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ČVUT v PrazeFakulta stavební
Katedra technických zařízení budov
125 YMCBMicroclimate and Architecture
prof. Ing. Karel Kabele, CSc.
A227b
Credit
Written test (min 50 % correct answers)
Seminar work presentation
125 YMCB 2013/014 3prof.Karel Kabele
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INDOOR ENVIRONMENT OFBUILDINGSprof.Karel Kabele125 YMCB 2013/014 4
Indoor Environment of Buildings
Up to 90 % of our life we spend indoors… ( SZÚ 2012)
prof.Karel Kabele
4%7%
68%
16%
5%
Streets with traffic
Out off the streets
Living space
Other interior spaces
Means of transport
Source: Braniš, M., Kolomazníková, J. (2010) Year-
long continuous personal exposure to PM2.5 recorded
by a fast responding portable nephelometer.
Atmospheric Environment 44(24): 2865-2872
125 YMCB 2013/014 5
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Indoor Environment of Buildings
• The indoor environment is the environment inside buildings. It is generally a physical reality that surrounds a living organism with which it interactsand which contributes to his physical condition constantly.
• It can be generally considered as a set of three phenomena, which are:
125 YMCB 2013/014 prof.Karel Kabele 6
ExposedBody
TransmissionField
Source ofAgencies
Agencie : homogeneous component of physical reality, creating flows and affecting
exposed body
Exposed Body: human, animal, plant, machine or other entity responding to
environment
Agencie Transmission Field Exposed Body (Part)
Toxic substances Air respiratory tract, skinAerosols Air respiratory tract, skin
Mikrobes Airrespiratory tract, digestive
tract, skinOdours Air respiratory tract
Water vapor Air respiratory mucosa, skin
Heat Air, contact bodies respiratory tract, skin
Light Space Visual systemAcoustics waves Air Auditory system
Ionizing radiation Spaceinternal organs without
feedbackIons in the air Air respiratory tract
Static Space skinOther electromagnetic
wavesSpace
internal organs withoutfeedback
125 YMCB 2013/014 prof.Karel Kabele 7
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Indoor Environment of Buildings
• Ind. Environment influences:
– Health
– Productivity
– Comfort
125 YMCB 2013/014 prof.Karel Kabele 8
J. Adam Huggins for The New York Times 26.7.2007
Indoor Environment of Buildings
=
Internal Microclimate
=
Indoor Environment (IE)
Perception of IE
• Reaction of organism to the environment:
– efforts to eliminate adverse effects in order to achieve comfort
• Conscious – e.g. taking a sweater on, closing window, running blinds
• Subconscious – e.g. sweating, shaking, eye accommodation
– Short-term X long-term effects
125 YMCB 2013/014 prof.Karel Kabele 9
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Environmental Comfort
„State of mind expressing satisfaction with the environment“
( Fanger 1970 - ASHRAE)
„Feeling of well being physically and mentally“ (European passive solar handbook)
„Indoor environmental quality is related to coexistence ofthermal comfort, visual comfort, indoor air quality and acousticcomfort.“ (Rehva Guidebook 13)
125 YMCB 2013/014 prof.Karel Kabele 10
Feeling of dullness
Loss of concentration
Fatigue
Irritability
Headache
Lack of Energy
Revmatism
Irritation of muscle
membrane
Tend to feel cold
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS (%)
AIR CONDITIONING
NO AIR CONDITIONING
Lighting
Tobacco smoke
Pressure on quality of
work
Heat-moisture
microclimate
Noise
Colleagues
Overtime
Bosses
Space Constraint
NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS (%)
Indoor Environment
Stress - evokes a response of the organism - strain
125 YMCB 2013/014 prof.Karel Kabele 11
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Factors forming the resulting state of the environment
Physical factors of theenvironment
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Air velocity
– Air quality
– Lighting
– Noise
– Radiation
– Space
125 YMCB 2013/014 prof.Karel Kabele 12
Factors of the organism– Age
– Sex
– Rhythmicity - breathing, heart rate, body temperature, menstrual cycle ...
– Psychological factors - state of mind, introvert / extrovert ...
– Biological processes -digestion, sleep, work, rest, sex ...
Indoorenvironmentof buildings
Heat -moisture
Air
Lighting
Acoustics
Elmgfield
Psychical
Indoor Environment of BuildingsComponents of IE
– Heat - moisture
– Air quality• gases
• aerosols
• microorganisms
– Acoustics
– Lighting
– Electro -static, -ion, -magnetic, ionizing and radiation field
– Psychological comfort (colors, surfaces, architecture ...)
prof.Karel Kabele
Source : Jokl 1986
125 YMCB 2013/014 13
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Building EnvelopeFacade
– Thermal insulation -limit?
– Advanced materials• Vacuum insulation
• PCM materials
– active facades• Double facades
• Smart "shading„
• Integrated PV, PT systems
Reduction of heating and cooling need
prof.Karel Kabele 14125 YMCB 2013/014
zdroj: autor
zdroj: http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/photo/aerogel.html
Zdroj:autor
zdroj: autor
Building envelope
Windows
• Glazing
• Thermal bridges
Active glazing
– electrochromic?
Heat losses and heat load minimizing
Ensuring daylight
prof.Karel Kabele 15125 YMCB 2013/014
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
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Heating of buildings
Heating• Renewable sources
• Heat storage
• Efficient sources
• Efficient heat distribution(pumps)
• Heat emission
• Measurement and control
Efficient power and power control
Renewables
prof.Karel Kabele 16125 YMCB 2013/014
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
Building and Indoor Environment…
prof.Karel Kabele
Energyperformanc
e
Heating
Cooling, moistenin
g
Ventilation
ArtificialLighting
Domestichot water
125 YMCB 2013/014 17
Indoorenvironmentof buildings
Heat -moisture
Air
Lighting
Acoustics
Elmgfield
Psychical
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Cooling
• Reducing heat load
• Efficient chillers
• Accumulation of cold
• Efficient cold distribution
• „High-temperature“ cooling
• Control and strategy(night ventilation)
prof.Karel Kabele 18125 YMCB 2013/014
Passive systems
Efficient power and power control
Renewable cold sources
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
prof.Karel Kabele125 YMCB 2013/014 19
Energyperformanc
e
Heating
Cooling, moistenin
g
Ventilation
ArtificialLighting
Domestichot water
Indoorenvironmentof buildings
Heat -moisture
Air
Lighting
Acoustics
Elmgfield
Psychical
Building and Indoor Environment…
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Ventilation
• Ventilation air amountoptimization
• CO2, VOC, IAQ sensors
• Low-pressure distributionnetwork
• Natural ventilation
• Control strategy
prof.Karel Kabele 20125 YMCB 2013/014
Natural ventilation systems
Controlled mechanical ventilation
source: http://passivesolar.weebly.com
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
Example: a consequence of "energy conscious" user behavior
prof.Karel Kabele125 YMCB 2013/014 21
Source : Kabele 2006
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prof.Karel Kabele125 YMCB 2013/014 22
Energyperformanc
e
Heating
Cooling, moistenin
g
Ventilation
ArtificialLighting
Domestichot water
Indoorenvironmentof buildings
Heat -moisture
Air
Lighting
Acoustics
Elmgfield
Psychical
Building and Indoor Environment…
Light
Daylight and mixed lighting
Light ducts
Effective sources - LED?
Control
Daylighting
Artificial – new sources
prof.Karel Kabele 23125 YMCB 2013/014
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
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prof.Karel Kabele125 YMCB 2013/014 24
Energyperformanc
e
Heating
Cooling, moistenin
g
Ventilation
ArtificialLighting
Domestichot water
Indoorenvironmentof buildings
Heat -moisture
Air
Lighting
Acoustics
Elmgfield
Psychical
Building and Indoor Environment…
Domestic Hot Water
• DHW consumption!!
• Efficient DHW generation
• Temperature
• Distribution network– Circulation
– Control
• Legionella!!!!
0
20
40
60
Hot water demand litres/shower
Water temperature – hygiene
Human factor
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Co
ld w
ate
r (
w/o
DH
W)
l/p
ers
/hr
hod
Cold water use in residential building
Monday
TuesdayWednesdayThursdayFriday
SaturdaySunday
prof.Karel Kabele 25125 YMCB 2013/014
zdroj: autor
zdroj: autor
source:
http://www.waterhygieneireland.ie
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prof.Karel Kabele125 YMCB 2013/014 26Source : Kabele, Dvořáková 2012
Energyperformanc
e
Heating
Cooling, moistenin
g
Ventilation
ArtificialLighting
Domestichot water
Indoorenvironmentof buildings
Heat -moisture
Air
Lighting
Acoustics
Elmgfield
Psychical
Building and Indoor Environment…
prof.Karel Kabele125 YMCB 2013/014 27
Source : Kabele, Dvořáková 2012
Energyperformanc
e
Heating
Cooling, moistenin
g
Ventilation
ArtificialLighting
Domestichot water
Indoorenvironmentof buildings
Heat -moisture
Air
Lighting
Acoustics
Elmgfield
Psychical
Building and Indoor Environment…
