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FORMULASI DANTEKNOLOGI SEDIAAN
SEMISOLIDTEUKU NANDA SAIFULLAH SULAIMAN
LABORATORIUM TEKNOLOGI
FORMULASI
FAKULTAS FARMASI UGM
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Topical Dosage Forms
• Ointments
• Creams
• Gels and Jellies• Pastes
• Others described in text book
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Defnitions and Characteristics
• Bentuk sediaan semi padat yang digunakanuntuk pemakaian pada kulit kulit sehat!sakit atau terluka" atau membran mukosahidung! mata"# Bahan obat harus larut atau
terdispersi homogen dalam basis#• Products $hich ha%e a %iscosity and rigidity
intermediate bet$een that o& a solid and ali'uid
• Complex &ormulations composed o& t$ophases dispersed phase( internal phase anddispersing phase( external phase"
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Uses o Se!iso"id Dosa#e For!s
• Topical) applied to any external body
sur&ace e#g#! eye! external ear! nasalmucosa! buccal! rectum! %agina! urethra
•
*a+ority &or the e,ect o& the therapeuticagent
• -on.medicated/Physical 0,ects 1
.. protectant! emollient
.. lubricant
. etc
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Components
• 2cti& ingredient
• -on acti& ingredients3ekscipients
– Base
– 4ur&actan
– Po$ders
– 5umectants
– Thickening agents
– 4e'uestering agents
–
Bu&er – Penetration enhancers
– 4kin moisturi6ers
– Par&um
–
Color
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Basis
Fungsi 1
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7deal re'uirements o& 4emisolid Base
8# -on irritating
9# -on.dehydrating
:# -on greasy! non.staining
;# Compatible $ith medicaments
# 2ble to absorb $ater and3or other li'uids?# 2ble to e@ciently release medicaments Bioa%ailability"
A# Do not to alter skin &unctions
8#*iscible $ith skin secretions
88#0%en phase distribution homogeneity3phase separation!bleeding"
89#-on.gritty Particles si6e"
8:#Good texture) &ell upon application sti,ness! greasiness!tackiness"
8;#-on microbial contamination
em so
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em soBase
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Classication o& Ointment
Bases
• Basis 5idrokarbon Oleaginous"
• Basis 2bsorbsi anhydrous"• Basis 2bsorbsi 3O type"
• Basis Tercuci O3 type"
• Basis terlarut
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Basis 5idrokarbon Oleaginous"
Contoh ) Easelin! hite Petrolatum3
para@n! hite Ointment! Plastibase! ello$ Ointment Bees ax"
4i&at)
• 0mollient
• Occlusi%e
• -on$ater.$ashable
• 5ydrophobic
•
Greasy
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• 2sal)
– Tanaman Eegetable") Oli%e olil! cotton seed
oil! sesame oil! almond oil! peanut oil dancoconut oil umum digunakan sebagaiso&tening agents dan sebagai basis dalamemulsi! lotion dan ointment bases#
– 5e$an 2nimal &at" – *ineral )
• i'uid petrolatum
• hite and yello$ petrolatum
• Para@n $ax• Ceresin *ixture o& o6okerite and para@n $ax"
• Plastibase JeleneH"
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• These bases ha%e &ollo$ingproperties) – 0mollients
– Ietained &or prolonged periods
– sed as occlusi%e co%ering
– Eehicles &or ophthalmic ointments
– sed &or antibiotics $hich are unstablein presence o& $ater
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Petrolatum3paran
Paran adalah campuranhidrokarbon yang diperoleh dariminyak mineral# Terdiri dari 9 bentuk!yaitu bentuk padat dan bentuk cair#
Paran padat digunakan untukmengeraskan salep sebab titik leburcampuran akan naik# Paran cairterdiri dari 9 macam yaitu yang%iskositasnya encer dan %iskositaskental# Eiskositas encer digunakanuntuk pembuatan Vanishing cream!
%iskositas kental digunakan untuk
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*inyak tumbuhan
Contohnya ) oleum sesami! oleumoli%arum
Ditambahkan dalam dasar salepsebagai pelumas! melunakkan dasar
salep! untuk mengurangi e&ekpengeringan dan untuk menurunkantitik lebur# *inyak tumbuhan banyak
dipakai dalam sediaan kosmetikseperti krim pembersih danpendingin! krim untuk kulit kering
dan lotion#
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2B4OIPT7O- B2404
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Basis 2bsorbsi anhydrous"
Contoh ) 5ydrophilicPetrolatum! 2nhydrous anolinadeps lanae"! 2'uaphor
4i&at )
• 0mollient
• Occlusi%e
•
2bsorb $ater• 2nhydrous
• Greasy
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• Basis absorbsi bersi&at hidrolik!dapat berupa bahan yang anhidrous
atau basis hidrous yang mempunyaikemampuan untuk mengabsorbsi airyang ditambahkan# Basis anhidrousyang telah menyerap air dapat
membentuk emulsi tipe 3O# Kataabsorbsi hanya menun+ukkan padakemampuan basis dalam menyerapair#
• 5idrophilic petrolatum digunakansebagai pengganti adeps lanae!berbau dan dasar salep ini dapatmen absorbsi air#
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5idrophilic petrolatum 4P
Cholesterol : g4tearyl alkohol : g
hite $ax ? g
hite petrolatum ?= g8 g
2danya kholesterol memungkinkandasar salep dapat menyerap air ataucairan obat dalam air! hinggaterbentuk suatu emulsi tipe 3O dansukar dihilangkan dari kulit#
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2deps lanae
2deps lanae merupakan lemakbulu domba! mengandungkholesterol kadar tinggi dalambentuk ester dan alkohol! sehingga
dapat mengabsorbsi air# Biladigunakan pada kulit dapatmerupakan lapisan penutup dan
melunakkan kulit# Tetapi banyakyang alergi terhadap adeps lanae#Disamping itu adeps lanae
bertendensi men+adi tengik dan
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Basis 2bsorbsi 3O type"
Contoh ) anolin! Cold Cream 4P!rose $ater ointment -#F#! ool alcoholointment B#P#
4i&at)• 0mollient
• Occlusi%e
• Contain $ater• 4ome absorb additional $ater
• Greasy
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• Cold Cream 3O" salepyang dibuat dengan menggunakan
emulgator lipol# 4alep yang dibuatdengan emulgator lipol mempunyaikemampuan menarik air! sehingga
membentuk sistem emulsi tipe 3O#0mulgator yang biasa digunakandalam cold cream 3O" adalah
adeps lanae! ester asam lemaksorbitat! dan alkohol lemakteroksidasi rendah"#
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Basis Tercuci O3 type"
Contoh ) 5ydrophilic Ointment4i&at)
• $ater $ashable
• nongreasy
• can be diluted $ith $ater
• nonocclusi%e
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Cold Cream O3"
salep yang dibuat denganmenggunakan emulgator hidrol#0mulgator yang biasa digunakandalam cold cream O3" adalah
emulgator sterat mis# Polioksi ;sterat"! emulgator komplek alkoholteremulsi34el& emulsi&ying
$axes3emulsi&ying $axes" mis#anette - I#
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Keuntungan lain dari salep dengan basis tipeO3 )
• Kemampuan penyebarannya pada kulit baik
• 0&ek dingin! yang dihasilkan melaluipenguapan lambat dari air pada kulit
•
Tidak ada penghambatan &ungsi rambutsecara siologis! terutama Iespiratiosensibilitis! karena tidak ada penutupan kedappada permukaan kulit dan tidak ter+adi
penyumbatan dari pori kulit• Tampak putih dan bersi&at lentur.lembut
pengecualian untuk kream stearat"
• Pelepasan obatnya baik
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• Karena kandungan air tinggi sampai
> L"! sediaan salep tipe ini dapatterkena suatu serangan mikrobial!dapat dihindari dengan
penambahan bahan penga$et
metil3propil paraben"# Disamping itudiperlukan perlindungan terhadapkehilangan air3penguapan
• Kurang cocok untuk obat yang larutdalam air dan mudah terhidrolisa#
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Basis terlarut
Contoh ) Polyethylen Glycol ointment
4i&at)
• usually anhydrous
• $ater soluble and $ashable
• nongreasy
• nonocclusi%e• lipid &ree
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• Polietilen glikol3*akrogol3poliglikol adalahproduk polimerisasi dari etilenoksida atau
produk kondensasi dari etilenglikol# Tergantung pada pemilihan persyaratanreaksinya diperoleh produk dengan tingkatpolimerisasi yang berbeda! yang
dinyatakan melalui keterangan molekulrata.rata#
• Iumus molekulnya 5O.C59.C59"nO5#
•
Dengan naiknya ukuran molekul!konsistensinya makin meningkat# P0Gsampai massa molekul =menggambarkan cairan kental# Produk
yang sampai massa molekul 9
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• 4alep M P0G dibuat denganpencampuran dan peleburan
bersama 9 +enis P0G cair danpadat3semi padat" denganperbandingan tertentu sehingga
akan diperoleh suatu konsistensiyang dikehendaki#
Contoh )
I3 P0G ; ; L
P0G ; = L
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Siat$siat dari sa"e% &asis 'EG• P0G tidak merangsang• *emiliki kemampuan lekat dan distribusi yang
baik pada kulit• Tidak mencegah pertukaran gas dan produksikeringat
• Dapat dicuci dg air dan dapat digunakan padakulit yang berambut
•
P0G tidak dapat digunakan pada mata! karenaakti%itas osmotik memungkinkan kemampuanhisap yang tinggi
• P0G memiliki bersi&at bakterisida sehingga padapenyimpanan beberapa bulan tidak perludikha$atirkan serangan bakteri
• Karena P0G mempunyai daya hisap osmotik yangtinggi! maka salep basis P0G dapat menyerapkelembaban dari udara dan dapat menyebabkanpenguraian otooksidasi dari P0G dan akanterbentuk hidroperoksida dan senya$a karbonil
sebagai produk sekunder aldehida! asam"#
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• 4eleksi pemba$a yang optimum dariklasikasi tersebut memerlukan kompromi
dalam &ormulasi obat#
Contoh)
• 4tabilitas dan akti%itas obat sangat tinggi
dalam basis hidrokarbon! tetapi basishidrokarbon kurang nyaman karenaberlemak#
• Basis P0G yang larut air sangatmenyenangkan! tetapi glikol dapatmenyebabkan iritasi pada +aringan yangtrauma#
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Pemilihan dasar salep yang tepat ) harusmempertimbangkan beberapa &aktor antara
lain
8# a+u pelepasan yang diinginkan bahanobat dari basis salep
9# Peningkatan absorbsi obat perkutanyang diinginkan
:# Kelembaban kulit yang dikehendaki
;# 4tabilitas obat dalam basis +angka
lama3pendek"
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P0-G20T2- 420P T0I52D2P
B2KT0I7• Penga$et ditambahkan pada basis salep untuk
mencegah kontaminasi! pengrusakan danpembusukan oleh bakteri atau &ungi! karena
banyak basis salep yang merupakan substratmikroorganisme#• 5arus memperhatikan stabilitasnya terhadap
komponen bahan yang ada dan terhadap$adah #
• Beberapa bahan penga$et dapat mengiritasi +aringan mukosa dari mata dan hidung#
• *etil3propil paraben) mengiritasi hidung#• 2sam borat) boleh untuk mata! tetapi untuk
hidung tidak boleh e&ek toksik bila diserap"
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2-T7OK47D2-
•
2ntioksidan ditambahkan ke dalamsalep bila diperkirakan ter+adi kerusakanbasis karena ter+adinya oksidasi#
• 4istem anti oksidan ditentukan oleh
komponen &ormulasi dan pemilihannyatergantung pada beberapa &aktor )seperti toksisitas! potensi! kompatibel!bau! kelarutan! stabilitas! dan iritasi#
• 4ering digunakan 9 antioksidan untukmendapatkan e&ek sinergis
• Contoh ) B5T! B52
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S(ra)tan *Surface active agents+Fungsi)1. emulsifying untuk membentuk sistem
O3 atau 3O! sebagai9# Pensuspensi3. Thickening4. Cleansing# bahan pemNokulasi#Contoh) sur&aktan nonionik ester
polioksietilen"!kationik contoh ben6alkonium klorida"anionik contoh natrium dodesil sul&at"#
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F(n#si Ni"ai HLB
Solubilizing agents 8=
Detergents 8:.8=
O3 emulsifying agents ?.8=
Wetting and sreading agents >.A
3O emulsifying agents :.?
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Idea" %ro%erties o e!("siferinc"(des,
a" *ust reduce sur&ace tension &orproper emulsication#
b" Pre%ents coalescence should 'uicklyabsorb around the dispersed phase#
c" 2bility to increase the %iscosity at
lo$ concentration#d"0,ecti%e at lo$ concentration#
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Ser&()-%o.ders
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Ser&()-%o.dersFungsi) rotecti!e! lubrikan! absorben! astrigen!
dan +uga untuk tu+uan khusus untuk meminimalkan
iritasi
Jenis serbuk Fungsi
Zink oksida
Talk
Amilum
Veegum, bentonit,silikon dioksida
Protective
Protective, meminimalkan iritasi
Protective, lubrikan dan absorben
koloidaPensuspensi, gelling, emulsionstabilizing dan viscosity agents dalam gel,dan lotion
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Humectants
*aterial.material seperti gliserin!
propilen glikol! polietilen glikol B*rendah! dan sorbitol mempunyaitendensi berikatan dengan air!
sehingga dapat mencegah hilangnyaair dari $adah! penyusutanshrinkage" air dari produk3sediaan#4enya$a.senya$a ini +uga dapatber&ungsi untuk memudahkanaplikasi sediaan pada kulit!melunakkan3melembutkan kulit
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Bahan %en#enta"-Thickeningagents
F(n#si) agar diperoleh struktur yanglebih kental meningkatkan%iskositas"
contoh) polimer hidrolik! baik yangberasal dari alam natural polimer"seperti agar! selulosa! tragakan!
pektin! natrium alginat( polimersemisintetik seperti metil selulosa!karboksi metil selulosa! hidroksi etilselulosa! dan C*C -a( serta polimer
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4ti,eners pengeras"
•
Ber&ungsi untuk meningkatkan titiklebur dan menambah %iskositassediaan#
• Contoh) Para@n padat! P0G B* tinggi
S t i t
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Sequestering agents
Fungsi " untuk membentuk kompleks
dengan ion.ion logam metal ions"sehingga tidak ter+adi auto.oksidasi#7on.ion logam dapat ber&ungsi
sebagai katalis untuk auto.oksidasiContoh se#uestering agents asam
etilendiamin tetra asetat! asamsitrat! dan asam &os&at
B(er
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B(er
Fungsi) untuk mengontrol p5 sediaan
sehingga sesuai dengan p5 kulituntuk kenyamanan dan keamananpada saat aplikasi"# Pengontrolan p5
+uga berguna dalam kaitannyadengan kelarutan dan stabilitasbahan obat! serta e&ekti%itaspreser%ati& dan gelling agents#
' ti E h
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'er!eation Enhancers
0nhancer adalah bahan yang mampumeningkatkan absorpsi obat perkutan#
*ekanisme enhancer dalammeningkatkan absorpsi obat tergantungpada +enis enhancernya bahan pelarut!bahan pembasah! emulgator! dll"# *isal
melalui penurunan tegangan permukaan!melalui pembasah yang lebih baik darikulit! atau melalui mekanisme solubilisasi#
8 B h l t ik
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8#
Bahan pelarut organik )
aseton! ben6en! kloro&orm! sikloheksan!
sikloheksanon!dimetilasetamid!dimetil&ormamid! dimetilsul&oksid! etanol!etilenglikol! etileter! propilenglikol!tetrahidro&uril alkohol#
9# emak alkohol! esterl lemak alkohol )
ester oleil asam oleat! ester dekil asam
oleat! ester heksil asam laurinat! 9.oktildodekanol! campuran ester ali&atisasam! ester propil asam miristat! esterpropil asam palmitat dan ester propil asam
adipat#
Contoh enhancer
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Bahan "ainn/a
Bahan untuk men+aga kelembaban
kulit skin moisturizers"#
FRAGRANCES,$
0xamples o& $idely use &ragrances area%ender oil! Iose oil! emon oil!2lmond oil
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*0TOD0 P0*B2T2- 420P
Baik dalam ukuran kecil maupunbesar! salep dibuat dengan 9
metode umum )
8# *etode pencampuran3incororation
9# *etode peleburan
*etode
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*etodepencampuran3incororation
• Jika bahan obat larut dalam air3minyak!maka dapat dilarutkan dalam air3minyak#Kemudian larutan tersebut ditambahkan
incororated" ke dalam bahan pemba$a%ehicle" bagian per bagian#
• Jika bahan obatnya tidak larutkelarutannya sangat rendah"! makapartikel bahan obat harus dihaluskan! dankemudian disuspensikan ke dalam bahan
pemba$a %ehicle"#
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*etode peleburan
• *etode peleburan dilakukan denganmeleburkan3memanaskan basis salepyang padat mis#lemak! malam" dan
kemudian obat dicampurkan kedalam basis sambil didinginkan danterus diaduk#
• Basis emulsi ) metode pembuatan 1
'ACKAGING OF NO0EL SEMISOLIDS
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'ACKAGING OF NO0EL SEMISOLIDS
*ost semisolid products are manu&acture by
heating and are lled into the container $hilecooling still in the li'uid state# 7t is important toestablished optimum pour point! the besttemperature &or lling and set or congealing
point! the temperature at $hich the productbecome immobile in the container#
Topical dermatological products are packed ineither +ar or tubes $hereas ophthalmic! nasal!%aginal and rectal semisolid products are almostal$ays packed in tubes#
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• The specic FD2 regulation
pertaining to drug products statethat)
• QContainer c"os(res and other
co!%onent %art o dr(#%ac)a#es1 to &e s(ita&"e or thatintended (se !(st not &e
reacti2e1 additi2e or a&sor%ti2eto the e3tent that identit/1stren#th1 4(a"it/ or %(rit/ odr(# .i"" &e a5ected6
http://www.fda.gov/http://www.fda.gov/
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• 2ll drug product containers andclosures must be appro%ed bystability testing o& product in the nalcontainer in $hich it is marketed#
This includes stability testing o& lled
container at room temperature e#g#9 C as $ell as under acceleratedstability testing condition e#g# ; .
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plastic# 4ome are colored green! amber or blue#
• Opa'ue +ars are used &or light sensiti%e products! are
porcelain $hite! dark green or amber#
• Commercially a%ailable empty ointment +ars %ary in si6e&rom about #< ounce to 8 pound#
• 7n commercial manu&acture and packaging o& topicalproducts the +ars and tubes are rst tested &orcompatibility and stability &or the intended product# Thisincludes stability testing o& lled containers# Tubes use to
package topical pharmaceutical products are gaining inpopularity since they are they are light in $eight!relati%ely inexpensi%e! con%enient &or use! compatible$ith most &ormulati%e component and pro%ide protectionagainst external contamination
Oi b d & l i
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• Ointment tubes are made o& aluminum orplastic# hen the ointment is use &or
ophthalmic! rectal! %aginal or nasalapplication! they are packed $ith specialapplicator tips#
•
4tandard si6e o& empty tubes has capacity o&8#
• Ointment! creams and gels are most
&re'uently packed in
7UALIT8 ASSURANCE AND
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7UALIT8 ASSURANCE AND7UALIT8 CONTROL OF SEMISOLIDS
• 2 QP0IF0CT PIODCTR re'uires anorgani6ed e,ort by the entire company topre%ent or eliminate errors at e%ery stagein production#
• Suality must be built into a drug productduring product and process design and it is
inNuenced by the physical plant design!space! %entilation! cleanliness andsanitation during routine production#
• 7t considers *aterials 7n process control and
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• 7t considers! *aterials! 7n process control andProduct control $hich include specications andthe product itsel&! specic stability procedures
&or the product! &reedom &rom microbialcontamination and proper storage o& theproduct and container! packaging and labelingto ensure that container closer system pro%ide
&unction protection o& the product against such&actors as moisture! oxygen#
• Parameters to be considered during e%aluation
o& semi.solids include ra$ material specication!in process control and nished productspecications#
RA9 MATERIAL S'ECIFICATION
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RA9 MATERIAL S'ECIFICATION
• The FD2 current Good *anu&acturingPractices CG*PU co%ering ra$
material specication handlingprocedures are &ound in the code o&Federal Iegulations! Title 98 andsection 988#;9
Ra. !ateria" 4(a"it/ ass(rance!ono#ra%h
http://www.fda.gov/http://www.fda.gov/
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!ono#ra%h
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IN 'ROCESS CONTROL
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IN 'ROCESS CONTROL
Processing o& semisolids in%ol%es mixing! milling!
heating and cooling o& bulk products# There&ore!it is essential to de%elop in process control#4ome important in process tests are as &ollo$s)
8# Complete solubili6ation i& applicable"9# p5
:# Eiscosity measurement
;# ni&ormity o& distribution o& acti%e ingredients
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FINISHED 'RODUCT S'ECIFICATIONS
• *ost semisolids are heated to high
temperature! processed andpackaged in a hot or $arm li'uidstate#
• There is a considerable lapse timeuntil they achie%e their nal physicalstate# 2t this point they should be
tested &or con&ormity $ith nalspecications
'ath.a/ or fnished %rod(ct
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s%ecifcation
MICROBIAL TEST
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• ith exception o& ophthalmic ointments!
topical preparations are not re'uire beingsterile# They must meet accetable standards
for microbial contents and preparations thatare prone to microbial gro$th must contain
anti.microbial preser%ati%es#
• *icrobial limits are stated in 4P# Forexample) Betamethasone %alerate ointment
4P! must meet the re'uirements o& the tests&or absence o& Stahylococcus aureus and$seudomonas aeruginosa
• 7n the 4P chapter titled Q*icrobial 2ttributes o&
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• 7n the 4P chapter titled *icrobial 2ttributes o&-on sterile Pharmaceutical ProductsR! emphasisis placed on strict adherence to en%ironmentalcontrol and application o& G*P to minimi6e bothtype and the number o& microorganisms inunsterilised pharmaceutical product#
• The 4P states that dermatological products o&such type should be examined &or $seudomonasaeruginosa and Stahylococcus aureus andthose intended &or rectal or urethral or %aginal
use should be tested &or yeasts and molds!common o,enders at these sites o& application#
'H8SICAL TESTS
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'H8SICAL TESTS
• Eiscosity measurement is done $ith
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• Eiscosity measurement is done $iththe help o& Brook.eld %iscometer!
Cone and plate %iscometer andPenetrometer M &or consistencymeasurement#
• Texture analysis). 4table microsystems ha%e launched a ne$ S#C#
de%ice M Texture analy6er $hich isused to detect
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a"Ointment No$ characteristic
b"Ointment consistencyc"Gel strength
d"Fla%our release
e"4achet or Tube extrusion &orcemeasurement
CHEMICAL TESTS
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CHEMICAL TESTS
Chemical tests to be per&ormedinclude)
a#Chemical potency test
b#Content uni&ormity test
c#p5 measurement
IN$0ITRO RELEASE 'ROFILE
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TEST
• The principal in %itro techni'ue &orstudying skin penetration in%ol%es use o&some %ariety o& a di%usion cell like Fran6cell and Flo$ through cell in $hich animalor human skin is &astened to a holder andthe passage o& compounds &rom theepidermal sur&ace to a Nuid bath is
measured
• *odied 4P type 77 dissolution apparatus
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Prosedur pengu+ian 1
4tability test 1
Gels
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Gels
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K247F7K247 G0
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K247F7K247 G0
• PO7*0I P0-4-
o 7-OIG2-7K G0 Polimer anorganik!4istem 9 &ase"
oOIG2-7K Polimer organik! 4istem 8&ase"
–
• P02ITo5DIOG0 pelarut air"
oOIG2-OG0 pelarut organik"
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Basis untuk gel1
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Basis untuk gel1
• Karbopol Karbomer"
Carbopol A:; -F!Carbopol A:; P -F!dan Carbopol >8 G -F
• 5P*C ) grade 5P*C 11
• Gelatin
• 2lginat! dll#
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METHOD OF 'RE'ARATION OFG
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GEL
• Che!ica" reaction, 7n the preparation o& sols by precipitation&rom solution! e#g#! 2luminum hydroxide
sol precipitated by interaction in a'ueoussolution o& an aluminum salt and sodiumcarbonate! increased concentrations o&reactants $ill produce a gel structure#
4ilica gel is another example and isproduced by the interaction o& sodiumsilicate and acids in a'ueous solution#
• Te!%erat(re e5ect,
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2s lo$er the temperature the solubility
o& most lyophilic colloids! e#g#! gelatin!agar! sodium oleate! is reduced! so that!i& cooling a concentrated hot sol $illo&ten produce a gel# 4imilarly to this!
some material such as the celluloseethers sho$s their $ater solubility tohydrogen bonding $ith the $ater#
7ncreasing the temperature o& these sols$ill break the hydrogen bonding and thereduced solubility $ill produce gelatin#
• F"occ("ation .ith sa"ts and non$so"2ents,
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Gelatin is a popular collagen deri%ati%e primarily used in&ood! pharmaceutical! photographic and technical
products# 7n &oods! gelatin pro%ides a melts.in.the.mouth&unction and to achie%e a thermo.re%ersible gel property#Gelatin is produced by adding +ust su@cient precipitant
to produce the gel 4tructure state but insu@cient to bring
about complete precipitation# 7t is necessary to ensure
rapid mixing to a%oid local high concentrations o&precipitants# 4olutions o& ethyl cellulose! polystyrene! etc!in ben6ene can be gelled by rapid mixing $ith suitableamount o& a nonsol%ent such as petroleum ether# Theaddition o& salts to hydrophobic sols brings about
coagulation and gelation is rarely obser%ed# 5o$e%er! theaddition o& suitable proportions o& salts to moderately
hydrophilic sols such as aluminum hydroxide! &errichydroxide and bentonite! produces gels#
STRUCTURE OF GEL
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• E"astic #e"s, Gels o& agar! pectinand gelatin are elastic! the brousmolecules bring at the points o&
+unction but relati%ely $eak bonds
such as hydrogen bonds and dipoleattraction#
• Ri#id #e"s, 7n contrast to elasticgels! rigid gel can be &ormed &rommacromolecules in $hich the
&rame$ork is linked by primary
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• Thi3otro%ic #e", The term thixotropydescribes the property o& Nuid passing &romgel to sol state through agitation# Physical&actor to be considered &or a gel modi&ying
e,ects are agitation time! storing time# Thebond bet$een particles in these gels is %ery
$eak and can be broken by agitation andshaking# The resulting sol $ill re%ert back to
gel# This is termed as thixotropy# The di,erentpossibilities o& gel structure are presentedsystemically in Fig# 9
http://d/Saiful/Materi%20Kuliah/Kul%20TFS%20Cair-semipadat/semipadat/Recent%20Advances%20in%20Novel%20Drug%20Delivery%20System%20Through%20Gels%20%20Review.htmhttp://d/Saiful/Materi%20Kuliah/Kul%20TFS%20Cair-semipadat/semipadat/Recent%20Advances%20in%20Novel%20Drug%20Delivery%20System%20Through%20Gels%20%20Review.htm
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Di,erent arrangements o& particles in gelstructure
INCOR'ORATION OF NO0EL DRUGDELI0ER8 S8STEM INTO GEL
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DELI0ER8 S8STEM INTO GEL
• So"id dis%ersion incor%orated #e"• Li%oso!a" #e"
• In situ #e"
• E!("#e"
• So"id "i%id nano%artic"esincor%orated #e"
• Microe!("sion #e"
• H/dro#e"
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