Anglický předminulý čas a jeho české ekvivalenty

ZÁPADOČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V PLZNI

FAKULTA PEDAGOGICKÁ

KATEDRA ANGLICKÉHO JAZYKA

Anglický předminulý čas a jeho české ekvivalenty Bakalářská práce

Dominik Fojta Specializace v pedagogice

Anglický jazyk se zaměřením na vzdělávání

Vedoucí práce: Ph.Dr. Jarmila Petrlíková, Ph.D.

Plzeň 2021

UNIVERSITY OF WEST BOHEMIA

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

The English Past Perfect Tense and Its Czech

Equivalents Undergraduate Thesis

Dominik Fojta Specialisation in Pedagogy

The English Language with Focus on the Education

Supervisor: Ph.Dr. Jarmila Petrlíková, Ph.D.

Pilsen 2021

Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně

s použitím uvedené literatury a zdrojů informací.

V Plzni, …………….2021

...................................................

vlastnoruční podpis

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my supervisor Ph.Dr. Jarmila Petrlíková, Ph.D. for her advices, her

time, her leading, her patience and her kind words during the coronavirus crisis.

ABSTRACT

Fojta Dominik. University of West Bohemia. April 2021. The English Past Perfect and Its

Czech Equivalents. Supervisor: Ph.Dr. Jarmila Petrlíková, Ph.D.

This undergraduate thesis focuses on the English past perfect, specifically, its forms, areas

of use and its Czech equivalents. The main objective of this undergraduate thesis is to

provide the reader with information about verbal tense and aspect of both the English and

the Czech verbs with special focus on the past perfect and its Czech equivalents.

Furthermore, it provides basic information about the problematic of translation of the

English past perfect into Czech and examines the range of correspondence between the

original English forms of the English past perfect, and their Czech counterparts.

The analysis of the excerpts, which were extracted from Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s

Stone by J.K. Rowling, is based on the observation and comparison of verbal categories of

tense, aspect, and voice both in the original English text and its Czech counterpart.

Furthermore, the analysis is focused on finding of which areas of use of the English past

perfect are the most frequent.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 2

1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 3

1.1 The English Verbs and Their Classification ........................................................... 3

1.1.1 Semantic-syntactic Classification of the English Verbs .................................. 3

1.1.2 Classification of the English Verbs According to the Verbal Dynamism ...... 3

1.1.3 Semantic Classification of the English Verbs .................................................. 4

1.2 Aspect and Tense of the English Verbs ................................................................... 4

1.2.1 Present Perfect .................................................................................................... 6

1.2.2 Future Perfect ..................................................................................................... 8

1.2.3 Past Perfect .......................................................................................................... 8

1.2.4 Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) ........................................................... 11

1.3 Aspect of the Czech Verbs ...................................................................................... 13

1.4 Tense of the Czech Verbs ........................................................................................ 15

1.5 Mutual Relation of Verbal Tense and Verbal Aspect in Czech and English ..... 16

1.5.1 Differences between the English Preterit and Perfect ................................... 16

1.5.2 Correspondence of Czech and English Aspect .............................................. 18

1.5.3 Past Perfect (Pluperfect) in Czech and English ............................................. 21

1.6 Translation of the English Past Perfect into Czech .............................................. 22

2 ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 25

2.1 The Method of the Research ................................................................................... 25

2.2 Results of the Analysis ............................................................................................. 25

3 THE CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 36

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 38

SUMMARY IN CZECH ................................................................................................... 40

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................... i

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INTRODUCTION

This undergraduate thesis focuses on the English past perfect along with the English past

perfect progressive tense and their Czech equivalents.

The main reason for choosing this topic was the fact that most of my students and pupils do

not understand when and why the English perfective tenses should be used, namely the

English past perfect. Therefore, I found this topic an interesting opportunity to learn about

these tenses as much information as possible from the first hand. Not only would it help me

to become a better teacher, but it would also be beneficial to any reader who is not a native

speaker, since the thesis also deals with mutual relations between Czech and English.

The theoretical background of this undergraduate thesis provides brief information about the

division of the English verbs along with the information about the verbal categories of tense

and aspect of the English verbs. The next part of the theoretical background is focused on

the perfective tenses in English. Furthermore, the information about the verbal categories of

aspect and tense of the Czech verbs is provided as well. Moreover, the theoretical

background also provides the information about mutual relation of verbal tense and verbal

aspect in Czech and English. The final part of the theoretical background deals with the

translation of the English past perfect into Czech.

The second part of this thesis deals with the analysis of the extracted excerpts. First, the

information about the method of the research is provided. Furthermore, six diagrams and

their descriptions are provided to demonstrate the results of the analysis.

The final part of this thesis provides conclusions which demonstrate the summary of ideas

resulting from the theoretical background and the analysis.

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1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 The English Verbs and Their Classification

Verbs are one of the basic parts of speech both in English and Czech. It is important to

mention that they can be distinguished into specific groups according to their features and

behaviour in both of these languages. Verbs are generally used to express actions, states,

processes, and relations. In English, they can be used, for example, to express material

processes, mental processes, changes of states and relations, or progressive processes. The

classification of the English verbs, in other words, the semantic characteristics of the English

verbs, can be determined from various points of view, for example, morphological point of

view, syntactic point of view, semantic point of view or from the point of view of the verbal

dynamism.

1.1.1 Semantic-syntactic Classification of the English Verbs

According to the semantic-syntactic classification of the English verbs, we speak of full

(lexical) verbs, auxiliary verbs, and copula verbs. Full verbs have their own semantic

meaning, and all the grammatical categories of the English verbs can be distinguished.

Auxiliary verbs, on the other hand, do not have any semantic meaning, nevertheless, they do

have a grammatical meaning. Copula verbs (linking verbs) usually link an object and a

subject with their complements, and they do possess certain features of the semantic

meaning.

Example: The soup smells good.

Nevertheless, it is their grammatical meaning which is essential.

1.1.2 Classification of the English Verbs According to the Verbal Dynamism

According to the verbal dynamism of the English verbs, we can distinguish two types of

verbs: dynamic verbs and stative verbs.

Dynamic verbs, also known as “action verbs”, usually describe an action, developing events,

mental processes and changes of state. Furthermore, dynamic verbs may occur in the

progressive form. Stative verbs, on the other hand, usually describe permanent or long

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lasting states, for example: emotions, feelings, attitudes, perceptions, states referring to one‘s

appearance or states outside a human subject.

1.1.3 Semantic Classification of the English Verbs

Some grammarians mention that according to the semantic classification of the English

verbs, we can distinguish two types of the English verbs: telic and atelic. However, it is

important to mention that in case of the English verbs, we speak rather about telic and atelic

predication than a specific group of verbs. In contrast with the Czech verbs, the basic form

of an English verb usually does not possess necessary properties which would distinguish

whether the verb is telic or atelic. Nevertheless, it is also important to mention that verbs

with telic predication describe completed actions, events, and processes, or aiming to their

completion. Verbs with atelic predication, on the other hand, describe actions, states, and

events in process.

1.2 Aspect and Tense of the English Verbs

The grammatical categories of the English verbs are very similar to the grammatical

categories of the Czech verbs, nevertheless, we can see slight differences between them.

While the Czech verbs have eight grammatical categories of verbs, the English verbs only

have six of them. We speak of person, number, mood, tense, aspect, and voice. In other

words, we speak of classification of the English verbs from the morphological point of view,

however, the most crucial categories for purposes of this thesis are tense and aspect.

Alexander (1988) points out that some grammarians incline to the idea that tense should

always be indicated by changes in verb forms. Should this idea be followed, then the English

verbs have but two tenses: present and past. In spite of this idea, relation between tense and

time might be considered rather distant by some. Alexander expresses his idea about this

topic in the following quotation.

“It is usual (and convenient) to refer to all combinations of be + present participle and have

+ past participle as tenses. The same goes for will + bare infinitive to refer to the future (It

will be fine tomorrow). But we must remember that tense in English is often only loosely

related to time.” (Alexander, 1988, p. 159)

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Alexander (1988) also mentions that a present tense in the main clause (for example, in a

reporting verb) usually attracts a present tense in the subordinate clause, which can be also

said in case of past tenses.

As we can see, Alexander focused on the description of tenses in clauses and verbal phrases,

nevertheless, Carter and McCarthy (2006) provide rather more detailed description of this

phenomena. They say that verb phrases indicate: tense, which provides information about

time, aspect, which delivers information about the speaker’s or writer’s perspective on time,

and voice (active and passive), which expresses information about agents and recipients of

the verb processes. Nevertheless, English is a complex language which contains many

exceptions. We must not forget that meaning of the English sentences depend on the context

and can be expressed in many different forms. This statement is confirmed by Biber, Conrad

and Leech in the following quotation.

“A single form can be used to express several meanings, and the same meaning can be

expressed by more than one form.” (Biber, Conrad and Leech, 2002, p. 149)

Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002) also mention that there are two aspects in English:

perfective and progressive (continuous). They claim that if an English verb does not have an

aspect marked on them, they are said to have so-called simple aspect.

The perfective aspect, according to Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002), most often describes

events or states taking place during a preceding period of time, while the progressive aspect

describes an event or state of affairs in progress or continuing. The same idea is supported

by Dušková (1999). Nevertheless, she points out that continuous forms do not have only one

relevant feature, but two. She agrees with the idea that progressive aspect is used in order to

express verbal action of temporary duration in progress, but also serves as reference to a

definite occasion.

Progressive aspect, which, according to Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002), principally focuses

on the duration of the event, is formed with the auxiliary verb to be + the -ing participle of

a lexical verb. If the progressive aspect appears in a verb phrase, which can be either simple,

or complex, we may speak of so-called non-finite verb phrases. The non-finite phrases differ

from the finite phrases because of the impossibility of analysing of all the grammatical

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categories of English verbs. The only grammatical categories of English verbs which can be

analysed are voice and aspect.

Both the progressive aspect and the perfective aspect can be combined with the past and the

present tense, however, when the perfect aspect is combined with present tense, its meaning

may refer to either the past time, or the present time. Nevertheless, when the perfective aspect

is combined with the past tense, it refers only to the past time.

1.2.1 Present Perfect

The difference in meaning and use between the present perfect and the simple preterit (past

simple), according to Huddleston and Pullum (2002), reflects the fact that the compound

tense combines past and present, whereas the simple tense refers only to the past. This

general explanation is also provided by Dušková (1999) who claims that temporal reference

of the English preterit and perfect, when used without temporal adjuncts, differs essentially

in two features: the kind of past they denote and relation to the present. Huddleston and

Pullum (2002) add that the grammarians distinguish four major uses of the present perfect:

the continuative perfect, the experiential (or existential perfect), the resultative perfect and

the perfect of recent past.

Furthermore, Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002) claim that verbs which occur with the present

perfect are mostly verbs describing mental or logical states. They also mention that,

surprisingly, the academic prose writers often use simple present tense even when reporting

the views and writings of scholars in the past.

Carter and McCarthy (2006) provide the description of present perfect’s structure and

mention that perfective aspect (in general) involves the use of auxiliary have and -ed

participle of a lexical verb. They also mention that perfective aspect can be combined both

with past and present tense.

Nevertheless, Huddleston and Pullum (2002) describe the aspect from temporal point of

view. They claim that perfective aspect which refers to an event that began in the past, but

extends forward to the present time, is called the continuative perfect. They also add that

preterit can be used instead, but only in case, in which the event does not extend forward to

the present time. In other words, preterit can replace only the non-continuative perfect.

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They also describe temporal relation. According to their statement, temporal relation in

which the past event happened wholly before, or before and up to the present time, is referred

to as the complex anteriority. On the contrary, temporal relation in which the past event

happened wholly before the present time is called the simple anteriority. Thus, we can elicit

that the basic use of perfect is to express complex anteriority, while the basic use of preterit

is to express simple anteriority.

“When primary tense combines with the perfect, it gives the temporal location not of the

situation itself but the time that the situation (or the part of it referred to) is anterior to.”

(Huddleston and Pullum, 2002, p. 142)

Huddleston and Pullum (2002) also point out, that the non-continuative reading of perfect is

much more frequent and can be regarded as the default one. The continuative reading

virtually requires reinforcement by temporal adjuncts, such as since or for phrases.

Dušková (1999) corresponds with this idea and mentions that when expressions with for,

since, and others of a similar nature (how long, all my life, all these years, in the past ten

years, etc.) are combined with the perfect, the perfect then denotes an action which began in

the past and continues up to the present.

Nevertheless, Huddleston and Pullum (2005) add that the present perfect more or less

excludes temporal adjuncts referring to the past, since they divorce the situation from present

time. Dušková (1999) supports this idea as well and explains that in relation to the past, the

uses of the perfect and preterit with temporal adjuncts do not reveal any new features beyond

those found in adjunctless uses. However, her opinion about this phenomenon also includes

the idea that there is a higher degree of consistency between temporal adjuncts denoting a

definite past period and the preterit than between adjuncts referring to indefinite past and the

perfect.

Although this may be true, there are some verbs that are rarely used in the present perfect.

According to Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002), verbs which are rarely used in the present

perfect usually refer to physical actions. For example: kiss, nod, scream or smile. They also

claim that the British English uses perfective aspect much more frequently than the

American English, whereas the American English uses progressive aspect during

conversation much more than the British English.

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Another fact which Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002) point out is that the British English uses

perfective aspect much more than the American English does. According to them, the

American English often uses past tense in context where the British English uses the present

perfect, which is especially noticeable when the sentence also includes yet or already.

Strangely, the British English preference of aspect appears most strongly in news.

1.2.2 Future Perfect

The future perfect tense in considered very rare both in the English literature and

conversation, however, it is expected from the students of English to be familiar both with

the form of this tense and its meaning, despite the fact that it occurs very rarely.

According to Alexander (1988), the future perfect tense is formed with will have + the past

participle. The future perfect tense can be combined with the progressive aspect, however,

as written before, the combination of perfect and progressive aspect is considered very rare

in all of the English tenses.

Furthermore, Alexander (1988) explains that we usually use future perfect to demonstrate

that an action will already be completed by a certain moment in the future.

Example: I hope that Jane will have changed her opinion by this time tomorrow.

In this example we can see that Jane’s opinion will be already changed by the time they

meet.

1.2.3 Past Perfect

From the formal point of view, in past perfect the auxiliary/operator have is used in its past

form, and grammatical bound morpheme ‘d being used in the contracted form.

According to Greenbaum et al. (1985), the past perfect usually has the meaning of “past-in-

the-past” and can be regarded as the anterior version either of the present perfect or of the

simple past. More technically, the past perfect may be said to denote any event or state

anterior to a time of orientation in the past. The three meanings of state, event or habit can

all occur. However, the past perfect does not have to refer to a more remote time than that

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referred to by the simple past. In some cases, particularly in a clause introduced by after, the

two constructions can be more or less interchangeable.

Examples: Andrew finished his homework after his mother had come from work.

Andrew finished his homework after his mother came home.

After in both of these sentences indicates that the mother returned before Andrew finished

the homework. After signals that the temporal relation between the two information in both

sentences is identical, therefore, the past perfect in the first sentence is redundant.

Greenbaum et al. (1985) also claim that when the past perfect is used, an adverbial of time

may occur. Nevertheless, they also mention that the adverbial can identify either the older

event or the event, which is closer to the present time, but not both. However, the adverbial

usually identifies the event which is closer to the present time.

Example: When my brother came home, I had finished my meal.

This sentence can be rewritten as: I had finished my meal when my brother came home. In

this case, we may incline to the fact that their meaning is synonymous. Immediately after

the person finished their meal, their brother came home.

In such case, Greenbaum et al. (1985) say that “immediately after” behaves the same way

as after in a sentence. Therefore, the past participle in this case is redundant as well.

Not only Greenbaum et al. (1985), but also Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002) describe that

the past perfect phrases look back to an extended time period that was completed in the past.

In order to clarify the time reference, time adverbials are often used with verbs in the past

perfect. Nevertheless, Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002) add that verbs which occur with the

past perfect have tendency to occur in dependent clauses. If so, the simple past tense in the

main clause provides the perspective for interpretation of the time reference. The event in

the dependent clause was completed by the time of the event in the main clause.

Although this may be true, Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002) also point out that the present

perfect is much more common in conversation than the past perfect. They also mention that

10

the past perfect is somewhat more common and frequent in literature, especially in fiction,

and that the past perfect phrases are used especially for reference to an earlier period in the

middle of a past tense narrative. Furthermore, they claim that the most common verbs which

occur with the past perfect are verbs which describe physical movement, speech acts and

thoughts.

1.2.3.1 Past Perfect in Reported Speech

Past perfect can be used in reported speech, since, according to Huddleston and Pullum

(2005), the indirect reported speech uses so-called backshift. An indirect report refers only

to the content of what was said in the past, not the form. In other words, the most crucial use

of backshift is to ensure that the verb form refers to the past time. Therefore, the tense needs

to be back shifted. They also claim that the most obvious cases of backshift are with verbs

of reporting that are in the preterit.

“Although indirect reported speech represents the most obvious case, backshift also happens

quite generally in constructions where one clause is embedded within a larger one

containing a preterit verb.” (Huddleston and Pullum, 2005, p. 48)

However, Alexander (1988) adds that the past perfect sometimes functions simply as the

past form of the present perfect. Furthermore, he claims that the past perfect can be used

with verbs like expect, hope, mean, suppose, think or want, to describe things we hoped for

or wished to do, but did not.

1.2.3.2 Past Perfect in the Third Conditional

The past perfect can also occur in so-called third conditional. The third conditional refers

purely to the past and describes an event or action which did not happen, and the possible

result of the event or the action. The third conditional uses the past perfect in the dependent

clause, which is usually followed by the main clause in which we use would have + past

participle of the verb.

Example: If I had seen the film, I would not have gone to the cinema.

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1.2.4 Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive)

The progressive and the perfective aspect can be combined with each other. In that case we

speak either of present perfect continuous or past perfect continuous.

Not only Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002), but also Carter and McCarthy (2006) claim that

progressive aspect is formed with auxiliary verb be + the -ing participle of the lexical verb.

Furthermore, Carter and McCarthy (2006) explain that aspect refers to the speaker’s or

writer’s perspective on the time of an event. However, they also point out that in English,

aspect is concerned mainly with how the speaker perceives the duration of events, and how

different events relate to one another in time. Moreover, they explain that the choice of aspect

may also reflect an emphasis on whether an event was long-lasting or just a point in time.

Finally, they add that it may also reflect whether it is to be seen as temporary or permanent,

whether it is, or was, in progress when something else happened, whether it is generally or

always the case, whether it happens regularly and so on. In other words, progressive aspect

focuses principally on the duration of the event or action.

Carter and McCarthy (2006) also mention that tense and aspect are combined in the verb

phrase, which brings us to fact that tense is usually demonstrated on the first verb in the verb

phrase (unless it is a modal), and that all subsequent verbs possess non-tensed forms (-ing

participle, -ed participle, or bare infinitive). Moreover, they point out that the perfective

auxiliary have or had always precedes the progressive auxiliary be when perfective and

progressive aspects are combined.

Unlike Carter and McCarthy (2006), who describe structure of past perfect progressive,

Alexander (1988) focuses on explanation of how this tense should be used appropriately. He

mentions that we use the past perfect progressive when we wish to emphasize that an activity

was in progress throughout a period of time, and the progress lasted until another event,

which was closer to the present time, occurred. In other words, we use past perfect

progressive for activities in progress during an earlier past, often with consequences. He

adds that some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait or work naturally

suggest continuity and often occur with perfect progressive with since or for phrases, and

also in questions which begin with How long?

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Furthermore, the author points out that use of the progressive aspect can have several

functions, nevertheless, the meaning is always based on the context, but he also emphasizes

that the progressive forms can be used to demonstrate that an action is (or was) frequently

repeated.

Example: “Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole

week.” (Alexander, 1988, p. 177)

In the other example we can see that we use the progressive forms to show that we have

come to a conclusion based on direct or indirect evidence.

Example: “Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.”

(Alexander, 1988, p. 177)

Alexander (1988) also mentions that the difference between an activity still in progress and

one that has definitely been completed is marked by context and by the verbs we use.

“The simple and progressive forms are not interchangeable here:

Example 1: When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her room.

Example 2: When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room.

In the first example, the activity was uncompleted then. In the second example, the job was

definitely finished then.” (Alexander, 1988, p. 177-178)

Although this may be true, Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002) claim that the perfect

progressive aspect is considered very rare, occurring usually in the past in literature,

especially in fiction. They also explain that past progressive tense combines the meaning of

the perfect and the progressive aspect, referring to a past situation or activity that was in

progress for a period of time. Surprisingly, they point out that progressive aspect is more

common in conversation than in written form.

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1.3 Aspect of the Czech Verbs

As mentioned before by Carter and McCarthy (2006), verbal aspect in English serves as an

indicator of speaker’s or writer’s perspective on time. Nevertheless, determination of the

Czech verbal aspect slightly differs.

While the English verbal aspect is usually marked by grammatical bound morphemes, the

Czech aspect is directly linked to the semantic meaning of verbs, and their form.

The Czech aspect divides verbs into two groups: perfective and imperfective.

According to Havránek and Jedlička (1986), the Czech verbal aspect serves only as an

indicator of continuity. Cvrček et al. (2015) support this idea, however, they proclaim that

the Czech aspect also helps create new verbal expressions which possess nearly the same

semantic meaning as the original verb. Nevertheless, they point out that the main function

of the Czech aspect is serving as an indicator of verbal continuity. Cvrček et al. (2015) also

mention that means of realisation of the Czech aspect are rather closer to the word formation

than to the accidence. They support this claim by saying that most of the Czech verbs belong

to the so-called aspect pair. Forming a suitable counterpart of either perfective or

imperfective verb requires addition of a prefix or a suffix. This results in creating a new verb

which can possess the same semantic meaning as the original verb, or it can have entirely

different semantic meaning.

Example 1: nese (nosit = to carry) - přinese (přinést = to bring)

(Cvrček et al., 2015, p. 292)

Example 2: psát (imperfective form of the verb) – napsat (perfective form of the verb)

(Cvrček et al., 2015, p. 292)

Havránek and Jedlička (1986) emphasize that perfective verbs in Czech express actions that

are already completed. Furthermore, the authors proclaim that present forms of the perfective

verbs express future reference. Therefore, they cannot be combined with the present tense.

Nevertheless, their features do not limit their use in the other two Czech tenses.

Example: vyrobí - future tense, vyrobil - past tense

(Havránek and Jedlička, 1986, p. 225)

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Imperfective verbs in Czech, on the other hand, do not comprise any features which would

limit them. Therefore, they can be combined with any of the three Czech tenses: the past

tense, the present tense, and the future tense. However, when combined with the future tense,

the imperfective verbs must be used in a compound form. This compound form contains two

verbs: the future form of the Czech verb to be (budu) and infinitive of the full verb.

Example: vyrábějí – vyráběli – budou vyrábět

(Havránek and Jedlička. 1986, p. 225)

Although this may be true, the authors proclaim that derivation allows the imperfective verbs

to become perfective. Nevertheless, Havránek and Jedlička (1986) strictly emphasize the

fact that adding a prefix to an imperfective verb always results in the verb becoming

perfective. Moreover, as mentioned before by Cvrček et al. (2015), combining a prefix with

an imperfective verb results not only in change of the Czech aspect, but also in the verb’s

semantic meaning, either partially or entirely.

Example 1: Entire change of semantic meaning: jde – najde


Example 2: Partial change of semantic meaning: nese – přinese


As we can see in the first example, the meaning is changed entirely. While jde is a present

non-finite form of the verb jít (to go), najde is a future finite form of the verb najít (to find).

The second example, on the other hand, presents only partial change of the verb’s semantic

meaning.

Furthermore, Cvrček et al. (2015) point out that deriving the perfective counterparts from

imperfective verbs is usually realised by adding a suffix. However, they do admit that

derivation of the Czech verbs by using a prefix is rather more frequent.

Example: -nu/-nou in the aspect pair: sekat – seknout

(Cvrček et al., 2015, p. 292)

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1.4 Tense of the Czech Verbs

As mentioned before by Alexander (1988), tense in English is often only loosely related to

time. Tense in Czech, on the other hand, is usually related to time very closely. However,

Cvrček et al. (2015) mention that certain present forms of the Czech verbs can be used in

expressions related to the past and to the future. For example, the authors remind that present

forms of the perfective verbs in Czech always express actions taking place in the future.

Example: přijedu, dopíšu, stisknu

(Cvrček et al., 2015, p. 286)

Nevertheless, present forms of the Czech verbs usually express an action in progress by the

time of the current speech, or states which are currently valid. This claim is supported by

Cvrček et al. (2015) who explain that all Czech tenses distinguish two types of use: current

and non-current. The current use of the present tense in Czech expresses actions or states

which take place during the current speech. Therefore, the current use of the present tense in

Czech can be considered an equivalent of the present progressive tense in English.

On the other hand, the non-current use of the present tense in Czech, also known as the

gnomic use, expresses so-called general validity. Although this may be true, the authors

emphasize that both of these uses are dependent on the context.

Furthermore, Cvrček et al. (2015) provide the description of the future form of the Czech

verbs. According to their words, the future tense expresses actions or states which take place

after the current speech or situation. However, the authors emphasize the differences of the

future form of perfective and imperfective verbs. The future form of the imperfective verbs

in Czech is realised by combination of the future form of the auxiliary verb být (to be) and

the infinitive form of the full verb.

The last of the Czech tenses is the past tense. The past tense, according to Cvrček et al.

(2015), is used to express states or actions which took place before the current speech.

Havránek and Jedlička (1986) add to this claim that past forms of the Czech verbs are usually

realised by the combination of the past participle and the present forms of the verb být (to

be). Nevertheless, the past forms of the Czech verbs which are used in the third person are

expressed only by the past participle. Another interesting fact provided by Cvrček et al.

16

(2015) is that the Old Czech contained so called plusquamperfektum. According to the

authors, plusquamperfektum (pluperfect) possessed the same functions as the past perfect

tense in English. Nevertheless, Czech considers plusquamperfektum (pluperfect) rather

obsolete, therefore, is has been entirely replaced by preterit.

1.5 Mutual Relation of Verbal Tense and Verbal Aspect in Czech and English

As mentioned before by Havránek and Jedlička (1986), the Czech verbal aspect serves only

as an indicator of continuity. Dušková (1999) partially agrees and describes the primary

functions of the English perfect. Although most of the interpretations of the English perfect

suggest that the English perfect serves as an aspect-form whose essential meaning is to

denote an action as integral, completed before a given time, Dušková (1999) emphasises that

the English perfect and Czech perfective aspect correspond only in certain cases.

Example: Now look what you’ve done! - Podívej se, cos udělal!

(Dušková, 1999, p. 77)

“The first point to be taken into account when contrasting the English simple perfect with

the Czech past tense of perfective verbs is the position of verbal categories in the respective

verbal systems. The temporal systems in Czech and English display correspondences in the

basic division of temporal events into present, future and past, but here the similarity ends.”

(Dušková, 1999, p. 77)

1.5.1 Differences between the English Preterit and Perfect

Dušková (1999) explains that English operates with three tenses in simple and continuous

forms (preterit, perfect and pluperfect). Considering the sphere of the past, Czech operates

only with one past tense occurring in different aspectual modifications. As mentioned before

by Huddleston and Pullum (2002), the simple perfect tense is usually related to the present.

Nevertheless, Dušková (1999) reminds that the temporal reference of the English preterit

and perfect, when used without temporal adjuncts, differs essentially in two features: the

kind of past they denote and the relation to the present. However, if an action denoted by the

preterit has present relevance, then the connection to the present relevance is only implicit.

17

“The perfect denotes an action that has some connection with the present, the past period it

refers to remaining unspecified. Thus the implications of using the perfect and the preterit

in otherwise identical contexts are (at least in British English) different.”

(Dušková, 1999, p. 78)

Examples: You look troubled. What’s happened?

You look troubled. What happened?

According to Dušková (1999) use of perfect indicates that the speaker has no idea what the

addressed person may have experienced. The use of preterit, on the other hand, indicates that

the speaker is aware of a planned event and wishes to know the details and possible result.

Dušková (1999) also mentions that the relative importance of the two features may be seen

from the fact that where definite past combines with present relevance it is reference to

definite or indefinite past that determines the use of the tense. Thus a temporal adjunct

denoting a definite past period involves the use of the preterit despite the possible present

relevance that the action denoted by it may have.

Although this may be true, Dušková (1999) notes that in accordance to their respective

temporal reference, the preterit and the perfect, where found recurrent in a sequence, denote

two different things.

“The preterit designates a series of connected acts as they follow one another or as referring

to the same occasion. It is thus the tense employed in narration and description of past acts

that constitute components of the same series.” (Dušková, 1999, p. 79)

Example: We drank wine, watched TV, ate sandwiches, and laughed.

All described actions in the example refer to the same occasion in the past, therefore, they

are parts of one sequence. Nevertheless, Dušková (1999) mentions that use of perfect

symbolises that each described fact may refer to a different occasion, and, moreover, may

denote a repeated act.

Example: We have drunk wine, we have watched TV, we have eaten sandwiches, and

we have laughed.

18

The future perfect, on the other hand, designates an act or an activity which will already be

completed by a certain moment in the future.

Example: The party will have finished by the time we get there.

Though considered very rare, Alexander (1988) notes that the future perfect can be combined

with the progressive aspect. If so, the so-called future perfect progressive designates an

activity which will be in progress by a certain moment in the future. Whether the beginning

of the activity is set in the past, in the present or in the future is not important.

Example 1: In February, I will have been working here for two years.

Example 2: At nine o’clock, I will have been waiting for twenty minutes.

Example 3: When I turn thirty, I will have been writing for nineteen years.

In case of the past perfect, as mentioned by Greenbaum et al. (1985), the perfective forms of

the verbs used in the past perfect designate states, actions or events which are anterior to a

time of orientation in the past.

1.5.2 Correspondence of Czech and English Aspect

According to Dušková (1999), an examination of simple and continuous forms of different

verbs has shown different shades of meaning depending on the semantics of the verb and the

context. The author mentions that the verbs under the examination were found to fall into

three groups.

“First, there are verbs like come, get, leave, etc., whose simple forms are essentially non-

continuative, i.e. their action is fulfilled when a certain stage is reached. Verbs of this kind

presumably lead to the conception of simple forms as denoting completed acts in contrast to

continuous forms, which are conceived of as describing uncompleted activities.”

(Dušková, 1999, p. 80)

Example 1: We have come to see auntie Petra. - Přišli jsme se podívat na tetičku Petru.

Example 2: You have been getting on my nerves since the very beginning! - Lezeš mi na

nervy od samého počátku!

19

In both of these examples we can see correspondence of verbal aspect in both languages.

Although this may be true, Dušková (1999) claims that the second group of verbs denote a

completed act, a continuing activity, or a repeated activity. She also notes that this

phenomenon is entirely dependent on the context. Verbs belonging to this group are, for

example, to try, to go, to do.

Example: I’ve tried, your parents have tried… so now it’s up to you! – Zkoušel/Zkusil

jsem to já, zkoušeli/zkusili to i tví rodiče… takže teď je to na tobě!

Dušková (1999) says that this group of verbs has a specific feature. They can either

symbolise a single completed act or a repeated or prolonged activity. The ambiguity can be

resolved by using a temporal adjunct.

Last but not least group of the verbs consists of verbs like to talk, to live, to work etc.

Dušková (1999) explains that verbs of this group describe activities that do not proceed

towards any stage and are thus inherently continuative. Furthermore, the author mentions

that since the feature of completion of these verbs is inconsistent with their semantics, the

implication rests entirely on the context.

Example 1: You’ve waited for the last minute so he won’t have a chance to prepare. –

Čekali jste/Počkali jste na posledmí chvíli, aby neměl možnost se připravit.

Example 2: I think you have talked enough. Don’t you think? – Myslím, že už jsi

mluvil/ses namluvil dost. Nemyslíš?

Both examples confirm that the Czech translation offers both alternatives, imperfective and

perfective. Dušková (1999) explains that in the absence of temporal adjunct, the action is

conceived of as having come to an end, whereas expressions with since or for involve

continuation of the verbal action up to the present.

As mentioned before by Cvrček et al. (2015), Dušková (1999) notes that perfective and

imperfective verbs in Czech are characterized by the feature of compatibility/incompatibility

with the phase verb začít (to begin) and to a large extent also with the auxiliary of the future

20

tense budu (to be). Although this may be true, Dušková (1999) suggest another way of

regarding the perfective verbs in the following quotation.

“Another way of regarding the perfective verb is to view the action denoted by it in its result,

which leads to the resultative conception of perfectivity. Completion and resultativeness,

however, are largely regarded as involving no significant distinction.”

(Dušková, 1999, p. 85)

Nevertheless, as noted by Dušková (1999), the points of convergence between Czech and

English are to be sought in the feature of present relevance in the case of perfect tense, and

the complex nature of verbal action in the case of perfective aspect, both of which can be

reduced to resultativeness. Furthermore, the author mentions that as regards the perfect, this

feature invariably combines with reference to indefinite past. As a result, instances of actual

correspondence are found only where the Czech perfective verb does not refer to the definite

past. According to Dušková (1999), this occurs in some of the uses without temporal

adjuncts and in uses of adjuncts denoting indefinite past. The author also points out that

another limitation on the degree of correspondence is imposed by verbal semantics, some

verbs being incapable of presenting their action in its result.

“Accordingly, correspondence between the perfect tense and perfective aspect can be

expected to hold only where the past period referred to may be conceived of as unspecified

or indefinite and where the verb is semantically compatible with the notion of completion.”

(Dušková, 1999, p. 87)

Furthermore, Dušková (1999) mentions that in the Czech versions of some of the English

examples the temporal adverb už (already) appears as a natural complementary element,

whereas its English explicit equivalent is largely superfluous owning to the meaning of the

perfect tense itself.

“These instances, together with some other forms, are sometimes singled out as the category

of the resultant state.” (Dušková, 1999, p. 88)

As mentioned by Dušková (1999), another instance of correspondence between the perfect

tense and perfective aspect can be found in temporal clauses referring to the future. In that

21

case, however, the Czech verb takes the form of the perfective present, the verbal form in

either language indicating an action completed in the future.

Example: We have got together to keep it a secret until we have sold out the houses. –

Domluvili jsme se, že to uchováme v tajnosti, dokud domy neprodáme.

1.5.3 Past Perfect (Pluperfect) in Czech and English

According to Dušková (1999), the degree of correspondence between the Czech perfective

aspect and the English simple pluperfect can be expected to be relatively higher than in the

case of the perfect, since the principal use of the pluperfect covers the period before the past

which unlike the period before the present is not differentiated into definite and indefinite.

The author mentions that with respect to the present, past events are distinguished according

to whether reference is made to indefinite or definite past and according to whether or not

the event has present relevance, this distinction having formal expression in the perfect and

the preterit.

As mentioned before, in Czech, the pluperfect tense is practically extinct and found rather

obsolete. Dušková (1999) explains that this fact is the very reason that the Czech pluperfect

cannot be considered as the form corresponding to the English pluperfect.

“An equivalent of the English pluperfect has to be sought in the Czech past tense. A feature

shared by the English pluperfect and the Czech past tense is lack of distinction between

definite and indefinite past. A point of difference, on the other hand, is found in the fact that

the relevant feature of the English pluperfect (before-past) has no specific grammatical

means in Czech, there being only one past tense covering the entire rage of all the different

subdivisions of the past.” (Dušková, 1999, p. 97)

The author emphasizes that while considering the sphere of correspondence between the

pluperfect and perfective aspect, three points need to be taken into consideration. First, since

the perfective aspect presents verbal action as a complex act, it will cover only those uses of

the pluperfect that fall within this limitation. Second, the described action must belong to the

sphere of before-past, i.e., denote an action preceding another past action. Third, as the

period before the past is not differentiated into definite and indefinite, correspondence

between the perfective aspect and the pluperfect is to be sought in all instances where the

22

verbal action denotes a complex act (unlike the period before the present, where the

correspondence between the perfect tense and the perfective aspect excludes all instances of

reference to definite past).

Furthermore, Dušková (1999) notes that of temporal adjuncts those out of the how long or

since when kind appear to be rather more important since they have may change complex

presentation of a verbal action into cursive. Moreover, the author mentions that the past tense

of a perfective verb can be expected to correspond to the pluperfect in English if it precedes

another past action and if the expression of this relation is relevant.

Although this may be true, Dušková (1999) explains that the degree of correspondence

between the English perfect and the Czech perfective aspect appears to depend on the points

of contact between the temporal system in English and the temporal and aspectual system in

Czech on the one hand, and on verbal semantics and the context on the other hand.

“Since the temporal systems in the two languages show a major divergence in that English

divides the past into past and before-past (the former being further subdivided according to

its definite or indefinite nature and the connection with the present), whereas Czech regards

the past globally; correspondence between the perfect tenses and the perfective aspect is

found to be only partial.” (Dušková, 1999, p. 98)

1.6 Translation of the English Past Perfect into Czech

As mentioned before by Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002), a single form can be used to

express several meanings, and the same meaning can be expressed by more than one form.

Levý (2012) agrees with this statement and adds that some of the English forms cannot be

translated directly, since the English and the Czech grammatical systems differ. The author

explains that the translation process in mainly focused on the meaning rather than the form.

Although this may be true, Krijtová and ter Harmsel Havlíková (2013) note that according

to the Exact Translation Hypothesis, also known as “ETH”, everything which can be

expressed in one natural language is possible to be transferred into another natural language.

Nevertheless, they also claim that a flawless translation does not exist.

23

As mentioned by Dušková (1999), English divides the past into past and before-past,

whereas in Czech, the past is regarded globally. Therefore, when faced with translating the

English past perfect, the translator needs to find a suitable counterpart in the Czech past

tense. Nevertheless, as mentioned by Dušková (1999), finding a suitable counterpart is

dependent on the verbal semantics and the context. Furthermore, the author mentions that

temporal adjuncts are sometimes added into the past perfect sentences to emphasize the

difference between the two pasts. Adding temporal adjuncts is a useful tool which helps the

translator emphasize the differences between two different time periods in Czech as well.

Therefore, when faced with combining of two different time periods in the past, a temporal

adjunct is usually added to ensure that the reader recognizes which action, or event, happened

first.

Example: I made him a tea which he had never drunk before. – Uvařila jsem mu čaj,

který ještě nikdy předtím nepil.

As can be seen in this example, the most important information is that the man had no

experience with the tea until the woman made him the mentioned tea. This particular

example can be regarded as the anterior form of the present perfect, specifically, the

experiential perfect, as mentioned by Greenbaum et al. (1985). Although it is possible that

the verbal aspect of the original English verb and its Czech counterpart may differ,

depending on the context and the translator’s choice of the form, Krijtová and ter Harmsel

Havlíková (2013) point out that verbal voice usually corresponds both in the original and the

translated form.

Example: He had been hugged by a complete stranger. (Rowling, 2017, p. 5) – Právě

ho objal úplně cizí člověk! (Medek, 2017, p. 13)

As can be seen in this example, Vladimír Medek decided to slightly change the form of the

sentence. The translator decided to add temporal adjunct právě (just) to emphasize that the

event happened recently. Furthermore, he decided to change the verbal voice used in this

sentence, for the passive voice is less common in Czech and sounds rather unnatural.

Moreover, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone is children’s book, therefore, the

translation needed to be as natural as possible.

24

Example: As he had expected, Mrs Dursley looked shocked and angry.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 7)

Jak očekával, paní Dursleyová se zatvářila pobouřeně a rozzlobeně.

(Medek, 2017, p. 15)

In this example, the verbal aspect used in the original text differs from the verbal aspect used

in the translation. Nevertheless, the change was inevitable, since the past form of the verb

očekávat (expect) is imperfective.

As mentioned before by Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002), the past perfect is rather more

frequent in literature, namely fiction, than in common conversation. The authors explain that

the past perfect phrases are used especially for reference to an earlier period in the middle of

a past tense narrative. The narration in the Czech fiction is usually realised by the past tense.

Therefore, as mentioned before, use of the temporal adjuncts is required, since the temporal

adjuncts help the reader with the orientation in time.

25

2 ANALYSIS

2.1 The Method of the Research

The excerpts used in the analysis were extracted from the British publication Harry Potter

and the Philosopher’s Stone by J. K. Rowling.

This publication was chosen because the Harry Potter series, which consists of seven books,

is famous all around the world and is considered one of the most successful series in modern

literature. Furthermore, it is a representative of modern British literature and the style in

which it is written corresponds with common language used in everyday life. For the

purposes of this undergraduate thesis, 200 excerpts containing the English past perfect or

past perfect progressive tense were extracted from the British original written by J. K.

Rowling (20th anniversary edition published in 2017). The Czech translation was provided

by Vladimír Medek (9th edition published in 2017). After the extraction, the excerpts were

compared with their Czech counterparts.

The following part of the analysis focuses on: a) the amount of use of the English past perfect

forms in contrast with other tenses conveying the past reference, b) the amount of occurrence

of the excerpts containing the English past perfect in contrast with the occurrence of the

excerpts containing the English past perfect progressive, c) means of use of the English past

perfect, d) the correspondence of verbal tense between the English original and the Czech

translation of the excerpts, e) verbal voice used in the excerpts, f) correspondence of verbal

aspect between the original excerpts and their Czech counterparts.

2.2 Results of the Analysis

This subchapter provides the results of the analysis which are demonstrated in six diagrams.

The first diagram demonstrates the frequency of the occurrence of the past perfect and the

past perfect progressive tense in contrast with the other tenses using past or past participle

forms of the verbs.

26

Example of Past Simple:

Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grunnings…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 1)

Pan Dursley byl ředitelem firmy jménem Grunnings…

(Medek, 2017, p. 9)

Example of Past Progressive:

They were whispering excitedly together.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 2)

… vzrušeně si mezi sebou šuškali.

(Medek, 2017, p. 10)

800

57

40

10 87

7

The English Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive in

Contrast with Other English Tenses Using Past or Past

Participle Forms of the English Verbs

Past Simple Past Progressive

Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Past Perfect Progressive

27

Example of Present Perfect:

It might have been Harvey.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 3)

Možná se jmenuje Harvey.

(Medek, 2017, p. 11)

Example of Present Perfect Progressive:

… owls have been behaving very unusually today.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 4)

… sovy se dnes všude chovaly velice nezvykle.

(Medek, 2017, p. 12)

Example of Past Perfect:

Mrs Potter was Mrs Dursley’s sister, but they hadn’t met for several years.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 2)

Paní Potterová byla sestra paní Dursleyové, už několik let se však neviděly…

(Medek, 2017, p. 9)

Example of Past Perfect Progressive:

A man appeared on the corner the cat had been watching,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 9)

Na rohu, který kočka celou tu dobu pozorovala, se vynořil jakýsi muž;

(Medek, 2017, p. 17)

As can be seen in the first diagram, the author of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone,

J. K. Rowling used past simple in 800 cases, which is 80% of the total amount. The total

amount of the observed verbs for the purposes of this comparison was 1001 verbs, which

means that the dominant past tense used by the author was past simple. The English past

perfect was used in 87 cases, which means that it is the second most frequent tense used by

the author.

28

Example of the English past perfect:

Mrs Potter was Mrs Dursley’s sister, but they hadn’t met for several years

(Rowling, 2017, p. 2)


(Medek, 2017, p. 9)

Example of the English past perfect progressive:

A man appeared on the corner the cat had been watching,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 9)


(Medek, 2017, p. 17)

190

10

The Occurence of the English Past Perfect in Contrast

with Past Perfect Progressive

Past Perfect Past Perfect Progressive

29

The second diagram demonstrates the amount of the extracted excerpts containing the

English past perfect in contrast with the excerpts containing past perfect progressive. The

results of this comparison demonstrate that in all of the ten cases where the English past

perfect progressive was used (excerpts: 17, 26, 35, 62, 65, 67, 111, 112, 136 and 176) the

voice was always active. In all of these cases, except one, the translator chose to maintain

both the verbal voice and tense. Namely in excerpt number 67, Vladimír Medek chose to

change the tense during the translation. He chose to translate the excerpt number 67 by using

the present tense, which is unusual, but in this case, possible. The presence of past perfect

progressive in all of these cases suggests that the mentioned processes and actions lasted for

a rather longer period of time or were done repeatedly. Furthermore, among the first 1001

observed verbs in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, past perfect progressive

appeared only in seven cases. Moreover, among 200 extracted excerpts, only ten cases of

past perfect progressive were observed, which is only 5% of the total amount of the extracted

excerpts.

182

7

1

Areas of Use of the English Past Perfect

"Past in the Past" The Third Conditional Reported Speech

30

Example of the “Past in the Past”:

The Dursleys knew that the Potters had a small son, too, but they had never seen him.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 2)

Dursleyovi věděli, že Potterovi mají také malého synka, ale nikdy ho neviděli.

(Medek, 2017, p. 10)

Example of the Third Conditional:

Well, if I had known what that wand was going out into the world to do…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 89)

Kdybych býval tušil, co ta hůlka zamýšlí jednou spáchat…

(Medek, 2017, p. 96)

Example of the Reported Speech:

He was also carrying a long, thin package and didn’t answer Aunt Petunia when she asked

what he’d bought.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 46)

Navíc si nesl i jakýsi dlouhý, úzký balík a neodpověděl, když se ho teta Petunie zeptala, co

to koupil.

(Medek, 2017, p. 54)

As can be seen in the third diagram, the past perfect tense was used mostly in order to express

“past in the past”, in other words, to look back to an extended time period that was completed

in the past. This function was observed among 182 excerpts in the absolute frequency. The

Third Conditional was analysed among 7 excerpts in the absolute frequency, from which

two cases occurred in direct speech, namely excerpts number 174 and 180. One of the

analysed excerpts demonstrated that the past perfect was used in reported speech, namely

excerpt number 127.

31

Example of the Czech Past Tense in the translation:

Most of them had never seen an owl even at night-time.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 4)

Většina z nich až do té doby sovu neviděla ani v noci.

(Medek, 2017, p. 12)

Example of the Czech Present Tense in the translation:

For a second, Mr Dursley didn’t realise what he had seen – then he jerked his head around

to look again.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 2)

Pan Dursley si na okamžik nepřipustil, co to vlastně vidí, ale pak prudce otočil hlavu dozadu

a podíval se ještě jednou.

(Medek, 2017, p. 10)

187

1 1 1

The Correspondence of Verbal Tense between the

English Original and the Czech Translation

Czech Past Tense Czech Present Tense

Omission Czech Nominal Predicate

32

Example of the Czech Nominal Predicate in the translation:

Uncle Vernon, who had gone very pale, whispered something that sounded like

‘Mimblewimble‘.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 54)

Strýc Vernon, v obličeji velice pobledlý, zašeptal cosi jako „břímek mřínek“.

(Medek, 2017, p. 61)

The fourth diagram deals with the correspondence of tense between the English original and

the official Czech translation. As can be seen in the diagram, the Czech counterparts of 187

excerpts containing the English past perfect tense possess the Czech past tense. One of the

Czech counterparts, namely excerpt number 57, possesses the Czech present tense. One

excerpt, namely excerpt number 76, was omitted by the translator and one excerpt, namely

excerpt number 135 was translated as nominal predicate.

33

Example of the Active Voice:

Mrs Dursley had had a nice, normal day.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 6)

Paní Dursleyová za sebou měla normální, příjemný den.

(Medek, 2017, p. 14)

Example of the Passive Voice:

He had been hugged by a complete stranger.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 5)

Právě ho objal úplně cizí člověk!

(Medek, 2017, p. 13)

The fifth diagram refers to the correspondence of verbal voice of the translated excerpts

containing the English past perfect in the original text. As can be seen in the diagram, 179

excerpts contain the active voice. However, 11 excerpts, namely excerpts number 9, 14, 19,

179

11

Verbal Voice Used in The Extracted Excerpts

The Active Voice The Passive Voice

34

20, 59, 99, 103, 115, 143, 146 and 187 contained the passive voice. Furthermore, this

observation showed that the Czech translation possessed only the active voice. Moreover, it

provided information about frequency of use of the active and the passive voice. The results

demonstrate that the dominant verbal voice in English is the active voice, since it was used

in 179 cases, while the passive voice was used in eleven.

Example of the Correspondence:

When Dudley had been put to bed, he went into the living-room in time to catch the last

report on the evening news...

(Rowling, 2017, p. 6)

Když Dudleyho konečně uložili do postele, dorazil do obývacího pokoje ještě včas, aby si

vyposlechl poslední zprávu večerních televizních novin.

(Medek, 2017, p. 14)

124

74

Correspondence of Verbal Aspect between the Original

Excerpts and Their Czech Counterparts

Correspondence Difference

35

Example of the Difference:

Most of them had never seen an owl even at night-time.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 4)


(Medek, 2017, p. 12)

The final diagram refers to the correspondence of the verbal aspect in the extracted structures

and their Czech counterparts. Since one of the excerpts was omitted in the translation, and

one of the excerpts has the form of nominal predicate in the Czech translation, the total

amount of excepts participating in this particular observation was 198. As can be seen in the

diagram, in 124 pairs, the verbal aspect corresponded. Nevertheless, the verbal aspect in the

other 74 pairs differed. It is important to point out that all Czech counterparts of the excerpts

containing the English past perfect progressive possessed the imperfective aspect.

36

3 THE CONCLUSIONS

At the beginning of this undergraduate thesis, six research questions were formulated. The

main purpose of these research questions was to clarify the relation of verbal categories in

sentences possessing the English past perfect and what are the Czech means corresponding

with the English past perfect. The secondary purpose of these research questions was to

clarify the frequency of use of the English past perfect and past perfect progressive in

contrast with other English tenses using the past or past participle forms of the English verbs.

The results of the first observation showed that among 1001 verbs possessing the past or past

participle form, 800 verbs were used in past simple tense, while the English past perfect was

used only in 87 cases. This observation confirmed that the past simple and past perfect are

two most frequent tenses used in the narration by J. K. Rowling. It also confirmed the claim

mentioned by Biber, Conrad and Leech (2002), who mention that the British English uses

perfective aspect more than progressive aspect, and that the combination of perfect and

progressive aspect occur very rarely. Furthermore, the third observation revealed that the

most common area of use of the English past perfect is the expression of the so-called “past

in the past”. Beside this, the English past perfect can be used in the Third Conditional and

reported speech.

The fourth observation, which focused on the correspondence of verbal tense between the

English original and the Czech translation, revealed that in majority of the cases, the tense

truly corresponded. Since the English past perfect tense serves to express past events, the

translation usually possesses the past tense as well. Nevertheless, the context sometimes

allows the translator a different alternative. Moreover, as mentioned by Krijtová and ter

Harmsel Havlíková (2013), the verbal voice and aspect usually correspond both in the

original text and the translated counterpart. According to this statement, there seems to be

no reason why a translator should change the verbal voice. Nevertheless, in Czech, the active

voice is much more common and more natural than the passive voice, therefore, the active

voice is preferred in the translation. Moreover, the majority of the excerpts corresponded

with their Czech counterparts both in the category of voice and aspect. However, the results

also demonstrated that the correspondence of verbal voice is somewhat more frequent than

the correspondence of verbal aspect.

37

In conclusion, the results of the analysis proved that the correspondence of the original

English text and its Czech translation is never absolute. It is dependent on the context and

the translator. Nevertheless, the results also proved that the English past perfect is the second

most used past tense in narration, and its Czech counterparts posses the past tense in most

cases. Furthermore, the results proved that forms of the translated structures do not

necessarily correspond, nevertheless the translated form always possesses the same, or very

close meaning.

38

REFERENCES

Alexander, L. G. (1988). Longman English Grammar. Harlow: Longman.

Biber, D., Conrad, S. and Leech G. (2002). Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and

Written English. Harlow: Longman

Carter, R. and McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive

Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cvrček, V. et al. (2015) Mluvnice současné češtiny 1 / Jak se píše a jak se mluví. Praha:

KAROLINUM - Nakladatelství Univerzity Karlovy v Praze

Dušková, L. (1999). Studies in the English Language Part 1. Prague: KAROLINUM -

Charles University Press

Greenbaum S., Leech, G. Quirk, R., and Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of

the English Language. Harlow: Longman

Havránek, B. and Jedlička, A. (1986). Česká mluvnice. Praha: Státní pedagogické

nakladatelství

Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G.K. (2005). A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G.K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English

Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Krijtová, O. and ter Harmsel Havlíková, V. (2013). Pozvání k překladatelské praxi. Praha:

Apostrof

Levý, J. (2012). Umění překladu. Praha: Apostrof

Rowling, J. K. (2017). Harry Potter a Kámen mudrců. 9. vydání. Přeložil Vladimír MEDEK.

Praha: Albatros

39

Rowling, J. K. (2017). Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. 20th ANNIVERSARY

EDITION. London: Bloomsbury Publishing

40

SUMMARY IN CZECH

Tato bakalářská práce pojednává o anglickém předminulém čase, zejména o jeho formách,

oblastech užití a jeho českých ekvivalentech. Hlavním cílem této bakalářské práce je

poskytnutí informací o slovesném čase a vidu jak v češtině, tak v angličtině, a to se zvláštním

zaměřením na anglický předminulý čas a jeho české ekvivalenty. Dále tato práce pojednává

o problematice překladu anglického předminulého času do češtiny. Dále pak zkoumá rozsah

shody mezi původními anglickými formami předminulého času a jejich českými protějšky.

Analýza excerptů, které byly extrahovány z publikace Harry Potter a Kámen mudrců od

J. K. Rowlingové, je založena na pozorování a porovnávání slovesného času, rodu a vidu

původního anglického textu a jeho českého protějšku. Dále se analýza soustřeďuje na

zjištění, které oblasti užití anglického předminulého času jsou nejčastější.

i

APPENDIX

1. Mrs Potter was Mrs Dursley’s sister, but they hadn’t met for several years.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 2)


(Medek, 2017, p. 9)

English tense: past perfect

Czech tense: past

Use of the past perfect: past in the past

English voice: active

Czech voice: active

Correspondence of verbal aspect: no

2. The Dursleys knew that the Potters had a small son, too, but they had never seen

him. (Rowling, 2017, p. 2)

Dursleyovi věděli, že Potterovi mají také malého synka, ale nikdy ho neviděli.

(Medek, 2017, p. 10)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


3. For a second, Mr Dursley didn’t realise what he had seen – then he jerked his head

around to look again.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 2)

Pan Dursley si na okamžik nepřipustil, co to vlastně vidí, ale pak prudce otočil hlavu

dozadu a podíval se ještě jednou.

(Medek, 2017, p. 10)


Czech tense: present


ii


Czech voice: active


4. If he hadn’t, he might have found it harder to concentrate on drills that morning.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 3)

…; kdyby seděl jinak, nejspíš by toho rána stálo o dost víc práce soustředit se na

vrtačky.

(Medek, 2017, p. 12)


Czech tense: past

Use of the past perfect: third conditional


Czech voice: active


5. Most of them had never seen an owl even at night-time.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 4)


(Medek, 2017, p. 12)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


6. He’d forgotten all about the people in cloaks untill he passed a group of them next

to the baker’s.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 4)

Na lidi v dlouhých pláštích si vůbec nevzpomněl až do chvíle, kdy jich venku před

pekařstvím uviděl celý houf.

(Medek, 2017, p. 12)


iii

Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

Correspondence of verbal aspect: yes

7. He’d never even seen the boy.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 5)

Nikdy toho chlapce neviděl.

(Medek, 2017, p. 13)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


8. He didn’t blame her – if he’d had a sister like that… but all the same, those people

in cloaks… (Rowling, 2017, p. 5)

Nijak jí to nevyčítal – kdyby on měl takovou sestru… ale přece jen, ti lidé v dlouhých

pláštích…

(Medek, 2017, p. 13)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


9. He had been hugged by a complete stranger.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 5)

Právě ho objal úplně cizí člověk!

(Medek, 2017, p. 13)


iv

Czech tense: past


English voice: passive

Czech voice: active


10. He hurried to his car and set off home, hoping he was imagining things, which he

had never hoped before, because he didn’t approve of imagination.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 5)

Spěšně došel k autu a vyrazil domů; doufal přitom, že to jsou jen výplody jeho

představivosti, i když ještě nikdy nedoufal, poněvadž představivost neschvaloval.

(Medek, 2017, p. 14)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


11. As he pulled into the drieway of number four, the first thing he saw – and it didn’t

improve his moode – was the tabby cat he’d spotted that morning.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 6)

Jak zajížděl na příjezdovou cestu k číslu čtyři, první, co uviděl – a to mu věru

nezlepšilo náladu -, byla mourovatá kočka, kterou zahlédl toho dne ráno.

(Medek, 2017, p. 14)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


v

12. Mrs Dursley had had a nice, normal day.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 6)

Paní Dursleyová za sebou měla normální, příjemný den.

(Medek, 2017, p. 14)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


13. She told him over dinner all about Mrs Next Door’s problems with her daughter and

how Dudley had learnt a new word (’Shan’t!’)

(Rowling, 2017, p. 6)

Během večeře mu podrobně vylíčila, jaké ta paní odvedle má problémy s dcerou a že

se Dudley naučil říkat „Ne a ne!“.

(Medek, 2017, p. 14)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


14. When Dudley had been put to bed, he went into the living-room in time to catch the

last report on the evening news...

(Rowling, 2017, p. 6)

Když Dudleyho konečně uložili do postele, dorazil do obývacího pokoje ještě včas,

aby si vyposlechl poslední zprávu večerních televizních novin.

(Medek, 2017, p. 14)

English tense: past pefect

Czech tense: past



vi

Czech voice: active


15. As he had expected, Mrs Dursley looked shocked and angry.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 7)

Jak očekával, paní Dursleyová se zatvářila pobouřeně a rozzlobeně.

(Medek, 2017, p. 15)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


16. Mr Dursley wondered whether he dared tell her he’d heard the name ’Potter’.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 7)

Pan Dursley uvažoval, zda se jí odváží říct, že při tom zaslechl i jméno Potter.

(Medek, 2017, p. 15)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


17. A man appeared on the corner the cat had been watching,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 9)


(Medek, 2017, p. 17)

English tense: past perfect progressive

Czech tense: past

Use of the past perfect progrssive: past in the past


Czech voice: active

vii


18. ,appeared so suddenly and silently you’d have thought he’d just popped out of the

ground. (Rowling, 2017, p. 9)

Zjevil se tak náhle a potichu, až byste si mohli myslet, že snad vyrostl ze země.

(Medek, 2017, p. 17)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


19. Nothing like this man had ever been seen in Privet Drive.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 9)

V Zobí ulici takového člověka ještě nikdy neviděli.

(Medek, 2017, p. 17)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


20. His blue eyes were light, bright and sparkling behind half-moon spectacles and his

nose was very long and crooked, as though it had been broken at least twice.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 9)

Modré oči za půlměsícovými brýlemi měl jasné a zářivé a svítily v nich malé jiskřičky,

a nos měl velice dlouhý a křivý, jako by ho kdysi měl aspoň dvakrát zlomený.

(Medek, 2017, p. 17)


Czech tense: past



viii

Czech voice: active


21. Albus Dumbledore didn’t seem to realise that he had just arrived in a street where

everything from his name to his boots was unwelcome.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 9)

Albus Brumbál si zřejmě vůbec nepřipouštěl, že se právě ocitl v ulici, kde všecko od

jeho jména až po jeho vysoké boty bylo nevítané.

(Medek, 2017, p. 17)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


22. He had found what he was looking for in his inside pocket.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 9)

Ve vnitřní kapse pláště našel, co hledal.

(Medek, 2017, p. 17)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


23. He turned to smile at the tabby, but it had gone.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 10)

Otočil se k mourovaté kočce a chtěl se na ni usmát, ale nebyla tam už.

(Medek, 2017, p. 18)


Czech tense: past


ix


Czech voice: active


24. Instead he was smiling at a rather severe-looking woman who was wearing square

glasses exactly the shape of the markings the cat had had around its eyes.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 10)

Místo na kočku se usmíval na dost přísně vyhlížející ženu, která měla na nose hranaté

brýle přesně téhož tvaru jako skvrny, jež zdobily kočku kolem očí.

(Medek, 2017, p. 18)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


25. It seemed that Professor McGonagall had reached the point she was most anxious

to discuss,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 12)

Zdálo se, že profesorka McGonagallová konečně dospěla k tomu, o čem s ním

chtěla hovořit nejvíc,

(Medek, 2017, p. 20)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


26. , the real reason she had been waiting on a cold hard wall all day,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 12)

ke skutečnému důvodu, proč tu celý den čekala na studené tvrdé zídce;

(Medek, 2017, p. 20)

x


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


27. , for neither as a car nor as a woman had she fixed Dumbledore with such a

piercing stare as she did now.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 12)

ani jako kočka, ani jako žena předtím Brumbála neprobodla tak pronikavým

pohledem, jako teď.

(Medek, 2017, p. 20)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


28. Nearly ten years had passed

(Rowling, 2017, p. 19)

Ode dne, kdy se Dursleyovi probudili a našli na prahu přede dveřmi svého synovce,

uplynulo bezmála deset let,

(Medek, 2017, p. 27)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xi

29. since the Dursleys had woken up to find their nephew on the front step,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 19)

Ode dne, kdy se Dursleyovi probudili a našli na prahu přede dveřmi svého synovce,

uplynulo bezmála deset let,

(Medek, 2017, p. 27)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


30. but Privet Drive had hardly changed at all.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 19)

Zobí ulice se však skoro vůbec nezměnila.

(Medek, 2017, p. 20)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


31. … their living room, which was almost exactly the same as it had been on the night

when (Rowling, 2017, p. 19)

… do obývacího pokoje, kde to vypadalo téměř stejně jako tenkrát večer, kdy

(Medek, 2017, p. 27)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xii

32. Mr Dursley had seen that fateful news report about the owls.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 19)

se pan Dursley díval v televizi na onu osudovou zprávu o sovách.

(Medek, 2017, p. 27)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


33. Only the photographs on the mantelpiece really showed how much time had passed.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 19)

Jedině fotografie na krbu ukazovaly, kolik času mezitím opravdu uplynulo.

(Medek, 2017, p. 27)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


34. Ten years ago, there had been lots of pictures of what looked like a large pink beach

ball… (Rowling, 2017, p. 19)

Před deseti lety tam byly desítky snímků něčeho, co vypadalo jako veliký růžový

plážový míč…

(Medek, 2017, p. 27)

English tense: past pefect

Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

Correspondence of verbal aspect: ne

xiii

35. He rolled on to his back and tried to remember the dream he had been having.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 20)

Převrátil se na záda a ještě si zkusil vybavit sen, který se mu před chvílí zdál.

(Medek, 2017, p. 28)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


36. It had been a good one.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 20)

Byl to hezký sen a byla v něm motorka, která létala.

(Medek, 2017, p. 28)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


37. There had been a flying motorbike in it.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 20)

Byl to hezký sen a byla v něm motorka, která létala.

(Medek, 2017, p. 28)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xiv

38. He had a funny feeling he’d had the same dream before.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 20)

Měl podivný pocit, že stejný sen se mu zdál už někdy dřív.

(Medek, 2017, p. 28)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


39. …, but Harry had always been small and skinny for his age.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 21)

…, avšak na svůj věk byl i tak pořád malý a hubený.

(Medek, 2017, p. 29)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


40. … because of all the times Dudley had punched him on the nose.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 21)

… - tolikrát už od Dudleyho dostal pěstí do nosu.

(Medek, 2017, p. 29)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xv

41. He had had it as long as he could remember

(Rowling, 2017, p. 21)

Pokud se pamatoval, měl ji odjakživa

(Medek, 2017, p. 29)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


42. and the first question he could ever remember asking his Aunt Petunia was how he

had got it. (Rowling, 2017, p. 21)

a první otázku, na kterou si vůbec nedokázal vzpomenout, položil tetě Petunii, když

se jí zeptal, jak k té jizvě přišel.

(Medek, 2017, p. 29)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


43. ’In the car crash when your parents died,’ she had said.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 21)

„Při té havárii, kdy zahynuli tvoji rodiče,“ řekla mu tenkrát.

(Medek, 2017, p. 29)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xvi

44. The whole house smelled of cabbage and Mrs Figg made him look at photographs

of all the cats she’d ever owed.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 23)

Po celém domě to páchlo zelím a paní Figgová ho nutila, aby si prohlédl fotografie

všech koček, které kdy v životě měla.

(Medek, 2017, p. 31)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


45. ’Now what?’ said Aunt Petunia, looking furiously at Harry as though he’d planned

this. (Rowling, 2017, p. 23)

„Co teď?“ řekla teta Petunie a vztekle zahlížela na Harryho, jako by si to snad

vymyslel on.

(Medek, 2017, p. 31)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


46. Harry knew he ought to feel sorry that Mrs Figg had broken her leg, but…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 23)

Harry věděl, že by mu mělo být líto, jestli si paní Figgová zlomila nohu; nebylo…

(Medek, 2017, p. 31)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

xvii


47. Aunt Patunia looked as though she’d just swallowed a lemon.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 24)

Teta Petunie se zatvářila, jako by právě spolkla citron.

(Medek, 2017, p. 32)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


48. In fact, he wasn’t really crying, it had been years

(Rowling, 2017, p. 24)

Vlastně neplakal doopravdy a bylo to už několik let,

(Medek, 2017, p. 32)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


49. since he’d really cried, but he knew…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 24)

co doopravdy plakal, věděl však…

(Medek, 2017, p. 32)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xviii

50. His aunt and uncle hadn’t been able to think of anything else to do with him

(Rowling, 2017, p. 25)

Jeho teta a strýc nedokázali vymyslet nic jiného, co s ním udělat,

(Medek, 2017, p. 33)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


51. but before they’d left,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 25)

ale ještě než vyjeli,

(Medek, 2017, p. 33)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


52. Uncle Vernon had taken Harry aside.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 25)

vzal si strýc Vernon Harryho stranou.

(Medek, 2017, p. 33)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xix

53. ’I’warning you,’ he had said…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 25)

„Varuju tě,“ prohlásil…

(Medek, 2017, p. 33)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


54. Once, Aunt Petunia, tired of Harry coming back from the barber’s looking though

he hadn’t been at all,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 25)

Jednou už toho teta Petunie měla dost, když Harry přišel od holiče a vypadal, jako

kdyby tam vůbec nebyl,

(Medek, 2017, p. 33)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


55. had taken a pair of kitchen scissors and cut his hair so short he was almost bald…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 25)

vzala kuchyňské nůžky a ostříhala ho tak nakrátko, že měl hlavu málem holou…

(Medek, 2017, p. 33)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xx

56. Next morning, however, he had got up to find his hair

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Když se však příštího rána probudil,

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


57. exactly as it had been before

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

zjistil, že má vlasy přesně takové jako předtím,

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)





Czech voice: active


58. Aunt Petunia had sheared it off.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

než mu je teta Petunie ostříhala.

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxi

59. He had been given a week in his cupboard for this,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Dostal za to týden domácího vězení v přístěnku,

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


60. even though he had tried to explain

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

i když se pokoušel vysvětlovat,

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


61. that he couldn’t explain how it had grown back so quickly.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Že si neumí vysvětlit, jak mu vlasy tak rychle narostly.

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxii

62. Another time, Aunt Petunia had been trying to force him into a revolting old jumper

of Dudley’s…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Jindy zas teta Petunie zkoušela navléknout ho do hnusného starého svetru po

Dudleym…

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past

Use of the past perfect progressive: past in the past


Czech voice: active


63. Aunt Petunia had decided it must have shrunk in the wash and,…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Teta Petunie nakonec došla k názoru, že se svetr musel srazit při praní…

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


64. On the other hand, he’d got into terrible trouble for bring found on the roof of the

school kitchens.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Na druhé straně se octl opravdu v pořádne bryndě tenkrát, když ho našli na střeše

školní kuchyně.

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



xxiii

Czech voice: active


65. Dudley’s gang had been chasing him as usual when,…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Dudleyho banda ho honila jako obvykle, když…

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


66. The Dursleys had received a very angry letter from Harry’s hadmistress

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Dursleyovi dostali od ředitelky velice pobouřený dopis,

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


67. telling them, them Harry had been climbing schoolbuildings.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

v kterém si na Harryho stěžovala, že leze po školních budovách.

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)





Czech voice: active

xxiv


68. But all he’d tried to do…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 26)

Jediné, oč se pokoušel (jak křičel na strýce…)

(Medek, 2017, p. 34)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


69. But he wished he hadn’t said anything.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 27)

Býval by však raději, kdyby vůbec nic neříkal.

(Medek, 2017, p. 35)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


70. …, because the smiling lady in the van had asked Harry what he wanted…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 27)

…, jelikož usmívající se paní v maringotce se Harryho zeptala, co chce…

(Medek, 2017, p. 35)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxv

71. Harry had the best morning he’d had in a long time.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 27)

Pro Harryho to bylo za dlouhou dobu nejhezčí ráno.

(Medek, 2017, p. 35)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


72. He wouldn’t have been surprised if it had died of boredom itself…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 28)

Nijak by ho nepřekvapilo, kdyby had sám umřel nudou…

(Medek, 2017, p. 36)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


73. … Piers and Dudley were leaning right up close to the glass, the next, they had leapt

back with howls of horror.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 30)

… v jednom okamžiku se Piers a Dudley ještě natahovali až ke sklu, a vteřinu nato

odskočili zpátky a vřeštěli hrůzou.

(Medek, 2017, p. 38)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxvi

74. Harry sat up and gasped; the glass front of the boa constrictor’s tank had vanished.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 30)

Harry se posadil a jen zalapal po dechu: skleněná stěna hroznýšova terária zmizela.

(Medek, 2017, p. 38)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


75. As far as Harry had seen,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 30)

Pokud Harry viděl,

(Medek, 2017, p. 38)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


76. the snake hadn’t done anything except snap playfully at their heels as it passed…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 30)

had jim jen škádlivě chňapl po patách, když je míjel… (The past perfect phrase was

omited in the translation)

(Medek, 2017, p. 38)

77. … Dudley was telling them how it had nearly bitten off his leg,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 30)

… Dudley líčil, jak mu ten had málem ukousl nohu,

(Medek, 2017, p. 38)


Czech tense: past

xxvii



Czech voice: active


78. while Piers was swearing it had tried to squeeze him to death.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 30)

a Piers se dušoval, že se ho pokusil rozmačkat.

(Medek, 2017, p. 38)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


79. He’d lived with the Dursley’s almost ten years, ten miserable years, as long as he

could remember,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

Žil u Dursleyových už bezmála deset let, deset bezútěšných let, kam až sahala jeho

paměť,

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


80. ever since he’d been a baby

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

od doby, kdy byl ještě malý

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


xxviii

Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


81. and his parents had died in that car crash.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

a jeho rodiče zahynuli při té autohavárii.

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


82. He couldn’t remember being in the car when his parents had died.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

Nedokázal si vzpomenout, že by seděl v autě, když se to stalo.

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


83. When he had been younger,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

Když byl menší,

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past

xxix



Czech voice: active


84. Harry had dreamed and dreamed of some unknown relation coming to take him

away,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

snil nejednou o nějakém neznámém příbuzném, který přijde a odvede si ho pryč,

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


85. but it had never happened…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

ale nikdy se to nestalo…

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


86. A tiny man in a violet top hat had bowed to him once in a while out shopping with

Aunt Petunia and Dudley.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

Když jednou byli s tetou Petunií a Dudleym na nákupu, uklonil se mu zničehonic

drobný mužík ve fialovém cylindru.

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)

xxx


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


87. After asking Harry furiously if he knew the man, Aunt Petunia had rushed them out

of the shop without buying anything.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 31)

Teta Petunie se napřed Harryho rozzlobeně zeptala, jestli toho člověka zná, a pak

ho i s Dudleym spěšně odtáhla z krámu, aniž něco koupila.

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


88. A wild-looking old woman dressed all in green had waved merrily at him once on a

bus. (Rowling, 2017, p. 32)

Jednou mu v autobusu vesele zamávala stařena celá v zeleném.

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxxi

89. A bald man in a very log purple coat had actually shaken his hand in the street the

other day and then walked away without a word.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 32)

A jakýsi holohlavý muž ve velice dlouhém purpurovém plášti mu onehdy na ulici

doopravdy stiskl ruku a pak beze slova zamířil pryč.

(Medek, 2017, p. 39)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


90. By the time he was allowed out of his cupboard again, the summer holidays had

started (Rowling, 2017, p. 33)

Když konečně zase směl ven z přístěnku, letní prázdniny už začaly

(Medek, 2017, p. 41)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


91. and Dudley had already broken his new cine-camera…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 33)

a Dudley mezitím stačil zničit svou novou kameru…

(Medek, 2017, p. 41)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxxii

92. Then he ran, before Dudley could work out what he’d said.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 34)

A utekl pryč, než Dudley dokázal pochopit, co mu to vlastně řekl.

(Medek, 2017, p. 42)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


93. It turned out she’d broken her leg tripping over one of her cats…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 34)

Harry zjistil, že paní Figgová si zlomila nohu, když zakopla o jednu ze svých koček…

(Medek, 2017, p. 42)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


94. She let Harry watch television and gave him a bit of chocolate cake that tasted as

though she’d had it for several years.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 34)

Dovolila Harrymu dívat se na televizi a dala mu kousek piškotu s čokoládovou

polevou, který chutnal, jako kdyby ho měla doma už několik let.

(Medek, 2017, p. 42)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxxiii

95. No one, ever, in his whole life, had written to him.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 36)

Za celý život mu ještě nikdo nenapsal…

(Medek, 2017, p. 44)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


96. … he didn’t belong to the library so he’d never even got rude notes asking for books

back. (Rowling, 2017, p. 36)

… - dokonce ani nechodil do obecní knihovny, takže nemohl dostávat nerudné

upomínky, aby vrátil knížky.

(Medek, 2017, p. 44)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

Correspondence of verbal aspect: ne

97. The month-old cine-camera was lying on top of a small, working tank Dudley had

once driven over next door’s dog;

(Rowling, 2017, p. 40)

Měsíc stará kamera ležela na věži malého ještě pojízdného tanku, kterým Dudley

onehdy přejel sousedova psa;

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

xxxiv


98. in the corner was Dudley’s first-ever television set, which he’d put his foot through

(Rowling. 2017, p. 40)

v koutě stál Dudleyho první televizor, který prokopl,

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


99. when his favourite programme had been canceled;

(Rowling, 2017, p. 40)

když nevysílali jeho oblíbený pořad;

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


100. there was a large bird-cage which had once held a parrot

(Rowling, 2017, p. 40)

byla tu veliká ptačí klec, v níž kdysi býval papoušek,

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxxv

101. that Dudley had swapped at school for a real air-rifle,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 40)

kterého Dudley ve škole vyměnil za opravdovou vzduchovku,

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


102. which was up on a shelf with the end all bent because Dudley had sat on it.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 40)

a ta ležela na polici s hlavní úplně ohnutou, jak si na ni sedl.

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


103. They were the only things in the room that looked as though they’d never been

touched.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 40)

…; ty jediné v místnosti vypadaly, jako by se jich nikdo nikdy nedotkl.

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xxxvi

104. He’d screamed, whacked his father with his Smeltings stick…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 40)

Celý večer prokřičel, několikrát udeřil otce svou smeltingskou hůlkou…

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


105. Harry was thinking about this time yesterday and bitterly wishing he’d opened the

letter in the hall.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 40)

Harry myslel na včerejší ráno touhle dobou trpce litoval, že ten dopis neotevřel už

v předsíni.

(Medek, 2017, p. 48)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


106. … which was made difficult by the fact that Harry had grabbed Uncle Vernon

around the neck from behind.

(Rowling 2017, p. 41)

…, což bylo o to těžší, že Harry ho zezadu držel za krk.

(Medek, 2017, p. 49)


Czech tense: past



xxxvii

Czech voice: active


107. Someone knew he had moved out of his cupboard

(Rowling 2017, p. 41)

Někdo věděl, že ho z přístěnku přestěhovali sem,

(Medek, 2017, p. 49)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


108. and they seemed to know he hadn’t received his first letter.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 41)

a zřejmě se také vědělo, že ten první dopis nedostal.

(Medek, 2017, p. 49)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


109. Harry leapt into the air – he’d trodden on something big and squashy on the

doormat – something alive!

(Rowling, 2017, p. 42)

Harry se vymrštil do vzduchu – šlápl na rohožce na něco velkého a měkkého – na

něco živého!

(Medek, 2017, p. 49)


Czech tense: past


xxxviii


Czech voice: active


110. Lights clicked on upstairs and to his horror Harry realised that the big squasgy

something had been his uncle’s face.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 42)

Nahoře se rozsvítilo a Harry ke své hrůze zjistil, že to velké a měkké byl strýčkův

obličej.

(Medek, 2017, p. 49)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


111. Uncle Vernon had been lying at the foot of the front door in a sleeping bag,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 42)

Strýc Vernon ležel ve spacím pytli před domovními deřmi;

(Medek, 2017, p. 50)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


112. clearly making sure that Harry didn’t do exactly what he’d been trying to do.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 42)

očividně se chtěl pojistit, že Harry neudělá to, co měl právě v úmyslu.

(Medek, 2017, p. 50)


Czech tense: past

xxxix



Czech voice: active


113. Harry shuffled miserably off into the kitchen, and by the time he got back, the post

had arrived, right into Uncle Vernon’s lap.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 42)

Harry se celý sklíčený odšoural do kuchyně, a než se vrátil, pošta už stačila dorazit,

spadla strýci Vernonovi přímo do klína.

(Medek, 2017, p. 50)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


114. … trying to knock in a nail with the piece of fruit cake Aunt Petunia had just brought

him.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 42)

… a snažil se zatlouci hřebík kouskem ovocného chlebíčku, který mu teta Petunie

právě přinesla.

(Medek, 2017, p. 50)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xl

115. As they couldn’t go though the letter-box they had been pushed under the door,

slotted through the sides…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 42)

Jelikož se nedaly vhodit do poštovní schránky, prostrčili je pode dveřmi a štěrbinami

po stranách,…

(Medek, 2017, p. 50)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


116. … the two dozen eggs that their very confused milkman had handed Aunt Petunia

through the living-room window.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 43)

… ve dvou tuctech vajec, které tetě Petunii podal oknem obývacího pokoje jejich

mlékař a tvářil se při tom velice rozpačitě.

(Mede, 2017, p. 51)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


117. When Aunt Petunia and Dudley had run out with their arms over their faces, Uncle

Vernon slammed the door shut.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 44)

Hned za ním vyběhli i Dudley a teta Petunie a zakrývali si obličej rukama, a strýc

Vernon přibouchl dveře.

(Medek, 2017, p. 51)


Czech tense: past

xli



Czech voice: active


118. Ten minutes later they had wrenched their way through the boarded-up doors and

were in the car, speeding towards the motorway.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 44)

Deset minut nato se už dostali zatlučenými dveřmi ven, seděli v autě a řítili se

k dálnici.

(Medek, 2017, p. 52)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


119. Dudley was sniffing in the back seat; his father had hit him round the head…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 44)

Dudley na zadním sedadle popotahoval; otec mu vlepil pořádný pohlavek…

(Medek, 2017, p. 52)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


120. He’d never had such a bad day in his life.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 44)

V životě ještě nezažil tak hrozný den.

(Medek, 2017, p. 52)


xlii

Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


121. He was hungry, he’d missed five television programmes

(Rowling, 2017, p. 44)

Měl hlad, přišel o pět televizních pořadů,

(Medek, 2017, p. 52)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


122. he’d wanted to see

(Rowling, 2017, p. 44)

které chtěl vidět,

(Medek, 2017, p. 52)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


123. and he’d never gone so long without blowing up an alien on his computer.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 44)

a ještě nikdy se mu nestalo, že by tak dlouho na svém počítači nezlikvidoval

nějakého vetřelce z cizích světů.

(Medek, 2017, p. 52)


xliii

Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


124. They had just finished when the owner of the hotel came over to their table.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 45)

Právě dojedli, když k jejich stolu přišla majitelka hotelu.

(Medek, 2017, p. 52)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


125. Uncle Vernon had parked at the coast, locked them all inside the car and

disappeared.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 46)

Strýc Vernon zastavil na nábřeží, všecky je zamkl v autě a zmizel.

(Medek, 2017, p. 53)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


xliv

126. … last year, the Dursleys had given him a coat-hanger and a pair of uncle Vernon’s

old socks.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 46)

… - loni mu Dursleyovi darovali ramínko na šaty a staré ponožky po strýci

Vernonovi.

(Medek, 2017, p. 54)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


127. He was also carrying a long, thin package and didn’t answer Aunt Petunia when

she asked what he’d bought.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 46)

Navíc si nesl i jakýsi dlouhý, úzký balík a neodpověděl, když se ho teta Petunie

zeptala, co to koupil.

(Medek, 2017, p. 54)


Czech tense: past

Use of the past perfect: reported speech


Czech voice: active


128. He was holding a rifle in his hands – now they knew what had been in the long, thin

package

(Rowling, 2017, p. 50)

V rukou držel pušku – teď už věděli, co bylo v tom dlouhé, úzkém balíku,

(Medek, 2017, p. 57)


Czech tense: past


xlv


Czech voice: active


129. he had brought with them.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 50)

který si vezl s sebou.

(Medek, 2017, p. 57)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


130. … bent it into a knot as easily as if it had beeen made of rubber, and threw it into

the corner of the room.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 51)

… udělal na hlavni uzel, jako by byla z gumy, a mrštil jí do kouta.

(Medek, 2017, p. 58)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


131. … and Harry felt the warmth wash over him as though he’d sunk into a hot bath.

(Rowlig, 2017, p. 52)

… a Harry cítil, jak ho zalévá teplo, jako by se pohroužil do horké koupele.

(Medek, 2017, p. 59)


Czech tense: past


xlvi


Czech voice: active


132. … who was so hungry he had never tasted anything so wonderful…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 53)

…, který měl příšerný hlad a v životě ještě nejedl něco tak úžasného,…

(Medek, 2017, p. 60)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


133. He had leapt to his feet.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 53)

V tu chvíli stál na nohou,…

(Medek, 2017, p. 60)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


134. He had been to school, after all, and his marks weren’t bad.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 54)

Koneckonců, do školy chodil a neměl nijak špatné známky.

(Medek, 2017, p. 60)


Czech tense: past



xlvii

Czech voice: active


135. Uncle Vernon, who had gone very pale, whispered something that sounded like

‘Mimblewimble‘.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 54)

Strýc Vernon, v obličeji velice pobledlý, zašeptal cosi jako „břímek mřínek“.

(Medek, 2017, p. 61)




- The Czech verb has a form of the nominal predicate

136. It seemed she had been wanting to say all this for years.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 57)

…, jako kdyby to všecko toužila vykřičet už kolik let.

(Medek, 2017, p. 65)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


137. … no one except you, an‘ he’d killed some o‘ the best witches an‘ wizards of the

age…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 60)

Nikdo, nezůstal naživu, když von se rozhod ho zabít, nikdo kromě tebe, a zabil kolik

nejlepších čarodějek a kouzelníků, který tehdá žili - …

(Medek, 2017, p. 68)


Czech tense: past



xlviii

Czech voice: active


138. … he saw again the blinding flash of green light, more clearly than he had ever

remembered it before…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 60)

… zahlédl znovu oslepující záblesk zeleného světla, jasněji, než si ho připomněl kdy

předtím…

(Medek, 2017, p. 68)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


139. Harry jumped, he had almost forgotten that the Dursleys were there.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 60)

Harry nadskočil; málem zapomněl, že Dursleyovi jsou v místnosti také.

(Medek, 2017, p. 68)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


140. There was something goin‘ on that night he hadn’t counted on…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 62)

Ten večer se stalo něco, s čím nepočítal -…

(Medek, 2017, p. 69)


Czech tense: past


xlix


Czech voice: active


141. … insted of feeling pleased and proud, felt quite sure there had been a horrible

mistake.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 62)

… místo aby ho to potěšilo a naplnilo hrdostí, si byl jist, že jde o nějaký strašlivý

omyl.

(Medek, 2017, p. 69)





Czech voice: active


142. He’d spent his life being clouted by Dudley and bulied by Aunt Petunia and Uncle

Vernon; if he was really a wizard

(Rowling, 2017, p. 62)

Celé ty roky ho Dudley věčně jen mlátil a teta Petunie i strýc Vernon mu dělali ze

živots peklo; kdyby uměl doopravdy čarovat,

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


143. ,why hadn’t they been turned into warty toads every time

(Rowling, 2017, p. 62)

proč je neproměnil v ropuchy pokaždé,

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)

l


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


144. they’d tried to lock him in his cupboard?

(Rowling, 2017, p. 62)

když ho chtěli zamknout do přístěnku?

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


145. If he’d once defeated the greatest sorcerer in the world,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 62)

A pokud kdysi porazil největšího černokněžníka na světe,

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


146. how come Dudley had always been able to kick him around like a football?

(Rowling, 2017, p. 62)

jak to, že si do něj Dudley mohl celá ta léta každou chvíli kopnout jako do

fotbalového míče?

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)

li


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


147. Now he came to think about it… every odd thing that had ever made his aunt and

uncle furious with him

(Rowling, 2017, p. 62)

Když o tom teď uvažoval… Všecky ty podivné věci, které vždycky tak rozčilily jeho

tetu a strýce,

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


148. had happened when he, Harry,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 63)

se staly,

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


lii

149. had been upset or angry …

(Rowling, 2017, p. 63)

když byl rozzuřený nebo měl vztek…

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


150. chased by Dudley’s gang, he had somehow found himself out of their reach…

(Rowling, 2017, p .63)

Tenkrát, když ho honila Dudleyova banda, se nějak naráz ocitl tam, kde na něj

nemohli…

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


151. dreading going to school with that ridiculous haircut, he’d managed to make it grow

back…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 63)

Když se děsil, že ráno půjde do školy tak směšně okudlaný, dokázal, že mu vlasy přes

noc narostly…

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

liii


152. and the very last time Dudley had hit him,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 63)

A když ho Dudley naposledy uhodil,

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


153. hadn’t he got his revenge, without even realising he was doing it?

(Rowling, 2017, p. 63)

nepomstil se mu snad, aniž si to vůbec uvědomil?

(Medek, 2017, p. 70)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


154. But he had finally gone too far.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 64)

To už ale opravdu zašel příliš daleko.

(Medek, 2017, p. 71)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


liv

155. Harry had learnt from Uncle Vernon that people liked to be left alone while they

did this, but it was very dificult,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 69)

Od strýce Vernona Harry věděl, že lidé nemají rádi, když je při čtení někdo vyrušuje,

stálo ho však velkou námahu mlčet,

(Medek, 2017, p. 76)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


156. he’d never had so many questions in his life.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 69)

poněvadž v životě ho ještě nepálilo tolik otázek.

(Medek, 2017, p. 76)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


157. They had reached the station.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 70)

Dorazili na nádraží.

(Medek, 2017, p. 77)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

lv


158. Harry had never been to London before.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 72)

Harry v Londýně ještě nikdy nebyl.

(Medek, 2017, p. 79)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


159. Might this not all be some huge joke that the Dursleys had cooked up?

(Rowling, 2017, p. 73)

Nebyl to všecko nakonec jen nějaký obrovský žert, a Dursleyovi si z něj chtěli jen

vystřelit?

(Medek, 2017, p. 80)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


160. If Harry hadn’t known that the Dursleys had no sense of humor…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 73)

Kdyby Harry nevěděl, že nemají smysl pro humor…

(Medek, 2017, p. 80)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

lvi


161. …, even though everything Hagrid had told him so far was unbelievable, Harry

couldn’t help trusting him.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 73)

… ale i když všecko, co mu Hagrid zatím řekl, neuvěřitelně, přesto mu důvěřoval.

(Medek, 2017, p. 80)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


162. If Hagrid hadn’t pointed it out, Harry wouldn’t have noticed it was there.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 73)

Kdyby na ni Hagrid neukázal, Harry by si jí býval vůbec nevšiml.

(Medek, 2017, p. 80)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


163. Before he could mention this, Hagrid had steered him inside.

(Rowling, 2017, p .73)

,… ale než to stačil vyslovit, Hagrid ho už zavedl dovnitř.

(Medek, 2017, p. 80)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

lvii


164. The old woman with the pipe was puffing on it without realising it had gone out.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 74)

Stařena s dýmkou dál bafala a nevšimla si, že jí dýmka vyhasla.

(Medek, 2017, p. 81)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


165. …and strange silver instruments Harry had never seen before…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 77)

… a s podivnými stříbrnými nástroji, jaké Harry ještě nikdy neviděl…

(Medek, 2017, p. 84)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


166. They had reached a snowy-white building which towered over the other little shops.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 77)

Dorazili k sněhobílé budově, která se tyčila nad ostatními krámky kolem.

(Medek, 2017, p. 84)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


lviii

167. Once Hagrid had crammed all the dog-biscuits back inside his pockets…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 79)

Jakmile si Hagrid nacpal všecky psí suchary zpátky do kapes…

(Medek, 2017, p. 86)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


168. How often had they complained how much Harry cost them to keep?

(Rowling, 2017, p. 81)

Jak často si jen stěžovali, kolik je to stojí Harryho živit?

(Medek, 2017, p. 87)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


169. And all the time there had been a small fortune belonging to him, buried deep

under London.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 81)

A po celý ten čas mu přitom patřilo malé jmění ukryté hluboko pod Londýnem.

(Medek, 2017, p. 87)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


lix

170. … he was holding more money than he’d had in his whole life

(Rowling, 2017, p. 82)

… aby chápal, že má víc peněz, než měl za celý svůj život

(Medek, 2017, p. 89)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


171. – more money than even Dudley had ever had.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 82)

… - ještě víc, než kdy měl i Dudley.

(Medek, 2017, p. 89)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


172. Harry was rather quiet as he ate the ice-cream Hagrid had bought him…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 85)

Dokud Harry lízal zmrzlinu, kterou Hagrid koupil…

(Medek, 2017, p. 92)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


lx

173. When they had left the shop, he said, ’Hagrid, what’s Quidditch?’

(Rowling, 2017, p. 85)

Když zase vyšli ven, zeptal se: „Hagride, co je to famfrpál?“

(Medek, 2017, p. 92)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


174. If he’d known who yeh were – he’s grown up knowin’ yer name if his parents are

wizardin’ folk…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 85)

Kdyby věděl, kdo jseš ty – esli je z kouzelnický rodiny, musel tvý jméno slyšet už

mockrát…

(Medek, 2017, p. 92)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


175. Twenty minutes later, they left Eeylops Owl Emporium, which had been dark and

full of rustling and flickering, jewel-bright eyes.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 87)

Dvacet minut poté vyšli z Velkoprodejny Mžourov, kde bylo šero, ze všech stran

šelestila ptačí křídla a pozorovaly je mrkající oči, zářící jako drahokamy.

(Medek, 2017, p. 94)


Czech tense: past



lxi

Czech voice: active


176. A magic wand… this was what Harry had been really looking forward to.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 88)

Kouzelnická hůlka – na tu se Harry těšil ze všeho nejvíc.

(Medek, 2017, p. 95)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


177. Harry felt strangely as though he had entered a very strict library;

(Rowling, 2017, p. 88)

Harry měl podivný pocit, jako by přišel do nějaké přísně vedené knihovny:

(Medek, 2017, p. 95)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


178. he swallowed a lot of new questions which had just occured to him…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 88)

spolkl dlouhou řadu dalších otázek, které ho v tu chvíli napadly…

(Medek, 2017, p. 95)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

lxii


179. Mr Olivander had come so close that he and Harry were almost nose to nose.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 89)

Pan Olivander teď stál tak blízko, že se s Harrym málem dotýkali nosy, a Harry…

(Medek, 2017, p. 96)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


180. Well, if I had known what that wand was going out into the world to do…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 89)

Kdybych býval tušil, co ta hůlka zamýšlí jednou spáchat…

(Medek, 2017, p. 96)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


181. Harry tried – but he had hardly raised the wand when it, too, was snatched back by

Mr Olivander.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 91)

Harry to zkusil, sotva však stačil hůlku zvednout, už mu ji pan Olivander vytrhl také.

(Medek, 2017, p. 97)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

lxiii


182. He’d just had the best birthday of his life – and yet – he chewed his hamburger,

trying to find the words.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 93)

Právě zažil ty nejlepší narozeniny v životě – ale přece – žvýkal hamburger a

pokoušel se najít ta správná slova.

(Medek, 2017, p. 99)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


183. He had decided to call her Hedwig,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 94)

Rozhodl se, že jí bude říkat Hedvika;

(Medek, 2017, p. 101)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


184. a name he had found in A History of Magic.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 94)

našel to jméno v Dějinách čar a kouzel.

(Medek, 2017, p. 101)


Czech tense: past



lxiv

Czech voice: active


185. … Harry ticked off another day on the piece of paper he had pinned to the wall,

counting down to September the first.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 94)

…, si Harry odškrtl další den na čtvrtce papíru, kterou si připíchl na stěnu, aby

viděl, kolik mu jich ještě zbývá do prvního září.

(Medek, 2017, p. 101)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


186. He pulled the ticket Hagrid had given him out of his pocket.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 95)

Vytáhl z kapsy jízdenku, kterou dostal od Hagrida.

(Medek, 2017, p. 102)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


187. Two hours later, Harry’s huge, heavy trunk had been loaded into the Darsleys‘ car,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 96)

Dvě hodiny nato už Harryho veliký, těžký kufr naložili do auta strýce Vernona,

(Medek, 2017, p. 103)


Czech tense: past


lxv


Czech voice: active


188. Aunt Petunia had talked Dudley into sitting next to Harry

(Rowling, 2017, p. 96)

teta Petunie přemluvila Dudleyho, aby se posadil vedle něj

(Medek, 2017, p. 103)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


189. and they had set off.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 96)

a vyjeli.

(Medek, 2017, p. 103)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


190. The guard had never heard of Hogwarts…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 97)

Průvodčí o Badavicích nikdy neslyšel…

(Medek, 2017, p. 104)


Czech tense: past



lxvi

Czech voice: active


191. … and by the time the last rucksack had cleared away,

(Rowling, 2017, p. 98)

… a když zmizel poslední batoh,

(Medek, 2017, p. 105)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


192. the boy had vanished.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 98)

byl Percy pryč.

(Medek, 2017, p. 105)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


193. … and he must have done, because a second later, he had gone

(Rowling, 2017, p. 98)

…, a on to opravdu udělal, poněvadž vteřinu nato byl už pryč

(Medek, 2017, p. 105)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active

lxvii


194. – but how had he done it?

(Rowling, 2017, p. 98)

… - ale jak to dokázal?

(Medek, 2017, p. 105)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


195. Harry looked behind him and saw a wrought-iron archway where the ticket box had

been, with the words Platform Nine and Three-Quarters on it.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 100)

Harry se ohlédl a tam, kde předtím byl jízdenkový turniket, uviděl tepanou železnou

bránu s nápisem Nástupiště devět a tři čtvrtě.

(Medek, 2017, p. 107)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


196. He had done it.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 100)

Dokázal to!

(Medek, 2017, p. 107)


Czech tense: past



lxviii

Czech voice: active


197. ’Want a hand?’ It was one of the red-haired twins he’d followed through the ticket

box.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 101)

„Máme ti s tím pomoct?“ To se ptalo jedno z rudovlasých dvojčat, za nimiž prošel

turniketem.

(Medek, 2017, p. 107)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


198. Their mother had just taken out her handkerchief.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 101)

Matka právě vytáhla kapesník.

(Medek, 2017, p. 108)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


199. He had already changed into his billowing black Hogwarts robes…

(Rowling, 2017, p. 102)

Stačil se dokonce převléknout do rozevlátého černého hábitu…

(Medek, 2017, p. 109)


Czech tense: past


lxix


Czech voice: active


200. He glanced at Harry and then looked quickly out of the window, pretending he

hadn’t looked.

(Rowling, 2017, p. 104)

Pohlédl na Harryho a potom spěšně vyhlédl z okna, jako kdyby se na něj vůbec

nepodíval.

(Medek, 2017, p. 111)


Czech tense: past



Czech voice: active


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