O P H ~ ~ C K H ~ ~ 3ICCKYPC, - ~ P ~ H W ~ C I C E ~ ~ <<HOYHO~~

CTOPOXP MMen H BOJIH3, H ETHCTPYMeHTbl AJIR B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T S H J ~ N H a COUlfYM, H H a er0 BICOHOMHKY. COOTB~TGTB~HHO, IEOHUenI@€S[ <<MEIHUMBJlbHOCOH Ezrm, T O IlOYTH O m 0 H TO Xe, mbepmh~oro r O C y A a p C T e a He MOJKeT 6asap0- sa-rbw H a ~ e o n o m e c ~ c o f i a6c~pa~qari.

ccMc~opwr C o B p e M e m o c m n BeaeT H a c H e JC I L ~ C C H B H O M ~ rocynapcmy c @~HKWRMII (CCTOPOHfaB, a Ic 3HePIXTYHOMY itEtTOPY, C03AaH3UeMJ' WIJl ce6sr BCe HOBbIe N HOBbte HHCTPYMeHTbI B O ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T B I I S I H a COW-HO-3HOHOMII-

uecKym p e a n m o c n , Ha K o T o p y a rocynapcmemaa 610p01tpa~Zfr~ O T H W ~ He co6~panacb MLLLb BSRPitTb, F O B = HCIEJlEOWlTeJlbHO Ha B03MOXHOCTEF

C a M O p e r ~ J r U H H r ' p ~ a H c K o r 0 o d u e c m a . C JWeTOM X@ TOrO, YTO CaM 06- p a 3 - n o ~ s r ~ ~ e ((rocynapcTsa - ~ o w o r o c T o p o m a > > noasanca m b BO BTO-

poW n o J I o B m e XIX seKa ~ s - n o n nepa HeMeworo coyIlaJMcTa Q e p m a w aa f l a c c a ~ r ~ ~ . ~cnonbsosa~~ie ero pm o m c a m p e d sarma XIX seKa C TOqKH 3PeHKR MeTOaOJIOrElYeCKOrO I w H 3 M B . C O B ~ ~ M ~ H H O ~ ~ ElCTOptrY eC- FCOR HaYKA BPm JlU AOIIYCTHMO. ~ O J I ~ I T O J I O ~ ~ ~ C K H ~ PeJMTkIBH3M lTOSBOJIJ3-

eT BTOPraTbCII B TKaHb IIPOllIIIOrO C BClIOJIb30BaHETeM vXCJl,bIX AJIR Her0 ~ O H J I T ~ u 0 6 p a s o s , HO H B TOM cJIyYae W e o n o m r e c K a a a6c~pa~rlm OJca3bIB aeTCR C I € O H C T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H O ~ I CO CTO- 6 0 m m m ~ HeCOOTBeTCTBMH-

M a , STO s a c ~ y m s a e ~ H ~ S B ~ H ~ H e a6c~p-, a ~ ~ l e o n o m e c ~ o f i @HE- urm B H e H a y m o r o xapamepa.

H a s o s e ~ TonbKo KHIIrW A.M. C a n ~ ~ n a : I l p o n u l v ~ e ~ ~ s l e pa6orne Qpanuuu. K u3yrennwr ~ n r o m a noamrernon nowenun. M., 1984; Cospeuennaa AeMorparun: reMesMt, mpymypa, ItyAbTypbIUt n o ~ + ~ n m : Onus +panunu s epaenwte~bnoi perpocnemrc. M.. 1992; Co~pcmennaa Aemonpamn: ovepltu mHosAeHnr. 2-e pacunp. a kiCnp. M3A. M., 1997.

M a ~ a p n a m ~ m ~ M. K. Haw n nounmalo ~ n ~ o c ~ n l o M., 1992. C. 122.

Hauure 0. Coruwenur. M., 1991. T.1. C.430.

CH.: Xopec X. C o ~ w ~ w f f u r e c l u r w c s o p ~ +pa~qyxuoA penoAlo4nn. T.11. M., 1978. C. 3 73-3 78.

Many+a~~ypbI lIep~0fi KaTerOpHH HepenKO TONe HOCWIA 3T0 H 8 3 B U U e .

* c~.:TapxeE.B. Cou. B 12-THTOM~X. T I . M., 1957. C. 621; Fremy.Histoire de lamanu- facture royale des glaces en France du XVll e t XVlll ss. P., 1909. P 298.

Martin Saint-Leon E. Histoire des corporations d t metien. I?, 1909. P 551

" CM.: Kopo6os~o A.E. Ha neropnn caywahbnwx ~nrnennh BO ~ P ~ H U H M B nep~ol i noAoBnne Wlll 8. // O P ~ H ~ Y ~ C I C E I B excemn~mc. 1965. M., 1966. C. 47, 49.

" IIOJIH~IB TeKCT 3MCOHa IilpUBeAeH B KH.: X O ~ ~ C m. CornaAn*rmtcaaa ncropnn +paw)neuoi pesoAmuHn. T. 1, KH. 2. M., 1977. C. 21 9-22]. 0 s a x o ~ e ne Uanenbe CM.:

-

-- --

KOMKHH En. HflOCTACH rrlQflmPCTBA--HOYHOIO CTOWMk.. --

l 4 ~ I Z T , no: Bosher J.F. French Finances 1770-1795: from Business to Bureaucncy. Cambridge, 1970. !? 25.

l 5 Histoire du ministere de I' lnttrieur de 1790 a nos jours. P, 1993. P 27.

I' Campbell P. Frtnch Electoral Systems and Elections dnce 1789. L., 1958. I? 54-55.

l v i s t o i r e du ministere de I'lnterieur.., p. 34-35.

l 9 SediIlot R. t w deux cents familler. I?, 1988. I! 33.

Gourdon de Genouillac H. Paris a travem ks slecles. Histoire nationale de Parls e t des parisiew dcpuis sa fondation de Lutece jusqu'a nos jourr. P, 1882. P 323.

Kaufmann E. la Banque en France. P , 1914. I! 4.

'' Annalts du f ravail. Moniteur des societes cooperatives. 1867. /? 143.

23 CM.: Tapne E.B. Corwwenn~ m I 2 tomax. M., 1959. T6. C. 4344 .

24 urn. no: A I O B ~ J I ~ 3. Hcsopnrccunli oqep~ ~3HHKUOBetBMfl no @ p a ~ ~ n u n yrpemannn e flapnme npaunreAmstttHux c c y ~ s u x L~HKOB Mont-de-Piete. CfZ6.. 1913. C.95-97.

2 5 Blaize A. Des Monts-de-Piete e t des bamques de pret en France tt dans les Avers etats de I'Europe. P. 2856. Vobf . P155.

26 De Waresquiel E. Un pamime politlqua La chambre nintrouvable~ c t la Mimsante du par- lemontulsrne francais (octobre I8 15 - avril 18 16) // Commentatre. 1992. N 58. P 410.

27 CM.: Gabriel de Broglie. Guizot. P. 1990. El 70.

2"efort C. Guizot theoricien du pouvoir I t Francois Guixot e t la culture palitique dc ran temps. P. 1991. P 97.

Guizot F. D e s moyens de gouvemtment et d'opposltion dans Fctat aetutl de la France. R, 182 1 . P265-266; Lefort C. Op.cit. P 104.

'' CM.: Tapne E.B. Cwnne~wn rn I 2 ToMax. M., 1959. T6. U. 86, 677. 31 CM.; Tapne E.B. yn. tor. T.6. C. 96, 100.

" T ~ M ae . C. 104105. "' Cossez R, lntroductlbn I1 Un ouvrier en 1820. Manuserit inedit de Jacque Etienne Bede.

P., 1984. i? 14.

34 B e h a. Hrmpun pecny6wnanmod napmn m @pmww c 1814 r#l 1870 r. M., 1906. C. 14.

Cm.: B e h b K. ys. cor., C. 26-27. 36 Girard L. La troupe face aux imurrections parisiennes. (1830-1848) If Maintien de I'ordre

e t polices en France et en Europe xu XIX sieelt, fl, 1987. I? 54.

Pinkney D.H. The Crowd i n the French Revrlution of 1830 //American Historical Review. 1964. October. P 3 4 .

38 Brush E.P. Guizot in the earfy years of the Orltanist monarchy. N-Y, 1974.

39 ~ M T , no: B e h b m. yu. cou., c. 35. 40 Constitutions de la F ~ c e dcpuis 1789, textes pmsentes par J.Godechot. P, 1979.

41 William H. Sewell, Jr. Work and Revolution in France. The language of labor from the old regime to 1 848. Cambridge University Press. 1980. I? 196.

42 Brush E.P. Guirot in the Early Years of the Orleanlrt Monarchy. hl-Y, 1974. P86.

44 Brush E. P. 0p.cit. P148.

45 m p y ~ o e C.A. @ ~ ~ H u ) ~ c K M lunoAa n 6opb6a 3a ee ~e~o~pa+w3aquwr 1850- 1870. M., 1960. C.25.

46 Religion saint-simonienne. Poursuites diriges contre Yotre Pere supreme Enfantin c t contre Hotre P e n Olinde Rodrigues. /?, s.#. P9-10.

47 Brush E.P. 0p.cit. ' 80.

48 Gurvitch G. Proudhon. Sa vie, son aovre. avec un expose de sa philosophie. I?, 1965. P2-3.

5U Ibid. - P 92

51 Ibid. - I? 93.

52 Kaufmann E. La Banque en France. I?, 19 14. P 12-13.

5 4 Hlstoire du ministere de I'lnterieur de 1790 a nos lourr. P. 1993. P64. " X X ~ ~ ~ K T ~ ~ H O , W O OBMH a3 CeH-CHMOHACTOB M. We~aJIbe YXie 8 I832 row I I p e ~ a f U

c o s ~ a ~ n nocT MmucTpa IKPOM~ILZU~~HHOCTH. (Religion saint-simonien. [Chevalier] M. Politique industielle et systeme de la Mediterranee. P , 1832. P7.1

'"tatistique de la Fmnce, publiee par le ministre des tr*vPur publics, de I'agiculture et du commerce. P , 1837.

" 7 cocemeB h r n m npeAcTasneHkie o TOM, YTO rocynapcTBo 06~3au0 ~ B H H M ~ T ~ C R

6emeh11hi~ CJIORMII HaCeJIeHMa, YKOpeHnnoCb TBK r'ny60~0, S T 0 AajKe B cnoeape Be6c~epa aa 1832 ron npH ucTonIcosaHaH p a ~ n m b l x s n a u e ~ d cnosa urocynapcTBoN (state) rOBOpWIOCb: u...EoITW MbI FOBOPHM, W O rOCYflBpCTBO OCYILWCTBHJIO MepbI B nomepmcy naynepon, cnoBo rocynapcTso oTcbInaeT IC sHaqewmn anpasmenbcmo, HJIM {tnapnaMeHTn, a Korna MLI roBapuM, YTO O ~ U B C T B O (state) 06narae.r~~ aanoroM

nOMBp?KKIl IlayIiepOB, TO 3T0 CJlOBO YKBSbIBaeT Ha BeCb HBPOA IZnH BCe coo6wec.rsos. - Attp: // www. yourdictionary. corn

" Les francais peints par eux-mcmes. Encytlopedie morale de dix-neuvieme siecle. P. 1841. T.N !? 1100.

59 Nachtwachlerstaat (rocyirapcTso - H O Y H O ~ CTOPOHI) - TO nomTkie B nonemKe c H e M e m m H nw6epua~n men @epnu~am JIaccmb (1825-1864) anrr O ~ O ~ H ~ ~ I ~ H H I ! rOCynapCTBa, KOTOpOe O T R e W e T TOJIbHO 3a BHeLUHIOK) H BHYTPeHHWKl 6830rrac~oc~b. - http: // de. wikipedza.org/wiki~Nuchwuchterstaat

Date post:	10-Jun-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

TO~HO MOCKB~, aXMII BeKa OH0 Havana npOB0- BIIOJIHe m6epm~bre MepOnptIHTliH. ... TO ecm nommrnymcsr...

Documents