dY© mZ hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>massets.vmou.ac.in/RJ02.pdf · 2014. 5. 13. · [k.M ifjpS...

$Page 1: dY© mZ hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>massets.vmou.ac.in/RJ02.pdf · 2014. 5. 13. · [k.M ifjpS vk/kfud jktLFkkuh i| jk b.k ntk î'u i=* e rhu [k.Mk e 12 bdkb;k jk[khth gA [k.M$

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

AmYw{ZH$ amOñWmZr nÚ gm{hË`

vkjts&02

ikB~;Øe vfHkdYi lfefrAÜ`jàmo\o$ga (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrMHw$bn{VdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

g§ moOH$ :àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mUqgh eoImdVnam_e©XmVm, amOñWmZr H$m ©H«$_dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>mgXñ`

gånmXZ Ed§ nmR²>`H«$_-boIZ

1. S>m°. AOw©ZXod MmaUAÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa

2. S>m°. hrambmb _mhoídarnyd© AÜ`j, {hÝXr {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa

la;kstd@leUo;d@lnL;x.k

1. S>m°. ^JdVrbmb ì`mg 5, 12àmMm`©, Ama.EZ.Q>r.{ejU-à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`, H$nmgZ, {MÎmm¡‹S>J‹T> (amO.)

2. S>m°. _§JV ~mXb 9nyd© àmÜ`mnH$, {hÝXr (godm{Z.)ehrX ^JVqgh ñZmVH$moVa _hm{dÚmbàm`qgh, lrJ§JmZJa (amO.)

2. S>m°. _XZ g¡Zr 4,7,10ì`m»`mVm, qhXr~.O.gr. am_nw[a`m O¡Z _hm{dÚmb`, ~rH$mZoa (amO)

nmR²>`H«$_ CËnmXZ`moJoÝÐ Jmo b

ghm`H$ CËnmXZ A{YH$mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

mRiknu % tqykbZ 2010 ISBN - 13/978-81-8496-228-4gdm©{YH$ma gwa{jV : Bg gm_J«r Ho$ {H$gr ^r A§e H$s dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m H$s {b{IV AZw_{V Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr ^r ê$n _|"{_{_`mJ«m\$s' (MH«$_wÐU) Ho$ Ûmam `m AÝ`Wm nwZ: àñVwV H$aZo H$s AZw_{V Zht h¡Ÿ&Hw$bg{Md, d._.Iw.{díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ûmam dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ho$ {bò _w{ÐV Ed§ àH$m{eVŸ&Xr S>m`_ÊS> {àpÝQ>J àog, O`nwa Ûmam à{V m§ _w{ÐV&

AH$mX{_H$ Ed§ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWmàmo. (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrM àmo. (S>m°.) E_. Ho$. KS>mo{b`m `moJoÝÐ Jmo b

Hw$bn{V {ZXoeH$ (AH$mX{_H$) à^mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m g§H$m` {d^mJ nmR²> gm_J«r CËnmXZ Ed§ {dVaU {d^mJ

3. S>m°. JmoaYZqgh eoImdV{ZXoeH$, lr H¥$îU gËg§J ~m{bH$m _hm{dÚmb`grH$a (amOñWmZ)

4. lr aKwamOqgh hmS>md[að H${d-gm{hË`H$ma,Pmbmdm‹S> (amOñWmZ)

gånmXH$àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mUqgh eoImdVnyd© AmMm`© Ed§ AÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa

3. S>m°. Cfm H§$da amR>m¡‹S> 1,3amOñWmZr, emoY g§ñWmZ Mm¡nmgZr, OmoYnwa (amO.)

4. S>m°. nwînm amOmdV 11ì`m»`mVmEg. Oo. E_. H$m°boO, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)

5. AVwb "H$ZH$' 2, 6,8H${d-gm{hË`H$ma, H$moQ>m (amO.)

g_Ýd`H$ :S>m°. _rVm e_m©

gh-AmMm`©, {hÝXrdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m

bdkbZ la- bdkbZ&'kh"kZd i`"B la[;k

1 tqx jks okrkoj.k] dkO;/kkjkoka vj fo/kkok 1&10

2 vkt jh jktLFkkuh dfork 11&31

3 izeq[k dfo & *lw;ZeYy ehl.k^ 32&39

4 izeq[k dfo & ladjnku lkekSj 40&53

5 izeq[k dfo % ckoth prqjflag th 54&64

6 izeq[k doslj % dsljh flag ckjgB 65&80

7 izeq[k dfo % fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj 81&97

8 izeq[k dfo % Áseth ^Áse* 98&111

9 izeq[k dfo % eksgu vkyksd 112&125

10 izeq[k dfo % xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor 126&139

11 izeq[k dfo % dY;k.kflag jktkor 140&150

12 izeq[k doslj % Hkxorh yky O;kl 151&157

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

AmYw{ZH$ amOñWmZr nÚ gm{hË`

AZwH«$_{UH$m

vkjts&02

[k.M ifjpS

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh i| jk b.k nwtk îz'u i=* esa rhu [k.Mka esa 12 bdkb;ka jk[khth gSA

[k.M & IbdkbZ 1 b.k bdkbZ esa vk/kqfud ^tqx jks okrkoj.k] dkO;/kkjkoka vj fo/kkoka* jh tk.kdkjh djkbZ xbZ gSA

lu~ 1850 lwa vk/kqud jktLFkkuh dkO; jh l:vkr ekuhtS] vj lu~ 1947 rd jks ,d vj 1947lwa vtS yx jks nwtks dky[k.M ekuhtSA bZ bdkbZ esa vk/kqfud tqx jh izeq[k jpukoka vj jpukdkjkajh lkj :i esa tk.kdkjh Hkh djkbZ xbZ gSA

bdkbZ 2 b.k bdkbZ esa vkt jh jktLFkkuh dfork vj m.k jS flYi vj lSfy;ka jh foxr ekaMh xbZ gSA

[k.M & IIbdkbZ 3 vk/kqfud dky esa lw;ZeYy ehl.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk egkdfo dfo gq;k gSA b± bdkbZ esa b.k dfo

jh thouh vj dkO; ys[ku jh tk.kdkjh nh xbZ gSA ukjh oanuk] nslHkxrh vj jkLVªh; psruk lwaHkfj;k dkO; jks fljt.kgkj dfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k [kqn jS leS jks cstksM+ dfo gksA b.k dfo jhjpukoka lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk le) gqbZ gSA

bdkbZ 4 b.k bdkbZ esa vktknh jk fprsjk ladjnku lkekSj jk thou vj dkO; fljt.k jks lkaxksikax ifjpSfn;kS x;kS gSA ladjnku lkekSj jk xksGhgank cksy* & vk vksGh dfo jh dfork jh rkdr njlkoSA

bdkbZ 5 vk bdkbZ vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; jk vkxhok.k Økafrdkjh doslj dsljhflag ^ckjgB* jh dkO;lk/kuk jh tk.kdkjh djko.k okGh gSA b.k dfo jk ^psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k* ,sfrgkfld ekuhtSA

bdkbZ 6 esokM+ jk ckith prqjflag th uhfr] Hkxrh vj ohj dkO; jk fljtd dfo jS :i esa txpkok gSAvkijks dkO; yksd dkO; c.kX;kS gSA yksd jh Hkklk] yksd jks gh fprau vj yksd jh lSyh ckithprqjflag th jS dkO; jh folslrk gSA b.kjks ys[kks&tks[kks b± bdkbZ esa vk[kjka <G~;kS gSA

[k.M & IIIbdkbZ 7 chdkusj esa tyE;ktk;k doslj fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; jk egrkÅ dfo

gSA vk bdkbZ b.k dfo jk ;ksxnku uS njlkoSA

bdkbZ 8 MkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jks dkO; vk/kqfud tqx jk tFkkjFk uS lcn:i fn;kS gSA jktLFkku jS lektvj laLÑfr jh fNc b.k dfooj jk dkO; lwa mtkxj gqbZ gSA b± bdkbZ esa dfo jk dkO; jhfuj[k&ij[k gqbZ gSA

bdkbZ 9 b.k bdkbZ esa 'ks[kkokVh jk pkok dfo xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jh thou tkrjk jS lkFkS gh m.kkjS dkO;jh fuj[k&ij[k djhth gSA

bdkbZ 10 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk dfo eksgu vkyksd jks dkO; u;k iz;ksxka jh ckuxh gSA dfooj jk^Mka[kGk* ?k.kk izfl) gqvkA dfo [kqn jS tqx jks njlko dkO; esa lQGrk lwa fn[kk;kS gSA

bdkbZ 11 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izÑfr vj izhr ixh dfork jk jp.kgkj dY;k.kflag jktkor xhfrdkO; jkfprsjk Hkh gSA m.kkajh êky.k* vj dfork jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk xhfrdkO; jh veksyh Fkkrh gSA

bdkbZ 12 gkM+kSrh jk pkok dfo lqjxoklh izseth îzse* jks dkO; Hkko] Hkklk vj lSyh jh nhB lwaU;kjks&fujckGks gSA ekVh jh lqxa/k vj xhfrdkO; jh feBkl b.k dfo jS dkO; jh folslrk gSAb.k bdkbZ esa izseth îzse* jk ;ksxnku uS njlk;kS x;kS gSA

1

bdkbZ & 1

tqx jks okrkoj.k] dkO;/kkjkoka vj fo/kkokabdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

1-0 mn~nsL;

1-1 izLrkouk

1-2 tqx jks njlko

1-2-1 jktuSfrd

1-2-2 lkekftd

1-2-3 /kkfeZd

1-2-4 vkfFkZd

1-2-5 lkfgfR;d

1-3 vk/kqfud dky jks lkfgR;&dkO;

1-3-1 izeq[k izofr;ka

1-3-2 dkO;/kkjkoka

1-3-3 izeq[k jpukok vj jpukdkj

1-4 vk/kqfud x|

1-4-1 x| fo/kkoka

1-4-2 lSfy;ka

1-4-3 izeq[k jpukoka vj jpukdkj

1-4-4 bdkbZ lkj

1-4-5 vH;kl jk loky

1-4-6 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1-0 mn~nsL;

b.k bdkbZ ys[ku jks mn~nsL; gSA

1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; jh tk.kdkjh djko.khA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa uS vk/kqfud dky jh le; lhek vj ukedj.k jks ifjp; nso.kkSA

3- vk/kqfud dky [k.M jk okrkoj.k ckor crko.kksA

4- vk/kqfud tqx jh dkO; /kkjkoka] dkO; lSfy;ka vj x| jh fo/kkoka jh tk.kdkjh djko.kkSA

5- b.k leS jk izeq[k jpukdkj vj jpukoka jh foxr ekaM.khA

2-0 izLrkouk

izLrkouk esa bZ- lu 1850 lwa l: gq;k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk vk/kqfud dky jh ewG psruk ckcrfopkj dj.kks gSA lkfgR; fljt.k tqx lkis{k gq;k djSA b.k [kkrj vk/kqfud dky jh tu psruk vjm.klwa vk;k cnGko uS le>.kks t:jh gSA b.k cnGko jks vlj vBka jk lekt] jktuhfr] /kje vj

2

lkaLÑfrd lksp yx iwxSA cks dq.klks Hkko ;k fopkj gks ft.klwa vks cnGko vk;kS& b.kuS le>.kkst:jh gSA vktknh jh psruk vj m.k [kkrj gq;k tu vkanksyu lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rd pkyrk fj;kAxqykeh lwa [kjkc dksbZ pht dksuh vj vktknh lwa vkNh dksbZ ckr dksuhA b.kjS lkFkS nslHkxrh]LokfHkeku vj xkSjo jk Hkko tqM+;kSM+ks gS tdks vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fol; lkexzh c.khA

lu~ 1947 jS iNS vtS yx 62 cjl chrX;kA vka cjlka Hkh ?kVh ?kVukoka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa lc):i fy;kSA b.kka jh fuj[k vj ij[k b.k bdkbZ dh dFkkoLrq c.kh gSA b.k lxGk lkfgR; lwa ghjktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; jk vk/kqfud dky jks ukedj.k gq;kS gS!

1-3 tqx jks njlko &

MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor Bhd gh fy[;kS gS&

^^jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj mlds izkphu] fofo/k rFkk fo'kky lkfgR; HkaMkj ds v/;;u dk tks vk/kkjfofHkUu fo}kuksa us izLrqr fd;k gS] mldh vfUre dM+h vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; gSA bl vk/kqfud;qx dk fparu izFke Lora=rk laxzke dh ewy psruk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds bfrgklys[kdksa us bl ;qx dk ukedj.k ^vk/kqfud ;qx* djrs le; bl rF; dks vo'; nf"V esa j[kk gS fdorZeku iqjkru ls fdl :i esa fHkUu gSA vrhr ds os dkSu ls rRo gSa] tks vk/kqfud ;qx dh lhek js[kkdks ikj ugha dj ldrsA ;qaxhu psruk gh bldk ewyk/kkj gks ldrh gSA lu~ 1850 ls bl vk/kqfud;qx dk 'kqHkkjEHk ekuk tkrk gS] tks v|kof/k fo|eku gSA lu~ 1850 ls ysdj 1875 rd dk le;Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk og laf/kdky gS] tgka jk"Vªh; Hkkoksa dk mn; gksrk gS vkSj lkezkT;okfn;ksa dsfo:) uocks/k dk Hkko tkxr gksrk gSA

blh rjg lkfgR; ds {ks= esa u;s Hkkocks/k vkSj uohu fo/kkvksa ,oa f'kYixr uwru iz;ksx izkjEHk gksrsgSA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa uohu 'kfDr vkSj LQwfrZ ysd u;s&u;s iz;ksxksa ds lkFk] bl ;qx esa] izxV gksrhgSA ;fn izkphu vkSj vk/kqfud dh rqyuk djsa rks yxsxk fd ns'kh fj;klrksa esa caVs gq, jktLFkkuh dsokrkoj.k esa fy[kk x;k] izkphu lkfgR; dk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij mn; gksus okyh Hkko psruk dk izHkko;gka ds jpukdkjksa vkSj mudh jpukvksa ij iM+us yxk FkkA

vk/kqfud ;qx dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g ekuh tkrh gS fd blesa x| dk lokZf/kd fodkl vkSj ubZx| fo/kkvksa dk tUe] blh ;qx esa gqvkA ik'pkR; txr ds lEidZ ls oSpkfjd ifjorZu gh ugha gqvkcfYd lkfgR; ys[ku ds Lrj ij Hkh u;kiu] bl ;qx dh jpukvksa esa Li"V fn[kus yxkA**

b.k Hkkar vk/kqfud tqx jk njlko uS lkj :i esa le>k;kS tk ldS gS i.k foLrkj lwa m.k tqx jkokrkoj.k uS jktuhfr] lekt] /kje] laLÑfr vj i<kbZ&fy[kkbZ jh oka fnuka jh foxr uS lkeh jk[k*jgh le>~;kS tk ldS gSA

1-2-1 jktuSfrd okrkoj.k &

lu~ 1850 lwa- 1947 yx lxGks Hkkjr vaxzstka jks xqyke gksA jktLFkku esa Hkh 22 jtokM+k gktBS jktlkgh vj lkearh O;oLFkk ghA fj;klrka jk jktk&egkjktk dSo.k uS rks [kqn jhfj;klr jk ekfyd gk i.k vlyh lÙkk vaxzstka jS gkFk esa ghA fj;klr jk jktdkt esa uturk jh lh/kh Hkkxhnkjh gh vj u gh izHkko gksA vaxzst lÙkk en esa ikxy gh os vU;k; vjtqYe djrk i.k Mj jS dkj.k dksbZ fojks/k ugha djrksA

lu~ 1850 esa Hkkjrh; lsuk esa vktknh jh vy[k tkxh] ft.kuS vaxzst ^D;wfVuh* ¼NksVks lksfonzksg½ jks uke fn;kS] i.k ck Lora=rk laxzke jh iSyh fp.kxkjh gh ft.klwa lu~ 1947 esa vaxzstkauS Hkkjr NksM.kks ifM+;kSA b.kjh ckuxh ns[khtS&

^^jktuSfrd ?kVuk pØ dh nf"V ls ns'kHkDr ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us vius izk.kksa dh ckth yxkdj

3

tks iz;Ru fd;s mUgsa fgald vkanksyu dk uke fn;k x;k] tgka xksyh dk tokc xksyh ls rFkk'kfDr ds fo:) la?k"kZ dk ladYi FkkA tks ijEijk fnYyh ds vfUre ckn'kkg cgknqj'kkgtQj] rkR;k Vksis] >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ tSls ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us izkjEHk dh] mlh dks vkn'kZekudj panz'ks[kj vktkn] jkeizlkn fcfLey] Hkxrflag] tksjkoj flag] dsljhflag ckjgB tSlsØkfUr dkjh jk"VªHkDrksa us mls vkxS c<+k;kA usrkth lqHkk"k panz cksl us rks dgk Fkk] ^vki eq>s[kwu nhft,] eSa vkidks vktknh nwaxkA* bu Økafrdkjh ns'kHkDrksa dk le; lu~ 1920 rd ekuktkrk gS D;ksafd lu~ 1921 esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vfgalk] vlg;ksx] lR;kxzg] vkej.kvu'ku ds tUenkrk eksgunkl deZpn xka/kh jktuhfr esa lfØ; gks pqds Fks vkSj mUgksausvaxzstksa ds fo:) vius la?k"kZ dks vfgalk ds veks?k vL= ls izkjEHk fd;kA xka/kh lR; vkSjvfgalk rFkk uSfrdrk ls vaxzstksa dk ekul cnydj Hkkjr dks Lora= djkuk pkgrs FksA osdgrs Fks & ^^ge ifo= lk/kuk ls Lora=rk izkIr djsaxs bls [kwu ls vifo= ugha gksus nsaxsA**

b.k Hkkar vk/kqfud dky jks ,d pj.k lu~ 1947 uS iwjks gq;kS vj nsl uS vktknh feyhAjktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkj [kqn jh dye lwa nsl Hkxrh vj vktknh jk Hkkoka Hkfj;k lkfgR; jhfljt.kk djh ft.kjh ckuxh ns[khtSA

vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij] vkgal yh/kka [kSp mjkA/kf.k;ka ejsu nh/kh] /kjrh] /kf.k;ka mHkka] xbZ /kjkA

&ck¡dhnkl vkfl;k

bGk u ns.kh vki.kh] gkyfj;k gqyjk;Aiwr fl[kkoS iky.kS] ej.k c<kbZ eka;AA

& lwjtey ehl.k

ldfj;s lkeksj jk] xksGh gank cksyAfeUrt lkapk eqyd jk] fjiqoka myVh jhrAA

& ladjnku lkekSj

ix ix HkE;k igkM+] /kjk NkM jk[;kS /kjeAegkjk.kk ja esokM+] fgjnS cfl;k fgan jSAA

3-2 tqx jks njlko ¼nwtks lu~ 1947 lwa vtS rkbZ½

15 vxLr 1947 uS Hkkjr vktkn gw;X;kSA jktdkt turk jk izfrfuf/k laHkkG fy;kSA lc tkxka gj[kmeko] HkkbZpkjS vj Hkkoh Hkkjr jk mtGk liuk gkA jktra= jh tkxka tura= vk;kSA Hkkjr loZ izHkqlrk lEiUu nsl c.;kSA vktkn Hkkjr jks lafo/kku c.;kS vj ykxw gq;kSA ukxfjd jk eksfyd vf/kdkjvj drZO; r; gq;kA Lora= Hkkjr jks jk"Vªifr iz/kkuea=h] ea=eaMG] laln vj fo/kku lHkkoka jS lkFkSfo/kku ifjlnka c.khA lafo/kku jS eqtc lu~ 1952 esa isyks vke pq.kko gq;kSA Hkkjr jh fonsl uhfr c.kh]iaplhy jk ukjk ykX;kA tkr ikar] /kje] fyax] jax vj HkkSxksfyd [ksrj jks Hksn feV~.k ykX;kSAlekurk ln~Hkko] eS=h jk Hkko vj fopkj fparu jk vk/kkj c.;kA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; & vktknh jks isyks iM+ko lu~ 1947 lwa 1962 yx jks gSA nwth Hkkjrh; Hkklkokajh rjS jktLFkkuh esa Hkh b.k :ikGS Hkkjr jk xhr xkbZft;k] xkFkkoka fy[khth] ukVdka jk jpko gq;kAdkO; jh tkxka x| jks fodlko b/kdks gq;kSA i| vj x| jh uqaoh fo/kkoka jks tye gq;kSA Hkko jh tkxkafopkj iz/kku fljt.k gwo.k ykX;kSA Hkko] Hkklk vj lSyh jk u;k rsoj lkQ >yd.k ykX;kA x| esamiU;kl] dgk.kh] fuca/k] ukVd] ,dkadh] fjiksrkZt] Mk;jh] :id] lalj.k] tSM+h fo/kkoka esa ?k.kks ys[kugq;kSA

4

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkoslj egkdkO;] [k.M dkO;] izca/k dkO;] pEiw dkO; jh iqjk.kh yhd NksMca/ku eqxr dkO; jk jktekjx uS vi.kko.k fy;kS vj vyadkj jk ca/ku <hyk iM+.k ykX;kA Nan fcukvj vyadkj jh mG>kM+ lwa ijS ubZ dfork jks mn; gq;kSA QSj vkdfork] xdforka ledkyhu dforkjks nkSj vk;kS vj Nk;kokn izxfrokn] iz;ksxokn] gkykokn] izÑfrokn ?k.kks ykjS NwVX;kSA

b.k rjS lu~ 1947 lwa yS;*j 1962 rkbZ nsl esa lq[k&veu vj pSu fj;kSA iaplhy jks vkèkkj lkehjk[k iM+kslh nslka lwa eS=hHkko jk lEca/k c.;kA fganh phuh HkkbZ HkkbZ jk ukjk [kwc ykX;k i.k 1962 esaphu gh vki.kS nsl ij geyks dj Hkkjr jS ihB esa Nwjks ?kky fn;kSA eS=hHkko] nqle.kh esa cnGX;kAHkkjr jk iSyk iz/kku ea=h tokgjyky usg: uS ?k.kks lneksa ykX;kS vj b.k dkj.k gh m.kka jks lqjxoklgq;kSA gtk:a lSfud vj vf/kdkjh ,dj QSj ek;M+ Hkkse [kkrj veksyk izk.k vji.k dhukA veu] pSuvj HkkbZ pkjk jk lqj cnyx;k vj tq) jks okrkoj.k pk:a dkuh fn[k.k ykX;kSA phuh geyk jS iNSiM+kslh ikfdLrku nks geyk dfj;kA vka gkykr jS dkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; Hkh QSj j.kHksjh ctkbZ vjm.kjh fol; oLrq] Hkko vj Hkklk cnGhA b.kjS iNS vkardokn jh foukl yhyk Hkkjr ns[kh vj vtS>syS gSA

vka lc jktuSfrd ?kVukoka jS ?kV.k lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa fljt.k jks :i cnGX;kSA ,dj QSj nslj{kk jks Hkko lkfgR;dkjka esa tkX;kSA ohjrk] nsl Hkxrh vj laLÑfr xkSjo jh xkFkkoka fy[kht.k ykxhA

b.k tqx jk izeq[k jpukdkjka esa dfo jko eksguflag] ghaxGktnku dfo;k] mn;jkt mToy] ukFkwnku]efg;kfj;k] x.ks'kyky O;kl] panzflag] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] jsornku pkj.k] lR;izdk'k tkslh]ukjk;.flag HkkVh] es?kjkt eqdqy] dkUg egf"kZ] j?kqjkt flag gkMk] xtkuu oekZ] y{eh dqekjh pwaMkor]vUukjke lqnkek] Jheky uFkey tks'kh] cStukFk iaokj] dj.khnku ckjgB] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] mn;ohj'kekZ] vejpan ukgVk] jkes'ojn;ky Jhekyh] uflag jktiqjksfgr] ewGpn x.ks'k] cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr]cqf) izdk'k ikjhd] dy;k.kflag jktkor] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor] lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor] MkW-dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor] Jh Ñ".k xksiky] jkor lkjLor] izseth îzse*] f'kojkt Naxk.kh] cztukjk;.kiqjksfgr] x.kifrpanz HkaMkjh] nhun;ky vks>k] jkeukFk O;kl îfjdj* ukxjkt 'kekZ vkfn vusdA

vk/kqfud tqx jks rhtks iM+ko & 1972 lwa vtSrkb± jks gS tn nsl esa yksdra= etcwr gq;kS]m/kksx/ka/kk ykX;k] jkstxkj jk vkslj lkeh vk;kA b.k tqx rd jktuhfr jh nhB lwa Hkkjr vsd rkdroj nsl ekuht.k ykX;kSA

b.k tqx esa udLyokn vj vkradokn leL;k c.k vkxS c<.k ykxhA ukjh larki] cstxkjh] vdkGvj laLÑfr ij geyk fodkl jh tkrjk esa ck/kd o.k.k ykxkA

b.k tqx esa efgyk vj ;qok jpukdkjka jks lkfgR; ubZ lksp] lSyh] fol;oLrq vj jpuk dkSlG jSlkFkS fy[kt.k yxk;kSA ubZ ih<h jk jpukdkj ek;M+ Hkklk vj ek;M+Hkkse uS ys[ku jks tfj;kS c.kk*jegrkÅ iks/;ka jphA

b.k leSa lkekftd] /kkfeZd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd vj lkfgfR;d okrkoj.k esa twuka fpru] caèku vjyhd uS NksM cnGko fuxS vkoSA tkr&ikar jk ca/ku <hyk ifM+;k] C;kolknh jk rkSj&rjhdk esacnGko vk;kSA ltkrh; C;ko jh tkxka vUrjtkr C;ko ?k.kk gwo.kk ykxkA iM+nk jh jhr [kre lhgwo.k ykxhA ekslj canlk gw;X;kA lrh izFkk jgh dksuhA ukjh psruk tkxhA i<+kbZ fy[kkbZ jksokrkoj.k c.;kSA ukjh fl{kk jks fodlko gq;kSA

/kje jk va/kfoLokl] ik[k.M] uj vj ilqcfy dkuwuh vijk/k c.kX;kA /kje vkLFkk jks eku c<.kykX;kSA /kje lsok vke tu rd iwxhA /kje jh ladGkbZ de gqbZ i.k ^/kkfeZd dV~Vjrk* foukl jksdkj.k c.khA

5

lkaLÑfrd oSHko tu&tu jh Fkkrh c.;kSA laLÑfr jk mnkj rRo ekuoh tho.k jk vkèkkj c.k.k ykX;kgkykadS laLÑfr jks HkwaMkS njlko Hkh gwo.k ykxksA esGka&[ksGka] rht&R;wagkjka dkuh yksd jks >qdkoc<;kSA jktLFkkuh dyk vj dykdkj ijnslka rd /kwe epkbZA

b.k tqx jks vkfFkZd okrkoj.k lq/kj~;kSA u;k dG dkj[kkuk ykX;kA nsl esa mRiknu vj jkstxkjc<;kSA uhfrxr dkj.kka lwa vehj T;knk vehj c.kX;k vj xjhc vksj xjhcA xjhc vj vehj jS chpjh [kkbZ brh folkG vj xgjh gw;xh dS vsdkuh >qXxh&>ksiM+;ka iljh rks nwtS dkuh vehjka jk caxykvj m/kksx vjcka&[kjcka rd tk; iwX;kSA

fl{kk vj lkfgR; jh nhB lwa vks tqx fodlko jks gSA fl{kk vke vkneh rd iwxh] fol;ka jks foLrkjgq;kSA rduhfd Hk.kkbZ dkuh :>ku c<;kSA ?k.kkbZ ^fo'ofo|ky;* ljdkjh vj uhth nksuwa tkxka[kqY;kA izfr;ksxh fl{kk leS jh ekax c.kxhA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkj [kqn jh dy; jh rkdr lwa Hkkr&Hkkar jks i.k egrkÅ lkfgR; fljt.k dj.kykxkA

1-4-0 vk/kqfud dky jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkbZ jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa eksdGks lkfgR; fy[khT;kSA x| vj i| jh U;kjh U;kjhfo/kkoka] dkO; /kkjkoka vj ys[ku lSfy;ka jks foLrkj gq;kSA tqx jh izeq[k izofr;ka jks vlj ys;*j uhpSfy[kh dkO; /kkjkoka jks mn; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk dkO; esa gq;kSA

1-4-1 izÑfr dkO;

1-4-2 izseiz/kku dkO;

1-4-3 izxfrlhy dkO;

1-4-4 Nk;koknh dkO;

1-4-5 ubZ dfork&vrqdkar] vdfork] ^x* dfork vj ledkyhu dforkA

1-4-1 izÑfr dkO;

jktLFkkuh izkar jh izÑfr uS vk/kkj c.kk*j tdks dkO; fy[khT;kS oks izÑfr dkO; jS :i esatxpkoks gq;kSA jktLFkku e#/kjk cktSA vBSa fcj[kka de OgS ft.klwa [ksrh bdlk[kh T;knk OgSvj vk;S cjl dkG iM+SA xjeh ?k.kh iM+SA ywvka lwa >qGfl;ksM+h ekuoh esg jh mMhd jk[kSAik.kh de gwo.k jS dkj.k m.kjks egRo ?k.kks gSA fnu riS i.k jkrka BaMh OgSA N fjrqoka vBSnjlko nsoSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ?k.kk doslj jktLFkku jh izÑfr uS vk/kkj c.kk*j ?k.kks vj lkjFkd dkO;jP;kS gS ft.kesa panzflag jh nks iksF;ka ^yw* vj ^cknGh* ?k.kks uke dek;kSA panzflag th vBkajh izÑfr jk tjkjFk Hkfj;k i.k ekso.kk fprjke [kqn jh dfork esa jP;k gSA ,d ckuxhns[khtSA

vkBwa ikSj vMhdrka]ohrS fnu T;wa eklnjl.k ns vs cknGher eqj/kj uS rklA

fNusda lwjt fu[khfG;kSfc[kjh cknfG;ka

fpyd.k eqag vc ykfx;kS/kjk fdj.k fefy;kaA

6

panzflag jh vka dkO;&vksG;ka esa izÑfr dkO; jS lkFk Nk;koknh dkO; jk njlko Hkh jP;k&iP;k gSA

panzflag jS vykok MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] lR;izdk'k tks'kh] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] j?kqjktflag gkMk]xtkuu oekZ] dY;k.kflag jktkor] Hkh jktLFkkuh izÑfr dkO; jP;kS gSA

izseiz/kku vj Nk;koknh dfork jk fol; ,dlk gh fj;k gSA gSr izhr jh dfork dBSbZ Nanka&vyadkjkajS ik.k tx pkoh gqbZ rks dBsbZ izrhdka jS ik.k iljhA dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] ukjk;.kflag HkkVh]lR;izdk'k tks'kh] fd'kksj dYiukdkar] y{e.kflag jloar] dY;k.kflag jktkor b.k Hkkar jh dforkuS iuikbZA uhfr dkO; bZ dfork jks fl.kxkj dj~;kSA izxfrlhy dfork x.ks'kyky O;kl ^mLrkn*]jsornku pkj.k] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh dforkoka lwa le) gqbZA x.ks'kyky O;kl ^mLrkn* jh ^cankeS.kr jh tS cksy] tqx ilokM+ks yhuks] yky /ktk jh vk.k fQjS] /kksjka jh /kjrh tkx] lkFk.k fn;k txkns] ij.;k Mjs erh] [kkrk cksgjk lwa er ?kky] tkxkS tkxkS js derfj;k] jkt cnGX;ks EgkauS dkabZ]vfgalk cksy] vfgalkcksy] tkx j.kcadk flikbZ vkfn dfork vj jsornku pkj.k jh ^nwtks egkHkkjr*yksdjkt] cxkor] dkG] badykc jh vka/kh] fyNeh] mNkGkS] gkyfj;kS] ch?kksM+h] ix eaM.kk bfrgkl jk]jks;ka :txkj feGS dksuh] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh dq.k tehu jks /k.kh] v?kksjh dkG tSM+h dforkokaizxfrlhy fparu jks vk/kkj fy;kSM+h gSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ubZ dfork Nan vj vyadkjka jk ca/ku rksM+ eqxr dkO; /kkjk uS tuefn;kSA t;kjFk jks jax vj cnyko jks lqj ubZ dfork jh fiNk.k c.khA

vka dfork jk dha mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

/kucG tn tu jkS lq[k pqxyS] rn vk Hkkse vaxkjk mxGStu Hkkoh jh Hkqtax HkSjoh] jxr ihoS ekFkk Hk[k ekaxSAjs eksfV;kjA leaG c/k vkxS] vkxS js ekVh tho.k vkxSA

tudfo x.ks'kyky O;kl

va/kkj ?kksj vka/kh izpaMvk /kqavk/kksj /kao /kao djrhvkoS gS mj esa vkx fy;ka] x<+ dksVka caxyka uS <grhA

jsornku pkj.k

dq.k tehu jkS /k.kh \gkM+ ekal pke xkG[ksr esa ilso lhap]yw yiV B.M esgl lsoS nkar ehap]QkM+ pkSd dj djS] tksr.kh*j ckso.kh]okS tehu jks /k.kh* ^d vks tehu jks /k.kh \*

dUgS;kyky lsfB;k

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izeq[k dfo vj m.kkjh jpukoka uhpS eqtc gS&

dfooj jpukoka

ckadhnkl vkfl;k & lwj Nrhlh] /koy iPphlh] xaxkygjh vkfn ?k.kdkjhA

lwjtey ehl.k & ohjlrlbZ] oa'kHkk"dj] jkejatkV] cyon foykl] Nanks ew;[kvknA

jkeukFk dfo;k & nkSinh fou; vj fMaxG xhrA

7

ladjnku lkeksj & lxrh lqtl] HkkxhjFkh efgek] c[kr jks ck;jks] nslnji.k]lkdsr lrd] xhrJh ikcwth jks] xaxkth jks xhr vknA

ghaxGktnku & ex;k exsnz] esgkbZ efgek] nqxkZ cgrjh] cf.k;ksjklks vknA

dsljhflag ckjgB & psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k] dqlqekatfy] jktk&iztk laokn] dkfG;k'krdA

egkjkt prqjflag & ijekjFk fopkj] ;ksxlw= dh okjrk] xaxktGh Vhdk] prqjfparkef.kA

x.ks'kyky O;kl ^mLrkn* & csdlksa dh vkokt vj nwth egrkÅ dforkoka

mn;jkt mToy & /kwM+lkj] ekjokM+ jk ohj] ekrHkklk nksgkoyhA xka/khth jk nwgkfoKku jk nwgk] Hkkfu;k jk nwgk] Lojkt lrd] Je lrd vknA

ukFkwnku efg;kfj;k & ohj lrlbZ] xka/kh lrd] paMh lrd] pwaMk lrd] >kykekulrd vknA

MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh & lka>] ijeohj] nqxkZnkl] dGi] ehjk¡] tho.k/ku feu[k ule>ko.kks nksjks vknA

MkW- euksgj 'kekZ & xteksrh] jl/kkjkA

dUgS;kyky lsfB;k & fee>j] yhyVkal] ek;M+ jks gsyks vknA

lR;izdk'k tks'kh & jk/kk] nhok dkaiS D;wa] cksyHkkjeyh] yLdj uk FkeS] xkaxs;] lksufejxyk vknA

fd'kksj dYiukdkar & dwaiG] QwyA

es?kjkt eqdqy & lsuk.kh] lsuk.kh jh tkxh tksr vkn

panzflag & yw] cknGh] ckylkn vknA

jsornku pkj.k & psr eku[kk] usg: th uS vksGeks] /kjrh jk xhr] mNkGkSA

fo'oukFk ^foeys'k* & lridokuh] jkedFkk] ¼egkdkO;½ dqpj.kh vkn

cqf)izdk'k ikjhd & pwaVD;k] frLlk] dGnkjA

jkeukFk O;kl îfjdj* & euokj] xhr] vgadkjA

fxj/kkjhflag îfM+gkj* & eku[kks] tkxrh tksrka] lwjS jks lanslkS] es?kukn] fllikG] ikrG]vdcj] eku] ikcw] iq#] Mwaxth&tojth] ckiwA

lqesjflag 'ks[kkor & es?kekG] vk uhan dn mMSykA

dY;k.kflag jktkor & jkefr;k rksM+] ijHkkrh] vkjksg.k] fee>j] vk tehu vki.kh]dq.k dq.k uS fcy;klhA

xtkuu oekZ & lksuks fuitS jsr esa] ckjkeklk

y{e.kflag jloar & jlkG] fee>jA

mn;ohj 'kekZ & fijFkhjkt] dqjtkaA

jkes'oj n;ky JhekGh & gkMh jk.kh] ckouks fgekGkSA

dej esokM+h & t; caxyknslA

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor & fdjdj] iuthek:] [kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka vknA

8

rstflag tks/kk & vksGwa jh vksG~;ka

lhrkjke egf"kZ & fje>ksG] izhr ihM+ jh ikGA

eksgu vkyksd & Mka[kGk] ^x* xhr] fpr ekjks nq%[k uS] vki] lkS lkusV] ou nsohverk] fpM+h jh cksyh fy[kksA

dj.khnku ckjgB & f>afM;ks] >j>j dFkkA

izse th izse & pepks] lakoGks] lwjt] ljoj] lwjt vj la>~;k] Egkjh dforkoka]Egwa xk¡Å] eu ukpSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lSdM+wa dfo vj oka jh jpukoka vtSyx Nih gS ft.kkesa loZJhef.keèkqdj] vtqZunso pkj.k] izseth îzse*] ehBs'k fueksZgh] pSuflag iaokj] enueksgu ifjgkj] MkW-vkbZnku flag] lR;su tks'h vkn jk uke fx.kko.k tksx gSA efgyk dof;f=;ka esa

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ?k.kk ekuhrk dfo vksj gS tdk egrkÅ dkO; fljt.k Dj~;kSgS vj Hkklk uS f[kerkok.k c.kkbZ gS ft.kka esa fupS fyf[k;k uke fx.kko.ktksx gS

loZJh ef.k e/kqdj] vtqZunso pkj.k] ehBs'k fueksZgh] pSu flag iaokj] enueksgu ifjgkj] ekypUnfrokM+h] MkW- vkbZnku flag HkkVh] lR;su tks'kh] nqxkZnku flag ^xkSM+*] fxj/kkjhyky êkyo(] misUnz v.kq]lEir ljy] ';kelqUnj Hkkjrh] vkse ukxj] eksgEen lnhd] dkunku dfYir] 'kSysUnz mik/;k;]vfEcdknr] jes'k e;ad] ';ke egf"kZ] vrqy dud] ykynkl jkds'k] rkÅ 'ks[kkoVh] gjh'k Hkknk.kh]dsljhdkar 'kekZ] jkethyky ?kkM+syk] osn O;kl] lkaoj nbZ;k] T;ksfr iaqt] panzizdk'k nsoG] fcgkjhykyikjhd] Jhear O;kl] uan Hkkj}kt] ikjl vjksM+k] lhrkjke egf"kZ] 'kkafr Hkkj}kt] eqdu flag] egkohjizlkn tks'kh] HkS:ayky] ^dkGk cknG*] euqt nsikor] xksjhyky xqIr] /khjtey cNkor vknA

dfo;f=;ka % MkW- yhykeksnh] dfork ^fdj.k*] izseyrk tSu] Jherh xkSjh'kadj ^deys'k*] xhrktgktiqjk] MkW- lkfo=h Mkxk] MkW- rkjk y{e.k xgyksr] MkW- izdk'k vejkor] lk/kuk Naxk.kh] MkW- lqeufcLlk vkfnA

x| ys[ku & jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks vk/kqfud tqx x| iz/kku ekuhtS! b.k dky [k.M esa ,dkadh x|jh uqoS fo/kkoka uS ys[ku jks vk/kkj c.kk;kS x;kS rks nwtS dkuh ubZ x| flYi vj lSfy;ka jks fcxlkogq;kSA x| ys[ku jh twuh le) ijEijk lwa vks u;ks x| lEiUu rks gq;kS gS i.k vkt jh x| fo/kkokajh ifjHkklk] rRo vj ys[ku lSyh U;kjh gSA vk/kqfud x| fo/kkoka esa ukVd] ,dkadh] laLej.k]vkRexFkk] thouh] js[kkfprjke] fjiksjrkt] Mk;jh] :id] vkn [kkl gSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x|ys[ku esa Hkko vj fopkj nksuqoka jks izHkko gS i.k fopkj iz/kku ys[ku ?k.kks xEHkhj gSA b.kesa fofo/krk]fparu vj tqx lkis{krk bZ/kdh gS! b.k x| ys[ku esa U;kjh&U;kjh fopkj /kkjkoka jks lkfgR; gS T;waizxfrlhy ys[ku lkE;oknh fopkj /kkjk lwa izHkkfor gS] FkksM+k jpukdkj iwathoknh] lkeUroknh] rks dbZ/kkfeZd] lkaLÑfrd lksp jk[kSA m.kkjh jpukoka esa okajh fopkj/kkjk vj lksp fuxS vkoSA

1- b± vk/kqfud x| fljt.k esa Hkklk jk U;kjk U;kjk :i vj iz;ksx Hkh gSA ôpfudk* vj^nokoSr* lSyh vj tFkkjFk jktLFkkuh x| fo/kkoka uS fl.kxkj fn;kS gS! x| xhrka jk Hkhiz;ksx gq;k gSA foX;ku jks vlj] euqt jh ekufldrk] m.kjks vkpj.k] m.kjk vkLFkk] foLokl]jhr&fjokt] jktLFkkuh Hkklk] miU;kl] dgk.kh ukVd&,dkadh] tSM+h fo/kkoka esa ?k.kS vljnkj<ax lwa lcn :i fy;kS gS! Mk;jh] laLej.k] js[kkfp=] vkRedFkk ekuoh vj m.kjks lekt]ifjokj vj vk[kS ifjosl uS ikBdka lkeh jk[kSA ukjh leL;koka] m.kjh euxr] vo[kk;ka]m.kjks cnGrks :i] dke vj pfjr vktjk x| ys[ku esa vk[kjka <G;kS gS!

2- vkt jks jktLFkkuh x| fopkjkRed] o.kZukRed] fooj.kkRed] O;fDr ijd vj O;k[;kRed

9

Hkh d;kS tkoSA miU;kl dgk.kh] ukVd vj ,dkafd;k jk ik= vkt jk gSA okajh laosnuk b.ktqx jh gSA fuca/kka jk fol; fofo/k vj folkG gSA HkklklSyh VdlkGh vj ekud:i fy;kSM+hgSA xaHkhj lwa xEHkhj fol; uS izHkkoh Hkklk esa lcn :i nso.k jh f[kerk vkt jk jktLFkkuhx|dkjka esa gSA

3- lxGk vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ij egkRek xka/kh vj m.kakjk fl)karka jks vlj lkQ fuxSvkoSA xka/khoknh fparu] vkanksyu vj dke dj.k jks rjhdks vkt jS ys[ku jks vk/kkj c.;kS gSA

4- b± tqx esa ij;koj.k] jax] tkfr] /kje jS f[kykQ mBh vkokt uS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuhlkfgR;dkj ok.kh nhuh vj lkEiznk;d lnHkko] HkkbZ pkjs vj ekuork oknh nhB jks fodlko[kqn jh dye lwa dfj;ks gSA vk[kh nqfu;ka esa tBS dBSbZ fgalk] vU;ko] HksnHkko] lkezkT;okn]iwathoknh] jk nqjx.k iui.k ykxk& jktLFkkuh dyedkj m.kjks iqjtksj fojks/k dfj;kSAvBkarkb± dS tBS Hkkjr esa tu jh mis{kk gqbZ jktLFkkuh jpukdkj [kqn jktusrkoka uS Hkh ekQugha dfj;kA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jk izeq[k x|dkj vj m.kjh izeq[k jpukoka jh foxr dha b.k Hkkar gSA

izeq[k miU;kldkj % vUukjke lqnkek] Jhyky uFkey tks'kh] ;knosanz 'kekZ ^panz*] lR;su tks'kh]N=ifrflag] nhun;ky ^dqanu*] jkenr lkaÑR;] ikjl vjksM+k] fd'kksj dYiuk dkar vkn izeq[k gSA

izeq[k miU;kl % eSdrh dkek eqGdrh /kjrh] vka/kh vj vkLFkk] eSos jk :a[k] vkHkS iVdh] /kksjka jks/kksjh] ,d chu.kh nks; chan] daoGiwtk] frjldwaA

izeq[k dgk.khdkj % eqjyh/kj O;kl] MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgr] vUukjke lqnkek] dj.khnku ckjgB]cStukFk iaokj] ewGpan izk.ks'k] Hkaojyky lqFkkj] lkaoj nbZ;k] jkes'oj n;ky Jhekyh] izseth izse]euksgj flag jkBkSM+] jkefujatu fBdkÅ] 'kphUnz mik/;k;] ukuwjke laLdrkZ fot;nku nsFkk] Jherhy{eh dqekjh pwaMkor] jkeksnj izlkn 'kekZ] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] mn;ohj ehBs'k fueksZgh] pSuflag iaokjA

izeq[k dgkf.k;ka vj iksF;ka % cjlxkaB] vej pwuM+h] jkroklks] eÅ pkyh ekGoS] vkaèkS uS vka[;k]ykMslj] vksG[kk.k] uS.kk [kwaV;kS uhj] mdGrk vkarjk] lhGk lkal] ij.;ksM+h dqaokjh] rxknks]vlokM+S&ilokM+S /kjrh dn rkbZ /kwtS yh] vys[kwa fgVyj] eka>y jkr] ewey] dS js pdok ckr] fxjÅapk Åapk x<ka] vkneh jks lhax] ea=h jh csVh] csekrk jk vkad] tlksnk] laGoVka] ykycrh] vks ?kjEgkjks dksuh] jkepanz dh dFkk] lkaoj dk cksy] jksluh jk tho] MkG lwa NqV~;k iaNh] dU;knku] lksuyHkhax] djM+h vkap] nlnks[k] ?kjdh xk;] X;ksgh] izsrkRek jh izhr vkn eksdGhA

izeq[k ukVddkj % lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] JhukFk eksnh] fxj/kkjh yky O;kl] vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh] HkjrO;kl] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^panz* lR;su tks'kh] fueksZgh O;kl] vtqZunso pkj.k] enu eksgu ekFkqjA

izeq[k ukVd % cksGko.k] xksektkV] iz.kohj izrki] t;iqj dh T;ks.kkj] iUuk/kke] <ksyk&e[k.k]jaxhyks] ekjokM+] rkl jks ?kj] eqxrhca/k.k] nks ukVd vktjk] va/kkjksA

izeq[k fuca/kdkj % MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor] lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor] uan Hkkj}kt]iq#lksre vklksik] tgwj [kka esgj] vtqZu flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- 'kfDrnku dfo;k] vxjpan ukgVk]vUukjke lqnkek] vejukFk d';i] jkeukFk O;kl ifjdj] MkW- czteksgu tkofG;k vknA

izeq[k fuca/k vj iksF;ka % jktLFkkuh fuca/k laxzg] jksfgM+k jk Qwy] jktLFkkuh fuca/k] ef.kekG]jldGl] nkSj vj nk;jks] jktLFkkuh laLÑfr jk fprjke] eqGdrk feu[k ekso.kh /kjrh] nwj fnlkojvkG tatkG b.k rjg nwth x| fo/kkoka jk jpukdkjka esa eksguyky iqjksfgr] Hkaoj ukgVk] useukjk;.ktks'kh] f'kojkt Naxk.kh] osn O;kl] MkW- lR; ukjk;.k 'kekZ] MkW- ujsUnz Hkkukor] Jhyky feJ]nhun;ky vks>k] xksfoanyky ekFkqj] MkW- m"kkdaoj jkBkSM+] MkW- izdk'k vejkor] MkW- Ñ".kk] vksadkj Jh]ukxjkt 'kekZ vknA

10

1-4-4 bdkbZ lkj

1- b.k bdkbZ esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh i| vj x| jh tk.kdkjh djkbZ xbZ gSA

2- bdkbZ jks mÌsL;] izLrkouk vj tqx jks njlko foLrkj lwa jk[;kS x;kS gSA

3- vk/kqfud tqx jk lkfgR; ys[ku] izeq[k izofÙk;ka] dkO; /kkjkoka vj izeq[k dfo;ka vj m.kkjh dkO;iksF;ka jh foxr ekaMh xbZ gSA

4- vk/kqfud dkO; jS lkFkS gh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk vk/kqfud x| ij Hkh fopkj eaFku gq;kS gSA

5- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh izeq[k lSfy;ka] fo/kkoka] dFk vj flYi ij Hkh euu gq;kS gSA

1-4-5 vH;kl jk loky

1- vk/kqfud tqx dn lwa ekU;kS tkoS \ le>koksA

2- vk/kqfudrk lwa eryc dkabZ gS \ njlkoksA

3- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ij vlj Ugk[k.k okGk okrkoj.k jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

4- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; jh izeq[k dkO; /kkjkoka jh foxr ekaMksA

5- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| fo/kkoka vj lSfy;ka jh tk.kdkjh nsoksA

1-4-6 lanHkZ xzaFk

1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % laosnuk vj flYi & dqanuekyh

2- ledkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; & dqanu ekyh

3- Lora=rk laxzke esa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jks ;ksxnku % MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgr

4- gkM+kSrh lkfgR; vkSj Lo:i % MkW- dUgS;kyky 'kekZ

5- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dqN izofÙk;ka & MkW- ujsUnz Hkkukor

6- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k

7- ckj[kM+h % MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k

8- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vj laLÑfr % MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor

11

bdkbZ & 2

vkt jh jktLFkkuh dforkbdkbZ dh :ijs[kk

2-0 mÌsL;

2-1 izLrkouk

2-1-1 dky foHkktu

2-1-2 Hkwfedk

2-2- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork jk lkarjk i[k

2-2-1 fol; dh nhB lw¡

d- ijaijk dks tl

[k- izdfr dks fprjke

x- njl.k vj v/;kRe

?k- nslizse

M- dkSeh,drk

;- ek;M+ Hkklk dks tl

j- vketu dh vc[kk;ka

y- uhfr dh ckr

o- yksdtho.k

2-2-2 fo/kk dh nhB lwa &

d- Nanc) dfork

1- xhr

2- uoxhr

3- xt+y

4- eqDrd dkO;

5- izca/k dkO;

6- ckydfork

[k- Naneqxr dfork

x- mGFkks

2-2-3 jl dh nhB lwa

2-2-4 vyadkj dh nhB lwa

2-2-5 Hkklk dh nhB lwa

2-3 vkt jh jktLFkkuh dfork jh folslrkoka

2-4 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork jh Hkklk] dFk] flYi vj lSyh

12

2-5 bdkbZ lkj

2-6 vH;kl jk loky

2-7 lanHkZ iksF;ka

2-1 m}sL; %

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa dfork fljt.k dh ,d lcGh jhr j~gh NSAtxr~ dh nwth Hkklkok¡ dh ukabZjktLFkkuh esa Hkh lkfgR; fljt.k dh l:okr i| lw¡ gh ekuh tkoS NS& L;kr~ bZa ys[ks ds y; vjrqd dk eaMk.k euM+k esa bZa crk :pS NSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks twuks lkfgR; Å¡ cxr dk dfo;k¡ dhlk/kuk vj psruk dh lk[k HkjS NSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk twuk lkfgR; iS lxGh nqfu;k esa ?k.kksa dkegks;ks NSA Hkxrh] fl.kxkj] vkst dk xq.k bZa c[kk.kck vj uhfr fl[kkck gkGh vksfG;k¡ vkt Hkh tutudh tqcku is NS i.k jktLFkku dh vk/kqfud dgh tkck gkGh dfork Hkh cxr dh y; dh ySjkadnerkG djrh lkeS vkoS NSA vkt dh jktLFkkuh dfork dks iljko izdfr lw¡ yS*j feu[ktw.k dhvc[kk;ka rkabZ NSA bZa bZdkbZ esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork ds vksGkos lekt] cxr vj eu[k dkvkilh ukrk ds rkabZ Hkh tk.k ldkaxkA

2-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa dfork ekaMck dh jhr ?k.kh twuh NSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks fodlko viHkzal lw¡gks;ks NSA MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh eqtc & ^ jktLFkkuh jk dfo laLdr] izkdr viHkzal lw¡ pkyrh vkbZjhr uS vi.kkbZA ** fodze laor~ 835 esa tSueqfu m|ksru lwfj ^dqoy; ekGk* ukao dks xzaFk jP;ksA bZaesa ok¡ 18 Hkklkoka lkFkS e:Hkklk ukao lw¡ jktLFkkuh dks Hkh mYys[k dj~;ksA b.k lwa ;k ckr lqHkV y[kkoSdS uoka lbdk esa Hkh jktLFkkuh dks Hkklkxr l:Ik vj njtks Nks] iW.k nloka lbdk dk NBk nlkCnrkabZ bZa dks fyf[kr :Ik fuxS Uga vkoSA jktLFkkuh dk vkfndky dks cÙkks lkfgR; ekSf[kd :Ik esa ghj~;ks NSA iNS pkj.kka vj tSu fo}kuka fyf[kr lkfgR; dh jhr FkjihA Å¡ cxr dh [kkl jpukoka esa^[kqEek.k jklks*] ^chlynso jklks*] ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk*] ^tSBoS jk lksjBk*] ^vkaHkG& [khaoth jk nwgk*vj ^galkmyh* dks ukao fy;ks tk ldS NSA

cxrlj] fljt.k dh ;k jhr yxkSyx lcGh gksrh xhA jktLFkkuh dk dfo;ka Hkxrh] lxrh]fl.kxkj] tq>kji.kk vj uhfr lwa lacaf/kr ?k.kdjh egrkÅ jpukoka ek.MhA e/;dky esa jph xhdfork dk lqj rks jktLFkkuh dfork dk tl dh vksG[kk.k gh c.kX;kA ekVh vj feu[ki.k dhejtkn is tku nsck dh lh[k nsck gkGh Å¡ cxr dh dfork iS dks; Hkh Hkklk xqest dj ldS NSA,d leh{kd eqtc & ^^ e/;dky esa lwjka] lkiq:lka vj lfr;ka jh b.k ohj &olqa/kjk okLrS vys[kwadfo;ka vkijh ys[kuh jS cG ohj] fl.kxkj] uhfr vj Hkxrh jks lkfgR; jP;ks] rks lar laiznk; /kjejh tM+ gjh djhA b.k jS lkFkS bZ yksd lkfgR; vkijh lxGh fo/kkoka lkFkS ikaxj~;ks vj gfj;y :a[kT;wa QG~;ks&QwY;ksA HkklkbZ nhB lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk bZ vkijS ckGi.kS jS laxh lkfFk;ka uS fNVdk;tkscu erokGh] jkrh&ekrh futj vko.k ykxhA**

jktLFkkuh dfork vL;ka vk/kqfud dky rkabZ iwxhA

2-1-1 dky foHkktu %

bfrgkl dh ukabZ lkfgR; esa Hkh vk/kqfud dky dh l:okr e/;dky iwj.k gksrka gh ekuh tkoSNSA bfrgkl ?kVukoka dks c[kk.k NS] dks; ,d ?kV.kk vlh gks ldS NS] ts lxGk dkG[k.Mdh rLohj cny n~;s] iW.k lkfgR; esa izofRr;k¡ dks fodlko pka.kpd Ug gksoSA gk¡] cxr dksck;jks lkfgR; dh /kkjk is Hkh vki.kka iljko dk iM+fcEc mdsjs NSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dkvk/kqfud dkG dh l:okr laor~ 1900 lwa ekuh T;koS NSA ;ks cks cxr Nks] tn nsl esa

13

lqrajrk dks psr vi.kh rkc fn[kk j~;ks Nks vj vys[kwa tq>kjka ds lkxS dfo;ka dh dye Hkhijnslh jkt dh lkadG bZa rksM+ QSadck dks iz.k /kkj~;ka NhA ladjnku lkekSj] lw;ZeYy feJ.k]dikjke ckgjB] ckoth prqjflag] mn;jkt ÅtG] dsljhflag ckjgB] Åejnku ykGltL;k v.kfx.kr dfo vi.kka lcnka lwa yksxka esa rkc Qawd j~;k NkA ladjnku lkekSj ^^ns/kjrh fut nqle.kka] thor ?kj ej T;k;@fnu [kksVks m.k nsl jks] le> ejS ljek; ^^ tlhvksfG;ka ekaM *j gqadkj Hkjh rks lw;ZeYy feJ.k ndkG nh &

^^bG u ns.kh vki.khgkyfj;s] gqyjk;Aiwr fl[kkoS iky.kS]ej.k cM+kbZ ek;AA**

lqrajrk csbZ tw>ck dks psr txkrk jktLFkkuh dk vkxhok.k jpukdkjka tw.k dk lxGkfprjke mdsj~;k NSA ,d vkM+h Åejnku ykGl ^^tVk duQVk tksxVk] [kk[kh ij/ku[kko.kk@eqj/kj esa ØksM+k feu[k djlk vsd deko.kk ** tlh dforkoka ek.M *j /kje dk ukaois ik[k.M djck gkGka dk NksyM+k NhY;k] rks nwth vkM+h dsljh flag ckjgB ^^dB.k tek;ksdkSy] cka/kS uj gher fcuk@ohjka gank cksy] ikrG lkxS isf[k;ks * tL;k lksjBk jp *jLokfHkeku txk;ksA

laor~ 1900 ds ikNS jktLFkkuh dfork dk eaMk.k esa ,d uqvks psr tkxrks y[kkoS NSA i.klaor~ 1900 lw¡ vkt rkabZ vjkoG dk Mwaxjka bZa Nw *j ujks ck;jks f[kMX;ksA bZa cxr rkabZ vkrkavkrka ftuxk.kh ,d uqoka lkapk esa <Gh& jGh lh nh[kS NSA nsl bZa lqrajrk dk jFk isfcjkteku djkck dk ladGi lwa l: gks;ks la?klZ lqrajrk ik;ka ikNS gj[;ks rks ljh] iW.kykjyk cjlka esa ;k dld Hkh dkGT;k is /keksM+k nsrh nh[kS NS dS lqjkt dk ukao is latks;kx;k lxGk lqiuka esa euphrks jax Uga Hkj~;ks tk lD;ksA bZa nhB lwa vktknh lwa IgSyh dh vjvktknh ds ikNS dh jktLFkkuh dforkoka dF;] flYi vj Hkko dh xjt lwa nks ukGh ukGhHkkSe is Åch nh[kS NSA vk/kqfud dks vjFk gksoS NS] Å ts vkt dk cxr dks gksoS ds bZa cxrdk fodlko dh HkweD;k is [kM+ks gksoSAMk- iq:"kksRre vklksik ds eqtc &^^ vk/kqfud lcn uSvkerkSj lwa cxr jS cnyko vkGh nlk lwa tksM+uS ns[;ks tk;k djSA --- lkfgR; eka; uwaoksM+kcks/k vj fparu jh uwaoh nlkoka vj thou nlZu jh uwaoksM+h fLFkfr;ka uS /;ku esa jk[kuS vk/kqfudlcn jh O;k[;k djh tk;k djSA b.k nhB lwa ns[krka Fkdka lkfgR; eka; vaxst.k vkGkvk/kqfud cks/k jh iSyM+h vj t:jh lrZ vk gq;k djS dS m.k eka; Lopsrurk jh fdrjhd ek=kekStwn gSA vk Lopsruk foKku] rduhd vj vkS|ksfxdj.k jS vlj lwa miT;ksM+h uwaoksM+hthounfLV vj feu[kka jS lksp jk uwaok :ika ekFkS vk/kkfjr jS;k djSA**

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork ukao dh bZa bZdkbZ esa vktknh iNS dh jktLFkkuh dfork dh pjpkdjkaxkaA

2-1-2 Hkwfedk

15 vxLr 1947 uSa Hkkjr bZa vaxjsth jkt dk ca/ku lw¡ eqxrh feyh rks nslokfl;k¡ dh vk¡[;kaesa ujk lqiuka NkA ;ks cks cxr Nks tn cjlka dh yM+kbZ vj ujk tq>kjka dk cfynku ds ikW.knsl dk vkHkS esa lqrajrk dks lwjt peD;ks NksA yksdra= dh Fkjiuk lqjkt dh vkl bZa uqvkscG n~;ksA ^^ druk lhl dV~;k vkika jk] tn nh[;ks ;ks :i@ ;ks yk;ks js [kqfl;k¡ vktknhjks :a[k ** ¼izseyrk tSu½ tL;k xhr ekaM~;k x;kA cxrlj] ;ka lqiuka dk Mhy is dkG vi.kknLr[kr dj~;k vj dforkoka is lqiuka cnjax gksck dks nq[k Hkh ilj~;ksA tudfo mLrkn

14

¼x.ks'k yky O;kl ^mLrkn ½ dh ;k dfork rks tL;ka daB& daB esa jexh &

^ûsrk cksyS jkt vki.kkS vaxjstka lw¡ ykj NwVxh @lk/kd /kkS[kS fueks& ukjk;.k] nq[k& nkGn lw¡ ukM+ rwVxh @ck.;ka jS ikSckjk iM+xh] ikSjk;r jh vk¡[k QwVxh @xkscfj;k ckaHkh jS ?kj lw¡] Hkj~;k isV jh ;kn :Bxh @

lk/kd theS nw/k& eykbZ@xkscj dwdS EgkauS dkabZ @

b.k fnl lq[k jh iM+h u >kabZ @jkt cnGX;ks EgkauS dkabZ AA

vktknh lw¡ IgSyh jktLFkkuh dh dfork nsl dk eku vj ekVh dh ejtkn is tku nsck csbZtq} dks vkg~oku djS Nh iW.k vktknh ds ikNS dh dfork ftuxk.kh uS uqvk vjFk nsck dh[ksapG esa Hkh tqVxhA IgSyh jktLFkkuh dfork dh ijaijk esa tq} esa tku yqVkck dh lh[k nscksxjc vj xqeku dks folS Nks&

ejnka ej.kkS gDd gS] Åcjlh xYykag Alkiqjlka jk tho.kk ] FkksM+k gh HkYykg AAHkyk FkksM+k thfo;ka] uke jk[kS Hkoka A[kSy ÅHkk joS] Hkkxyka flj [koka AAdG p< tks; pan tlukekS djS Aejn lkapk ftdS] vk; volj ejS AA

¼ckjgB bZljnkl½

vktknh ds ikNS jktLFkkuh dfork tq} dk fodjkG l:Ik uS ekaurk lkarh vj gsr dhFkjiuk is tksj nsck ykxh &

^êu jk ehr dkUgk jstx esa ts eaMX;ks ?kelk.krkS

HkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okjvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kkSpqM+yk QksM+Syk dkGk vks<+vej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kadkaef.k;ka fcdlh chp ctkjdqa.k rks m?kkM+h cSuka uS <kadlhfijFkh iqj[kka lw¡ gkslh gh.k

Vkcj dgklh fc.k cki jkdq.k djlh /khofM+;ka jks C;kodq.k rks dMqackS oka jks ikGlhv.kfx.k ekofM+;ka nslh gk;eqM+ tk] QkStka uS ikNh ekSM+yS A**

¼ lR;izdk'k tks'kh ½

MkW- vtqZu nso pkj.k eqtc &^^ ijaijkxr jktLFkkuh dfork esa ej.kkS gd ekuhtrkS gkS i.kvcS dfork ^tho.k * uS gd eku.k jh ckr dj.k ykxxhA dfork jS [ksrj ijxV gksorkS vkS

15

,d eksVks cnGko gSA--- /;ku nso.k jh ckr vk gS ds vktknh fefG;ka jktLFkkuh dfork jkStdkS mf.k;kjks ijxV gksoS] oks liuka jS rwV.k jkS mf.k;kjks gS] iW.k vktknh jh yM+kbZ jS lepStdh dfork vkika jS lkEgha vkoS] ok liuk ns[krh dfork gSA eqGd jh [kqlgkyh jks liukSns[krh dfork] vuhfr vj vU;ko jS [kkreS jks liuks ns[krh dforkA**

MkW- pkj.k vkxS ek.MS NS & ^^ jktLFkkuh dfork jkS vkS cnfG;ksM+ks mf.k;kjks dsbZ dkj.kka lwavkijS tk.kdkjka uS gjf[kr dj.k okGkS gksA vkijh ijaijkxr Nfo lwa U;kjh b.kjh rkc ghAb.kesa jpuk jkS iljko ns[k.k uS feySA uqaoh tehu vjftr djrh vk dfork uqaoh Nfo;ka jpSA[kkl ckr vk gS ds tdh tehu ok vjftr djrh nh[kS] ok vkijS jpko esa vkijh tM+ka lwauh VGSA--- vS dfo oka rjsM+ka uS lkQ lkQ ns[k jS;k gS tdh b.k lwa iSyh jk dfo;ka jh futjkalwa cfp;ksM+h jSbZ ghA ¼ ^lk[k HkjS lcn* iksFkh dh Hkwfedk ½

2-2 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork jk lkarjk i[k

vktknh ds iNS dh jktLFkkuh dfork bZa tk.kck lwa IgSyh ;ks tk.kcks t:jh NS dS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuhdfork bZa eqdke rkabZ iwxck lwa IgSyh dL;k dL;k ekjx r; dj~;kA vtqZu nso pkj.k ds eqtc &^^vk tkrjk chloSa lbdS jS vk/ksVS vki jS ft.k l:Ik uS /kkj.k dfj;ka ÅHkh gh] oks l:Ik vSM+k ekschliwrka jS ika.k bZ vkijh fpGd crko.k esa l{ke gks;ks gkS A --- ft.k Hkkar vktknh jks vkanksyu yxkSyxmrkj p<+ko >syrkS vkxs cf/k;ks] m.kh Hkkar rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork bZgkSGs& gkSGs vkxS c/krh nh[kS A e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS vkijS cnfG;ksM+S [kksfG;S tdk dfo;kavksG[kk.k jks dke dfj;kS] oka esa jkeukFk dfo;k] fdjikjke ckjgB vj lw;ZeYy ehl.k jkS ywaBks;ksxnku gSA vk Hkklk vka dfo;ka jh ys[kuh lwa jGd tu&tu jS daB jh lksHkk c.kxhA--- b.kh dkO;ijaijk uS ladjnku lkekSj] Åejnku ykGl vj dsljh flag ckjgB tSM+k dfo;ka jkS lkFk fefy;kSA--- t;ukjk;.k O;kl] fot;flag ifFkd] ekf.kD; yky oekZ] ghjkyky 'kkL=h] HkS:ayky dkGk ckny]xksjhyky xqIr] /khjtey cPNkor tSM+k vktknh jh yM+kbZ jk lxGk flikbZ b.k yM+kbZ esa jS;r rkabZvkijh ckr iqxko.k lk:a dfork uS ,d ek/;e jS :Ik cjrS A**

vkHkS is lqrajrk dks lwjt mX;ks rks nsl esa uqvks mNkg tkX;ksA ijnslh jkt dh lkadG dk ca/k dVtkck dks gj[k Nks vj lqjkt bZa Fkjick dh gw¡l NhA ;k gj[k vj ;k gwal Å¡ cxr dk dfo;ka dkfljt.k esa Hkh y[kkbZA t;ukjk;.k O;kl dks xhr NS &

^ôksV uka[k ys iap pq.khtS] Egkjh djS voktIakpk eka; lwa c.kS fefuLVj] j[kS U;ko jh ykt]

EgkuS vSlks nhtks jkt AA jktkthAA

vktknh feyh rks ,d uqvks mNkg tkX;ksA mNkg dk bZa mPNc lwa jktLFkkuh dks dfo vNwrks dL;kaj~gS ldS Nks\ iW.k cks ;k ckr Hkh le>S Nks dS lqjkt dh Fkkiuk dks; vklku dke dks; UgWaA euqtnsikor dks xhr jktLFkkuh dk Å¡ nkSj dk dfo;ka dh nhB dh lk[k HkjS NS ^&

^^ mB [kksy m.khanh vka[kM+Y;ka] uS.kka jh ehBh uhan rksM]js jkr ugha vc fnu ÅX;ks] lqiuka jks >wBks eksg NksM+]Fkkjh vka[;ka esa ukp jS;k] tatkG lqgk.kh jkrka jk]Rkwa dksV c.kkoS m.k] twuksM+S tqx jh ckrka jk ]iW.k chr x;ks x;ks chr] vc m.k jh dwM+h vkl R;kx]Nkrh ij iS.kk iM~;k ukx] js /kksjka vkGk nsl tkx AA

cRrks cxr UgW chR;ks Nks ds vki.kk jkt esa gj[k vj gsr dk [ktkuk feyck dh vkl /kqa/kGkxhAvktknh dh yM+kbZ dh gjkoG ikar dk tq>kj j~g~;k ekf.kD; yky oekZ Hkh ekaM~;ks%&

16

^^taxG Hkhrj ?kky >waiM+h] tksxh c.k dj D;wa tkxS]QkV~;ks dadkG~;ks Mky ihB ij] rkiS D;wa /kw.kh vkxS]gk&gk&gw&gw djS] enn ij dksbZ u FkkjS vkoS gS ]Fkkjk ewaMk vkxS Fkkjh eS.kr ywV~;ka tkoS gS ]lwMk] lwj] fl;kG lawlY;k] dksbZ uha ekuS Fkkjh dk.k A

mBkoS nq[k vrjkS D;wa djlk.k \**

teuk izlkn BkM+k jkgh **Hkk;k EgkadS rks ikarh vkbZ xjhch] vktknh dh HksaV** tL;k xhr jP;k rksj?kqjkt flag gkMk ^^lq.kks js ejn vktknh ?k.kka nu ckn esa vkbZ ** Vsd lwa vk[kh iksFkh gh ek.M nh]tha esa lekt dh folaxfr;ka is yksaBh ekj djh xh NSA

vktknh iNS dh jktLFkkuh dfork dh fodkl tkrjk esa ,d ckr lkQ lkQ ns[kh tk ldS NSAl:okrh dforkoka esa tBS lq[k dk lqiuka] vktknh feyck dks gj[k] lqrajrk dks psr] vki.kkxkSjolkGh bfrgkl dks tlxku >GdS NS] ckn dh dforkoka jS;r dh vc[kk;ka vj lq[k dk lqiukaVwVck dks njn lesVS NSA ftuxk.kh dk nwtk fprjke Hkh jktLFkkuh dh bZa nkSj dh dfork esa lkaoBk<c lwa vk;k NSA jktLFkku dh /kjrh jax&jaxhyh NSA vkFkw.kh fnlk esa e:Hkkse dks iljko NS rksyadkÅ vkM+h ygjkrk [ksr NSA ik.kh ds csbZ vc[kk;ka >syrks /kksjka dks feu[k vki.kha tw.k ds rkabZik.khnkj ek.M dk lqjka lw¡ ltkoS NSA thoV dks ;ks eaMk.k jktLFkkuh dfork esa Hkh EgSlwl dj~;ks tkldS NSA jktLFkkuh dh vk/kqfud dfork dk lkarjk i[k vkxS eaM~;k eqtc tk.;k tk ldS NS %&

2-2-1 fol; dh nhB lw¡

jktLFkkuh dh vk/kqfud dfork dks fljt.k fol; dh nhB lw¡ nwth dlh Hkh Hkklk dkledkyhu fljt.k ds lkxS jk[;kS tk ldS NSA Qs:¡ Hkh gj Hkklk dks vki.kks ,d laLdkjgksos NS vj laLdkjka esa jP;k iP;k dqNsd fol; fljt.k dk psr is yxkSyx vlj Mkys NSAjktLFkkuh dh tha dfork ds rkabZ EgSa vk/kqfud dg ^j vksG[kka Nka] ok dfork chloka lbdkdk lkroka nlkCn rkabZ vki.kka ijaijkxr fol;ka ds vksGs& nksGs gh ijdEek djrh nh[kS NS]iW.k ykjyk cjlka esa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka dfork dh uqbZ tehu rksM+h NSA fol; dh nhB lw¡vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork dk [kkl izfrik| vkxS eaM~;k eqtc ekU;k tk ldS NS%&

¼d½ ijaijk dks tl%&

jktLFkku dks bfrgkl ?k.kdjh jksekapdkjh ?kVukoka dh lk[k HkjS NSA bfrgkl dk ;siy& fNu lq.kck gkGka bZ vckj Hkh jksekafpr dj ns NSA vki.kh ijaijk] vki.kkbfrgkl dks tlxku jktLFkkuh dfork dh eksdGh vksG[kk.k NSA dUgS;kykylsfB;k dks ;ks xhr rks tk.kS jktLFkku dks xkSjo&xhr gh c.kX;ks%&

^^vk rks lqjxka uS ljekoSb.k ij nso je.k uS vkoSb.k jks tl uj&ukjh xkoS/kjrh /kksjka jh A^^

dkunku ^dfYir* dks ;ks xhr Hkh ?k.kks ukephu gks;ks %&

[ksr] dje] furuse] /kje jh iksFkh gS]lkFkh gS gG] cSy] ilq/ku xksrh gS]QVh& iqjk.kh ikx] Å¡ph lh /kksrh gS]dkexjk] fdjlk.k] tkxrh tksrh gS]

17

thoS eS.kr ik.k] ekuoh ns[k tBS Aeqj/kj Egkjks nsl] >ksjM+ks xk¡o tBS A

eksgEen ln~nhd Hkh ekaM~;ks NS %&

thoS tyeHkkSe jS [kkrj] izk.k gkserka tst dBS]cfynkuh ohjka lw¡ lh[kks] lhl nSo.kks ckr lVS]lfn;k¡ ft.k ij ys[k fy[kS] m.k ikVh uS ij.kke djksAyqG& yqG djks lyke] nsl jh ekVh uS ij.kke djksAA

?k.kdjk dfo;ka bfrgkl dh ukGh ukGh ?kVukoka uS vk/kkj c.kk*j dforkoka vjizca/k dkO; ekaM~;k vj eksVks tl dek;ksA es?kjkt eqdqy* lywEcj dh gkMh jk.kh dkvki.kk lhl dkV ysck dk izlax is lSuk.kh * dfork ek.MhA lxGk nsl esa bZa dforkds rkabZ [kwc ljko.kk feyhA dUgS;kyky lsfB;k dh îkrG vj ihFkG * dfork Hkh?k.kha izfl} gksbZA dfolEesyuka esa ?k.kka dfo;ka vL;k izlaxka is xhr vj dfork lq.kk*j tl cVksj~;ksA cxrlj] bfrgkl ds rkabZ uqbZa nhB lwa ns[kck dks tru Hkh gks;ksAT;ka dk cfynkuka ds rkabZ [;kr esa lksuka dk vka[kj lw¡ ekaM~;ks x;ks] oka dk EgSM+ykdh dkGE;k dh dYiuk dj*j dfo;ka dforkoka esa oka ik=ka uS thorks dj~;ks vjegrkÅ loky iwN~;kA izseth îzse* dk ,d xhr esa iUuk/kk; dks csVks panu ek¡ lw¡loky djS NS & ^^ Egw¡ jktk dks dq¡oj UgW gks;ks] tha lw¡ ejuks iM+ X;ks @ Egkjh ek¡uS eerk dh dqjckuh djuh iM+ xh \** vtqZu nso pkj.k bfrgkl dk vL;k gh ,dizlax is dfork ekaMrk Fkdka dSoS NS &

csfV;ka gS rks ?kj gS?kj gS rks HkjkslkS gSHkjkslkS gS rks izhr gSIkzhr gS rks tw.k gSTkw.k gS rks lkal gSLkakl gS rks vkl gSvjb.kh vkl jS cwrSvki gkS@uha gksorh csfV;karkSvki lSax,d tSM+k gks; tkorkiNSdhdj cprh vk nqfu;k------- Egkjh lkalkvki ekFkSm/kkj gS Hkkckslk!

¼[k½ izÑfr dk fprjke

fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl esa tha tqx ds rkabZ Nk;koknh ;qx ** dk ukao lwa c[kk.;kstkoS NS] Å¡ cxr dk psr eqtc fcEc @iM+fcEc jktLFkkuh dfork esa Hkh y[kkoS NSA

18

nqfu;k Hkj dh Hkklkoka esa izdfr ewy folS dk voyacu dk :Ik esa lkeS vkoS NS] iW.kjktLFkkuh dfork esa izdfr dkO; dh ,d lkaoBh ijaijk NSA panzflag ^fcjdkGh* dks^yw* vj ^cknGh* dforkoka] ukjk;.k flag HkkVh dh ^lka>* dfork izdfr dkO; dkslkarjks mnkgj.k NSA ukuwjke laLdrkZ ^dGk;.k*] xtkuu oekZ ^lksuks fuits jsr esa *jsornku pkj.k ^fcj[kk chu.kh* tlh dforkoka izÑfr bZa vkyEcu c.kkrka Fkdka ghekaMhA panzflag ^fcjdkGh* dk ^yw* dfork dF; dh nhB lw¡ gh Uga flYi dh nhB lw¡Hkh jktLFkkuh dfo;ka dh lk/kuk dh lk[k HkjS NS %&

pw.k ys.k jS pko esa] fpfM+;k [kksyS pkap AHkhrj lkjks HkwatoS] ywvka vdjh vkap AA

nks vkrqj eu fey.k uS] vkeka lkeka vk;AHksV~;ka igyk /kd/kdS] ywvka tho tGk; AA

Ukkjk;.k flag HkkVh dh ^ lka> * dks l:Ik Hkh ?k.kksa lkso.kks NS%&

iaf[k;k ijnslh vtdk;] vkxeS vlekauh vlekau]mMS dksbZ vkFkw.kh xqyky] vkbZ lka>] ?kjka fetekauAAyqdkrh fnoGks vacj vksV] fuj[kck vkbZ vks lalkj]/kM+drh Nkrh /kheh pky] eqGdrk uS.kka lqjeks lkj AAFkwa vkbZ FksV /kjk vkxwap] iGdrh jk[kfM+;ka Hkj FkkG]jkr jh ,s uSudM+h cSu] mMs gS dwa& dwa FkkG &laHkkGAA

dF; ds fodlko csbZ Hkh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfo;ka izÑfr dks vkyacu fy;ks NSAuan Hkkj}kt dh ;k dfork mYys[k tksx NS & ^^Fkwa iljrh daoGh ekVh @rkyj esaika?kjrh@dkph nwc jS mf.k;kj@:a[kka jh yhyh vksi@Fkwa vkHkS jh iqM+rka esa frjrhcknGhA dkaBG esa dkVdrh& f[kaorh cht@/kksjka vj pj.kks;ka ekFkS@/kkjkSGka vksljrkSBkM+kS uhj@Fkwa usg lwa Hkfj;ksM+h ukMh@ckoM+h@Fkwa foxrka vj xhrka jh vk/kh ckr@oks vk/kks gsyS lwa isyS vko.kkS A**

Hkxorh yky O;kl Hkh vki.kha ,d dfork esa izdfr bZa fcEc c.kk *j cxr dk ckSokjis vksGeks n~;S NS &

dslwyk jkS ,d Qwyjsr is QSad uSyksx ukG fj;k gS okVds ekSlevc cnGS] vc cnGSvj os ,d Qwy jSjax lwa [ksy ldS Qkx A

¼x½ njl.k vj v/;kRe

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk twuka xzaFkka dh ik.Mqfyfi;ka vj iM+rka crkoS NS ds larka vjegkReku~ jktLFkkuh esa ?k.kdjh iksF;ka dh jpuk djhA yksdtho.k esa /kkfeZdvkLFkkoka vj ekurkoka dks vki.kks egro vj eqdke gksoS NSA /kkfeZd vkLFkkoka dslkxS gh lbZdku~ lwa pkyrh vk j~gh fjtd vj jhr jpukdkjka is jax fn[kk;ks NSAtxr dk lk/kkj.k lk nh[krk folS Hkh ,d l/;k gks;k jpukdkj dh jpuk esa Bkeik *j egrkÅ gks tkoS NSA lk/kkj.k nh[krh ckrka esa gh njl.k dh Å.Mh ckr djck

19

dks ;ks izHkko fgUnh esa Nk;kokn dk cnrk vlj lwa Hkh cn~;ksA lhrkjke egf"kZ dks ;ksxhr ns[kks &

nji.k esa fuj[kS psjS uS fuj[k fuj[k QwyS:Ik jax uS fFkj jk[k.k jk tru dj~;k tkoS]Eku gj[kko.k phtka HksGh djrks jS HkksGksvUN~;koka jks lksuG vkapG jkst Hkj~;ka tkoS]v.ktksjh esa lwGka jS xsyS fut pj.k /kjSlnk Qwy jh lstka ix dq.k /kj.k vBS ik;ksAyk[k tru dj gkjh lkalk &lxGks tksj yxkdk;k ?kV esa lq[k jks tG dn Hkj.k lnk ik;ksAA

¼?k½ nslizse

nsl ds rkabZ lqrajrk ,d ykEch yM+kbZ ds ikNS feyhA oSoLFkk esa folaxfr;ka Hkyk¡ ghvketu dh vc[kk;ka cnk nh gksoS] iW.k jktLFkkuh dks vk/kqfud dfo lqrajrk dhdher le>S NS vj gj gky esa nsl dh ,drk c.kk;ka jk[kck dks gkeh NSA ?k.kdjkdfo;ka nslizse dh vy[k txkrh vksfG;ka ek.Mh vj ^tuuh tueHkwfe'p LoxkZnfixjh;lh* dh iqjkru ekurk is vi.kks ifr;kjks njlk;ks%&

/ko vk;k ?kkoka cgS] ihoka jdr vrksyALakx cfG;ka gh pwdlh] ix eaM.kk jks eksyAALkqr efj;ks fgr nsl js] gj[;kS ca/kq lektAEkk¡ ug gj[kh tue ns] ftrjh gj[kh vktAA

¼ ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k½

¼M+½ dkSeh,drk

jktLFkkuh dk dfo;ka jkLVªh; ,drk dk xhr Hkh xqatk;k NS vj tn tn njdkj gksbZ,drk dks ea= lekt esa QwaD;ks NSA vktknh ds ckn dk ,d tq} esa tn Hkkjr thR;ksrks j.kcakdqjka dk Lokxr csbZ izseth îzse* ,d xhr ekaM~;ks Nks %&

xksikyks thR;ks eafnj esa NsM+ks Å¡ph rku js]thR;ks carkflag] xq: dk xkvks lc xq.kxku js]vYykuwjks thR;ks]Å¡ph [khapks vkt vtku js]ihVj thR;ks] lq.kks iknjh! n~;ks nw.kks lEeku js]^xhrk* vj ^dqjku*] ^xq:ok.kh* is Qwy p<+kvks js AthR;ks ohj toku] Vhdks dkM+ks] jksGh ykvks jsAA

¼;½ ek;M+ Hkklk dks tl

jktLFkkuh dk jpukdkajka vj gsrkGqvka jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh vksG[kk.k c.kk;ka jk[kckcsbZ ,d ykEch yM+kbZ yM+h NSA bZa yM+kbZ ok¡ dk eu esa vki.kh Hkklk ds csbZ gsr vjxqest dks Hkko dwV dwV ds Hkj fn;kSA bZa nkSj esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks tl xkorhtruh jpukoka ek.Mh xh NS] L;kr~ ikNyk dL;k Hkh nkSj esa UgWa ekaMh xhA

dUgS;kyky lsfB;k dks ;ks nwgks rks jktLFkkuh dk eku dks izrhd gh c.kX;ks %&

ek;M+ Hkklk cksyrka] ft.kuS vkoS yktAvL;k diwrka lwa nq[kh] lxGks nsl lektAA

20

¼j½ vketu dh vc[kk;ka

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork twuh dfork dh ukabZ jktegyka dk laj{k.k esa UgWa iuihAjkt bZa xqtjks ctkcks Å¡ dk laLdkjka esa dks; UgWaA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfo ds rkabZrks tn Hkh ekSdks feY;ks] Å¡ us vketu dh vc[kk;ka ds rkabZ vka[kj fn~;k NS %&

vM+nk jksVyk ekrsnkj [kkok okjkonh x;k gSa?kksj esa]Xkke esa]nsl esaAdksbZ urh tk.krwjksVyks D;a Fkdh vkoSa!dksbZ urh tk.krwnkj tkok okjk D;a Fkdh vkoSa!!--- tekjkS ruS [kk,;kn jkdTkekjks Mk;u auks gSuSa rw jksVyks A ¼'kSysUnz mik/;k;½

;ka vc[kk;ka uS c[kk.kck csbZ dfo yksd lwa gh izrhd Hkh pq.kS NS%&

f/kDdkj NS bZa dBQksM+h tw.k uSlkjh mejBd~& Bd~ djrka gh [kM+ tkoSiW.krksy gh UgWa iM+Svkokt BwaB esa lwa vk j~gh NSds pwap esa lwa A

¼vafcdk nÙk½

¼y½ uhfr dh ckr

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa uhfr dkO; dh ,d ykEch jhr j~gh NSA bZa nkSj dks dfo Hkhvi.kha dfork esa uhfr dh ckr djS NS vj feu[kiW.kk bZa dk;e j[kck dks lanslks n~;sNS %&

Egkjk HkkbZ& er djksjsr jk d.kka jks lxfr ijh{k.ktn jsrvki.kka ixka is vkoS gS]izpaM vka/kh c.k*jfcQj tkoS gS]rks ?k.kha tcj pksV djs gS?k.kks tcj foLQksV djs gSA

¼ jes'k e;ad ½

21

dfo va/ksjk lwa yM+ck csbZ uwars

leanj esa I;kl fy[kjsr esa gqykl fy[kva/kkjh vekol vko.k lwa IgSyhvkneh esa mtkl fy[k A

¼vkbZnku flag HkkVh½

¼o½ yksdtho.k

yksd lw¡ tqM+h lxGh ckrka vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork esa ns[kh tk ldS NSA vBS ,deksV~;kj ck;j xqVj xwa djrk dcwrjka dks tksM+ks ns[kck ykxS NS rks Å¡ dh ek¡ mez dk,suk.k le> T;koS NS ¼ xqVj xw¡ cksY;ks dcwrjka dks tksM+ks@Egw¡ fuj[k.k ykxh dcwrjkadks tksM+ks@vruh lh ckr ek¡ us ckcqy lwa tk Dgh@ckcqy us gkFk ihGk djck dhlksph & j?kqjkt flag gkMk½ rks eksV~;kj u.kn is p<+rh mez dk jax ns[k *j HkkStkbZvi.kk lk;c lw¡ DgS NS ds egktu lw¡ djtks ys.kks iM+S rks Hkh u.kn ckbZ dks c;korks e¡Mok n~;ks ¼ ns nks Egkjk ?k.kka dekÅ] truks C;kt egktu ek¡xs@ePNh iM+h jsrds rhj @ ek¡xs Mwcka Mwcka uhj @ gksB is vaxGh /kj /kj uj[;ks enxkG~;ks eksj~;ks **& nqxkZnku flag xkSM+½

njvly] yksdHkklk dh dfork esa yksd lw¡ tqM~;k izlax vkiwavki vk tkoS NSA HkjrO;kl nhokGh is dfork ek¡Mh & ^^ iqUu cMsjka jk vkNk] cjdr gS m.k jh jhrka esa @R;wagkj c.kk;k blk blk] xk;k tkoS tks xhrka esa@ dkGh dk;k mtGh dj.kS] vkbZgS QS:¡ nhokGh @ lc cSj Hkqyk fiNyks xw¡Fkks] fgoM+S lw¡ fgoM+S jh tkGh A** x.ks'kyky O;kl ^mLrkn* rks vlh nhokGh eukck dks vkg~oku dj~;ks NS ts P;k:¡ esjmtkGks dj ns & ^^ lkFk.k fn;k txk ns @nhokGh fl.kxkj l;ka.kh] tqx jkS iaFkmtkG A**

yksd dk ifr;kjk ds vksGkos Hkh dfo tw.k dh vc[kk;ka mdsjs NS A xksj/ku flag'ks[kkor dh ,d dfork NS & ^^ vc uha djS iuth @ th.kS jh ckr@ oks MkdkSrus rsy ?kky *j @ ek¡& cki js diV jk @ rkGk [kksyS@ HkS:ath jS Hkksika lw¡ crGk*j @ ft;k gw.k jkS nq[kM+ks iwNSA** yksd esa cM+ iwtu dh jhr ds rkabZ ;kn djS NSlqeu fcLlk dh ;s vksfG;ka &

okS ns[k] ix jksi *j ÅHkkSdkG uS >isVk nsaorkS oks twukS cM+ykSyqxk;ka m.k jS lwr yisVSvkjrh mrkjS] MaMkSr djSlq[k jh tw.k jks ,suk.k gS ;ks cM+ykstw.k jh v.kar tkrjk jks lk[khA**

jktLFkkuh dh vk/kqfud dfork vi.kk cxr dk eaMk.k Hkh pks[kh nkabZ ckaps NSA djtdk cks> lwa nC;k djlk.k tn vkRegR;k is etcwj gks T;koS rks jktLFkkuh dks dfodL;ka Nkuks&ewuks j~gS ldS Nks\ ';ke egf"kZ dfork ek¡Mh^&

vkre gR;k dj yhuhiseks es?kokGD;w¡ ds m.k jks [ksr

22

gq;X;ks gks yhykeykjyS cjl A

2-2-2 fo/kk jh nhB lw¡

¼d½ Nanc} dfork

gkyk¡fd vk/kqfud fljt.k esa NaneqDr dfork dforkbZ dh eksdGh vksG[kk.k c.kpqdh NS] Qs:¡ Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa Nanc} dforkoka dks fljtcks yxkSyx tkjhNSA jktLFkkuh dh ,d twuh [kS.kkor ds eqtc nwgks Nanku~ dks jktk NksA jktLFkkuhHkklk dh vk/kqfud dfork esa nwgk rks yxkSyx ekaM~;k gh tk j~;k NS] nwtk ijaijkxrNan Hkh dfo ekaM j~;k NSA

¼1½ xhr

jktLFkkuh esa lSa lw¡ cRrh ckijck tkck okGh fo/kk NS &xhrA oL;kajktLFkkuh NanlkL= esa xhr Hkh ,d Nan dks ukao NS] iW.k vBh xhr lwa vjFkÅ¡ gh fjtd lwa NS] tdks fgUnh esa NSA jktLFkkuh dk jpukdkj vki.kka xhrkaesa ijaijkxr /ofu;ka ds rkabZ Hkh xqatkoS NS vj uqvk Lojka ds rkabZ Hkh fljtSNSA pwafd y; vj lqj yksd dk euM+ka is vkt Hkh cRrks vlj djS NS] bZa ys[ksjktLFkkuh dk xhrdkj yksd esa ?k.kka pkok&Bkok gks;kA jktLFkkuh xhrka dkfol; fl.kxkj] fc.kt] tw.k dh vc[kk;ka] nslizse lwa ys *j tho.k dklxGk i[k lesVS NSA

lka> jh ekax esa jkst fgaxGw ?kqGSvkt euL;k u eu jh Hkqyk;ka HkqySP;ku.kh pkan jS lax pkSlj jeS @jkr jksoS nqgkx.k flrkjka tM+h Avki feyck u vk;k ?kjka nks ?kM+hAA

¼xtkuu oekZ½

,d vkSj mnkgj.k ckapks %&

Ek:/kj esa vk ckr cM+h gS] dnS u >qdrh ikxfl.kxkjh if.kgkj.k esa gh tkscu lkxS vkxej~;ka iNS Hkh dk;e jgrks lr esa feY;ks lqgkxtxka txka feanj vj efLtn] lkSxq.k tkX;k HkkxAik.kh feljh ekG] ckGw jk /kksjk esafuitS iUuk &yky] ckGw jk /kksjk esafeu[kks /kje :[kkG ckGw jk /kksjk esa,s dq.k dj~;ks deky ckGw jk /kksjk esa AA

¼ rkjknRr fufoZjks/k½

¼2½ uoxhr

Xkhr dh tkrjk ?k.kka eqdke r; djrk Fkdka vkt dh xr rkabZ iwxh NSA bZatkrjk esa ujk eksM+ vk;kA fcEc vj izrhdka lwa ckr DgSck dks lyhdks HkhcnY;ksA fgUnh esa uoxhr ekaMck dh ts ijaijk fodflr gksbZ] Å¡ dks vljjktLFkkuh esa dL;k¡ UgWa vkrks&

23

Ekwu /kkj Y;ksUkn~nh esa HkhHkko fcjkuk gksX;k@ykEch lksM+vks<+ ds lxGkxhr esM+ is lksX;k@xfj;kGk esaneU;k neU;kvk;k rht raqokj@esagnh c.k *jdlh gFksGhis ek¡Mka euokj AA

¼vrqy dud½,d vkSj lkarjks njlko NS%&

cLrk dqlhZ Vkafx;kv.kHkf.k;k MksQkM+dqlhZ Åij pkluhtk tk dqrjk gkMdqj dqj djh uS ykrS ekjS@dqlhZ jkst vkaxqBk ekjS AA

¼MkW- T;ksfriqat½

¼3½ xt+y%&

xt+y ek¡Mck jh fjtd jktLFkkuh esa fgUnh lw¡ vkbZ vj fgUnh esa mnwZ lw¡AIkjaijkxr rkSj is xty ds rkabZ gsyh vj fio ds chp ckr dks rjhdks DgS*jc[kk.;ks tkoS NS] iW.k vkt dk tqx rkabZ vkrka vkrka x+t+y ?k.kka eqdke r;dj~;k NSA ok vki.kk c[kr vj vke feu[k dh ckr djck ykxh NSAjktLFkkuh esa xty ek¡Mck dh ijaijk ?k.kha twuh dks; UgWa A chlok¡ lbdkdk vkBoka nld esa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka xtyk¡ ek¡M.kh l: djh vj ns[krkagh ns[krka xty dks jax vL;ka ijoku p<~;ks ds xty vkt dk nkSj dkjktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ dh lSa lw¡ pkoh fo/kk c.kxhA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh xtytw.k dk lxGk ,suk.k vki.kh vksfG;ka esa lesVs NSA dha mnkgj.k ns[kks %&

^^ unh fdukjs ?kj jk[kka gkaRkks Hkh dnS fQdj jk[kka gkaAA **

¼yky nkl jkds'k½

vkj NS] u ikj NSAuko NS *u /kkj NSAAlkal ,d Qw¡d.kh/kwad.kh vk/kkj NS AA

¼'kkafrHkkj}kt ^jkds'k*½

24

Ukha vi.kS dn jkS fcLoklvj uki.k pkY;k vkdklAAgkFkka fx.krh jh lkalkai.k cjlka tho.k jh vklAA ¼dfork fdj.k½

¼4½ eqDrd dkO;

nksgk] lksjBk Hkqtax iz;kl Nan] dfoRr] NIi;] eugj.k] dq.Myh] gkbZdw]loS;k] tL;k Nanka esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfo yxkSyx ek¡M j~;ks NSA nwgksNanka dks jktk DgS*j c[kk.;ks tkoS NS] dq.Mfy;k Nan O;aX;dkjka ds rkabZ lSalw¡ cRrks :pS NSA ohj jl esa vki.kh ckr DgSck gkGk NIi; vj Hkqtaxiz;kRl Nan ckijcks ilan djrk nh[kS NSA dfri; mnkgj.k egrkÅ NS ^%&

nwgk %& vi.kk;r jh xwtjh] gsr ijkslS FkkGA

vk¡[;ka bejr /kkj gS] ckrk¡ ?kh jh ukG AAvUrl esa nksuw¡ iGS] gsr vj foLokl A,d fcxkM+S tw.k uSa] ,d lq/kkjS lkal AA

¼Hkxorhizlkn pkS/kjh½

Hkqtax iz;kRl&

tqM~;k tax ehja mehja vikjapY;k gks; HksGk lgUlkg ykjaAxjTta ?k.kka nqanqfHk <ksy rklkmMarh pyh xnZ NkbZ vdklk AAt.kk jko tks/kk Hkj~;k¡ eUu jhlk¡iM~;k VwVdS tax esa chtGh& lk Aj.kaHkkSe ek¡bZ yMark &fHkMark Ac<~;k nqLe.kka jks lQk;ks djark AA

¼rkÅ 'ks[kkokVh½

lksjBk

vkHkks Egkjh vaxj[kh] rkofM+;ks gS ikx]gok vaxksNks gkFk] jsr ixj[kh gwf.k;kAeafnj elftn [kkstrh] nhoh mej xaok;fg;s fcjkts vki] [kksy fdaokM+k gwf.k;k AA

¼gjh'k Hkknk.kh½

dq.MfG;k

yksx yxkoS ckiM+k] fd Hkwoka jk ckxik.kh dksuh iwjly] Åij cjlS vkxÅij cjlS vkx] dSaos vc D;wa dj ikGkaUkgjka nsxh nxks] iM~;k gS lw[kk [kkGk]Egkjh ekuks fc.k ik.kh jks] ckx yxkokse: jk lkFkh [ksr [ksr [kstM+k c/kkoks AA

¼eksgu vkyksd½

25

gkbZdw

raw [kk frokGkcS [kklh rj ekyHkkX; fo/kkrk A

¼dsljhdkar 'kekZ ^dsljh*½

{kf.kdkoka

Ekk;rka jk Qwy ?kky.kfx;ks ijks gfj}kj@Ugkaorh cxr xaxk esa MwC;ksgq;X;ks csM+ks ikj AA

¼jkethyky ^?kksM+syk*½

¼5½ Ikzca/k dkO;

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dh izca/k dkO; ijaijk is MkW- iq:"kksRre vklksik dh ;kVhi egrkÅ NS &^^ dfork jh izca/kkRed l:Ik jh fiNk.k vki jh dFkkRedrkvj pfj=ka jh fofo/krk jS dkj.k gq;k djSA b.kh*t [kkrj izca/k dkO; gesleqDrd dkO; ;k xhfrdkO; ijaijk lwa vkijh tqnk vksG[kk.k jk[kSA izca/kdkO; jh yksdksRrj psruk vj vk[kS thou rkabZ QSY;ksM+ks m.k jks izfrik|b.kka uS eqDrd dkO;ka lwa iwjh rjka tqnk dj nsoS D;wads b.kka jh izca/kkRedrkgesl dfo jks lk/; gq;k djSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh l:vkr gh ^jklks*dkO;k a j h vV wV pfjre wyd i zc a / k dkO;k a l w a g q;h gh i W. ke/;dky esa b.k ijaijk jks fuHkko uha dj~;ks tk lD;ksA b.k okLrs vk/kqfuddkG jk dfo;ka uS uqoSa fljS lwa iz;kl l: dj.kk iM~;kA b.kka jh ?k.k[kjh[kizsj.kk jk L=ksr fgUnh esa jphT;ksM+k vk/kqfud dkO; izca/k gk A ¼ tkxrh tksr]fnlacj 2006½

jkes'oj n;ky Jhekyh dks gkMh jkuh*] ukjk;.k flag HkkVh dks nqxkZnkl ehjk¡* vjîjeohj* eqduflag dks lhlnku* j?kqjktflag gkMk dks gjnkSG*] rkÅ 'ks[kkokVh dksêhjka& jk.kk th laokn * vj ^gEehj *] izsethizse dks ^lwjt*] xkSjh'kadj deys'k dks^gkM+k dks U;ko* jktLFkkuh dh twuh dkO; ijiajk eqtc ohjka vj tq>kjka dh ohjrkds rkabZ dsUnz esa j[kk.k *j ekaM~;k x;k xzaFk NSA egkohj izlkn tks'kh ÑL.k pfjr dsrkabZ vk/kkj c.kk *j ^foanzkou*] êFkjk*] ^}kfjdk*] ^/kje{ks=*] ^varj/kku* tL;k xzaFkfljT;k rks jke pfjRr lwa tqM~;k dFkkud is Jhear dqekj O;kl ^jkenwr* vjfo'oukFk foeys'k ^jkedFkk* dh jpuk djh A lR;izdk'k tks'kh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuhizca/k dkO; ds rkabZ uqoks laLdkj fn~;ksA MkW- vklksik ek.Ms NS &^^¼lR;izdk'k tks'kh½izca/k dkO; jk/kk* eka; jk/kk jh izsekuqHkwfr uS uwaoks dks.k fn;ks gS vj tq} jh fodjkGrkjk uqoka lanHkZ mdsj~;k gSA ^cksy Hkkjeyh* yksdxhrka jh feBkl vj ekaly izse jhfutw.kh fiNk.k jks lkarjks dkO; gSA fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj jks ^ eku[kks* Hkh ijaifjrtq}fparu jh jktLFkkuh ekurk lwa ilokM+ks QksjuS tq} jh fodjkGrk uS lekt jksvfgr dj.k vkGk Hkko uSa izdV djSA**

¼6½ cky dfork

jktLFkkuh esa cky lkfgR; dk fljt.k dh ijaijk ?k.kh yksaBh dks; UgW iW.k

26

lR;nso laforsUnz] Ñ".kk dqekjh tL;k ujk jpukdkj yxkSyx cky lkfgY;ek¡M j~;k NSA Vkcjka dk euM+ka is y; vj rqd cRrks vlj djS NS] bZa ys[ksT;knkrj ckydforkoka rqdkar gh gksos NSA fgUnh dh ckydforkoka dh ukabZ;ka dfork dk fol; esa Hkh nksgjko ns[;ks tk ldS NS] iW.k egrkÅ ckr ;kNS ds jktLFkkuh dk vk/kqfud jpukdkj vi.kk fljt.k lwa bZa [ksrj esa HkhcRrks dke dj j~;k NSA

¼[k½ Naneqxr dfork]

fgUnh esa lw;Zdkar f=ikBh ^fujkyk* lwa uqbZ dfork dh l:okr ekuh tkoS NSA ;k uqbZdfork Nanka dk ca/ku lwa eqxr Nh vj vk dfork tw.k dk vL;k jax Hkh vi.kkfprjke esa vaxsT;k] T;ka is vckj rkabZ dfo dh nhB UgWa iM+h Nh] ;k ts vckj rkabZdfork ds csbZ oftZr QG dh ukabZ NkA jktLFkkuh esa b/kdks fljt.k xhr ijaijk esagks;ks iW.k lu~ 1971 vkrka vkrka jpukdkjka dks ,d oxZ Naneqxr dforkoka ekaMckykX;ks vj ns[krka gh ns[krka Naneqxr dforkoka jktLFkkuh dk fljt.k dh ewG /kkjkc.kxh A vkt jktLFkkuh dh Naneqxr dfork [kkl vksG[kk.k j[kk.kS NSA

Nan eqxr dfork Nk;koknh lqj Hkh j[kk.kS NS vj lxGh feu[ktkfr dh ckr Hkh djSNSA fol; dh nhB lw¡ bZa dfork dks iljko O;f"V lwa lef"V* rkabZ NSA dha mnkgj.kbZa ckr dh lk[k HkjS NS%&

¼1½ vks dq.k lks lgjtBS fejR;qpks[kk QqVjk jefr;katSM+h b.kxh& m.kxh yVdS \**

¼;knosUnz 'kekZ panz½

¼2½ [kleka[kka.kh rksi uS bpjt OgStn m.kuS Bkg iM+SdS m.kjS nkar NksM cRrhlh bZ dksuhb.k uok bye jS ika.kok vkijS cks[kS ewaMS lwa eqGdSA

¼panzizdk'k nsoy½

¼3½ cw<S cSlk[kvj ckG.ktksxS tsB jh ckFkka esacGh& rihgjh gwao.k jh gwal nkC;kalwrh /kjrhvax vax HkhatSck jha>SeqGdS& xkoStn djh djS lko.kA

¼lkaoj nb;k½

¼x½ mGFkks

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork esa nwth Hkklkoka dh egrkÅ iksF;ka vj twuk lkL=ka dks

27

mGFkks djck dks dke Hkh yxkSyx pky j~;ks NSA lSa lw¡ cRrks ykHk ;ks NS dsjktLFkkuh Hkklk dk ikBdka ds rkabZ nwth Hkklkoka dk egrkÅ vj vjFkoku fljt.kHkh ck¡pck csbZ fey j~;k NSA dkfynkl dk txpkok laLdr xzaFk ^j?kqoa'k* dk mGFkkdh ,d ckuxh ns[kks%&

t.kck.kh iksG fp.kh dq.k dh] lqfoX; iSyM+s dfo;ka uSMksjks lks esjh xfr tk.kwa] ct fca/kh m.k ef.k;ka esa AA

¼mGFkks& egkohj tks'kh½s

2-3 jl dh nhB lw¡ %&

Hkkjr dk lkfgR; lkL=ka esa lkfgR; dk ukS ewG jl ekU;k NS] tha lw¡ fljt.kgkj ukGk ukGkHkkocks/k vfHkO;Dr djS NSA ;s ukS jl NS & ^fl.kxkj] ohj] Hkxrh] okRlY;] ohHkRl] gkL;] tqxqIlw]d:.k vj jkSnz jlA* cxrlj tqxqIlw vj ohHkRl jl dfork esa de gksrk tk j~;k NS] jkSnz jl dknjlko Hkh T;knkrj izca/kdkO;ka esa tq} dk o.kZu esa gh ns[kck csbZ feyS NSA tn tn nsl dh lhekis ladV vk;ks vj Egkadh QkStka ds rkabZ tq) yM+.kks iM~;ks] jktLFkkuh dk vk/kqfud dfo;ka ohj vjvkSt jl dh dforkoka ekaM jkLVªizse dh T;ksr txkbZ NSA fl.kxkj rks jljkt NS gh vj vkt HkhjktLFkkuh dk xhrka esa fo;ksx vj la;ksx fl.kxkj dh izeq[krk NSA jktLFkkuh dfo;ka dks gkL; O;aX;dfo lEesyuka esa ?k.kksa pko lw¡ lq.;ks tkoS NSA dq.k ifr;kjks /kjsxks bZa ckr is ds jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa^jkedFkk* tlh jpuk fljtck gkGk fo'oukFk ^foeys'k* nwj nwj rkabZ dfolEesyuka esa gkL;dfo dk:Ik esa U;wark tkoS Nk\

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh vk/kqfud dfork esa jl dh cj[kk dk dqN njlko ns[;k tk ldS NS ^%&

flaxkj jlcwan iM+h ts rkG esa] /kwt.k ykxh nsgAFkka fcu fcy[kS vsdyh] vkdG& ckdG usgAAewey tSM+h ukj uS] fdrjks j;kS xqest Atn ns[kwa Egwa pkan uS] ekslk nsoS lst AA ¼enueksgu ifjgkj½

ohj jlcsrkG crwGks ukpS gS] ft.k jS vkxs lansl fy;kajkrh uS dkGh ihGh vk] dq.k tka.kS fdrjk Hk[k fd;koS la[k ctS lj.kkVka jk] dksbZ xhr ej.k jk xkoS gSMadS jh pksV djS Hkhrka] ck;fj;ks <ksy ctkoS gS]fodjkG Hkokuh vkoS] /kjrh lwa vacj rd p<rhAvkos va/kkj ?kksj vka/kh izpaM] vk /kqaok/kksj /kao /kao djrhAA ¼jsornku pkj.k½

okRlY; jl

eqGd eqGd , eqGd eqGd] vjh ykMyh eqGd eqGdrw eqGdS rw bZa vkax.k esa eksrh T;wa <qGT;k jGd jGd AA ¼izseyrk tSu½

gkL;&O;aX;?kkL;ks dg nqRdkjrks] dksuh djrks dkens[k bysD'ku cksy j~;ks ^^ vk js ?kklhjke**

thi esa cSB Hkk;ykiqxk n~;wa BSB Hkk;ykAA ¼lair ljy½

28

ykMw xksfoUn nSo dS] ykMw xksih ukFk]ykMw dk ijlkn uS] ilj~;k jSos gkFk]ilj~;k jSoS gkFk] ioulqr uS Hkh HkkoS]ykMw lkeS esy] tSu egkohj fj>koS]ikjcrh >Yyk;] iwr NS tkr fcxkMw]xkL;ks ys u x.ksl] FkkG esa tS u gks ykMw AA ¼fcgkjh'kj.k ikjhd½

HkxrhjlPkk;ks gfj uS /kks[kks ns.kksadSM+ks gw¡ Egw¡ gh.kks AÅij lwa ej.kS dh dSrks]Ekka; pkorks th.kks AAjs gfj] tSM+ks Hkh gw¡ Fkkjkslsod lclwa Qksjks AvkReyhu dj.kks gS Fkka uStho fudkGks lksjksAA ¼Jhear dqekj O;kl½

jkSnz jlt.kk T;ksa gFksGh /kj~;ka jktiwrapY;k tax ekabZ egkdkG nwra/kjk Mksy.kS ykxxh vac dkaI;ksnGka lkg esa ?kksj vkrad ekaP;ksAAt.kk jko tks/kk Hkj~;k eUu jhlkaiM~;k VwVdS tax esa chtGh lk]j.kHkkSe ekabZ yMark *fHkMark ]c<~;k nqLe.kka jks lQk;ks djarkAA ¼rkÅ 'ks[kkokVh½

d:.k jl

^êu jk ehr dkUgk jstx esa ts eaMX;ks ?kelk.krkSHkkbZ ij HkkbZ djlh okjvkil esa yM+lh] ejlh eku[kkSpqM+yk QksM+Syk dkGk vks<+vej lqgkx.k Fkkjh xksfi;kadkaef.k;ka fcdlh chp ctkjdqa.k rks m?kkM+h cSuka uS <kadlhfijFkh iqj[kka lw¡ gkslh gh.kVkcj dgklh fc.k cki jkdq.k djlh /khofM+;ka jks C;kodq.k rks dMqackS oka jks ikGlhv.kfx.k ekofM+;ka nslh gk;eqM+ tk] QkStka uS ikNh ekSM+yS A** ¼ lR;izdk'k tks'kh ½

29

2-4 vyadkj dh nhB lwa

jktLFkkuh Nan lkL= dk vyadkj fgUnh dk Nan lkL= lwa FkksM+k U;kjk NS] iW.k vk/kqfud jktLFkkuhdfork dks vyadkjka dh vkM+h cRrks /;ku dks; UgWaA bZa dks ,d cM+ks dkj.k ;ks Hkh NS ds bZa nkSj dhdfork Hkklk ds rkabZ peRdkj lxrh iSnk djck csbZ bLrseky djck is Hkjkslks UgWa djSA vkt dk nkSjdk dfo ds csbZ Hkklk ,d vyadkj dks; UgWa] gfFk;kj NS] tha dh enn lwa Å tw.k dh vc[kk;ka lwayM+ck vj yM+ck dh lh[k nsck esa foLokl djS NSA jktLFkkuh dks ijaijkxr vj [kkl ekU;ks tkckokGks o;.klxkbZ* vyadkj bZa ys[ks gh vk/kqfud dfork esa cRrks UgWa nh[kSA vuqizkl] 'ys"k] ;ed tL;kvyadkj Hkh e/;dky vj izkphudky dh dfork dh rqyuk esa de ckij~ck ykxS NSA gk¡] uqbZ dforkmiek vyadkj dks Hkjiwj iz;ksx dj~;ks NS %&

1- ^^ ?kj dh nSgG iSLkwjt bZa ÅHkkS ns[k *jvdlepSrk.k yh ckQ.;kajkr Hkj lwr dkrrhMksdjh uSa--- A** ¼vkseukxj½

2- ebZ lkxj uS gkse uk lksikM+ ea;odsjk;yk Gsadkjk& dkjk@ xksj xV~V yksfM+;k ik.kkvse ykxs gStk.ksftUnxh uw tgj xjkrd jksdh uSatxs txsfojkteku FkbZX;k gSukuk ukuk flofyaxAA ¼misUnz v.kq½

3- Ykkorks EgSadhjr jk dwadw & ixY;k/kks[kS jk lenj &>kxlSew.MS fdler jkS :l.kks]ihM+ jh fpjGkVh dS fdYykSG]nsaorh ok lcuS Nkrh vkljksAFkkjh Nkrh th* lkEgkjh frtwjh gksorh&ft.k jS ckjS]dqrj dj nhU;ks Egkjks ckyi.kks]Åej jk ÅanjkA ¼ekypan frokM+h½

vuqizkl vyadkj dks lkarjks :Ik rkÅ 'ks[kkokVh dk ^gEejh egkdkO;* esa i<+ck csbZ feyS NS%&

gh dslfj;k dk;k fdlksjdkph dwaiG lh dkseyM+hAdqatu dqatu djrh fdyksGfQjrh dwadrh dks;yM+h AA

30

2-5 Hkklk dh nhB lwa

jktLFkkuh Hkklk ds rkabZ Hkkar HkrhGk jax bZa dh cksfy;k¡ fn~;k NSA ukGh ukGh cksfy;k¡ dks QwVjksiW.krks bZa Hkklk dh [kkfl;r NS gh] dfork dk eqdke is Hkklk dk ukGk ukGk laLdkj Hkh vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh dfork esa nh[kS NSA ,d vkM+h ok Hkklk NS] ts jktLFkkuh dk ohj jl dk dkO; lw¡ laLdkjesa feyh rks nwth vkM+h ok Hkklk Hkh NS] tha is cxr dks vlj ns[;ks tk ldS NSA ;k Hkklk cxrljueGh NS] BsB dks BkB j[kk.krk lrka Hkh ;k Hkklk vaxzsth vj fgUnh ds lkxS nwth Hkklkoka dk vkecksypky dk lcn ckijck lwa xqjst UgWa djSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork dh Hkklk dk ;s nksU;w¡ ukGklaLdkj ;k¡ mnkgj.kka esa ck¡p ldka Nka %&

lTtks vsd la?kV~B.k iaFk iyV.k] jkt myV~B.k vkt c<+kseu esa feu[kki.k uSu lqjki.k] [kka/kS [kkai.k esy d<+ks AriS vacj Hkka.k /kjk fdjlka.k] ilhuS jS ika.k t ikdr [ksrh Ai.k ewaNka jS rka.k fd;ka djM+ka.k] fcuk ?kelka.k dksbZ ykVys [ksrh

¼jsornku pkj.k½

Ekk¡LVªsIVksekbflu jk batsDluvsdkuh eSy ns ek¡] vj Hkjkslks jk[kds Egw¡ vc flxjsV uha ihowaykA

¼rstflag tks/kk½

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork dks ,d lkarjks i[k ;ks Hkh NS ds dfo;ka vi.kh ckr esa cRrks vlj iSnkdjck dh nhB lw¡ [kS.kkorka vj eqgkojka dks lkarjks iz;ksx dj~;ks NS %&

eSa T;ka ds rkabZ tqiwa] euS cS [kqnh QksM+cks pkoS NSEgkjS ekGS HkkVk cxk *j] cS vksBk eu esa L;koS NSTkhrs u dqEgkj dqEgkjh uS vj dku xnh dk tk ,saBS;k ,d dgkor NS tha us cS lkaph dj *j fn[kkoS NS]Fksa ViVsyk [kkrk fQjL;ks] gksrk lkarj Hkh [kqyk uS.kA

eSa Nwa ctkj dh ykyVS.kAA ¼cqf}izdk'k ikjhd½yksd Hkklk dk dfo;ka yksd esa izpfyr /ofu;ku~ dks Hkh vki.kh ckr esa cRrks vlj iSnk djck csbZlkaoBks iz;ksx dj~;ks NS%&

>wB dFkka rks BkSy /kjkS HkkbZ] lkap dFkka rkS lk[k HkjkS HkkbZvc b.k ?kj jh jhr lq.kks HkkbZ] yksdra= jks xhr lq.kks HkkbZ

NksM+ks lxGh rkd&>kad f/ku~ rkd f/kuk f/ku rkd~ rkd~ f>.kf>.k >ikd~]f>.kf>.k >ikd AA ¼';ke lqanj Hkkjrh½

2-6 bdkbZ lkj

vktknh ds ckn dh jktLFkkuh dfork dk xq.k vj lqHkko esa ,d uqoksa fodlko vk;ks NSA ikjaifjdNanku~ vj vyadkjka dks ckijcks Hkyk¡ gh de gks;ks iW.k uqok folS vj uqbZ Hkklk dfork dk vkHkS ekaghjktLFkkuh dfork ds rkabZ ,d uqbZ mM+ku nh NSA vkt dks jktLFkkuh dfo vkradokn] HkzLVkpkj] Hkw[k]egaxkbZ] tq} ds f[kykQ [ke Bksd *j ÅC;ks NSA Å¡ dk psr vj fparu esa vki.kh laLdfr] vki.kkbfrgkl vj vki.kk laLdkjka csbZ xqest NSA

31

lSa lwa egrkÅ ckr ;k NS ds jktLFkkuh dks vkt dks dfo dfork ds rkabZ eu cgyko.k dh pht UgWale>SA Å tk.kS NS ds lcn dh lxrh de UgWa gksoS vj bZa ys[ks ok vki.kha lxrh ds rkabZ lksp le>*j ckijcks pkoS NSA uhjt nb;k dh bZa dfork bZa psr dh lk[k HkjS NS %& ^^jketh ! @ekQ djtksEguS@ dfork EgkjS lk:@ vSM+h&oSM+h ckr uha gSA@ D;wa ds EgSa@ dlelhtrks& dlelhtrks lh>ijks@ Qxr fy[kw¡ dha vksG;ka@ vj eqxfr ikÅa@ mej jh ihM+ lwa@ vj m.k ihM+ ikNyS@ lq[kuS@ tn tn Hkksxwa@ yksx dSos&@ fy[kh gS dforkA**

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork dk bZa nkSj esa dfo ds rkabZ vi.kh lcn lxrh ds lkxS dfork dh rkxrdks Hkh vglkl NSA bZa ys[ks gh rks enuxksiky y<+k ek.MS NS &^^ dfork@ uha djk; ldS fcj[kk@dfork@ uha mxk; ldS lwjt@ dfork@ uha /kik; ldS isV@ iW.k dfork@ t:j crk ldSekjx@ ik.kh yko.kS jks@ jkr fVik.kS jks@ Hkw[k feVko.k jkSA**

vkt dh jktLFkkuh dfork vki.kha lxGh rkxr lwa feu[kiW.kk ds rkabZ bZa dk lxGk QwVjki.k lesrcpkck dh [ksapG esa NS] vj ;k gh ckr vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork ds rkabZ ,d [kkl vksG[kk.k n~;SNSA

2-7 vH;kl jk Lkoky

1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork dks dkG[k.M r; djrk dkabZ dkabZ ckr /;ku esa j[kk.kuhpkfgtS\

2- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork dk [kkl [kkl fol; dkabZ NS\

3- ^^jktLFkkuh dh vk/kqfud dfork Hkklk ds rkabZ vyadkj UgWa] gfFk;kj ekuS NS**A dkabZ vki bZackr lwa LgSer Nks\

4- jktLFkkuh dks vk/kqfud dfo ijaijk lwa Hkh tqM+ko j[kk.kS NSA dL;k¡ \

5- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork dh Hkklk is ,d Vhi fy[kksA

6- Ô;aX; vk/kqfud dfork dks lSa law pkoks&Bkoks lqj NS*A dL;k¡ \

7- ^^jktLFkkuh dfork esa tq} dks njlko** fol; is ,d Vhi ek.MksA

8- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork esa yksdtho.k dh >kadh dlh nh[kS NS\

9- ^xhr vkt Hkh jktLFkkuh dfork dh lSa lwa pkoh fo/kk NS*A D;wa\

10- jktLFkkuh dh uqbZ dfork is Vhi ekaMksA

djck tksx dke

1- es?kjkt eqdqy dh pkoh jpuk lSuk.kh is uR; ukfVdk rS;kj djksA

2- ^twuh jktLFkkuh dfork tq} dks vkg~oku djS Nh] iW.k vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork tq} dhfodjkGrk ds rkabZ njlkoS NSA* nksU;wa rjg dh dforkoka ,dBh djksA

3- jktLFkkuh dh ukGh ukGh cksfy;ka esa ,d:irk dk rRo [kkstksA

2-8 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkuh Hkk"kk % laosnuk vj flYi % dqanu ekyh

2- ledkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; % daqnu ekyh

3- ^gsek.kh* & ijEijk if=dk jks vad

4- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;kA

32

bdkbZ & 3

izeq[k dfo & *lw;ZeYy ehl.k^bdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

3-0 mn~nsL;

3-1 izLrkouk

3-2 lw;ZeYy ehl.k jh thouh

3-2-1 lw;ZeYy ehl.k jS oal jh tk.kdkjh

3-2-2 lw;ZeYy ehl.k jkS tye

3-2-3 lw;ZeYy ehl.k jk xq:

3-2-4 lw;ZeYy ehl.k jkS C;ko vj dqVe

3-2-5 lw;ZeYy ehl.k jkS lqjxokl

3-3 lw;ZeYy jh jpukoka jh tk.kdkjh

3-3-1 ôa'k Hkk"dj*

3-3-2 ôhj lrlbZ*

3-3-3 ^cyoar foykl*

3-3-4 ^jkejatkV*

3-3-5 ^Nankse;w[k*

3-4 ohj lrlbZ jh leh{kk

3-5 bdkbZ jkS lkj

3-6 vH;kl jk loky

3-7 lanHkZ iksF;a

3-0 mnsL;

b.k bdkbZ ys[k.k jkS mn~nsL; gS&

1- egkdfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k jS O;fDrRo uS mtkxj dj.kks A

2- lw;ZeYy ehl.k jh jpukaoka jh tk.kdkjh djko.khA

3- *ohj lrlbZ dkO; jh fuj[k&ij[k dj.khA

3-1 izLrkouk

ch-,- izFke cjl ¼jktLFkkuh½ jS ikB;dze jS **vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh i| ^^ jS eka; bdkbZ & 4 jkSv/;;u lk: b.k bdkbZ esa egkdfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k jS oal jh tk.kdkjh] tye] xq:] C;kao] dqVqEc]lqjxokl vkn jh tka.kdkjh nh tkoSyhA dfo jh nwth jpukaoka jh tk.kdkjh jS lkaxS *ohj lrlbZdkO; jh leh{kk Hkh djh tkoSyhA

3-2 lw;ZeYy ehl.k jh thouh &

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa pkj.k lSyh jS ijEijkxr ewY;ka jS lkFkS&lkFkS vk/kqfud fopkjka uS lkaeh

33

Y;ko.k okGk dfo;ka esa egkdfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k jkS uke ?k.kkS pkokS gSA lw;ZeYy ehl.k [kqn jk dkO;law lks;ksM+k fl?k&liwrka uS txko.k jkS tru dj~;kSA vS vk/kqfud dky jk dfo gkA b.klaca/k esa Mk- eksrhyky esukfj;k fy[;kS gS%& **ifjorZu dky ds lcls cMs+ dfo cwanh ds lwjtey gq,]ftudks pkj.k yksx viuh tkfr dk loZJs"B dfo ekurs gSa] fuLlansg lwjtey ,d izfrHkkoku O;fDrFksA^^

b.kh rjS QSj MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k fgUnh jS dfo Hkwl.k vj lwjteYy jh rqyuk Hkh djh gSA cS vkijh**fMaxy esa ohj jl^^ esa fy[kS gS%&

^^Hkw"k.k jk"Vªh; dfo gSa] blesa dksbZ lansg ugha ij Hkw"k.k vkSj lw;ZeYy esa vkdk'k ikrky dk varj gSAohj&ohjkaxukvksa ds ân;LFk Hkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj dkO;e; fu:i.k Hkw"k.k dh dfork esa dgka \ftlds n'kZu lw;ZeYy dh jpuk esa ix&ix ij gksrs gSaA^^

lw;ZeYy jkS izHkko vk[kS jktLFkku esa jS;ks gSA lw;ZeYy vkstLoh ok.kh esa jktLFkku jh f[kerk usSmtkxj djh gSA doslj ôhj lrlbZ*] oa'k Hkk"dj tSM+k egku xzUFkka jh jpuk*j jktLFkku ohjrk jhijEijk uS ok.kh nh gSA

3-2-1 lw;ZeYy jS oal jh tk.kdkjh&

pkj.kk jh 120 lk[kkoka jh ukSoh dksVh cSjkspu jS eka; ehl.k lk[kk ?k.kh pkoh gSA ehl.k ukelwa tk.kht.k jS dkj.k vk b.k [kkaQ jk ewG&iq:l [k.M dksVh jS lV~Hkklk&fefJr mfDr;kalkL=kFkZ esa fotS izkIr djh gh] ehl.kka jkS fo#n **okfn fog.Mu^^ gSA lw;ZeYy jk **oa'k&Hkk"dj^^dkO; esa b.kkjS oal fcj[k jkS cj.kko Hkh feGS gSA

lw;ZeYy jk firk paMhnku th vkijS leS jk ekuhrk iafMr vj [;krukao dfo gkA

cS cwanh ujsl jko jkeflag jk njckjh dfo gkaA dfooj lw;ZeYy jh ekrk jkS uke HkkoukckbZgksA lw;ZeYy mn;iqj jk egkjk.kk lq:iflag vj tks/kiqj jk egkjktk r[krflag jk ledkyhugkaA

3-2-2 lw;ZeYy jkS tye&

lw;ZeYy jkS tte fc-l- 1872 dkfr ofn 2 uS cwanh esa gq;kSA vS ckGi.kS lwa gh cqf)cG jk/k.kh gkaA nl lky jh Åej esa vki *jkejatkaV^ uked xzUFk jh jpuk djh] ckjS cjl jh Åejes vki O;kdj.k xr in X;ku esa ikjaxr OgSX;k gkaA cs laLÑr] izkÑr] viHkzal] jktLFkkuh]mnwZ] Qkjlh vj czt vkn Hkklkaok jk mPp dksfV jk X;krk Hkh gkA vki ponS fo|k] ehekalk]O;kdj.k] U;k;lkL=] bfr;kl vkn jk X;kuh gkaA cs ohj jlkorkj Hkh ekU;k tkoS gSA

3-2-3 lw;ZeYy jk xq:&

lw;ZeYy Hkakr&Hkakr jk fol;ka jk tk.kdkj Hkh gk] vS dbZ egkiqjlka lwa X;ku fy;kSA vSM+kxq#vka esa egkRek] iafMr eqlGeku] ekSyoh] vj dykoar Hkh gkaA b.kk esa vklkuan ckjB vjnknwiaFkh lk/kq Jh l:inklth Egkjkt lw;ZeYy jk [kkl gkaA vS lxyh ckrka jkS [kqyklkS uSmYys[k **oa'k&Hkk"dj^^ esa feGSA

3-2-4 lw;ZeYy jkS C;ko vj dqVe &

lw;ZeYyth N% C;ko dj;k gk] vkijkS iSyks C;ko fo-l- 1888 esa gq;kSA b.k C;ko esa cwanh jkegkjko jkeflag Hkh i/kkj~;k gkA **oa'k Hkk"dj^^ xzUFk jS eqtc b.kkjh tksM+k;rka jk uko b.kxr gS %&

**nksyk1 ljtk2 fotf;dk3 tlk4 : iqLik5 ukeAiqfu&xksfoUnk6 lV fiz;k vdZegy dfo ckeAA^^

34

lw;ZeYy jS vsd larku dU;k gh] ft.kjh ckGi.kS esa bZ ekSr gq;xh ghA b.kjS iNss cS eqjkjhnkuus xksn fy;kSA eqjkjhnku [kqn dkO; Hkklk fMaxy jk ywaBk dfo gkA

3-2-5 lw;ZeYy jkS lqjxokl&

lw;ZeYy ehl.k jks 53 cjl jh Åej esa lqjxokl cwanh esa fo-l* 1925 vklk< lqfn 11 uSeaxGokj fnu gq;kSA

3-3 lw;ZeYy jh Lpukoka jh tk.kdkjh&

lw;ZeYy lkQ dSof.k;k i.k de cksyokGk ekuoh gk] vki ikap Hkklkoka jk tk.kdkj vj [;krukefMaxy jk dfo gkA vki jk jp~;kSM+k ikap xzaFk gS] ft.kk jk uke b.k Hkkar gS %&

1- ôa'k Hkk"dj*

2- ôhj lrlbZ*

3- ^cyoar foykl*

4- ^jke jatkV*

5- ^Nanks&e;w[k*

1- ôa’k Hkk"dj* %& dfo jh vk iksFkh tx pkoh gSA fo-l- 1897 oSlk[k lqfn 3 jS fnu dfo*oa'k Hkk"dj^ jh l:okr djhA b.k Ñfr esa cwanh jk jktk jkeflag gkMk vj m.kkjS iwj[kka jhdhjr xkFkk gSA b.kjh Hkklk fiaxy gSA vkS dkO; vsfrgkfld dkO; gSA ôal Hkk"dj* jh jpukoDrk vj Jksrk lSyh esa djhth gSA oDrk lw;ZeYy vj Jksrk jkeflag gSA b.k xzUFk esa jkeflagjkS C;ko] tq)] jfrfØM+k] osnkar vkn jk ?k.kk ljko.ktksx fprjke eaM~;k gSA b.kesa cwanh jkegkjko cq)flag jS vkGlh vj dkeh vkpj.k jkS cj.kko Hkh feyS gS vj mEesnflag jS pfjrdFkk esa tqx jkS lkapks njlko vka[kjka esa <G;kS gSA

2- ôhjlrlbZ* %& ohj lrlbZ {kf=; laLÑfr jkS xkSjo xkFkk gSA b.kesa nsl Hkxrh] ukjh oanukvj ohjrk jS Hkko jkS cj.kko Ogh;ks gSA lu~ 1857 jS iSyk lqra=rk laxzke jS leS esa jfpr b.k**dkO;^^ jpuk esa fufLpr gh lwjtey jh dye djhxjh gS & ft.kesa dGl vj e: lqjlrhjS feanj jkS lclwa mapks fl[kj dS;kS tk ldS gSA [kqn jh vkstiw.kZ ok.kh lwa {kf=; jktkoka uStxko.k jkS dke dfolj lwjtey ?k.kkS tru lwa dj~;kS gSA b.k esa nslHkxrh] jkLVªh;rk] /kjrh izse] /kje] ukjh efgek] lrhRo jkS xkSjo vkn folslrkoka ns[k.k uS feGSA

3 ^cyoar foykl* %& lw;ZeYy ehl.k jh vk dkO; iksFkh bfrgkl jks vk/kkj fy;kSM+h gSa b.kesa jktLFkku jS vtesj&esjokMk Hkw&Hkkx jS fHk.kk; jk lkld jktk cyoar flag jkBksSM+ jStho.k jh foxr eaM+h gSA b.k esa cyoarflag jS iwoZtk jkS cj.kko djrh nka.k jktk cyoar flagjh fl{kk] nh{kk] lrh jS izlax ekFkS vtesj esa fu;r jsthMsUV duZy lj lnjyS.M] duZytkWtZ ykWjsUl jh vkifr vj QSj vaxjst vf/kdkfj;ka jk eSy&feyki vkn ?kVukoka jk cj.kkoHkh dj~;kS x;kS gS%&

T;wa & ** exfr fl[k uì jke lks] cqYy ;ks dfo cyoar]fd; vH;FkZu ra= dg] lc ikVu tga larA^^

dfo vks xzUFk fo-l- 1915 jh jk?kkLVeh jS fnu l: dj~;ksA b.kesa dSbZ fol;ka jk cj.kkoka jSlkaxS jktk cyoarflag jS NksVs HkkbZ c[rkojflag jh tksM+k;r jS lrh gkso.k jkS cj.kko HkhfeGSA

czt] fMaxG] laLÑr] viHkzal vj izkÑr vkn Hkklkoka jh U;kjh fujkokGh >kadh b.k dkO; esa

35

ns[kh tk ldS gSA b.k xzUFak jS Nanka esa vk;kZ] nksgk] eugj] jkssGk] ekfyuh] ?kuk{kjh vkn jkSiz;ksx b.k iksFkh jS dkO; lkSUn;Z uS c<ko.k lk: gq;kS gSA

4- Nanks&e;w[k %& Nanks e;w[k NanlkL= jh fujkGh jpuk gSsA b.kesa jktLFkkuh Nank ckcrtk.kdkjh feGSA

5- jkejatkV & vk dfo jh ckGi.kS jh [k.MdkO; iksFkh gSA dfo fo-l- 1882 esa vkijh nlcjl jh NksVh lh Åej esa b.kjh fljt.kk djhA b.k esa jkeflag jS ckGi.kS jh ohjksfprfØM+koka jkS cj.kko feGSA egkjko jkeflag gkMk jS tks/kiqj vj >qa>.kw esa C;ko vj xksBM+k jSegkjkt cyoarflag gkMk jS mrjkf/kdkjh egkjkt Hkkseflag jS jktfryd lekjksg jh ?kVukokns[k.k uS feGSA vkS 146 Nanka jks dkO; gSA dfo b.kesa jke jkS cj.kko Hkh djS tdks ?k.kksljkg.ktksx gSA vkS vsd cj.kkRed [k.MdkO; gSA

3-4 ôhj lrlbZ* jh leh{kk

lw;ZeYy jh vk Ñfr fMaxG jh fljS jpuk gSA vk eqDrd dkO; ijEijk jh jpuk gSA b.kesa 288 nksgkjp;kSM+k feGSA b.kesa xksBM+k jk egkjkt Hkkseflag cwanh lwa tq) lk: rS;kj Ogh;ka rnS lwjtey m.kkuSdS;ks ^cgknqjrk lwa yMT;ks] EgS* FkkjkS ukea vej dj ^nwyk*] i.k tnS Hkkseflag fcpkGS essa bZ Hkkx x;ksrnS ôhj lrlbZ* jkS fljt.k dfo NksM fn;kSA

ôhj lrlbZ* xazFk jh Hkwfedk esa lrlbZ jk nwgk ckcr fy[;ks x;ks gS & ^^ mlds izR;sd nksgs esa ohjjlkorkj ds ân; ls fuLlfjr flaU/kqjkx dh xtZuk gSaA ;q) Hkwfe esa tkdj yydkj lqukus okyspkj.kksa dh ijEijk esa dnkfpr~ ;gh a vafre yydkj gSA bl dFku dh iqf"V fd ohj lrlbZ rRdkyhuifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksdj fy[kh xbZ Fkh] Lo;a lw;ZeYy ds i=ksa ls Hkyh izdkj gks tkrh gSA^^

lw;ZeYy ehl.k 1857 jSa xnj esa jktiwrka jh vkGlh vj foyklh izofr uS txko.k uS ?k.kkS trudj;kSA ^lrlbZ* liwrka uS tkxjr dj.k [kkrj jph x;h gSA b.k lrlbZ jkS gjSd nksgks vi.kS vkiesa lEiw.kZ gSA

*ohj lrlbZ ^ ohj dkO; ijEijk jh cstksM+ Ñfr gSA b.kesa dzkafrdkjh fonzksgh tqx nzLVk O;fDrRo jhvfHkO;atuk feGSA b.k jkS vsd&vsd nwgks /k/kdrkS vaxkjks gSA ^lrlbZ* jk nwgk ohjk uS tq) jh izsj.kknso.k okGk gS] i.k dk;j jS dkaaVS jh rjS pqHk.k okGk gSA

lw;ZeYy jh dkO;/kkjk esa Hkkse] tu vj laLÑfr vka rhuk jS izfr vkxk/k jkxkRed Hkkouk feGS gSAjkLVª izse dfo jh psruk jkS ewy lqj gSA

*ohj lrlbZ esa vsd vknlZ ohj lekt jh dYiuk djh x;h gS] i.k vkijS tqx jS lkekftd <kapkuS dfo uha Hkwy;kS gSA mnkgj.k [kkrj *ohj lrlbZ esa vkil esa cSj fudkG.kS jh Hkkouk jk HkkoukBkSM+&BkSM+ feGS gSA

^ ohj lrlbZ esa fd.kh tkfr folsl uS eSro uha nS;*j ohjrk uS ?k.kkS eku fn;ks x;ks gSA usUgS tterkVkacj uS eka ?kwaVh jS lkaxS bZ ohjrk jk laLdkj fl[kkoS vj gkyfj;S jh fgyksj esa ej.k&cMkbZ jkS ejecrkoS] vktknh [kkrj izk.kka jh ijokg uha dj.kS jh lh[k nsoSA vBk jk ohj iky.kk esa >wGrka Ogh;kalh[k tkoS dS tyeHkkse fd.kh uS uha nso.kh egkdfo lw;Zegy jk vS cksy vej gS vtj gS %&

**bGk u ns.kh vki.kh] gkyfj;k gqyjk; Aiwr fl[kkoS iky.kS] ej.k cMkbZ ek; A^^

jktLFkkuh ohj dkO; jh vsd folslrk jh gS dS b.kesa ohjrk vj fl.kxkj nksuwa vsd lkxS feGSA b.kjkSdkj.k gS dS tBS ej.k&ijc eukbZtS oBS gh /k.kh jS tq) esa ohj xfr ikoS rn lfr;ka m.kjk dV~;k¡ekFkS uS xksn esa ySdj tGrh TokGk esa tG tkoS gSA vkx m.kjkS lqokxr djS ft;ka ikf.kxzg.k jS leS

36

ekFkS tdk gkFk ft.k gkFk lwa tqM+ tkoS cks ikNkS uh NqVS%&

^^dkdh djs c/kko.kkS] lfr;ka vk;kS lkFkAgFkGSos twfM+;ks ftdks] geS u NwVS gkFk**

ohjkaukoka lrh gks.k [kkrj ykyf;r gSA ohj ckykoka jh jfr lS ;k ekFkS vko.k jh izrh{kk jh vkgqfrnh x;h gSA jef.k;ka jkS eknd tkSou lk/kuk jkS e.Mi c.kX;ksA d:.kk vj ohjRo jk ;K&dq.Mc.kX;kA dke /kje jkS izrhd c.k x;ks gS%&

^^ fd.k fnu ns[kwa ckVMh] vkrk iM+oS rw>A?kko Hkjrk vkoSxkS] chR;ks tkScUk eq> AA**

ohjkx.kk {kf=;ka jS Nrhl oal uS iSnk dj.kokGh jkf.k;k ekFkS fuNjkoG OgS dS m.k jk ukgj lwirnsl fgr vj ekuo ewY;ka lk: vkijkS ekFkkS ns nsoSA vku vj eku jh fjPNk dj.k okGk ekFkS ckcfygkjh tkoS&

^^ gwa cfygkjh jkf.k;ka] tk;k oal NrhlApwu lyw.kkS] lsjys] eksy le;kS lhlAA**

ohjiq:l lekt jkS ladV esVS vj nsl jh ykt jk[kS] eqj>k;ksMS+ eu jkS dk;j rks cqf>;ksM+S nhoS jS T;wagksosA vkst fcuk mtkl uha vj gSr fcuk gqykl uh] lkS jax jh jfG;ka vj jh> jh ?kfM+;ka nksuwa ghdke fnysjh jk gSA lwjtey ehl.k jk lcnka esa /kjrh jkS /kje vj ejnkbZ jh ejtkn i<+.k tksx gS%&

^^[kkVh dqG jh [kkso.kka] usiS ?kj ?kj uhanAjlk dokajh jkoark] ohj frdks gh chan AA**

ohjkaxuk jkS ifr tn ryokj pykoS rn cSfj;ka jk NDdk NqMk; nsoS] ifr vQhe ySdj ryokj lwacSfj;ka uS ekj.k ykxSA m.kuS Bka gS dS b.k tq) esa ej.kks gSA ckS ohj b.kuS vsd [ksy reklks le>S]tokuh vj la?klZ es VDdj gksos %&

^^mxS fte nw.kk vey] yhtS vkt mMs+yAejtknk jk [ksy esa] ?kj tk.kha jk [skyAA**

b.kesa ejktknk e.Mu jh [kkl Hkwfedk gSA cMs HkkbZ jkS lEeku ns[k.k uS feGS] ej;k iNS Hkh cMAk jkSvknj lEeku tud gksoSA HkkHkh nsojk.kh lwa dSos ! gkFkh <kg.k okGk Egkjks nsoj rks gkFkh jS ixka esalwrks gS] vj duS Fkkjk tsBthA nksuwa ohjxfr izkIr djuS lkxS fgt ejtknk fuHkk; jS;k gSA

^^nsjk.kh HkkHkh dgS] gkFkh <+ky.k gsBAikoka nsoj iksf<;kS] ft.kjS gkSns tsB AA**

izfrlks/k jh Hkkouk Hkh b.k esa feGS] jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vsd dkor gS dS cSj u cw<ks gks;** vFkkZr leSfudG tk.ka jS iNS Hkh izfrlks/k twukS uha gksosA vBS tqx chr tka.k jSs iNS izfrlks/k ys.k jh ijEijkjS;h gSA vBS rkabZ dS ckjg cjlka iNS Hkh csVks vkijS firk jS cSj jkS cnGks fy;ka fcuk uha jSoS gS %&

^j.k[ksrh jtiwr jh] ohj u HkwGS ckGAckjg cjlka cki jkS] ySg cSj yadkGAA*

b.k iksFkh esa ukjh] iq:l jS vknlZ&vkdlZ.k jkS dsUnz jh gSA ohj lrlbZ esa ukjh jkS fl.kxkj ohjrkjS laf/k&FkG ekFkS [kM+kS futj vkoSA

ekrk dk;j csVs uS nw/k fn[kk^j vj yqxkbZ vkijS /k.kh uS ôy;* crk;^j j.k tkao.k esa fd.kh HkkarjkS vkGl uh djS eka jkS Vkcj tn m.kjk nw/k uS ytkoS vj /k.kh m.kjh pwfM+;ka uS rn m.kjk dkGtkesa vkx ykx tkoSA rn gh ukj dSoS &

37

^^lg.kh lcjh gwa l[kh] nks mj myVh nkgAnw/k ytkoS iwr le] oy; ytkoS ukgAA**

vBS jh ohj N=ka.kh vkijS /k.kh jS [kkrj izsj.kk jkS dke djSA /k.kh uS j.k esa tkaork&jksd.k jh dYiukrd uh djS vj] /k.kh uS j.k esa Hkst.k [kkrj [kqn jS pwM+S jh vk.k fnjkoS A

^^ gFkySos jh ewaB fd.k] gkFk foyXxka eka;Ayk[kka ckrka gsdykS] pwMkS eks u ytk;AA**

vBS jh ohjkaxuk bZ ohjrk jh [kku OgSA ohj lrlbZ ûkjh efgek* jh ef.kekGk gSA ohjka uS vkGl dnSuh lqgkoSA ohjkaxuka vkijS ifr uS tq) es tkoa.k jh izsj.kk nsoSA b.k [kkrj ohjkaxuk vkijh l[kh uSdSos %&

^ neaxy fc.k nqeukS jg] tM u dxy tarAlth c/kkokS R;ka] HkaMk tsFk tqMhtS darAA*

tq) jh >kd>hd esa lwjeS jk nks; gkFk nks; gtkj gkFkka jh djkekr njlkoS] vk/kS ekpS esa ekaof.k;kSHkjrkj ohjkaxuk jS futjk esa bZ uha ekoS] ohj ifr jS gSt vj xqest lwa xjck; ck varl jS vk[kjk esaeksfr;k jh vkc fy;k dSoS %&

^ gsyh dh bpjt dgwa] dar ijk cfygkj?kj esa ns[kwa nks; dj] j.k esa nks; gtkjAA*^^dh gsyh vpjt dgw] dar /k.kh jS dktAeaap v/kwjkS ekaorkS] vka[k uk ekoS vktAA*

ôhjlrlbZ* esa jktLFkku jS ohjksfpr vknjlka vj ohjrk jh xkSjoe;h ijEijkoka jh ?k.kh vkstLohO;atuk Ogh gSA dfo lqora=rk laxzke jkS b.k Hkakr mYys[k dj~;kS gS %&

^^ chde cjlka chfr;ka] xq.k pkS pan xq.khlAfclgj frfFk xq: tsB cfn] le; iyV~Vh lhl AA**

dfo vaaxjsth lÙkk jS v/khu Ogh;k vj vsl&vkjke esa Mwc~;k m.k leS jk jktkoka vj {kf=; ohjka jkSlVhd fprjke [khaprks fy[;kS gSa %&

^^ bdMaGh fx.k ,d jh] HkwyS dqG lqHkkoAlwjka vkGl vsl esa] vdt xaqekbZ vkcAA**

ohjkaxuk uS iM+kSl ek;a dk;j jS chp esa jSo.kkS uha vkNks uha ykxSA ck dSoS] EguS rks ohj Nks[kk ykxStdka tq) esa lrhRo fjPNk jS [kkrj l=qoka uS ekSr jS ?kkV mrkj nsoS dS [kqn izk.kka jkS cfGnku djnSos %&

^ûg iM+kSl dk;j ujk] gsyh ckl lqgk;Acfygkjh m.k nslMs] ekFkk eksy fcdk;AA**

lrh gkso.k jS tye tkr laLdkj uS /;ku esa jk[k*j xjHk.kh ukjh Vkacj uS nsl Hkxrh jh lh[k nsoSAcka jkf.k;ka ekaFkS fuNjkoG tkoS% vj dSoS &

^^gwa cfygkjh jkf.k;ka] lkapk xjHk fl[kk;AtPpk gn rki.kS] gj[kS /kzha nzx yk;A**

lw;ZeYy ft.k ukjh jkS cj.kko dj~;ks gS ckS jktLFkkuh ohj lekt jS eqtc gh gSA flag.kh jh larkuryokj mBk;* jS vdsyh MV*j l=q lsukoka lwa yksgkS ysoS vks njlko ns[k.k tksx gS &

38

^^xksB x;k lc xsgjk] o.kh vpkud vk;Alhg.k tkabZ lhag.kh] yh/kh rsx mBk;AA**

iq=o/kw lrh gkso.k ?kj esa vpk.kpd gj[k&meko ns[k*j lklw b.kjks dkj.k iwNS rn iÙkks ykxS dS &m.kjks csVks nslfgr ej.k uS tk j;kS gS] vj m.kjh cgw lrh gkso.k uS markoGh gSA%&

^^vkt ?kjs lklw dgS] gj[k vpk.kd dk;Acgw oysoka gwylS] iwr ejSok tka;A**

tq) esa ohjxfr uS izkIr dj.kksa ;k fot; uS vS nksuw gh ikxM+k thr jk gS D;wdS thaork tl vj ej~;kalqjax esa cklks gSA tdks ekapS jh ekSr ejS] ckS tekjkS gkjS vj ujdka esa jSokl djSA dfo vkslj eqtccfynku nso.kks lansl nsoS%&

^^lwj u iwNS Vhi.kkas] lxqu u ns[kS lwjAej.kka uwa eaxG fx.kS] lej p<S eq[k uwjAA**

b.k rjS ohj lrlbZ jh [kkl&[kkl folslrkoka ek;a nsl Hkxrh] ejtknk jh iky.kk] /kjrh&izse]LokfHkeku] lrhRo jkS eSro] ukjh jh efgek] fMaxy jh ijEijk] R;kx] {kf=; /kje] jh iky;k vknAfolslrkoka jk lrlbZ esa BkSM+&BkSM+ cj.kko feGSA

dyki[k%& lrlbZ esa lcnkyaaadkjka vj vjFkkyadkjka jkS iz;ksx Ogh;ks gSA dSbZ nwgk rks ukjh lkSUn;Zvj vuqizkle;h Hkklk jS dkj.k ?k.kk mÙke c.;ka gSA Hkko eqtc bZ vyadkjka jk iz;ksx gq;k gSA miekvyadkj jS lkFk lkFk :id] nhid vkn uke fx.kko.k tksx gSA ft.k Hkkr lwa laxhr esa lqj] y;] rkygksoS] m.kht Hkkar dkO; dyk jh nwth folslrk vkst gksosA b.kh nhB lwa vk[kh lrlbZ vkst vj izlknxqa.k lwa vksrizksr gSaA oS;.klxkbZ jS ckjs esa lrlbZdkj vkijkS fopkj b.k nwgk lwaa njlk;ks gS %&

^ôS.klxkbZ okfy;k is[khts jl ikslAohj gqrkl.k cksy esa] nhlSs gsd u nkslA**

ohj lrlbZ Hkko i[k vj dyk i[k jh nhB lwa ?k.kh egrkÅ gSA Hkko ?k.kka gh ekjfed vj izsj.kknk;hgSA dyki[k esa fMxG jkS ywBks vyadkj oS;.klxkbZ jkS iz;ksx BkSM+&BkSM+ feGS] lkaxS bZ t oR;kuqizkl]ykVkuqizkl] vuqizkl] miek vkfn vyadkjk jkS iz;ksx Ogh;ks gSA vk nwgk Nan esa fy[kh x;h gSA

b.k rjS ohj lrlbZ vkst izlkn xq.k lwa vksr&izksr eqDrd dkO; jh jpuk gSA vks fMaxG jkS ywaBkS uSpkaokS egrkÅ xzUFk gSA vk Ñfr jktLFkku jS bfr;kl jkS vsd izkekf.kd nLrkost uS izLrqr djSA dfovkijS b.k dkO; jh dkO; dGk ?k.kS QqVjS lcnk esa djh gSA MkW- lquhfrdqekj pkVqZT;k] tksxhnkudfo;k] vj eqjkjhnku dfo;k uS ohj lrlbZ jh Hkko i[k uS dyki[k jh eqDr daB lwa iz'kalk djh gSA

ôhj lrlbZ* jk nwgk rks jktLFkkfu;ka jS tueu esa jfp;ka cfl;k gS] *xkxj esa lkxj* Hkj.kkS vk ckrlw;ZeYYk ehl.k vkijS nwgk esa jk[kh gSA FkksM+ks dSo.kks vj Hkjiwj jl nso.ks] vka nksuwa xq.kk lwa ohjlrlbZ] jk nwgk tu&tu jk fgoM+k ek; cfl;ksM+k gSA

3-5 bdkbZ jkS lkj

b.k bdkbZ esa egkdfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k jk O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo ekFkS xgjkbZ lwa fopkj eaFku gq;kS gSAfMaxG jk MdjsG lwjteYy jk xw< Kku vj Hkklkfon gkso.k jkS ifjpS feGSA b.k bdkbZ ek;a lw;ZeYyehl.k jS oal jh tk.kdkjh] tte] xq:] O;k*o vj lqjxokl jh tk.kdkjh djkbZ xbZ gSA lw;ZeYy jhjpukoka jh tk.kdkjh jS ek;a oa'k Hkk"dj] ohj lrlbZ] cyoar foykl] Nanks e;w[k vj jkejatkV vknÑfr;ka jh tk.kdkjh nh x;h gSA QSj *ohj lrlbZ* dfo jh [kkl Ñfr jS;h gSa tdh jh leh{kk djhx;h gSA b.kesa lrlbZ jk Hkko i[k vj dyk i[k jh tk.kdkjh Hkh foLrkj lwa djkbZ xbZ gSA

39

3-6 vH;kl jk loky

1- ôhj lrlbZ* fMaxG jh vsd vuqie jpuk gSA* b.k dFku jh leh{kk djksA

2- ôhj lrlbZ 1857 jh foQGrk jh d:.k vfHkO;fDr gSaA* b.k dFku jh foospuk djksA

3- ôhj lrlbZ ukjh jh efgek jks fp=.k djSA* b.k dFku jh iqfLV mnkgj.kk lwa djksA

4- lw;ZeYy ehl.k jh fd.kh vsd Ñfr ekFkS fVIi.kh fy[kksA

¼v½ oa'k Hkk"dj ¼c½ jke jatkV ¼l½ cyoar foykl ¼n½ Nankse;w[k

5- ohj lrlbZ jh [kkl [kkl folslrkoka uS mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA

3-7 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ¼Mk- eksrhyky esukfj;k½

2-+ ohj lrlbZ ¼la- Mk- 'kaHakwflag ^ euksgj*½

3- ohj lrlbZ ¼la- irjke xkSM+@xhasMkjke½

4- lw;ZeYy ehl.k fo'ks"kkad ¼lkfgR; vdknseh] ubZ fnYyh½

5- lw;ZeYy fo'ks"kkad] ijEijk] if=dk jks & vad jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqjA

40

bdkbZ & 4

izeq[k dfo & ladjnku lkekSjbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

4-0 mísL;

4-1 çLrkouk

4-2 thou&ifjpS

4-3 O;fDrRo jkS ÅtGkS i[k

4-4 vktknh jh vy[k

4-5 tudfo jS :i esa

4-6 lkekSj jkS jkrkS&ekrkS fljt.k lalkj

4-7 bdkbZ jkS lkj

4-8 vH;kl jk loky

4-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

4-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jkS mísL; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh fMaxG lSyh jk foIyoh dfo ladjnku lkekSj jkS ifjpS vsdtudfo jS :i esa djko.kkS gSA vktknh jh vy[k txkof.k;k pkj.k dfo ladjnku lkekSj jktLFkkuhHkklk jk fljekSj dfo gkA

vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh l#vkr 1850 jS vsM+S&xsM+S ekuh tkoS] m.k lwa iSyh pkj.kka jkS tqx gks]ft.k esa foM+n ijEijk jS lkxS Hkxrh vj ohjrk jkS dkO; jphT;kSA nsl jS eka; cnGrS ifjosl lwa vBSjkS lkfgR; bZ vNwrks uha jS;kSA m.k cxr jk tudfo vaxjstka jk HkzLV] lqokjFkijd vj csbZekuh lwaHkjÓk mísL;ka jS fo#) nslokfl;ka uSa txk;kA 1857 jh ØkfUr jS cxr Hkkjr jh n;uh;] lkekftdvj jktuhfrd voLFkk jkS lkpkS :i yksxka lkaeh izLrqr dj vBS jk dfo fczfVl jkt jS f[kykQjktk&egkjktk ;k nwtk tuuk;dka uSa fuMj gks;*j ix jksi.k uSa izsfjr djÓkA vka dfo;ka esa ladjnkulkekSj jkS ukao gjkoG esa vkoSA vki fuMj gks;*j cka jktkoka jh rh[kh vkykspuk djh tdk vaxjstkajks lkFk ns jS;k gkA vki cka dfo;ka uSa Hkh vkMS gkFkka fy;k tdk jktkoka jh >wBh cMk;ka dj jS;k gkAvki nslh ujslka lwa dksbZ vkl uha jk[krk Fkdka eksVk&eksVk tkxhjnkjka uSa nsl ekFkS vk;S ladV uSa nwjdj.kS [kkrj vkxS vk; laxzke dj.k jh lh[k nhA

b.k bdkbZ esa tudfo ladjnku lkekSj jS thou&ifjpS jS lkFkS okajS fojy O;fDrRo jks ifjpS Hkhfo|kfFkZ;ka uSa feGSykA

ladjnku lkekSj dfork jS ekjQr yksdfiz;rk izkIr dj fd.k Hkkar tudfo jS :i esa Fkkfir gks;X;kgk] b.kjh tk.kdkjh djko.kks Hkh b.k bdkbZ jkS vsd mísL; jS;kS gSA lkFkS bZ b.k esa vktknh jh vy[ktxko.k esa ladjnku lkekSj jS ;ksxnku jh tk.kdkjh bZ feGSykA b.kjS vykok b.k bdkbZ jkS mísL;ladjnku lkekSj jh izeq[k iksF;ka jh tk.kdkjh jS lkxS okajS lkaoBS ÑfrRo uSa mtkxj dj.kkS bZ gSA

4-1 izLrkouk

nsl jS bfr;kl esa ohjrk vj cfynku jS [kkrj jktLFkku jkS ukao lksuS jS vk[kjka esa ekaM.k tksx gSA

41

vBS jh ckGw ekVh jks d.k&d.k ohjka jS jxr lwa lhaphT;ksM+kS gSA vBS nsoh&nsorkoka jh de] ohjka jhnsofG;ka ?k.kh feGSA vBS jh ohjkaxukoka ^ôkfjtS HkM+ >waiM+k] vèkifr;ka vkokl** jh Hkkouk lwa ohjka jkSvko&vknj djrh jS;hA vBS jk ohj jksgh esa HkVd.kkS dcwy dj ysoS] >waiM+h esa jSo.k uSa vkijh ejtknekuS] l=qoka jS lkaeh ekFkkS dVko.kkS dcwy dj ysoS i.k ekFkkS >qdko.kkS vkajS lqHkko vj ijEijk esadksuhA vBS ohjRo jS iznjl.k jkS ywaBkS vknlZ b.k :i esa c[kk.khT;kS gS&

/kj tkrka /kje iyVrka] f=;k iM+arka rkoArhu nhgM+k ej.k jk] dkabZ jad] dkabZ jkoAA

/kjk] /kje vj vcGkoka jh fjNÓk lk: vkijk izk.kka uSa mRlxZ dj nso.kkS vBS jk ohjka jkS drZO;ekuhT;kS gSA ohjoj lj.kkxr&oRlGrk] iz.k&ikyu vj Lora=rk uSa bZ vkijkS /kje ekuSA ^lkdk* vj^tkSgj* jh xjchyh ijEijk jkS fuokZg dj.kkS gh lsz"B;Ldj ekU;kS tkoS gSA tq) jS eSnku eka; ohjrkjkS ifjpS nso.k okGk vBS jk yksx nkuohjrk jS [kkrj txpkok gSA 18oha lnh jS eka; jktLFkku nksgjhnklrk jS nkSj lwa fudG jS;kS gksA vsd dkauh nslh fj;klrka vj nwth dkauh vaxjsth lkezkT;oknA lu~1819 rkabZ lxGh nslh fj;klrka vaxjstka jS v/khu gks;*j vi.kS vkiuSa lqjf{kr le>.k ykxhA vaxjstkalwa laf/k dj*j jktk&egkjktk gj lky ckauSa utjk.kk fn;k djrkA cS b.k esa bt vkijkS eku&lEekule>rkA 1819 lwa 1858 jkS cxr vsd rjS lwa laØe.k dky gksA vaxjst nslh fj;klrka jS jktuhfrdvj vkjfFkd ekeyk eka; jksM+k ?kky.k ykX;kA lfn;ka iqjk.kh lkaLÑfrd ijEijk vaxjstka jS dkj.kfcM:i gqo.k ykxhA lxGk jktiwr jktkoka jh ohjrk vj rst fuljX;kSA vS lxGk vaxjstka lkaehiwaN fgyko.k ykX;kA

tu ekul esa vaxjstka jS fo#) fonzksg jk lqj mB.k ykX;kA tuekul cnG.k ykX;kS vj vsd ywaBSfonzksg jh R;kjh l: gkso.k ykxhA vaxjsth lÙkk uSa m[kkM+ Qsad.k lk: iSyS Lora=rk laxzke lk:jktiwrkuk ¼jktLFkku½ bZ R;kj gq;kSA tn cxr lwa iSyh 1857 esa Lora=rk laxzke jh fp.kxkjh mNGhrks jktiwrkuk jk jktk&egkjktk cwanh jk egkjko jkeflag lkxS vaxjstka jkS lkFk fn;kS] ft.klwa b.k^fonzksg* uSa nck;kS tk ldSA

xnj jh osGk vaxjstka jS fo#) eksjpkS ekaM.k okGka jS i[k esa ckjB fryksdnku] ckjgB folunku]lw;ZeYy ehl.k] eksrhjke vkfl;k] jkeyky rkifM+;k vj deth n/kokfM+;k vkn fMaxG esa dsbZ xhrfyf[k;k gSA b.k laØe.k dkG jh osGk nks dfo ?k.kk pkok vj pjfpr jS;kA vS gk& cwanh jk lw;ZeYyehl.k vj ckscklj ¼lqtkux<+½ jk ladjnku lkekSjA vka nksuwa jh dforkoka vj iksF;ka esa vks dkG iwjhrjS lwa fpf=r gq;kSA lw;ZeYy ehl.k ohjka jS ohjRo uSa txk;*j okauS vktknh jS [kkrj laxfBr dj.kSjk [kwc tru djÓk i.k lxGk csdkj x;kA ladjnku lkekSj vaxjstka jS tqyeka uSa ?k.kS usM+S lwa ns[;kgk] b.k dkj.k okajh dforkoka b.k tqye jh lk[k HkjSA lkekSj rkaR;k Vksis vj >kalh jh jk.kh jh ohjrkuSa Hkh vkijh dforkoka jkS vk/kkj c.kk;kS rks jktLFkku jk Mwaxth&tokjth vj Bkdqj yks<lj uSavktknh [kkrj ekjx fn[kk;kSA ladjnku lkekSj jkS vkS nwgkS ?k.kkS txpkokS gq;kS] ft.klwa irkS ykxS dSohjka [kkrj vkijk Hkko fdrjk Bkodk gk&

f/ku >waifM+;ka jk /k.kh] Hkqt Fkka HkkjFk HkkjAgks Fksgh b.k eqyd jk] lkapdyk fl.kxkjAA

4-2 thou&ifjpS

ladjnku lkekSj dsbZ dkj.kka lwa vk/kqfud tqx jk pkj.k dfo;ka eka; izHkkolkyh vj egku dfo dS;ktkoSA lkekSj gh blk dfo gk tdk fczfVl jkt vj m.kjS HkzLV vkpj.k jkS fojksèk dkO; jS ekjQrdjÓkSA fczfVl jkt jkS vksNkS vkpj.k vj tu fojks/kh dwVuhfr jkS ijnkS gVko.k jkS dke Hkh vkidjÓkSA nsl jh m.k cxr jh fueGh fLFkfr] lkekftd vj vkjfFkd :i lwa fcxM+rS ekgkSy uSa dfo

42

ladjnku lkekSj lxGka jS lkaeh jk[;kS vj lu~ 1857 jS Lora=rk laxzke esa fczfVl jkt jS f[kykQfujHkS gks;*j vkijh dye pyk;*j vktknh jh vy[k txkbZA lkekSj fcuk fd.kh Mj&HkkS jS vaxjstkajh oGw fj;klrka jh Hkh rh[kh vkykspuk djh vj b.kjS lkxS Bkdjka vj tkxhjnkjka uSa bZ ekSdS turkekFkS [kM+k jSo.k [kkrj izsfjr djÓkA ladjnku lkekSj cka dfo;ka jh Hkh rh[kh vkyksp.k dj.k lwa uhapwD;k tdk jktkoka jk fdjik&ik= c.k*j m.kka jh >wBh fcM+n ckapS gkA vU;k; jkS fojks/k djf.k;kdfo lkekSj dnS bZ dksbZ Hkh jktk] Bkdqj ;k dS fd.kh tkxhjnkj jk fdjik&ik= dksuh c.;kAnslHkxrh vj Lora=rk jk gkeh dfo ladjnku lkekSj vkijh vkstLoh ok.kh jS dkj.k vk/kqfud tqxjk pkj.k dfo;ka eka; vkijkS izHkko c.kko.k esa lQG jS;kA

jktLFkku jS pw: eaMG jh lqtkux< rSlhy jkS twukS vj tkxrkS xkao ckscklj] tBS BsB lwa pkj.kka jhtq>k: ijEijk jkS jxr lkekSj pkj.kka jh jxka eka; jp&clX;kS gksA rkxk] èkkxk] rsfy;k] /kj.kk] >aojlkxS pkj.kka jkS jksVh&jxr jkS fjLrkS gkSA ckscklj jk pkj.k b.k fjLrS uSa xSjkbZ lwa lef>;kS vj th;kSAckscklj jk pkj.k dfork uSa lkal le>*j vaxsthA lkal dksuh rks ljhj dksuhA dfork dksuh rks pkj.kdksuhA b.k dkj.k ckscklj [kkrj dfojktk Qrgdj.kth efg;kfj;k fy[;kS&

ckscklj jkS ckl] ikoS cMHkkxh iqukaAlkekSjka uS L;kckl] tkpd jkaeSth ftL;kAAf/ku ckscklj jh /kjk] yk[kh.kk do yksxA/ktk Q:dkbZ /k.;ka] tkpd jkaekS tksxAA

ckscklj jh dhjr esa dS;ksM+h fMaxG xhr jh nks; vksGÓka b.k i| jh lk[k HkjS&

?k.k gsrkGw tyeS ?kj&?kj] dfo t.k tx fljtS uo dwarAckscklj jh dse cjkscfj] ih<h&ih<h gqoS liwrAA

ckscklj jk dfo tk.krk gk dS tn dg.k&lq.k.k lwa dke dksuh pkyS rks gdka jS [kkrj yM+.kkS iM+SAyM+kbZ lxrh jS ik.k thrhtSA laxB.k jh lxrh jkS ukao nqjxk&txnEck gSA lekt uSa b.kh lxrhlwa tksM+*j lxrhoku c.kko.k jh psLVk jkS ukao pkj.k lxrh iwtk&pkj.k lxrh vkanksyu gSA b.klxrh vkanksyu uSa ckscklj jh /kjrh ekFkS uwaokS vk;ke fefy;kSA

dfo jks tye %

b.k ijEijk esa nsl jk vkxhok.k dfo ladjnku lkekSj jkS tye ckscklj xkao eka; ferh fexlj lqnhvsde lkseokj laor~ 1881 foØeh ¼22 uoEcj] 1824½ esa gq;kSA vkijkS ?kjk.kkS vsd tq>k: vjfo|kO;luh ?kjk.kkS gksA pkj.kka jS [kkrj dfodje vsd lgt /kje gS vj oanuh; jks foM+n xko.kkSvj ykaNuh; jh ykaNuk dj.kS esa NVkad Hkh deh dksuh djSA Hkaojflag ^pkj.k* lcn jh O;k[;k djrkafy[kS] ^pj.k uSa pykoS cks pkj.kA** ladjnkuth jS firk jkS ukao lsjnku lkekSj vj ek;M+ jkS ukao thowckbZ gksA m.k cxr [kqafM;S ¼fljnkjlSj½ jS ckjB Mwaxjfla?k jkS vkS nwgkS ?k.kkS pkokS gq;kS&

ckilsj Hkkxh cMks] ik;kst ladj iwrAthow mtokGh tcj] dw[k r.kh tx dwarAA

ladjnku lkekSj jkS ukansjkS Qksxka&xksM+kl ¼fljnkjlSj½ jS eka; gksA vkijk ukukth dj.khnku ckjB gkvj ekekslk gjukFk ckjB gkA ikcwnku ladjnku lkekSj jk ekeSjk HkkbZ gk] ftdk [kqn vsd dqlG dfogkA

ladjnku lkekSj jkS C;ko tsrklj ¼lqtkux<½ jS fdlukor ckjB HkS:anku jh csVh vj ineth jh cgupanzdaoj ¼nwtks ukao jaHkknsoh½ lkFkS gq;kSA panzdaoj vsd csVh fljnkj daoj uSa tye ns;*j lnk jS[kkrj fcNM+xhA fljnkj daoj jkS C;ko baMkGh ¼dqpke.k½ jS f[kfM+;S pkj.k jkenku jS csVS fcM+nnkulkFkS dj fn;kS x;kSA

43

ladjnku lkekSj jk firk lsjnku Hkqt ¼dPN] xqtjkr½ jh y[kir fiaxG ikSlkGk lwa tqM+;kSM+k gkAladjnkuth mBS i<.k uSa x;k] i.k i<.kkS ckauSa jkl dksuh vk;kSA vki ikNk vk;*j [ksrh&ckM+h eka;ykxX;k] ft.kjS [kkrj vS vksGÓka dghtS&

i<rkS cSBkS ikB] ¼tdkS½ dkB ikykS dkVSABkykS HkwykS BkB] lkB <hjk gh lkVSAA

ladjnkuth vkijS cxr esa baMkGh eka; vsd dqokS ¼tdkS vkt ladjth jkS csjkS cktS½ vj ckscklj esavsd ckoM+h [kqnkbZ] x;k esa /kjelkG c.kokbZA ladjnkuth jkS lqjxokl ckscklj esa bt ferh pSr lqnhvkB] cq/kokj laor~ 1935 foØeh ¼10 vizSy] 1878½ uSa gq;kSA

4-3 O;fDrRo jkS ÅtGkS i[k

lkekSj pkj.kka jk ?k.kk gh jRuka jh ned lwa jktLFkku jkS bfr;kl izdkloku gSA b.k ijEijk esa nsljk vxz.kh c.k*j ladjnku lkekSj vkxS vk;k gSA lu~ lÙkkou jh ØkfUr jS HkkX;&fu.kkZ;d fN.kka esavki jktLFkku jS jktkoka] lkearka vj vke vkneh lwa vkijS izk.kka jh ckth yxk;*j Hkh b.k egkfHk;kuuSa lQG c.kko.k jkS vkg~oku djÓkS gksA b.k [kkrj vkijh dforkoka jk vsd&vsd lcn eka; ØkfUrjkS foLQksVd lqj lq.khtSA dS;kS Hkh gS&

ladfj;S lkekSj jk] xksGh gUnk xhrAfeart lkpk eqyd jk] fjiqoka myVh jhrAA

vki Hkkjr jk ohjka vj ohjkaxukoka jh fcM+n eka; ?k.kk gh xhr fy[krk gkA MkW- ewypUn lsfB;k fy[kS]^^mUgksaus bl egk;K esa vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr nsus okys ohjksa vkSj ohjkaxukvksa dk oUnu&vfHkuUnudjrs gq, vusd xhrksa vkSj nwgksa dh jpuk dh FkhA** >kalh jh jk.kh vj rkaR;k Vksis iwjS Hkkjr jk ywaBkusrk gkA vktknh jh tax esa ^^mtGh jtiwrh jk vk[kjh jax** jpko.k okGk rkaR;k Vksis jh fcM+n esalkekSj ?k.kkS gh fyf[k;kS gS] i.k vkS nwgkS jktLFkku jS yksxka jh thHk ekFkS clX;kS&

tBS x;kS tax thfr;kS] [kVdS fcu j.k[ksrArdM+kS yfM+;kS rkafr;kS] fgUnFkkau jS gsrAA

>kalh jh jk.kh y{ehckbZ jS [kkrj vki fy[;kS&

gq;kS tk.k csgky] Hkky fgUn jh Hkkse jkSA>xM+kS fut Hkq>ky] fyNeh >kalh jh yM+hAA

ladjnku lkekSj tkr&ikar jh Hkkouk lwa geSl vGxk jSork gkA vkijkS eku.kkS gks dS Hkkjr jh lxGhlxfr;ka uSa jG&feG*j xnj eka; Hkkx yso.kkS iM+SykA vkijh vk ekurk gh dS ^^vktkn fgUn djok]vkSlj bL;kS u vkolhA** ts vkijkS ol pkyrkS rks lxGS jkLVª jh lxGh rkdr uSa HksGh dj*j xkSjkaj S fo#) [kM+k dj nsaorkA MkW- ewypUn lsfB;k jS eqtc] ^^jk"Vªh;rk dh mudh lexzvo/kkj.kk esa fdlh izdkj ds tkrh;] lkEiznkf;d vkSj izknsf'kd HksnHkko ds fy, LFkku ugha FkkA gka]mudk vf/kd fo'okl ns'k dh nch gqbZ vkSj nfyr turk ij gh dsfUnzr FkkA** b.k rjS eqyd jhvktknh lk: ladjnkuth tkfrxr Hkkouk lwa Åij mB.k jh ckr djh&

fey eqlGeku jtiwr vks* ejsBk]tkV fl[k iaFk NaM tcj tqM+lhA

nkSM+lh nsl dk nfc;ksM+k nkdy dj]¼rks½ eqyd jk ehBk Bx rqjr eqM+lhAA

b.k rjS ladjnku ojx] oj.k vj lEiznk; jh lxGh vksNh lhekoka uSa rksM+rk Fkdka v[kaM jkLVªh;rkjkS vkS tq>k: :i izLrqr djÓkSA

44

ladjnku lkekSj jktLFkkuh /kjk vj laLÑfr lwa ?k.kkS gsr jk[krk gkA vki èkksjka jh èkjrh ekFkS esg]vdkG] ik.kh rknhB ns[;k vj b.k vHkko uSa vki txS&txS ijxV djÓkSA vki esg jS [kkrjijekreka lwa fouarh djrk&

lsj ladj jS [ksr esa] dq.k cjlklh esgAeaxG rks naxG djS] clj.k ns ufga esgAA

b.k nwgS uSa ladjnku iwBkS Qsjrk Fkdka vkrefoLokl lwa dS;kS&

lsj ladj jS [ksr esa] eka cjlklh esgAeaxG mnaxG ug djS] eaxG djlh esgAA

e#/kjk jS [kkrj okajS eu esa brjkS gSr gks dS cS b.k /kjk jkS vieku lgu dksuh djrkA vsd xksB esafloukFk dfo;k galh&galh esa iwNÓkS] ^^FkGh D;kajkS eqyd gSA esg gh èkki*j dksuh cjlSA D;wa dksuhcjlS] dkj.k tk.kkS gks \ tk.kkS gks rks crkokS \** ladjnkuth gal*j iM+wÙkj fn;kS] tk.kka gh gka vjcrk gh L;ka i.k dkj.k nwj dj nsL;kS ds \ rks Y;kS lq.kkS&

ika.kh jkS dkabZ fi;S] ¼vk½ jxr fi;ksM+h jTtAladS eu esa vk le>] ?k.k uga cjlS xTtAA

b.k rjS dfo jS O;fDrRo jkS ÅtGkS i[k lxGka jS [kkrj vknlZ :i cf.k;kSA

4-4 vktknh jh vy[k

tdk ekewyh yksxka uSa cksy.k jkS gd dksuh gks] ckajh vkokt uSa oka.kh nh ladjnku lkekSj vj ck oka.khm.k yksxka rkabZ iwxkbZ tdk lq.k.k uSa R;kj dksuh gkA ladjnku lkekSj xksjh lÙkk jkfonzksgh&foIyoh&ØkfUrdkjh dfo gkA vkijh dfork lwa jktLFkkfu;ka jS eu jkS jksl foLQksV jS :iesa lxGk lkaeh vk;*j ijxV gq;kSA vkijh dforkoka jS vk[kj&vk[kj eka; vktknh uSa nckof.k;kvaxjstka vj ckajk fiB~Bw jktkoka jS f[kykQ cxkor jkS ck:n Hkfj;ksM+kS lkaeh vkoSA vki lu~ 1857 esabrjh vkstrk lwa Hkjh dforkoka jkS fljt.k djÓkS dS yksx vkiuSa lu~ ^lÙkkou jks dfo* dS;*j lEekufn;kSA lu~ vBkjg lkS lÙkkou jS vkSlj uSa dfo xksjka jkS xjc xkG.k jkS vsd eksVkS ojnku ekU;kS gksAvki nslokfl;ka uSa mn~cksf/kr djrk Fkdka LiLV djS dS b.k ?k.kewa?kS cxr ekFkS fgUn jh xqE;ksM+hvktknh uSa ikNh yso.k jkS ekSdkS ikNkS uha vkoSyk] T;ka dS Nykax Hkjrh csGk vsd ckj pwdrS gh fgj.kikNkS dksuh laHkGSA b.k NIi; esa vki crk;kS gS&

vk;kS vkSlj vkt] iztk i[k iwj.k ikG.kAvk;kS vkSlj vkt] xjc xksjka jkS xkG.kAvk;kS vkSlj vkt] jhr jk[k.k fganok.khA

vk;kS vkSlj vkt] fodV j.k [kkx ctk.khAQkG fgj.k pwD;ka QVd] ikNkS QkG u ikolhA

vktkn fgUn djok voj] vkSlj bL;kS u vkolhAA

1857 jk egku lsukuh rkaR;k Vksis uSa vkijk fo[keh fnuka esa vkljkS nso.k jkS eksVkS tl ckscklj uSa btgSA fyNe.kx<+ ¼lhdj½ lwa jrux< jS ekjx rkaR;k Vksis uSa ckscklj yko.k okGk ladjnku lkekSj bZgkA mBS m.kka jh vkoHkxr dj.k okGk vkijk HkkbZ iFohflag lkekSj gkA iFohflag rkaR;k Vksis uSa lj.kns;*j lkpS vjFkka esa vi.kS vkiuSa x<oh lkfcr djÓkA i.k b.kjS dkj.k fjlkGw fQjafx;ka x< uSa ck:nlwa mMk fn;kSA vkt bZ /kwGdksV jh ckM+ Nkirka rksika jk xksGk uhljSA ladjnku lkekSj jkS vkS nwgksvkt Hkh pkokS gS&

45

x<oh fijFkhfla?k xq.kh] xksjka esV x:jAejn rkafr;S jh enr] dh m.k osG t:jAA

mBS lwa rkaR;k Vksis uSa laU;klh jS osl esa nklksM+h jk[;k vj xqtjkr jS ekjx lwa fn[k.k esa iqxk;ksA

jktLFkku esa iSyk&iSy vaxjstka lkaeh ix jksif.k;ka ejn gk cBksB&ikVksnk ¼lhdj½ jk Mwaxth&tqokjthAcsgh vkxjk esa vaxjstka jh tsG rksM+*j ckjS fudG*j QkSth Nkof.k;ka uSa ywV.k okGk gkA b.kjS vykokBkdqj lEirflag] eGlhlj jk Bkdqj dkuflag vj yks<+lj jk Bkdqj [kqek.kflag tSM+k chdkusj vjls[kkokVh gydS jk NksVk&eksVk lkearka jkS tlksxku dj.kS esa ladjnku lkekSj vkijh dkO;&izfrHkkjkS iwjkS ifjpS fn;kSA lkekSj jkS dS;ksM+kS ejfl;kS vkt bZ ?k.kS dksM lwa dSbZtS&lq.khtS&

dksVM+ey doikr] dfo;d yx egeka d:aAlwuwa djX;ks lkFk] Hkkse vMksGh Hkkse jkAA

fprdj lqjx pysg] x<oh x< HkGsj x;kSAesgMw jk.k feysg] vsdj g.kwar vkotsAA

vki vsd bZ nwgs lwa tBS baxjstka jS f[kykQ yM+.k okGk cgy jk Bkdqj lEirflag uSa esokM+ jkfllksfn;k jk.kk lwa mifer djÓkS] rks nwtS dkauh fonzksg jkS neu dj.kS esa vaxjstka jkS lkFk nsof.k;kchdkusj jk egkjktk ljnkjflag uSa Hkh ykafNr dj fn;k&

lEir yM+S fllksn le] cgy cgqfj fpÙkkSM+Achdk.kkS yktka ejS] ykt djkS jkBkSM+AA

vkijS vsd ?k.kpkoS xhr jS eka; lysnh jk dkuflag jh fcjt jS dkuk jS lkxS rqyuk djrk Fkdka lkekSjd;kS&

gn djX;kS js dkUg lysnh dks js] gn djX;kSfcjt dks rks dkUg gS& dkG dal dksvks rks dkG fQjaxh dks js] gn djX;kSAczt dks rks dkUg egh&nf/k ywVSAvkS rks QkSt fQjaxh dh js] gn djX;kSA

b.kh rjS ohjka jkS foM+n xko.k jh ijEijk&lh c.kko.k okGk dfo ladjnku lkekSj rkR;k Vksis tSM+kywaBk ØkfUrdkjh jS vFkd iz;klka lwa eksfgr vj rkaR;k jS vnE; lkgl vj izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka esaHkh vfMx Hkko lwa MV~;k jSo.kS tSM+k xq.kka jh cMk;ka esa lkekSj jfpr b.k xhr lwa ohj uk;d lk:gsr&fgaoGkl jk Hkko lkaeh vkoS gS&

tBS x;kS tax thfr;kS] [kVdS fcu j.k[ksrrdM+kS yfM+;kS rkafr;kS] fgan Fkkau jS gsr

epk;kS fgan esa vk[kh rgydkS rkafr;S eksVkSA?kksVkS tse ?kqek;kS yad esa g.kw ?kksj

jpk;kS :Garh jtiwrh jkS vk[kjh jaxtax esa fn[kk;kS lqok;kS vFkkx tksjgq; grkl jktiwrh NafM;kS Nf=;ka gkFklkFk paxkS lksf/k;kS fnD[k.kh egklwjfcM+n /kkj Nrhlka oal jkS j.kk ckadkS chjuhj /kkjh fgUn jkS cpk;kS lkxh uwjiGdrh vkdkl cht dBS bZ tkaorh iM+S

46

NM+S rkafr;S jh OgSxh blh gh Nykax[kGdrh ufn;k jk [kkG eka; gwrkS ikM+ [kM+SyM+S b.k fof/k yk[kka gwar vsdykaxAA

vBS xhr jS eka; ^^jpk;kS :Garh jktiwrh jkS vk[kjh jax** vj ^îGdrh vkdkl cht dBSbZ tkaorhiM+S** tSM+h vksGÓka vizfre tks)k rkaR;k jS [kkrj dfo jh xSjh nhB uSa njlkoSA rkaR;k jh enn nso.kjS dkj.k lkekSj ?kjk.kS uSa vkijkS lxGkS dha xeko.kkS ifM+;kS i.k nwtk lsukuh tdk Lora=rk jS ftX;eka; vkijS izk.kka jh vkgqfr nh ckajh foM+n dj.kh dksuh HkwY;kA vkÅok Bkdqj dqlkGflag pkEikor jScfGnku uSa ;kn dj.kS esa Hkh vki vkxhok.k jS;kA vkÅok jk Bkdqj dqlkGflag uSa b.k vfHk;ku jkSusrRo laHkkG.kS jS dkj.k Hkhl.k vkinkoka jkS lkeukS dj.kkS ifM+;kSA lkekSj jS lcnka esa&

[ksY;kS j.k esa [kkx gw] tpdj tw÷;kS taxAfn;kS ljc fgr nsl jS] jax [kqlkGk jaxAA

jk.kh y{eh ckbZ foIyo jh vsd gh efgyk usrk gh tdh vkijS izk.kka jh vkgqfr nhA fQjafx;ka jS ukdesa ne dj.k okGh vk ohjkaxuk feu[kka jS lkxS da/kk lwa da/kk feyk*j yM+hA b.k jh ohjrk jkS xku djrkadfo lkekSj fy[kS&

gq;kS tk.k csgky] Hkky fgUn jh Hkkse jkSA>xM+kS fut Hkqt >ky] fyNeh >kalh jh yM+hAA

dfo vkijS dkO; jS eka; vktknh jh yM+kbZ yM+f.k;ka tks/kkoka jh foM+n xk;h gS rks nwtS dkauh cS jktk;k Bkdj tdk foIyo uSa ncko.k lk: vaxjstka jh enn djh] m.kka uSa QVdkj yxko.kS esa Hkh dljdksuh jk[khA tn d.kokjh jk Bkdj lxrflag jS duS rkafr;S lk: en [kkrj ladjnkuth x;k rksm.kjh cs#[kh vj vksNh ckrka dj.kS ij QVdkj yxkbZA b.k ?kVuk uSa vkijh dfork esa cka/k vej djnhA lxrflag uSa ndkyrka cka dS;kS&

MjiS HkksGh MkoM+h] L;k.kh le>S lksgAns[kkS lxrS vksg fn;kS] enr cnGS eksgAArks flj[kks lxfr;k] eaxG pksdM+h euefr;kSArks flj[kks lxfr;k] ise ySM+h lksifr;kSArks flj[kks lxfr;k] Mwax gseklj <hVkSA

rks flj[kks lxfr;k] dksbZ fuyTtkS u QhVkSA

[ksrM+h jS /k.kh uSa QVdkjrka cka fy[;kS&

[ksrM+h feyknÓwa HksGh jsrM+h]vkdka Åu T;wa mMknÓwa gqj~j Qqj~jA

tSlGesj jS jktk uSa ndkyrka dfo ladjnku dS;kS&

tSlGesj ftgkau esa tkgj] fgUnqLrkau r.kh gsek.khA

b;ka bZ uoyx< Bkdj uSa QVdkjrka dS;kS&

uksyx<+ Fkkjks ik;ks ugha rksyxMFkkjS mijka dj maok:a lksuxM

bZa;ka bZ [kaMsyS jS jktk jkS ektukS ikM+ÓkS&

[kaMsykS jaMSykS i.kks fn[kk;kS [kqVYyA

dfo lkekSj chdkusj jk jktk ljnkjflag jh L;ku jk Vdk djrka dS;kS&

47

MQ jktk MQ eqlíh] MQ gh nsl fnoka.kAMQ gh MQ HksGk gq;k] ¼tn½ ckT;kS MQ chdka.kAA

fljnkjflag jS iNS Mwaxjflag lk: dfo lkpk lcnka esa dS;kS&

gks NksxkS fgUnok.k jkS] vfMx fQjarh vk.kAiRFkj ikV fojktrka] cVkS yX;kS chdk.kAA

ladjnku lkekSj turk jk dfo gkA vktknh jS tq) eka; vs dkauh fQjafx;ka jk I;knk jktk&egkjktk]Bkdqj vkn gk] rks nwtS dkauh Hkkjr jh xjhc turk ghA dfo jh nhB esa vk xjhc turk ohj vjnslHkxr ghA lkekSj m.k nslHkxr turk jkS tl xk;kS] m.kjkS xq.kxk.k djÓkSA turk jS eka; vkijkxhr tkxj.k jkS dke dj.k ykX;kA tdk yksx xksjka jS lkaeh ekFkkS ÅapkS djrk cS lxGk gh dfo jhdfork jk uk;d gkA

4-5 tudfo jS :i esa

ladjnku lkekSj jktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO; ijEijk uSa vsd uwaoh Hkko&Hkwfe ekFkS [kM+h dj nhA vki lkpjk mikld] laLÑfr jk #[kkGk] ohjrk jk iqtkjh] nqjkpkj jk cSjh vj vR;kpkj jk ?kksjfojks/kh gkA vki lkp dSo.kS jS dkj.k iwtuhd gk rks Lora=rk jk iqtkjh gqo.kS jS dkj.k vknj nso.ktksx gkA feu[kka eka; lwrksM+S feu[k uSa txko.k okGk lkpk dfo gkA vkijkS dkO; njckjh laj{k.kesa iuih vj QGh&Qwyh dfork lwa vsdne U;kjkS gksA xksjh lÙkk Hkkjr jS eka; blk gkykr iSnk djfn;k] ft.kjS dkj.k xjhch] Hkw[kejh vj csjkstxkjh turk jh fu;fr c.kxhA

ladjnku lkekSj jS :i esa Hkkjr uSa vSM+kS dfo feY;kS tdkS turk jS eka; vy[k txk;*j vaxjsthgqdwer jh xqykeh lwa lkopsr dj uwaoh psruk txkbZA b.k lkopsrh vj #[kkG jh ikG.kk esa tBS ghck/kk vkbZ cBS gh cka rkxk] /kkxk] rsfy;k vj /kj.kk&lR;kxzg djÓkA /kj.kS&lR;kxzg jS ika.k tw>.kjh l#vkr djhA lkekSj jS dkO; eka; fonslh lÙkk jS dqizHkkoka jS lkFkS bZ tulk/kkj.k jh ekjfed O;FkkuSa Hkh lkopsrh lwa izLrqr djhth gSA dfo >waiM+k esa jSo.k okGk ohjka] nslHkxrka uSa bZ nsl jh rkdrcrkbZ gSA vka nslHkxrka jh fcM+n vj ckajh rdyhQka jh xkFkk uSa tudfo ladjnku lkekSj mtkxjdjhA

lkpS vjFkka esa ladjnku lkekSj jktLFkku jk fljekSj dfo gkA ckauSa yksxka vkijk dfo] tudfo]yksddfo] xksjh lÙkk jk fonzksgh dfo] turk jk dfo] lu~ lÙkkou jk dfo] ØkfUrdkjh dfo] /kj.kkajh /kkd jk dfo] xksGh ganka xhrka jk dfo] chdk.k cGh] tqxpkj.k] fMaxG jk fxjoj vj èkksjka jk/kksjh ekU;k vj tn Hkkjr jS eka; nwtk dfo nfc;ksM+k lqjka esa fonzksgh Hkkouk jk xhr xk; jS;k gk rnladjnku lkekSj izpaM :i lwa vkst jkS dkO;ikB dj jS;k gkA ladjnku lkekSj fMaxG esa vkst lwaHkjÓkS dkO; jp*j jktLFkku esa bZ uha cYdS iwjS Hkkjr eka; xjchyk dfo dSok;kA turk jh foinkokalwa mnklhu lÙkk/kkjh ojx uSa f>a>ksM+rk dfo tudfo jS :i esa vkijh O;Fkk b.k Hkkar izxV djh&

gq;xk lg gqDdke] feG vaxjstka gwa eqj[kAvkt nq[;kj.k vke] jS;r ckiM+h jkethAjgÓkS lgÓkS #txkj] vaxjstka [kksL;kS vBSAHkw[kh fd.k fo/k Hkkj] jS;r >kyS jkethAA

jktk eq[keyh lst] uj lwoS gq; gq; fuladAcS dkaVka jk cs>] jS D;wa tk.kS jkethAA

eqxyka [kks fut eÙk] lgj fcxkM+Ók lkarjkAxkaoka jh vk xÙk] vaxjstka dh jkethAA

48

lkekSj vkijh dkO;iksFkh ^nsl&nji.k* eka; crk;kS gS dS nsl jkS m)kj nhu&ghu lkekU; tu jSdjÓksM+k truka lwa bZ gqoSykA cS b.k lr uSa js[kkafdr djrk Fkdka fy[;kS&

f/ku >waifM+;ka jk /k.;ka] Hkqt Fkka Hkkjr HkkjAgks Fksgh b.k eqyd jk] lkpdyk fl.kxkjAA>waifM+;ka jglh ftrS] b.k /kjrh ij vsdAfeu[ki.kkS jglh erS] NGh difV;ka NsdAA

vka vksGÓka ekFkS MkW- dUgS;kyky jktiqjksfgr vkijk fopkj jk[krk Fkdka dSoS] ^^;s nksgs bl ckr dksizekf.kr djrs gSa fd ladjnku dh lkezkT;fojks/kh psruk Øe ls tuokn dh vksj vxzlj gqbZA lkekSjus dfork dks vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjk ls tksM+dj ,d u;h laHkkouk txk;hA vc rd pyh vk jghlkfgfR;d ,oa lkekftd ekU;rkvksa dks rksM+kA dfork dks Lora=rk o jkf"Vª;rk ls tksM+kA vaxzstksa dkseqYd ds êhBs Bx* djkj nsdj mUgsa fudky ckgj djus gsrq ,d gksus dk ewyea= nsdj dfo us;qx/keZ fuHkk;kA**

ladjnku lkekSj bZ vSM+k dfo gk tdk gj tkr jk feu[kka uSa lkxS ys;*j Lora=rk jS ftX; eka;vkgqfr nso.k jkS ladGi djÓkSA ^jktLFkkuh 'kks/k fucU/k* ukao jh iksFkh eka; MkW- 'kEHkqflag êuksgj*crkoS] ^^m.k cxr tn dS ?k.k[kjk*d dfo;ka jh nslHkxrh Hkkouk vkijh fj;klr jh dkadM+ rkab±tqM+SM+h gh] dfooj ladjnku lkekSj jh oka.kh esa tkfr] /kje vj izkUrh;rk jkS vfrØe.k djrh] jkLVªjS uwaoS fo/kkau jh lwpd Lora=rk jh la[k/ofu lq.khtSA**

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh i|&lkfgR; eka; ch- ,y- ekGh ^v'kkUr* fy[kS] ^^cS vU;k; jS f[kykQ vkoktmBkbZA cS u rks njckjh dfo gk vj u fd.kh jS vkljrw OgS;*j th;kA [kqyS okrkoj.k eka; iGÓk dfoladjnku lkekSj vkijh vkXus; izÑfr] mnkÙk nslHkxrh vj Lora=rk jh mÙkstd oka.kh jh otS lwavk/kqfud dkG esa pkj.k dfo;ka esa izHkkolkyh dqgko.k tksx c.k lD;kA**

b.kh Hkkar lokbZflag /keksjk vkijS vsd xhr eka; ladjnku uSa ;kn djrka fy[kS&

ladjth lkekSj xqatk;k] xksGh gank xhr vBSAlR;kxzg gfj eafnj lk/;kS] ck chnklj Hkkse tBSAAvi.kka lk: fgM+nS vulu] cktka lk: lL= djkaAohj izlwrk ohjka HkksX;k] chnk /kjk olqa/kjkAA

b.kh rjS dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk]MkW- rstflag tks/kk vkn lkfgR;dkj Hkh 'kadjnku lkekSj uSa uwaoS tqx jkS vkxhok.k tudfo ekurk Fkdkackajh dkO;&izfrHkk jh eqDrdaB lwa cMkbZ djh gSA ladjnku lkekSj uSa cxr jS eqtc lkspck okGk]rkaR;k Vksis ftL;k jkLVªh; ohjka jh cMkbZ esa xhr fy[k.k okGk] vaxjstka jh pkyka jk iM+nkQkl dj.kokGk dfo jS :i esa lnk ;kn djhT;k gSA n;kynkl flag<k;p] lkekSj [kkrj vkijk Hkko b.k HkkarizxV djÓk gS&

jgÓkS fgrw c.k js;r jkS] ykx yiV lg rksM+AukUgk feu[kka fgr yM+ÓkS] eqyd r.kkS fljekSM+AA

tqxka u rks tl tkolh] lp nk[kwa lkekSjApwD;ks uga dqG pky rwa] eqyd r.kka fljekSjAA

4-6 lkekSj jkS jkrkS&ekrkS fljt.k&lalkj

ladjnku lkekSj ;wa rkS vktknh jh vy[k txkof.k;k dfo gk] i.k Lokra«; Hkko jh jpukoka lkxS m.kkanwth bZ dsbZ iksF;ka jh jpuk djhA vkijh [kkl&[kkl jpukoka b.k Hkkar gS&

49

lxrh lqtl

^lxrh lqtl* ladjnku lkekSj jh nSoh;&Lrqfr jh Bkodh jpuk gSA laxBu jh lxrh jkS ukaonqjxk&txnEck dghtSA b.k lxrh lwa tqM+*j ladj lo lwa flo c.;kSA b.kh Hkkar ladjnku lkekSjvi.kS vkiuSa lekt jh lxrh lwa tksM+*j lxrhoku c.kko.k jh psLVk djhA b.k psLVk jkS ukao gS&^lxrh lqtl*A b.k dkO; lwa dfo tulxrh ;k yksdlxrh uSa gh fljekSj ekuh gSA b.k dkO; eka;lxrh jS :i uSa vyx gh le÷;kS vj ns[khT;kS gSA dfo vkijS fgoM+S jh lxGh ckr [kksy*j lxrhjS pj.kka esa p<k; nh&

lcG i[kS lqj jk; firekr ijesljh] djS dq.k nsljh foxr dksVhAesGts lpS eu geSa eka bZljh] jkt jktsljh fjtd jksVhA

gsr dj lkadM+k nkg lc gjhts] usr dj /kjhts gkFk uhdkAdjuyk Hkxr ij lqHk futj djhts] txnack fnjhts vkothdkAcS.k rj vehajk vki eq[k cksyts] cMk lq[k rksyts cksy ckykAjkt lxrh geSa jkSj nq[k jksyts] f=gwa Hkkx [kksyts rksM+ =kykA

fueks eu iwj.kk vLV fl/k uoksa fu/k] vls f/ku vkt vkuan vk;ksAtkr nq[k xeS ?kVrh oxr txnack] ikr lq[k lk>arks lean ik;ksAHkjS dq.k vFkx dksB~;kj ladj Hk.kS] rw> fcu djS dq.k nwj rksVksAfcuk xq.k gqoS dksbZ Nks:ckoGh] esgkbZ jkoGks fcM+n eksVksA

^lxrh lqtl*&jS vsd mx.khl fo/kkuh xhr eka; iSyh cS nsorkoka jh mx.khl lokfj;ka uSa foxrokjP;kj ckj fx.kk;h gSA m.kka ekFkS lokjh dj.kS okGk nsorkoka jkS Hkh m.k foxr esa oj.ku dj nsoh uSadsUnz esa fla?k ekFkS lokj crk;h gSA nwtk nsork vkijS lkxS okGka lkFkS nsoh jh lsok eka; gktjh nsaorkcrkbZT;k gSA b.k rjS ladjnku lxrh jS ywaBS vj fojkV :i jh dYiuk U;kjk&U;kjk fMaxG xhrka esabÙkS pks[kS <ax lwa djh gS dS vkS dkO; [kwc jkspd vj txpkokS gq;X;kSA

xhr Jh HkS:ath jkS

HkS:ath yksdnsork b.k okLrS c.;k dS m.kka lxrh jh lsok djhA HkS:a jS jkl Hkko jkS fMaxG xhrfy[k*j ladjnku yksxka jS eka; lxrh txko.k jkS bt dke djÓkSA HkS:a uSa nsoh jkS ikjln dS;k djS]tdkS dklh jkS dksrokG cktSA fc;ka HkS:a jk ckou :i ekU;k tkoS i.k [kkl rkSj lwa nks :i ?k.kkpkok gS& xksjkS HkS:a vj dkGkS HkS:aA vS nksuwa P;ku.kS vj va/kkjS i[k jk izrhd cktSA ladjnku lkekSjdSoS&

yaxM+kGks ckGks ygj] fpjrkGks fpr pkstAccjkGks dkGks fcdV] erokGks eu ekstAxq.k vksjks xksjks xgj] tksjks tksr mtklAlt /kksjks lwa?kS fl[kj] jP;ks ltksjks jklAA

xhr Jh ikcwth jkS

ladjnku lkekSj b.k xhr jS ekjQr yksdnsork ikcwth jkS tlksxku djÓkS gSA D;wadS vSM+k yksx bZLora=rk jh izsj.kk jk izrhd c.kS gSA ikcwth nsoG pkj.kh uSa fn;ksM+S opu jS dkj.k pkSFkS QsjS esa btlks<h jk.kh lwa gFkGsokS NqMk*j tq) [kkrj pky ifM+;kA b.k dkj.k bZ vkt bZ mrjk/kS vj vkFkw.kS nsleka; P;kj Qsjk [kko.k jh ijEijk pky iM+hA nsoG pkj.kh vkijh Ogkyh ?kksM+h ikcwth uSa b.k opu ijns; nh dS cxr vko.kS ij ikcwth m.kjh j{kk djSykA vkijS opu lwa ca/k*j ikcwth jkS chp Qsjka lwatko.kkS vj xk;ka jh j{kk lk: vkijk izk.k nso.kk bfr;kl jh eksVh ckr c.kxhA

50

b.k yksdekurk uSa vknj nso.k lk: ladjnku lkekSj vsd ykackS fMaxG xhr ^xhr Jh ikcwth jkS*fy[k*j ikcwth uSa tqxpsruk jk izrhd c.kk fn;kA ladjnku pkork gk dS vBS jk yksx vkijh gFksGhesa vkijkS ekFkkS jk[k*j vaxjstka lwa b.k Hkkar fHkM+S ft;ka dS ikcwth xk;ka jh j{kk [kkrj thanjko lwafHkfM+;kA ikcwth Hkhyka&uk;dka&Fkksfj;ka ftlk vkfnokfl;ka uSa lektw cnGko jk tqa>k: tks/kk c.kk;*jlektw tM+rk rksM+hA

vks ikcwth jkS xhr cÙkhl nqgkGka jkS ykackS xhr gSA b.k Hkkar jk fMaxG xhrka jh de bZ jpukoka gqbZgSA chR;S tqx jh b.k thaorh dFkk uSa ladjnku th [kkl fMaxG lSyh esa fy[k*j ^fMaxG jS fxjoj*jh vksiek uSa lkjFkd dj nhA b.k xhr jh NwVrh >M+ka b.k Hkkar gS&

iwjh Nki ekFkS vki] /kh.kki jk[ktks iwjh]vki chr lkaeki veki jPN~;k vksjAjtw Hkwjk ck?k cki cktS rwa ekjok jko]lkpS pko tI;ks tki ladjS lkekSjAA

xaxkth jkS xhr

xaxk unh Hkkjr jh Qxr vsd unh bZ dksuh cfYd b.k jS ik.kh lwa [ksrka esa iSnk gkso.k okGS /ku&/kkU;lwa djksM+ka yksxka jks isV HkjhtSA xaxk vka yksxka jS lq[k&nq[k lwa ljkcksj Hkkoèkkjk gSA ykach&pkSM+h xaxk[ksrka uSa tG :ih tho.k rks nsoS bZ gS] b.k lwa yksxka jh vkè;kfRed vkLFkk bZ tqM+ÓksM+h gSA nsl jSyksdekul esa xaxk jh BkSM+ fljekSM+ gSA xaxk eka; fluku djÓka vFkok vfLFk;ka foljftr djÓka bZfeu[kktw.k jh lkjFkdrk gSA feu[k jh vk pkouk gqoS dS ts thaorS th xaxk ekbZ jk njl.k uha djldka rks efj;ka iNS m.k jk Qwy rks m.k esa t:j izokfgr gkso.kk pkbZtSA xaxk jS b.k :i uSa vkijSfgjnS esa clk;*j ladjnku lkekSj b.k xhr jh jpuk djhA xaxk jS vk/;kfRed] HkkSfrd vj lkaLÑfrdl:i jkS oj.kko dfo vkijS lcnka esa lkarjS <ax lwa djÓkS gSA

vlqjka jkS eku&ejnu dj.k okGh nso unh xaxks=h lwa jokuk gks;*j xaxklkxj rkab± gtk:a cjlka lwayksxka jkS te?kV ykX;ksM+kS jSoSA feu[kka jS b.k esGS uSa [kqn ladjnku lkekSj vkijh vka[;ka lwa ns[;kSvj b.k njlko uSa xaxkth jS xhr :i esa izLrqr djÓkSA yksxka jh vkLFkk lwa dfo v.kwrkS vfHkHkwr gSAdfo uSa eku.kkS ifM+;kS dS yksxka jh vkLFkk uSa NksVh nhB lwa ns[k.k lwa feu[k Hkh NksVkS gqoSA fcuk vkLFkkvj foLokl okGS lwa vkLFkkoku feu[k cÙkkS gqoSA xaxk nsl jh laLÑfr jh /kqjh gSA xaxk jh b.k :iesa fiNk.k djkof.k;k xaxk xq# uSa gh ladjnku HkwY;k dksuh&

ckck cwpk jketh] nknk nhu n;kyAladj ij fdjik lnk] xaxk xq# xksikyA

xaxkth jkS vkS xhr 14 nwgka jkS cMkS xhr gS] ft.k jh dha vksG~;ka b.k Hkkar gS&

/kjs xaxk /kjs xaxk /kjs xaxk lglz /kkjk]ljs xaxk ljs xaxk ljs xaxk euks dke lkjsA

gjs xaxk gjs xaxk gjs xaxk rki gkjh]rjs xaxk rjs xaxk rjs xaxk rhu yksd rkjsAA

cxr ck;jkS

^cxr ck;jkS* vjFkkr leS jh gok vFkok leS jkS cnGkoA ladjnku lkekSj jh jpukoka ijEijk vjvk/kqfudrk lwa caf/k;ksM+h gSA iSyh jh jpukoka uwaoS vjFkcks/k lkFkS Hkh ijEijkxr dS;h tkorh] i.k tnjpukoka jh /kkjk QSyko ysoS] rks vki m.kuSa laHkkG.k [kkrj vkèkqfudrk jkS uwaokS rV jp fy;kSA m.khrV ekFkS jkLVªh;rk jkS eksVkS izrhd tye fy;kS vj ekuork jS cnGko uSa uwaoh l#okr nhA b.k dkO;

51

jS eka; dfo xqykeh jh :f<;ka esa Qal*j fryfeykorS lekt jkS tFkkjFk :i izxV dj yksxka uSa txk;kgSA m.kka jkS lksp gks dS ts lekt cxr ekFkS uha laHkGÓkS rks vko.k okGS cxr esa vkijkS vjFk gh xqeknslhA dfo xkaoka jh vc[kk;ka jkS oj.kko b.k Hkkar djÓkS gS&

eqxyka [kks fut eÙk] lgj fcxkM+Ók lkarjkAxkaoka jh vk xÙk] vaxjstka dh jkethAA

dfo jS eqtc nsl jh cjcknh jkS dkj.k lekt jkS vkt jks <kapkS bZ gS&

vkt jax<ax vksg] EgSyka fte ?k.k eatyksAmijksFkGh vlksg] ¼tga½ #Gh >waiM+h jkethA

dfo jke uSa lacksf/kr dj vS lksjBk fy[;k gS tdk lEcks/ku dkO; ijEijk eka; vkijh vsd U;kjh bZBkSM+ jk[kSA dfo eqtc feu[k esa tn rkab± jke jSoS m.kjkS vfLrRo jSoS vj jke fudGÓka iNS feu[kthaorS th ejÓksM+S ft;ka dSokoSA b.k ckr uSa /;ku esa jk[k*j dfo b.k dkO; jh jpuk djhA

nsl&nji.k

ladjnku lkekSj dfork uSa vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjk lwa tksM+.kS jkS dke dj] nsl eka; vsd uwaoh laHkkouktxkbZA dfo vkijh dfork eka; ohjka jks fcM+n xko.k jh ijEijk uSa NksM*j vaxjsth lÙkk fojks/kh tqa>kjjS foM+nko uSa vaxsT;kSA lu~ 1857 jS iNS dfo Hkkoh vklk x<ifr;ka jh ryokjka jh ewB lwa NqMk;[ksrh[kM+ka jS gB ekFkS tk; fVdkbZA ^nsl&nji.k* eka; b.k Hkkouk uSa mtkxj djhth gSA vsd ckjegkdfo lw;ZeYy fel.k ladjnku uSa iwNÓkS] ^^dfo;ka jh dfork eka; vkst Y;k.kkS pkorka Fkdka Hkhvkst dksuh vkoS \ dkabZ ckr gqbZ \ vkst dBS xeX;kS \** rn ladjnku okauSa F;kol nsaork dS;kS&

vkst ?k.kks feylh vBS] fg; /khjt jk[;kagAusg ukI;ka de gqoSuh] ¼vS½ VwVksM+h Vkifj;kagAA[kwu ilhuka fcu [kqGÓka] vkoS fd.kfo/k vkstAdor jpS cSBk dfo] EgSyka e>dj ekstAAesV QwV gq; bd erS] xksjka f<x dj xktArsofM+;ka uSa feG rqjr] vkst fn[kkoks vktAA

lkdsr lrd

lhrk cuokl jh dFkk ij dsfUnzr ^lkdsr&lrd* ladjnku lkekSj jkS uwaoS utfj;S jkS dkO; gSA b.kuSavksGeSa jkS dkO; vj lacks/ku dkO; lkFkS&lkFkS dS; ldkaA b.k dkO; esa Hkkjr ekrk ¼/kjrh ekrk½ lhrkjS :i esa vkijS futw izpaM lxrh :i esa tM+ jke ¼jktkoka½ lwa vSM+k loky djS ft.kjkS tokc jkeduS bZ dksuhA ^lkdsr lrd* jS eka; lhrk jS vksGeSa jS :i esa dfo jh ok.kh izxV gqbZ gSA b.kjh dFkkjkek;.k lwa fyjhth gS i.k vkijS nsl jS [kkrj vSM+k loky jkek;.k eka; bZ dksuhA /kjrh jh csVh lhrkiwNS&

rqGlh f/ku f/ku rks;] jph ldG ekul je.kAegk vpaHkks eks;] fujeG R;kx u vksG[;kSAA

b.k dkO; eka; ladjnku /kjrh ekrk jS njn uSa oka.kh nhA cks njn gS cuokl jkSA feu[k fd.kh ufd.kh :i eka; vkt cuokl Hkksx jS;kS gSA jke fudGrS feu[kka jkS jke uha uhljS b.k [kkrj bZ vkSlacks/ku dkO; jphT;kS gSA

QqVdj jpukoka

ladjnku lkekSj jh QqVdj jpukoka Hkh dha de dksuhA Lora=rk laxzke jk lwjek Mwaxth&tokjth]vej tkS)k rkaR;k Vksis] [kqek.kflag yks<lj] dkuflag eGlhlj] >kalh jh jk.kh y{ehckbZ] g.kwrflag

52

esgM+w] dqlkyflag pkEikor] Hkjriqj jk tks/kkoka jk xhr vj nwgk] vktknh jS mn~cks/ku jk xhr vj nwgk]/kj.kk&lR;kxzgka jk xhr vj nwgk] vktknh jh yM+kbZ lwa ewaMks yqdksof.k;ka uSa f/kDdkj nso.k okGk xhr]nwgk vj NIi;] vaxjstka jh uhfr jk xhr] nwgk] NIi;] fVìh] vdkG] ik.kh] fcj[kk jk xhr&nwgk vknladjnku ?k.kk fy[;k vj blk xhr yksxka jk daBgkj c.kX;kA

4-7 bdkbZ jkS lkj

ladjnku lkekSj 1857 jS Lora=rk laxzke esa vaxjstka lkaeh [kM+k gqof.k;k jktk&egkjktk vj BkdqjkauSa [kjh&[kjh lq.kkof.k;ka iSyk tudfo gq;k gSA vkijks dkO; nsl esa m.k cxr jh lkekftd] vkjfFkdvj jktuhfrd nlk] nslh fj;klrka jk lkldka jS rkSj&rjhdka] vaxjsth jkt jh izfrca/kkRed uhfr;ka]lksl.k lwa tqfM+;ksM+kS izlklfud <kapkS vj oSokfjd tho.k jh okLrfodrk uSa izHkkolkyh <ax lwavfHkO;Dr djSA vki turk jk dfo gkA vki jkLVªokn vj izxfrokn jk lkpS vjFkka esa vsdizxfrlhy vk/kqfud dfo gkA ladjnku lkekSj jh oka.kh esa lqra=rk jh xwat vpjt Hkjh vj lw;ZeYyehl.k lwa Hkh cslh c<&p<*j ghA vki tdh Hkh ckr dS;h ck turk jh Hkklk eka; [kqy*j dS;h ghAb.kh [kkrj vki tudfo jS :i esa vksG[khT;kA

Hkkjrh; lqra=rk laxzke esa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jkS ;ksxnku xzUFk eka; MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgr tudfoladjnku lkekSj ckcr fy[;kS gS] ^êgkdfo ladjnku lkekSj jS O;fDrRo jk lkekftd vj jkLVªh;nksuwa i[k lrst gSA jkLVªh; fopkj okGk dfo;ka esa fljSukaeA okajh jpukoka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSafpjLej.kh; nsuA** ladjnku lkekSj jk nwgk b.k rF; uSa izekf.kr djS dS ladjnku jh lkezkT;fojks/kh psruk Øe lwa tuokn dkauh c/krh tkoSA ladjnku jkS lkfgR; m.k tqx jh jktuhfr eka;egrkÅ :i lwa lgHkkfxrk fuHkkbZA vki fuMj vj fujHkhd dfo gk] b.kh [kkrj tho.k esa vk;kla?klk± uSa bZ cS /kkjÓk dksuh vj vkijh dye uSa yxksyx pyk;ka jk[khA

ladjnku lkekSj vkijS dkO; jkS fljt.k m.k cxr djÓkS tn turk fQjafx;ka jS dqlklu lwa HkS HkhrghA Hkkjr lkekftd] vkjfFkd vj jktuhfrd fLFkfr lwa fueGkS gq;X;kS gksA HkksGh&HkkGh turkjktkoka jk tl xk jS;h gh vj m.k cxr jk dfo [kjh&[kjh ckr fy[k.k jh tkxka jktkoka jk fcM+nckap jS;k gkA b.k ijEijk lwa vGxk gq;*j dfo ladjnku lkekSj ^xksGh gank xhr* tSM+S dkO; jkSfljt.k dj vkijS dkO; lwa tuekul eka; vktknh jh vy[k txko.k jkS tl tksxkS dke djÓkSA

4-8 vH;kl jk loky

lko NksVk loky

1- ladjnku lkekSj jkS tye dn vj dBS gq;kS \

2- ladjnku lkekSj jS ekrk&firk jkS dkabZ ukao gks \

3- ladjnku lkekSj jkS uknsjkS dq.klS xkao esa gks \

4- ladjnku lkekSj uSa i<.k okLrS dBS HksT;kS x;kS gks \

5- ladjnku lkekSj jk xhrka lk: dkabZ dSor gS \

6- ladjnku lkekSj vkijS xkao esa fd.k ØkfUrdkjh uSa yk;k \

7- ladjnku lkekSj jS ledkyhu pkj.k egkdfo jkS ukao crkokS \

8- ladjnku lkekSj jh fd.kh ,d iksFkh jkS ukao crkokSA

9- tudfo ladjnku lkekSj jh fejrq dn vj dBS gqbZ \ crkoksA

53

NksVk loky

1- ladjnku lkekSj tudfo D;wa dSok;k \

2- ladjnku lkekSj jfpr dksbZ nks nwgk fy[kkSA

3- ^nsl&nji.k* eka; dfo fd.kjkS tlxku djÓkS gS \

4- ^xhr Jh xaxkth jkS* eka; xkbZth xaxk jh efgek crkokSA

5- egkdfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k vj tudfo ladjnku lkekSj jS fcpkGS dkabZ laokn gq;kS \

6- dfo lkekSj ØkfUrdkjh rkaR;k Vksis jh enn fd.k Hkkar djh \

7- ladjnku lkekSj jh izeq[k iksF;ka dq.k&dq.k lh gS \

cMk loky

1- iSyS Lora=rk laxzke ¼1857½ esa ladjnku lkekSj jS ;ksxnku jh fojksG djkSA

2- ^^ladjnku lkekSj [kjh&[kjh dSo.k lwa dnSbZ dksuh pwD;kA** mnkgj.kka lkFkS LiLV djkSA

3- ÊgkjkS fiz; dfo % ladjnku lkekSj* folS ekFkS vsd y?kq fucU/k fy[kkSA

4- vsd tudfo jS :i esa ladjnku lkekSj jS O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo uSa mtkxj djkSA

5- ladjnku lkekSj jh izeq[k jpukoka lkFkS okajS fljt.k&lalkj uSa mtkxj djkSA

4-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- Lora=rk laxzke esa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jkS ;ksxnku % MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgr

2- ladjnku lkekSj ¼Hkkjrh; lkfgR; jk fuekZrk½ % Hkaojflag lkekSj

3- tudfo vo/kkj.kk % vksadkjJh

4- vktknh jh vy[k % la- ewGnku nsikor] MkW- izdk'k vejkor

5- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr % MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

54

bdkbZ & 5

izeq[k dfo % ckoth prqjflag thbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

5-0 mn~nsL;

5-1 çLrkouk

5-2 ckoth prqjflagth jks ifjpS

5-3 lar dkO; ijaijk esa ckoth jh BkSM+

5-4 ckoth jks lkfgR; fljt.k % ikjf[k;ka jh nhB

5-5 ^prqj fpUrkef.k*

5-6 fpUrkef.k jks Hkko i{k

5-7 fpUrkef.k jks dyki{k

5-8 ckoth vj okajks dkO; % lkj :i esa

5-9 milagkj

5-10 vH;kl jk loky

5-11 lanHkZ iksF;ka

5-0 mn~nsL;

ch-,- jktLFkkuh iSyk cjl jk nwtk ijpk esa b.k bdkbZ eka; vkika ckoth prqjflag th jS O;fDrRovj ÑfrRo jh iLBHkwfe esa okajh Bkoh Ñfr ^prqj fpUrkef.k* jS lEcUèk esa vè;;u djkaykA b.k bdkbZjks mn~nsL; ^prqj fparkef.k* jS fofoèk i[kka ekFkS fopkj djrka Fkdk okajS lewpS fljt.k uS le>.kks HkhgSA b.k bdkbZ jk mn~nsL; foxrokj uhpS fy[;k eqtc gS&

b.k lwa fo|kFkhZ ckoth prqj flag th jks lkekU; ifjpS çkIr dj ldsykA

& jktLFkku jh lUrdkO; ijaijk vj m.k esa ckoth jS LFkku jh lkekU; tk.kdkjh çkIr dj ldsykA

& ^prqj fpUrkef.k* jh fol; oLrq jks Kku çkIr dj ldSykA

& ckoth prqjflag th Ñfr ^prqj fpUrkef.k* jS Hkko i{k uS le> ldSykA

& prqj fpUrkef.k jS dyki[k lw¡ ifjfpr OgS ldSykA

& prqjflag th jS dkO; esa ^prqj fpUrkef.k* jks eSro le> ldsykA

5-1 çLrkouk

jktLFkku j.k] jkx vj jl jh èkjrh gSA vBS larka] lwjekoka vj lqjlr iq=ka jh ywaBh ijaijk feySA vBkajk dohljka vkijS dkO; eka; ohj] fl.kxkj vj Hkxrh jk Hkkoka jks vuwBkS fp=.k dj~;kS gSA ^pUnojnk;h* lwa ys;j vkt rkabZ b.k ijaijk jks fuokZg jktLFkkuh dkO; esa v[k.M :i lwa ns[;kS tk; ldSAuhfr vj Hkxrh dkO; jh i.k vBS lcGh ijaijk feySA ehjk¡ckbZ] bZljnkl] fdjikjke f[kfM+;k]jkeukFk dfo;k] lar ekoth] nqyZHkth] xojhckbZ] Hkwjh ckbZ] leku ckbZ vkn ukao b.k ijaijk esa fx.kk;ktk ldSA ckoth prqjflagth b.kht ijaijk eka; ,d BkokS ukao gSA

lar os tdk uS lkap jh çrhfr OgSxhA lkap dkabZ\ lkap bZLoj jks :iA lkap bZ bZLojA bZLoj bZ lkapA

55

ijekRek jks vkdkj&çdkj rks OgS uhaA oks rks ,d vuqHko gSA b.k vuqHko jks ekjx U;kjkS fujokGkSA b.kekjx ekFkS tdk yksx pkY;k os ,d u ,d fnu b.k vuqHko jS uSM+s iwx X;kA b.k vuqHko jks dksbZ fofèklkL= uhaA Hkxoka xkHkk iSjok vj fryd&Nki djok lwa lkap jS fey.kS jks dksbZ rkyqd uhaA lkap feytkoS rks djlk&etwjka] ydM+gkjk uS bZ lSar eSr esa fey tkoS vj uha feyS rks pØorhZ lEkzkV uSa uhafeySA fgeky; jh danjkoka esa tk;*j Åej xkGok lwa bZ lkap uha feyS vj vj feyS rks fd.kh jksrs VkcjjS ewaMS eqGd yk;ka bZ fey tkoSA lgt :i lwa b.k lkap jh çrhfr djf.k;ka bZt lar dSok;kA b.krjS jk larka lwa jktLFkku jh èkjrh Hkjh iM+h gSA dsbZ lar çdkl esa vk;X;k rks dsbZ vSM+k Hkh gS T;kauSckSr FkksM+k yksx tk.kS vj T;ka ekFkS lksèk&[kkst dj.k jh tcjh njdkj gSA

5-1-1 jktLFkkuh dkO; eka; jktoal jk dfo;ka jh ijaijk

jktLFkku eka; jktoalh; dfo;ka jh ywaBh ijaijk jS;h gSA b.k ijaijk esa tksèkiqj jkt?kjk.kk jkegkjktk tloar flag] vthr flag] ekuflag] chdkusj jk iFohjkt ¼osfy fØL.k #de.kh jhjk dfo½] jkeflag] egkjkt d.kZflag] egkjkt vuwiflag] tksjkoj flag] xtflag vkn jktoalh;dfo;ka jh ijaijk esa vkoSA jktoalh; dfo;ka vkijS dkO; fljt.k esa fgUnh] jktLFkkuh vjlaLÑr vkn Hkklkoka jks ç;ksx dhèkksA

cwanh jS jkt?kjk.kS dkauh tksoka rks egkjkt cq)flagth] egkjkt foL.kqflagth] jkeflagth jkukao mYys[kuh; gSA egkdfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k jkeflagth jS vkJ; esa okajS vknsleqtc bZ tôa'k Hkk"dj* uked çfl) XkzaFk jh jpuk dhèkhA b.kht Hkkar fdlux<+ jk egkjkt :iflag]lkearflag ¼miukao ukxjhnkl½] egkjkt cgknqj flag] egkjkt ljnkj flag jk ukao b.kijaijk esa fy;k tk ldSA

t;iqj jkt?kjk.kkS jk egkjkt lokbZ t;flag ¼egkdfo fcgkjh jk vkJ;nkrk½] egkjktçrkiflag ¼miuke Ckztfufèk½ jk ukao mYys[ktksx gSA b.kht Hkkar Hkjriqj jk jkt?kjk.kk lwaçrkiflagth] cynsoflagth] vyoj jkt?kjk.kk lwa c[rkojflagth] Vhdkdkj fot;flagthvj egkjkt t;flagth jk ukao ?k.kS vknj lkxS fy;k tk ldSA

5-1-2 jktLFkkuh dkO; eka; esokM+ jktoafl;ksa jks ;ksxnku

esokM+ jkt?kjk.kk jks lkfgR;] laxhr] dyk vj flYi lwa xsgjks lEcUèk j;kS gSA egkjk.kk dqaHkkb.k ?kjk.kk jk ukeh lkfgR;dkj vj laxhrK fOg;k gSA vki lkfgR; vj laxhr fol;d dsbZXkzaFkka jh jpuk dhèkhA ;ka jpukoka esa ^laxhrjkt*] ^laxhr ehekalk* vj ^"kM+ çcUèk* ekSfydjpukoka jS :i esa fo[;kr gSA cs ^p.Mh'krddkj* jS :i esa tk.;k tkoSA b.kht ijaijk uSegkjk.kk laXkzkeflag th jS jktdqekj Hkkst* jh iRuh HkfDrerh ehjk¡ jks ukao xoZ lwa fy;kS tkoSAehjk¡ckbZ ;wa rks Ñ".k jh Hkxrh esa dsbZ in fy[;k i.k oka jh Bkoh jpukoka jS :i esa ûjlhth jks ek;jks*] ^jkx xksfoUn* vj ^xjck xhr* vkn gSA

lkfgR; vj lkfgR;dkjka jS vkJ;nkrkoka vj çsjdka jS :i esa egkjk.kk çrki] vej flag]txrflag] jktflag vkn egkjk.kk fOg;kA b.kh Øe esa egkjk.kk vfjflag] egkjk.kk tokuflag]laHkwflag] lTtuflag vkn egkjk.kkoka lkfgR; tkrjk uS vkxS cèkkbZA egkjk.kk Qrgflag]egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag Hkh b.k ijaijk uS vkxs cèkkbZA b.k cxr b.k ijaijk uS vjfoUnflag thegkjk.kk esokM+ VªLV jS ekè;e lwa vkxS cèkk; j;k gSA

5-2 esokM+ jktoal esa egkjkt prqjflagth % ifjpS

esokM+ jkt?kjk.kS jh ,d lkarjh ijaijk ;k jS;h gS dS vBka jk jktiq#l ¼egkjk.kk½ [kqn uS jktk uhaekuSA os vkijS bLVnso Hkxoku ,dfyaxukFk jS nhok.k jS :i esa jktèkje jks fuokZg djrk vk;k gSA

56

ÅijS fy[;k fooj.k lwa lkQ fuxS vkoS dS esokM+ jkt?kjk.kk jh ijaijk lkfgR;] laxhr] fp=dyk]flYidyk] LFkkiR; dyk vkn uS çksRlkgu nso.k jh jS;h gSA

thouh &

ckoth prqjflagth egkjk.kk laXkzke flag ¼f}rh;½ jS oal esa egkjk.kk Qrgflagth jk cM+k HkkbZlwjrflag th jk lclwa NksVk csVk gkA vkijks tue 9 Qjojh] lu~ 1880 bZ- uS gq;kSA dkO; vj Hkxrhjk laLdkj vkiuS vkijS firkJh lwjrflagth lwa feY;kA egkjkt lwjrflagth rhjFk tkrjk esaprqjflagth uS lkFkS jk[krkA vkijks ?k.k[kjkS cxr nslkVu] nso njl.k vj HkfDr esa bt chR;kSAnslkVu lwa vkiuS yksd O;ogkj jh ÅaMh le> vk;h rks lkèkq larka jh laxfr lwa vkijks >qdko vkè;kRejh rjQ fnuksfnu cèkrkS x;ksA

fo|k O;luh OgSok lwa vkijks T;knk cxr twuka XkzaFkka jS vè;;u] fpUru&euu vj vkè;kfRed pjpkokaesa chrok ykxkSA djtkGh jh gosyh esa ,d NksVh lh dksVM+h esa ckoth prqj flag th jh lkfgR; vj;ksx jh lkèkuk pkyrh jSrhA ykSfdd nfLV lwa xgLFk èkje jks ikG.k djrk Fkdk vki lkèkuk jh ,duoh xSy fljth] m.k ekFkS rkmEkjHkj pkyrk jg~;k vj vkijk ?k.keksyk vuqHkoka uS ekSf[kd vjfyf[kr :i lwa tu&tu esa ckaVrk fj;kA

ckoth prqjflagth l:iksr esa pkjHkqtk x<cksj jk mikld gkA èkhjS&èkhjS nqxkZ] guqeku vj jke vknjh mikluk dkauh vkijks eu jE;kS i.k lxq.kksikluk rkabZ bt vki lhfer uha j;kA fole ikfjokfjdifjfLFkfr;ka lwa vki fuxqZ.kksikluk jh xSy cèkX;kA tksx] lka[; vkn nlZuka jks xaHkhj vè;;u vjBkdqj xqekuflagth jks ekxZnlZu vkiuS feY;kS ft.klwa dkykUrj esa vki ,d egku ;ksxh jS :i esafo[;kr gq;kA

lkèkkj.k ofr jk b.k egkdfo nl ekSfyd XkzaFk jP;k vj ikap èkkfeZd XkzaFkka jh Vhdk dhèkhA jktoalesa tufe;k prqjflagth jS pfjr ekFkS jkt jh jt jks d.k ek= bZ uha ykX;kSA vki vkijks lxGks thoulkfgR;] ;ksx] Hkxon~ppkZ eka; fcrk;kSA vkijS fuokZ.k dky lwa Qxr rhu fnu iSyka vki ;ksx lw=jh pkSFkh Vhdk fy[k.k eka; O;Lr gkA ikfjokfjd >a>Vka jks dhp&dknkS vkijS fljt.k vjfpUru&euu :ih dey uS ijl bZ dks lD;kS uhA os lkapS vjFkka esa ,d fxjLFk tksxh gkA

5-3 lar dkO; ijEijk esa ckoth jh BkSM+

jktLFkku esa lar dfo;ka jh ywaBh ijEijk jS;h gSA ehjk¡] jSnkl] ihik ftL;k dfo;ka jks ;ksxnku lkfgR;jS [ksrj esa txtkfgj gSA lar dfo;ka jh b.k ef.kekG esa ckoth vsd nSnhI;eku ef.k jS leku vkijhcstksM+ lkfgR; lkèkuk lkxS vkoSA jktLFkku vj folsl :i lwa esokM+ jh èkjrh lwjka&larka jh èkjrhjS;h gSA lar jS pfj= jks foLysl.k djka rks vkika m.kjS pfj= esa vthc fojksèkkHkko ns[k ldkaA ,ddkauh lar lalkj lwa fojDr] ije larksl uS èkkj.k fd;ka nh[kS rks nwth dkauh lkekftd folerkoka]fcM:irkoka vj v.kwarkosM+ [kkrj m.kjS fg;S esa vlarksl vj lqèkkj jh Hkkouk fuxS vkoSA dfo deZ jkewG esa bZ dnkl~ vS nksU;w ijLij fojksèkh ofÙk;ka dke djSA vka fojksèkh ofÙk;ka lwa bt m.kjS fg;S jhlaosnuk tkxr OgS vj oks dkGt;h lkfgR; jh jpuk jS ekjx ekFkS vkijh vfeV inNki NksMSA

ckoth prqjflagth Hkh b.kht ijaijk esa lkEgS vkoSA ckoth tksx fo|k jk Kkrk i.k gkA b.k vfrfjDrKku lwa okajS dkO; jh dkafr lokbZ gqbZA ekSfyd jpuk jS lkxS ckoth dsbZ Bkok XkzaFkka jk vuqokn HkhdhèkkA vS vuqokn Hkh okajh ekSfyd jpukoka lwa fd.kh Hkh ys[kS mx.khl uha gSA lar lkekU; O;fDr;kaeka; lwa bZ t vkoSA b.k lkekU; thou jks iM+fcEc m.kjh jpukoka esa çxV fOg;k fcuk uha jS; ldSAlkekU; tu jh Hkkouk uS] m.kjh ihM+k uS] vc[kk;ka uS] dkeukoka uS tn lar dfo jh ys[k.kh çxV djSrks lkfgR; lekt vj lektw tho.k jks vax vkiwa vki bZ c.k tkoSA ckoth jS lkFk Hkh vks bt gq;kSAoka jh jpukoka yksxka jS daB vj fg;S eka; clxhA HkfDr lEcUèkh oka jh jpukoka dsbZ yksxka jh nSfud

57

çkFkZuk jks vax c.kxh vj b.k rjS ckoth lkapkS vjFkka esa lar ijaijk esa lkfgR; fljt.k djrka Fkdkatu&tu jS fg;S jk gkj c.k x;kA

5-4 ckoth prqjflagth jks lkfgR; fljt.k % ikjf[k;ka jh nhB

ckoth jks lkfgR; fljt.k cgqvk;keh gSA ,d dkauh vkijh dye lwa ^guqeRiapd* vj ^'ksl pfj=*tsM+h lxq.k Hkxrh ijd jpukoka uhljh rks nwth dkauh rqgh vLVd* vj vy[k iphlh* tsM+h fujxq.khlqokl jh jpukoka bZ çdkl esa vkbZA vkijh fy[;ksM+h NksVh&eksVh vBkjg iksF;ka feySA ltZukRedlkfgR; jS vykok vkijh dye lwa vuqokn vj Vhdk jh Hkh dsbZ iksF;ka lkEgS vkbZA x| vj i| ekFkSleku vfèkdkj lwa jpuk èkje jks fuokZg djrk Fkdk ckoth jh jpukoka feu[k uS vè;kRed fpar.kvj lkfgR; jh f=os.kh esa Luku djkoSA

ckoth jS jpukdeZ ekFkS MkW- txeksgu flag ifjgkj fy[kS& êsokM+ jk egkjktk prqjflag ¼1879&1929½vkijS leS jk fl) lkèkdka eka; fx.;k tkoS gSA yxksyx 18 iksF;ka jk jpf;rk prqjflag ljyjktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vkijk mn~xkj çdklu dj~;k gSA prqjflag ç.khr iksF;ka esa Vhdk ijekjFk fopkj*]^Hkxor~xhrk jh xhrkatGh*] ^;ksx lw= jh Vhdk*] ^lka[; pfj=*] ^vy[k iphlh*] ^rqgh vLBd*] ^prqjfpUrkef.k*] êfgeu L=ksr*] ^guqeku iapd*] ^vuqHko çdk'k* vkn jpukoka egrkÅ dgh tk ldSAHkxrh jS lkxS dfo uhfr lEcUèkh nwgka jks Hkh fljt.k dj~;kSA**

ckoth prqjflag th jh Bkoh iksFkh ekFkS dUgS;kyky jktiqjksfgr vkijh iksFkh ^ckoth prqjflagth* esafy[kS&

^^jktLFkkuh vj Ckzt esa jP;kSM+h b.k dkO;Ñfr esa vsd.k dkuh rks vfoèkk] vKku vj vkGl jh Åaèkesa feu[kktw.k xqekork yksxka uS txkof.k;k gsrkGw] çHkqpj.kka esa Hkxrh iqlc p<+ko.kgkj Hkxr nwthdkuh nsl vj lekt jh ekM+h gkyr lwa vkdG&okdG jS :i esa ckoth jh çfrHkk jS lrjaxh èku[kjh lksHkk ljko.k tksxA fou;] oSjkx] psrko.kh vj uhfr ftlk fol;ka jk nwgk vj inka jS lkxS jk"Vªvj lekt uS mtkl nso.kgkj in b.k Ñfr jh [kkfl;r gSA lalkj esa pks[kh jg.kh&dj.kh jk lw=uhfr jk nwgka esa gSA**

jktLFkkuh jh pkoh ysf[kdk jk.kh y{eh dqekjh pw.Mkor vkijS dgk.kh laXkzS êwey* ckoth uS lefiZrdjrka Fkdka fy[;kS&

^^jktLFkkuh x| jks m)kj djf.k;k] iwX;ksM+k Hkxr] tx Ogkyk] txvknfj;k] jktEgsyka lwa mrj t.kkat.kka jk eu eafnj esa clX;kA T;akjh iksF;ka vkt rkabZ esokM+ jk ?kj&?kj esa xhrk Hkkxor T;wa ckaphtSAT;kajk c.kk;ksM+k Hktu xkao&xkao esa yksd xhrka jS ukabZ xkbtSA oka egkjkt prqjflagth jh ikou;knxkjh uS ?k.kS eku lwa HksaVA**

ckoth prqjflagth jpukoka jh eq[; fol;oLrq Hkxrh vkSj ;ksx ekFkS vkijh Vhi nsorka laXkzke flagthjk.kkor dSoS&

^êgkjkt lk- prqjflag tks Hkxrh vj ;ksx jk Js"B dfo vj O;k[;krk gS jS lkfgR; eka; Hkxrh uS;ksx lwa vj ;ksx lwa Hkxrh uS vyx dj*j uha ns[;kS tk; ldSA nksU;wa bZ ,d nwtk jk iwjd c.k*j okajklkfgR; eka; vk;k gSA**

Åijyh lxGh lEefr;ka vj ckoth ekFkS fo}kuka }kjk çdV fd;k fopkjka jS vkèkkj lwa d;kS tk;ldS dS ckoth jks lkfgR; fljt.k feu[k tw.k lwa tqfM+;ksM+kS fljt.k gSA vkijh jpukoka feu[ktw.kjh vc[kk;ka lwa ikBd uS :c: djkoSA b.kka vc[kk;ka lwa Åcj.kS jks xsykS bZ crkoSA vkijh yksdtho.kekFkS xSjh idM+ gS ft.klwa os vkijS dkO; esa miek] :id vkn jks ç;ksx djrh osGka yksd tho.k lwabZ mnkgj.k ysoSA ckoth Ckzt vj jktLFkkuh nksuwa Hkklkoka eka; jpuk dhèkhA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh

58

jpukoka esa esokM+h cksyh jks ç;ksx vki dhèkks gSA Hkklk ljy vj cksypky jh gS vks bZ t dkj.k gSdS ckoth jk dsbZ nwgk esokM+ {ks= jk yksxka uS ewaMS ;kn gS vj os ;ka nwgk jks ç;ksx vkilh ckrphresa vks[kk.kka jh T;wa djSA Hkklk jh lknxh vj ljyrk jS çHkko lwa vkijh dfork tu&tu rkabZ iwxhAckoth dfBu lwa dfBu Hkko uS ljy lcnka jh ekQZr vkijS ikBdka rkabZ iqxko.k esa fl)gLr gkAvkijk dsbZ nwgk yksd esa tdk oka jS ukao lwa çpfyr gS] vc[kh osGka esa yksxka uS ekjx lq>koSA

5-5 prqj fpUrkef.k

^prqj fpUrkef.k* vkijS ukao jS vuq:i ckoth jS fpUru jh vsM+h ef.k gS ft.kjks çdkl dnsbZ ean uhaiM+SykA b.k jh yksdfç;rk jks dkj.k Hkko vj Hkklk jks vn~Hkqr rkGesy gSA ;wa ykxS tk.kS dfork ,dfg;S lwa nwtS fg;S eka; lhèkh mrj jgh gSA dkGt;h dfork jh dlkSVh Hkh dnkfpr m.k jks ;ks xq.kbt gksoS gSA

^prqj fparkef.k* dkO; jks çdklu ckoth prqjflagth jh cjlxkaB ek?k fon 14 loar~ 2028 uS Jhfxjèkkjhyky lkL=h jk laiknu esa gq;kSA b.kjks çdklu ^f'ko 'kfDr fo|kihB] jktegy mn;iqj* jhrjQ lwa fOg;kSA vkijS laikndh; oDrO; esa Jh lkL=h dSoS&

^^prqj fpUrkef.k jk isyka gh isyka is*yks uS nwtks Hkkx NI;kS gksA isyks Hkkx fcnajkc~u esa fcjktrh osGkac.kk;ks gks tha esa Hkxoku Ñ".k jk lEcUèk jk] uS oUnkou jh çlalk jk nksgk gSA nwtk Hkkx esa leS&leSij o.kk;k Fkdk xhrka jks laXkzg gSA Qsj i.k nwok js; x;k gks] t.kka jks laXkzg Lo- ia- Jh 'kksHkkykythn'kksjk dhèkks uS ;ks dke EguS HkksGk; uS ijyksd flèkkj x;kA ;wa rhu Hkkx NI;kA x x x dqN QqVdjnwok jks laXkzg Lo- Jh pUnueyth ckBjM+k okGk jS ikl feY;ksA t.kka jh udy HkhaMj okGk Bk- lk-Jh txUukFk flagth pkSgk.k dj yhèkh gh] uS o.kka lwa EguS feY;kA nksbZ t.kk èkU;okn jk ik= gSA

o.kka nksgk uS dqN nwtk nksgk uS feyk; uS pkSFkks Hkkx r;kj dhèkksA rhtk uS pkSFkk Hkkx esa dqN gsj Qsjt:j dhèkks gSA Egkjh le> jS vuqlkj th nwok Kku jk gk o.kka uS rhtk Hkkx esa jk[;k gS] uS th nwokminsl jk gk o.kka uS pkSFkk Hkkx esa jk[;k gSA ;ks vnyk cnyh jks dke dnkfpr~ vaèk HkDrka uS ilanuha vkosykA

egkjkt lkjk dqN Hkkx Hkh lkFk esa tksM+ uS ikapoks Hkkx c.kk;ksA lkFk gh ,d NksVks lks ^guqekuiapd* Hkh tksM+ nhèkks gSA**

ÅijyS fooj.k eqtc ^prqj fpUrkef.k* ikap Hkkxka esa çdkflr gSA gjsd Hkkx uS ^çdkl* jks ukao nhèkksgSA iSyk çdkl esa 52 nwgk gSA l#iksr esa nl nwgk bZl oanuk jk gSA m.k dsM+S 35 nwgk uhfr Hkxrhjk vj Nsgyk 7 nwgk esa CkztHkwfe jS Hkxrhe; okrkoj.k jks o.kZu gSA nwtks çdkl inkoyh jS :i esa gSAisyks in txnack jh Lrqfr jks gSA ^'kadjh 'kj.ks Fkkjs vk;ks* lhlZd b.k in esa dfo jks leji.k Hkkons[k.k tksx gSA b.k Hkkx esa dfo Kku uS Hkkar&Hkkar jk :idka lwa le>ko.k jh psLVk dhèkh gSA dsbZin psrko.kh jk gSA ;ka inka esa lalkj jh {k.kHkaxqjrk dkauh è;ku nso.k lk: feu[k uS lkopsr djSAb.kht Hkkar ^xkfQy* vj ^cq<kiks* lhlZd inka esa dfor feu[ktw.k jS y{; dkauh blkjks djrk Fkdkm.kuS lkopsr djSA ^cq<kiks* lhlZd in esa tjk jS O;kick lwa bfUæ;ka jks flfFky Ogs.kks vj dke djokjh rkdr jS {kh.k OgSok lwa ifjokj tu jh mis{kk vj cnyrs oSokj jks ltho fp=.k ns[;ks tk; ldSA

b.k çdkl eka; lkapS èkje jS çfr feu[k jS vKku ekFkS dfo dsoS%

èkje jk xsyk jh xe uha gS] thalwa vrjh yM+k yM+h gSladj] cq)] eqgEen] bZlk lxGk lakph dh gSvjFk lcka jks vsd feY;kS i.k cksyh cnyh gSA

HkkokFkZ ;ks dS gjsd èkje esa ckr ,d bZ t dgh xbZ gS i.k dSo.k jks <ax U;kjks&U;kjks gSA feu[k b.k

59

lkp uS uha fiNk.kS ft.klwa bZ lkaçnkf;d fo}sl QSys vj >xM+k&Qlkn jh ukScr vkoSA

bZ.kht Hkkar dfo feu[k jS fgjnS uS lacksfèkr djrka Fkdk dsoS& ^Hkk;yk] ejth OgS rks eku] uha rks ;spkSM+k pkSxkuA*

^?kV esa mits Kku* vksGh lwa dfo ;ks lansl nso.kkS pkoS ds lkapkS Kku rks feu[k jS fgjnS lwa bZt mitSgSA Kku dksbZ ckjyh oLrq uha gS dS m.kuS fgjns eka; çosl djkbZ tk ldSA HkkokFkZ ;ks dS feu[k uSvkRekoyksdu dj.kks pkfgtSA b.k in eka; dfo lekt esa QSY;ksM+h dsbZ cqjkb;ka ekFkS lcGS <ax lwapksV dhèkh gSA ljkc[kksjh] vkilh QwV&Qthrk] yksHk] vfo|k] ukjh llDrhdj.k vkn fol;ka ekFkSdfo vkijh ys[kuh pykbZ gSA ukjh llDrhdj.k ft.kuS dsbZ yksx vkt jks fopkj ekuS] dfoprqjflagth dsbZ cjlka isyh dg~;kS&

csuka vkika vksNh uh gkaAvksNh erjs d.kh fd;ks ds] uhp tkr ukjh gkaAukjh gka rks dbZ fOg;ks Egsa] ukjka jh ukjh gkaAlq[k esa lnk fiNkM+h jh gka] nq[k esa vkxs Ogh gkaAekFkks dkV gkFk lwa esY;ks] çhre isyh xh gkaA

rhtS çdkl esa uhfrijd Nan gSA b.k çdkl ¼Hkkx½ eka; nwgk] lksjBk vj dqaMfG;ka Nanka jks ç;ksx gSA;ka Nank jks mn~nsL; feu[k uS vkMEcj] feu[ktw.k jh uLojrk] lkap jks eSro] eksgek;k vkn fol;kajks cksèk djko.kkS gSA ckuxh ns[k.k tksx gS& ¼Hkko&uLojrk½

;wa vfouklh ÅijS] nh[kS txr rekeAVsl.k jk nhok ijS] T;wa Vsl.k jks ukeAA

D;wa dwnk&dwnh djS] ewank&ewanh vka[kAlwèkk&lwèkh ns[k yS] twnk&twnh UgkdAArhu fnuka rd tho.kks] vkxs vkMkS vkadAD;wa ykykVs de le>] gM+D;k T;wa gdukdAA

pkSFks çdkl esa uhfrijd NUn gSA b.k çdkl eka; nwgk] lksjBk vj loS;k Nanka jks ç;ksx gSA ckothjS nwok esa yksdthou vkSj yksd çrhdka jks ç;ksx lkFkS gh oka jS oxr rkabZ tdk oSKkfud vkfoLdkjfeu[k tho.k esa txk c.kk yhèkh okauS Hkh çrhdka jS :i esa ç;ksx dj~;k x;k gSA ckuxh jS rkSj is uhpSfy[;k nwgk ns[k.k tksx gS&

ij ?kj ix uha esG.kks] fcuk eku euokjAvatu vkos ns[k us] flaxy jks lrdkjAA

o.kh lwr jh lhanjh] o.kh lwr jh ikxAcaèkok&caèkok esa Qjd] tL;ks t.kh jks HkkxAA

feyS eksdGk eu[k i.k] feyS u eu[kkpkjAQksdV QksuksXkzkQ T;wa] okrka jk os*okjAA

Qsj Qsj esa Qsj gS] thaus tL;ks t.kk;AuG esa tG rks eksdGks] Qsj Qsjck eka;AA

Åijyk nwok esa vatu* ¼batu½ flaxy* ¼flxuy½ QksuksXkzkQ* tsM+k vaXkzsth lcnka jks ç;ksx ckoth cM+slgt <ax lwa dj~;kS D;wadS vS vkfoLdkj m.k cxr yksd thou esa vk; pqD;k gkA b.kht Hkkafr uGlwa ik.kh Hkjok jks fjokt Hkh dsbZ ?kjka esa gksA

lq[kh oSokfgd thou lk: C;ko jh mej ekFkS vkt jh cxr esa tksj fn;ks tk; jg~;ks gSA ckoth m.k

60

cxr Hkh ckG Coko jS f[kykQ gkA uhpS fy[;k loS;k esa C;ko jh mej uS lVhd <ax lwa njlkbZ xbZgS&

C;ko dh pkg mBs eu ekagh rks cjl iphl ok rhl esa dhtSArhl esa Qsjgqa tksM+ lds fey] pkj fd lwU; is uke u yhtSAAlhl uVs v# dkaiS dysoj] nwcfj nsb fnuksfnu NhtSAQsj Hkh pkg mBs eu ekafg rks] [kksfy miku dikj is nhtSAA

b.k loS;k jh Hkklk Ckzt gS i.k fol; oLrq jS fygkt lwa ckoth jh nhB esa ckG Coko vj fcj/k C;kojks b.kesa fulsèk lkQ nh[kSA

ikapoksa çdkl ejfl;k ¼lksdxhr vFkok lksdkfHkO;fDr ijd Nanka½ jks gSA b.kesa xksiky xaèkoZ] vKkr]Bk- tUukFk flag Hkh.Mj] dfojkt ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k mn;iqj] Bk- ykyflag nèkokfM+;k] èkkjok vjfxfjèkjyky 'kkL=h* ckoth jS ijyksdxeu ekFkS vkijh lksdkfHkO;fDr;ka nhèkh gSA v.kka lksdkfHkO;fDr;kaesa ckoth jS O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo ekFkS çdkl iM+SA ckuxh Lo:i&

prqj fcuk fpark dq.k esVs] ;ks eu iy&iy iyVkoSALokn flaxkj ,d ufga HkkoS] fdrgwa ukfga lqgkoSAAvkf[ku vksV Hk;s egkjktk] ?kV Hkhrj çxVkoSAjru çlkfn feyh ^fpUrkef.k*] xq.k xksiksyks xkoSAA &xksiky xaèkoZ] mn;iqj

gs pkrqj vkrqj gqoks] Fkwa gj Hkxr vFkXxAug tkrks vkrks fugp] lkeks vki lqjXxAAfdlu dfB.k dfork dgh] ;qèk dh;ks uj vsdAfpr ns lq.krk prqj lwa] vjtq.k c.kr vusdAA &dfojkt ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k] mn;iqj

prqj fg;k esa prqj dh] pldr ckrka pkjA;ksx] dkO; v# vVyrk lân; lq) fopkjAAprqj [ktkuks pkrqjh] prqj prqjrk èkkeAprqj dk;Z lc prqj ds] dgrs prqj rekeAA & Bkdqj yky flag nfèkokfM+;k] èkkjrk

tue ej.k esV~;ks prqj] pky tksx dh pkyAtqxka tqxka njl.k vcS] nqjyHk fOg;k n;kyAA &fxfjèkjyky 'kkL=h] mn;iqj

b.k rjS vkika ns[k&le> ldka dS ^prqj fparkef.k* vkdkj jh nhB lwa HkySbZ NksVh lhd iksFkh ykxSi.k fol; oLrq] vfHkO;fDr dkSly vj lgtrk jS ys[kS fd.kh Hkh cM+S XkzaFk lwa de uha gSA

5-6 ^fparkef.k* jks Hkko i{k

^fpUrkef.k* jS Hkko i[k jh xgjkbZ vj iljko ns[k.k vj ljko.k tksx gSA lkeUrh tqx lwa BsBvkèkqfud tqx rd jh ckr djS gS dfo b.k fpUrkef.k* esaA fpUrkef.k* esa fpUrk Hkh gS vj fpUru HkhAlkp rks ;ks gS dS fcuk fpark fpra.k OgS bZ uha ldSA ckoth uS fpUrk gh lekt jh] lekt esa ilj~;ksM+hfolaxfr;ka jh] fcM#irkoka jhA os lekt uS cqjk;ka lwa eqxr dj.kks pkork] os vkilh esytksy] lkSgkæZ]mnkjrk] Je] lkap] fuLBk vkn esa foLokl jk[krk gkA b.k nhB lwa ckoth dfo jS lkxS ,d Bkok&pkok yksd fl{kd Hkh gkA lekt lqèkkj vj lekt lsok jh ,d pyrh&fQjrh laLFkk gk ckothAvL;k ukeh dfo jh iksFkh ^prqj fpUrkef.k uS i<+ok iwBS m.kesa uhpS eqtc folslrkoka ewaMS cksyrhnh[kS&

1- lkekftd ljksdkj

2- lekt esa QSy;kSM+k QwV

61

3- lkekftd lkaLÑfrd vsdrk

4- èkkjfed ln~Hkko

5- vkRekykspu jh t:jr

6- lalkj jh uLojrk

7- ekuo lqHkko jh folslrkoka

8- o)tu lk: lgkuqHkwfr

9- ukjh [kkrj lEeku

10- X;ku vj lkèkuk esa xq# jks egÙo

11- Hkxr LoHkko jh folslrkoka& leiZ.k] vsdfuLBk] çse] lsok vj ijksidkj

12- ekuo lqHkko jks xgjkbZ lwa vè;;u

13- yksdthou jh ÅaMh le>

14- thou esa oSX;kfud midj.kka jks iljko

15- vkijS leS jS cnGko jks fp=.k

vka folslrkoka esa lwa dha VkGoha folslrkoka jk mnkgj.k b.k Hkkar gS&

¼v½ lalkj jh uLojrk

jkfr fnol nqgqa ikao lksa] vkor ehp uxhpAlhafp jg~;kS rÅ fot; r#] jS eu fuHkZ; uhpAA

cjru dkph xkj T;ksa] xjr u ykxs okjAD;ksa uj ru dks ik; dj] djr u jke laHkkjAA

gkFkh lkFkh gksr ufga] g; rs g; u cpkrAjFk u euksjFk nsr lax] in u inkrh tkrAA

¼vk½ Kku vj lkèkuk esa xq# jks eSro

xq# opuka jh es[k lwa] eu jks ?kksM+ks ckaèkAKku vxkM+h vku us] çse iNkM+h lkaèkAA

lar] lkL=] lrxq# frUgs] le>koS fdfg HkkarAefjcs dh tkus u T;ks] efjcs gw is ckrAA

¼b½ vkRekykspu

fnu vkaF;ks FkkD;ka cGn] fi;ks u D;kjks ,dAop esa ik.kh QwVX;ks] fg;kQwV Fkwa ns[kAA

¼b½ ekuo lqHkko jh folslrkoka vj lh[k

dke cM+ks oks gh cM+ks] oFkk cM+ks vkdkjAesaxy eksVk nkar jks] ukuk u[k jks uk*jAA

VV~Vw er dj VsaV] ;ks èku vksjka oklrsAfcuk vjFk jh csB] Fkkjs ekFks esy nhAA

tx esa tksxh nks;] tkfgj gS ru&eu r.kkAeu tksxh pqi gks;] ru tksxh cksys ?k.kkAA

62

jg¡V fQjS pj[;kS fQjS] i.k Qjck esa QsjA;ks rks ckM+ gj~;ks djS] oks Nwarka jks <sjAA

dkjM rks dSrks fQjS] gj dhuS gduk[kAthajks OgS thauS dgS] fg;s fyQkQks jk[kAA

5-7 ^fpUrkef.k* jks dyk i[k

5-7-1 Hkklk &

^fpUrkef.k* jh ewG Hkklk jktLFkkuh ¼esokM+h½ gSA dfo&ifjpS eka; ckoth jS ifjpS jS vUrxZrvkika tk.k pqD;k gka dS ckoth esokM+ jkt?kjk.kk lwa lEcfUèkr gkA vkijh ek;M+ HkklkjktLFkkuh Hkklk jh esokM+h cksyh ghA dnkfpr vkijks mn~nsL; X;ku jh okrka esokM+ jh turkrkabZ iqxko.kks gks vj b.k mn~nsL; jh iwfrZ lk: esokM+h lwa lcG nwtks tfj;kS uha OgS ldS gksb.k dkj.k ckoth vkijh dkO; Hkklk jS :i esa esokM+h uS pq.khA

ckoth jks ?k.k[kjks leS CkztHkwfe esa fudG~;kS vj Ckzt ij okajks vfèkdkj Hkh gksA ckoth jhdkO; jpuk jS dky[k.M ekFkS fopkj djka rks m.k cxr dsbZ jpukdkj dfo Ckzt Hkklk esadkO; jpuk djrk gkA ckoth Hkh Ckzt Hkklk esa dkO; jpuk dhèkhA b.k rjS d;kS tk; ldSckoth jh dkO; Hkklkoka jS :i esa cksypky jh esokM+h vj Ckzt nksU;wa gSA jpukoka esa ckothpyu esa vk;k vaXkzsth lcnka uS Hkh fcuk fd.kh ladksp jS dke esa yhèkkA QksuksXkzke] Vsl.k¼LVslu½] flaxy ¼flxuy½] dkjM ¼dkMZ&iksLVdkMZ½ tsM+k lcn b.k dFku jS mnkgj.k l#ifx.kk;k tk ldS gSA vaXkzsth lcnka jS vykok dsbZ rRle vj rn~Hko lcnka jks Hkh ç;ksx vkilgt :i lwa dhèkksA cUèkq] fe=] vkJe] pj.k] xksfoUn] tM+&psru] ver] fol tsM+k rRlerks ewj[k] lkap] Åej] inkjFk] [kjp] :a[k] nqjyHk tSM+k rn~Hko lcn b.kjk mnkgj.k gSAvjch&Qkjlh jk Hkh dsbZ lcn vkijh dkO; Hkklk esa fuxS vkosA mnkgj.k l:i xkfQy]uthd ¼utnhd½] ekfyd] lknk] eqfLdy] ealk] eqtc] eqjth ¼ethZ½ tL;k lcnka jks mYys[kdj~;kS tk; ldSA

5-7-2 Nan

^prqj fpUrkef.k* XkzaFk eka; nwok] lksjBk] loS;k] dqaMfG;ka vkn Nanka jks ç;ksx eq[; :i lwafOg;kS gSA

5-7-3 lEcksèku dkO; ijaijk

çkphu jktLFkkuh dkO; esa lEcksèku dkO; jh ykach vj lcG ijaijk feySA dfo fØikjkef[kfM+;k vkijS lsod jkft;k uS lEcksfèkr djrka dsbZ nwgk&lksjBk dg~;k tdk ^jkft;k jklksjBk* jS ukao lwa çfl) gq;kA b.kh Hkkar bZ ckoth Hkh Ånk ¼mn~;k½] uS lacksfèkr djrk Fkdk^vy[k iphlh* ukao jh iksFkh esa b.k ijaijk jkS fuokZg dj~;kSA vka nwoka esa v)kZyh ¼nksgk jhvkèkh vksGh½ esa mfn;k vy[k fiNk.k* feyS ft.kjks vjFk vkS gS ds gs mfn;k] rwa vy[k ¼Ckzg~e½uS fiNk.kA*

5-7-4 vyadkj

^prqj fpUrkef.k* eka; miek] #id] mRçs{kk] vuqçkl vkn vyadkjka jks Hkjiwj ç;ksx feySAdBS&dBS ^n"VkUr* jks Hkh pkokS fuokZg fOg;kS gSA

mnkgj.k

63

iqUu iki jh cko.k gksos] lq[k nq[k iM+S yq.kkbZAÅej tek [kjp OgS bZ esa] ?kVs&cèks uha jkbZAA ¼:id½

,d lGh jS vkljs] iljs ?kVs çdklAnhok T;wa gh nsg esa] eulk eqtc mtklAA ¼n"Vkar½

lc lkèku lksa ljy] v# lc lksa mÙke tkuAlc gh lksa vfr dfBu gS] lqfej.k Jh HkxokuAA ¼vuqçkl½

Qsj&Qsj esa Qsj gS] thaus tL;ks t.kk;AuG esa rks tG eksdGks] Qsj Qsjok eka;AA ¼;ed½

5-8 ckoth vj oka jks dkO; % lkj :i esa

ÅijyS fooj.k esa ckoth prqjflag th jh dkO; lkèkuk vj ^fpUrkef.k* jh dkO;xr folslrkoka jkslkj b.k Hkkar gS&

1- ckoth jkt&ifjokj lwa lEcfUèkr OgSrk Fkdk Hkh vke vkneh jh jg.k&lg.k viukvks ft.klwao.kka jS dkO; esa vke vkneh jk nq%[k&njn lthork lwa çxV fOg;kA

2- ckoth nslkVu [kwc dhèkks b.k dkj.k os Hkkar&Hkkar jk feu[kka jS] Hkkar&Hkkar jh thou&lSyhjS vj laLÑfr jS laidZ esa vk;kA vS lxGh ckrka vkijS dkO; esa çfrfcfEcr Ogh gSA

3- os ekuo ek= jh vsdrk jk gkeh gkA

4- ckoth jS dkO; esa mnkr thou ewY;ka jks fnXnjlu feGSA

5- lekt jS detksj ojx& fdlku] efgykoka vkn uS vki dnSbZ detksj uha ekU;kA

6- vki y{; flf) ¼vkRe Kku½ lk# xq: jh t:jr uS Lohdkj djSA

7- ckoth lekt esa O;kIr QwV&Qthrk] Åap&uhp] yksHk&ykyp] o) tu jh mis{kk] nwtk jksgd nkc.kks] fgalk] vlR; vkn uS feu[k tkr jk l=q ekurk vj vka fol;ka lkFkS ^prqjfparkef.k* esa vkijh Hkkoukoka [kqy uS çxV dhèkhA

8- ljy lknxhiw.kZ thou jk fgek;rh ckoth dFk.kh&dj.kh esa Hksn uS geslk cqjks ekU;ksA vkijh;k folslrk vkijS dkO; esa lqHkV y[kkoSA

9- ckoth jks dkO; ljy vj yksd thou lwa tqfM+;ksM+kS gSA

10- ckoth lar gkso.k jS lkFkS dfo Hkh gkA vkijks lar lqHkko vj dfo deZ ef.k&dkapu ;ksx jhHkkar vkijh jpukoka esa çxV fOg;kS gSA

11- vki yksxka lkFkS pjpk&minsl vkn esa Hkh le; fcrkork gk b.k lwa vkijS dkO; uS lef)feyh gSA

5-9 bdkbZ lkj

ckoth tsM+k egkiq#l lfn;ka esa dnS&dnS bZ tue ysosA vkijh jpukoka dkGt;h gSA vkt Hkh vkikackoth jh jpukoka ckapk rks vkika uS ykxS dS ;ka eka; çxV Hkkoukoka lkjLor gSA lekt vkt Hkhckoth jh jpukoka jks jlkLoknu djrka Fkdk lqekxZ ekFkS vXkzlj OgS ldSA ckoth jS O;fDrRo esa dfo]yksdfl{kd vj fl) ;ksxh rhuwa ,d lkFk feySA xq.kka jh ;k f=os.kh fojyk yksxka esa bZ t feySA ckothjS dkO; jh çklafxdrk b.k dFku jh vkt Hkh lk[k HkjS vj Hkfol esa Hkh Hkjrh jsoSykA

64

5-10 vH;kl jk loky

1- b.k bdkbZ jS vuqlkj lar jh folslrkoka fy[kksA

2- ckoth prqjflag th jks lEcUèk fd.k jkt?kjk.kk lwa gS\

3- b.k bdkbZ eka; ckoth prqjflag jS O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo ekFkS fd.k&fd.k fo}kuka jk fopkjjk[;k dj~;k x;k gS\

4- ^prqj fpUrkef.k* jk laiknd jks ukao fy[kksA

5- ckoth prqjflagth jS vuqlkj lekt jS eka; ikjLifjd fo}sl vj fgalk jh tM+ dkabZ gS\

6- ckoth jh fd.k vksG~;ka eka; ukjh lxrh jks xq.kxku dj~;kS x;ks gS\

7- ^prqj fpUrkef.k* jk dksbZ nks nwgk fy[kks ft.k eka; dfo uhfr lEcUèkh ckr dgh gSA

8- ^prqj fpUrkef.k* jS Hkko i{k jh dksbZ pkj folslrkoka fy[kksA

9- ckoth jk dksbZ nks nwgk fy[kks ft.k eka; ekuo lqHkko jh folslrkoka njlk;h xbZ OgSA

10- ^prqj fpUrkef.k* jh Hkklk ekFkS vkijk fopkj çxV djksA

11- vkijk fopkj lwa ^prqj fpUrkef.k* dkO; jh dksbZ nks fljS folslrkoka fy[kksA

5-11 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- laXkzkeflag jk.kkor& egkjkt prqjflag& O;fDrRo ,oa ÑfrRo] çrki 'kksèk çfr"Bku] mn;iqj¼Hkwiky ukscYl egkfo|ky;½ çdk'ku cjl laor~ 2020 foØehA

2- ckoth prqjflag& prqj fpUrkef.k ¼ikap Hkkx½] esokM+ f'ko 'kfDr fo|kihB] jktegy]mn;iqj] çdk'ku ojl laor~ 2028 fo-A

3- dUgS;kyky jktiqjksfgr & ^ckoth prqjflagth*] lkfgR; vdknseh] u;h fnYyh] çdk'ku lu~1996 bZ-A

4- ckoth prqjflag& ^vy[k iphlh*] f'ko'kfDr fo|kihB] jktegy] mn;iqjA

5- ckoth prqjflag& ^'ks"k pfj=*] f'ko'kfDr fo|kihB] jktegy] mn;iqjA

65

bdkbZ & 6

izeq[k doslj % dsljh flag ckjgBbdkbZ jh :ijs[kk

6-0 mn~nsL;

6-1 izLrkouk

6-2 dsljh flag ckjgB dks tye vj thou

6-2-1 xq.k vj Kku

6-2-2 Økafrdkjh dsljh flag ckjgB

6-2-3 dsljhflag ckjgB dksVk esa

6-2-4 dsljh flag dks vksG[kk.k

6-3 psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k

6-4 dsljhflag is vkjksi vj n.M

6-5 tsG esa dsljhflag

6-6 djeohj dsljhflag

6-7 dsljhflag vj lekt lq/kkj

6-8 dsljhflag dk fcpkj

6-9 dsljhflag dk lkfgR; dk lkarjk Ik[k

6-10 lqjxokl

6-11 lanHkZ iksF;ka

6-0 mÌsL;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa pkj.k ijaijk dk fljtd jpukdkjka dks egrkÅ tksxnku ?k.kka eku vjlj/kk lw¡ lqej~;ks T;koS NSA vs pkj.k jktdfo ds :Ik esa jS;k Nk vj [kqn dk vklz;nkrku~ dk xq.kc[kk.kck csbZ dforkoka fljtS NkA mYys[ktksx ckr ;k NS dS T;ka pkj.k dfo;k¡ ds rkabZ jkt dhvkM+h lw¡ fojn xkck csbZ lq[k] lk/ku vj lqfo/kkok¡ c[lh T;koS Nh] os bZ pkj.k dfo vki.kkvklz;nkrk ds rkabZ jkt&/kje dh xSy is vkMk& MksMk pkyrk ns[k *j [kqn dh dfork lw¡ vL;kspweV~;ks HkjS Nk] dS ejtkn eqGdck ykxS Nh vj jkt dks nji neU;ks iM+ T;koS NksA bZa nhB lw¡ pkj.kijaijk dk dfo;k¡ dks O;fDrRo vj fljt.k vck:¡ Hkh feu[kka uS ekVh dh ejtkn iS lxGk lq[kfuNkoj djck dh izsj.kk n~;s NSA mUuhlok¡ lkbZdk esa Hkkjr is ijnslh jkt dk tksj& tqyeku~ dksfojks/k dj *j lqrarjrk dks psr txkck okGk tks/kku~ dh gjkoG ikar esa fy[;ks T;koS NS Bkdqj dsljhflag ckjgB dks ukaoA ok¡ dk O;fDrRo vj ok¡ dk fljt.k dk lkarjk Ik[k bZa ckapcks lqrarjrk csbZdkGT;k esa cGrh yk; dks rki EgSlwl djcks tL;ks NSA bZa rki ds rkabZ ts lxGk feu[k vki.kkaeuM+ka esa vaxstY;s rks LokjFk dk L;kGk esa iuick okGh /kwt.kh lw¡ cP;ks tk ldS NSA

6-1 izLrkouk

pkSngok¡ lkbdk dh Fkji.kk gksck dh ySjka bZ fpRrkSM+ dks ^ vts; * DgSykck gkGks fdYyks fnYyh dklqyrku vykmn~nhu f[kyth egkjk.kk jruflag lw¡ thrfy;ksA bZa thr ds lkxS tqM+h ijh ckrka dgh

66

vj lq.kh T;koS NSA vlh gh ,d ckr is fgUnh lkfgR; dks vEej xzaFk ^ in~ekor * ek¡M~;ks X;kS NSAegkjk.kh ineuh dk tkSgj dh [;kr Hkh bZa bZ ?kVuk lw¡ tqM+h gksbZ NSA bZa ds ikNS fpRrkSM+ dk egkjk.kkvki.kka x<+ ds rkabZ QS:¡ thrck csbZ yxkSyx tq} vj tru djrk j~;k] iW.k ckr UgW c.khA egkjk.kky{e.kflag vj vfjflag rks vL;k gh tq)ku esa dke vk;kA egkjk.kk gehj dks cxr vkrka vkrka rksvc[kk;k¡ vruh cnxh Nh ds egkjk.kk uS }kjdk tk *j vki.kka izk.k rt nsck dks bjknks dj fy;ksiW.k cxrlj lkarjh lh[k vj lS;ksx feyck lw¡ egkjk.kk gehj uqbZ ÅtkZ ds lkxS vki.kka iqj[kku~ dksfdYyks thrck dks tru dj~;ksA NsdM+] lu~ 1343 esa okauS lQyrk Hkh feyhA bZa thr esa egkjk.kkgehj ds rkabZ pkj.k tkfr dk nsFkk xkS= esa tyE;k tks/kk ck: dks egrkÅ lsS;ksx feY;ks NksA egkjk.kkck: ds rkabZ ØksM+& ilko c[kl *j mejko dks ntksZ fn;ks x;ks vj ckjg xk¡oka dh tkxhj cxl*jckauS vki.kks iksG&ikr c.kk;ksA egkjk.kk bZ oka dk xkS= ds rkabZ ^ lkSnk ckjgB * ukao fn;ks] D;w¡ dSck: dk gB ds ik.k bZ egkjk.kk dk dkGT;k esa fpÙkkSM+ thrck dh gw¡l QS:¡ tkxh NhA ck: dk oalesa dslk] tlk] u: vj nsok tL;k druk gh tq>kj gks;k] T;ka dh ohjrk dh lk[k jktLFkku dh ujh[;krka HkjS NSA

Å¡ bZ oal ijaijk esa lu~ 1849 esa Bkdqj d".kflag dks tye gks;ksA Bkdqj Ñ".kflag vki.kka c[kr dkpkok& Bkok jktuhfrK vj fo}ku NkA egf"kZ n;kuan ljLorh lu~ 1882 esa tn mnSiqj i/kkj~;k rksegkjk.kk lTtuflag dh ySjka Bkdqj Ñ".kflag oka dh lsok esa j~grka êuqLefr*] U;k;*] lka[;] oS'ksf"kdvkfn egrkÅ fol;ku~ vj nlZu dh iksF;k¡ Ik<+h xq.kh NhA Bkdqj d".kflag dk lqHkko esa nsltlaLdfr ds csbZ gsr vj xqeku dwV dwV ds Hkj~;ks NksA lqrarjrk ds csbZ gsr rks IgSyh lw¡ gh Nks] egf'kZn;kuan ljLorh dk lkFk uS Å¡ gsr ds rkabZ uqvk <c lw¡ xk<+ks dj fn;ksA oka dk gsr dkca/k egf"kZ n;kuan dk [kkl psyk ';ke th Ñ".k oekZ vj Lokeh J}kuan lw¡ Hkh tqM+X;kA

Å¡ cxr Hkkjr is vaxzstk¡ dks jkt NksA lu~ 1857 dh Økafr ds ikNS nsl bZa ijnslh jkt dh lkadGk¡lw¡ NqM+kck dks psr [kw.;k& [kw.;k esa ilj X;ks NksA ';keth Ñ".k oekZ vj Lokeh J}kuan nksU;w¡vktknh dh yM+kbZ dh gjkoG ikar dk flikbZ NkA ;ka dh laxr dks vlj Bkdqj d".kflag ckjgBis iM+cks ykfteh NksA bZa lw¡ os Hkh vaxzst vQljka dh nhB esa vkX;kA lu~ 1882 esa nsoyh dksiksfyfVdy ,tsaV fe- osoj Bkdqj ÑL.kflag ckjgB lw¡ ukjkt gksX;ksA NsdM+ oka ds rkabZ 'kkgiqjk lw¡ik¡p cjl csbZ ckg~jS [kM+ tkck dks Qjeku lq.kk fn;ks x;ksA

jktk dks gsr

vaxzst vQlj jksl esa Nks] iW.k 'kkgiqjk dk jktk Bkdqj Ñ".kflag is esgjcku NkA oka uS bZa ltk dsrkabZ Hkh ,d uqvks jax ns fn;ksA pwWafd jktkf/kjkt ukgjflag vaxzsth Qjeku dh gqdqe mnwyh UgWa djldS Nk] vL;kWa esa ok¡ us ,d xSyks [kkM~;ks vj Bkdqj Ñ".kflag ckjgB ds rkabZ mnSiqj egkjk.kk dknjckj csbZ 'kkgiqjk dks odhy c.kk *j mnSiqj [k¡nk fn;ksA mnSiqj njckj esa Bkdqj Ñ".kflag dk cnrkvlj lw¡ lu~ 1893 esa mnSiqj dks iksfyfVdy ,tsaV Hkh fp<+X;ksA Bkdqj Ñ".kflag ckjgB tks/kiqjnjckj dh lsok esa iwxX;k cj cBS gh okauS NsdM+yh lk¡l yhA

6-2 dsljh flag ckjgB dks tye vj thou

Bkdqj Ñ".kflag tha cxr vaxzsth Qjeku lw¡ 'kkgiqjk NksM~;ks] Å¡ lw¡ yxS& VxS nl cjl IgSyh 21uoacj lu~ 1872 esa dsljhflag dks tye tkxhj dk xk¡o nsoiqjk esa gks;ks A ok¡ dk tye ds ,d EghukikNS bZ ok¡ dh tke.k c[rkoj d¡oj uS dkG fuxG X;ks iW.k nsotksx lw¡ ok¡ dh nknh ek¡ Jaxkj d¡ojdk vk¡pG esa nw/k mrj~vk;ks vj ukUgk dsljh bZa ek¡ dk nw/k dh deh UgWa v[kjhA

nknh dk gsr dk vkHkS ds rGS ckGd dsljhflag cnck ykX;ksA Jaxkj d¡oj us ts laLdkj BkdqjÑ".kflag ds rkabZ fn;k Nk] os bZ laLdkj dsljhflag ds rkabZ tk.kS ?kqV~Vh esa fiyk fn;kA pkj.k dh vku

67

vj ekVh dk eku dk laLdkjka lw¡ jP;k iP;k Bkdqj dsljh flag lkfcr dj fn;ks ds os Qxr ukaodk gh Ugkj ¼dsljh ½ dks; Ug¡] tn ok¡ dh ndkG xw¡tS NS rks dk;j vj LokFkhZ feu[kka ds chpSlj.kkVks ilj T;koS NS vj lq.kck gkGk¡ esa drZO; dks Hkko tk.kS vjM+kVk ekjck ykx T;koS NSA

6-2-1 xq.k vj Kku

N% cjl dh mej esa 'kkgiqjk dk egar lhrkjke dh ns[kjs[k esa dsljhflag vki.kha Ik<+kbZ dhFkji.kk djhA nks cjl ikNS bZ Bkdqj d".kflag dk'kh lw¡ iafMr xksihukFk 'kkL=h ds rkabZ bZaokaN~;k lw¡ 'kkgiqjS U;war fy;ks ds os ckGd dsljhflag ds rkabZ lkLrjk esa crk;k <c lw¡] laLdrfl{kk dh jhr eqtc Ik<+koSxkA dsljh flag Ik<+kbZ esa gq¡fl;kj NkA ok¡ dh cqf} iz[kj Nh vj;knnkLr ?k.kha rst NhA ns[krka bZ ns[krka] ckGd dsljhflag ^vej dks'k * tlh iksFkh daBLFkdj yhA

Lku~ 1882 esa egf"kZ n;kuan tn mnSiqj i/kkj~;k rks oka uS dfojktk ';keynkl lw¡ vjt djhds ok¡ dh pkj.k ikSlkG dk ckGdk¡ uSa os ,d cxr vki.kS lkeh thekcks pkg~oS NSA dfojktkgkeG Hkj nhA T;ka ckGdka ds rkabZ egf"kZ n;kuan ds lkeh theck dks ekSdks feY;ks] ok¡ esadsljhflag ckjgB Hkh NkA Å¡ cxr egf"kZ n;kuan ckGdka uS lh[k nsrk ts ckr Dgh] ok lkjhtw.k dsljhflag dh xSy ÅtGh djrh j~ghA egf"kZ Qjek;ks Nks & ^^ cPpku~vks] FkSa tye lw¡rks pkj.k Nks gh ljh] iW.k dje lw¡ Hkh bZa /kj.kh dk lk¡pk pkj.k c.k *j fn[kkT;ksA **

Pkkj.k] ts Qxr vki.kk vklz;nkrk dks xq.kxku gh UgW djS] drZO; dh xSy lw¡ HkVdrk feu[kds rkabZ ns[k *j Å¡ ds rkabZ pSrkos Hkh NSA [;kr bZa ckr dh lk[k HkjS NS ds dsljhflag vki.kkatqx dks lkapks pkj.k c.k *j ftuxk.kh th NhA

6-2-2 Økafrdkjh dsljh flag ckjgB

dsljh flag es/kkoh NkA ok¡ us laLdr] fgUnh] jktLFkkuh ds lkxS bZ ckaXyk] ejkBh] ct vjxqtjkrh Hkklkok¡ dks Hkh lkarjks Kku NksA os T;ksfr[k] xf.kr] [kxksy lkL= vj jktuhfr dkpks[kk tk.kdkj NkA ok¡ dk xq.k vj Kku bZa ij[k *j mnSiqj dk egkjk.kk Qrgflag us lu~1891 esa ok¡ uS vki.kh pkdjh esa ys fy;ksA Å¡ cxr dsljh flag dh mej Qxr mUuhl cjlNhA ;s bZ os fnu Nk tn vaxzst iksfyfVdy ,tsaV duZy ekbYl jktdkt esa ?k.kksa n[ky nsckykxX;ks NksA duZy ekbYl dk n[ky lw¡ fucVck csbZ egkjk.kk Qrgflag vki.kka cxr dkukephu cSfjLVj ';ke th d".k oekZ uS esokM+ dks nhoku c.kk fn;ksA ;k ?kVuk lu~ 1893dh NS vj bZa cjl bZ iksfyfVdy ,tsaV dk fp<+ck lw¡ dsljhflag dk firkth Bkdqj d".kflagckjgB mnSiqj njckj dh lsok NksM*j tks/kiqj njckj esa x;k NkA

6-2-3 dsljhflag ckjgB dksVk esa

dksVk dk egkjko mEesnflag dks C;ko mnSiqj dk egkjk.kk Qrsgflag dh ykM+slj lw¡ gks;ks NksAmnSiqj vkrk& tkrka bZa egkjko mEesnflag dk eu is dsljhflag dk xq.k vj Kku vlh NkiNksM+h ds ok¡uS egkjk.kk lw¡ Bkdqj dsljh flag dh lsok vki.kS csbZ ek¡x yhA egkjk.kk dL;k¡uV ldS Nk \ dsljhflag ckjgB dksVk i/kkj~;kA vBh gh dfojktk nsohnku dh cgu ekf.kdd¡oj lw¡ ok¡ dks C;ko gks;ksA ekf.kd d¡oj Mhy dk ihatM+k esa lk¡lka dks ik¡[kh j~gSrka Fkdkagesl Bkdqj dsljhflag ckjgB dh xSy dk lwG vki.kha iydka lw¡ cqgkj~;kA ekf.kd d¡oj vjdsljh flag dk ?kj esa izrkiflag] j.kthr flag tL;k csVk vj panzef.k] lkSHkX;ef.k tlhcsfV;k¡ tyehA

6-2-4 dsljh flag dks vksG[kk.k

lu~ 1902 esa dsljhflag xq: Lokeh Kkukuan dk DgSck lw¡ dk'kh vj dksydkrk dh tkrjk

68

djhA Å¡ cxr dksydkrk Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh gkscks djS NksA bZa tkrjk esa dsljh flag ,uhfclasV] egf"kZ vjfoUn ?kks"k] ujsUnzukFk lsu] ckyeqdqan xqIr] ckcw ';kelqanj nkl] jktk I;kjheksgu eq[kthZ] xaxk/kj 'kkL=h] egkegksik/;k; jk;feJ tL;k nkuk& L;k.kk feueka lw¡ feY;kAok¡ dk psr vj fparu bZa ,d uqbZ nhB feyhA

dksVk jkt dh lsok esa j~grka dsljh flag ?k.kdjk egrkÅ dkjt dj~;kA lu~ 1902 lw¡ 1907ds chpS oka uS fj;klr esa j~gSck gkGh ukGh ukGh tkfr;k¡ dk losZ[k.k ¼,XuksxzkQh losZ½ dksc.kk;k x;kA bZa dkG[k.M esa bZ cs dksVk fj;klr dh twuh iksF;k¡ vj ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ HkhO;ofLFkr djhA lu~ 1905& 06 esa dksVk jkt P;k:¡ osnka bZa Nkick dh ;kstuk c.kkbZ rksdsljh flag P;k:¡ osnka dks fgUnh esa mGFkkS djcks l: dj fn;ks iW.k ujk dkj.kka lw¡ ;k;kstuk v/kwjh jS;xhA

bZa lw¡ Hkh IgSyh lu~ 1903 esa dsljh flag ckjgB vk¡[kj vj lqj dk :Ik vj vkdkj ckcregrkÅ lks/k dkjt dh Fkji.kk dj nh NhA oka fnuka pwM+h dk cktk ¼QksuksxzkQ½ dk xksGjsdkMZ is lcn dh /ofu Hkjh T;koS Nh vj Qsj jsdkMZ lq.;ks tkoS NksA dsljh flag bZa pwM+h¼jsdkWMZ½ is Hkj~;k tkck gkGk lcnk¡ dh /ofu dk vkdkj bZa m.Mkik lw¡ ck¡P;ks vj ukGk& ukGkvk¡[kjk dk mPpkjck lw¡ gksck gkGk daiu ds rkabZ lqj& fyfi uS dkxn is mrkj~;ksA oka dks;ks tru ?k.kksa egrkÅ vj /khjt gkGks NksA bZa [kkst is dke djrk Fkdka bZ dsljh flag dwVfyfi ek¡Mck esa Hkh ekfgj gksX;kA ok¡ dks ;ks xq.k lqrarjrk dh yM+kbZ yM+ck gkGk dzkafrdkfj;k¡ds csbZ ?k.kksa dke dks lkfcr gks;ksA

6-3 psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k

lu~ 1903 vj bZa ds yxS& VxS dks cxr dsljhflag ckjgB dk thou esa bZa ys[ks bZ egrkÅ UgWa j~;ksdS bZa dkG[k.M esa ok¡ dksVk fj;klr ds csbZ eksVk vj yksBk dkjt lk/;k] ;ks cxr ok¡ dh ftuxk.khesa bZa nhB lw¡ Hkh cÙkk egRr dks j~;ks ds bZa dkG[k.M esa bZ cs psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k* tlh ok vEej jpukfljth] tha lwa ok¡ dks ukao jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk vkxhok.k jpukdkjka ds HksGi esa vk;X;kSA ^psrko.khjk pwaxV~;k* uS ok¡ dks ukao Hkkjr dk lqrarjrk laxzke dh [;kr esa Hkh lksuk dk vk¡[kjka lw¡ ek¡M fn;ksA

;k Qjojh lu~ 1903 dh ckr NSA Hkkjr dk crkZuoh ok;ljk; ykWMZ dtZu baXyS.M dk lezkV ,MoMZlkrok¡ dk jktfrGd dk ekSdk is fnYyh esa 2 Qjojh 1903 ds nu ,d lkgh njckj dks vk;kstujk[;kSA bZa esa lxGk egrkÅ jktk U;wark x;k NkA lkgh njckj dks ewG edln ;ks Nks ds lkjks tekjksHkkjr esa vaxzth jkt dk BkB Hkh ns[k ysoS vj jktfrGd dh jhr eqtc utjk.kks HksaV djrk FkdkaHkkjr dk lxGk jktk bZa ckr uS ekuY;S ds vc vaxzsth jkt ds rGS j~gcks bZ oka dk Hkkx esa cn~;ksNSA

mnSiqj dk egkjk.kk Qrsgflag IgSyh lkgh njckj esa gkftjh yxkck csbZ jkth UgWa gks;kAvaxzst vQljlke] nke] n.M] Hksn dh uhr lw¡ dke fy;kS NksA tn mnSiqj dk egkjk.kk is ok¡ dks tksj UgW pkY;ksrks ykWMZ dtZu egkjk.kk dh euokj djh A vki.kk gsr dh nqgkbZ nhA NsdM+] esokM+ dk egkjk.kk Hkhlkgh njckj esa tkck csbZ jkth gksX;kA ok¡ dh gkeG lwa yksxk¡ ds chpS lj.kkVks [kSap fn;ks] T;s yksxesokM+ bZa lqrarjrk dk psr bZa iks[kck gkGks ekuS NkA egkjk.kk izrki dk oal vj val lw¡ tqM~;kjkt?kjk.kk lw¡ yksxka bZa LokfHkeku dk lwjt dh rkrkl dh vkl Nh] rks bZa esa xyr Hkh dkabZ Nks\

fnYyh njckj esa tkck csbZ egkjk.kk dh gkeG lw¡ ts yksx ewu [kSapck csbZ etcwj gksX;k] oka esa Bkdqjdsljh flag ckjgB dks ukao Hkh NksA egkjk.kk Qrgflag dh lsok djrk Fkdka bZa dsljh flag dksVk jktdh lsok esa vk;k NkA dsljh flag ckjgB rsjg lksjBk ek¡M ^j egkjk.kk Qrgflag rkabZ iwxk;kA ;k¡lksjBka esa ok¡ bZa ckr is vpjt trk;ks ds Hkkjrh; lqrarjrk dks lwjt vaxzsth jkt bZ lykeh dk vkHkS

69

ekagh vkaFkck dL;k¡ tk j~;ks NS \ ;s lksjBk iwxck rd egkjk.kk fnYyh ys tkck gkGh vki.kha [kkljsyxkM+h esa cSB pqD;k NkA ;s lksjBk ck¡prka bZ ok¡ dh psruk dk uqok fdaokM+ vj os fnYyh iwX;k ikNSHkh lkgh njckj esa UgWa iwX;kA fnYyh njckj esa mnSiqj egkjk.kk dks jhrks iM~;ks vkl.k Å¡ vaxzst gqdwerdks ew.Mks fp<+krks j~;ks] ts gqdwer lxGh nqfu;k ds rkabZ vki.kha rkxr fn[kkcks pkg~oS NhA jktLFkkuhlkfgR; esa os rsjg lksjBk bZ ^ psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k * ukao lw¡ tkX;k T;koS NSA ;k¡ pwaxV~;ka dh ppkZdsljhflag ckjgB uS vaxzsth ljdkj dh vk¡[;ka dh fdjfdjh c.kk fn;ks vj vaxzst vQlj dsljh flagckjgB uS tsG esa [kankck dh tqxr esa tqVX;kA

6-4 dsljhflag is vkjksi vj n.M

lu~ 1912 rkabZ rks dsljhflag dh xfrfof/k;k¡ lgcks vaxzsth jkt ds rkabZ ?k.kksa vc[kks gksX;ksA ok¡ isxqIrpj vQlj nhB jk[kck ykX;kA fnYyh ykgkSj iM+iap ekeyk dh tk¡p vj bankSj dk vtqZuykylsBh dh ryklh ds cxr ljdkj uS dsljhflag is gkFk Mkyck dks vksGkoks feyX;ksA vtqZu yky lsBhvj dsljhflag ds chpS cjlka lw¡ laca/k NkA dsljhflag dk csVk izrkiflag vj taokbZ bZ'ojnku vkfl;kvtqZu yky lsBh dh ikSlkG esa gh Ik<~;k NkA ckn esa nksU;w¡ gfFk;kjcan dzkafr lw¡ tqM~;kA ljdkjtks/kiqj dk I;kjsjke ukao dk lk/kq dh gR;k dk rkj dsljhflag lw¡ tksM~;kA bankSj dks vkbZ-th- ¼iqfyl½vkeZLVªkax dsljhflag uS idM+ck 'kkgiqjk x;ks rks jktkf/kjkt ukgjflag /kks[kk lw¡ dsljhflag dhfxjQ~rkjh djok nhA rhu Eghuk rkabZ dsljhflag bankSj ds lkS<+s egw dh Nkouh esa can fj;kA

QSj] dksVk esa ,d [kkl vnkyr fcBkbZ xbZA iafMr Jhjke HkkxZo bZa vnkyr dk [kkl tt c.kk;kx;kA vaxzst ljdkj dk ,d vkyk vQlj ¼Mk;jsDVj] baVsyhtSal C;wjks ½ vkphZckYM DyhoyS.M dhns[k js[k esa ekeyk dh lq.kokbZ gksbZA jk; lkgc ewypan tL;k ukeh& fxjkeh odhy bZa ekeyk esavaxzth jkt dh iSjoh djhA vaxzst ljdkj rks dsljhflag ckjgB is gR;k dks tqeZ lkfcr dj *j ok¡ds rkabZ Qk¡lh is yVdkcks pkoS Nh] iW.k vL;ks UgW gks lD;ksAdsljh flag vj nwtk vkjksfi;k¡ dh vkM+hlw¡ eqdneks y[kuÅ dk ukephu odhy gkfenvyh yM~;kSA

dsljhflag is gR;k dks vkjksi lkfcr UgW gks ik;ks] iW.k oka uS jkt ds f[kykQ iM+iap jpck dks nkslhekU;ks x;ks vj ^jktnzksg * dk vkjksi esa oka bZa 6 vDVwcj 1914 uS chl cjl dk ^vkthou dkjkokl* vj dkGk ik.kh dh ltk lq.kkbZ xbZA dsljhflag] lksenRr ygjh] jkedj.k vj ghjkyky tkykSjhuS ^Lisly tt& dk bZa Qslyk ds f[kykQ egkjko dksVk dk njckj esa vihy djh] iW.k ;k vihyeatwj UgWa gksbZA vBh dsljhflag ds rkabZ ltk lq.kkbZ xh vj mBh 'kkgiqjk dks jktk ukgjflag vaxzstljdkj bZa [kql djck dh uhar lw¡ dsljh flag dh tkxhj dks xk¡o] gosyh vj lkjh laink tir djyhA ifjokj lM+dka is vkX;ksA

vkL;k vc[kk cxr esa Hkh dsljhflag gher UgWa gkjhA ?kjgkGka ds rkabZ os /khjt jk[kkck dh lh[k ghnsrk jS;kA dsljh flag dks ;ks eqdn~eks Hkkjr dh lqrarjrk dh yM+kbZ esa druks egrkÅ Nks] bZa dksvuqeku bZa ckr lw¡ gh yxk;ks tk ldS NS ds Å¡ cjl dkaxzsl dk verlj vf/koslu esa yksdekU;fryd tL;k usrk dsljhflag dh fjgkbZ csbZ izLrko jk[;ks NksA

6-5 tsG esa dsljhflag

lt+k r; gks tkck ds ikNS dsljhflag uS lSa lw¡ IgSyh dksVk dk lSUVªy tsG esa jk[;ks x;ksA oka ds rkabZdkGk ik.kh dh ltk Hkh lq.kkbZ xh Nh] iW.k os bZa cxr rkabZ pkGhl cjl dh mej ikj dj pqD;kNk vj dkGk ik.kh dh ltk pkGhl ikj feu[kka ds rkabZ UgWa nh tkoS NhA bZa ys[ks oka uS dkGks ik.khHkqxrck csbZ UgW f[kank;ks tk lD;ksA

vkthou dkjkokl Hkqxrok csbZ dsljhflag uS fcgkj dk gtkjhckx tsG esa HksT;ks x;ksA dksVk lw¡ ok¡

70

uS gtkjhckx csbZ [kankrh cxrka vaxzsth ljdkj yksaBks barT;ke j[kk.;ksA dsljhflag ,d dkxn esa bZa?kVuk dks C;kSjks Hkh ekaM~;ks Nks & ^ EgWbZ ,d lxM+ is lw/kks fyVk n~;ks X;ksA Egkjk gkFk ixka esa lkadGk¡NhA Egkjk MhG bZa ,d tsoM+k lw¡ dl *j lxM+ ds lkxS ck¡/k n~;ks] tha lw¡ Egw¡ fgy Hkh UgWa ldw¡A dksVkjkt vj vaxzsth iqfyl dk flikbZ canwdka Y;k¡ lxM+ ds ykjS& ykjS pky jS;k NkA ¼fgUnh lw¡ mGFkks½

tsG esa cM+rka bZ dsljh flag tsG esa j~gck rd vUu dks R;kx dj fn;ksA okWauS iz.k ys fy;ks dS os vcvUu xzg.k djSxk rks vki.kS ?kj iwx *j bZA vQljka ?k.kka tru dj~;k] iW.k dsljhflag dks iz.k UgWaVwV~;ksA

gtkjh ckx esa ok¡ ds rkabZ dkGdksBjh esa dke cwT;ks x;ksA iSyiksr ok¡ ds rkabZ pkdh ihlck dks dkefeY;ksA ;ks dke djrk ok¡ uS ukt dk nk.kka lw¡ vk¡[kj c.kk c.kk *j dSfn;k¡ ds rkabZ vka[kj Kkudjk;ksA tsG dk vQljka lw¡ okadks ;ks dke NqI;ks UgW j~;ksA vQlj bZa ckr lw¡ izHkkfor gks;kA bZa dhySjka bZ tsG dk vQljka ;k ckr Hkh ns[kh ds ukVs dn dk gksck lw¡ dsljh flag Åch pkdh uS pks[kk<c lw¡ UgWa pyk ikoS A NsdM+] dsljhflag ds rkabZ iksF;k¡ is ftUn ck¡/kck dks dke ns fn~;ks x;ksA

tsG esa lxGk feu[kka lw¡ dsljhflag dks ckSokj pks[kks NksA vaxzst vQlj Hkh ok¡ dk xq.k vj Kku dhrkjhQ djck ykX;k NkA IgSyk txr tq} ds ikNS ljdkj dk ,syku dk eqtc tqykbZ 1919 esadsljhflag uS Hkh tsG lw¡ NksM+ fn~;ks x;ksA vaxzst ljdkj uS ;ks [;ky rks ikNS vk;ks ds dsljhflagrks jktnzksg dh ltk dkV j~;k Nk] vj bZa ys[ks oka ds rkabZ NksM+ck dh njdkj UgW NhA vk ckr /;kuesa vkrka bZ vaxzst vQlj dksVk dk egkjko is ncko c.kkck ykX;k ds os dks; nwtk vksGkok lw¡dsljhflag uS ,d cSj QS:¡ fxjQ~rkj dj Y;S iW.k vaxzst vQljka dh euphrh UgWa gks ldhA

6-6 djeohj dsljhflag

dsljhflag Økafr ds rkabZ phrS Nk rks ok¡ dks dkGtks Hkh ,d lk¡P;k Økafrdkjh ds ukabZ xk<+ks NksA osckrka is Hkjkslks UgW djS Nk] dj fn[kkck iS Hkjkslks djS NkA tn ek;M+ Hkkse dh lqrarjrk ds csbZ R;kxdjck dh njdkj EgSlwl gksbZ rks os vki.kka firk dk ixka dk fulk.kka is pkyrk Fkdka vki rks ek;M+Hkkse dh lqrarjrk csbZ lfØ; gks;k bZ] iW.k tn oka dk NksVk HkkbZ tksjkoj flag vj csVk izrkiflag HkhR;kx vj cfynku dh bZa xSy is ix Fkji fn~;k rks dsljhflag uS xjc gh gks;ksA tksjkojflag ckjgBvj izrkiflag ckjgB dks ukao Hkh Økafrdkfj;k¡ ds chpS ?k.kk eku lw¡ fy;ks T;koS NSAjklfcgkjh cksldk Økafrdkjh laxBu lw¡ tqM~;ka tksjkoj flag vj izrkiflag vaxzsth gqdwer ds f[kykQ yM+rk bZlghn gks;kA

dsljhflag T;ka fnuka gtkjhckx tsG esa Nk] oka bZ fnuka oka dk ykM+yk csVk izrkiflag fQjaxh jkt lw¡yksgks ys j~S;k NkA os Hkkjrh; lqrarjrk laxzke dk ^ cukjl iM+iap ekeyk * esa nks[kh ekU;k x;k NkAckauS vaxzst ljdkj cjsyh tsG dh dkGdksBjh esa Bwal fn~;kA cBS bZ Qxr 25 cjl dh mej esa ]izrkiflag iqfyl gkGk¡ dh tkrukok¡ lw¡ tw>rk Fkdka 24 ebZ 1918 ds fnu ijyksd fl/kkj x;kA ;k[kcj gtkjhckx tsG esa dsljflag ckjgB ds rkabZ Ug¡ iwxkbZ xhA

tsG lw¡ NwV~;k¡ ikNS dsljhflag tn dksVk i/kkj~;k rks ok¡ dks [kwc lqokxr gks;ksA Å¡ bZ cxr ok¡ dkHkk;yk] MkW- xq:nRr] T;ka ds rkabZ ;k ekywe Ug¡ Nh ds dsljhflag lw¡ izrki dh [kcj Nqik yh xh Nh]dsljhflag lw¡ iwNh & ^^ vki uS izrki dh ekSr dh [kcj dn vj dL;k¡ feyh \**

vkxS cnrk dsljhflag dk ix vpk.kpd FkeX;kA ok¡ ,d fN.k ds csbZ ewu lk/;ks vj Qsj MkW- xq:nRruS mFkGks fn~;ks &^^ vckj] vki lw¡ bZ feyhA** ;k ckr dg*j os ySjka pkyrk feu[kka lw¡ Qsj nwljh ckrkadjck ykxX;kA ,d firk dk dkGT;k is eksV~;kj csVk dh ekSr dh [kcj otj izgkj dj~;ks gksxks] iW.kdsljhflag rks tk.kS dks; ds lkeS fucG nh[kcks tk.kS gh UgW NkA

71

dsljhflag ckjgB dks ukao lqrarjrk csbZ yM+kbZ yM+ j~;k tq>k:ok¡ dh gjkoG ikar esa fy[;ks tkckykX;ks NksA o/kkZ lw¡ tn ^ jktLFkku dsljh * ukao dks lkIrkfgd Nkiks l: gks;ks rks l:okr esadsljhflag bZa dks lapkyu dj~;ksA bZa Nkik dk laiknd e.My esa fot;flag ifFkd vj jkeukjk;.kpkS/kjh dk ukao NkA lu~ 1920 esa os dkaxzsl dk dksydkrk vf/koslu esa Hkkx ysck csbZ vki.kh ykM+sljpanzef.k dh ySjka x;kA o/kkZ lw¡ dksydkrk dh xSy esa Bke Bke is oka dks ^^ jktkoka tL;ks lqokxr **gks;ksA

6-7 dsljhflag vj lekt lq/kkj

tsG es j~grka Fkdka dsljhflag lkFkh dSfn;k¡ ds rkabZ vka[kj Kku djk;ks NksA os laLdr] fgUnh] fMaxG]ckaXyk] ejkBh] xqtjkrh tlh Hkklku~ is vf/kdkj j[kk.kS Nk vj T;ksfr[k] lka[;&;ksx& njl.k]jl&Nan& vyadkj] xf.kr] jktuhfr vj [kxksy lkL= dk tk.kdkj NkA

dsljhflag vki.kka cxr lwa vXkkaM+h pkyrk gks;ka vkck gkGk cxr dh t:jrka EgSlwl djh vj ?k.kdjhvuhfr;k¡ vj dqjhfr;k¡ dks fojks/k dj~;kSA ôkYVjdr jktiq= fgrdkfj.kh lHkk* esa dksVk fj;klr dkizfrfuf/k dh gSfl;r lw¡ ok¡ cgq fookg] NksVh mej esa C;ko] Vhdk dh jhr] nkl izFkk vj vkSlj&ekSlj tlh jhrk¡ ds f[kykQ vy[k txkck csbZ ?k.kka tru dj~;kA dksVk jkT; dk ^fMIVh baLiSDVjvkWQ Ldwy ^ j~grka rks oka Ik<+ck gkGak dk thou uS mi;ksxh c.kkck dh tksjnkj odkyr djh NhAlu~ 1905&06 esa ^jktiwrkuk ,.M lSaVªy bf.M;k ,T;wds'kuy ,slkfl,'ku * dh Fkji.kk dj *j Hkhdsljhflag fl{kk lq/kkj dh nhB lw¡ egrkÅ tru dj~;kA os Qxr jkt cnyck csbZ bZ UgWa tru djSNk] os vks Hkh ekuS Nk ds tn rkabZ feu[k ds rkabZ eku lw¡ thck dk <c vj lk/ku UgWa feySxk] nslvj lekt dh rjDdh UgW gks ldSxhA ok¡ dk truka lw¡ dksVk] jryke vj tks/kiqj tL;k uxjka esajktiwr& pkj.k Nk=kokl [kqY;k NkA

6-8 dsljhflag dk fcpkj

dsljhflag dk fcpkjka dh >Gd ok¡ dk dkjt rks n~;S gh NS] dye Hkh ok¡ dh bZekunkjh dh lk[kHkjS NSA cxrlj ekaM~;k x;k ok¡ dk dkxn vj cxr cxr is dgha xh ckrka] ekaM~;k ys[k & lw¡ ok¡dk ^tufgrdkjh * fcpkjka dk izek.k feyS NSA

tsG dh ltk [kre gks;ka ikNS tn csVh panzef.k ok¡ ds csbZ dkGE;k trkbZ rks ok¡ us iMqRrj n~;ks Nks& ^^ --- Hkkjr esa tye ysck dh ySjka bZ ts drZO; lxGh eu[k tw.k ds rkabZ feyS NS] ts dtksZ nsldh lxGh larkuka is NS& pkoS ck;j gksoS ds ejn] Å¡ dk dtkZ pqdkck esa bZ Egkadks dY;k.k NSA Egkjhikafr dk dtkZ dks pqxrkjks Egkjs ys[ks bZ NksM+ n~;ksA --- FkauS ;k ckr tk.k j larks[k gksoSxks ds Hkkjrdk ,d egrkÅ iznsl esa tkxj.k dh Fkji.kk vki.kk dqVqac dh egku vkgqfr lw¡ bZ gksbZ NSA bZa jktlw;ftX; esa Egka yksxka dh cfG eaxy nsck gkGh NSA feV tkck gkGk MhG dks cksnksiW.k vj bZa egkudkjt dks egRr HksGi esy j ns[;ka lw¡ bZ bZa ckr dh rksG iM+S NSA** ¼ fgUnh lw¡ mGFkks½

Hkklk vj laLdfr ds csbZ ,d Bke is oka fy[;ks Nks &^^ dks; Hkh nsl vj tkfr dh ftuxk.kh dks vk/kkj NS Å¡ dh Hkklk vj laLdfrA Hkklk fcxM+ck lw¡ laLdfr dks :Ik Hkh fcxM+ T;koS NSA**

Dsljhflag ckjgB l:okr esa gfFk;kjcan dzkafr is ifr;kjks jk[kS NkA iW.k /khjka /khjka os xk¡/khokn dhvkM+h yqGck ykX;kA lu~ 1940 esa cs jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh ds rkabZ ,d dkxn ekaM~;ksA jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh dsljh flag dk ykjyk fnuka dk lkFkh Nk vj ok¡ fnuka o/kkZ vklze esa bZ NkA 22 fnlacj 1940bZa ekaM~;ks x;ks ;ks dkxn dsljhflag dk fcpkjka esa cnyko vj ok¡ dh bZekunkjh dh lk[k HkjS NS^^ Egw¡ vfgalk uS feu[ktw.k dks lSa lw¡ egrkÅ /kje ekuw¡ Nw¡A dks; vcGk dh jPNk csbZ geyk djckgkGk is gkFk mBkcks t:jh gks Hkh T;koS rks Hkh] Å¡ geykoj dks gkFk rksM+ j rqjar Å¡ dh lsok esa oL;k¡

72

bZ ykx ldw¡ Nw¡] tL;k¡ vki.kk dks; lxk&uxk ds csbZA Egw¡ UgW tk.kw¡ ds Egkjh ;k vfgalk ckiw dhvfgalk ds HkSGi esyh tk ldSxh ds UgWa---A* ¼fgUnh lw¡ mGFkkS½

^ jktiwrkuk ,.M lSUVªy bafM;k ,T;qds'kuy ,slkfl,'ku * dh ;kstuk dk izk:Ik esa ok¡ fy[;ks Nks& ^^ ijeslj us T;k¡ ds rkabZ jkt] lain vj oSHko c[kL;ks NS] os lxGh phtk¡ & /ku] rkxr] cqf}]fo|j] cxr oxSjk vki.kka lekt vj vki.kka nsl dh HkykbZ ds csbZ ckijh tk.kh pkfgtSA tha esavki.kha laLdfr] lekt dks lkapks xqest dks; Ug¡] tha esa vki.kka nsl ds csbZ gsr dks; Ug¡] eu[k dkHks[k esa Åa /kj.kh is ,d dhM+k dh ukabZ NS vj Å¡ dks thcks f/kdkj NSA** ¼mGFkkS½

feu[kka dk ekatuka is Vhi nsrka Fkdka ,d Bke is oka dgha Nh &^^ lalkj esa vL;k feu[kka dh rknknderh dks; Uga ts ek.kd dh lG is elkyks ihlcks pkoS NS vj Qsj Å¡ dk phd.kkiW.k lw¡ >Yyk *jÅ¡ lG ds rkabZ Vapkck esa bZ vki.kh cqf}ekuh trkoS NSA **

6-9 dsljhflag dk lkfgR; dk lkarjk Ik[k

dsljh flag ckjgB uS lqrarjrk lSukuh dk rkSj is cM+h vksG[kk.k feyh] iW.k os ,d egku jpukdkjHkh NkA ok¡ dk fljt.k dk lkarjk Ik[k vkxS eaM~;k eqtc igpk.;k tk ldS NS%

v- nsl izse % os [kqn dk nsl vj laLdfr is ?k.kksa xqest djS NkA oka dh jpukoka esa ok¡ dks ;ks lkspijxV gks;ks NSA

c- uhfr vkM+h >qdko % futw ftuxk.kh esa Hkh] vj jkt&dkt esa Hkh dsljh flag ûhfr * lw¡ gVdSdke djck dk fojks/kh NkA ;k ckr ok¡ dh dforkok¡ esa Hkh >GdS NSA fgUnh esa rks ok¡ ûhfr dk nwgk*Hkh ekaM~;kA

l- vyadkj % dsljh flag ckjgB dh Hkklk is Å.Mh idM+ NhA os jktLFkkuh] fgUnh] caxkyh] xqtjkrhvj ejkBh esa n[kG j[kk.kS NkA Hkklk dh ;k rkxr ok¡ dk fljt.k uS flej/k djS NhA Nke Nkeis vyadkj ckij ds ok¡ us vki.kha ckr bZa cRrh rkxr nh NSA ^dqlqekatfy * uke dh dfork rks ^"ys'kvyadkj * dks yksBks mnkgj.k NSA tn ijr[k rkSj is ckr dks ,d vjFk gksoS vj Å¡ dks vlyh vjFkukGks gksos rks bZa ds rkabZ Hkklk dh nhB lw¡ "ys'k vyadkj ckijcks cxkoka Nk¡A ^dqlqekatfy * DgSck csbZrks dksVk jkt dk jktdfo dh vkM+h lw¡ vaxzst ljdkj dk fojn esa ek¡Mh xh dfork Nh] iW.k tn ykWMZdtZu us bZa dfork dks vjFk iatkc dk ,d vaxzst vQlj dh ekQZr tk.;ks rks Å ;k tk.k *j vpjtesa iM+ X;ks ds ts dfork IgSyh nhB esa rkjhQ djrh nh[kS NS] Å¡ dfork dks vlyh vjFk rks vaxjstljdkj dh vkykspuk djS NSA

n- Nan % dsljh flag nwth fo|koka dh ySjka dkO; lkLlrj dk Hkh iafMr NkA Nan esa ok¡ dh xfrfujokGh NhA oka us ??kuk{kjh] eugj] dfoRr] nwgk] lksjBk] gfjxhfrdk] loS;k t";k Nan cM+h rknknesa ekaM~;kA

;- cxr dks c[kk.k % dsljh flag ckjgB vi.kka cxr dh ?kVukoka is Å.Mh nhB j[kk.kS Nk vjnsl& nqfu;k dh ?kVukoka is vi.kk fcpkj dfork lw¡ Hkh ijxV djS NkA oka dh dforkbZ dks; ,dyhd is ca/kcks UgW tk.kS NhA ok¡ fnYyh njckj esa Hkkx ysck lw¡ egkjk.kk Qrg flag uS jksdck [kkrj^psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k* ekaM~;k vj bVyh &,chflfu;k tq} ¼ 1936½ is Hkh dfork ekaMhA ok¡ dh dforkdks ^ dSuokl * ?k.kks cM+ks NksA

j- lekt lq/kkj % dsljh flag dfork lw¡ dqjhr vj vilaLdfr is Hkh ekj djS NkA ngst] cgqfookg]de mej esa C;kg tlh jhrka ds f[kykQ tSu tkxj.k iSnk djck csbZ oka ?k.kka Nan ekaM~;kA

y- ohj jl % dsljh flag ckjgB dh dfork dks ewG jl ohj jl NksA os lkapk tq>kj Nk vj lq.kckgkGka bZa oka dk nsl&/kje] LokfHkeku dks cks/k djkcks bZ oka dks [kkl edln NksA

73

o- ijeslj dh Hkxrh % dsljh flag ckjgB dks ijeslj is ?k.kksa ifr;kjks NksA oka bZ tsG esa cwT;k¡ikNS Hkh vi.kka ,d dkxn esa oka tsG tkrjk uS ijeslj dks izlkn dg*j c[kk.;ks NksA ujh dforkokaesa dsljh flag ckjgB dks ;ks vfLrd l:Ik lkeS vk;ks NSA

6-9 dsljh flag ckjgB dh jpukoka

6-9-1 psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k

ix ix HkH;k igkM+] /kjk NkM jk[;ks /kjeegkjk.kk*j esokM+] fgjnS cfl;k fgUn jS AA1AA

¼Mwaxjka vj jksfg;k¡ esa ixka HkVdrka vj vc[kk;ka mBk;ka is Hkh vi.kh tyeHkkse vj lqrajrk csbZ /kjej[kk.;ks] bZa lw¡ bZ rks esokM+ vj esokM+ dk egkjk.kk lxGk Hkkjr dk dkGtkS esa clS NSA½

?k.k ?kfy;k ?kelka.k] jk.k lnk jfg;k fuMjis[k¡rka Qqjek.k] gypy fde Qrey ! gqoS \ AA2AA

¼ esokM+ dh /kj.kh is ?k.kkbZ tq} gks;k iW.k egkjk.kk geSl fuMj c.;k j~;kA iW.k gs! Qrgflagegkjk.kk! vkt fnYyh dks ,d Qjek.k ns[kck Hkj lw¡ bZ vkdG ckdG dL;k¡ gks;k \½

fxjn xtka ?kelka.k] ugpS /kj ekbZ ugha]ekoS fde egkjk.k] xt nkslS jk fxjn esa AA3AA

¼tha dks j.k csbZ eÙk gkfFk;k¡ dk ixka lw¡ mM+h /kwG Hkh vkHkS ekagh UgW ekoS Nh] vkt os gh egkjk.kkfnYyh njckj esa ok¡ ds csbZ r; nks lkS xt dk nk;jk esa dL;k¡ ekoSxk \ ½

vksjka uS vklku] gkdka gjoG gky.kksfde gkyS dqy jk.k] gjoG lkgk¡ gk¡fd;k AA 4 AA

¼ nwtk jktkoka csbZ rks ;k ckr vklku NS ds os lkgh lokjh esa gk¡D;k tkck is vkxs cnrk jSoS] iW.kxqfgy oal dk Å¡ egkjk.kk izrki dks oalt gk¡dck is dL;k¡ vkxS cnsxks] tha dnh cknlkg dkgjkoG uS Hkh gk¡d fn~;ks Nks \½

ufj;¡n lg utjk.k] >qd djlh ljlh ftdk¡iljSyks fde ik.k] ik.k Nrka Fkkjks QÙkk ! AA 5 AA

¼T;ka jktku~ dh ;k jhr j~gh NS ds yqG yqG ^j fnYyh dk njckj esa utjk.kks fn~;ks] ok¡ ds csbZ rksyqG*j utjk.kks nscks vklku NS] iW.k gs Qrsgflag egkjk.kk! Fkk¡dk gkFkka esa ryokj gksrka Fkdka Hkh FkSafnYyh njckj esa eqtjks vjt dj *j utjk.kk csbZ gkFk dL;k¡ Qsyk ldksxk \½

flj >qfd;k lg lkg] lhagkl.k ft.k lkeusjG.kks iaxr jkg] QkcS fde rksus Qrk ! AA6AA

¼tha esokM+ dk flagkl.k ds lkeh cknlkgk¡ Hkh vi.kka ekFkk >qdk;k Nk] Å¡ esokM+ flagkl.k dk /k.khagksrka gq;k Hkh gs Qrsgflag!] ikar esa cSBcks Fkka bZa dL;k¡ lksHkk nsxks \½

ldy p<+koS lhl] nku /kje ft.k jks fn;ks]lks f[krkc c[klhl] yso.k fde yypkolh\ AA7AA

¼ tha dk fn;k x;k /kje eqtc nku vj c[lhl uS lxGks txr ekFkS eSys NS] Åa f[krkck¡ dh c[lhlysck csbZ dL;k¡ yypkoSxks \½

ns[ksyk fganok.k] fut lwjt fnl usg lw¡]iW.k rkjk ijek.k] fuj[k fulk¡lk Ugkdlh AA8AA

74

¼ fgUn esa j~gck gkGk lxGk feu[k vki.kk lwjt ds rkabZ ?k.kka gsr lw¡ fuj[kSxk] iW.k Å bZ tn ,d^rkjk* ¼&LVkj vkWQ bf.M;k½ & dks bZuke feyck is brjkoSxks rks ns[kck gkGk nq[k esa Å.Mh lk¡lkabZ NksM+Sxk A½

ns[ks vatl nhg] eqGdsyks eu gh euka]nEHkh x<+ fnYyhg] lhl ueark¡ lhlon AA 9 AA

¼ gs fllksfn;k oal dk iwr] Fkkjk ekFkk bZa vi.kS lkeS >qdrka ns[k fnYyh dks Å ?keaMh yky fdYyksbZa fN.k uS vi.kka xqest dks leS eku*j xqest lw¡ eu gh eu eqGdSxksA½

var csj vk[khg] ikrkG ts ckrka igy]jk.kk lg jk[khg] ft.k jh lk[kh flj tVk AA 10 AA

¼NsdM+yk cxr esa egkjk.kk izrki tdh Hkh ckrka dgha Nh & okW dh vku vc rakbZ dk lxGk egkjk.kkaj[kk.kh Nh vj bZa dh lk[k vki dk ekFkk dh tVk Hkj j~gh NSA½

^ dfBu tekuks * dkSy] ck¡/kS uj gher fcukohjka ganks cksy] ikrG lkaxS isf[k;ks AA 11 AA

¼ feu[k dks cl UgWa pkyS rks bZ Å ;ks vksGkoks gsjS NS dS tekjks vc[kkS NSA bZa ohj ok.kh dk jkt dsrkabZ egkjk.kk lkaxk vj izrki rks vki.kka eu esa /kkj.k fd;k Nk A eryc ;ks ds ohjka ds csbZ cxrdnh vc[kkS Uga gksoS D;w¡ds os iqjlkjFk lw¡ dnh ikNS Ug¡ QjSA½

vc yx lkjka vkl] jk.k jhr dqG jk[klh]jgks lgk; lq[kjkl] ,dfyax izHkq vki jS AA 12 AA

¼ vckj rkabZ Hkh lcds rkabZ ;k vkl NS ds vki vi.kk dqG dh vk.k jk[kksxk vj geSl lq[k nsck gkGkHkxoku ,dfyax th geSl vkidh enn djSxk A½

eku eksn fllksn] jktuhr cG jk[k.kks]xojfeUV jh xksn] QG ehBk nhBk Qrk AA 13 AA

¼vi.kk eku vj eksn ds rkabZ jktuhfr dh rkxr c.kkbZ jk[k.kh pkfgtSA gs jk.kk Qrsgflag dkabZ vkiekuks Nks ds bZa ljdkj dh lj.k esa tk iwxck lw¡ lq[k vj lÙkk dk ehBk QG fey ldSxk A½

jktk&iztk laokn

jktk & fHkM+dh D;w¡ ukgd HksfM+;k¡] ckM+kca/kh th ,s yks]cGgh.kh th ,s yks] dhM~;ka js ykxk dkabZ ika[k\ ijtk th ----

¼ gesl Egkjk ckM+k esa ca/kh j~gck gkGh HksM+k¡ vL;k¡ dha ys[ks fHkM+dck ykxh Nks\ dkabZ dhM~;k¡ ds Hkhika[kM+k mx vk;k NSA½

iztk & U;k; l:ik fur pkyL;ks] lr djeh th ,s ykslsok /kehZ th ,s yks] HkfDr lw¡ cSBkL;ka fgoM+k ekafg A ckYgk th !ekuo tue Fksa ikfo;ks] gd ekgjks ,s yks]bZloj nh/kksM+ks ,s yks] fy[k.k cksy.k vf/kdkj A jktk th !

¼ I;kjk jktk] ts vki gesl U;ko dh xsy is gh pkyks vj lsok dks /kje fuHkkvks rks Egka rks Hkxrhdjrk Fkdka vki ds rkabZ vi.kka dkGtk esa tkxka nsokaxkA jktk th] cksyck vj vki.kh ckr dgckdks vf/kdkj rks Egka ds rkabZ ijeslj dh vkM+h lw¡ iSnk gksck dh ysjka bZ feyX;ks NksA½

jktk & cksy.k fy[k.k jks dke ufga] gd twfr;k¡ ,s yksIklq:ih th ,s yks] fcjFkk gh djS NS cdokn A ijtk th !

75

¼ gs <ka<k tlh ijtk] rw fy[kck& cksyck dk vf/kdkj dh ckr dj *j dha ys[ks cd jh NS\ Fkk¡ bZrks ,d bZ vf/kdkj NS& twrk [kkck dks vf/kdkj A½

iztk & /ku& tkscu nks fnu ikWo.kk] ?k.k yksHkh th ,s yks]enekrk th ,s yks] vkf[kj Hkw.Mks gky A jktk th !

¼ ?k.kka yksHk djck gkGk gs jktkth] lain vj lRrk rks Qxr nks& pkj fnu j~gck gkGh NS D;w¡ dsejtkn gh.k rkxr dks xqest gesl cqjks QG nsoS NSA½

jktk & cM+dka jh dekbZ ek;k ek.kL;ka] ?k.k&HkksGh th ,s yksIk[k gh.kh th ,s yks] Egkjk rks lq[kM+k jk ukgha NsgA ijtk th !

¼tye lw¡ fojklr esa feY;k bZa jkt dks lq[k rks EgSa gesl Hkksxrk gh jSokaxkA gs fucG vj HkksGh ijtk!Egkadk lq[kka dks dksbZ var dks; Ug A½

iztk & chtka jk ukgd gd ywV.kka] ufga lqf[k;kjh th ,s yksf/kd /kkM+oh ,s yks] ek;k cknG jh Nkag A jktk th !

¼ lq.kks jktk th] nwtk feu[kka dks lq[k&pSu ywV *j oka bZ lrkck okGk dnh lkapks lq[k UgW ik ldSAvki.kh iztk uS vL;k¡ lrkck gkGk rks /kkM+Srh NS vj oka bZ f/kdkj NSA QSj Fkkadks ;ks lRrk dks lq[krks cknGh dh NkaoGh dh ukabZ fpuhd ¼FkksM+h½ lh tst dks NSA½

jktk & tue fy;ks NS /kf.k;k oal esa] /kze& Hkh: th ,s yks]L;ke/kehZ th ,s yks] bZlj fn;ks NS EgkuS jkt A ijtk th !

¼ jkt?kjk.kk esa tye Y;ks NS] bZa ys[ks dg ldka Nka ds EgkauS ;ks jkt ijeslj gh fn~;ks NS] tha lw¡ EgSaFkkadk jktk NkaA gs ijtk] /kje vj ijeslj lw¡ Mjrk Fkdka Fkka uS rks EgkWdks LokehHkxr j~g.kks pkfgtSA½

iztk& djks Nks izHkw jks >wBks ukao] lqokjFk vka/kk th ,s yksdwM+k cksyk th ,s yks] dksjk HkkVk th ,s yks]ekGhiUuk rks p<+k;k EgkjS gkFk A jktk th !

¼Fksa vi.kks eryc lk/kck csbZ ijeslj dks ukao ys j~;k Nks vj EgauS HkksGko.k ns j~S;k NksA lq.kks jktkth] FkSa rks dksjk HkkVk Nk] EgS flUnwj vj ped gkGh ifUu;k¡ p<+k *j FkkauS ;k bTtr c[klh NSA½

jktk & /kjk jk /k.kh Nka teha ekagjh] dq.k iwNh th ,s ykscsxkjh th ,s yks] iapk;r fd.k dke \ ijtk th !

¼bZa jkt dk /k.kha rks EgSa bZ Nka vj ;k /kj.kh egka dh NSA Qsj Fkka lw¡ vruh ckrka c.kkck csbZ dq.k dghNS \ lq.k ijtk] FkSa rks Egkadh csxkj djck gkGh NksA½

iztk & iou vxu mitkfo;k] dkabZ rqN ekuoh ,s yks]naHkh Qks|k th ,s yks] vxe le¡n /kjrh vkHk A HkksGk th !ldG ljh[kk gd ,d lk] firk iwath Åij ,s yks]lakph lerk ,s yks] lkaph rks /k.kh NS fljt.kgkj Ajktk th !

¼dkabZ /kj.kh] iou] vkx] vkHkkS vj ik.kh& vs ik¡pw rRr vki tL;k vksNk eku[kks c.kk;k Nk \ dkabZ;k¡ lSa is vkidks jkt pkyS NS\ gs le>gh.k naHkh jktk] vki iqfV;k ika[kh dh ukabZ cM+cksyk gks jS;kNks \ gs jktk th] tL;k¡ firk dh laink is lxGk csVk¡ dks ,d lks gd gksoS NS] oL;k¡ bZ txr dkfljt.kgkj firk dh fljth bZa lxGh laink is vkidks vj Egk¡ dks cjkScj gd NS½

jktk & dekbZ Åij gd ekagjkS] cM+dk cksyh th ,s ykscgdkbZ th ,s yks] mM+kL;k¡ [kwc eu ekSt A ijtk th !

76

¼lq.k ijtk] Fkkjh dekbZ rks jkt dh laink NS vj Å¡ is EgkWdks bZ gd NSA Å¡ ds rkabZ EgkW tL;k¡ pkok¡oL;k¡ mM+k ldk¡ Nk¡A Fkka yksx cgdkck esa vk *j cgdh cgdh ckrka dha ys[ks dj j~;k Nks\ ½

iztk & fd.k fny mBkbZ gG.kh gkFk esa] cG&gh.kk th ,s yksvkGl& Mwck th ,s yks] [ksrka esa cgk;ks fd.k fnu Losn \ fol;h th!gkMka jks ilhuks es*ur ekagjh] /ku Egkajks th ,s yks]iwath Egkajh th ,s yks] Fks dq.k Nks eqQr [kk.kk*j A jktk th !

¼gs vkGlh vj cG gh.k ,sl djck gkGk jktk] vki dL;k fnu dka/kk is gG esy*j [ksrk¡ esa ilsoksCgk;ks NS\ vki rks gesl gh Hkksx esa MwC;k j~;k Nks A [kwu vj ilsoks Ckgk*j Egkaus ;k laink xk<+hesgur lw¡ dekbZ NSA bZa ds rkabZ vL;k¡ gh [kkck dks ne Hkjck gkGk vki dq.k gksoks Nks\½

jktk & [kMx mBk;ks cMdka gkFk esa] ckr Hkwyh th ,s yksewj[k eaNyh ,s yks] jxrka lwa fNM+dh NS /kj.kh eka;A ijtk th !

¼ gs vglku bZa Uga ekuck gkGh ijtk] Egkadk cMsjka rGokj gkFkka esa ys*j tq} dj~;k NS vj vki.kkjxr lwa bZa /kj.kh uS lhaP;ks NSA ewj[k ijtk] [;kr bZa mBk*j rks ns[kA½

iztk & LokjFk jk vka/kk yfM+;k dwrjk] ekagks& ekags th ,s yks]ikih [kwuh th ,s yks] jxrka lwa u fuitS HkkseA jktk th !

¼ lq.kks jktk] vki.kka ckSnk LokjFkka csbZ ] ixyk;k xaMdM+k¡ dh ukabZ vkil esa yM+ck gkGk¡ ds rkabZ rksikih ukao bZa fn~;ks tk ldS NSA crkvks jktk] yksgh cgkck lwa /kj.kh dn ijxV gksbZ NS\½

jktk & /ku jk :[kkGk dkGk ukx Nka] Oghd.k fg;M+k jh ,s yksearj Hkwyk.kh ,s yks] dq.k rks yxkoS EgkjS gkFk A ijtk th !

¼gs detksj fny gkGh] Mjiksd vj vi.kk /kje lwa HkzLV turk Egka rks vi.kk jkt :ih /ku dh:[kkGh djck gkGk dkGk ukx tL;ka NkaA dq.k dks vL;ks dkGtks NS ]ts Egkads rkabZ gkFk Hkh yxkldS\½

iztk & v/ke Hkksxk esa [kjph [kwfV;k] fnokfG;k th ,s yks]vka/kk ,/kwyk ,s yks] ijtk jh dekbZ ,sGh [kks;A ij;r gh.kk th !Bxka lwa Bxk;k jhrk Bkdjka] dksjk dwaM+k th ,s yks]QksxV QwaQkM~;k ,s yks] lw¡ih lair lkai u [kk;A fol/kkjh th !LkijksV~;k ?kkY;k NS NkcM+ ekafguS] dksjk& dhM+k th ,s yks]IkjM+ksV~;k th ,s yks] ikM~;k NS narM+ FkSgh dk<+A jktk th!

¼ Fkka Hkksx Hkksxck esa vi.kka iqj[kka dh dekbZ ds rkabZ [kjp*j fnokfG;k gks pqD;k NksA vc FkSa gkFkix&gh.k vka/kka dhM+k dh ukabZ NksA lq.kks jktk th] iztk dh ;k xk<+h EgSur dh dekbZ vL;ka gh csdkjdj j~S;k NksA Bxka Fkkaus vaxjstka gkFkka lwa Bxk;k x;k Bkdj] FkSa rks QwVk Hkk.Mk dh ukabZ Nks vj oL;kagh QqQdkj j~S;k NksA /;ku j[kk.kks ds ts vki jkt :ih lain dk fjPNd Nks rks lwaih gksbZ lainkrks lk¡i Hkh UgW [kkoSA gs jktk] Fkka vi.kh euxr lwa bZ lkai c.k j~;k Nks tn ds l¡isjk c.k *j vk;kvaxjstka vkidk tgjhGk nkar m[kkM+*j FkSyh esa esy fy;k Nk A bZa ds ikNS rks vkidh gSfl;r Vksdjhesa cwT;k dhM+k dh ukabZ NSA ½

jktk & ywyk] xwaxk] xgyk iwrM+k] jktl jk[ksyk ,s yksekyd c.ksyk ,s yks] Egkjks NS vVG vf/kdkj A ijtk th!

¼lq.k ijtk] Egkadk tk;k rks ikaxGk gksoS pkoS xSyk iW.k jktk rks os bZ c.kSxk D;w¡ dS jkt djck dksEgkadks vf/kdkj rks vVG NSA½

77

iztk & ek;M+ jk eakVh /k.k&/kkM+oh] /kedk.kk th ,s yks]/kqjdk.kk th ,s yks] c.;k us fcyk;k dsbZ ckjA Hkwyk th !/kjk jks /k.kh NS bZLoj ,d] f/kd ekuoh ,s yks]/kks[kk& ns.kk th ,s yks] EgSa Nka m.k jk lkapk iwrA jktk th!

¼FkSa vkrrkbZ vj ijtk ds rkabZ lrkck gkGk yqVsjk jktk NksA vaxjstka FkkauS ckj&ckj /kedk;k NSAvaxjstka dk nqrdkj~;k vj /kedk;k gks;k jktk Fkka tL;ka jkt djck gkGk rks bZa /kj.kh is druk bZc.;k vj feV~;k NSA gs jktk th] Fkka dha ys[ks >wB cksy j~;k Nks \ feu[kka dh dkabZ vkSdkr\ bZa /kj.kh dks /k.kh rks Qxr ijeslj NS vj Egka Å¡ dk lkapk iwr NkaA½

jktk & /kjk jk /k.kh tn Egs ugha] cgD;ksM+h th ,s yks]iFk Hkwyk.kh ,s yks] c.klh dkabZ daxyka jh QkSt\ ijtk th!

¼ lq.k ijtk] ewG ckr lw¡ gV *j vBh mBh dh ckrka dkabZ dj j~gh NS\ ts /kjk dk /k.kh Egka bZ UgWaNka rks dkabZ daxyk dh QkSt jkt laHkkGsxh\½ ¼ vBh daxyks lqrarjrk lSukfu;k¡ ds rkabZ crk;ks X;ksNSA½

iztk & vDdy gksos rks FkksM+k lksp yks] twuk tqvkjh ,s yksns[kr vka/kk th ,s yks] HkkGks D;wa fgj.kka jks >wBks uhj\ xkQG th!LkEgG pkyks rks lq[k ikoL;ks] HkkbZ Egkjk th ,s yks]Lkr jk I;kjk th ,s yks] cgD;ksM+k jgL;ks u fNu ,dA jktk th!

¼ tk.k cw>*j v.ktk.k c.kck gkGk jktk] vki.kha vDdy lwa dke Y;ksA vi.kh lxGh lk[k nako isyxk*j vaxjsth jkt dk fejx rl esa Q¡lcks pks[kks dks; Ug¡A Fkka Egkadk cM+dk HkkbZ tL;k NksA Fkkats vDdy lwa dke Y;ksxk vj lkap dh xSy is pkyksxk rks lq[k lkrk ikokSxk] Ugs rks ijtk dsf[kykQ j~gck lw¡ rks Fkkadks vfLrRo fNu Hkj esa gh feV T;koSxksA½

jktk & QkStka] canwdka rksika ekagjh] ns[kks vka/kGh ,s yks]ekjh dwVh th ,s yks] fNu esa Ugk¡ds lc us HkwatA ijtk th!

¼ gesl Egkadh rkxr lwa fiVck gkGh vka/kh ijtk] ;s rksika] canwdka vj QkStka rks Egkadh bZ NSA FkkadksdkabZ tksj pkySxks\ ;s iyd >idrka bZ FkkauS Hkwu*j esy nsxhA½

iztk & Egkjk gh ikG~;k Egkaus Mk<+.kk] nq[k ns.kk th ,s yks?kj QksM+k th ,s yks] Ñr?k.k th ,s yksdkVks Nks cSB.k jh MkGA vkre?kkrh th !

¼ vi.kha ijtk ds rkabZ lrkck gkGk ,s dr?ku jktk] Egka bZ Fkkadks iks[k.k dj~;ks vj FkSa EgkuS gh [kkckis rqY;k NksA tha MkG is cSB~;k Nks] Å¡ bZa MkG ds rkabZ dkVck dks vkre?kkrh tru dha ys[ks dj jS~;kNks\½

vDdy fcgw.kk ekjx Hkwfy;k] vfHkekuh th ,s yks]vDdy m/kkjk ,s yks] QwVk Hkksxuk th ,s yks

turk lwa u thrS tejktA jktk th !

¼gs jktk dkabZ Fkkadh er ekjh xh NS\ FkSa rks vi.kks /kje gh fcljX;k NksA >waBk xjc dha ys[ks ikGj~S;k Nks\ nwtk dh vDdy is pkyck gkGk jktk Fkka dk rks Hkkx bZ QwVX;k ykxS NSA FkSa dkabZ vruhlh ckr Hkh UgW tk.kks dS turk lw¡ rks tejkt Hkh UgW thr ikoS NSA½

6-10 lqjxokl

78

dsljhflag bVyh dk egku Økafrdkjh eSftuh uS vi.kks jktuhfrd xq: ekuS NkA nsl &/kje isvki.kksa ljol fuNkoj dj nsck dk psr lw¡ jP;k&iP;k dsljhflag ckjgB lkjh ftuxk.kh ,d lkapktq>kj dh ukabZ ft;kA lu~ 1941 dk vxLr Eghuk esa oka bZa cq[kkj p<~;ksA ukS vxLr 1941 ds fnuxq:nso jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj bZa txr lw¡ fonk ys yhA ;ks lepkS] dsljhflag dk Hkk;yk MkW- vCnqy oghnjsfM;ks is lq.;ks vj dsljhflag lq.kk;ksA lq.;ka ikNS dsljhflag ckjgB dk ew.Mk lw¡ ,d gh ckrfudGh&^^ --- rks vc dfo njckj ÅijS bZ teSxksA ** --- vj lkaP;k¡ bZ ik¡p fnu ikNS] 14 vxLr 1941ukgj dh ukabZ thck gkGk dsljhflag Hkh Å¡ bZ xSy is pky iM~;k] tha xSy is jfoUnz ukFk ix Fkjifn~;k NkA

oka bZa flj/kkatfG nsrka Fkdka okuS jktLFkku dks jfoUnz ¼ukFk VSxksj½ vj vjfoUn ¼?kks"k½ crk;ks x;ksAxk¡/khoknh jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh ,d iksFkh esa oka ds csbZ ekaM~;ks Nks & ^^ Bkdqj dsljhflag dk lxGkifjokj R;kx ds tS felky lkeS /kjh NS] ok jktLFkku esa rks vuw¡Bh NS bZ& lxGk Hkkjr esa olh felkynwljh UgWa fey ldSxhA** je.khd esgrk ekaM~;ks & ^^ oka dks R;kx Hkxoku cq} dk R;kx dh ukabZ NksAturk ds csbZ lxGk lq[k rt fn~;kA**

ia- ek[kuyky prqosZnh tL;k Ik=dkj oka ds rkabZ flj/kkatfG nsrka ckuS Hkkjrekrk dh lkaph vjlkeFkZoku larku dg*j c[kk.;ks rks ukephu bfrgkldkj t;panz fo|kyadkj ds eqtc vL;k djeohjdh djeHkkse oka ds csbZ ,d rhjFk lwa derh egRr dh UgW NSA

dsljhflag ckjgB lkaP;k¡ bZ dsljh ¼ukgj½ Nk] vL;ks ukgj tdks lkap vj lqrarjrk ds csbZ lxGhtw.k ndkG~;ks Hkh vj tksj tqye lw¡ tw>~;ks HkhA

dsljh flag ckjgB dks fljt.k

dsljh flag ckjgB djeohj gh UgW Nk] dye dk Hkh /k.kha NkA Egka ckap pqD;k Nka ds dL;k¡ psrko.khjk pw¡xV~;k * ukao dk rsjg lksjBk oka dks ukao jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [;kr esa vej dj fn;ksA^psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k* esa rks oka dh izfrHkk vj oka dk fcpkjka dks foLQksV gks;ks Nks] iW.k bZa foLQksVlw¡ Igsyh Hkh ok¡ dh dye ok¡ dk xq.k vj Kku dk lkarjk jax vksGs& nkSGs fc[ksj~;k NA dsljhflagujh Hkklku~ vj ujh fo|koka dk tk.kdkj Nk vj fgUnh jktLFkkuh vj fcjt Hkklk esa iwjk vf/kdkjlw¡ ek.MS NkA oka dqN dforkoka rks ckaXyk esa Hkh ek.MhA bZa bZdkbZ esa Egk¡ ok¡ dh egrkÅ jpukoka dkckjk esa ppkZ djkaxk A

x|

v- P;k:¡ osnka dks mGFkkS % lu~1905& 06 esa lxGk Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt ds f[kykQ jksl NksAnslt laLdfr ds csbZ gsr txkck dks ,d ekgkSy lks c.kX;ks NksA laLdfr dk xkSjo bZa phrcksnsl&izse dks Ik;kZ; c.kX;ks NksA vL;k cxr esa tn dksVk fj;klr P;k:¡ osn Nkick dh ;kstukc.kkbZrks dsljhflag dL;k¡ UgW gj[krk \ ok¡ ;kstuk uS lQy c.kkck csbZ P;k:Wa osnk¡ dks fgUnh Hkklkesa mGFkkS djck dks dke Fkji Hkh fn;ksA ;ks ,d egrkÅ dkjt NksA iW.k ujk vksGkoka lw¡ ;k ;kstukiwjh UgWa gks ldh vj dksVk jkt osnka uS Nkick dks bjknks rt fn~;ks] tha lw¡ ok¡ dk mGFkk dks dkeHkh chpS bZ NwV x;ksA

c- cq} pfj= dks mGFkkS % ^v'o/kks"k* uke dk egkdfo dh dkGthr.kh iksFkh ^cq} pfj=* oka fnukaujh txr ikSlkGka esa Ik<+kbZ T;koS NhA iW.k Å¡ dks fgUnh mGFkks UgW feyS NksA vki.kka eksV~;kjiW.k dkfnuka esa] egkjk.kk mnSiqj dh lsok esa j~grka] dsljhflag ^cq} pfj=* Hkh ckaP;ks Nks vj Å¡ dh ,d udGHkh gkFk lw¡ mrkjh NhA lu~ 1935 esa] nks Eghuk esa bZ dsljhflag ^cq} pfj= * dk lksyg lxkZa dks fgUnhmGFkks dj fn~;ksA l=gok¡ lxZ dks mGFkkS djck dks dke oka jkeI;kjh 'kkL=h ukao dh ,d fonwlhcsbZ bZa NksM+ fn~;ks D;w¡ ds ok bZa egrkÅ dke lw¡ vki.kksa ukao Hkh tksM+cks pkoS NhA ;ks mnkgj.k crkoS

79

NS ds dsljhflag vki.kk tl esa nwtka uS ikrhnkj c.kkck esa Hkh UgWa fgpdS NkA tSiqj dk gfjukjk;.kiqjksfgr ukao dk fo}ku bZa mGFkk dh ik.Mqfyfi Nick csbZ ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh ds rkabZ f[kanknhA bZa ik.Mqfyfi uS iksFkh dk :Ik esa Nkick vj fo}kuka dk lq>koka eqtc lq/kkj djck @djokck isppkZ pky gh j~gh Nh ds dsljhflag gesl csbZ ewu [kSap yh vj ^cq} pfj= *dks IgSyks fgUnh mGFkkSÅ¡ cxr Nick lw¡ jS;X;kSA

l- dfojktk ';keynkl dks pfjÙk % dfojktk ';keynkl dks ukao jktLFkku esa gesl flj/kk lw¡fy;kS tkoS NSA ok¡ uS ôhj &fouksn* ukao lw¡ ,d egrkÅ iksFkh fljth NhA dgck esa ôhj&fouksn*esokM+ jkt dh [;kr NS iW.k bZa esa lxGk Hkkjr dk bfrgkl dh ckrka NSA vL;k egrkÅ bfrgkldkjdh dks; thouh UgW gksck dh ckr tn ,d fnu Bkdqj dsljhflag ds lkeS vkbZ rks oka uS vi.khaftuxk.kh dk NsdM+yk cjlka esa dfojktk ';key nkl dks pfjRr ekaM *j ;k deh Hkh iwjh dj nhAdfojktk ';keynkl ds csbZ Bkdqj dsljhflag dk eu esa bZa ys[ks Hkh flj/kk dk Hkko Nk] D;w¡ ds';keynkl Hkh ok¡ dh bZ ukabZ nsl vj laLdfr dk eku dh fjPNk ds rkabZ vki.kksa lSa lw¡ egrkÅ drZO;ekuS NkA

Ik|

Bkdqj dsljhflag ckjgB dh fgUnh Hkklk uS fo}kuka ^vkSifuosf"kd Hkklk* dg*j c[kk.;ks NSA iW.k ok¡dks dfo jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vi.kS eu okauS nq%[kh dh ckr cRrh lgtrk lw¡ dg nscks djS NkA ;ksbZ dkj.k Nks ds tn mnSiqj ds egkjk.kk Qrgflag dk fnYyh njckj esa tkck dh gkeG u dj~;ks rksok¡ jktLFkkuh esa lksjBk ek¡M *j egkjk.kk uS vki.kks /kje ;kn fnyk;ksA

v- psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;k % lu~~ 1903 esa fnYyh njckj esa tkck dh gkeG mnSiqj dk egkjk.kkQrgflag Hkh Hkj nh rks lSa lw¡ yksBks /kDdks dsljh flag ckjgB ds rkabZ ykX;ksA os esokM+ uS Hkkjr dhlqrarjrk dh psruk dks izfrfuf/k ekuS Nk vj bZa ys[ks bZ ;k ckr ipk UgW ik j~;k Nk dS esokM+ dkegkjk.kk vaxzsth lezkV dk jktfryd dk mPNc esa iwxs vj utjk.kks utj djSA jksl vj rsl lw¡Hkj~;k dsljhflag rsjg lksjBk vL;k ek¡M *j egkjk.kk ds rkabZ f[kank;k ds oka uS ckaP;k ikNS egkjk.kkfnYyh iwX;k¡ ikNS Hkh fnYyh njckj esa UgW iwX;kA ;s rsjg lksjBk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh lSa lwa veksyhFkkrh gSA

c- dqlqekatfy % lu~ 1903 dh IgSyh tuojh uS ykWMZ dtZu dksVk vk;ksA Å¡ cxr dsljhflag dksVkjkt dh lsok esa NkA jkt dk gqdqe eqtc oka dqlqekatfy * ukao lw¡ ,d dfork vaxzsth jkt dk fojnesa ek¡MhA ;k dfork dksVk jkt dh vkM+h lw¡ egkjko ;k dg *j dtZu ds rkabZ utj djh ds ;s Egkjkjkt dfo dk Hkko NSA ykWMZ dtZu dksVk lw¡ ykSV~;ka ikNS ;k dfork iatkc esa j~gck gkGk ,d vL;kvaxzst uS tk¡pck csbZ [kankbZ] tdk laLdr Hkklk Hkh tk.kS NksA Å¡ dfork ds rkabZ ij[k*j crk;ks dsBsB lw¡ bZ dfork dk nks vjFk NSA IgSyh nhB esa rks dfork vaxzsth jkt dh rkjhQ ykxS NS] iW.km.Mkik lw¡ fcpkj djka rks bZ dks vly vjFk drbZ myVks NSA ^dqlaekatfy* dfork dk nwgk Hkklkis dsljh flag dh xgjh idM+ dh lk[k HkjS NSA ;k fgUnh dfork NSA

l- jktk&iztk laokn % lu~ 1930 esa Bkdqj dsljh flag ckjgB dh NksVh csVh lkSHkkX;ef.k ok¡ lw¡;k ekax djh ds pkok jktLFkkuh xhr îf.kgkjh * dh jkx is dks; nwljks xhr ekaM~;ks tkoSA Å¡ cxrxk¡/kh th dk vg;ksx vkanksyu dk lxGk nsl esa tksj NksA Vkdqj dsljh flag ckjgB vi.kha ykMsljdh ekax is ^jktk &iztk laokn * dk :Ik esa tdks xhr ekaM~;ks] Å ok¡ dks Hkko ns[khtS &

^^ Egkjk gh ikG~;k EgkauS Mk<.kklq[k ns.kk th ,s yks]

80

?kj QksM+k th ,s yks]dkVks Nks cSB.k jh MkG] vkre?kkrh th A**

¼vi.kha iztk uS lrkck gkGk ,s jktk th] Egka yksxka gh Fkk¡ uS ikG~;k vj Fksa Egka uS bZ [kkck is rqY;kNks! tha MkG is cSB~;k Nks] Å¡ MkG bZa dkVck dks vkre?kkrh tru dha ys[ks dj jS;k Nks \ ½

n- dkfG;k 'krd % Bkdqj dsljhflag dh jpuk esa vi.kka ukao dsljh dks vjFk vj egRr crk;ksNks] vj nsl csbZ drZO; dh ppkZ djh NhA

^^ dsgj jh dqG dka.k] fHkM+.kks& lks fde Hkwyos uke /kje igpk.k] dksabd tk.ks dkfG;k \ **

¼ ukgj dh ukabZ dsljhflag dk dqG dh ejtkn rks tksj& tqGe lw¡ tw>ck esa NSA bZa ckr ds rkabZ ÅadL;k¡ fclj ldS NS\ gs dkfG;k] vki.kka ukao ds eqtc lkapk /kje dh igpk.k rks fcjyk feu[k bZdj ldS NSA½

6-11 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- ns'k ftUgsa Hkwy x;k & ys[kd 'kadj lgk; lDlsuk

2- chloha lnh dk jktLFkku& ys[kd jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh

3- Økafrdkjh ckjgB dsljhflag& O;fDrRo vkSj dfrRo @ laiknd nsohyky ikyhoky] cteksgutkofy;k vkSj Qrgflag ekuo

4- jktLFkku dsljh% Bkdqj dsljh flag ckjgB @ laiknd lokbZ flag /keksjk

5- Lok/khurk laxzke esa jktLFkku dh vkgqfr;k¡@ys[kd& MkW- dUgS;kyky jktiqjkfgr

6- jktLFkku dk Økafrdkjh ckjgB ifjokj@ ys[kd& 'kadj lgk; lDlsuk

7- vktknh ds nhokus @ ys[kd gjizlkn vxzoky

81

bdkbZ & 7

izeq[k dfo % fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkjbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

7-0 mísL;

7-1 çLrkouk

7-2 dfo ifjpS

7-3 tl jk vk[kj % ^tkxrh tksrka*

7-4 feu[ki.kS jh ejtkn % êku[kkS*

7-5 nslHkxrh lwa nhirkS % ^lwjS jkS lanslkS*

7-6 bdkbZ jkS lkj

7-7 vH;kl jk loky

7-8 lanHkZ iksF;ka

7-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jkS eq[; mísL; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk fljSukao dfo Lo- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS O;fDrRo vjdrZRo lwa fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa :c: djko.kkS gSA ohj&jl jk vej dfo Jh ifM+gkj jktLFkkuh Hkklk esauwaoS Hkko cks/k jh vSM+h dforkoka fljth tdh dsbZ Jksrkoka jS vkt Hkh daBk fcjktSA Lo- ifM+gkjbfr;kl jk vSM+k ik=ka uSa vkijh dfork jS ekè;e lwa [kM+k djÓk] tdk uSa bfr;kl misf{kr&lk djjk[;k gkA b.k bdkbZ jS ek/;e lwa fo|kFkhZ vkstLoh dfo Lo- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh dforkoka jSdkO;&lkSLBo] lkSUn;Z psruk vj m.kesa vfHkO;Dr ekuoh; ewY;ka uSa Hkh lkoGlj le> ldSykA vkajSvykok b.k bdkbZ lwa fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa Lo- ifM+gkj jS dkO;&dkSlG ckcr dha ckrka jh Hkh tk.kdkjhfeySykA T;wadS&

1- Lo- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jkLVªHkxrh vj nslizse jk fd.k Hkkar fgek;rh gSA

2- cS bfrgkl jk misf{kr ik=ka uSa fd.k Hkkar egkuk;d jS :i esa [kM+k djÓk gSA

3- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS dkO;&fljt.k esa jkLVªh; psruk jk Loj fd.k Hkkar mtkxj gq;k gSA

4- Lo- ifM+gkj jh dforkoka esa ukjh&Hkkouk fd.k Hkkar mtkxj gqbZ gSA

vka jS vykok jktLFkkuh dkO;&txr esa Lo- ifM+gkj jkS dkabZ ;ksxnku jS;kS gS b.kjh fojksG Hkh b.k ikBesa djhth gSA

7-1 çLrkouk

jktLFkkuh dkO;&fljt.k jh flej/k vj lqnh?kZ ijEijk jS;h gSA vSfrgkfld nhB lwa Hkh jktLFkku uSaohjRo jkS i;kZ; ekuhtSA jktLFkku jkS e/;dkG rks ohjxkFkk dkG jS ukao lwa bZ vksG[khtS] tk.khtSAb.k dkG esa ohjka jh tl&xkFkkoka uSa ys;*j vys[kwa dkO; jphT;kA ^^lhl dVÓk] /kM+ yM+ ják** vj^vsd gkFk esa rjokj vj nwtS gkFk esa dye** jktLFkku jS lwjohjka jh lSuk.kh jS;h gSA

izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lwa ys;*j vokZphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; fljt.k esa Hk;adj tq)ka jS oj.kkojS lkxS ohjka jh tlxkFkkoka xkbZtrh jS;h gSA ^îFohjkt jklkS] [kqek.k jklkS] lxr jklkS] gkyka >kykajk dqaMfG;k] opfudk vpynkl [khph jh] oa'k Hkk"dj] ohj lrlbZ** vkn jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh

82

dkGt;h Ñfr;ka gS ft.kkesa lwjka jS LokfHkeku] LokehHkfDr] ekrHkkse jh fjNikG vj jkLVªizse lk:izk.kka jkS mRlxZ dj.k jk mRÑLV Hkko ijxVhT;k gSA b.k eka; lwa ?k.k[kjkS dkO; jktLFkkuh jh pkj.klSyh esa gq;kS] ft.kuSa fMaxy lSyh jS ukao lwa tk.khtSA vk lSyh bÙkh mYys[ktksx jS;h dS jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jkS i;kZ; bZ ekuht.k ykxxhA pkj.k dfo;ka b.k lSyh esa ?k.k[kjkS dkO; fljt.k dfj;kS ft.kdkj.k gh vk ^pkj.k lSyh* vFkok ^pkj.k lkfgR;* jS ukao lwa tk.khtSA gkykadS pkj.kka jS vykok nwtkdfo;ka bZ b.k lSyh esa vkijkS jpukRed dkSlG fn[kk;kS] ft.kesa Jh/kj O;kl Ñr j.keYy Nan] <k<hcknj jh ohjek;.k* vj f'konkl jh vpynkl [khph jh opfudk* egrkÅ gSA pkj.ksrj dfo;ka }kjkpkj.k lkfgR; jh flej/kh l:i bZ b.kuSa lkfgfR;d lSyh ekuhthA fMaxy lSyh esa fy[;ksM+k xhr bZ[kkl lSyh esa i<Ók tkoSA b.k lSyh jkS Nan&fo/kku bZ vi.kS vki esa vuwBkS gSA vyadkj ;kstuk esaoS.klxkbZ vyadkj jkS fuHkko b.k lSyh jh [kkfl;r gSA oS.klxkbZ vyadkj jS vkuqizkfld iz;ksx jSdkj.k bt vkS dkO; dfoljka jS daBka fcjkT;kS vj lzqfr ijEijk esa [kre gqo.k lwa Hkh lqjf{kr jS;kSA

ohj] fl.kxkj vj HkfDr&jl lwa vksrizksr pkj.k lSyh jh le) ijEijk jkS /kikÅ iznjl.k egkdfolw;ZeYy ehl.k jS ôa'k Hkk"dj* esa gq;kS gSA ôa'k Hkk"dj* fMaxy lSyh jkS loksZRÑ"V xzaFk ekuhtSAfoLodfo johUnzukFk VSxksj vsd BkSM+ fy[;kS gS] ^^jktLFkku vkijS jxr lwa ft.k lkfgR; jkS fujek.kdjÓkS gS] m.kjh tksM+ jkS lkfgR; nwth BkSM+ fey.kkS vc[kkS gS] D;wadS jktLFkku jk dfo;ka dB.k lkpjS fcpkGS jS;*j tq) jS uxkM+ka jS chp vkijh dforkoka fljth ghA oLrqr% dye vj Ñik.k esa le:ivkLFkk jk[k.k okGk pkj.k dfo tq) esa vkijS vkJ;nkrk jktk jS ohjksfpr xq.kka uSa vkijS dkO; jSekjQr vfHkO;fDr nso.k esa ikN uha jk[khA b.k okLrS ohj&jl lwa ljkcksj b.k lSyh jh iksF;ka esa jhfr]fl.kxkj vj HkfDr&ijd Ñfr;ka jh Hkh dBSbZ deh uha jS;hA

Hkkjr jS lu~ 1857 jS iSyM+k Lora=rk laxzke uSa ys;*j jktLFkkuh dfo;ka vkijh dye pykbZ gSAvktknh jh vy[k txkof.k;k ohjka esa] dfo;ka vkijh vkstLoh ok.kh lwa tksl Hkj.k esa ikN uha jk[khAjktLFkkuh yksdlkfgR; jS ys[kS Hkh xnj jk xhr yksdxhrka jS :i esa xkbZtrk jS;k gSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; esa Hkh gkykadS izkphu vj e/;dkyhu dkO; jkS vlj jS;kS vj bfrgkl jkvknlZ&ik=ka uSa dfo;ka vkijh dfork jkS fol; c.kk;kS] i.k lR;izdk'k tks'kh tSM+k dfo tq) lwa gqo.kokGh v.kwrh gk.k uSa v[kjkork tq) fojks/kh dfork Hkh jph] rks nwtS dkauh dfo Lo- dUgS;kykylsfB;k jktLFkku jh xkSjo&xkFkkoka lwa HkjÓk xhr vj dforkoka jp.k esa ikN uha jk[khA ^/kjrh /kksjkajh* vj ikry vj ihFkG* okajh dkGt;h jpukoka jS;h gSA Lo- es?kjkt eqdqy jh lSuk.kh* Hkh b.k vksGesa mYys[ktksx jpuk gSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork fy[kf.k;k vka dfo;ka esa Lo- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jkS ukao bZ pks[kGS esapkokS gSA Lo- ifM+gkj jktLFkku jk lwjohjka jS lkxS nsl jk ukeh&fxjkeh ohjka jS ikS#l vj cakjS vknlZO;fDrRo uSa mtkxj dj*j uwaoh ih<h uSa izsj.kk nsork jS;kA jktLFkku jS LokfHkekuh ohjka lk: vkS nwgkS?k.kkS izfl) gS&

/kj tkrka] /kje iyVrka] f=;k iM+ark rkoArhu fngkM+k ej.k jk] dkabZ jad dkabZ jkoAA

ohj&jl jk vkstLoh dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS dkO; esa Hkh b.k nwgk jh izsj.kk jk Hkko BkSM+&BkSM+ns[k.k uSa feySA jktLFkku jk LokfHkekuh uk;d egkjk.kk izrki vj Mwaxth tokjth tSM+k /kkM+oh bZ uha]cS rks iatkc jk /kje&j{kd xq# xksfoanflag jk Vkcfj;k Qrsgflag vj tksjkojflag jh tksjkojh jkS dwarkSHkh vkijS dkO; jS ek/;e lwa dj.k esa dlj uha NksMhA Lo- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jkek;.k vj egkHkkjrjS cka ik=ka uSa fcM+nko.k esa Hkh ikN uha jk[kh] tdk uSa bfr;kl esa Bkoh BkSM+ uha fey ldh ghA ckajhdkO;Ñfr ^tkxrh tksrka* esa ladfyr ês?kukn* vj LQqV jpuk ^dj.k* b.k ckr jh lk[k HkjSA

83

7-2 dfo ifjpS

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa vkstLoh dfo jS :i esa Lo- fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj jkS ukao lksuS jS vk[kjka ekaM.ktksx gSA ckajkS tye 5 tqykbZ] 1920 esa chdkusj esa gq;kSA fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jk firkth fj;klr jhQkSt xaxk fjlkGS* esa ukSdjh djÓk djrkA Vkcj fxjèkkjhflag ft.k cxr pkSFkh Dykl esa i<rk m.kkajSfirkth jkorfla?kth ifM+gkj jkS nsgkolku gq;X;kSA ?kj jh ekyh gkyr [kjkc gqo.k lwa ckauSa vsdjdhi<kbZ NksM.kh iM+h vj cS izkFkfed fl{kk bZ iwjh uha dj lD;kA

fxj/kkjhflagth ifM+gkj ukSdjh okLrS dsbZ tkxka HkkxknkSM+ djh] i.k ukSdjh fey.kh bÙkh lkSjh uha ghAvariar ^VsyhQksu ,Dlpsat* esa ^vkWijsVj* jS in ekFkS ukSdjh ykxxhA ukSdjh ykX;ka iNS m.kka Hkkjrh;fo|k eafnj lwa îzHkkdj* jh ijh{kk nhuhA b.klwa lkfgR; jS izfr m.kka jh vfHk#fp c.khA

dfork jS izfr m.kka jh vk #fp jktLFkku jh vSfrgkfld dFkkoka vj yksdxkFkkoka i<&i<*j c/krhxbZA vkijh dkO;Ñfr tkxrh tksrka* jS vkeq[k esa fxj/kkjh flag th [kqn fy[;kS gS] ^fdrkbZ fnuka iSyhgwa jktLFkkuh esa dha nwok vj dqaMfy;ka fy[;k gk tdka jk ikuk vBhuS&cBhuS #Grk jSork vj Vkcjfduh;ka c.kk*j mMk;k djrkA FkksM+k fnu iSyh NksVS HkkbZ jh chu.kh vk;h tn ck dkxnka uSa lkaHk*jjk[;k vj dok;kS ^thlk* rks pks[kkS fy[kS gS vj ekrHkklk esa fy[k.kS jh rks ?k.kh egÙkk gSA tn gwaiSyh dfork ^ckiw* fy[kh tdh fdrkc jS NsdM+ esa gSA cka bZ fnuka jk.kh y{ehdqekjh th pwaMkor jhêka>G jkr* i<h tdS lwa vS dforkoka fy[k.kS jh izsj.kk feyh vj ek;M+Hkklk ?k.kh ehBh ykx.kykxxhA LokfHkeku vj vktknh jS okLrS tw>.k vkGS eksVÓkjka ij bfr;kl] iqjk.k*j yksdxhrka jkS vk/kkj ys;*j vS dforkoka fy[kh gSA ohjka jkS izlfLr&xku lcG jk"Vªka jh thorh tkR;ka jkS xq.k gqoS(lqHkko gqoS gSA**

Lo- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj Åej t:j vksNh ik;h i.k m.kkajh nslHkfDr lwa nhirh vsd&vsd dforkesa LokfHkeku] jkLVªh; psruk vj ekuoh; ewY;ka jh fNc BkSM+&BkSM+ ns[k.k uSa feySA b.kjS vykok m.kkabfrgkl jS tdk misf{kr ik=ka uSa uk;d jS :i esa [kM+k djÓk gS m.kka esa es?kukn] flliky] dj.k]jktk iq# vkn vusd ik= gSA vakjS pfj= uSa mtkxj dj.k lk: fxj/kkjh flag ifM+gkj vkijhdforkoka esa bfrgkllEer rF; izLrqr djÓk gSA ckajh dforkoka esa ik= vsd&nwtS lwa laokn djrkfuxS vkoS vj b.k laokn&;kstuk esa m.kkajh dYiuk&lxrh vn~Hkqr jS;h gSA cS laokn dj.k okGk fd.khik= jkS LokfHkeku uha fMx.k nsoS] vk m.kkajS dkO; jh [kkfl;r gSA

fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh ês?kukn* dfork ckcr Lo- pUnznku pkj.k jk fopkj mYys[ktksx gSA^jktLFkkuh xaxk* jS ^fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj ^fo'ks"kkad* jS 43 ua- ikuS ekFkS m.kka fy[;kS gS] ^ês?kukn jkScj.ku rks okYehfd jh jkek;.k vj rqylh jS jkepfjr ekul esa Hkh feyS gS i.k b;S dfork esa fcYdqyu;S rjhdS lwa lksP;kS x;kS gSA es?kukn jh cgknjh fn[kk.kS jS lkxS&lkxS dfo foHkhl.k jS nslnzksg jhdjM+k lcnka esa HkRlZuk djh gSA ekbdsy eèkqlwnu jS dkO; ês?kukn o/k* jh Hkkar b;S dfork esa Hkhvktdky jS ckSf)d tekuS jS ekfQd cMkS Økafrdkjh nfLVdks.k vi.kk;kS x;kS gSA**

dfork laxzS ^tkxrh tksrka* esa ukS dforkoka lfEefyr gS] vj vS ukS bZ dforkoka uojRuka jh [kk.k&lhy[kkoSA vka dforkoka jh vksG b.k Hkkar gS& ^ês?kukn] fllikG] iq#] ikcwth] ikrG&vdcj&eku]xksfoan xq# jk Vkcfj;k] /kwM+dksV] Mwaxth tokjth vj ckiwA**

b.kh Hkkar m.kkajkS [kaM dkO; eku[kkS* Hkh feu[ki.kS jh dFkk dSoSA vkS dFkk dkO; vsd NksVh&lh ?kVukuSa ys;*j jP;kS x;kS] ft.kjkS mYys[k iqjk.kka esa feySA b.k dkO; esa /kje] ejtkn] feu[ki.kkS]ukjh&Hkkouk vj {kf=;&/kje jh ikGuk tSM+k dsbZ xq.k HksGk fyjhT;k gSA ;wa Hkh ohjka jkS ohjRo Qxrtq) esa bZ ns[k.k uSa uha feySA tq)ohj jS lkxS /kjeohj] nkuohj] n;kohj bZ b.k HkkjrHkkse ekFkS eksdGkgq;k gSA Jh fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS vSfrgkfld dFkk ij vkèkkfjr b.k [kaM dkO; êku[kkS* esa ohjRo

84

jk vS P;k:a bZ xq.k ns[k.k uSa fey tklhA

fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh vsd vkS:a dkGt;h Ñfr ^lwjS jkS lanslkS* Hkkjr&phu tq) ekFkS dsfUnzr gS]ft.kesa estj 'kSrkuflag jS cfynku jh xkSjo&xkFkk uSa ?k.kS lkarjS <ax lwa mdsjhth gSA lkpS vjFkka esavk vsd ohj tks/kk lk: dfo jh dkO; dqlqekatfy gSA vk Ñfr gS rks 16 iLBka jh i.k b.kuSa if<;kaiNS ikBdka esa vkijS nsl jS izfr izse vj Hkxrh jh Hkkouk izcG gq; tkoSA pUnznku pkj.k b.k iksFkhckcr fy[kS] ^^fgekGS jh pksVh lwa vk[kS Hkkjr jS yksxka uSa lwjS jkS lanslkS gS& gs ver iq=ka! ekSr jkS Mj>wBkS gS] th.kS okLrS ejkS vj ej.k jS okLrS thokSA vkt b;S ckr jh Hkksr t:jr gS dS vk[kS nsl jkyksx b;S lanslS uSa lkpS eu lwa xzg.k djSA**

fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj dkO;&fljt.k djrk jS;k i.k izflf) iko.k lk: m.kuSa dnSbZ Niko.k jh iSyuha djhA cS dforkoka jk ikuk fy[k&fy[k*j HksGk djrk jS;k vj tn ?kjokGka uSa b.k ckr jh Bk iM+hrks m.kka b.kuSa mtkl esa yko.k jh iSy djhA lwjS jkS lanslkS* rks m.kka jS lqjxokl iNS Nfi;kSA tkxrhtksrka* tSM+h dkGt;h Ñfr jk foIyoh dfo fxjèkkjhflag ifM+gkj jh tho.k tksr 4 vDVwcj] 1968 jSfnu ykach ekanxh jS iNS cq>xh] i.k cakjh dforkoka vej gSA ckajh cMh&cMh jpukoka dsbZ yksxka uSavkt Hkh daBka gS] b.k okLrS vS dkGt;h gS] dnSbZ ej uha ldSA

7-3 tl jk vk[kj % tkxrh tksrka

fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jkS iSykS dkO;&laxzg ^tkxrh tksrka* 1960 esa NI;kS] ft.kesa ukS dforkoka HksGhthgSA vS dforkoka bÙkh yksdfiz; gq;h dS Hkksr tYnh bZ ^vkmV vkWQ fizaV* gq;xhA ikBdka jh ekax ekFkScjl 1997 esa b.kjkS nwtkS laLdj.k Niko.kkS ifM+;kSA b.k laxzS jk izdkldh; esa m.kka jk P;k:a lqiq=loZJh f'koikyflag] vthrflag] fnyhiflag vj jktsUnzflag ifM+gkj b± iksFkh jS nwtS laLdj.k uSaNiko.k esa gq;h nsjh ckcr vkijh etcwjh crkork vkijS izdkldh; esa fy[kS] ^^FkksM+k gh cjlka esa iksFkhjkS iSykS laLdj.k lekIr gq;X;kSA gsrkGw ikBdka lwa iksFkh jS chtS laLdj.k jh ekax cjkscj vkaorh jS;h]i.k dha tksx&latksx vSM+k cf.k;k dS Egkjk iwT; firkJh fxj/kkjhflagth ifM+gkj jkS 1968 esa lqjxoklgq;X;kS vj Egs Vkcj m.k cxr iksFkh jkS nwtkS laLdj.k fudkG.k jh fLFkfr esa uha gkA**

chdkusj jkS ^ljLorh dkO; ,oa dyk laLFkku* tn fxj/kkjhflagth ifM+gkj jh 77oha t;arh /kwe/kke lwaeuko.k jh rsoM+h rks Lo- ifM+gkj jk lqiq=ka Hkh b.k ekSdS ^tkxrh tksrka* jkS nwtkS laLdj.k ikBdka jSgkFkka iwxko.k esa gj[k jkS vuqHko djÓkSA

^tkxrh tksrka* esa dfo Hkkjr jh cka vej tksrka jkS tlxku djÓkS gS] tdk vkijS LokfHkeku] ekrHkksejh fjNikG vj jkLVªizse jS lkxS nsl jh vsdrk vj v[kaMrk lk: vkijh dqjckuh nhA foi[k esa gqo.kjS dkj.k ês?kukn* vj ^fllikG* uSa bfrgkl esa HkykabZ Bkoh BkSM+ uha feyh gqokS] i.k fxj/kkjhflagifM+gkj vka ohjka jS ohjRo jh v.kns[kh uha dj lD;kA cakjS ohjksfpr xq.kka uSa fcM+nko.k jS lkxS m.kkajh xGfr;ka vj vR;kpkj uSa Hkh v[kjk;k gSA

es?kukn

laxzS jh iSyh dfork ês?kukn* gS] ft.kesa yadsldqaoj ês?kukn* jh lxrh uSa ?k.kS izHkkoh <ax lwa mtkxjdjhth gSA dfork jh l:vkr bZ es?kukn jS ijkØe vj jtoV jkS c[kk.k djrh y[kkoS&

cks nsojkt uS nsoka uSa]/kjrh jh /kwM+ pVkof.k;kSA

yadk jkS es?kkS tw>S gks]xjtu L;wa xxu daikof.k;kSAA

b.kh dfork esa vkxS okuj&nG jS ;qojkt vaxn] otzdk; okGS gM+ekuth] lqxzho vj] tkeoar jkS tksj

85

es?kukn jS vkxS uha pky.k jh ckr uSa ?k.kS izHkkoh <ax lwa mdsjhth gSA b.k Hkkar es?kukn jS vkxS jkeknGokGk ywaBk ohjka jh nkG uha xGÓka iNS fyNe.k jkS vkxeu bZ ?k.kh xjetkslh lwa dFkhT;kS gS&

chjka rks iwB ijh nhuh]lwjka lwjkikS fcljk;kSA

j.k&vkax.k =kg&=kg epxh]ri rst HkjÓkS fyNe.k vk;kSAA

fyNe.k vkorka bZ es?kukn lwa ft.k Hkkar jk laokn djS] cS lgt&ljy Hkklk esa gqo.k jS lkxS ?k.kkekjfed gS] i.k dfo jh dYiuk jS lkxS vSfr;kfld rF;ka jS lkxS es?kukn tdk tckc nsoS cS Hkhfxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS dkO;&dkSly jh lk[k Hkjrk lk y[kkoSA mnkgj.k jS :i esa vS laokn ns[;ktk; ldS&

tho.k jkS vsd mik; vcS]ts rwa pkoS yadk pkoSA

le>knS cki FkkjyS uSa]cks lj.k jke jh vk tkoSAA

vks naHk ?k.kkS nq[k nsoSykS]teuxjh uSM+h vk T;klhA

jko.k jk dje blk dkGk]vk[kh yadk uSa [kk tklhAA

yadsldqaoj cksY;ks& fyNe.k !D;wa dje&/kje uSa Nk.kS gSA

tqyeka jh tM+ rSa jksih gS]vk vk[kh nqfu;k tk.kS gSAA

rwa lqji.k[kk jh ukd dkV]yadk jh L;ku xekbZ gSA

tn lhrk ykt vo/k okGh]cnGS esa yadk vkbZ gSAA

b.k Hkkar es?kukn vj fyNe.k jk laokn] tq) jh yydkj vj czãck.k ykx.k lwa fyNe.k jS ewfNZrgq;ka iNS j.kHkkse esa tn foHkhl.k vkoS rks es?kukn jkS ikjkS lkroSa vkleku ij p< tkoSA HkkHkM+kHkwrgq;ksM+kS es?kukn nqLe.k nG esa jG tko.k okGS vkijS dkdS foHkhl.k uSa HkkaM.k lwa bZ uha pwdSA vBS dfojk Hkko vS gS dS pk;S dksbZ vR;kpkjh bZ D;wa uha gqokS] i.k vkijh ekrHkkse jkS eksg vj nslizse rks gjsdvkneh esa gqo.kkS bZ pkbtSA dfo es?kukn jS ewa<S foHkhl.k jh HkRlZuk djko.k lwa Hkh uha pwdS&

j?kqoaL;ka jkS xksykS c.kX;kS]f/kjdkj gq;kS FkkjkS th.kkSA

vkNkS MksC;kS jS yktgh.k]yadk jkS ik.kh yk[kh.kkSAA

gks jkt eqdqV jkS ?k.kkS dksM]dkdk rwa iSyh dg nsrkSA

EgSa dj nsrkS ;qojkt rUuSa]vf/kdkj EgkjykS ys ysrkSAA

b.k Hkkar tkxrh tksrka* jh b.k iSyh dfork jS ek/;e lwa fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj es?kukn jS ÅtGS pfj=

86

uSa mtkxj djÓkS gS] tdkS vi.kS vki esa vsd uwaokS iz;ksx gSA

fllikG

laxzS jh nwth dfork ^fllikG* fljSukeS lwa gSA egkHkkjr jS lHkkioZ esa fllikG jS eq[k lwa JhÑ".kHkxoku uSa ?k.kh [kjh&[kksVh lq.kkbZth gSA fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh b.k dfork esa Hkh vSfrgkfld rF;fyjhT;k gS i.k fllikG jS LokfHkeku uSa Hkh dk;e jk[k.k jkS iz;kl djhT;kS gSA dfork jh l:vkr/kjejkt tqtBG ¼tqf/kf"Bj½ jS jkt;K ioZ lwa gqoS ft.kesa Hkjr {ks= jk eksVk&eksVk jktk&egkjktkU;warhT;k gSA vka HkwikGka jkS lqvkxr djrka /kjejkt dSoS&

Fks Hkwi] ftrk gks /kjrh jk]gwa NksVk FkkauSa dgwa fd;kaA

lS cjkcjh jk HkkbZ gks]EgkjS rks vjtqu Hkhao fta;kaAA

jktftx lk: tqM+h b.k lHkk esa tn lHkkifr jS vkl.k jh ckr vkoS rks HkhLe JhÑL.k Hkxoku uSa b.kvkl.k jkS vf/kdkjh crkoSA rn pansjh jkS jktk fllikG b.k ckr jkS fojksèk djS vj dSoS dS JhÑL.kb.k vkl.k jS tksxk fda;ka gS&

X;kuh vks gq;kS fdlS fnu jkS]XokGkS gS xk;ka pkjf.k;kSA

cujkcu jkS uV ukpf.k;kS]ot jh ejtkn fcxkM+f.k;kSAA

rn firkeg HkhLe ikNkS fllikG uSa ;kn fnjkoS&

dqu.kkiqj jh /kjrh tk.kS]vk yk; cBSgh ykxh gSA

ekjx ugha feY;kS HkkxrS uSa]fllikG ! ÑL.k cks lkxh gSAA

vk[kk rdZ&fordZ jS iNS Hkh fllikG uha le>S vj cks JhÑL.k uSa yxksyx Hkyh&HkwaMh dS;ka tkoSArn Hkxoku JhÑL.k fllikG uSa yydkjrk vkijkS lqnjlu pØ mBk;*j QsadS tdkS fllikG jkSo/k dj uka[kS&

tn lhl dVÓkS fllikGS jkS]cksy.k uSa thHk QM+drh ghA

naHkh eksVS cdoknh jh]/kM+ /kjrh iM+h /kM+drh ghAA

iq#

jktk iq# Hkkjr jkS vsdek= vSM+kS jktk gq;kS gS tdkS foLofotsrk jk lqiuk ns[k.k okGS lezkV fldanjjkS xjc xkG fn;kSA nslHkxrh jkS nhokukS jktk iq# fldanj uSa Hkkjr ij vkØe.k lk: ekjx uha fn;kStdkS uha gh fn;kSA tn m.kuSa ;wuku /k.kh fldanj canh c.kk fn;kS rks Hkh cks m.kuSa djM+k tckc nsorkadS;kS dS vtS rks EgSa tkcd NksVkS jktk gkjÓkS gwa i.k Hkkjr jk HkwikGka uSa ns[k*j Fkkjh ywaBh lsuk jkFkj.kk gky tkoSyk&

vfHkeku ?k.kkS er dj jktk]vk NksVh lsuk gkjh gSA

Hkkjr esa Hkwi ?k.kk eksVk]

87

FkkjS nG L;wa nG Hkkjh gSAA

b.klwa iSyh dfork jh l#vkr esa tn lezkV fldanj jkS nwr iq# jS njckj esa vk;*j lanslkS nsoS rksiq# jkrkSihGkS gks;*j m.kuSa dSoS&

Egkjh jS;r jkS fQdj nwr]iq# cksY;kS& EgkauSa dj.kkS gSA

nqLe.k jh rkcSnkjh esa]th.kS lwa vkNkS ej.kkS gSAA

x x xdg nhtS nwr fldUnj uSa]

iq# tw>.k lkaekS vkoSykSAts Egkjh lhaoka MkdSykS]

yksFkka Åij L;wa tkoSykSAA

fldanj jh eksVS yLdj vkxS gkykadS iq# jh lsuk gkj tkoS i.k fldanj m.kjh ohjrk jh dnz djrkSvkijS lsukirh flY;wdl uSa vk ckr dSo.k lwa uha pwdSA vBS dfo jkS dYiuk dkSly ns[k.ktksx gS&

cksY;kS lejkV flY;wdl uSa]rwa fy[knS jkstukepS ijA

Hkkjr esa ns[;k ftL;k ohj]eSa u;ha ns[;ka /kjrh ÅijAA

b.k Hkkar fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh dforkoka esa jkLVªizse jh Hkkoukoka Hkfj;ksM+h gS] ft.kesa tks/kk gkjHkykabZ tkokS] i.k cakjS pfj= uSa ft.k Hkkar mtkxj djÓkS gS cks fcM+nko.ktksx gSA iq# jh lsuk lezkVfldanj lwa ft.k tksl&[kjksl jS lkxS twa>h ck dfo jS fgjnS uSa >d>ksj fn;kS ykxSA

ikcw

ikcwth jkBkSM+ jktLFkku esa yksdnsork jS :i esa iwthtSA paojh lwa ÅB*j xk;ka jh okj p<.kkS vj xkSj{kklk: vkijS izk.kka jkS mRlxZ dj.kkS ckauSa yksdnsork jS :i esa Fkkfir djÓkSA vkt Hkh ikcwth jk Hkksikckajk iokM+k xkoS vj ikcwth jh iM+ ckapSA ohjrk jS vSM+S pfj= uSa mtkxj dj.k esa jktLFkku jk dfo;kaHkh ikN uha jk[kh] i.k fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh gjsd dfork esa dha u dha uwaokS ns[k.k uSa feySA

ikcw jkBkSM+ tn ij.kht.k uSa vk;k rks cS nsoG pkj.kh jh ?kksM+h ys;*j vk;kA ykjS lwa tk;y jkSthanjko [khpha lkxS jG*j cha jh xk;ka ys;X;kS vj lkxS vk ckr dS;X;kS dS ts xk;ka ikNh yso.kh gSrks dslj ?kksM+h EgkuSa nso.kh iM+lhA vBS rkabZ dfork laokn&lSyh esa pkyS vj nsoy nsoh jh ckr lq.k*jpaojh esa cSBÓk ikcwth jh Hkwagka p< tkoS&

tn xaBtksM+S jh xkaB Fkke][kksy.k uSa ykX;k ikcwthA

vejk.kkS lkjkS /kwt mBÓkS]Qwyens jh dk;k /kwthAA

ikcwth tn xk;ka jh okj p<.k ykxS rks dU;ki[k jk lks<k ckauSa Qsjk iwjk yso.k lk: <kc.kh pkoS vjckauSa Hkkar&Hkkar jk vksGek nso.k jS lkxS nsoG uSa pksjhth xk;ka lwa nw.kh xk;ka nso.k jkS ykyp nsoS i.kjtiwrh jS dGad ykx.k jS Mj lwa ikcwth #dS dksuhA b.klwa iSyh b.k dfork esa lks<h jk.kh vj ikcwthjkS yackS laokn gS] i.k ikcwth vkijh ij.ksr.k uSa T;wa&R;wa le>k*j tq) lk: oghj gq; tkoS&

brjks dg p<X;k ikcwth]

88

dslj iouka T;wa mM pkyhAjkBkSM+ka jk ?kksM+k nkSM+Ók]

tn ikSM+ka L;wa /kjrh gkyhAA

x x xikcw] gM+cw lk ohj dVÓk]

pkanS] MkeS lk cG okGkAjkBkSM+ dVÓk [khph dfV;k]

Hkwfe ij fcNX;k HkqjtkGkAA

ikrG] vdcj] eku

LokfHkeku vj jkLVªizse jS egkuk;d jS :i esa jktLFkku jk egkjk.kk izrki jkS tl vf[k;krka esa pkokSgSA jktLFkku bZ uha HkkjrHkj jk dfo;ka bfrgkl jS b.k vknlZ iq#l jkS tlksxku dj.k lwa uha pwD;kAjktLFkkuh Hkklk esa dfo dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh dfork îkry vj ihFkG* ?k.kh pjfpr jS;h gSA b.khdM+h esa fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh dfork îkry] vdcj] eku* bZ vi.kS vki esa vuwBh gSA b.k dforkjh l#vkr esa egkjk.kk izrki vj vkesj jk ekuflag jS fcpkGS tdh jaftl gh] m.kuSa iSyh mtkxjdjhth gSA b.klwa vSM+kS ykxS dS vdcj lwa T;knk egkjk.kk izrki ekFkS ekuflag dqfir gks&

tn FkkG fcjkT;k the.k uSa]HksGkS ;qojkt vej vk;kSA

D;wa u;ha i/kkjÓk jk.kksth]vkesjS ikNkS iqNok;kSAA

x x xEgkjkS ukrkS vdcj lkxS]

jk.kksth gha.kk ekuS gSAi.k ekuflag jkS rst vkt]

Hkkjr esa dq.k L;wa NkuS gSAA

b.k Hkkar jktk ekuflag egkjk.kk izrki jS HksGk ugha the.k lwa ukjkt gq;*j fudG tkoS vj dSoS dSb.k x< esa vcS m.kha fnu thekayk tn ekFkS jh ihM+ feV tklhA ckjS fudGrh cxr egkjk.kk izrkim.kuSa yydkjS&

dNok dksI;ka dkaiS dksuh]esokM+h /kjrh dkBh gSA

ts fetekuh u;ha #ph jko]eqM+rka uSa gGnh?kkVh gSAA

dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj vkijh vka dforkoka esa vkilh laokn jS ekè;e lwa ik=ka jS pfj= jkS ft.kHkkar fp=.k djS cks ljko.k tksx gSA b.k dfork esa ekuflag Hkh vkijS rjdka jS vk/kkj ekFkS egkjk.kkizrki uSa b.k ckr lk: jkth dj.k jh dksfll djS dS vdcj tSM+k lqG÷;ksM+k lezkV jS vkxS fuao.klwa fd.kh jkS eku uha ?kVS] i.k egkjk.kk izrki ekuflag uSa psrkoS&

ladV gS /kjk /kje Åij]eqxyka jh lÙkk eksVh jkSA

Egka >qD;ka #[kkGkS dq.k gkslh]fganw jS flj jh pksVh jkSAA

89

xksfoan xq# jk Vkcfj;k

b.k dfork esa Hkh fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj b.k ckr uSa iq[rk dj.k jkS iz;kl djÓkS gS dS feu[k uSa vkijkS/kje uha NksM.kkS pkbtS pk;S m.k ekFkS fdÙkkS bZ ladV D;wa uha vk; tkokSA eqxy lÙkk jh cxr fganwgqokS pk;S flD[k] lxGka uSa bLyke /kje Lohdkj dj.k lk: etcwj djhT;kS] i.k LokfHkekuh yksxvkijkS /kje uha cnGÓkS] HkykabZ b.kjh vsot esa m.kka uSa vkijS izk.kka jkS cfGnku bZ D;wauha nso.kkS ifM+;kSgqoSA flD[kka jk nloka xq# xksfoanflag jk liwr tksjkojflag vj Qrsgflag ij Hkh bLyke /kje Lohdkjdj.k lk: ncko fnjhT;kS vj m.kka uSa Hkharka esa pq.kko.k jkS Mj Hkh fn[kk;kS i.k cS vkijkS /kje uhaNksMÓkS vj daoGk&lk nksuwa Vkcj Hkhark esa pq.khtX;k&

tksjkoj fla?k d;ks lqPpk]ej.kkS gS tho.k jS lkxSA

vdkG iqjl uSa >qdS tdk]dn >qD;k uckcka jS vkxSAA

flj Åapk gS fljnkjka jk]Åaph gS xq#oka jh ok.khA

Egs uhpk dqdj fuao T;koka]iap vkcka jkS yktS ik.khAA

/kwM+dksV

lu~ lÙkkou jS xnj esa jktLFkku jk dsbZ lkear vj Bkdqj fj;klrka lwa eq[kkyQr dj*j fczfVl lÙkklwa yksgkS fy;kSA b.kesa vkÅok jk Bkdqj dqlkyflag jkS ukao ?k.kS xkSjo lwa fyjhtS] i.k b.klwa [kklkiSyh lu~ 1805 esa Hkjriqj ujsl j.kthrflag vaxzst lÙkk jkS tdkS fojks/k dfj;kS cks vf[k;krka esa pkokSgq;X;kSA vaxzstka jh vka nksuwa lkearka ekFkS vka[k jkS eksVkS dkj.k cakjS fojksf/k;ka uS lj.k nso.kkS bZ jS;kSAvkÅok Bkdqj ekjokM+ jk ckxh flikb;ka uSa vkijS x< esa lj.k nhoh rks tloar jko gksYdj uSa Hkjriqjujsl vkijS vBS lj.k nhoh] b.kh dkj.k fczfV'k* & lÙkk m.kka ekFkS dksi djÓkSA fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkjvkijh b.k dfork esa Hkjriqj jS ?ksjS jkS ?k.kkS Hkkoiw.kZ oj.kko djÓkS gSA Lo- ifM+gkj jh Hkklk bÙkhlgt&ljy gS dS ck gjsd ikBd jS fpÙk p< tkoS&

lj.kS gqYdj tloUr jko]tn Hkwi Hkjriqj jS vk;kSA

lG iM+ÓkS Hkaokjka] jhl djh]xksjka ijok.kkS fHktok;kSAA

tn xksjka jkS ijok.kkS tloar jko uSa vaxzstka jS gokyS dj.k jkS vk;kS rks j.kthrflag jh vka[;ka esa jhlmrj vk;h vj cS vkijS HkkbZ&ca/kqoka uSa dS;kS&

egkjkt d;ks fljnkjka uSa]njckj HkjÓkS gS Hkk;ka L;waA

rh[kk gS cksy fQjaxh jk]u;ha jSoS L;ku nc tk;ka lwaAA

b.k Hkkar j.kthrflag vkijS lkFkh lkearka lkxS vaxzstka lwa yM+.k jkS fuLpS dj fy;kSA tn ykV ysdvaxzsth nG&cG lkxS Hkjriqj uSa vk; ?ksjÓkS rks vka lxGk ohjka jG*j vaxzstka jk NDdk NqMk; fn;k&

tkVka jS x< esa ÅNc gks]thR;ka jaxjGÓka eukoS gkA

90

j.kthrfla?k jk t;dkjk]xwatS gk] xxu xqatkoS gkAA

Mwaxth&tokjth

jktLFkku jk Lora=rk lsukfu;ka esa cBksB ikVksnk jS Bkdj Mwaxjflag vj cakjS dkdS jS csVS HkkbZtokgjflag jkS ukao xqest jS lkxS fyjhtSA jktiwrkus jh fj;klrka jk ?k.k[kjk jktk tn vaxjstka lwalaf/k;ka dj*j vkijh lqj{kk jkS Hkkj m.kka uSa lwai fn;kS rks vaxzst m.kkajh fj;klrka esa vkijh eupk;h?kky&?kqlsM+ pkyw dj nhA vk ckr fj;klrka jS dsbZ Bkdjka uSa v[kjh vj m.kka vaxzsth lÙkk jkSfojks/k l: dj fn;kSA cBksB ikVksnk jk Mwaxth&tokjth bZ fQjafx;ka jh eq[kkyQr dj*j cakjkS/ku&eky vj xksGk&ck:n ywV.kkS l: dj fn;kSA cS lkpS vjFkka esa nslizseh gk vj turk jkfgek;rh gkA m.kka jS b.k fonzksg jkS turk ekFkS O;kid izHkko ifM+;kS vj vkxS tk;*j nsl uSa vktknhfeyhA yksd xkFkkoka esa bZ Mwaxth&tokjth jh xkFkk ?k.kh pkoh gSA

Lora=rk jk iqtkjh Mwaxth&tokjth jS vknlZ pfj= uSa ys;*j fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jkS dfo&fgjnS bZb.k dfork uSa vk[kjka jS vksGkoS ekaM nhA dfork jh l#vkr dfo eSfQy&eqtjS lwa djh gS] i.k tntokgjflag jh dkdh vksGeks nsoS dS FkkajkS dkdkS rks vkxjS jS fdyS esa dSn gS vj FkS vBS eSfQykamMkokS&

dkdkS rks fdyS vkxjS esa]dSnh gS] ckVka tksoS gSA

Fks yky uk[knh ykt blh]erokG eSQyka gksoS gSAA

rn tokgjflag vkijh dkdhlk ¼Bdqjk.kh½ uSa dSoS dS FkS EgkuSa bZ rkukS D;wa ekjkS gks] fczfVl lÙkk jSvkxS rks vk[kkS jktiwrkuks bZ >qdX;kS gS&

tSij jkS eku >qD;kS eksVkS]e#/kjk/khl chdk.kS jkSA

jkBkSM+ka okGh vk.k >qdh]egkjkt >qD;kS tks/kk.kS jkSAA

Bqdjk.kh vj tokgjflag jS vkilh laoknka esa tn Bdqjk.kh vk ckr dSoS dS vcS jktiwr eksVÓkjka esalwjkikS jS;kS dksuh] vcS rks yqxk;ka uSa bZ tq) dj.kkS iM+lh] rn tokgjflag jkS [kwu [kkSG mBS vj cksvkijS dkdS uSa vkxjS jh dSn lwa eqxr djko.k jh eu esa /kkj ysoSA cS vkijh dkdh uSa dSoS&

vc vki i/kkjkS eSyka esa]xksjka jkS xjHk f[kaMko.k uSaA

Egs tk; vkxjS vM+ T;klka]dkdS jk ca/k rqM+ko.k uSaAA

fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS dkO;&laxzS ^tkxrh tksrka* jh vk [kkfl;r gS dS m.kesa ladfyr gjsd dforkjh Hkklk ljy&lgt gksorka Fkdka bZ vkst vj rst jk Hkko fy;ksM+h gSA

ckiw

nsl uSa vktknh fnjko.k esa jkLVªfirk egkRek xka/kh jkS eksVkS vonku jS;kS gSA cS xqykeh lwa =Lr Hkkjrh;tuekul jS fcpkGS nso:i ekuhtrk gkA xka/khth jk xq.kxku dj.k okGk dsbZ dfo b.k nsl esa gq;kgSA Hkkjr jh fofHkUu izkarh; Hkklkoka nkabZ jktLFkkuh esa dfo dUgS;kyky lsfB;k ^cS dq.k xeX;k*fljSukeS lwa xka/khth jS pfj= uSa ÅtkGrh dkGt;h dfork jph rks fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj ^ckiw* ukao

91

lwa vk lkaxksikax jpuk jphA b.k dfork esa xkaèkhth uSa dfo nsorqY; ekU;kS gS&

vks lar yaxksVh okGkS gks]pkY;kS cGrS vaxkjka esaA

ft.k djetksx jkS egkea=]QwaD;kS [kknh jS rkjka esaAA

vks usg :i ukjk;.k gks]fucGka jkS ?k.kkS lgkjkS gksA

/kjrh jh vka[;ka jkS rkjkS]Hkkjr ekrk jkS I;kjkS gksAA

xka/khth jh ljeukd gR;k jh ?kVuk jkS Hkh dfo ?k.kkS ekjfed oj.kko djÓkS gS&

xka/kh rks rst riLoh jkS]vks feVS ub± gfFk;kjka L;waA

gS jkse&jkse esa jke :i]vks ejS ub± fgR;kjka L;waAA

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh ^tkxrh tksrka* jh dforkoka lkpS vjFkka esa Hkkjr jhcka tkxrh tksrka jkS tlxku gS] tdh cq÷;ka iNS bZ v[kaM gS] vej gSA vka dforkoka jk fol; t:jU;kjk&U;kjk gS] i.k gjSd dfork esa ekrHkkse jh j{kk] nslizse vj LokfHkeku lk: vkijk izk.k mRlxZdj.k jh izsj.kk jk Hkko HkjÓksM+k gSA vka dforkoka esa xqykeh jh ftanxh th.kS lwa ej.kS uSa ?k.kkS eaxGekuhT;kS gSA

7-4 feu[ki.kS jh ejtkn % eku[kkS

fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jkS [kaM&dkO; êku[kkS* lxGka lwa iSyka 1964 esa NI;kSA vkS vsd dFkk&dkO; gS]ft.kesa JhÑL.k vj vtqZu tq) esa vsd&nwtS jS vkaeh&lkaeh [kM+Ók gSA T;wadS iSyka bZ dS;kS tk pqD;kSgS Lo- ifM+gkj bfrgkl jh m.k NksVh&NksVh ?kVukoka uSa ?k.kS lkarjS <ax lwa vkijh dkO;&fljt.kk jkSvk/kkj c.kk;kS gSA êgkHkkjr* eka; Hkh b.k ?kVuk jkS dBSbZ mYys[k uha feyS] gkykadS b.k dkO; jk ik=xa/koZjkt fp=lsu] xkyo _f"k vkn jk oj.ku dsbZ BkSM+ vk;k gS i.k vka nksuka jS dkj.k ikaMoka jkSJhÑL.k lkxS Vdjko dksuh gqoSA gka ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuka esa b.k ?kVuk jkS FkksM+kS&?k.kkS ftdj t:jgq;kS gSA

fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj lwa iSyka b.k dFkkud uSa ys;*j Lo- ek[kuyky prqosZnh ^JhÑ".kktqZu ;q)* ukaolwa vsd ukVd fganh esa fy[;kS gks] tdkS ?k.kks pjfpr gq;kSA gq; ldS dS b.kh lwa izsfjr gq;*j JhifM+gkj b.k [kaMdkO; jh jpuk djh gqoSA êku[kkS* esa feu[ki.kS jh ejtkn] ekuoh; ewY;] èkje jhvk.k lkFkS tq) lwa gwo.k okGh gk.k ckcr Hkh psrkbZT;kS gSA êku[kkS* jS ek/;e lwa Lo- ifM+gkjukjh&Hkkouk uSa ft.k Hkkar ijxV djh gS] m.klwa cakjS dkO;&dkSly jh dwar djh tk; ldS gSA

êku[kkS* jh dFkk

b.k [kaM&dkO; jh l#vkr bUnzkiqj jS laxhrdkj xa/koZjkt fp=lsu lwa gqoS tdkS vkijh tksM+k;r jSlkxS /kjejkt jh /kjrh gfLrukiqj esa iwx tkoS vj cBS ydM+Óka HksGh dj*j vkRenkg jh R;kjh djSArn vtqZu jh jk.kh lqHknzk ¼JhÑL.k jh cSu½ vk;*j m.klwa loky&tckc djrh vkRenkg dj.k jkSdkj.k iwNSA

gqoS ba;ka dS bUnzkiqj okGkS lqizfl) laxhrdkj xa/koZ fp=lsu jkx&jax esa jh÷;ksM+kS vkijh tksM+k;rlkxS foeku esa tkorkS gksA uhpS /kjrh ekFkS xkyo _f"k riL;k djrk gkA fp=lsu Åij lwa vkijS

92

iku jh ihd FkwdS tdh tksx lwa xkyo fjf[k jh tVk ekFkS tk; iM+SA b.klwa xkyo fjf[k jh riL;kHkax gq; tkoS vj cS fp=lsu uSa eR;qnaM nso.k lk: JhÑL.k uSa ;kn djSA JhÑL.k xa/koZ fp=lsu uSaekj.k jkS erkS dj ysoS vj m.kjS ykjS nkSM+SA latksx lwa JhÑL.k jh lHkk esa ukjn Hkh gqoS vj cks fp=lsuuSa lxGh ckr crk; nsoSA ?kcjk;ksM+kS fp=lsu dsbZd nsorkoka jS duSa tk;*j izk.knku lk: lj.k ekaxSi.k JhÑL.k jkS ukao lq.k*j gjsd nsork Hk; [kk; tkoS vj m.kuSa dksbZ lj.k uha nsoSA

variar dk;kS gq;*j cks ikaMoka jh /kjrh ekFkS iwx tkoS vj tn ikaMw bZ m.kuSa lj.k nso.k lwa uV tkoSrks cks cBS bZ fprk p<.k jh R;kjh dj ysoSA lqHknzk jS vkxeu ij tn fp=lsu ?k.kS djM+S eu lwaJhÑL.k jkS ukao crkoS rks vsdjdk rks lqHknzk jk ix bZ ikNk iM+ tkoS] i.k iNS ck fp=lsu uSa vkijSlkxS gfLrukiqj esa vtqZu duSa ys; vkoSA JhÑL.k Hkh fp=lsu jkS ykjkS idM+rk gfLrukiqj vk; iwxSvj iNS JhÑL.k vj vtqZu fcpkGS fp=lsu uSa ys;*j tq) l: gq; tkoSA JhÑ".k jS tq)&dkSlylwa Mj*j vtqZu NsdM+ czãkL= mBk; ysoSA b.k ekFkS JhÑL.k bZ czãkL= lkaHk ysoS] i.k b.klwa vk[khflzfLV jkS fo.kkl gqo.k jS Mj lwa xkyo _f"k laxhrdkj fp=lsu uSa ekQ dj nsoS vj b.k Hkkar eku[kkSflzfLV jS fo.kkl lwa cp tkoSA ukjn eqfu vj xkyo _f"k jS le>k;ka JhÑL.k vj vtqZu bZ tq) jkS[kkrekS dj*j vsd&nwtS lwa xGS feG tkoSA

dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj b.k dFkk&dkO; jS ek/;e lwa feu[k jS ÅtGS pfj= uSa mtkxj dj.k jkSln~iz;kl djÓkS gSA lj.kkxr j{kk lk: vkijk lwa bZ yM+.kkS iM+S rks iM+SA vkS dkO; jktLFkkuh HkklkuSa Qxr Hkklkxr nhB lwa bZ flej/k uha djS cYdS gjsd ikBd uSa dkO; jkS jfld c.kk; nsoSA ôhjHkksX;k olqa/kjk* jh dgkor uSa pfjrkFkZ djrkS vkS jktLFkkuh dkO; gj nhB lwa fljS gSA b.kesa ohj jljS lkFkS&lkFkS fl.kxkj] d#.k] lkar vj ohHkRl jl Hkh BkSM+&BkSM+ ns[;k tk; ldSA

dfo b.k dkO; jh l#vkr iqjk.kh ijEijk uSa rksM+*j djh gSA e/;dkG jS gjsd dkO; jh l#vkreaxGkpj.k lwa gqoS i.k b.k dkO; jh l#okr lh/kkS fp=lsu jh ftuxk.kh jS BkV&ckV lwa gq;kS gS&

bUnzkiqj okGks xhrdkj]lqj jkx jax esa jh÷;ksM+kSA

lq[k jS ghaMksGS ghaM jS;kS]oSHko jh fcj[kk Hkha÷;ksM+kSAA

b.kjS vkxS dfo fl.kxkj&jl lwa vkijh b.k dfork esa lkSan;Zcks/k djko.k esa lQG jS;kS gSA fp=lsujh iRuh jS :i&lkSan;Z jkS oj.kko djrkS dfo fy[kS&

?kj esa /k.k :M+h jrh ftlh]

Qwyka jS dkaVS rqy T;koSA

cks :i iyd iydka ykX;ka]

uS.kka izk.kka esa ?kqG T;koSAA

ukjh&lkSan;Z jS lkFkS ukjh jS ohjRo jkS oj.kko bZ b.k dkO; esa BkSM+&BkSM+ ns[k.k uSa feySA tn JhÑL.klwa cpko jh ukmEehn esa fp=lsu gkj&Fkkd*j gfLrukiqj jh /kjrh ekFkS vkRenkg jh R;kjh dj ysoSrks lqHknzk m.kuSa dSoS&

gksoSyk v/kje fda;ka vBS]/kjrh gS /kje #[kkGka jhA

lxrh uSa nqfu;k tk.kS gS]dS*M+h dj.kh dqarkGka jhAA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk tkslhyk dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jktLFkkuh ijEijkoka esa ukjh uSa txrekrk]

93

ohjekrk] /kjeijk;.kk] vknlxrh] lj.knkrk] lrh vj ohjkaxuk jS :i esa êku[kkS* esa vknj fn;kS gSAvBS jS fjfl&eqfu;ka ;ka jS dS;S eqtc dS ^;= uk;ZLrq iwT;ars] jears r= nsork%* jh Hkkouk lwa ns[kka rksdfo fxj/kkjhflag jh ukjh&Hkkouk ukjh jS vSM+k mnkj xq.kka jkS lkaxksikax c[kk.k djrh y[kkoSA ckuxhns[kkS&

txrekrk&

jG vk/kks vk/k vax iwjkS]tn feu[k yqxkbZ dq.k de gSA

ts uj gS un iq#lkjFk jkS]rks ukjh m.kjkS mn~xe gSAA

ohjekrk&

/k.k daoGh tdh ldqarG gh]

m.k Hkwi Hkjr lks c.kk fn;kSA

vSM+h lxrh lkfo=h jh]

fodjkG dkG uSa tSj fd;kSAA

/kje ijk;.kk&

tx jh t.kuh ikG.k okGh]dksiS rks djM+h dkGh gSA

lqHk /kje&dje ejtknk jh]ukjh uj jh #[kokGh gSAA

lj.knkrk&

ts vk[kh nqfu;k eq[k eksM+ÓkS]ladV uha >ky ldh FkkjkSA

rks fp=lsu vc Mj dksuh]lj.kkS gS ruSa lqHknzk jkSAA

ohjiRuh&

/kj.kh vtqZu jS vk/kS ru]ft.kuSa vHkS fd;kS gSA

flejFk ikaMwa dqG jh jk.kh]thounku fn;kS gSAA

b.k Hkkar êku[kkS* dkO; esa lqHknzk jS :i esa ukjh jk dsbZ&dsbZ ÅtGk vj vksirk xq.k vkikajS lkaehvkoSA b.k dkO; eka; Hkkjrh; ukjh jS ÅapS thou&ewY;ka jh Fkkiuk gqbZ gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ukjhjkS tho.k nks oalka jh eku&ejtknk lwa tqM+ÓksM+kS gSA ck ihj vj lkljS jS nksuwa dqGka jh ijEijkoka]ejtknkoka] jhr&fjoktka vkn lwa ca/;ksM+h jSoSA vSM+h gkyr esa m.kjkS nksyM+kS nkf;Ro jSoS vj ck nksuwaBkSM+ vatltksx dke djSA êku[kkS* esa Hkh lqHknzk Hkkjrh; ukjh jS ÅtGS tl jh lk[k HkjSA

7-5 nsl Hkxrh lwa nhirkS % lwjS jkS lanslkS

^lwjS jkS lanslkS* dfork&iksFkh nslizse vj ek;M+Hkkse jh j{kk lk: izk.kksRlxZ dj.k okGk ijeohj estj'kSrkuflag jS ohjRo uSa mtkxj djSA vk iksFkh dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS lqjxokl gq;kS iNS NihAlu~ 1962 esa phu Hkkjr ekFkS geykS dfj;kSA nqLe.k jS vkØe.k jh cxr lwjki.kkS lwR;kS uha jS; ldSA

94

ijeohj estj 'kSrkuflag bZ nsl jh j{kk lk: yík[k esa vkijk izk.k U;kSNkoj dj fn;kA pkSikl.khLdwy ¼tks/kiqj½ jk 'kSrkuflag HkkVh jh cgknqjh lwa izsfjr dfo ifM+gkj b.k dfork jS ekè;e lwa nsl jhuwaoh ih<h uSa vkS lanslkS nso.k jkS ln~iz;kl djÓkS gS dS nsllsok lwa cMkS dksbZ dkjt b.k nqfu;k esadksuhA

phu jS ukikd bjknS uSa ?kkrhykS crkorka dfo ifM+gkj b.k dfork jh l#vkr lkarjS <ax lwa djh gS&

lhrG lwrS gsekGS jh]j.k jkrS jh rkrh /kkjkaA

lcGS Hkkjr ij pksV djh]nqcGS frCcr jk fgR;kjkaAA

b.k phuh geyS jkS tckc nso.k lk: Hkkjr jh iqu/kjk jk jkaxM+ flikgh nsl jh lhaoka ekFkS tk;MfV;kA b.kjkS oj.kko djrkS dfo fy[kS&

fjfl;ka jS ri jh iqUuHkkse]dj /kDdkS /kks[kSckt cM+ÓkA

laHkGÓk j.kcadk BkSM+&BkSM+]Hkkjr jk fla?k&liwr vM+ÓkAA

estj 'kSrkuflag jh ohjrk jh rqyuk egkHkkjr jS Hkhe vj jkek;.k jS g.keku lwa djrkfxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj b.k dfork uSa ?k.kh ÅapkbZ nhuh gS&

tn ys.k plwG fHkM+Ók cSjh]estj lSrku vM+ÓkS vSM+kSA

T;wa EgkHkkjr jkS Hkhaolsu]yadk gM+eku vM+ÓkS tSM+kSAA

dfo dYiuk lwa tks/kk jS eu jk Hkkoka uSa vkijh ok.kh nh gSA estj 'kSrkuflag tn b.k tq) esa ?kk;ygq; tkoS vj uk;d jkepUnz tn m.kuSa vkijS lkxS ys tko.k ykxS rks jkLVªizse jh Hkkouk HkjrkS dfo'kSrkuflag jS ewaMS dSok;kS gS&

gwa eqM+wa fda;ka js eqM+T;k;ka]ykaN.k ykxS dqG EgkjS uSaA

/kj yktS eksVh ekjokM+]dkG[k jtiwr tekjS uSaAA

jktLFkku jh /kjrh ohjka jh [kk.k dghtSA jktLFkku jkS ukao psrS vkorka bZ jtiwrh eku&ejtknk psrSvkoSA vBS jk ohj vkijh vku&cku vj lku lk: vkijk izk.kka jh dnSbZ ijok uha djhA vBS jk yksxflj lêS vktknh uSa lLrh tk.khA nsl jh j{kk lk: estj 'kSrkuflag bZ vkijh ejtknk uSa dk;ejk[khA b.k dfork jS NsgyS i| esa dfo uwaoh ih<h uSa vkS lanslkS nsoS dS nqfu;k lwjka jh dnj djSA ft.kfeu[k jkS tho.k nsllsok esa dke vkoS] m.kha jkS tho.kkS lkjFkd gS&

lanslkS lejFk lwjka uSa]

uj fla?k t.kS cka ekoka uSaA

v.kgwar lsoS uba vM+S [kjk]

cka vuoha uj usrkoka uSaAA

x x x

95

dg HkkVh ehaph vka[kM+Y;ka]

lqjxka esa vejka eka.k fn;kSA

dk;k ij daoGh dfG;ka&lh

>M+ cjQ pknjkS rka.k fn;kSA

dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj cgknqjh uSa fcM+nko.k okGk dfo gSA vk cgknqjh nsl jh lsok] /kje jh j{kk]ekrHkkse lwa izse vj vkijS LokfHkeku jh j{kk lk: gq;k djSA ^lwjS jkS lanslkS* jS uk;d estj 'kSrkuflagesa vS lxGk xq.k fuxS vkoS] tdk dfo vkijS dkO;&dkSlG jS lhxS lkaxksikax <ax lwa mtkxj djÓk gSA

7-6 bdkbZ jkS lkj

vk/kqfud tqx jk jktLFkkuh dfo;ka esa fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jkS ukao pkokS&BkokS jS;kSA jktLFkkuh Hkklkjk lk;n cS bZ iSyk vSM+k dfo gq;k gS tdk tq) lwa gqo.k okGh gk.k jS ckjS esa feu[kka uSa psrk;k gS]i.k lkFkS bZ vR;kpkj vj vU;k; jS f[kykQ yM+.kkS Hkh t:jh ekU;kS gSA dfo lR;izdk'k tks'kh jh^jk/kk* dfork esa lkafr jkS lansl fxj/kkjhflagth ifM+gkj jS êku[kkS* dkO; jS ckn bZ ijxV gq;kS gSA

jktLFkkuh lekykspd MkW- iq#"kksÙke vklksik jS lcnka esa] ^^fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj lkafr vj ekuork jkSmikld jpukdkj gS ftdkS dS jktLFkku jh yhd lwa gVuS tq) jkS fojks/k] lkafr jh mikluk vjfeu[kkpkjS uSa izksRlkfgr dj.k jh ckr djS gSA**

tq) uSa ys;*j fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS euksHkkoka jh vfHkO;fDr êku[kkS* [kaM dkO; esa gq;h gS ft.kjhdFkk egkHkkjr jS ik=ka lwa tqfM+;ksM+h gSA gkykadS egkHkkjr esa b.k tq)&izlax jkS dBSbZ mYys[k dksuh]b.k okLrS jktLFkkuh jk jfld ikBd uSa vk ?kVuk bpjt lwa Hkj nso.k jS lkxS m.kesa mRlkg jkS lapkji.k djSA êku[kkS* ckcr MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jk fopkj ?k.kk lVhd gS] ^êku[kS jS lkaeh QxrfoX;ku ;k tq) jks ladV bZ uha] lkekftd vj lkaLÑfrd Lrj ekFkS Hkh ?k.kh vc[kk;ka gSA feu[ki.kkSvkt Hkh eku&ewY;ka lk: rjlS gSA vSM+h fole vj tfVy fLFkfr;ka esa êku[kkS* dkO; jkS dFku ?k.kkSizklafxd vj izsj.kktksx gSA**

dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh dforkoka jh lS lwa cMh [kkfl;r vk gS dS cS lgt&ljy jktLFkkuhHkklk esa gS] i.k ckajkS izokg vj izHkko fMaxG Hkklk jh fd.kh dfork ;k dS xhr lwa de dksuhA b.klwavk ckr dS;h tk ldS gS dS ifM+gkj iqjk.kh ijEijk uSa iks[krk Fkdka vkt jS ikBd lk: dfork uSalgt :i lwa ijxV dj.k jh [kspG djh gSA b.k ckr jh lk[k Hkjrh ia- v{k;pUnz 'kekZ jh vS vksGÓkackap.k tksx gS] ^^Hkklk uSa uwaoS tqxcks/k lwa tksM+rka Fkdka dfo vkijS lk: uwaoS ekjx jh rikl djh gSAdfo duSa ohjdkO;ka jh ijEijk jS;h gS& ck Hkklk vke vkneh lwa dVrh tkoS ghA ohjjl jS c[kk.kesa uhjlrk] tM+rk] fujthoi.kkS vj :f<+xzLrrk ?kj djrh tkoS ghA vSM+S vc[kS Vse esa dfofxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj ohjjl jS c[kk.k lk: uwaokS ekjx vi.kk;kS vj yksdHkklk jk izpfyr eqgkojka uSavi.kk;k] tdka uSa i<uS ikBd jS eu esa LokfHkeku] R;kx] cfynku vj vkRexkSjo jh meax tkxS]drZO;fuLBk vj nslHkxrh jk Hkko varl&psruk uSa >d>ksj uka[kSA** dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jhHkklk ftÙkh lgt&ljy gS m.kjkS oj.kko fcÙkkS bZ xSjkS Hkko&xkaHkh;Z fy;ksM+kS gSA

Lo- ifM+gkj jh dforkoka jkS ewG lqj ohjRo jkS c[kk.k dj.kkS jS;kSA cS vSM+k ohjka jS lkgl jh dnz djhgS] tdk nqLeha lsuk lwa detksj gqorka Fkdka Hkh vkijS HkqtcG jS ik.k Hkkjr jkS Hkky ÅapkS jk[;kSA lezkVfldanj jS lkaeh HkykabZ iq# jkS vM+.kkS gqokS vj pk;S phuh geyS jh cxr estj 'kSrkuflag jkS nsl&j{kklk: izk.kksRlxZA /kjrh vj /kje jh j{kk lk: egkjk.kk izrki] ikcwth jkBkSM+] Mwaxth&tokjth jkStlxku rks fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj dfj;kS bZ gS] xksfoan xq# jk daoGk Vkcfj;ka jS vkRecfynku uSa Hkh cSfcM+nk;ka fcuk uha jS; lD;kA cakjS dkO; esa ohjRo jk Hkko iwjS vkst vj rst lkxS lkaeh vk;k gSA

96

jktLFkkuh lekykspd MkW- fdj.k ukgVk fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS dkO;&dkSlG jh dwar djrka^jktLFkkuh xaxk* jS lEikndh; esa fy[;kS gS] ^^Jh ifM+gkj jS dkO;&lalkj lwa xqtjrk b.k ckr jkSvglkl gqoS dS Jh ifM+gkj vfXuèkekZ lksp jk dfo gSA cakjS dkO; jh vsd&vsd vksGh lwa ohjRo jkSfla?kukn lq.khtSA cakjS vk[kS dkO; esa ohjRo jkS un vkijS iwjS osx jS lkFkS izokfgr gqaorkS y[kkoSA b±izokg esa vsd nqnZeuh; vkd"kZ.k gSA Hkh: lwa Hkh: O;fDr jS eu esa Hkh vkst] mNkg vj meax jkS lapj.kdj.k okGh vka dforkoka jS lakeS rks gtkj ?kksM+ka jkS cG Hkh vksNkS iM+SA**

dfo fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS dkO; esa :i vj Hkko lkSan;Z jkS oj.kko Hkh lkaxksikax <ax lwa gq;kS gSA ckajhdfork esa izÑfr fp=.k bZ ik=ka jS xq.kkuq:i gq;kS gSA Jh ifM+gkj jkS ifjiDo dfo vkijS vuqHkoka uSavka dforkoka esa mrkj fn;kS gSA fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj uSa jktLFkkuh dkO; txr jkS jke/kkjhflag fnudjeku fy;kS tkoS rks dksbZ vijksxh ckr uha gqoSyhA fnudjth jh Hkkar Lo- ifM+gkj jh dforkoka bZjkLVªHkfDr] ekuork] /keZijk;.krk] LokfHkeku vj vkRexkSjo jS Hkkoka lwa jkrh&ekrh gSA

7-7 vH;kl jk loky

lko NksVk loky

1- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jkS tye dn vj dBS gq;kS \

2- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS firkth jkS dkabZ ukao gks \

3- ^tkxrh tksrka* esa dqy fdÙkh dforkoka gS \

4- [kaM&dkO; êku[kkS* dn izdkflr gq;kS \

5- ^lwjS jkS lanslkS* fd.k ijeohj ekFkS dsfUnzr gS \

6- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh dforkoka jkS iz/kku jl fdlkS gS \

7- êku[kkS* dkO; esa tq) jS eSnku esa vkaeh&lkaeh dq.k gqoS \

8- îq#* dfork esa jktk ikS#l fd.klwa eqdkcykS djS \

9- Lora=rk lsukuh Mwaxth&tokjth eka; lwa vkxjS jS fdyS jh dSn esa dq.k gks \

10- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh rqyuk fd.k jkLVªdfo lwa djh tk; ldS gS \

NksVk loky

1- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh dforkoka jkS ewG lqj dkabZ jS;kS gS \

2- ^tkxrh tksrka* jh dforkoka jk lhlZd crkokS \

3- êku[kkS* dkO; jS fd.kh ikap ik=ka jk ukao crkokS \

4- ^lwjS jkS lanslkS* jS ekjQr dfo uwaoh ih<h uSa dkabZ lansl fn;kS gS \

5- ês?kukn* dfork esa dfo jh Hkkouk dkabZ jS;h gS \

6- îq#* dfork esa jktk iq# fldanj jS nwr uSa dkabZ dSoS \

7- îkcw* dfork esa nsoG jh xk;ka pksj*j dq.k ys tkoS vj D;wa \

8- îkry&vdcj&eku* dfork esa ekuflag egkjk.kk izrki ekFkS cSjkth D;wa gqoS \

9- ^/kwM+dksV* dfork esa Hkjriqj jS fdyS ij fQjaxh QkSt fd.k dkj.k ?ksjkS ?kkyS \

10- ^xksfoan xq# jk Vkcfj;k* dfork esa dfo fd.k ckr jkS lansl fn;kS gS \

97

cMk loky

1- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh gjsd dfork esa ohjRo jkS fla?kukn lq.khtSA b.k ckr jh iqfLVmnkgj.k lwa djkSA

2- êku[kkS* dkO; jh dFkk jkS lkj vkijS lcnka esa ekaMkSA

3- ^tkxrh tksrka* jh dforkoka esa ohj&jl iz/kku jS;kS gSA mnkgj.k lwa le>kokSA

4- êku[kkS* dkO; jS ek/;e lwa lj.kkxr j{kk] LokfHkeku] vkRexkSjo vj èkje jh ikGuk jk HkkoijxV djhT;k gSA b.k ckr jh iqfLV mnkgj.k ns;*j djkSA

5- êku[kkS* dkO; esa Hkkjrh; ukjh jkS ÅtGkS pfj= lkaeh vk;kS gSA mnkgj.k lwa le>kokSA

6- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jS O;fDrRo vj drZRo ekFkS y?kq fuca/k fy[kkSA

7- ^^lwjS jkS lanslkS* Hkkjr jS vsd jkaxM+ flikbZ jh lgknr jh vejxkFkk gSA** b.k ckr uSa mnkgj.klkxS le>kokSA

8- ^tkxrh tksrka* jh fdlh dfork vkiuSa lS lwa fljS ykxh vj D;wa \ mnkgj.k lwa le>kokSA

9- êku[kkS* dkO; eka; ekuoh; ewY;ka jh Fkkiuk gqbZ gSA b.k ckr jh iqfLV esa vkijk fopkjmnkgj.k lwa ijxV djkokSA

10- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj jh gjsd jpuk esa LokfHkeku] vkRexkSjo vj nslizse >ydSA b.k ckr jhiqfLV ckajh jpukoka uSa dsUnz esa jk[k*j djkokSA

7-8 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- tkxrh tksrka] fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj] ifM+gkj izdklu] chdkusj

2- eku[kkS] fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj] ifM+gkj izdklu] chdkusj

3- lwjS jkS lanslkS] fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj] izdkld Jherh dslj daoj] Qrhiqjk] chdkusj

4- fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj] jktLFkkuh KkuihB laLFkku] chdkusj

5- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % izofÙk;ka vj izsj.kklzksr] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj

6- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr] MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor] tks/kiqj

7- jktLFkkuh xaxk ¼if=dk½] fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj fo'ks"kkad

8- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS bfrgkl] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor] y{e.kx<+] lhdj

9- jktLFkkuh lcndksl ¼iSykS [kaM½] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj

10- Lora=rk laxzke esa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jkS ;ksxnku] MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgr] tks/kiqj

98

bdkbZ & 8

izeq[k dfo % Áseth ^Áse*bdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

8-0 mÌsL;

8-1 ÁLrkouk

8-2 gkM+kSrh cksyh% :Ik vj Álkj

8-3 gkM+kSrh vkapG dks jktLFkkuh i| vj Áseth Áse

8-4 Áseth ^Áse* % thou ifjpS

8-5 jpukdkj % Áseth ^Áse*

8-6 Áseth ^Áse* % ,d dfo dk :Ik esa

8-7 Áseth ^Áse* dh dforka dk lkarjk i[k

8-8 lkjkal

8-9 dfBu lcn

8-10 vH;kl jk loky

8-11 lnHkZ iksF;ka

8-0 mn~nsL; %

jktLFkkuh dfork ds rkabZ tk.;ka cxSj jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj Åa dk laLdkjka bZ pks[kh <c lwa tk.kckslaHko dks; uhA yksdthou lw¡ tqM+h y;* yksdHkklk dks Ák.k rRo gksoS NS vj ;k y; dfork fljt.kdh Ásj.kk Hkh c.kS NSAjktLFkkuh dfork esa jktLFkku dks yksdthou ew.MS cksyS NSA i.k] dfo vki.kSvlokM+S&ilokM+S dk njlko lwa ÅijS mBrk¡ Fkdka lxGk lalkj dk dY;k.k dks psr jk[kS NSA ;ks psrgh dfo dh dfork dS rkabZ dkGt;h vksG[kk.k n~;S NSA lqrajrk ds ikNS dk vL;k eksrcj dfo;kaesa ,d uk¡o Áseth Áse* dks Hkh NSA bZa bZdkbZ esa Áseth Áse* dh dfork dh ppkZ djrk Fkdka jktLFkkuhHkklk dk laLdkjka bZa tk.kck dks tru djkxk¡A bZa dk vksGkos lw¡ EgS jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh ,d egrkÅcksyh gkM+kSrh dh dkO; ijaijk vj Å¡ dk l:Ik iS Hkh carG djk¡xkA

8-1 ÁLrkouk

Ikzseth Áse* ¼1946 & 1993½ yadkÅ& vxw.ks jktLFkku dk ukephu jpukdkj NkA ?k.kdjk cx+r rkabZ/kj.kh dk bZa Hkkx iS pkSgku cal dk gkM+k jktiwrk jkt dj~;kSA bZa lw¡ bZ ;ks vapy ^gkM+kSrh* c.;ks vjvBh ckijh tkck gkGh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh cksyh ds rkabZ Hkh ^gkM+kSrh* bZ uk¡o feY;ksA gkMkSrh &jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh ,d egrkÅ cksyh NS vj Áseth ^Áse* bZa cksyh dk lSa lw¡ egrkÅ vk/kqfud dfo;kaesa ,dA Áseth ^Áse* dh dfork dk ukGk& ukGk i[k ck¡pck lw¡ bZa nkSj dh jktLFkkuh dfork dksl:Ik vj lqHkko tk.kck esa lkSjkbZ gksoSxhA

8-2 gkM+kSrh cksyh& :Ik vj Álkj

gkM+kSrh vapy+ esa cksyh tkck gkGh jktLFkkuh dh cksyh ^gkM+kSrh* ukao lw¡ gh tk.kh tkoS NSAjktLFkkuhesa [kS.kkor NS dS ^^pkj dksl is ik.kh cnys] ckjg dksl is cksyhA** ukGh&ukGh cksfy;ka gh Hkklk dhrkxr gksos NS vj Å¡ dS rkabZ lkeFkZoku vksG[kk.k n~;S NSA bZa nhB lw¡ ^gkM+kSrh* cksyh jktLFkkuh Hkklk

99

dh ,d lejFk cksyh NSA MkW- dUgS;kyky “kekZ ds eqtc dksVk] ckjka] cwanh vj >kykokM+ ftyk esa eksVk:i lw¡ gkM+kSrh ckijh tkoS NS] i.k cw¡nh ftyk dk iSykM+h dk xk¡ok¡ esa [kSjkM+h vj ukxjpkyh(>kykokM+ ftyk esa ê/;Áns'k* dkuh dk xk¡ok¡ vj dLck¡ esa êkyoh* vj ^lkSanokM+h* Hkh cksyh tkoSNSAckijck dh nhB lw¡ Hkklk vj cksfy;ka dk ÁHkko [ksrj dh dks; gn Ug¡ [kSph tk ldS] i.k ;k ckrrks gkM+kSrh [kkrj ek¡Mh gh tk ldS NS dS ukxjpkyh] MkaxHkkax] lhijh] ekyoh]lkSanokM+h] esokM+h][SkjkM+h tlh cksfy;k¡ vj micksfy;k¡ lhekorhZ xk¡ok¡ vj dLck lw¡ ijh nwj rkabZ bZa ySjk¡&ySjk¡ pkyS NSvj jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh lkeFkZ esa btkQks djS NSA Hkkjr dks HkklkbZ losZDl.k djrk¡ Fkdk¡ MkW- tktZfxz;lZu rks lhijh ds rkabZ Hkh gkM+kSrh dh micksyh gh ekuh Nh] i¡.k l:Ik vj ckijck dkdk.k&dk;nk dh nhB lw¡ Hkklk&lkL=h bZa er lwa lSer dks; Ug¡A

gkMkSrh cksyh jktLFkkuh dh chth cksfy;k¡ lw¡ bZa nhB lwa ukGh NS dS bZa esa laca/k dkjd ijlxZ dk]ds]dh ckij~;k tkoS NSA bZa nhB lw¡ gkM+kSrh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh cksyh <w¡<kM+h ds uth^d ekuh tk ldSNSA vkFkw.kk jktLFkku esa dk] ds] dh dh Bke is jk] js jh dks Á;ksx gksoS NSA vfLrokpd fdz;k :IkHkh Fkk] Fks] Fkh] gS dh Bke is Nk]NS]Nh ckij~;k tkoS NSA ekjokM+h esa ts okD; ^^jke jh ckrk¡ dj j~;ksgw¡ ** ekaM~;ks tkoSxks( cks gh okD; gkM+kSrh esa ^jke dh ckrk¡ dj j~;ks Nw¡** gks tkoSxksA cksfy;k¡ is cxrljiM+ck okGk vlj dks ;ks ,d ywaBks mnkgj.k gks ldS NSA twuh jktLFkkuh esa laca/k dkjd ijlxZ jk]js] jh vj vfLrokpd fØ;k :Ik Nk] NS] Nh ik;k tkoS NSA i.k cxrlj iM~;k ÁHkko lw¡ mxh.kk vjyadkÅ jktLFkku laca/k dkjd ijlxZ dk] ds] dh ckijcks l: dj n~;ks rks vkFkw.kk jktLFkkuvfLrokpd fØ;k :Ik Nk] NS] Nh NksM fn;kA

Áseth Áse jktLFkkuh dh gkM+kSrh cksyh dk dfo NkA ok¡ dh dfork ^<weyks* lw¡ ok¡ dh Hkklk le>htk ldS NS&

^Êgkjk vkxyk cM+k esavj Egw¡ esavruks lksd Qjd NS]T;ka dkxnk¡ is ok¡ usfnekx dk [kwu lw¡dfork jph Nh]ok¡ dkxnk¡ dks<weyks c.k*jEgw¡Ikjpwuh lkeku lw¡ Hkj~;ks Nw¡A**

8-3 gkM+kSrh vapy dks jktLFkkuh i| vj Áseth Áse

gkM+kSrh vapy esa dforku~ dh ckrk¡ djk¡ rks lSa lw¡ iSyh lw;ZeYy ehl.k dks uk¡o fnekx esa vkoSs NSAlw;ZeYy dks ukWao jktLFkkuh i| dh dhjr dks okgd NSA cw¡nh dk jkojktk jkeflag dk njckjh dfogksrk lSrk¡ Hkh lw;ZeYy ehl.k lu~ 1857 esa gks;k lqrajrk dk iSyk laxzke esa yksaBh HkweD;k fuHkkbZ NhAok¡dks ,d nwoks &

^^bGk u ns.kh vki.kh] gkyfj;s gqyjk;Aiwr fl[kkoS iky.ks] ej.k cMkbZ eka;AA**

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh tw>kjiW.kk dh dkGt;h vksG[kk.k c.kX;ksA

lw;ZeYy lwa ?k.kh iSyh xkxjkS.k fj;klr dk flonkl xkM.k uS ^vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ek¡M

100

nh NhA ^vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk Fkji.kk dky dh iksFkh ekuh tk ldS NSAbZa dks jpuk dky lu~ 1430 lw¡ lu~ 1435 ds chpS ekU;ks tkoS NSA flonkl xkM.k vj lw;ZeYyehl.k dk laLdkjk¡ lw¡ jph ixh gkM+kSrh vapy dh jktLFkkuh dfork nsl dh vktknh dh yM+kbZ esaegrkÅ Hkksedk fuHkkbZA ^^ysrk tktks th ukud th Hkhy vjth iapk¡ dh**( ^^vc rks cjlk n~;S cGrhvkx dkGk cknGk** vj ^tkx tkx cwanhir gkM+k Fkkjh Átk nq[;kjh js** tL;k xhr feu[kk esa fgEervj lqrarjrk dh gwal iuikck okGk lkfcr gks;kA vktknh ds ikNS Hkh ujk lkeFkZoku dfo;k¡ [kqn dhÁfrHkk vj lk/kuk lw¡ jktLFkkuh dfork dh dhjr uS uqbZ ped nh A Áseth ^Áse* bZa ikar dks ,degrkÅ uk¡o NSA

Áseth Áse dfork dk lalkj esa vki.kk¡ ix dfo lEesyuk¡ dk dfo dk rkSj ij FkjI;k i.k eap ijyksdfÁ;rk dS lkFk iksF;k¡ Nikck dks flyflyks Hkh ok¡ yxksy;k c.kk;ks jk[;ksA fgUnh vj jktLFkkuhnksU;w¡ Hkklkoka esa x| vj i| ek¡Mck gkGk Áseth ^Áse* dh jktLFkkuh i| dh iksF;ka esa ^pepks*¼gkL;&O;aX; dforkoka½( ^lkWaoGks lkap** ¼jktLFkkuh x+t+yka½( ^ljoj] lwjt vj la>~;k* vj Êgw¡xkÅ¡ eu ukpS* ¼nksU;wa xhr laxzS½( ^lwjt** ¼[k.M dkO;½( vj Êgkjh dforkoka** ¼eqxr Nandforkoka½ dk ukao egrkÅ NSA ^ljoj]lwjt vj la>~~;k* is jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh mn;iqj dksvj Êgkjh dforkoka* is lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh dks bZuke Hkh Áseth ^Áse* ds rkabZ feY;ksA

8-4 Áseth Áse% thou ifjpS

Tkue % jktLFkku dk dksVk uxj dS lks<+s ,d NksVks lks xkao NS& ?k?kVkuk A ;s gh dksbZ pkj& ik¡apgtkj ifjokjka dks cklks] tBh [kkl :txkj NksVks& eksVks c.kt vj djlk.kh NSA xk¡o dh dkphxMkjk¡ is ix /kj^j tw.k tk.kS vkiw¡vki lq[k vj lkrk dh lqejuh Qsjcks lh[k tkoS NSA dksVk ftykdh ykMiqjk rSlhy dk bZa NksVk lk xk¡o esa gh ih<~+;k¡ lw¡ lqanj yky tSu dks ifjokj Hkh j~gcks djSNksA NksVh& eksVh egktuh vj yksaBh djlk.kh lw¡ ck.;k¡ dk bZa ifjokj dks xkao esa [kkl eqdke NksA20 tuojh 1943 dS fnu lqanjyky th dh tksM+k;r vuksdckbZ ,d csVk uS tue fn;kSA bZa fnufrypkSFk NhA yksd esa frypkSFk dks R;waokj ¼frokaj½ ,d egrkÅ ekU;ks tkoS NSA fry dk c.;kidoku c.kk*j iSyh nsoh&nsorka dS p<+k;k tkoS NS] lqxu~ dS rk¡bZ ftek;k tkoS NS vj QSj ?kjgkGkvki theS NSA ekurk NS dS frypkSFk is fry dk idoku c.kkck lw¡ ?kj&ifjokj esa lq[k& lkrk c.khj~gS NSA

vL;k frokaj dS nu ?kj esa iSyiksr dks Vkcj tue ys] rks Å¡ dh fdydkjh esa tL;k¡ ijeslj dkvklhl xj.kkoS NSA Hk¡ojyky vj vuksdckbZ lesr ifjokj dk lxGk cM+k& cw<+k¡ uS ijeslj dk bZaÁse bZa iSpk.;ks vj Vkcj dks ukWao j[kk.;ks & ÁsepanA Å¡ cxr dq.k dS rk¡bZ csSjks Nks ds ;ks gh Vkcj,d fnu vki.kha dye lwa ifjokj dk tl dh uqbZ iksFkh ek¡Msxks vj vkxyk cMkWa dk uke bZa mtkGsxks\i.k cjlk¡ ikNS Åa bZ Ásepan uS Áseth Áse* dk :Ik esa vL;ks lkfgR; fljT;ks dS Å¡ dk nsolj.k gks;k¡ikNS Hkh Å¡ dh ek¡Mh vksfG;k¡ feu[kka chpS Å¡ dh vksG~;w¡ bZa thorh j[kk.kS NSA

Ásepan tSu lw¡ Áseth ^Áse*

Áseth ^Áse* dks vly uk¡o Ásepan gh NksA bZa uk¡o lwa bZ ok¡uS Hkkjr ljdkj dk dkj[kkuk ^baLVwesaVslyfyfeVsM* dk ys[kk foHkkx esa ukSdjh Hkh djh vj bZa uk¡o lw¡ gh iSyiksr fljt.k dh xSy is vi.kk¡ ukeFkjI;kA ikNS tn fgUnh dk tx pkok miU;kldkj eqa'kh Ásepan lw¡ ok¡ dk uk¡o dk ,dL;kji.kk bZayS*j yksx pqVdh ysck ykX;k] rks oka bZa ykX;kS dS vruk cM+k jpukdkj dk uk¡o bZa ckijck dh lkeFkZok¡esa dks; Ug¡A lq[k& lkrk dk ijc fry pkSFk dS fnu tuE;ks ;ks jpukdkj rks P;k:¡esj vi.kk¡ gSrdh lkSje fc[ksjcks pkoS NksA Å¡ dks; lw¡ Hkh rqyuk vj eqdkcyk dk dlSyki.k bZa dL;k¡ iuick nsrks\L;kr~ ;ks gh dkj.k Nks dS Ásepan tSu ns[krk¡ bZ ns[krk¡ ^Áseth Áse* gksX;ksA bZa Áse uS* ,d NksVk lk

101

xk¡o esa tue yS*j vki.kha dye esa vL;ks ÅtGksi.k fijks;ks dS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [;kresa Bke&Bke is Å¡ dk ÅtGk vk[kj eqGdrk lk nh[kS NSA

?k?kVkuk xkao esa yksaBh i<+kbZ csbZ ikSlkG Ug NhA ekulxk¡o dh ikSlkG esa vkBoha rkabZ i<~;k¡ ikNSÁseth ^Áse* dksVk dh egkRek xka/kh ikSlkG esa nkf[kyks fy;ks vj QSj ljdkjh dkWyst lwa ch-dkWe- rkabZi<+kbZ djhA Hk¡ojyky th P;kj csVk¡ vj rhu csfV;k¡ dS lkxS tksM+k;r bZa yS*j dksVk vk fx;k NkAtwuk dksVk dk L;kSnkl ?kkV dh xGh esa bZa ifjokj fdjk;k dks edku yS*j vi.kksa cklks dj~;ks& tBSlu~ 1975 rkabZ ykM+iqjk dk djcyk ekSgYyk esa [kqndks edku c.k tkck rkabZ j~;ksA bZa cxr rkabZ vkrkaFkdk¡ Áseth ^Áse* vj ok¡dk HkkbZ :txkj lwa ykx pqD;k NkA lgj vj vapy esa Áseth ^Áse* ,dlkeFkZoku dfo dS :Ik esa vksG[kk.k Fkji pqD;k NkA tn lgj dk vk¡ax.k¡k esa vki.kh Nr gksck dkslqiuks lk¡pks gks;ks rks lxGk HkkbZa;k¡ uS firk dh esgur vj l¡xi.k dks egRo vaxstck csbZ Áseth Ásedh lykg lw¡ edku dks ukWao j[kk.;ks& ^Hk¡aoj HkouA* ;ks ^Hkaoj&Hkou* gh nsolj.k gksck rk¡bZ ÁsethÁse dks fBdk.kks j~;kSA

yksddY;k.k dks Hkko

yksd [;kr [kS.kkor NS ds iwr dk ix iky.kk¡ esa nh[k T;koS NSA dyk vj laLØfr dkjt dh vkM+hÁseth Áse* dks yqGcks ckyi.kk lw¡ gh NksA Áseth Áse* vkslokG tSu ifjokj esa tuUE;k NkA i.k xk¡odh ftuxk.kh esa dV~VjiW.kks Ug¡ gksoSA Áseth ^Áse* ds csbZ Hkh lSa lw¡ cM+ks /kje feu[kia.kks gh NksA bZa/kje dh ikyuk ok¡us Mhy dk ihatM+k esa lk¡l dks ik¡[kh QM+QM+kck rk¡bZ djhA bZa nhB lw¡ ,d lk¡ph?kVuk dks mYys[k egrkÅ NSA

2 ebZ 1993 dh dkGh jkr esa gSr vj fgEer lwa thck gkGk /kj.kh dk bZa liwr geSl csbZ vk¡[;k¡ ew¡nyhA ^^lk¡l dks ltfu;k dk¡bZ js Hkjkslks@ lksp lksp cksyks] cksy cksy lkspks** tL;k xhr xkck gkGkbZa xhrdkj dk d.B uS geSl csbZ ewu /kkjyhA ;k [kcj yksxk¡ rk¡bZ iwxh rks tk.kS lSank lgj dhxG~xG~;ka Hkj vkbZA ifjokj is rks tL;k¡ dks; Mw¡xj gh HkjHkjk*j fxj iM~~;ks NksA lksd dk ckjg fnuk¡rkabZ ^Hk¡oj Hkou* esa nwj& njkt lw¡ yksx n.kha vk*j bZa nq[k esa HkSGi dks Hkko trk j~;k NkA

ok¡ bZ ckjg fnuk¡ esa ,d v/ksM+ ck;j vkbZ vj vkrk¡ bZ vkax.kka esa iNkM+k [kkck ykxhA yksxk¡ uS Å¡ adsrk¡bZ fnyklk nhA FkksM+h tst ikNS Å¡ ck;j ts ckr crkbZ] Å¡ lw¡ Áseth ^Áse* dk pfjrj dks ,d uqvksi[k lxGk feu[kk lkeS vk;ksA lu~ 1985 esa dksVk esa ck<+ vkbZ NhA bZa ck<+ esa bZa ck;j dks/k.kha CgX;ksA vki.kk nks Vkcjk dh ySjk¡ ok nk.kk nk.kk csbZ eqgrkt gksxhA nSo;ksx lw¡ Å¡ iS iM+h HkhM+dh dgk.kh dks; <c Áseth ^Áse* rk¡bZ iwxh vj oka uS gj Eghuk v<kbZ lkS :i;k Å¡ dh enn csbZ nsckdks uSe ck¡/k fy;ksA ;k ckr ok¡dk ?kjgkGk¡ rxkr rk¡bZ rkSy Ug¡ NhA

vkt dk cktkj Hkko lw¡ eksy djk¡ rks v<kbZ lkS :i;k dh uxnh ?k.kha ekewyh ykxS NS i.k lu~ 1985dk Hkko dh nhB l¡wa bZa jde dks otu djk¡ Nka rks rkSG iM+S NS dS ck.;ku~ dk ?kj esa tuE;ks ;ks eksrcjfeu[k druk cM+k dkGT;k dks /k.kha NksA Áseth Áse ,d t:jrean dh uSe lw¡ enn djS Nk] ;k ckrrks egrkÅ Nh gh( i.k bZa lwa Hkh cn*j bZa enn dks egrkÅ i[k ;ks Nks ds ok¡uS dnh vki.kkiqUu&dkjt dks f<a<ksjks Uga ihV~;ksA f<a<ksjks ihVcks rks nwj dh ckr NS] okWa uS dks; lwa pjpk rkabZ UgWadjhA bZa lw¡ DgS NS iqUuA nk.kk & L;k.kk dgcks djS NS ds tho.kks gkFk nku djS rks Mkok gkFk bZa HkhbZa ckr dh rkSy Ug¡ iM+uh pkfgtSA vki.kk¡ Ápkj csbZ dj~;ks nku rks lk¡P;k¡ bZ nku Ug¡ gksoSA bZa nhBlw¡ Áseth Áse lkaP;kWa bZ ,d cM+k nkuh NkA ok¡dk lxk&uxk rks ok¡lw¡ DgScks Hkh djS Nk ds oka bZ ?kjQw¡d*j reklks ns[kck dh vknr NS i.k dchj dk oal dk feu[k L;kr~ vL;k gh gksos NSA ^^ dchjk[kM+k cktkj esa fy;s ydqfV;k gkFk@ ts ?kj Qw¡dS vki.kkS] pyS gekjS lkFkA** dyedkj gksck dS ikW.kÁseth Áse Hkh rks dchj dk oal lw¡ gh Nk] QSj os dchj dh bZa lh[k dS rk¡bZ dh ys[ks vki.kkW vkpj.k

102

esa Ug¡ mrkjrk \

^^ Egw¡ jkst e:¡ N¡w@ tk.kks Nks \ @ jkst&jkst @ vkok esa riS NS@ Hkko dk Hkk.Mk A@ jkso.kks rks;ks NS@ ds vkok esa@ dkpk Hkk.Mk@ rM+dS dks; Ug¡]@ c[kjS dks; Ug¡]@ QwVS dks; Ug¡@ ikd T;kNS** tlh vksfG;ka fljtck gkGks eu[k gh vL;ks iqUuoku gks ldS NSA

dyk dh vkM+h yqGcks

ckr pky jh Nh dyk vj laLØfr vkM+h Áseth Áse dk >qdko dhA fo|kFkhZ j~grk¡ Fkdka ok¡uS ?k.kk¡ukVdk¡ esa dke dj~;kSA xk¡o esa dks; Hkh feanj] dS Fkku is Hktu & tkxj.k gksrk rks Áseth dk lqjHkh lq.kck gkGk¡ dk dkuk¡ esa bejr jl ?kksGrkA dksVk vk;k¡ ikNS rqdcanh l: gksxhA iksF;k¡ dkegrkÅ Qkjewyk vj nwth ckrk¡ bZa ;kn djck csbZ ok¡dS rk¡bZ rqdcanh dfork esa <kG ysrkA dforkdh y;* vj rqd* dks fetkt okWa bZa ;kn j[kk.kcks vklku dj nsrkA dfork ;kn djcks nksjkS Ug¡ gksoS]truks lw[kk&lV~V Qkjewyku~ bZa jVcksA rqdcanh dks ;ks pko tkX;kS rks dforkbZ dh vkM+h dha ys[ksUg¡ >kadrk \ IgSyh nks&pkj dfolEesyu lq.;k vj QSj eu esa cSB~;ks dfo tkX;ks rks vL;ks tkX;ks^ds* Áseth Áse dk Mhy dS rkabZ dkG Hkyk¡ gh [kk X;ks] iW.k ok¡dh dforkbZ dh lkSje vckj HkhjktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk lalkj esa xj.kk j~gh NSA lu~ 1959 esa ok¡dh iSyh dfork dksVk dk i[kokM+kokjNick gkGk Nkik tkxfr* esa Nih vj vkxyk cjl gh ok¡uS dksVk esa ykxck gkGk turk dk njckj*esa iSyh ckj [kqn dh dfork cksyhA turk dks njckj Å¡ cx+r ^tkxfr* dk laiknd ekM+lkc ';keukjk;.k lDlSuk gh yxkoS Nk A bZa esa yksd lw¡ tqM~;k eqn~nk mBk;k tkoS Nk vj bZa ds rk¡bZ lq.kckcsbZ dksVk dk ljhiqjk cl LVS.M is feu[kka dks esGks ykx T;kcks djS NksA bZa njckj* esa dfork cksyckdh tkrjk l: dj*j Áseth ^Áse* ns[krk¡ gh ns[krk¡ lkP;ka bZ turk dk dfo gksX;kA feu[k feu[kdh tqcku is ok¡dks uk¡ao p<+X;kSA

ch-dkWae dj~;k¡ ikNS FkksM+k fnuk¡ rkabZa Áseth Áse dksVk dS* lkS<+s dscyuxj dk ,d dkj[kkuk esa ukSdjhdjhA ok¡ dfork vj laLÑfr dkjt dks pko vkSj ijoku p<+X;ksA vL;k Hkk;yk feyX;k] ts ok¡dhljko.kk¡ djrk] ukVdk¡ vj dfo lEesyuk¡ dk vk;kstu csbZ lkFk fuHkkck dks ifr;kjks c¡/kkrk vj ok¡bZagw¡l Hkh nsrkA dscyuxj dh ukSdjh NksM+*j Áseth ^Áse* tn Hkkjr ljdkj dk dkj[kkuk ^baLVªwesaVslu*dk ys[kk foHkkx esa ukSdjh djck vkX;k] rn Hkh dfork] ukVdk¡ dks vk;kstu vj i<+kbZ ok¡uS Ug¡ NksMhAgk¡] dfork lw¡ ok¡ dks ukrks NsdM+yk cxr rkabZ c.;ks fj;kSA bZa chpS lu~ 1965 esa e/;Áns'k dk xqukftyk dk dqEHkjkt dLck dh deykckbZ lw¡ ok¡dks C;ko gksX;kSA rhu csfV;k¡ vj ,d csVk dk firkÁseth Áse dyk] laLÑfr] lkfgR; vj lekt dS csbZ vruk lejfir Nk dS ok¡dh ?kjokGh [kh> [kk*jok¡dk Hkk;yk¡ lw¡ iwNcks djS Nh& ^^;s td D;w¡ Ug¡ ys th \**

dq.k bZa rksy Nh dS Áseth Áse dks Mhy tn td ySxks rks lSa lw¡ yksaBks ctj oka dh ?kj~okGh is ghVwVSxks\

8-5 jpukdkj Áseth ^Áse*

Áseth ^Áse* dh iSpk.k ,d dfo dk :Ik esa NS] i.k ok¡dh ÁfrHkk dh lkSje ujk [ksrjk¡ esa xj.kkbZAdfork jpck lw¡ Hkh iSyh Áseth ^Áse* dks jaxdehZ lfdz; gksX;ks NksA dscy uxj dk dkj[kkuk esaukSdjh djrk¡ Fkdk¡ os vL;k feu[k dk laidZ esa vk;k] ts ukVd [ksyck esa :fp j[kk.kS NkA dkWyksuhdk eanj is Hkk;yk¡ dh ySjk¡ Hktu xkck lw¡ l: gks;ks flyflyks cnrk¡& cnrk¡ lkekftd egÙk dkukVdk¡ rk¡bZ vj QSj dfork jpck rk¡bZ iwxX;kSA fljt.k dh xSy is Áseth Áse uS ix /kj~;kS rks QSjos dfork ek¡Mck rk¡bZ gh Ug¡ :D;kA ok¡uS fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh nksU;w¡ Hkklku~ esa dfork] xhr] xty]dgkf.k;k¡] ys[k] miU;kl] Qhpj] fjiksrkZt vj laLej.k ek¡M~;kA dfork dh iksF;k¡ dS vykokjktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ok¡dkS dgk.kh laxzS ^^jkepanzk dh jkedFkk** vj miU;kl ^lSyh Nk¡o [kT;wj dh*

103

NI;kA

fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh Hkklkoka esa Áseth ^Áse* yxksy; ek¡MS Nk] lkFk gh vaxjsth Hkklk is Hkh ok¡dks iwjksvf/kdkj NksA uqbZ& uqbZ Hkklku~ bZa lh[kck csbZ ok¡esa ?k.kks mNkg NksA ukGh&ukGh Hkklku~ esa ekWaMckgkGk feu[k ok¡dk Hkk;yk NkA ch- dkWe- dj~;k¡ ikNS ok¡uS bfr;kl] fgUnh vj vaxjsth esa vse-vs- rkabZi<+kbZ djhA fgUnh esa ^MkWDVjsV* djck csbZ ok¡uS iSyh jktLFkku foLofo|ky; vj Qsj vtesjfoLofo|ky; esa iathdj.k djk;ks] i.k vki.kkW cxr vj lekt dh dkGE;k esa MwC;ks ;ks jpukdkjih,p-Mh- iwjh djck csbZ cxr UgWa fudkG ik;ks vj Áseth ^Áse* MkWDVjsV dh gwal dkGT;k esa fy;kaFkdk¡ bZ /kj.kh lw¡ jke & jke djX;kA

8-6 Áseth Áse % ,d dfo dk :Ik esa

Áseth Áse ?k.kew?kh ÁfrHkk dk /k.kh Nk] i.k lekt esa ok¡dh lSa lw¡ yksaBh vksG[kk.k ,d dfo dk :Ikesa c.khA lu~ 1958 ds yxS VxS Áseth ^Áse* dfork ek¡Mck dk dkjt l¡wa tqM~;kA NksVh& eksVhrqdcafn;ka vj Hkk;yk¡ dh e.Myh lkxS xkck csbZ Hktu jpck dks flyflyks rks iSyh gh l: gks pqD;ksNks] vc euM+k esa NqI;ks dfo lkekftd ljksdkjk¡ lw¡ Hkh tqM+ck ykX;ksA tn Egk¡ Áseth ^Áse* dk dfo:Ik dh ckr djk¡ Nk¡ rks eksVk rkSj is Egk¡ ok¡dk nks rsoj ikok¡ Nk¡%&

¼d½ dfo lEesyuka dk Áseth ^Áse*

¼[k½ iksF;k¡ dk Áseth ^Áse*

¼x½ gkL;& O;aX; dk dfo

Áseth ^Áse* yksd lw¡ tqM~;k feu[k Nk vj yksd:fp bZa m.Mkik rk¡bZ le>S NkA dfo eapkis ok¡dh tkrjk yksd:fp lw¡ tqM+h gkL;&O;aX; dforkok¡ vj xhrk¡ lw¡ gksbZA y;] Nan vj lqjis eksdGk vf/kdkj dh ySjk¡ vke cksypky dk eqgkojk vj yksd dgkorka ckijrk Fkdk Áseth^Áse* csxk gh yksd dk pkok&Bkok dfo gksX;kA Å¡ nkSj dks ok¡dks ,d yksdpkoks xhr ûdVks*txpkgh dgkork¡ ds lkxS folaxfr;ku~ is eksdGh ekj djS Nks%&

^ûsrks py tk ns*j rlYyh]vQlj py tk ys*j :iYyh]T;k¡ T;k¡ dk Å¡pk VdVk NSOks lc udVk gh udVk NS]udVh ;k cSjkx.k /kjrhpepk& peph] yksVk] ejrhvc dq.k dq.k is ew¡N~;k [kk¡pk¡Egk¡ Hkh de udVk Nk¡------

^^;ks dksVks NS&;ks dksVks@ ;ks fnYyh&cacbZ&dydÙkk lw¡ fcYdqy NksVks NS ** vj ^^pkyS rksgkyS Egkjk vkx.kka dh Nkrh@ gkQ.k esa ikV.k dh Mkd.k Hkh ?kcjkrh@ ekbZ th] HkS:a thdk Hkksaik Hkh Mji T;k@ ukxkSjh HkSal dh ukabZ eYgkj xkrh@ I;kj trkoS ykyVsu tlh vk¡[kehap] nk¡rka uS Hkhap vj dpdph [kk*j @ eksVh lh ewjr exu eksV~;kj** tL;k xhrka dhjkspd ÁLrqfr lw¡ Áseth Áse dfo lEesyuka dk yksdpkok dfo gksX;kA

vc[kk;k¡ bZa lgti.kk lwa ysck gkGks feu[k bZ g¡alh & BB~Bk dh vlh vljnkj jpukok¡ ekaMldS NSA ;ks lgti.kks laosnugh.k feu[k dk ek¡tek esa Ug¡ gksoSA tw.k dh nkSjkbZ dq.k dS csbZvc[kh Ug¡ gksoS\ dL;ks feu[k ihM+k lw¡ cp lD;ks NS \ i.k vki.kk njn bZa Nqik*j txr~ bZaeqGdkck csbZ dforkok¡ ekaMcks lcdk cl esa UgWa gksosA bZa fgEer dS rk¡bZ vaxstck csbZ tq>kjk¡

104

ljh[kks dkGtks pkfgtSA Áseth ^Áse* esa ;k ejneh NhA

¼c½ lathnk xhrdkj

gkL;& O;aX; dh dforku~ vj xhrku~ lw¡ vi.kh dkO; tkrjk l: dj~;k¡ ikNS Áseth ^Áse*dforkbZ dk bZa <c rk¡bZ bZ Ug¡ B~gSj~;kA eLrh vj et+kd lw¡ dfo&eapk is ix Fkjick gkGks;ks dfo ejtkn vj laLdkjk¡ lw¡ tM+k¡ rk¡bZ tqM~;kS NksA bZa ys[ks /khjt vj /kje dk lqj ok¡dhdforka esa dkGt;h gks*j xw¡T;kA vBS ;k ckr Hkh lkQ dj ns.kh t:jh NS dS Áseth ^Áse* dScsbZ /kje dksbZ vsd laÁnk; dh tsoM+h esa c¡/k*j jg tkcks Ug¡ NksA ok¡ dS csbZ lSa lw¡ cM+ks /kjeNks feu[k dks feu[k csbZ gSrA os gSr vj gkSalyk dk dfo NkA os vki.kh dforku~ lw¡ feu[kds rk¡bZ vki.kks drZO; fuHkkck dh lh[k n~;S Nk vj feu[k dh ihM+ dS rk¡bZ gwal lkxS xkoSNkA lcka dh vc[kk;k¡ bZa vki.kk¡ lcnk¡ esa lkSjkbZ lw¡ lesVrk¡ lrk¡ ek.M~;ks ;ks xhr lq.kckgkGk dh vk¡[;k¡ esa vk¡lw yk nscks djS Nks &

**Fkkjks eu enu euksgj dh eqjyhEgkjks eu teuk dk rV dh jsr]Paknk dks pdksj lw¡ T;w¡ dqeqn.kh dks pkan.kh lw¡Fkkjks& Egkjks tue tue dks gsr@Fkkjk ixY;k pk: /kke ik¡o.kk¼i.k½ xjhch c.kh js Egkjk ?kj dh fine.k js[k]FkuS GqG& GqG d:a lyke& ikao.kkeksGk fnuka esa Egkjk ?kj dh nsG Ug¡ ns[kA**

jktLFkku dh [;kr dh ,d egrkÅ ?kVuk NS& fpÙkkSM+ dh fjPNk csbZ iUuk /kk; dk csVkpanu dks cfynkuA cuohj uk¡o dk jktnzksgh uS tn jktd¡oj dh gR;k dks iM+iap jP;ks Nksrks iUuk/kk; uS jktd¡oj dh Bke is [kqn dk ykM+yk iwr panu dS rk¡bZ lqyk fn;ks Nks vjcuohj dk ealwcku~ lw¡ fpRrkSM+ dk jktdaoj dh tku cpk yh NhA Áseth ^Áse* uS ,d xhrjP;ks] tha esa panu ek¡ lwa iwNS NS dS jktdaoj dh Bke is Å¡dS rk¡bZ dha ys[ks ej.kks iM~;ks \dk¡bZ Å¡adS rk¡bZ thck dks vf/kdkj Ug¡ Nks \ dk¡bZ Å¡dks nksl Qxr ;ks gh Nks ds Åa jktk dkscsVks Ug¡ Nks \ dk¡bZ jkt dk tk;k¡ csbZ ejcks gh vke vkneh dks ulhc NS \ loky yksaBks NS]i.k bZa loky dks ts tokc Áseth ^Áse* vki.kk¡ xhr dh NsdM+yh vksfG;ka esa fn;kS] Åa TkokcjktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh psruk vj psr dh vksG[kk.k c.kX;kS A panu tn DgS NS dS ^ Egw¡ jktkdks dq¡oj Ug¡ gks;ks] bZa lw¡ ejuks iM+ X;ks@ Egkjh ek¡ uS eerk dh dqjckuh djuks iM+X;ks** rksiUuk /kk; tokc n~;S NS%&

Ug¡ jktk dh] Ug¡ eerk dh ekWa is fpUrk dhuh]bZa /kjrh ds [kkfrj csVk Ák.kk¡ dh cfy nhuh]rwa Ug¡ ejrks] ej tkrh Fkkjh tkrykT;k¡ lw¡ gkF;w¡ gkFk @dlwj Egk¡ l¡wa dk¡bZ gks;ks& dk¡bZ gks;ks vs!

dfo lEesyuk¡ esa Áseth ^Áse* lwa bZ xhr dh [kkl Qjekbl djh tkoS NhA

¼[k½ Áseth ^Áse* dh iksF;k¡

dfo lEesyuk¡ lw¡ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk lalkj esa vi.kh ukGh vj eksdGh iSpk.k c.kkckgkGk dfo Áseth ^Áse* Nick vj Nikck dS ik.k Hkh ltx NkA os tk.kS Nk dS vjFkokuvk[kjk dks eksy yksaBks gksoS NS] vj NI;k¡ ikNS vL;k¡ vk¡[kjk uS vksG[kk.k feyS NSA Nick lw¡

105

lkFkZd eaMk.k dks eksy cn T;koS NSA ok¡lw¡ iSyh gkM+kSrh vapy esa rks ;ks tkx:di.kks dks;esa Ug¡ nh[;kSA Áseth ^Áse* us xk¡B dh iw¡th yxk yxk*j iksF;k¡ NikbZA ;k ukGh ckr NS dSjktLFkkuh lkfgR; bZa Nikck dh ok¡dh gw¡l ^?kj Qwad reklks ns[kck * gkGh gh lkfcr gksbZAi.k Áseth Áse* tL;k feu[k ykHk& gkfu dh lalkjh xf.kr esa dn mG>S NS \ iksF;k¡ Nikrkx;k vj Hkk;yka esa ck¡aV~;k¡ ikNS cph iksF;k¡ ads rk¡bZ ?kj esa /kjrk x;kA iksF;k¡ dks <sj ykxX;ksAtn iksF;ka adS ÅnbZ ykxxh rks ?kjgkGka dks /khjt VwV X;ksA iksF;ka dS ikW.k nwth phtk¡ Hkh[kr j~gh NhA ,d fnu lxGh iksF;k¡ ,d jn~nh gkGk dS rk¡bZ pkj :I;k fdyks dk Hkko lw¡csp nhA ;k iksF;ka esa ,d cjl iSyh Nih iksFkh Êgkjh dforkoka* dh cph iM+rk¡ Hkh NhA FkksM+kfnuk¡ ikNS gh bZ tn Êgkjh dforkoka* ds rkabZ lkfgR; vdknseh] ubZ fnYyh dks jktLFkkuhHkklk dks iqjLdkj fn;k tkck dh ?kksl.kk gksbZ rks bZa iksFkh dS csbZ feu[kk dks pko tkX;ks vjÁseth ^Áse* vki.kk feyck gkGk vj Hkk;yka dS ?kjk¡ lw¡ Êgkjh dforkoka* dh iM+rka vsdBhdjrk fn[;kA

Áseth ^Áse* dh jktLFkkuh dfork dh NI;kSM+h egrkÅ iksF;k¡ b.k Hkk¡ar Nh%&

¼v½ ^pepks%*&

Áseth Áse* dh jktLFkkuh dforkok¡a dh ;k iSyh iksFkh NhA ;k lu~ 1973 esa NihA bZa esa Áseth^Áse* dh gkL; O;aX; dforkok¡ NSA gkM+kSrh vapy dh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa Nih gkL;& O;aX;dfork dh ;k iSyh iksFkh NSA bZa iksFkh esa dfo dh 22 dforkok¡ NSA ^^ns[k lyheks fcxM~;ksHkwj~;ks** tlh dfork is eaph; fBBksyh dks vlj Hkh ns[;kS tk ldS NS i.k feu[kka ds chpSlw¡ fnukSfnu xerks feu[ki.kks dfo dh lSa lw¡ yksaBh fpUrk c.k*j lkeh vkoS NSA bZa ys[ks bZ rksvsd dfork esa dfo dSoS NS%&

^^ vL;ks vk;ks NSTkekuk esa Qjd@dS dqRrk lwa Hkh x;ks chrksgksX;ks vkt dks feu[k A**

^^ djrk¡ djrk¡ nan&Qan@ ;k cksY;ks Eg¡ lw¡ gqde pan@ vktdky vkidk Hkk;yk@ D;w¡ DgSNS vki bZa pepk& pepk@iSyh rks vkidk vL;k Hkk;yk de Nk ** tlh lcnka dh lgtvj ljy cquxV ^ pepks * dh dfork uS ukGh vksG[kk.k c[lS NSA

¼c½ ^lkaoGks lk¡p* %&

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa xty ekaMcks l: gks;ks rks Áseth ^Áse* jktLFkkuh xtydkjk¡ dh gjkoGikar esa NkA v[kckjka vj if=dk esa rks ok¡dh xtyk¡ yxksyx NiS gh Nh] lu~ 1976 esa ok¡dhjktLFkkuh xtyk¡ dh iksFkh ^lkaoGks lkap * uk¡o lw¡ NihA Áseth Áse ekuS Nk dS lk¡P;k¡ ghlk¡p rks ?k.kks ÅtGks gksoS NS] i¡.k feu[k dk lqokjFk vj tekjk dk cnyrk <c dh rst/kwi uS Å¡dS rkabZ lkaoGks dj fn~;ksA ^^lar c.k feu[k vL;k feY;k tekr esa @ jke jke gksBis dVkj gkFk esa **tlh ihM+ lw¡ l: gksbZ bZa laxzS dh xtyk¡ dS csbZ dfo dks dg.kks Nks&^^lkWaoGks lk¡p jktLFkkuh dh vlh xtyk¡ dks ikuks NS] tha esa feu[k dh ukGh&ukGh rlohjk¡Nih NSA lk¡oGks lk¡p dh xtyk¡ esa feu[ki.kk dh ;ka ukGh ukGh rlchjka chpS feu[k tekjkdks [kjksi.k gsjck dh [ksapG ew.MS cksys NS&

^^ eu[k tw.k feyxh] eu[k Ug¡ feY;ks i¡.k]?k.kk¡ tqx chR;k vBh vkrk¡& tkrk¡ A **

106

¼l½ ^lwjt*

^lwjt* [k.MdkO; NS] tha esa lu~ 1857 dh Økafr vlQy gks;k¡ ikNS cw¡nh dk jktdfolw;ZeYy ehl.k dh dkGtk dh dkGE;k vj vktknh csbZ oka dh gw¡l vj rM+Q bZa folSc.kk;ks x;ks NSA lw;ZeYy ehl.k cwanh dk jktdfo Nk vj lu~ 1857 esa l: gksbZ lqrarjrkdh iSyh yM+kbZ esa twa>ck dh gw¡l txkck dS ik¡.k ok¡uS egrkÅ Hkksedk fuHkkbZ NhA ohj jldks ;ks fln~/k dfo lqrarjrk dk iSyk laxzke dk vlQy gks;ka ikNS tL;k¡ dqEgGk x;ks NksA/kj.kh dk eku dh fjPNk csbZ yksgh dh c¡wn cw¡n ns nsck dh gw¡l ikGck gkGk lw;ZeYy dhdkGE;k vj v.keuki.k dks eaMk.k NS ^lwjt* uk¡o dk bZa [k.MdkO; esaA lu~ 1978 esa NihbZa iksFkh esa vki.kh ckr dgrk Fkdks dfo ekU;ks NS dS ?k.kk¡ fnuk¡ dh lksp ,d jkr fljt.kdh ihM+ c.k*j dkGtk esa meX;ks rks os Å.Mh uhan lw¡ tkX;k vj ekaMck cSBX;kA bZa dS ikNSrks dye iksFkh iwjh gks;k¡ is gh :dhA lw;ZeYy ehl.k dh dkGE;k lw¡ tL;k¡ vi.kk¡ dkGtkbZa xqaFk*j Áseth Áse uS ^ lwjt * dk ,d lkS ,d Nan ek¡M~;k NS&

^^gkWadks ns ch.kk gkGh]

dfork esa c¡.k dadkGh

mrjh Mhyka vj mykGh]

;s dfM+;k¡ A**

vktknh dh iSyh yM+kbZ vdkjFk tkck is lw;ZeYy dh dkGtk dh QkWal dks njn ;ks Nanc[kk.kS NS &

^^cjlk¡ rk¡bZ cGrks X;ks

cGrks X;ks vj <Grks X;ks

xGrks X;ks]] mcGrks X;ks

{kksHk esa A**

^Lkwjt* gkM+kSrh vapy dh jktLFkkuh ijaijk dks iSyks [k.MdkO; gh Ug¡ NS] Hkklk vj Nan isÁseth ^Áse* dh tcjh idM+ dks ijek.k Hkh NSA

¼n½ ^ljoj] lwjt vj la>~;k*

^pepks * lwa vki.kha dkO; tkrjk l: djck gkGk Áseth ^Áse* ^ljoj] lwjt vj la>~;k*tL;ks xhr laxzS Nick rkabZ jktLFkkuh dh gjkoG ikar dk jpukdkjka esa fx.;k tkck ykX;kNkA lu~ 1979 esa ;k iksFkh jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh] mn;iqj Nkih vj bZa dS rkabZ okauSiqjLdkj Hkh feY;kSA ÅWa cxr rkabZ jktLFkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj laLÑfr csbZ ukGh vdknsehdh Fkjiuk Ug¡ gksbZ Nh vj mn;iqj gkGh jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh bZ jktLFkkuh iksF;k¡ dkÁdklu vj iqjLdkj dks dke ns[ks NhA

^Lkjoj] lwjt vj la>~;k* esa Áseth ^Áse* dk 27 xhr NSA ;ka xhrka esa dfo ÁÑfr] Áse]ftuxk.kh] vksG~;¡w lw¡ ys*j ckGi.kk dh el[kj~;k¡ rxkr is [kqy*j cfr;koS NSA xhrk¡ dh fcEc;kstuk euM+k dks ijl djS NS] rks Nan lcnk¡ lkxS x¡aqFkh y; l¡wa gksBk¡ ekFkS fFkjdck csbZ epySNS%&

^^vksG~;w¡ fg;k dh vklt] l.kxkj lkt xg.kks]vksG~;w¡ tue tue dh HksGh djh dekbZ @vksG~;w¡ nC;k eu[k lw¡ lkSxa/k ?kky*j iwNks\

107

druh*d vk¡[k ykxh] druh*d uhan vkbZA**

¼;½ Êgw¡ xkÅ¡] eu ukpS*

Êgwa xkÅ¡] eu ukpS * ukao dh ;k iksFkh lu~ 1984 esa NihA ;ks cjl Áseth ^Áse* dk fljt.k/kje dks jtr t;arh cjl NksA tL;ks iksFkh dks ukaao NS] oL;k bZ xhr vj xty bZa iksFkh esaNSA jpukoka lw¡ iSyh Áseth ^Áse* l¡wa Hkk;yk dk :Ik esa tqM~;k eu dh okWa is Hkkoka lw¡ Hkjh VhiNSA ;s Vhik¡ Áseth Áse* dk thck dk <c vj fljt.k dh psruk dk ujk v.kphR;k i[k lkeSykoS NSA iksFkh dh Hkksedk esa dfo DgS NS&^^ xhr vj xtykW¡] Eg¡ uS ek¡Mh rks ?k.kha i.k Egkjkeu ds rkaabZ :pck gkGh dM~;k¡ ok¡ esa de NSA dM+;k¡ arks dfo ds rkabZ vlh ek¡M.kh pkfgtSds dfo vsdyks Hkh cSB~;ks gksoS rks vki.kha dM+h dS rk¡bZ gksBk¡ is ykrks py tkoSA** Êgw¡ xkÅ¡]eu ukpS * dk xhr bZa lku is [kjk mrjS NS %&

^^ xwnG dh ykj ykj xks[kqj lw¡ ckrk¡ dj] bZrjrh vkHkk esa tkoSxh /kwG @ Qy&Qy gk¡lSxh]ikr ikr yktSxh] /kjrh dk d.k d.k esa NkoSxh /kwG@ xhrk¡ esa [kks T;kxh] xtyk¡ dh gksT;kxh] >weSxh& ukpSxh& xkoSxh /kwG @ vj Nijk lwa >k¡dSxh lke] ,d xhr jp nSxks eu@vlh flanwjh la>~;k ds ukao] ,d xhr jp nsxks eu A**

¼j½ Êgkjh dforkok¡*

Egkjh dforkoka uk¡o dh ;k iksFkh Áseth Áse* dh ftuxk.kh esa Nih ok¡dh NsdM+yh dkO; iksFkhNhA ^pepks* esa NI;k O;aX; rqdkar lSyh dh dfork esa Nk vj okWa¡dh nhxj iksF;k¡ Nan gkGhdkO; lSyh esa NhA Egkjh dforkok¡ esa Áseth ^Áse* dks dfo Nangh.k dfork dk ÅW¡ rsoj lw¡eq[kj gks;ks] tha dS rkabZ vkykspd uqbZ dfork * dgS*j c[kk.kS NSA Egkjh dforkoka * esa Áseth^Áse* dks dfo feu[ktw.k vj bZa txr dh folaxfr;ka is jksl trkrk¡ ftuxk.kh dk lkSjki.kbZa nksU;wa gkFkka esa vaxstrks nh[kS NSA xkao] un~nh] HkzLVkpkj] Hkw[k] NqvkNwr] jhr vj feu[ki.kklw¡ ys*j Qkadkckth rkabZ ;k¡ dfork dks folS c.khA ^^ ?kksM+ks pkoS jketh dks gksoS@pkoS L;keth dks@pqxcks& pkVcks ?kksM+k dks lqHkko NS ** tL;ka Árhdk¡ vj dF; lw¡ vki.kha ckr dgSckgkGks dfo bZa iksFkh esa ,d BkWao is dgs NS %&

^^ Egkjks xkaoEgkjks xkao dks; Ug¡@Egkjks xhr NSAEku esa vkoS NSXkkcks gh d:¡]Xkkcks gh d:¡]@Xkkcks gh d:¡] A**

xkao dh ftuxk.kh dk lgti.kka bZa laokjrh dforka dh bZa iksFkh dS rk¡bZ lkfgR; vdknseh]ubZ fnYyh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; is gj lkyokj fn;ks tkck okGks iqjLdkj Hkh fn;kSA

8-7 Áseth ^Áse* dk dkO; dk lkarjk i[k

dfork Qxr lcnk¡ dh tqxkGh] dS vkGk &Å¡Gk lcnkW¡ dh rqdcanh Ug¡ gksoSA dfork dh ifjHkklknsrk¡ djh xh ;k ckr egrkÅ NS dS dfork yksddY;k.k dh nhB l¡wa ek¡Mhxh os vksfG;k¡ NS T;kbZalq.kcks vj ck¡pcks dkGtk ds rkabZ :pS vj ts folaxfr;ka lwa eqxfr dh xSy crkrk¡ feu[k uS vki.kksQjt vnk djcks fl[kkoSA Áseth ^Áse* dh dforkok¡ feu[kktw.k dh vc[kk;k¡ dk fprjke [khaps NSvj feu[kki.k bZa vaxstck dks lanslks ns NSA

108

Áseth ^Áse* dh dforkok¡ dk lkarjk i[k vkxS eaaM~;k eqtc fx.;k tk ldS NS%&

¼v½ vyadkj ;kstuk

Áseth ^Áse* ^dfo lEesyuka* dk pkok Bkok dfo NkA dfolEesyuka esa dfork dk dF; dhySjka Å¡ dks flYi vj ÁLrqfr Hkh egrkÅ gks T;koS NSA lkarjh vyadkj ;kstuk bZa ÁLrqfr dSrkabZ eksdGks vlj c[lS NSA oL;k¡ Hkh jhfrdky dh iksfFk;k¡ esa rks vyadkjk¡ uS dfork dks ,dt:jh xq.k crk;ks x;ks NksA

Áseth ^Áse* dh dforkoka vj xhrka esa lcn vj vyadkjka dks QwVjks Á;ksx Bke Bke is ns[;kstk ldS NSA miek vyadkj dks mnkgj.k NS ;ks xhr&

^^Fkkjks eu enu euksgj dh eqjyhEgkjks eu teuk dk rV dh jsr]Paknk dks pdksj lw¡] dqeqn.kh dks pk¡n.kh lwa T;w¡Fkkjks& Egkjks tue tue dks gsr A**

bZa xhr dh bZ vs vksfG;ka vuqÁkl vyadkj dh NVk fc[ksSjs NS%&

^^lk¡al esa lekbZ lkjh lzfLV dh ldheh

vj gksBka is mXvk;k dbZ rjk dk lokyA**

¼c½ eqgkojk vj dgkorka

yksdksfDr;ka] eqgkojk vj dgkorka dfork uS vljnkj c.kkoS NSA Áseth ^Áse* dh dforkoka esa;kadS rk¡bZ lkarjk <c lwa ckij~;ks x;ks NS%

^^tk.krk¡& ch.krk¡er c.kk jS HkhE;k[kkVh NkN dh jkcM+hEkku Y;s Egkjh ckr A**

vj

^^ tuE;ks tn lw¡Hkkxrks vk j~;ks N¡wdk¡oGh dh Nk¡oGh dh ykj&ykjiSnk gksrk¡ bZEgkjk dku esaDgS nh Nh tekuk uS^dk¡oGh dh Nk¡oGh esaFkw¡drk¡ bZ Fkwd Hkh:I;ks c.k T;koS NSA**

;k¡ dforkok¡ esa ^[kkVh NkN dh jkcM+h c.kkcks* vj ^dk¡oGh dh Nk¡oGh esa Fkw¡dcks * eqgkojkdks tL;ks lkarjks mi;ksx dj~;ks x;kS NS] Å¡ crkoS NS dS Áseth ^Áse* vki.kha ckr uS vljnkjc.kkck csbZ eqgkojk bZa dL;k QwVjk <c lw¡ ckijcks djS Nk A

¼l½ yksd thou lwa tqM+ko

Áseth ^Áse* yksdthou lw¡ tqM~;k jpukdkj NkA yksdthou lw¡ tqM+ko dfo dS rkabZyksddY;k.k dh nhB ns NSA ,d NksVk lk xkao esa tuE;k Áseth ^Áse* ukVddkj] vk;kstd]

109

la;kstd vj jpukdkj dh gSfl;r lw¡ yksdthou uS ?k.kksa uth*d lw¡ ns[;ks NksA yksdjhrk¡]ekU;rkok¡] yksdlaLdkj ok¡dh ujh lkjh dforkok dk folS c.kX;kA mnkgj.k dk rkSj is Egkjhdforkok¡* iksFkh dh ^rhR;k¡* dfork yh tk ldS NSA yksdjhr NS dS pSr dk Eghuk esa uhe isvkbZ uqbZ dwaiGk¡ ds rkabZ feu[k bZa ifr;kjk lkxS pckoS NS ds vL;ks djck lw¡ cSekjh dk ujkdkj.k eV T;koS NSA ^rhR;ka* dfork esa dfo DgS NS& ^^ vc ds pSr esa@rhR;ka@uheM+h dk>aojka iS@ Uga QwVh @ Egkjk eu esa QwV~;kbZ@rhR;kWa dh ykj ykj@ cnrh tk jh NS@ EgkjSHkhrj ,d uheM+h@D;ksa lq.kcks pkoS NS@ lkjks tekuks@ ehBh ehBh ckrka \@ EgkjS Hkhrjdh@ uheM+h dk >aojka is cjkteku@ rhR;ka dk bZa loky dks tokc@eljh vj dkGhejp@ ds xkSM+S dks; UgaA@ jksx rks rhR;kWa lwa dVS NS@ eljh lwa Ug¡ dVSA**

¼n½ vk/;kfRed psrks

Áseth ^Áse* laLdkjka lw¡ vk/;kRe vj njl.k dh vkM+h Hkh >qdko jk[kS NkA laLdkjka oka dkeu bZ a vk/;kRe vkM+h Hkh GqGck dk vL;k lkarjk iy& fNu fn;k] T;k¡u Svk/;kfRed psr dh ?k.kha jpukok¡ e¡MokbZA oka dks ;ks xhr ?k.kks yksdfÁ; Nks %&

^ru esa yk[kh.kw¡ eksrh] iW.k lhi nwcGh gksrhHk.Mkj Kku dks ?kB esa] i.k i.Mr iyVS iksFkh]Ekr FkkdS gsj mtkGks] er [kkst txr esa eksrh]euM+k esa tiS fpjkx] Kku dks fnoGks tks ySs js]vc cu cu er Hkkx] fgj.k! cu cu er MksysS jsA**

¼;½ O;aX;

Áseth Áse* ,d ywaBk O;aX;dkj NkA cs rks [kqn dh dkO; tkrjk O;aX;dkj dk :Ik esa gh l:djh NhA xhrdkj dk :Ik esa eksdGh vksG[kk.k feY;k¡ ikNS Hkh ok¡dks O;aX;dkj folaxfr;kavj foÑfr;ka is ekj djck csbZ eq[kj gksrks j~;kSA tn tn feu[kka dks vksNksiW.k okWadkyksdfgrdkjh fparu ds vkM+S fQj~;ks cs vL;k vksNkiW.k is yksaBh ekj djhA

^^D;w¡ th dBh NS Hkz"Vkpkj\ ****crk rks n~;wWa iW.k iSyh ikWap dks uksV yk A**

¼j½ ÁÑfr dk fprjke

Ikzseth ^Áse* [kqndk lxGk ifjosl lwa eu dk xgjkbZ rkabZ tqM~;k NkA bZa ys[ks ÁÑfr esa Hkhoka uS vki.kha dfork dk folS vj Hkkoku~ dk voyacu gsj~;kA lwjt] unh] la>~;k] pkan.kh]cknGh] :a[k] ik.kh] ck;jks tL;k fcEc vj Árhd okauS Bke Bke is ckij~;k&

^ôk fdj.k HkkiM+h :dxh Mwaxj ds Åij >qdxh] Mwaxj fey X;ks xSyk esa] cksY;ks &pkykWa esGk esa!**

vj

^^gkasB dks ;ks gkycks] Å¡ is g¡lh dks >wyckspk¡n.kh esa T;¡w pesyh dk iqlc dks Qwycks A**

¼y½ yksddY;k.k jks Hkko

110

Ikzseth ^Áse* laosnuku~ lw¡ Hkj~;k& iwjk feu[k Nk vj bZa ys[ks lxGh feu[k tkr dh ihM+kokavj dkGE;k oka dk dkGT;k esa lkGS NhA lkapk vjFkka esa os ôlq/kSo dqVqEcde~* dk Hkko bZathoS NkA yksddY;k.k dks ;ks Hkko vj yksd lw¡ tqM+ko bZ oka dk dyedkj ds rkabZ yxksyxek¡Mck dh gw¡l Hkh ns Nks vj rkxr HkhA

^^ nsonwr dkG dks lxks] [ksrka dh [k.kd ywVX;ks]Cknjaxh Hkksj gks xbZ] la>~;k dks /kud VwVX;ks]^dkG&dkG&dkG*dwdrk¡] dks;y dks daB NwVX;ks],d xa/k ?kqV.k lw¡ ejh] iqjck dks lk¡l VwVX;ks]tG js tG ekSGk;k eu] eu[kk¡ lw¡ NG druka fnu\**

¼o½ ljy Hkklk

Ikzseth ^Áse* dh jktLFkkuh dforkoka dh Hkklk lhnh vj ljy gkscks djS NhA os vke vknehdk dfo Nk vj bZa ys[ks vke vkneh dh ckr vke vkneh dh Hkklk esa gh djcks djS NkA bZays[ks gh oka dh jktLFkkuh dfork esa fgUnh] mnwZ vj nwth Hkklkoka dk os lcn vklkuh lwa vktkcks djS Nk] ts lcn vke cksypky esa ckij~;k tkoS NkA Hkklk dks ;ks GqGcks ok¡dhdforkoka dh rkxr c.k tkcks djS NhA

8-8 lkjkal

Ikzse th ^Áse* dk dkO; deZ is jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk ukephu dfo dUgS;k yky lsfB;k dh ;k egrkÅVhi ,d tkxka is Nih NS& **Áseth ^Áse* dnh gGdks&QqGdks lkfgR; dksuha jpSA Áseth ^Áse* jhdforkok¡ eka; ekuoh; laosnuk vj nklZfud nhB utj vkoS gSA jktLFkku jk ikap vkxhok.k dfo vjlkfgR;dkjka esa Áseth ^Áse* jks ukao fy;ks tk ldS gSA** ^tkxrh&tksr * dk ekpZ 1997 dk Nkik esa;k Vhi mYysf[kr djrk¡& lrk¡ uhjt nb;k Áseth ^Áse* dk fljt.k is vki.kka [kkl ys[k esa ekaM~;ksNks &^^ vki.ks lcnka jS ika.k vej Áseth Áse* jh tkrjk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lnho ;kn jk[kSykA vkijSlcnka jS ekjQr Áseth ^Áse* jh vk tkrjk ckjEckj vkika lkeha vkijh lk[k tekorh fuxS vkoSA iW.kv/kwjh tkrjk esa lewGh fonkbZ yso.kh cjlka eu eka; ihM+k jks y[kko c.k*j thorh jSoSykA NsdM+ esaQxr bRrks bZ dsS;ks tk ldS ds tqxka &tqxka rkabZ vkSGwa vkoSyk Áseth Áse jhA**

8-9 lcnka jk vjFk

mxS.kk & iwjc dh vkM+h dk( vkFkw.kk& iPNe fnlk dk( yadkÅ& nfD[k.kh ( vksGkoks& cgkuks (ckijcks& dke esa yscks ( <weyks & dkxn dh yqxnh lw¡ c.kh ,d BkWaxGh ( vksG[kk.k& igSpk.k (frypkSFk &,d R;waokj ( vksfG;k¡ & iaxR;ka ( eksrfcj & ukeh( nk.kk L;k.kk & le>nkj eu[k( thoks& nka;ks] Mkoks& cka;ks ( txrikSlkG & fo”ofo|ky; ( lrka&Fkdka] Ug&ugha vFkok uha dkGE;k&fpUrk(ldheh &xjhch ( vc[kk;ka & dfBukbZ;ka ( ÅnbZ & nhed ( lku & dlkSVh ( rhR;ka & uhe dh uqbZdwaiG ( >aojks &uhe dh MkGh ( ^tkxrh tksr* & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh]chdkusj dks ekgokjh Nkiks A

8-10 vH;kl jk loky

¼d½ gkM+kSrh cksyh dk l:Ik vj ÁHkko dk {ks= iS ,d Vhi ek¡MksA

¼[k½ gkM+kSrh vapy dh jktLFkkuh dfork lw¡ dkabZ vjFk NS\

¼x½ Áseth ^Áse* lkeFkZoku dfo vj laosnulhy feu[k NkA dkabZ vki bZa ckr lw¡a lger Nks\

¼?k½ dfo lEesyuka dh Áseth ^Áse* dk dfo dk fodkl esa dkabZ Hkksedk j~gh \ foLrkj lw¡ le>kvksA

111

¼M-½ ^^Áseth ^Áse* dks O;aX;dkj folaxfr;ku~ is yksaBh ekj djS NksA** b± okD; iS vki.kk fopkj ekWaMksA

¼p½ Áseth ^Áse* dh dforkoka dk lkarjk i[k dkabZ dkaabZ Nk \ ppkZ djksA

¼N½ ^^tqxk¡& tqxk¡ rkabZ vksGw¡ vkoSyk Áseth Áse jh A** D;wa \

8-11 lanHkZ iksF;kWa

1- Hkkjr dk Hkk"kkbZ losZ{k.k % lj tktZ vczkge fxz;lZu

2- gkM+kSrh lkfgR; vkSj Lo:i % MkW- dUgS;kyky 'kekZ

3- pepks % Áseth Áse

4- lk¡oGks lkap % Áseth Áse

5- lwjt % Áseth Áse

6- ljoj] lwjt vj la>~;k % Áseth Áse

7- Egw¡ xkÅ¡] eu ukpS % Áseth Áse

8- Egkjh dforkok¡ % Áseth Áse

9- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; % Áks- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

112

bdkbZ & 9

izeq[k dfo % eksgu vkyksdbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

9-1 mísL;

9-2 çLrkouk

9-3 eksgu vkyksd jks fljt.k

9-3-1 ^x&xhr*

9-3-2 ^Mka[kGk*

9-3-3 ^fpr ekjks nq%[k uS*

9-3-4 ^vsdj Qs:a jkft;S uS*

9-3-5 ^vki*

9-3-6 ^lkS lkusV*

9-3-7 ôu nsoh verk*

9-3-8 ^fpM+h jh cksyh fy[kkS*

9-4 eksgu vkyksd jh dfork jh çofÙk;k¡

9-4-1 çcUèk dkO;

9-4-2 çÑfr dkO;

9-4-3 xhfr dkO;

9-4-4 çxfrlhy dkO;

9-4-5 gkL; vj O;aX;

9-4-6 uwaoh dfork

9-5 NUn vj vyadkj

9-5-1 NUn

9-5-2 vyadkj

9-6 çrhd vj fcac ;kstuk

9-7 lkjkal

9-8 vH;kl jk loky

8-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

9-1 mísL;

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS twuS lkfgR; eqtc rks nqfu;ka tk.kS gS vj m.k jS ckjS esa [kwc fy[;ks Hkh x;ks gSi.k vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh jS ckjS esa yksx de tk.kSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vkèkqfudrk jh nLrd fc;ka rkslw;ZeYy ehl.k jh ôhj lrlbZ* lwa gksxh gh vj vktknh jh yM+kbZ esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks ;ksxnkuHkh jS;ks gSA vktknh iNS fgUnh jS lekukUrj pkyrka jktLFkkuh Hkklk vGxh&vGxh foèkkoka esa tSM+ksfcxlko dj~;kS gS cks ?k.kdjks*d vNwrks gSA m.k jh iwjh rjka leh{kk uha gq; ldh gSA b.k bdkbZ esa

113

vki vsd vSM+S dfo eksgu vkyksd ckcr tk.k ldksxk ftdks uoha dfork] uoka Hkko cksèk jS lkFkS iqjk.kSNUn vj ijEijk uS Hkh lkFkS ys;*j pkY;ks gSA b.k bdkbZ uS Hk.k;ka iNS vki &

1- eksgu vkyksd jS ÑfrRo eqtc tk.k ldksxkA

2- eksgu vkyksd jS dkO; jh çofÙk;ka ckcr tk.k ldksxkA

3- vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dfork fdrjha lkeF;Zoku gS vks tk.k ldksxkA

4- NUnka jS ekè;e lwa Hkh vkèkqfud Hkko&cksèk çdV dj~;ks tk ldS] vks tk.k ldksxkA

9-2 çLrkouk

eksgu vkyksd vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh esa [;kruke dfo gSA vsdkuh uoha dfork vj uoka xhr fy[;kgS rks nwth dkuh ijEijkxr NUnka jS ekè;e lwa lkekftd tFkkjFk] jktuSfrd gGdSi.k vj fnuksafnufxjrS eku[kS jS ewY;ka jks fp=.k dj~;ks gSA ijEijkxr NUnka esa gqo.kS jS dkj.k b.kesa tdh lgtrk]laçsl.kh;rk vj Xkzkárk gS] ck ns[k.k tksx gSA

vktknh iNS xkaoka jh çxfr rks gqbZ i.k dha yksxka uS gh Qk;nks gq;kSA dkG] vj Hkw[kejh jks rk.Moxk¡oka esa gq;kS m.k jk fprjkae vj xkaok esa gqaorS lksl.k jks tFkkjFk tk.k.kS rkab± vkèkqfud dfork uSHk.k.kks t:jh gSA vkèkqfud dfo;ka esa eksgu vkyksd xkao jS tho.k jk vkNk ikj[kh ekU; tkoSA ckajh dfork lwa tho.k jh vsd lkph rLohj ikBdka lkeh mHkj*j vkoSA

9-3 eksgu vkyksd jks ÑfrRo

eksgu vkyksd jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS vykok fgUnh vj iatkch esa Hkh jpuk djSA iatkch esa ckajh ^MDds*ukao lwa iksFkh çdkflr gqbZA ^MDds* Mka[kGS jks iatkch ukao gSA jktLFkkuh lkFkS&lkFkS iatkch Hkklk jhb.k fo/kk uS l: dj.kS jks Js; Hkh eksgu vkyksd uS tkoSA eksgu vkyksd jh jktLFkkuh esa Nih jpukokab.k Hkkar gS &

9-3-1 x&xhr

lu~ 1981 esa Nih ^x&xhr* eksgu vkyksd jh iSyh iksFkh gSA b.k esa tknkrj xhr vj dhaxt+y gSA xkaokbZ tho.k jh vc[kk;ka] yxksyx dkG vj] Hkw[k lwa yM+rh feu[kk&tw.k] çÑrfprjkae jS lkFkS&lkFkS vka xhrka esa vsd vkLFkk vj ^la?klZ lwa uha ?kcjko.kks* jh Hkkoukoka jksHkh fp=.k gq;kS gSA b.k iksFkh ij Jh vkyksd uS jktLFkku Hkk"kk lkfgR; ,oa laÑfr vkdneh]chdkusj jks iqjLdkj vj lkfgR; vdknseh] ubZ fnYyh jks iqjLdkj Hkh feY;kA b.kk xhrka jhHkklk lgt vj ljy gS vj HkkokfHkO;fDr eu uS Nwo.kokGh gSA vsd mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

Y;k*j mèkkjks chtixka èkj iksfr;ksjkew dkdS Qsj dj~;ks gGlksfr;ksL;koM+ ekrk lr djhxbZ lky lh er djhrhu cjl lwayxrk dM+dk dk<+*jSej iM+ fuB lhiwX;ks gS flj lk<+ jS

vcdS rks ewanh gkaMh jS ckjuSgkadh nwj] Hkw[k jS >ksVS ekj uS

114

Hkksr ?k.kh gSykbZ jh nqjxr djhb.k rks] thoS gS] vk bZ fgEer djhA**

eksgu vkyksd jks eku.kks gS dS vkt jh b.k oSoLFkk esa dfork gfFk;kj c.k ldSA pqIih rksM+.k[kkrj dfork jks gks.kks t:jh gS & ^^dS js pdok ckrA dVS T;wa jkrA vk cSj.k jkr dVSA**

9-3-2 Mka[kGk

Mka[kGk vaxjsth lwa çsfjr jpukoka gSaA b.kk esa lc lwa cM+h folslrk b.k jks rqd foèkku gSAfgUnh esa HkkjrHkw"k.k vXkzoky ^rqDrd* ukao lwa vks ç;ksx dj~;ks i.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa iSyiksrç;ksx dj.kS vj b.k uS ^Mka[kGks* ukao ns.kS jks Js; eksgu vkyksd uS tkoSA jktLFkku if=dkjh lg;ksxh if=dk ^brokjh if=dk* esa ^Mka[kGks* FkSc ¼lkIrkfgd½ iwjS P;kj cjlka rd NirksjS;ksA MkW- d'ehjh yky feM~<k Mka[kGS eqtc dSoS] ^^fujFkZd vfHkO;fDr jks yksd pkoks Nan^Mka[kGks* vsd vSM+ks bZ ç;kl gSA vks jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks iSyks ç;kl gS ftdS Hkklk uS v[kckjkalwa tksM+h vj vki jks vsd fujokGks ikBd oxZ R;kj dj~;ksA** MkW- fdj.k ukgVk ^Mka[kGk*[kkrj dSoS] ^^lgt lkèkkj.k utj vo.kkGk tho.k jk iy Hkh dkO; ç;kstu rkabZ mi;ksxh gksldS vj vSM+kS gGdks&QqydkS ykx.k okGks o.kZu vki jS migkl iw.kZ dysoj jS dkj.k Hk.ksM+kvj v.ki<+ka uS vsd lkFkS leku :i lwa fç; gks ldS] vks bt Hkko çfrLBkfir dj.k jksutfj;ks b.k ykjS çeq[k :i lwa dke djSA**

9-3-3 fpr ekjks nq%[k uS

b.k laXkzS esa eksgu vkyksd jh uoha dforkoka] xhr] vj ponS lkusV gSA dforkoka esa lkekftdtFkkjFk] jktuhfrd nksxyksi.k] èkje jks ik[k.M] vj vkneh jh cspkjxh jks fp=.k gq;ksA gSAvka xhrka vj dforkoka esa vke vkneh jS nq%[k&njn jh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA ftUnxh uS ys;*jvke feu[k jk liuk dha ?k.kk cM+k dksuh gqoSA jksVh] jksth] vsd ?kj vj ifjokj jksikyu&iksl.k] cl brjksa bZA ^DydZ jks xhr* esa vk ekjfed vfHkO;fDr ljko.k tksx gS&

f>M+fd;ka jh f[kM+fd;ka [kqyhdkGtS ydhj [khapxhisV esa ixka jh csclhvkRek jh vk¡[k ehpxhtho.kS] ?k# xqykc uSvQljka jh

dj futj ft;kA

Åxrh vdy jh ÅanjkaÅijka lwa Vwad ck<yhnhB jS èkM+ka fl;kfG;kathaorka jh vk¡[k dk<+yh[kksM+ [kks[kjh fy;kafd;ka bZHkw[k jS ixka ilj ft;kAEgs ft;k]rks vks lQj ft;kA

115

9-3-4 vsdj Qs:a jkft;S uS

dfo dforkoka fy[k&fy[k vej gqo.kS jh dkslhl djS i.k gSjkuh jh ckr gS jktLFkkuhlkfgR; esa] dS vsd Jksrk dforkoka lq.krks&lq.krks vej gksX;ksA Jh Ñikjke ckjgB vki jSlsod ^jkft;S* uS lEcksfèkr dj ftdk nwgk vj lksjBk d;k cS ^jkft;S jk nwgk* ukao lwatxpkok gq;kA nwgk ;k dS lksjBk jh vk folslrk gS dS m.k esa tFkkjFk uS] leS jS lkap uSftrjks ekjfed rjhdS lwa dS;ks tk ldS mrjksa vkSj fd.kh NUn esa ughaA nks vksG;ka jks NUngks.k jS dkj.k v.ki<+ vj Hk.ksM+k lxGka jS rkoGks bZ tcku&p<+ T;koSA Jh eksgu vkyksd Hkhjkft;S uS lEcksfèkr dj ^vsdj Qs:a jkft;S uSA** ukao lwa lksjBk jP;kA b.k lwa dfo vsdkuhrks vki jh ijEijk lwa tqM+S vj nwtS dkuh cks vki jS le; jS tFkkjFk jks fp=.k djSA b.kklksjBka jks mísL; çdV djrks dfo dSoS&

ftrk uhfr jk Fkksd] fdjik jke f[kfM+;k dS;kAckdh eksgu vkyksd] lcn fcPpkjh jkft;kAA

èkje jS ukao ij nsl vj nqfu;ka esa vkt ftdks dha gqoS cks fd.kh lwa Nkuksa dksuhA èkje feu[kjks O;fDrxr ekeyks gks i.k vkt&

ekP;k ?k.kka egUr] èkth mMkoS èkje jhAvksVks fy;ka vuUr] jkdl cSB~;k jkft;kAA

jktuhfr esa vkt xka¡èkh th jks ukao jktusrk lS lwa iSyh ysoS i.k cS xk¡èkh th jk fl)kUr dksuhvi.kkoSA xk¡èkh jS ukao lwa t.k&t.k uS HkjekoSA fdrjks tFkkjFk o.kZu gS&

xk xk¡èkh jk xhr] ywdk ywVS yksd uSAjke jkt jh jhr] jksGS #Gxh jkft;kAA

9-3-5 vki

eksgu vkyksd ç;ksx èkjeh dfo gSA ckS ikjaifjd Nanka vj uoSa Hkko&cksèk uS feyk;*j dforkjpSA yksx dSaork dS uoksa Hkko cksèk NUnka esa ekoS dksuh vj uoha ckr dSo.k rkabZ NUn jk caèkrksM+.kk t:jh gSA b.k Ñfr esa ys[kd folkG çÑfr jk fprjkae [khaP;k gSA b.k esa dqy 74NUn gSA çÑfr jS ewrZ :i esa dfo uS vewrZ jks vuqHko tn&dn gksaorks jSoSA b.k fLkzfLV ykjSdksbZ vsd vnhB rkdr gS ft.k jS dkj.k vk fLkzfLV pkyS] m.kjh Qxr vuqHkwfr djh tk ldSAcks bZ vsd lxGS lek;ks gS&

:i Fkkjks LFkwy] egdS gSAèkoG èkksjka jh èkwG egdS gSAvS xksjk&xksjk dVko cjdkajk]T;wa rkoM+S jks Qwy egdS gSA

dS

>hy jS] lj jS :i çxVks gksAèkj jS] vEcj jS :i çxVks gksAvki gh çxVks gks :i dke.k jS]vki gh uj jS :i çxVks gksA

9-3-6 lkS lkusV

fgUnh esa lkusV fy[k.kS jks iSyks ç;kl f=ykspu 'kekZ dj~;ks vj jktLFkkuh esa eksgu vkyksdAfc;ka rks eksgu vkyksd fpr ekjks nq%[k uS* ladyu esa pmnlk* ukao lwa X;kjk lkusV çdkflr

116

djok;k gkA ^lkusV* baxjssth jks NUn gSA b.k esa dfo [kqn jh] ?kj jh lekt jh lxGka jhoLrq&fLFkfr jks fp=.k lhèkks csckd <ax lwa dj ldSA b.k iksFkh esa dqy 102 lkusV gSA NUnij dfo jh iwjh idM+ gSA ?kj] ifjokj] nsl jh ckr lwa ys;*j dfo vUrj&jkLVªh; leL;kokauS Hkh Nw.kS jh dkslhl djSA vkt jh fLFkfr ij vsd lkusV&

ikap lkr yksxka eu eqtc upk jk[kh gSvk[kh nqfu;k uS fut jh vkaxfG;ka Åijvsd Qdr ckajh euL;k pkyS gS Hkw ijvjcka&vjcka yksx vkt b± jk lk[kh gSHkw[k fcekjh ekjk ekjh tq) fcukldftr.kk gq;k vkt rkabZ lg vkajh ejthlwa bZ gq;k] gqoS gS] fla?kkl.k jk xjthvS jkdl fut baPNk jk ek= mikldcqf)oj fo}ku ckiM+k dwd&dwd*jgq;k ckoGk Lusg lkL= fy[;k ?k.kk bZeksFkk ikx cka jS Åij fut dku d.kkabZub± èkj~;k] cka jS Hkkoka uS Vwd&Vwd djcxk fn;k tq)ka jh cGrh vkx eka;uSvuS ukl fy[k fn;ks feu[k jS Hkkx eka;uS

9-3-7 ou nsoh % ve`rk

ou nsoh % verk eksgu vkyksd jks vsd çcaèk dkO; gSaA lu~ 1730 esa tksèkiqj jS xk¡o [kstM+yhesa 363 fcLuksb;k¡ [kstM+h jS :a[kka uS cpko.kS rkab± vkijk çk.k ns fn;kA lu~ 1730 esa tksèkiqjjk jktk vHk; flag gkA cka vkijS ea=h fxjèkj nkl uS vèkwjks iM+~;ks fdykS c.kko.kS rkab±ydfM+;k¡ dVok*j Y;ko.kS jks vknsl fn;ks lkFkS bZ vk Hkh fgnk;r nhoh dS fcLuksb;ka jS pkSjklh xk¡ok eka; lwa dksbZ :a[k uh dkaVSA fxjèkkj nkl pY;ks rks x;ks i.k cks eu bZ eu esafcLuksb;ka lwa cSj ikGrksA b.k dkj.k cks flik;ka vj ydM+h dkV.k okGka uS lkFkS ys;*j lhèkksxk¡o [kstM+yh vk;X;ks ftdks fcLuksb;ka jks bZ xk¡o gksA jkew th [kksM jS ?kj vkxS vsd [kstM+hjks tcjks :a[k gks m.k uS dkV.ks jks vknsl ns fn;ksA lqcS >ka>j dS jks c[kr gksA jkewth [kksMjh cM+h csVh nkeh tn vks utkjks ns[;ks rks m.k ?kj jS Hkhrj tk;*j vki jh eka bejrk uSlxGh ckr crkbZA bejrk ckjS vkbZ vj ea=h uS le>ko.kS jh dkslhl djhA ea=h ub± ekU;ksrks m.k [kstM+h jS r.kS jS ckaFk HkjyhA fxjèkj nkl jS gqde lwa bejrk uS dkV nhA jkewth [kksMvj cka jh rhuw csfV;ka nj[kr jh jPN;k djrka dke vkbZA vc rks fcLuksb;ka jS pkSjklh xk¡okjk yksx HksGk gqX;kA cS lxGk nj[krka jS fpidX;kA flib;ka cka ij okj dj dkV fn;kA b.kHkkar 363 feu[k vj yqxk;ka isM+ka jh jPN;k rkab± dV ej;kA vsd peRdkj gq;ks dS vsdnj[kr jks MkGks VwV*j fxjèkjnkl ij i³~;ksA m.kjks ?kksM+ks fcnd*j Hkkt iM+;ks vj lhèkksnjckj iwX;ksA egkjktk uS csjks i³~;ks rks cM+k ukjkt gq;kA fxjèkj nkl uS nsl fudkGks fn;ksvj [kstM+yh iwx*j yksxka lwa ekQh ekaxhA

ij;koj.k uS ys;*j lkph ?kVuk ij jpsM+ks vks vn~Hkqr dkO; gSA ys[kd jh Hkklk Hkkoka jhvuqxkfeuh gSA b.k dkO; jks mísL; ij;koj.k jh jPN;k jks lansl gS&

fped*j [kksyh vk¡[kvjS jS iqgqeh cpkvksA

117

vkSpd fn;ks vknsl]:a[k yhyk ub± /kkokSA

tho n;k iky.kh]fNeka uS fgjnS èkkjksA

vej j[kkoks FkkVekal en nwj fclkjksA

fpM+h jh cksyh fy[kks & b.k laXkzS esa xhr vj dforkoka gSA b.k laXkzS esa dfork uS ys;*j Hkhdfork gSA dfo vSM+k dfo;ka uS fQV~;k gS tSM+k dfork uS dnsbZ jkstxkj jS :i esa dnSbZ èkudeko.k rkabZ] dnsbZ fd.kh uS jkth dj.kS rkab± ç;ksx dj~;k gSA dfork lgtS bZ vk[kj :iysoS m.kuS dj.k jh t:jr dksuh gqoSA b.k xhr esa dfo ljyrk vj lgtrk lwa fdÙkh cM+hckr dSX;ks&

gq;ks dkabZv.k gks.kks gks;ksfgjnkS tkX;ks] eLrd lks;ksfut uS ik;ks]

tn fut [kks;ks

Hkhar èkqM+h

Y;ks gq;xh dfork

phM+h mM+h

Y;ks gq;xh dforkA

b.k Hkkar dfo eksgu vkyksd jS dfork txr esa dfork jk vyx&vyx jax] Hkkoka jh lgtvfHkO;fDr vj Nanka jks lQG ç;ksx feGSxksA

9-4 eksgu vkyksd jh dfork jh ço`fÙk;k¡

jktLFkku jh vkèkqfud dfork esa tSM+h dkO; çofÙk;k¡ mHkjh gS cS dbZ rks ijEijkxr gS vj dbZ chthHkklkoka jS lekukUrj mHkjh gSaA eksgu vkyksd jh dfork esa tSM+h çpfÙk;k¡ mHkjh gS m.kk jks fooj.kb.k Hkkar gS &

9-4-1 çcUèk dkO;

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa çcUèk dkO;ka jh jpuk vkfn dky lwa vkt rd yxksyx gksaorh vkoSA b.keqtc MkW- fdj.k ukgVk jks dSo.kks gS] ^^vkèkqfudkG esa Hkh çcUèk dkO;dkj iqjk.kks èkjkrG NksMdksuh lD;k gSA le; eqtc dha cnGko jS flok; vc Hkh cka jk dkO; jk çsj.kk Lkzksr eq[k:i lwa cS bZ ohj pfj= vj ikSjkf.kd dFkkud jS;k gSA ;qx jh leL;koka jk lekèkku vj ;qxeqtc iqjk.kS jh uoha O;k[;k lkFkS ?k.kdjk*d vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dFkkdkjka b.kht èkkfeZdikSjkf.kd vj vsfr;kfld xkFkkoka jks lk*jks fy;ks gSA** eksgu vkyksd ôu nsoh % bejrk*fy[k*j b.k ijEijk uS tkjh jk[kh gSA b.k çcUèk dkO; jh dFkk ij;koj.k lwa tqM+sM+h gSAnj[krka jS cpko rkab± lu~ 1730 esa 363 feu[k vj yqxk;ka vki jks cfynku fn;ksA verk nsohb.k lxGka jh çsj.kk Lkzksr c.kh gSA nj[krka jh jPN;k dj.kh] thoka uS ub± lrk.kS jh fl{kkns.kh b.k jks mísL; gSA

9-4-2 izÑfr dkO;

118

çÑfr feu[k jh lgpjh gS ck fd.kh uS fd.kh :i esa feu[k lkFkS jSoSA çcUèk dkO; esa rksçÑfr fp=.k t:jh gks i.k vkt jks feu[k brjks O;Lr gS dS m.k duS çÑfr jS usM+S tk.kSjks leS bZ dksuh i.k b.k jS ckotwn cks çÑfr lwa fujis[k dksuh jS; ldSA çÑfr fp=.k eqtcMkW- fdj.k ukgVk jks dSo.kks gS] ^^laHkor% jktLFkku çnsl uS vkijh ^lkSUn;Z&lq"kek* çnkudj.k esa çÑfr lS lwa ?k.kh datwlh djh gSA Qyr% vBS jS lfgR; esa m.k jh vGxh&vGxhNfo;ka jks vadu dksuh gks ik;ks gSA** vBS jks okrkoj.k vj çÑfr vGxh gSA vBS tSM+h çÑfrgS m.k jk gh lkapk fp= dfo mdsj~;k gS&

ywb± jks cGT;k esaFkeT;k rks Åelvj pkyS rks >kGvkHkS lwa cGrh jks

cjlS cknGcèkjh gS

jsr jS vM+koS esanwa! ¼x&xhr½

b.kesa yw jks fdrjksa tFkkjFk ijd fprjkae gSA jktLFkku esa nl cjlka esa N% lky dkG jkgqoSA djlks lk<+ esa FkksM+ks&?k.kks esg gq;ka cht chtn~;SA dha Qly mxS i.k cha uS dhM+k&edkSM+kdksuh NksMSA vsd djlS jh O;Fkk ns[khtS &

vcdS lky dkG Qs:aA gS Qs:a [kkyh dkrjksA vkx yxT;k!A

vk nhokGh Qs:a [kkX;ks dkrjks ¼x&xhr½

çÑfr jk vs :i vkyEc.k] míhiu] jgL;kRed] ekuohdj.k vkn eksgu vkyksd jh dforkesa feGSA lka> uS èkksjS ij iM+rh fdj.k dSM+h ykxS] b.k jks ekuohdj.k fdrjks lkso.kks gS&

eksfr;ka jh lh vkc èkksjS ijf[kY;ksM+ks vsd xqykc èkksjS ijlka> jh Vse] xk; jh [kkrjfdj.k [kksnS nqpkc] èkksjS ij ¼vki½

dS;ks gS dS lkSUn;Z oLrqfuLB dksuh] O;fDrfuLB gqoSA lkSUn;Z rks ns[k.k okGka jh vk¡[;ka esagqoSA tSlGesj jks le xk¡o Å¡pk&uhpk èkksjka rkab± elgwj gSA nwj&nwj rkab± dksjh jsr bZ jsrilj~;ksM+h gSA m.k uS ns[k*j dfo dSoS&

iwxrka gh teha jS yky MksjSvks tSlyesj ^le* jS daoGS dksjSpkan pky.k jh ysyM+h dk<+Spkanuh ilj*j cSBxh èkksjS ¼le ekFkS pk¡nuh&vki½

9-4-3 xhfr dkO;

fy[k.k uS rks eksgu vkyksd NUn eqxr dfork fy[kS i.k cka jks eu jeS NUnka esa vj xhrkaesaA iqjk.kS NUnka uS ys;*j m.kka ç;ksx dj~;k gSA vkèkqfud Hkko cksèk lwa Hkjiwj m.kk jk NUncM+k yksdfç; gS i.k cka jks eu uwoSa xhrka esa jeS gSA cka jS çFke dkO; laXkzS jks ukao gh x&xhr*gksA vkyksd jk uwaok xhr fd.kh Hkh Hkklk jS xhrka jh cjkcjh dj ldSA cka jk fpUr.k i[k vj

119

vfHkO;fDr i[k nksU;wa bZ lcGk gSA xhr fdrjh lgtrk lwa cS fy[kS vsd xhr jks bZ mnkbj.kgS&

fpM+hmM+h

Y;ks gq;xh dforkAHkklkcxrh vk[kj&vk[kjNsD;k dwn cq) jk Hkk[kjok.kh vueL;k

euL;k djvki eqM+h

Y;ks gq;xh dfork ¼fpM+h jh cksyh fy[kks½

eksgu vkyksd jS iSyS ladyu esa dbZ ekjfed xhr gSA vki jh vsd nks vksG;ka lwa bZjktLFkkuh djlS jh nlk jk fprjkae lkeh vkoS &

Y;k*j mèkkjks chtixka èkj iksfr;ksjkew dkdS Qsj dj~;ks gGlksfr;ksL;koM+ ekrk lrdjhxbZ lky lh er djhA ¼x&xhr½

vFkok

fcuS dky ^vcksgj* dkuhcM+k tksj lwa xM+k i³~;kfljlwa uS lwabZ dj nhuhiko&iko lwa cM+k i³~;k ¼x&xhr½

b.k lwa iSyh jktLFkkuh xhrka esa fl.kxkj jh çofÙk gh i.k vs uwaoka xhr] uwa oSa Hkko cksèk]lkekftd vj O;fDrxr Hkkoukoka lwa ljkcksj gSA

9-4-4 çxfrlhy dkO;

fc;ka rks gjsd tqx jh dfork ykjyh dfork lwa çxfrlhy gqoS i.k vBS çxfrlhyrk lwaeryc vSM+h dforkoka lwa gS ft.k esa lksld] lksflr] lksl.k] jks ftØ gqoSA fgUnh esaekDlZoknh fopkjèkkjk lwa çHkkfor dfork uS çxfroknh dS;ks x;kS gSA dfo tn lekt esalksl.k jh pkdh esa ihfltrka HkksGS feu[kka uS ns[kS rks cka jh ok.kh eq[kj gks T;koSA djlk]etwj tqxka&tqxka lwa lksflr gSA lkgw lwa fy;ksM+ks dtZ cèkrks tkoSA bZ fLFkfr jks fprjkaens[khtS &

lkgw uS Hkkst gq;kfnu fnu] fnuA

HkkstS uS cks>k gq;kfnu fnu] fnuA

dkG dkGdkfrd jk dksG VG~;kcfg;ka esa

120

dkGl jk vkad jG~;klka>&lka> lkalka dM+C;kt gqbZukGl jS dkxn bUækt gqbZ

mGVh fx.krdkjfeaxlj lwa

ikNk vklkSt gq;kfnu&fnu] fnu ¼x&xhr½

b.k èkjrh ij ftdks Hkh iSnk gq;kS gS m.k jks cjkcj gd gS i.k pkykd yksx nwtka jks fgLlksHkh [kk T;koSA yksxka uS txko.kks Hkh t:jh gS&

b± èkjrh ij rwa tn tyE;ks tk;ks gSpwu pqx.k jks gd lkFkS bZ Y;k;ks gSvS yaxokM+k ckM+k dj dj cSB~;k gSrwa cSB~;ks gS T;wa xkMh esa vk;ks gS A ¼fpr ekjks nq[k uS½

b.k Hkkar eksgu vkyksd jh dforkoka esa lksld] lksl.k vj lksflr jk ekjfed fprjkae gSA

gkL; vj O;aX;

vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dfork esa gkL; vj O;aX; vsd [kkl çofÙk c.k*j mHkjh gSA vkt jSusrkoka ij O;aX; djrks dfo dSoS&

nsl\@nsl ekbZ cki!@EgkjS rkabZ rks vki gks@ vj vki rkabZ ch fla?kkl.k@ ftdS ekFkS vkifcjktks@ dkabZ vanktks@ gS gtwj! vki jh rdyhQka jks@ dS vki nsl jh lsok@ esoka ljh[khpe[khjh phtka@ [kk&[kk*j djrk jS;k gks@ yM+rk jS;k gks@ xGknkabZ vj xqpGD;kaljh[kh@ ukn eqjkn fcekj~;ka lwa@ iqLr nj iqLr ¼fpr ekjks nq[k uS½

O;aX; lkFkS&lkFkS eksgu vkyksd gkL; jk Hkh lQy ç;ksx dj~;k gSA cka jk ^Mka[kGk*jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa uoha foèkk gS&

vk[krks gks*j t.kk ej.k ykX;ks ^vkbZnku*AvukFkkyS uS djX;ks vk[kS thou jh dekbZ nkuA

olh;r uS ns[kh ckap

rks dj~;ksM+k gk pkj ikap&

Nksjk Nksjh vj vsd foèkok yqxkbZ nkuA ¼Mka[kGk½

vaxjsth Hkklk jS ^fyfjd* dkO; lwa çHkkfor fujFkZd vfHkO;fDr esa lclw cM+h folslrk b.kjS rqd foèkku esa gSA xkaokbZ tho.k jh NksVh&NksVh ?kVukoka] ckrphr vka Mka[kGka esa gkL; jhfljt.kk djSA

9-4-6 uwaoh dfork

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa u;h dfork jh çofÙk dha nsj lwa vkbZ gkyka dS] eqxr NUn dks iz;ksx rkslu~ 1955 jS yxS&VxS l: gks;X;kS gks i.k uoh dfork esa ftdh çofÙk;k¡ gh ft;ka vkevkneh jks fp=.k] y?kq jks fp=.k] {k.k jks fp=.k vkn vSM+h çofÙk;k¡ gh ftdh ijEijkxrdfork vj u;h dfork esa foHkktd js[kk [khapSA eksgu vkyksd Hkh NUn c) dfork lkFkS uohdforkoka fy[kh gSA ^Qksx* vsd jsfxLrkuh ouLifr gSA vks dksbZ vSM+ks lkso.kks :a[k ;k Qwykajks ikSèkksa dksuhA vsd vke lks nj[kr gSA eksgu vkyksd fy[kS&

121

tkrks ts rwa dksbZ@ unh jS rhj@ nl gksrk FkkjS Hkh@ cksy.k uS Hkhj@ Qksxfy;ks c.k tkrks@Fkkjks Hkh vaxwj@ Fkkjks Hkh iM+rksa dha@ egyka esa lhj@ esoks dg crGkrk@ FkkuS Hkh yksx@¼fpr ekjks nq[k uS½

eksgu vkyksd jh u;h dfork esa uwaok] mieku vj uwaok çrhd ns[khtS &

igj jk[;k gS@ vaèksjS jk ftjg c[rj@ vj mMhdka gka@ cnu ij jksluh jk lj@ dqrjdkajk@ dksV dj pksQsj dkNqvka jS eka; cM+j~;k gk¡ ¼fpM+h jh cksyh fy[kkS½

vBS lxGk mieku vj çrhd uoka gSA jktLFkku esa ej.k dns vsd R;wagkj T;wa ekuhtrksAijEijkxr dfork esa ohjrk jk fprjkae eaMrkA yksx dk;j ujka jks ikM+kSl bZ dksuh dj.kkspkaorkA uoha dfork esa êR;q Hk;* vsd çofÙk c.k*j mHkj~;ks gSA vkyksd jh dfork esa Hkh vkçofÙk dBS dBS bZ feyS&

mnklh jks èkqaoksa

mB~BS gS gj ?kj lwa

yksx ncD;k i³~;k gS ekSr jS Mj L;wa

b;ka ykxS gS

T;wa clrh esa ekre gSA ¼fpfM+;k jh cksyh fy[kkS½

b.k Hkkar vks LiLV :i lwa dS;ks tk ldS dS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vkèkqfud dfork esa tSM+hçofÙk;k¡ mHkjh gSa cS dekscsl eksgu vkyksd jh dfork esa Hkh gSA

9-5 NUn vj vyadkj

9-5-1 NUn

gkyka dS eksgu vkyksd vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk dfo gS i.k cka u;h dfork lkFkS lkFkSNUnka jks Hkh lQy ç;ksx dj~;ks gSA cka jh iSyh iksFkh ^x&xhr* esa ftrjk Hkh xhr gS cS uoSaHkko cksèk lwa vuqçkf.kr gS vj NUn Hkh uoksa gSA dS; ldka dS y; çèkku vka xhrka jh jpuklk: vkyksd [kqn jks NUn x<~;ks gS&

lwjt mpdlhr jS dkaèkS^R;k* djh

fnu fulj~;kslh&lh djrhekÅ mB*j^pk* djh

fnu fulj~;ks ¼x&xhr½

^Mka[kGS* NUn jks fuekZ.k eksgu vkyksd [kqn dj~;ks gSA b.k NUn esa ek=koka jS ctk; rqd jhçèkkurk gqoSA dfork esa rqd pk.kpDd vsd vFkZ jks foLQksV djS dS ikBd HkkSapd jS tkoSA^fpr ekjks nq%[k uS* esa dfor uoxhrka lkFkS&lkFkS dha ^lkusV* Hkh fy[;k gS i.k cka jks ukaoèkj~;ks gS& ^pmnlkA* vkxS pky*j b.kh ^paMnlka* jks ukao lkusV dj ^lkS lkusV* jh iksFkhNikbZA ^vsdj Qs:a jkft;S uS* iksFkh esa dfo lksjBka jks lQy ç;ksx dj~;ks gSA ^vki* laxzgesa pkSgrj :ckb;ka gSaA :ckbZ Hkh mnwZ jks Nan gS i.k Jh vkyksd m.k uS jktLFkkuh Hkklk esalQyrk lkFkS lkè;ks gS&

122

iou esa tG esa vkiuS ns[;kxxu esa FkG esa vkiuS ns[;kfge esa ns[;k uS gse esa ns[;kvxu jh >G esa vkiuS ns[;k ¼vki½

b.kh Hkkar ôunsoh % ^bejrk* Hkh NUnksc) jpuk gSA

9-5-2 vyadkj

eksgu vkyksd dkO; esa vyadkj jk i[kèkj cBS rd bZ gS tBS rd dkO; lkSUn;Z esa of) gqoSApeRdkj ;k fo}Ùkk jks ekè;e cS vyadkj uS dksuh ekuSA lgtrk lwa fcuka Hkkoka jh gR;k vxjvyadkjka ç;ksx gqoS] rks dj.kks pk;tSA m.kka jS dkO; esa ç;qDr dha vyadkj&

o;.k lxkbZ&

xk xk¡èkh jk xhr] ywdk ywVS yksd uSAjke jkt jh jhr] jksGS #Gxh jkft;kAA ¼vsdj Qs:a jkft;S uS½

miek&

vkt lka>]vks fNirks fnu

dha dfork lks gSvsdyiks mpV~;ks lks eu

dha dfork lks gS ¼fpM+h jh cksyh fy[kkS½

ekuohdj.k

dkp] dpukj fuljh gS lqcSfut uS fu[kkj fuljh gS lqcSvsd xksjh lh xk¡o jh Nksjhunh esa ugk*j fuljh gS lqcSA ¼vki½

:id&

¼1½ Qjojh gSvGckn.k Vhaxjh gS#r clar jh gS

¼2½ ck;jS esa cqycqyka gS@lcn ¼x&xhr½

vfrl~;ksfDr&

Qwy ftlh gGdh vj irGh gh Qkad lwaQwyS gkGh ^Qwydh*jks lkljks gks pkdlw

lkljS iqxkrk t.kka vkrk ub± NksM*jdkxn tsgM+S Mhy uS fyQkQS nkb± eksM+*j

ekaM*j fBdk.kks Åij] Hkst nsrk Mkd lwa ¼Mka[kGk½

b.k Hkkar eksgu vkyksd vki jS dkO; esa vyadkjka jks ç;ksx lgtrk iwoZd dj~;ks gSA cSvyadkj dkO; jh lksHkk c<kof.k;ka midj.k c.k*j çLrqr gq;k gSA

9-6- çrhd vj fcac ;kstuk

çrhd& dfo likV c;kuh lwa cp.kS vj vkijh ckr uS çHkkolkyh c.kko.k rkab± çrhdka jks ç;ksx

123

djSA eksgu vkyksd jS dkO; esa ijEijkxr çrhdka jS ctk; uoka çrhdka jks ç;ksx tknk gq;kS gSA b.kdkj.k vfHkO;fDr esa ekjfedrk vj çHkko tknk ns[;ks tk ldS&

lksld vj lksflr jk çrhd

¼1½ gw¡ fcjoks nks iku*d Åij vEcj csy iljxhj;ks fcdl.kks nwjftUnxh nks vkaxG esa ljxh ¼x&xhr½

¼2½ tn rkabZ jSlh] xqM+ jkewM+k[kklh bZ ek[;ka] tqM+ jkewM+k! ¼x&xhr½

Hk; vj lj.kkVS jk çrhd

¼1½ lewpS xk¡o ijterh fxjn jh cknGh tksokac.kh jS Qksxyka ij mrjrks ¼x&xhr½

èkqavks&ft;ka

¼2½ Hkkax.kS uS ewuvsd ikaoMks mBS gS furvj nwtks FkeT;k gS

vksnj jh FkksFk esa ¼x&xhr½

vke feu[k jk çrhd

¼1½ Qksx jS QksxFkk jS gj[k uha lksxD;ka rkabZ èkkj~;ks gS

ladj lks tksx ¼fpr ekjks nq[k uS½

¼2½ Qwy Qwy lksu QwyM+h

c.k frlwy lksu QwyM+h ¼x&xhr½

cqjkbZ jk çrhd

¼1½ ck<+ HkkbZ ck<+

vS Hk:afV;k uk iksl

vS cè;k rks ehr Fkkajks [ksr yslh [kksl ¼fpr ekjks nq[k uS½

¼2½ vaèkkjks vks] dkGks&dkGks

T;wa dksbZ gqoS

vey jks ?kkGksA ¼fpM+h jh cksyh fy[kkS½

b.k Hkkar dfo lksl.k] lksld] lksflr] HkykbZ] cqjkbZ] Hk;] ewu] lj.kkVS vkn jk çrhdka jks ç;ksxdj~;ksA vS çrhd uoka rks gS bZ i.k lkFkS bZ vke feu[k lwa tqM+sM+k gS b.k dkj.k b.kk uS le>.kS esadBS bZ vc[kkbZ dksuh gqoSA

fcEc ;kstuk

dfo vewrZ uS ewrZ dj.k rkab± tn ikBd jS lkeh lcnka jks vsd fprjkae [k³~;ks dj nSoS m.k uS fcac

124

dSoSA Jh vkyksd jh dfork esa dbZ fcEc cM+k lkso.kk vj fpÙkkdlZd c.k i³~;k gS&

çÑfr uVh ftdh vnhB gS ck nhlS dksuhA vkHkS esa dksbZ rkjks VwVS vj dfo laHkkouk djS&

vkHkS esa vk VwVrS rkjS jh ydhj

L;kg E;ku esa fpedh gqoS T;wa lelhj

lqR;ka jh gVh vki jS ygaxS jh fdukj

ix vki jS] iktsc jh fpedh tathj ¼vki½

MkG~;ka N.krS mtkl uS ns[k*j dfo fdrjh lkso.kh vj ekso.kh dYiuk djS] b.k jks lkso.kks fcEc gS&

[khap] T;wa fdj.k jh ikV Mksjh

vky.kk&iky.kk eku xkSjh

MkfG;ka&MkfG;ka vki >wyks

Hkaoj ns vki uS xwat yksjh ¼vki½

NksVks Vkcj vki jh eka ;k fd.kh cM+S lkFkS [ksySA cks vksV esa gw T;koS Qsj ckjS vk*j cksyS ^R;k*A vksHkh lkso.kks fcEc gS&

lwjt mpd

lhr jS dkaèkS

^R;k* djh

fnu fulj~;ks ¼x&xhr½

vsd eku dj;kSM+h ukf;dk le jS èkksjS ij cSBh pkan.kh gS&

iwxrk gh teha jS yky MksjSvks tSlGesj ^le* jS daoG dksjSpkan pky.k jh ysyM+h dk<Spkanuh ilj*j cSBxh èkksjSA

eksgu vkyksd jh dfork esa vusd Hkkar jk fcac gSA dBS bZ lwjt nM+h jh Hkkar xqM+*j èkksfj;S jh vksVesa gq T;koSA dBS bZ fnu vsd dlkbZ jh Hkkar Øwjrk lwa ck<+SA çÑr fcacka lkFkS djlS vj etwjka jk fcacHkh gSA

9-7 lkjkal

vè;;u dj.k jS mijkar vc dS;ks tk ldS dS eksgu vkyksd jh dfork jk Hkko i[k vj dyk i[knksU;wa bZ lcGk gSA Hkko i[k esa dfork feu[k jh Hkkoukoka jh vfHkO;fDr rks djS bZ djS i.k cha jks tknkè;ku [ksrhgj etwj vj djlS dkuh gSA vS nksU;wa lc lwa ?k.kh esgur djS i.k b.kk uS feyS dkabZ\vktknh iNS jktuhfr esa vk;ksM+h fxjkoV vj jktusrkoka jks pfjr] èkeZ xq#vka jh èkekZUèkrk vjdV~Vji.kks Hkh vkyksd jh dfork jh fol; oLrq c.kh gSA lclwa ljko.k tksx ckr vk gS dS vkyksdvki jS ifjosl ckcr Hkyh Hkkar ltx gSA feu[k uS feu[ki.kS rd iqxko.kks b.k dforkoka jh ewGpsruk gSA vkt ij;koj.k uS ys;*j tn lxGh nqfu;ka fpfUrr gS rks vkyksd ôunsoh % verk* çcaèkdkO; jh jpuk djhA b.k jpuk esa :a[k vsd lcGks i[k vks gS dS dfo ij;koj.k uS èkje~ lkFkS tksM+.kSjh dkslhl djh gSA vki.kS lekt esa :a[k iwatk] nsoh&nsorka jk okgu ilq&i{kh eku.kS ykjS vk btHkkouk dke djSA ôu nsoh % verk* jks jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkFkS vsd bZ iUuS ekFkS vaXkzsth jks :ikUrj.kçdkflr gq;ks gSA cS yksx ftdk jktLFkkuh uha tk.kS vaxzsth jS ekè;e lwa ij;koj.k jks egro le>

125

ldSA ij;koj.k jS foukl jS dkj.k vkt nqfu;k tn foukl jS dxkj ij [kM+h gS rks ^flj lkVS* Hkhvxj :a[k cpk.kks iM+S rks cpkvksA

Jh eksgu vkyksd jh dfork jks dyk i[k Hkh etcwr gSA ^lkusV* fy[k*j dfo jktLFkkuh Hkklk esavfHkO;fDr jh vsd foèkk vkSj cèkk nhA ^Mka[kGS* jh jpuk lwa crk;ks dS lcn dfork esa fdrjksa egrkÅgqoSA ewyr% NUn jk dfo eksgu vkyksd u;h dfork jk Hkh fl)gLr dfo gSA vkt jS feu[k jksvsdyksi.k] ekSr jks Mj] iy jh egÙkk] y?kq jh egÙkk] vke vkneh jks fp=.k] vkn çofÙk;k¡ vkyksdjh dfork esa mHkjh gSA vkyksd jh dfork jks fol; feu[k gS vj mísL; cks feu[k fd.k Hkkar lq[khgks ldS \ vks lksèk.kks gSA lekt esa vehj vj xjhc fcpkGS ftdh nwfj;ka gSa] feu[k jks lksl.k feu[kdjS m.k uS feVk.kks] ft.k lwa feu[k nwtS feu[k lwa lekurk jks oSokj djS vks gh vkyksd jh dforkjks mísL; y[kkoSA

9-8 vH;kl jk loky &

1- eksgu vkyksd jh dfork jS Hkko i[k vj dyk i[k jh foospuk djksA

2- ^êksgu vkyksd jh dfork esa xjhc] etwj vj Hkw[k lwa yM+rS djlka jh O;Fkk jks fp=.k gSA**fl) djksA

3- eksgu vkyksd jh dfork esa çrhd vj fcac ;kstuk ij fopkj djksA

4- ^êksgu vkyksd gkykafd u;h dfork fy[kS i.k cka jks eu NUnka esa jeSA** b.k mfDr ij fopkjdjrk Fkdka vkyksd jh dfork jS NUn&foèkku jks foospu djksA

5- eksgu vkyksd jh dfork esa dSM+h çofÙk;k¡ mHkjh gS\ le>koksA

9-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- x&xhr& eksgu vkyksd

2- Mka[kGk& eksgu vkyksd

3- ^fpr ekjks nq[k uS* & eksgu vkyksd

4- ^vsdj Qs:a jkft;S uS* & eksgu vkyksd

5- ^vki*& eksgu vkyksd

6- ^lkS lkusV* & eksgu vkyksd

7- ôu nsoh% verk* & eksgu vkyksd

8- ^fpM+h jh cksyh fy[kks* & eksgu vkyksd

9- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa dkO; % MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor

10- vkèkqfud fgUnh dkO; çofÙk;k¡& d#.kkifr f=ikBh

11- vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR;& MkW- fdj.k ukgVk

12- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;& MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k

13- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dqN çofÙk;k¡& MkW- ujsUæ Hkkukor

126

bdkbZ & 10

izeq[k dfo % xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkorbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

10-0 mísL;

10-1 çLrkouk

10-2 ys[kd ifjpS

10-3 i|&lkfgR;

10-4 x|&lkfgR;

10-5 dqlG lEiknd

10-6 vuqoknd jS :i esa

10-7 bdkbZ jkS lkj

10-8 vH;kl jk loky

10-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

10-10 i=&if=dkoka

10-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lkfgR;dkj MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jS O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo ekFkSfopkj djhT;kS gSA b.klwa ikBdka uSa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS vsd ifjiDo dfo] x|dkj vj dqlGlEiknd jh lkfgR;&lk/kuk jh lcGh vksG[kk.k feGlhA

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor fd.k&fd.k fo/kkoka eka; dkabZ&dkabZ fy[;kS] m.kka jkS ys[ku vkt jS cxr eka;fdÙkkS egrkÅ gS vj jktLFkkuh lkfgR; pk;S x| gqoS ;k i| eka; vkijkS dkabZ ;ksxnku jS;kS gS &b.k ckr jkS [kqyklkS Hkh b.k bdkbZ eka; gqoSykA b.kjS vykok Hkh b.k bdkbZ esa vkikauSa MkW-xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor ckcr dsbZ ckrka jh tk.kdkjh feySykA T;wadS &

1- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork esa dkabZ n[ky jk[kSA

2- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jkS vuqokn&deZ dSM+kS&dkabZ jS;kS gSA

3- ukVddkj jS :i esa MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jh idM+ dSM+h&dkabZ jS;h gSA

4- ^tkxrh tksr* vj nwtS xzaFkka jS laiknu esa MkW- xksjèkuflag 'ks[kkor jh dkabZ Hkwfedk jS;h gSA

10-1 çLrkouk

jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj m.kjS lkfgR; jkS le) HkaMkj jS;kS gSA b.kjkS bfrgkl twukS vj txpkokS jS;kS gSAvkstLoh dohljka jh b.k Hkklk jkS c[kk.k pkok&Bkok fl{kkfon~ ia- enueksgu ekyoh; vj dosljjohUnzukFk VSxksj i.k djÓkS gSA b.k Hkklk eka; v.keksy lkfgR; jkS fljt.k gq;kS gSA lalkj jh lxGhHkklkoka eka; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh BkSM+ ?k.kh Åaph vj xjctksx gSA tBS rkabZ b.k Hkklk jS bfrgkl jhckr gS] b.kjkS l:i vkBoha lnh lwa i| jS :i eka; ns[k.k uSa feySA l:vkrh jpukoka esa tSu lkfgR;jkS l:i lkaeh vkoS] iNS pkj.k lkfgR; bÙkkS jphT;kS dS m.klwa b.k Hkklk jh jktLFkku vj Hkkjr esabZ uha] vk[kS txr esa Bkoh BkSM+ c.kxhA

13oha lnh jktLFkkuh x| jkS mn~Hko dky ekuhtSA 13oha lwa 16oha lnh rkabZ jkS c[kr twuS x| lkfgR;

127

jkS jS;kS gS] ft.kesa /kkjfed x|] vSfr;kfld x|] euksjatukRed x|] vfHkys[kh; x| jS lkxS x| jhnwth fo/kkoka esa bZ fljt.k l: gq;X;kSA b.kjS eka; okr] [;kr] nokoSr] opfudk] Vhdk] VCck] VhIi.k]ckykocks/k] oS|d] T;ksfrl vkn vkoSA b.kjS vykok rkM+i=] rkacki= vj flykys[k Hkh fy[kht.kykX;kA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dky eka; Hkh i|&lkfgR; jkS Hkjiwj fljt.k gq;kSA ohjxkFkkdky vjHkfDrdky jS eka; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk fljekSj dfo;ka vkijh ys[kuh lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSa ÅaphBkSM+ ekFkS Fkkfir dfj;kSA ehjkackbZ] bZljnkl] iFohjkt jkBkSM+] lk;kath >wyk] nqjlk vk<k] eqg.kksruS.klh] Jh/kj O;kl] f'konkl xkM.k tSM+k eksdGk ukao gS ftdk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSa Lo.kZdky tqxeka; ys;X;kA e/;dky eka; ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy*] ûkxne.k*] ^gkyka&>kyka jk dqaMfG;k*]^gfjjl*] ôpfudk vpynkl [khph jh*] ^gehj jklkS*] îFohjkt jklkS* tSM+k dkO; jktLFkkuh Hkklkeka; fy[khT;k] tdk vkijh lkarjh lk[k HkjSA

vk/kqfud dky jh l#vkr 19oha lnh jS mrjkn lwa ekuhtS D;wadS b.k dky[kaM lwa jpukRed Lrj ekFkSdkO;xr psruk esa cnGko vk;ksA b.k cxr jh jktuhfrd] lkekftd vj vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ka lwa ftdhuwaoh mFkG&iqFkG gqbZ ok lkfgR; okLrS Hkh uwaokS lanHkZ gksA lu~ 1857 jh ØkfUr jkS l:i dha Hkh ekU;kStkoS i.k fuLpS bZ jktLFkku jS ØkfUrdkfj;ka jh nhB vaxjst fojks/kh ghA b.kjkS lejFku vBS jk dfo;kaHkh ?k.kkS bZ dfj;kSA ckadhnkl] lw;ZeYy feJ.k] ladjnku lkekSj] cq)th vkfl;k] fxjojnku dfo;kvkn fczfVl lÙkk jS f[kykQ vkijkS vkØksl izdV djrk Fkdka vkstLoh Loj jkS ifjpS fn;kSA lw;ZeYyehl.k jh pkoh iksFkh ôhj lrlbZ*] f'kopUnz Hkjfr;k jkS pkokS miU;kl ^dud lqUnj*] pUnzflag^fcjdkGh* jh izÑfr&dkO; jh iksFkh ^cknGh* b.k tqx jh nsu gSA vk/kqfud dky eka; bZ miU;kl]dgk.kh] ukVd] fuca/k] vsdkadh] laLej.k vkn fo/kkoka eka; lkfgR; jkS fljt.kk gqo.kkS l: gq;kSA uwaohdfork jh l#vkr Hkh gq;hA

jktLFkkuh dfork eka; uwaok dfo;ka jkS lksp jktLFkkuh dfork uSa [kwc vkxS cèkk;h gSA vkS bt dkj.kgS dS vkt jktLFkkuh jh uwaoh dfork Hkkjrh; ledkyhu lkfgR; jh dforkoka jS eqdkcyS esa vkijkix tek; jk[;k gSA rstflag tks/kk] ikjl vjksM+k] ef.k e/kqdj] pUnzizdkl nsoy] uUn Hkkj}kt vknjkS ukao uwaoh dfork jS dfo;ka jh foxr eka; fljS vkoS gSA

jktLFkkuh dfork eka; uwaoSi.k jk vkxhok.k jS :i esa MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jkS ukao vkijh Bkoh BkSM+jk[kSA ^jktLFkkuh vsd* jS ekjQr jktLFkkuh dfork esa Hkko vj flYi jh nhB lwa vsd uwaoS ekjx jhFkji.kk gq;hA MkW- 'ks[kkor jh dfork jktLFkkuh dfork uSa uwaoS fcEc fo/kku] Hkkoka jh xSjkbZ vjU;kjS&fujokGS rsoj jS ik.k flej/k djrh y[kkoSA vBS dfork Qxr lcnka jh dkjhxjh dksuh]feu[ki.kS jS i[k eka; vsd tkx:d jpukdkj jks fljt.k gSA MkW- 'ks[kkor jkS dfo dfork uSa b.k<kGS ijksVS dS okajkS jpko lekt jS [kw.kka&[kw.kka rkabZ iwx*j eku[kS jh fgek;r djrkS fuxS vkoSA MkW-'ks[kkor jS jpuk lalkj jkS v/;;u jktLFkkuh dfork tkrjk esa uwaoka vSuk.kka uSa lkaeh ykoSA vkt HkhMkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS fljt.k djrk Fkdka ek;M+ Hkklk jh lkfgR;&lsok esaykX;ksM+k gSA

10-2 ys[kd ifjpS

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; txr esa MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jkS ukao lkoG vksG[khtS] tk.khtSA vkijkS tye>qa>quwa ftyS jS xqM+k xkao eka; vsd e/;e lzs.kh jS jktiwr ifjokj esa lu~ 1941 bZ- esa gq;kSA ?kj esa vkijkdkdkslk i<Ók&fy[;k gqo.k jS lkFkS ekLVj gk] b.k okLrS m.kka lwa ln~ laLdkj feY;kA Vkcjxksj/kuflag vkijS dkdkslk jh fy[;ksM+h dkO;&iksF;ka i<rk jSork] ft.klwa vkijS eu esa Vkcji.kS esabZ dfork fy[k.kS jh vfHk#fp c.kxhA

128

Jh 'ks[kkor jh l#vkrh i<kbZ Nkiksyh vj eqdux< esa gqbZA iNS vki fiyk.kh lwa vse- vs- jh fMxzhvj ih,p-Mh- jh mikf/k izkIr djhA fiyk.kh esa vki MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy vj irjke xkSM+ jS lEidZesa jS;kA cBSbZ x.kifr Lokeh lwa yksdlkfgR; lk: #fp tkxzr gq;hA MkW- vksekuUn lkjLor] ukxjkt'kekZ] jkefujatu 'kekZ bR;kn lkfgR;dkjka lwa fey.kkS&tqy.kkS c.;kS jS;kSA vki dkO;&xksfLB;ka esa bZcjkScj tkorkA fiyk.kh m.k cxr fl{kk jkS BkMkS dsUnz gksA b.k okLrS ckjS lwa Hkh ukaeh&fxjkaehlkfgR;dkj vkork jSork] ft.kka jS lkxS pjpk&ifjpjpk gqorh jSorhA

i<kbZ iwjh dfj;ka iNS vki uoyx< jS iksíkj dkWyst] chV~l fiyk.kh vj fyNe.kx< ¼lhdj½ jSHkxokunkl rksnh dkWyst esa fgUnh jk O;k[;krk jS :i esa vè;kiu dk;Z dfj;kSA y{e.kx< jS rksnhdkWyst lwa bZ vki lu~ 2000 bZ- esa lsokfuoÙk gq;kA lsokfuofÙk jS mijkar Hkh MkW- 'ks[kkorv/;kiu&lsok jkS dke tkjh jk[;kS vj lhdj jS JhÑ".k laLÑr ckfydk egkfo|ky; esa lkr cjlrd izkpk;Z jS in ij vkijh ?k.keksyh lsok nhA vcS vki cBS funsld jS :i esa lsok ns jS;k gSA

vki l:vkr esa i=&if=dkoka esa fy[k.kkS l: djÓkSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh pkoh&Bkoh if=dkokae#ok.kh] vksGeksa] gjkoG] tkxrh tksr] tka.kdkjh vkn esa vkijh dforkoka vj nwth jpukoka yxksyxNihA MkW- 'ks[kkor jkS dfork jS isVS #>ku l: lwa jS;kS vj vk bZ vkijh lkfgR;&lk/kuk jh [kklfo/kk gS] i.k b.kjS vykok Hkh vki ukVd] dgk.kh] leh{kk fo/kk esa bZ fy[krk jS;k gSA vkijh [kkldkO;Ñfr;ka ^fdjdj*] îuth ek:* vj ^[kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka* gSA vki ^rhl ekj[kka* vj ^cLrhjke*ukao lwa nks ukVd fy[;k tdk iksFkh :i esa i.k NI;k gSA T;kaiky lk=Z jS fy[;kSM+S Ýsap Hkklk jkukVd ûsdjklkso* jkS vki jktLFkkuh mYFkkS djÓkSA vkijkS ^vsd QkSth 'kghn* jktLFkkuh jkS pjfprmiU;kl jS;kS gSA

vkijh dforkoka jkS nwjnjl.k vj vkdklok.kh lwa uselj izlkj.k gqorkS jS;kS gSA jktLFkkuh if=dkokajS vykok vkijh fganh jpukoka dYiuk] okrk;u] rVLFk vkn i=&if=dkoka esa bZ yxksyx Nirh jS;hA

MkW- 'ks[kkor jk ukVd ^rhl ekj[kka* vj ^cLrhjke* Hkh pjfpr jS;k gS] tdk izLrqfrdj.k jh nhB lwavkt jS jaxeap uSa /;ku esa jk[k*j jphT;k gSA lEiknu&dyk esa fl)gLr MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkorjktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh] chdkusj jh if=dk tkxrh tksr* jkS yxSVxS nks cjlkarkabZ dqlGrk lwa lEiknu djÓkSA

vki jktLFkkuh esa dha dgkf.k;ka Hkh fy[kh gS i.k ^vsd QkSth 'kghn* ukao lwa fljT;ksM+kS vkijkSjktLFkkuh miU;kl nslHkxrh] R;kx] cfynku vj jktLFkku jh laLÑfr lwa tqM+ÓksM+S dFkkud uSaijxVSA

cjl 1980 esa vkiuS ^'ks[kkokVh vkapfyd iqjLdkj* feY;kSA lu~ 1988 esa vkiuSa jktLFkku jRukdj]ubZ fnYyh jkS ^jktLFkkuh lkfgR; iqjLdkj* izkIr gq;kSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh mRÑLV lsok lk:vkiuSa lkfgR; lfefr] fclkÅ dkauh lwa ^ver iqtkjh jktLFkkuh iqjLdkj* fnjhT;kSA

10-3 i|&lkfgR;

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor tehu lwa tqM+ÓksM+k jpukdkj gSA vkijh dforkoka esa xkaokbZ ifjosl HkjÓkSiM+ÓkS gSA vktknh jS iNS xzkE; tutho.k esa tdk cnGko vk;k vj yksxka esa uwaoh psruk okijh m.kjkSfp=.k rks vkijh dforkoka esa feyS bZ gS] lkFkS bZ yksdra= jkt jkS tdkS fcxM+ÓksM+kS :i lkaeh vk;kS]m.kjh ihM+ Hkh vkijh dforkoka esa ijxVhth gSA

MkW- 'ks[kkor jh dfork esa uwaoh nhB rks gS gh] uwaok mieku vj uwaok eqgkojka jkS iz;ksx bZ vkijhdforkoka esa ns[k.k uSa feySA dforkoka jS Hkkocks/k] dF; vj flYi jh nhB lwa jP;ksM+h vkijh Bkodhdforkoka jh ?k.kh pjpk jS;h gSA jktLFkkuh dfork jS [ksrj esa yEch dfork jh l:vkr MkW-

129

xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor lwa bZ ekuhtSA vkijh ykach dfork ^[kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka* jktLFkkuh lkfgR;txr jh ?k.keksyh jpuk fx.khtSA b.kh*t Hkkar ^fdjdj* fljSukaeS lwa Nih iksFkh esa fy[;ksM+h usUghdforkoka bZ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; txr esa iSyh osGk lkaeh vk;hA vkijh dfork esa izse jkS lgt l:ilkarjS <ax lwa vfHkO;Dr gq;kS gSA

dforkoka ckcr MkW- 'ks[kkor jh nhB ?k.kh xSjh vj le>oku jS;h gSA vkijkS lksp gS dS dfork jSeqgkojS uSa vkt jh fLFkfr;ka lk: tksM+*j iSuh vfHkO;fDr lwa ijxV djÓkS tkoS ft.klwa dS dfork jhlaosnuk uSa vkika vkt jS lanHkZ esa lcG :i esa ijxV dj ldkaA MkW- 'ks[kkor jh dforkoka xkao lwatqM+ÓksM+h gS vj xkao vkt bÙkkS cnGX;kS gS dS xkao jh fLFkfr;ka vsd uha dsbZ ckrka esa uwaokS :i /kkj.kdj pqdh gSA vka fLFkfr;ka uSa MkW- 'ks[kkor vkijh dsbZ dforkoka esa lanHkZ vj izlax jS lkFkS mtkxjdjh gSA vkS bt dkj.k gS dS vkijh dsbZ jktLFkkuh dforkoka jkS jfl;u] ckaXyk vj xqtjkrh Hkklkokaesa vuqokn i.k gq;kS gSA

fdjdj ¼1971½

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jh usUgh&usUgh dforkoka jkS vkS laxzS lu~ 1971 esa izdkflr gq;kSA vkijh vkaNksVh&NksVh dforkoka jkS [kqyklkS dj.kkS ?k.kkS vc[kkS dke gSA tBS dfo FkksM+S&lS lcnka esa ikBd jSeu esa ?k.kh ÅaMh vj ekjfed laosnuk txkoS cBS bZ i<.kvkGS uSa lksp.k lk: i.k etcwj djSA b.k<kGS jh usUgh&usUgh dforkoka jk dsbZ&dsbZ vjFk vkika vsd lkxS ijksV ldka gkaA fta;ka ûqaoha lky*dfork uwaoS <kGS lwa fy[khth gS vj Qxr pkj&ikap vksGÓka esa&

ekanh esa MwC;ksM+h]Vkcjka jk [ksM+ uSa gkadrhVwVÓksM+k fnu jkVqdM+ka uSa laHkkGdjt lwa lhtrh Egkjh nsgHkwyS vkbZ uqaoha lky

vk dfork vjFkko jk dsbZ vksfG;k ekaMSA fta;ka ekanh esa MwC;ksM+h& vkneh duSa uk dke gS uk dekbZgSA /kki*j eanh pkySA cBS dfo jkS lksp dfork jS ijok.kS dkabZ dSo.kkS pkoS dS b.k gkykr esa Hkh Vkcjkajh VksGh ?k.kh c/kxh vj m.k VksGh uSa [ksM+ jkS :i dfo nsoSA vcS vkxS oj.kko djrka Fkdka dfo dSoSeanh jS nkSj esa djt lwa ncrkS lhtS Egkjh nsg] vc[kkbZ vtS uha feVh vj Åij lwa uwaokS lky HkGSvk;X;kSA

b.kh Hkkar dfo Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh jh Hk;adj leL;k uSa ^cjlxkaB* dfork esa mdsjrkS vk ckr dSoS&

nksU;wa tscka esagkFk ?kky*jvkaxGÓka jk isjokfx.krks Egkjks euBkyk cSBÓk jhvk rhth cjlxkaB gSA

jktLFkku jh rI;ksM+h vj frlk;h /kjrh uha tk.kS fdÙkk dkG&dlwack dk<Ók gSA MkW- 'ks[kkor jSdfo&fgjnS eka; bZ dkG uSa ys;*j Hkko fdÙkk ekjfed vj laosnuk txko.k okGk gS dS eu ejÓksM+kSgS Qs:a Hkh cks NhadS VkaX;ksM+h cklh jksVh jh lkSje ysoS&

yksFkM+ka jS lkxSHk.kHk.kkrks feu[ki.kks vj

130

daoGh lkalka uSa ejksM+rhdherh ftanxk.kh ijmMrk elk.kh phy&dkaoGk

jktLFkku jkS ilqikGd tn dkG lwa ckFkSM+kS djrkS Fkkd tkoS rks cks vkijk <ksj&Mkaxjka uSa ys;*jgfj;kGS ijnsl ekGoS dkauh ewaMkS dj ysoSA jktLFkku esa êÅ pkyh ekGoS* jkS dFkk.kkS izpfyr gSAjktLFkku jk etwj vj djlk etcwjh esa vj lsB&lkÅdkj fo.kt&okSikj lk: vkijkS ?kj NksM*j nwtSijnslka dkauh iyk;u djS rks bZ m.kkauSa vkijS ?kj vj xkao&xqokM+ jh vksGwa vkorh jSoSA ^vrhr&2*fljSukaeS lwa fljT;ksM+h b.k usUgha dfork jkS Hkko ns[kkS&

ijnslh jS eu esatyerks xkao] ?kjvj xqokM+ jS lkeSjE;ksM+h yw.kD;kjA

dfo vkijS fopkjka lwa feu[kka jS fcpkGS ftdk lw[kk Hkko gS ckajkS fprjke vkijS dkO; eka; djÓkS gSAfeu[k vk[kS fnu nkSM+rkS fQjSA fnu&jkr itrkS fQjS i.k lkap uSa fg;S jS eka; uha mrkjS] D;wadS&

Fkwd mNkGS#GS jkr&fnuMjS lkap jkvk[kj i<rksA

dfo jktuhfr ekFkS xSjkS O;aX; dfl;kS gSA vkt jktuhfr [kqyS vke feu[k jS bZeku jh vjFkh fudkGjS;h gS vj HkksGh turk b.kjS eka; Hkh vkijkS HkykS [kkst jS;h gSA

dfo izÑfrijd dkO; ekFkS Hkh vkijh dye pykbZA ^fdjdj* eka; vki lka>] fdj.k] clar] xkaotSM+h dforkoka jkS Hkh fljt.k dfj;kSA dfo ^lka>* uSa ifjHkkflr djrk Fkdka dSoS dS fnu yyklh lwaHkfj;S vkHkS :ih rGko eka; Mqcdh yxk;h vj papG jkr vkijh eqëh eka; vkHkS uSa lkaoV.k ykxhAdfo fdj.k* eka; crkoS dS fdj.k dejS jh f[kM+dh jh NsdM+ lwa fudG.k okGh vsd ihGS jax jh yhjhjS leku gSA b.kjS lkxS dfo clar ekFkS Hkh vkijk fopkj jk[;k gS&

dkaph dwaiG jSuS.kka esa eqGdrksenjks&enjksehBks&ehBks fgjeph mtklA

dfo feu[k uSa tho.k jkS lkj le>korkS crkoS dS vkS tho.k uLoj gSA dsbZ ix vBS vk;k gS vj ikNkx;k Hkh gS] i.k tko.kS jS iNS ikNk dksuh vk;kA vFkkZr~ feu[k ftdkS tye ysoS m.kuSa ekSr jkS dM+okS?kwaV Hkh iho.kkS iM+SA b.k [kkrj tho.k uSa lkjFkd c.kko.k lk: lrdje dj.kkS pkfgtSA dfo eqtc&

jkLrks ns[k ds pkyvks ckoGk feu[kjLrk uSa fiNk.k gS rsjk ixka jhvBh uSa dbZ vk;k vj x;ki.k nwth ckj uha vk;kA

^fiNk.k* dfork eka; dfo vkt jS lekt eka; LokjFk lwa Hkfj;k feu[k jS fcpkGS QaL;ksM+S feu[k jhfLFkfr jkS fprjke mdsjÓkS gSA feu[k vkt bZ b.k mG>kM+ eka; QalX;kS dS fd.k ekFkS foLokl djka

131

vj fd.k ekFkS uha] vBS rks lxGk gh eq[kkSVk yxk;ka cSBÓk gS&

udyh psjka jhHkhM+ esa QalX;ksEgkjks eufiNk.k jh tqxkGh ysorksA

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor ^fdjdj* jh usUgha&usUgha dforkoka jS ekjQr ikBdjS eu esa xSjh laosnuk txkoSA Hkko iz/kku vka dforkoka esa fcEc&;kstuk jh c.kxV Hkh cstksM+ gSA

iuth ek: ¼1987½

^jktLFkkuh&vsd* jS ikap dfo;ka eka; lwa vsd MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jktLFkkuh jh uwaoh dfork jkvkxhok.k gSA Hkko vj flYi jS Lrj ekFkS 'ks[kkor lkapS vjFkka esa jktLFkkuh dfork uSa uwaoh nhB nhuhgSA MkW- 'ks[kkor jh dfork xkaokbZ tho.k jh vc[kk;ka vj eku[kS jh ihM+ uSa lkarjS <ax lwa ijksVS vjuwaok Hkko&cks/k lwa vkijS jpko uSa flefj/k djSA MkW- 'ks[kkor jh Hkklk ckajh dfork jh laosnuk uSa lcGS<ax lwa ikBd rkabZ lEizsflr djSA ckajh dfork lgt vj ljy gSA dsbZ BkSM+ dfo v[kckjhlikVc;kuh ekFkS mrj vkoS i.k vSM+k mnkgj.k ?k.kk dksuhA xkaokbZ tho.k uSa lkaeh jk[k*j dfo lkarjkfcEc bZ ekaMÓk gS tdk jktLFkkuh dfork uSa Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jh gksM+ esa [kM+h djrk nhlSA

Hkaoj izdklu lwa cjl 1987 esa Nih vkijh dkO;Ñfr îuth ek:* vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork jkSlkarjkS laxzS gS] ft.k eka; dfo xkaoBh tho.k jS lkxS cnGrS tqx jk ewY;ka vj laLdkjka uSa lw{erk lwamtkxj djÓk gSA [;krukao dfo MkW- rstflag tks/kk uSa lejfir b.k iksFkh esa dfo feu[k uSa vkijhlxrh jh fiNk.k vj vU;k; jkS fojks/k dj.kS lk: izsj.kk nsoSA ^dnerkG* dfork esa dfo jh vksGÓkaf?kj&f?kj psrS vko.kS tSM+h gS&

EgSa [kqn dSowarksM+ks b± HkjkslS jS Mwaxj uSab± jS ekFkS p<rka&p<rkaxksMka jS eka;ik.kh HkjhtX;ksA

iksFkh jh lhlZd dfork îuth ek:* jktLFkkuh jh VkGoha dfork ekuht ldSA vSM+k iuth vkikauSagjsd xkao esa yk/k ldS tdk vktknh feY;ka iNS lqiuk VwV.kS jS eksgHkax jh fLFkfr esa thoSA iuthm.k ih<h jk izfrfuf/k gS tdk vktknh lk: vc[kk;ka >syh vj lqrarjrk jkS eryc vk[kS nsl jkSfoxlko vj vke vkneh jkS fgr ekurkA vkt jS feu[k jh LokjFkh ofÙk vj jktuhfr jS dks>kiS lwanq[kh iuth jh ihM+ ckap.k tksx gS&

^lq.k xksj/ku chjk !tekuS jks nksjksi.k fuj[k*jeu uha ykxS dkedkt esavktknh jS bÙkk cjl iNSekanks gS vks xkao[kwu lwa HkjÓksM+h gSb.kjh xfG;ka/kwtS jkst feu[ki.kksA

MkW- 'ks[kkor jh nhB fl.kxkj jl lwa bZ ljkcksj gSA dfo jh laosnuk ?k.kh >h.kh gSA ekaly okluk lwalko vG?khA dfo izhfr uSa vjFkkaorkS dSoS&

132

izhrQkx.k jS jkr jhm.khanh pku.kh&lhdqaokjk gksBka jhv.kcq>hvNsgh frjl&lh

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor /khjt jk /k.kh gS] cS markoG esa dfork dksuh ekaMSA dfo [kqn xkao esa jS;*jxkaoBh tho.k jkS ykackS vuqHko jk[kSA dfork jh ekjQr dfo vkijS HkksX;ksM+S lkap uSa bZ ijxV djSAb.k laxzS jh lkfV;k jh Nksjh lwa*] ^xkfM;k yqgkj*] îjkbZ Hkkse*] ^dkG*] ^pcwrjks* vkn dforkoka esa dfojS ÅaMS lkekftd ljksdkjka jh vfHkO;fDr gSA dfo jh bfr;kl ekFkS bZ tcjh idM+ gSA ^x< cksY;ks*vj ^twa>kj* dfo jS bfr;klw nhB jh lkarjh vksG[kk.k djkoSA ckuxh ns[kkS&

<gÓksM+S pcwrjS lkEgSÅHkk yksxvankt djrk&lk dSo.k ykxkL;kr vk nsoGhfd.kha twa>kj jh gSA

VwdS esa] vk ckr usgpS lkxS dS;h tk ldS gS dS dfooj MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jktLFkkuh jh uwaohdfork jk gjkoG gS vj vkijh dforkoka jh ekjQr jktLFkkuh dfork uSa uwaoh vksG[kk.k feyh gSA

[kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka ¼1990½

dfork jkS vsd dk;nkS gqoSA laosnuk [kqnks[kqn jpukdkj lwa vkijS tprh foèkk jh ekax dj ysoSA eÙkkSdj*j uha rks dfork fy[khtS vj uha dgk.khA ts dksbZ fèkaxk.kS /kDdS [klS rks ck jpuk xsyS lwa mrjtkoS vj Qxr lcn&tkG c.k*j jg tkoSA eu jh vsd [kkl fLFkfr eka; bZ dfork jks jpko laHkogqoSA dfork vkikSvki eka; eku[kS jh psruk jkS xhr gSA feu[kkiS jh fgek;r isVS vsd laosnulhyfeu[k jh gkaQG gSA dfork isVS b.k fparu jkS edln vly eka; dfork jh f[kerk uSa vkad.k jhukudM+h [kSpy gSA dkabZ dfork tksj tqye lkaeh eku[kS jkS gfFk;kj c.k ldS \ dkabZ dfork nqfu;kesa jk[klh rkdrka jS f[kykQ [kM+h gq;*j feu[k jS eka;yS jke uSa txko.k jkS dke dj ldS \jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk fljS dfo MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jh ykach dfork [kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka* uSa ckaprkab.k ckr jkS ifr;kjkS gqoS dS dfork lkapk.kh feu[ki.kS jS i[k eka; dfo jh [kSpy gSA jktLFkkuhdfork jh tkrjk esa vk ykach dfork Hkko vj flYi nksuwa nhB lwa cstksM+ gSA

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jh ;knxkj dfork ^[kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka* lkaeh nhlrka rks dfo jkSvkRekoyksdu gS i.k b.k dfork jS ekjQr MkW- 'ks[kkor vkijS cxr jh ?k.kh xSjkbZ lwa diM+&Nk.kdjh gSA dfo jkS ftuxk.kh jkS xSjkS vuqHko dfork uSa uwaok vjFk fn;k gS ft.klwa vk dfork vkijS cxrjkS vsd HkjkslSean nLrkost c.kxhA

vktknh feY;ka iNS nsl jk yksxka jh vka[;ka esa dsbZ lqiuk tkxX;kA ^vki.kkS jkt&vki.kkS nsl* jS ukjSlkxS dsbZ mEehnka uSa ia[k feY;kA yksdjkt lwa yksxka uSa eksVh vklkoka gh] i.k vS liuk ?k.kk fnu dksuhdk<ÓkA nks&rhu nldka esa gh dM+okS lkap lkaeh vk;X;kSA VwVÓksM+k liuka jh fdjpka tn [kqy.kykxxh rks dfo jk cksy b.k <kGS QwV iM+Ók&

jkt ckstdks nsoS feu[khpkjkstdks c.kkoS fu/kM+d

133

tdks uha [kkslSdksbZ jks xkllxGk jS ekFkS QsjS gkFki.k okg HkkbZ yksdra=pks[kk pyk;k ea=Qs:a xGS esa ?kky nh canwdvj feu[k uSac.kk fn;ks ccjh lsj*

liuk rks VwVX;k i.k HkGS bZ vkSlk.k dksuhA vcS dsbZ vSM+k uktksxk feu[k jktuhfr jS jaxeap ekFkSvk;X;k] tdk jktuhfr lwa /kje uSa vG?kkS dj vrhr jS xsyS vkijS lqokjFkka jh iwjrh l: dj nh&

L;kr gqorh gqoS vkRek vejvj dGtqxh /kje gq;xks gqoS m.kuSa lrko.kksds m.kka jS ekFkS gkFk Qsj*jisV xqtkjh jk dha djrclh[k fy;k gqoSyk Bkyk&Hkwyk yksxA

b.kuSa cxr jh foMEcuk uha rks dkabZ dSoka dS cnGÓksM+k cxr esa pksj&ikih yksx /ku&cG lwa lektjk vkxhok.k c.k*j egrkÅ gq;X;k vj lh/kk&lPpk feu[k ilokM+S jS;X;kA rkj&rkj ejtknk vjvukpkj&vR;kpkj jS dkj.k lekt jkS HkkS fcxM+X;kS&

nxkcktka jS pwVD;ka lwaiM+xk ?kko tqoku iztkra= jh pkeM+h esayB jS tksj ekFkS ÅHkks iztkra=fijtk uSa galSvka[k fn[kkoStn rkabZ [kSyks cksVka jks jktvki.kS ekFkS jsosyks rktD;wadS EgSa cksV [kksl.kks tk.kkaA

b.k dfork esa O;aX; jh rh[kh /kkj gSA lekt esa v.kpk;S cnGko lwa dfo jkS ?k.kkS th nks*jkS gqoSA vcSfeu[k jkS edln futq lq[k&lqfo/kk jh iwjrh c.kX;kSA nsl vj lekt [kw.kS ykxX;kA tho.k esa ctkjvsd okn jS :i eka; Fkjiht*j ek.kl tkr uSa psrkpwd dj fn;kSA vSM+S gkykr esa Qxr lcn jkSP;ku.kkS bZ lgh jkLrkS fn[kk ldSA ^[kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka* jS ekjQr dfo m.k ekjx uSa lks/k.k jhvkQG djS&

Egkjks lxGks fnu

lksprka chrS

lkspwa EgSa dkabZ iwNrks jSowa [kqn uSa

dkabZ iM+wÙkj nsorkS jSowa [kqn uSa

bfr;kl jh lhaok lkjSA

dfo jkS yksd lwa tcjkS tqM+ko gSA cks vkijS fopkjka uSa yksd fcpkGS tkapS& ij[kSA lekt jk ljksdkjdfo uSa fy[k.kS lk: etcwj djS vj dfo vkijS lcnka jh ekjQr feu[kkiS jh fgek;r lk: ÅHkkSgq; tkoSA

134

Hkko jS lkxS flYi jh nhB lwa bZ vk ykach dfork jktLFkkuh dfork jh tkrjk esa vsd uwaoS iz;ksx jS:i esa vksG[khtSA eqxr Nan esa gqorka Fkdka dfork jh varl y; ikBd jS eu esa [kklh rkG rkabZxwatrh jSoSA dfork jh Hkklk lkarjh gSA vkapfyd lcnka jkS iz;ksx dfork jh vFkZoÙkk uSa pkSx.kh djnsoSA variar vks usgpS lwa dS;kS tk ldS gS dS ^[kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka* jktLFkkuh dfork jh vsdxjctksx vksG[kk.k gSA

10-4 x|&lkfgR;

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jh ewG fo/kk rks dfork jS;h gS] i.k vki x|&lkfgR; esa Hkh le:i fljt.kdjrk jS;k gSA x| esa Hkh vki dsbZ fo/kkoka esa jpukoka fy[kh gS] ft;ka& dgk.kh] ukVd] miU;kl]leh{kk vknA

rhl ekj[kka ¼1990½

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jS fy[;ksM+kS vkS ukVd 1990 esa izdkflr gq;kSA vkS ,d O;aX; iz/kku ukVdgSA MkW- xksj/kuflag ewGr% dfo gS i.k b.k ukVd jS ekjQr ckajkS ukVddkj :i bZ lkarjS <ax lwa lkaehvk;kS gSA b.k ukVd jS ek/;e lwa vkS trko.k jkS tru djhT;kS gS dS feu[k vkijS ?keaM vj LokjFkykjS vi.kS vkiuSa rhl ekj[kka le>.k ykxX;kS gSA feu[k jh b.kh ofÙk uSa b.k ukVd jkS vk/kkjc.kkbZT;kS gSA ukVd jh HkkoHkwfe esa xkao jkS njn bZ lkaeh vkoSA dLcka] lgjka vj egkuxjka jh vtxjhyisV esa yhyhtrS xkao jh ihM+ uSa ukVd jkS izeq[k ik= jaxw vkijS laoknka lwa mdsjSA xkaoka esa tdk yksxrhl ekj[kka c.;ksM+k gS ckajk eq[kkSVk mrkj*j ukVddkj m.kka jk vlyh mf.k;kjk fn[kk; fn;k gSAukVd jS eka; xkaoBh lkekftd leL;koka uSa bZ lkarjS <ax lwa mdsjhth gSA ^rhl ekj[kka* jS vykokys[kd jks vsd ukVd ^cLrhjke* Hkh Nfi;kSA

^vsd QkSth 'kghn* ¼2000½

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jkS jktLFkkuh miU;kl ^vsd QkSth 'kghn* jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj lwacjl 2000 esa Nfi;kSA MkW- 'ks[kkor jS b.k miU;kl uSa ckaP;ka iNS ikBd ,d ohj liwr lghn ve:¼vejflag½ jh nslHkxrh vj R;kx&cfGnku jh Hkkouk lwa vksrizksr gq; tkoSA

>qa>quwa ftyS jS paojk xkao esa lghn jh nsoGh jk lkpk njlko ekaM.k okGk MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkorb.k miU;kl jS ek/;e lwa nsl&lsok loksZifj gqo.k jh izsj.kk nhoh gSA MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor b.kmiU;kl jS lhxS vkijh ys[kuh jkS ÅtGkS dFkkud mdsj*j [kqn vkijkS ukao Hkh m.k vej lghn jSnjlko lkxS tksM+ÓkS gS] vk ?k.kh ekucStksx ckr gSA jktLFkkuh esa b.k Hkkar jk miU;kl Hkksr dens[k.k esa vk;k gSA

b.k miU;kl esa lS lwa iSyka phd.kh ekVh jkS ykackS&pkSM+kS eSnku vj jsftesaV jS vkFkwa.kS dkauh eksVkgkfFk;ka jh xGkbZ c.;ksM+k xSfjt jkS oj.kko gSA vsd----nks----rhu vj vsd ykach drkj vj b.kka jS lkaehiS*jkS nsorks ^ve:* dha lkspSA

^^HkkHkw jS dkxn jh vk folslrk jSorh dS lxGk lekpkjka jkS [kqyklkS foLrkj lwa gksorkSA eghuka jS eka;HkkHkw jk nks; dkxn t:j vkorkA** ve: jS HkkHkw jk dkxnka jh dha ?k.kh mMhd jSorhA xkMh jS ykjS?kwe*j ve: Qs:a xSfjt jS [kqyS eSnku esa vk;X;kSA e/kjh&e/kjh gok pkyS i.k eu dkBkS vewT;ksM+kSvj HkkjhA b.k tkX;ka dkxn esa eaMÓksM+kS vsd niwpkSA ek¡ iwNÓkS gks] ^Fkkjh chu.kh fxjoj jS lkFkS iwxxhOgSyk i.k csVk chu.kh EgkjS esa tdh----** vBS vkork MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor vsd ÅaMkS loky NksM*jve: jS eu esa [kklh mFkG&iqFkG epkbZA vk ckr ?k.kS QwBjkiS lkxS ijksVhth gSA b.k tkX;kamiU;kl i<f.k;S jS eu esa Hkh Hkkar&Hkkar jk fopkj vkoSA ikBd jkS eu dsbZ tkX;ka >d>ksjhtS] vk b.kmiU;kl jh [kkfl;r gSA

135

^^HkkHkw jS fy[k.kS jkS dha ÅaMkS vjFk gSA** vk lksp*j ve: vsd ykackS lkal uk[;kSA ve: jh futj vj/;ku dha nwjnjkt jh fLFkfr idM+.kkS pkoS ghA b.k BkSM+ eka vj csVS fcpkGS lksp jk xksV mBrk&lkykxSA MkW- 'ks[kkor ve: jh eka jS lkaoBk fopkjka uSa lkarjS <ax lwa ijxV djÓk gSA ck lqy[k.kh ekatdh vkijS liwr csVS jS eu esa >kad.kkS pkoS gh dS ekrHkkse jh fjPNk lk: gkseht.k okGkS csVkS vkteka jS eu jh ihM+ uSa fda;ka dkabZ ijksVSykSA ve: jh eka dkxn jS ekjQr iwN.kkS pkoS ghA ve: jhtksM+k;r Hkh vkijS eksVÓkj uSa iwNS ghA ^vkt rks Fkka EgkjS esa [kwc djhA** cqxy pk; jkS di idM+korhcksyhA i.k ve: vkijh vka[k elGrkS mBÓkSA pk; jS lkxS FkksM+k rfG;ksM+k [khfp;k gkA cks cqxy uSadákS] ^^b.kjkS eryc Fkwa lkjh nksQkjh lksbZ dksuh\**

^^FkkauSa b.klwa dkabZ eryc \ FkakuSa rks lxGS fnu MÓwVh nh[kSA EguSa rks mM+nh yxk;*j Hkkx.kkS vjfclkbZ lk: DokVj vk;*j Qs:a Hkkx.kkS tkcd bZ pks[kkS uha ykxSA i.k tksj dkabZ \** cqxy FkksM+hcSjkth gksaorh cksyhA

vBS ve: vkijh ukSdjh vj eka jkS Qjt crkorkS ukSdjh uSa dje vj eka uSa feu[k jh lxGka lwavknjtksx crkoSA ^êka tdh tye nsoS] ikGS&ikslS vj m.kuSa ns[k*j xjc&xqest eSlwl djSA eka tdhykMdksM djuS vkijS csVS jkS C;ko djS vj iksrk jekoS vj iNS eka tdh csVS uSa rjlS m.k lk: rM+QSvj vkijkS dkGtkS ckGSA EgSa eka jkS vSM+kS diwr csVkS uha c.k.kkS pkowa---le>hA** ve: bÙkkS dS;uS BSjtkoSA

eka jh fgek;r djrkS csVS jkS eu vk ckr dSoS dS gwa vSM+kS diwr csVkS uha c.k.kkS pkowaA eka vj csVS jhb.k daoGh nhB uSa ijksVrka MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor vkt jh ;qok ih<h uSa b.k ckr [kkrj izsfjr djSdS vkt jS tekuS esa Hkh vSM+k liwr csVk gS tdk vkijh eka jS dkGtS jh ihM+ uSa le>S vj tk.kSA ve:dSoS] ^^cqxy vkt EgkjS tSM+S diwr csVS jS dkj.k m.kjkS fg;kS QkVS] m.kuSa jhl vkoS vj m.kjkS vuknjgqoSA b.klwa ?k.kh lje vkGh ckr EgkjS okLrS dkabZ gqoSyk \** ve: jh vka[;ka jS eka; jksl vj pSjS ekFkSruko gksA m.kjkS Mhy r.kX;kSA**

b.k miU;kl uSa if<;ka iNS b.k ckr jkS lgt vanktkS yxk;kS tk ldS dS MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkoruSa jktiwrh ijEijk] lsuk jk fu;e&dk;nk vj ?kjfcn jh ckrka jkS ywaBkS vuqHko gSA BkSM+&BkSM+ izÑfrfp=.k Hkh gSA lwjt vj rkoM+S jkS ftØ djrkS dFkkud vkxS c/kSA miU;kl esa BkSM+&BkSM+ dgkorka vjeqgkojk Hkh ijksVhT;k gSA MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor ^vsd QkSth 'kghn* miU;kl esa jktiwrh laLÑfr]jktLFkkuh ifjosl vj vBS jk tutho.k jk pkSrjQk fprjke ekaMÓk gSA

fofo/k fo/kkoka

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor lkfgR; jh fofo/k fo/kkoka esa vkijh dye pykbZ gSA dfo gqo.k jS lkFkS&lkFkSvki miU;kldkj] dFkkdkj] leh{kd vj lEiknd jS :i esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; txr esa vkijh U;kjhfujokGh vksG[kk.k c.kkbZ gSA vkijh dFkkoka] laLej.k] leh{kkoka vj ys[k jktLFkkuh jh i=&if=dkokaesa yxksyx Nirh jS;h gSA ek.kd] tkxrh tksr] jktLFkyh] vksGeksa] xksjcan] mMhd vkn jktLFkkuhjh izeq[k if=dkoka esa vkijh jpukoka Nih gSA leh{d nhB lwa vki ft.k jpukoka jh fojksG djh gSm.kka esa ^Hkjr vkSj vjLrw ds ukVÓ rÙoksa dh rqyuk*] êksgu jkds'k dh dFkk&;k=k*] û;h dgkuh %miyfC/k vkSj lhek,a*] ^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk*] ^jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk laf{kIr bfrgkl*] ^dkO;kaxifjp;*] dkO; fu:i.k*] fuca/k lkxj*] mn;iqjokVh % vrhr ls orZeku* vj jktLFkkuh lkfgR;* jkSbfrgkl vkn izeq[k gSA

10-5 dqlG lEiknd

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor lEiknd jS :i esa Hkh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; txr esa vkijh U;kjh&fujokGhvksG[kk.k jk[kSA lEiknu&dyk esa izoh.k MkW- 'ks[kkor dsbZ jktLFkkuh vj fgUnh if=dkoka jkS lEiknu

136

vj] lg&lEiknu dj.k jS lkFkS lEiknu lg;ksxh Hkh jS;k gSA lkpS vjFkka esa vsd dqlG lEikndjh nhB vki esa ns[kh tk; ldSA vkS bt dkj.k gS dS jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh]chdkusj jh if=dk ^tkxrh tksr* jkS vki yxSVxS nks cjlka rkabZ dqlG lEiknu djÓkSA

^tkxrh tksr* jkS lEiknu djrh cxr vkijh nhB jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS ekud l#i LFkkfir dj.k esaHkh jS;hA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh] chdkusj jS b.k eq[ki= jS ekjQr vkijktLFkkuh jk mnh;eku jpukdkjka uSa lkaeh yko.k vj m.kka uSa yxksyx fy[k.k lk: izksRlkfgr dj.kjkS tltksxkS dke djÓkSA m.kka b.k if=dk jSa ek/;e lwa ledkyhu Hkkocks/k jh nhB lwa jktLFkku jSlxGk vapyka lwa tqM+ÓksM+k ys[ku uSa izkFkfedrk nhA vkijS lEikndRo esa b.k if=dk esa ^[kqn jS lkaeh[kqn* fljSukaeS lwa vsd uwaokS Fkac l: gq;kS ft.kesa jktLFkkuh jk pkok&Bkok lkfgR;dkj vkijS jpukdeZekFkS vkijk fopkj ijxV djrk jS;kA MkW- 'ks[kkor jS vuqlkj b.k Fkac jS ykjS vk bt Hkkouk jS;h dSjktLFkkuh jk jpukdkj yhd lwa gV*j dha blkS fy[kS ftdkS uwaokS ykxSA

lkfgR; ckcr vkijk lqG÷;ksM+k fopkj ijxV djrk Fkdka tkxrh tkr jS* lEikndh; esa MkW- 'ks[kkorfy[kS] ^^ftdkS lkfgR; foX;ku vj vkS|ksfxd lH;rk jS tho.k jh cnGrh laosnuk uSa ys;*j pkyS oksbZ vk/kqfud dákS tk ldSA jpukdkj vkijh jpukoka uSa vkijS tqx lwa tksM+*j pkySA**

MkW- 'ks[kkor vkijS lEiknu&dky esa vdkneh jh if=dk tkxrh tksr* esa Hkklk] lkfgR; vj laLÑfruSa ys;*j vsd lwa vsd lok;k lEikndh; fy[;k gSA Qjojh&ekpZ] 1996 jS vad esa HkklkbZ loky ekFkSMkW- 'ks[kkor fy[kS] ^^tBS rkabZ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh jpukRed Hkklk jkS loky gS fMaxG ;k iqjk.khjktLFkkuh Hkklk ?k.kh eaT;ksM+h uSa izkatG :i fy;ksM+h gS&pk;S dfork jh Hkklk gqoS pk;S x| jh HkklkAjktLFkkuh x| jh Hkklk esa izokg vj fofo/k iz;ksx jh vn~Hkqr f[kerk gSA** b.kh lEikndh; esa cS vkxSfy[kS] ^jpukRed Hkklk jS okLrS jpukdkj ;k ys[kd jh tkx:drk Hkh t:jh gS rks laosnu vj fopkjjS eqtc uwaoh Hkklk jh rykl HkhA vkS larqyu jpukRed Hkklk lk: t:jh gSA Hkklk jpuk jh rkdrgS] b± jh vksG[kk.k ts jpukdkj uSa gqo.k ykxS rks gj jpuk egrkÅ c.k ldSA jpuk jkS vsd&vsdlcn BkokS uS xSjkS gqoSA jpuk jS ewY;kadu esa m.kjh jpukRed Hkklk vkijkS iwjkS egrkÅ :i jk[kSAtn vuqHko jkS nk;jkS c/klh vj lksp uSa uwaoS fparu lk: tksM+.kkS iM+lh rn Hkklk t:j jpukRedgqoSyhA**

b.kh Hkkar tkxrhtksr jS tqykbZ] 1996 jS vad esa MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jpukdeZ ckcr vkijk fopkjijxV djÓk gS] ^^jpuk deZ LokUr lq[kk; jS lkFkS&lkFkS vsd xaHkhj nkf;Ro jkS loky Hkh gSA jpukjS b.k nkf;Ro jh iwjrh b.k ckr ij fuHkZj djS dS jpukdkj tho.k jS ewGHkwr lokyka vj leL;kokalwa tw>SA m.kjS eu esa vsd ladYi vj ,d /kkj.kk gqoSA cks vkijS jpukdeZ uSa gGdS ;k pyrkÅ :iesa uha ys;*j vkijS ladYi jS fufeÙk bZ ekuSA vk t:jr vkt jh fLFkfr;ka vj ifjosl ij fuHkZj djSrks lkFkS bZ lkFkS jpukdkj jh m.k euxr jkS folysl.k Hkh djS] tBS cks jpukdeZ uSa vsd pqukSrhle>SA tn rkab± jpukdeZ] jpukdkj jS okLrS pqukSrh uh c.klh m.kjS eka; lkaLÑfrd ewY;ka jkS vHkkojSlhA vkt lkaLÑfrd psruk ekFkS dsbZ rjS jk geyk gks; jS;k gS vj dsbZ ewY; vizklafxd Hkh gks jS;kgS i.k jpukdkj [kqn vk lxGh ckrka uSa lkspS vj fopkj djS dS EgSa dkabZ fy[k jS;ks gwa vj b.kjhlkjFkdrk dBSyx gS \**

txrh tksr if=dk jS vykok vki la?k'kfDr ¼t;iqj½] ekjokM+h la?k ¼fiykuh½] 'ks[kkth lans'k¼lhdj½] crGko.k ¼fiykuh½] varjky ¼y{e.kx<½] dFkk;u] leh{kk;.k ¼fiykuh½ vkn i=&if=dkokajks Hkh lEiknu lg;ksxh jS :i esa lEiknd eaMG esa lkfey jS;kA fiykuh lwa fudG.k okGh lks/kif=dk e#Hkkjrh] jktLFkkuh ekfld ^mMhd* vj jktLFkkuh jS cjlkÅ NkiS ^fc.ktkjkS* jS ijkelZeaMG esa jS;k gSA

137

i=&if=dkoka jS vykok MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor dsbZ xzaFkka jkS Hkh lEiknu vj ys[ku dj;kS gSA vkaeka; lwa 'ks[kkokVh lkfgR; lanHkZ dksl] 'ks[kkokVh ds lkfgR; dk ;ksxnku] vksG[kk.k] leFkZ jpukdkjMkW- mn;ohj 'kekZ] MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy % O;fDrRo ,oa ltu vj ^f'k{kkfon~ Jh fxj/kkjhflag'ks[kkor* vkn xzaFk izdkflr gks; pqD;k gSA

10-6 vuqoknd jS :i esa

fd.kh Hkh jpuk jkS vuqokn bÙkkS lgt&ljy dke uha gS] ftÙkkS dS veweu ekU;kS tkoSA fd.kh Hkhjpuk jS vuqokn lk: dsbZ&dsbZ ckrka jkS [kkl /;ku jk[k.kkS iM+SA vuqokn jk Hkh dsbZ :i gq;k djS]T;wadS& Hkkokuqokn] lCnkuqokn] :ikarj.k vknA vsd lQy vuqoknd ckS bZ ekuht ldS tks jpuk jSewGHkko uSa dk;e jk[krkS FkdkS tBS rkabZ gq; ldS lCnkuqokn jkS Hkh iwjkS iwjkS /;ku jk[kSA vuqokn&deZdjrh cxr vuqoknd uSa vsd rjS lwa ewG jpukdkj jh nhB uSa /;ku esa jk[k*j m.kesa ÅaMkS mrj.k jht:jr iM+SA

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor Hkh jktLFkkuh vuqoknd jS :i esa vkijh U;kjh fujokGh fiNk.k jk[kSA ;wavkijS dfork&laxzS ^fdjdj* jh dha dforkoka jkS Hkh ^jfl;u* vj ^vaxszth* Hkklk esa vuqokn gq;kS gSAvki T;ka iky lk=Z jS fy[;ksM+S Ýsap* ukVd usdjklkso* jkS jktLFkkuh esa vuqokn djÓkSA b.kjS vykokHkh vki Hkkjr jk dsbZ nwtk dfo;ka] dFkkdkjka vj ys[kdka jh jpukoka jkS jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vuqokndjÓkS tdkS jktLFkkuh jh i=&if=dkoka esa NI;ksM+kS gSA

10-7 bdkbZ jkS lkj

b.k bdkbZ eka; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk pkok&Bkok lkfgR;dkj MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jS jpuk&lalkjekFkS ?k.kh xSjkbZ lwa fopkj djhT;kS gSA vk/kqfud dky jh uwaoh dfork jh foxr eka; vkof.k;k MkW-'ks[kkor i| vj x| esa le:i fljt.k djÓkS gSA vki jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS lkxS fganh eka; Hkh ?k.kkSbZ lkfgR; jfp;kS gSA vki vè;kiu lsok lwa tqM+*j uwaoh ih<h esa lkfgR; jk laLdkj txk;k vj [kqnbZ yxksyx fljt.k djrk jS;kA

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor fljt.k jS [ksrj eka; uwaok&uwaok iz;ksx djÓk gSA ckajh dforkoka uwaoS tqx jSlkxS gh l: gq; tkoS gSA vki lkapS vjFkka esa jktLFkkuh jh uwaoh dfork jk vkxhok.k dfo gSA oS^jktLFkkuh&vsd* jS ikap dfo;ka eka; lwa vsd gSA MkW- 'ks[kkor jS lkxS MkW- rstflag tks/kk] ef.k e/kqdj]ikjl vjksM+k vj vksadkj ikjhd b.k iksFkh esa NI;kA ^jktLFkkuh&vsd* esa MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkorvkijk fopkj O;Dr djrka fy[;kS gS] ^ÊguSa nq[k gS dS ykjyh ih<h vkijk iqjk.kk laLdkj rkab± lhferjSbZ vj cnGrk tqxcks/k jk uwaok lanHkk± uSa vkijk xhrka jh Vsj lwa vj daBka jh ehBkl lwa fcljkrh jSbZ]ft.kjkS ifj.kke vkS gq;kS dS dfork cklh gkso.k ykxxh vj oha jS eka; lPpkbZ jkS :i fu[kjÓkS dksuhAlkfgR; jS xfrlhG :i uSa ns[krka jktLFkkuh dfork uSa Hkh vkt tFkkFkZoknh vj izkekf.kd c.kko.kjh t:jr gSA**

MkW- 'ks[kkor jh dforkoka vkijkS tho vj tM+ jktLFkku jS xkaokbZ tho.k esa jk[kSA vkijh dforkokajh ewG laosnuk jktLFkkuh lk: lxGk lwa uwaoh vj vyk;nh gSA m.kesa ekVh jh egd Hkh gSA vkijhdforkoka vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh uwaoh dfork jS foxlko jk ekjx uSa njlkorh pkySA

fcEc vj likVc;kuh nksuka jkS bZ dkSlG MkW- 'ks[kkor duSa gS vj b.kjS yxksyx bZ gS vikj /khtkS vjF;kolA vkijh iksF;ka uSa i<.k lwa Bk ykxS dS vkiesa fljt.k jh fdÙkh f[kerk gSA vkijh jpukokaikBd uSa pdjkoS dksuh] m.kuSa gksGS&gksGS vkijS foLokl esa ys;*j laosnuk jS U;kjS vj fujokGS yksdrkabZ ys tkoSA vkijh dforkoka lwa fuLpS bZ jktLFkkuh dfork jkS vsd uwaokS :i vj lanHkZ mtkxj gqoSA

138

10-8 vH;kl jk loky

lko NksVk loky

1- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jkS tye dn vj fd.k xkao esa gq;kS \

2- MkW- 'ks[kkor uSa dfork jk laLdkj fd.klwa feY;k \

3- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor vse- vs- jh ijh{kk dBS lwa ikl djh \

4- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor fdlh Hkklk eka; fMIykseks djÓkS \

5- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor fd.k folS jk O;k[;krk jS;k gS \

6- MkW- 'ks[kkor jh feuh dforkoka jh iksFkh jkS dkabZ ukao gS \

7- MkW- 'ks[kkor jS fy[;ksM+S ukVd jkS ukao crkokSA

8- ^,d QkSth 'kghn* miU;kl fd.k ckr jh izsj.kk nsoS \

9- MkW- 'ks[kkor }kjk Ýsap Hkklk lwa vuqfnr jktLFkkuh ukVd jkS ewG ys[kd dq.k gS \

10- MkW- 'ks[kkor jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh] chdkusj jh fdlh if=dk jkSlEiknu djÓkS \

NksVk loky

1- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jS lEiknu dkSlG ekFkS fVIi.kh fy[kkSA

2- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dfork ckcr MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jk fopkj crkokSA

3- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jh dforkoka jkS fd.k&fd.k Hkklk esa vuqokn gq;kS gS \

4- ^fdjdj* eka; fd.kjh fdjdjh gq;h gS \

5- îuth ek:* dfork jkS ik= iuth fd.k ih<h jkS izfrfuf/k gSA

6- MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jh ?k.k[kjh dforkoka fd.k ifjosl ekFkS dsafnzr gS \

7- ^jktLFkkuh&vsd* esa Nfi;ksM+k ikap dfo dq.k&dq.k gS \

8- ^jktLFkkuh&vsd* esa MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor vkijk dkabZ fopkj jk[;k gS \

9- ^vsd QkSth 'kghn* miU;kl jS uk;d jh folslrkoka crkokSA

10- ^rhl ekj[kka* ukVd esa fd.k ekFkS O;aX; djhT;kS gS \

cMk loky

1- ^vsd QkSth 'kghn* miU;kl eka; ys[kd fd.k folS uSa mtkxj dfj;kS gS \

2- ^fdjdj* eka; xkaokbZ tutho.k jh vc[kk;ka ijxV gq;h gSA b.k ckr uSa mnkgj.kka lwale>kokSA

3- ^^MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk Åjekoku jpukdkj gSA** b.k ckr jh fojksGdjkSA

4- îuth ek:* dfork jkS ewG Hkko dkabZ jS;kS gS \ mnkgj.kka lwa le>kokSA

5- ^[kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka* jh dforkoka eka; ys[kd jh ewG laosnuk uSa mtkxj djkSA

10-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- fdjdj ¼dfork&laxzS½] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor

139

2- îuth ek:* ¼dfork½] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor

3- ^[kqn lwa [kqn jh ckrka* ¼dfork&laxzS½ MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor

4- ^rhl ekj[kka* ¼ukVd½] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor

5- ^vsd QkSth 'kghn* ¼miU;kl½] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor

6- ^cLrhjke* ¼ukVd½] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor

7- ^cxr jh ckj[kM+h*] MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k

8- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % izofÙk;ka vj izsj.kklzksr] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk

9- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oe~ laLÑfr] MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

10- jktLFkkauh lcndksl] MkW- lhrkjke ykyl

10-10 i=&if=dkoka

1- ijEijk ¼'kks/k&if=dk½] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh

2- ojnk ¼'kks/k&if=dk½] jktLFkku lkfgR; lfefr] fclkÅ

3- e#Hkkjrh ¼'kks/k&if=dk½] fcM+yk ,T;qds'kuy VªLV] fiyk.kh

4- tkxrh tksr ¼ekfld½] jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh] chdkusj

5- ek.kd ¼ekfld½] ek.kd izdkl.k] tkykSjh xsV] tks/kiqj

6- jktLFkyh ¼=Sekfld½] jk"VªHkklk fgUnh izpkj lfefr] JhMwaxjx<+

7- jktLFkkuh xaxk ¼=Sekfld½] jktLFkkuh lkfgR;] laLÑfr tufgr izU;kl] chdkusj

140

bdkbZ & 11

izeq[k dfo % dY;k.kflag jktkorbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

[k.M 1 bdkbZ & 1 mn~nsL;

bdkbZ & 2 izLrkouk

[k.M 2 bdkbZ & 3-1 tqx jks njlko

bdkbZ & 3-2 dfo jh thouh

bdkbZ & 3-3 fljt.k

bdkbZ & 4 dfo jh jpukoka

bdkbZ & 4-1 ^jkefr;k er rksM+* ¼lu~ 1962½

bdkbZ & 4-2 vk tehu vki.kh ¼lu~ 1966½

bdkbZ & 4-3 ijHkkrh ¼lu~ 1967½

bdkbZ & 4-4 dq.k dq.k uS fcyeklh ¼lu~ 1981½

[k.M 3 bdkbZ & 5 dfo jk dkO; jh fuj[k&ij[k

bdkbZ & 6 dkO; jk mnkgj.k

[k.M 4 bdkbZ & 7 vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; ijEijk vj dY;k.kflag jktkor

bdkbZ & 8 dfo jks ;ksxnku

[k.M 5 bdkbZ & 9 vH;kl jk loky

bdkbZ & 10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

bdkbZ & 1 mn~nsL;

bdkbZ & 1-1 b.k bdkbZ ys[ku jks mn~nsL; vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk dsoslj dY;k.kflagjktkor jk thou vj jpuk lalkj jh tk.kdkjh djko.kks gSA

bdkbZ & 1-2 vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; jk eap jk dfo;ka jk ;ksxnku uS njlko.k jS lkFkS gh xhrfoèkk jh ckuxh fo|kfFkZ;ka lkeh jk[k.kh & b.k bdkbZ ys[ku jks è;s; gSA

bdkbZ & 2- izLrkouk

vkèkqfud tqx jk leS vj m.kjk okrkoj.k uS Hk.kf.k;ka lkeh jk[k*j jktLFkkuh dfork vj m.kjk izeq[kdfo;ka jh tk.kdkjh] b.k bdkbZ lwa fo|kFkhZ le> ldSykA

bdkbZ & 2-1 b.k bdkbZ esa vkèkqfudrk dkabZ gS ;k vkèkqfudrk fd.kuS dSoka \ vks loky HkhlqG>k;kS x;kS gSA

bdkbZ & 2-3 vkèkqfud i| dh izeq[k dkO; èkkjkoka dq.klh gS \ b.kjh lkj :i esa tk.kdkjh djkbZxbZ gSA

bdkbZ &3-0 dfo ifjpS

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ukeh dfo vj xhrdkj & dY;k.kflag jktkor

141

bdkbZ 3-1 tqx jks njlko

dY;k.kflag jktkor vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dfork jk vkxhok.k dfo gSA tn dfo jks tue gq;kS rnHkkjr vaxzstka jks xqyke gks i.k m.kka jh iSyh dkO; iksFkh ^vkjksg.k* lu~ 1956 esa Nih tn nsl vktkngwa pqD;kS gks vj ^loZ izHkqlrk lEiUu yksdrkaf=d x.kjkT;* c.k pqD;kS gksA vka lrjk cjlka esa tdksjktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd vj lkaLÑfrd cnGko vk;kS m.kuS dfo futjka ns[;kS gSAjktlkgh lwa yksdra= rd jh vk tkrjk vk[kS lekt jks <ax<kGks cnG fn;kSA xkao mtM+X;k vj uxjegkuxj c.k.kykX;kA twuh lekt O;oLFkk fc[kj.k ykxhA tkr] ikar] fyax vj jax jk Hksn feV.kykX;kA cGh] fujcG vj fujcGh cGèkkjh c.;kA iSyks pquko gq;kSA tu uS oksV jh rkdr feyhft.klwa lÙkk jS cnGko jks ekjx [kqY;kSA tu tu esa psruk tkxhA vfèkdkj vj in jh ykylkcGorh gqbZA izse Hkko] HkkbZ pkjks vj vi.kkl fc[kj.k ykxhA Hk.kkbZ jh vy[k tkxhA

tqx jk b.k okrkoj.k jS fcpkGS dfooj jktkor [kqn jks ys[ku l: dfj;kS vj lrjk cjl jh mejesa m.kkajh ^vkjksg.k* uke jh dkO; iksFkh NihA m.k cxr lwa yS;j vkt rd dfo jh dye fljt.kesa ykX;kSM+h gSA jktLFkkuh] dfo jktkor jh ek;M+ Hkklk gS ft.kuS cs ek¡ jS nwèk jS lkFkS gh;S vaxSthgSA dY;k.kflag jktkor [kqn jks lxGks dkO; [kqn jh ek;M+Hkklk esa gh jP;kS gSA dfo jktkorjktLFkkuh Hkklk jh twuk vj le) dkO; ys[ku law Hkyh Hkkar ifjfpr gSA yxsVxs ckjg lkS cjlka jhb.k dkO; ijEijk esa lSdM+aw ukeh doslj gqvk gS ft.kka jh jp;kSM+h veksyh dkO; iksF;ka b.k nsl jhveksyh Fkkrh gSA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks vkèkqfud tqx lu~ 1850 lwa l: OgS vj vtS yx pkySA b.k tqx jk dkO; uSvktknh jS iSyh jks dkO; vj vktknh iNS jks dkO; vka nks dky [kaMka esa ckaV ldkaA dY;k.kflagjktkor lafèkdky jk dfo gSA tdka lwa iSyh ck¡dhnkl vkfl;k] ladjnku lkekSj] lwjtey ehl.k]jkeukFk dfo;k] dsljhflag ckjgB] fgaxGktnku] Åejnku] x.ks'kyky O;kl] mn;jkt mToG]es?kjkt eqdqy] panzflag] jsaornku pkj.k] lR;izdk'k tks'kh] ukFkwnku esgfj;k] ukjk;.kflag HkkVh]dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] euksgj 'kekZ] xtkuu oekZ] tSM+k dfo] dkO; fljt.k dj fj;k gk vj y{ke.kflag jlor*] fo'oukFk foeys'k*] cqf)izdk'k ikjhd] Hkhe ik<~;] jkeukFk O;kl] fxjèkkjhflag ifM+gkj]lqesjflag 'ks[kkor] lR;ukjk;.k ^veu* mn;ohj 'kekZ] jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh] dej esokM+h] f=yksdxks;y] ukxjkt 'kekZ vkn m.kkjS dkO; ys[ku jk ^lkFkh c.;k*A

3-2 dfo jh thouh

3-1 dY;k.kflag jktkor jks tue ukxkSj ftys jk xkao fprkok esa 8 fnlEcj 1939 esa gq;kSA vkijkfirk Jh Hkaojflag jktkor pkS[kGS jk ekstht yksxka esa fx.khtrkA

3-2 i<kbZ & dY;k.kflag jktkor jh l:vkr jh i<+kbZ dqpke.k] eksyklj vj MhMok.kk jkfo|ky;ka esa gqbZA vkijh vkxS jh i<+kbZ t;iqj esa gqbZA vki egkjktk dkyst] t;iqj lwa ch-,- vj jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj lwa fgUnh esa ,e-,- djhA

bdkbZ 4-1 fljt.k

doslj dY;k.kflag jktkor jh vtS rkbZ N iksF;ka Ni pqdh gS vj ikap iksF;ka Ni.kokGh gS ft.kjhfoxr uhpS eqtc gSA

1- vkjksg.k ¼1956½

2- jkefr;k er rksM+ ¼1962½

3- fee>j ¼1962½

142

4- vk tehu vki.kh ¼1966½

5- ijHkkrh ¼1968½

6- dq.k dq.k uS fcyeklh ¼1990½

fljt.k & dfo xkao jks jSo.kokGks gS ft.klwa xzkE; izÑfr vj laLÑfr jk laosnulhy rRo vj] yksdthou m.kkajh dfork jk fol; cf.k;kA dY;k.kflag jktkor >ksaiM+h] djlka] cknGh] lko.k vj èkksjkajh jaxr fy;kSM+k xhrka jh jpuk djh gS ft.kk esa [ksr] djlkS] gG] cGn tSM+k uke m.kkjh dforka esavk;k gSA dfo xkaoka jks thou] èkje] vj njl.k Hkjh jpukoka jks eaMk.k ekaM;kS gSA vka xzkE; jpukokaesa tho.ktksx lkèkuk jks njlko lkeh vkoSA xzkeh.k fp=.k jS lkFk&lkFk îjHkkrh* dkO; esa izÑfr jksekuohdj.k Hkh dfo dfj;kS gSA ^vk tehu vki.kh* esa vkstLoh Hkklk jks jpko gq;kS gSA dfo jhfcpkjèkkjk tqx jk okrkoj.k lwa ?k.kh izHkkfor gq;h gSA

bdkbZ 4-2 ik.Mqfyfi :i esa dkO; iksF;ka

1- csyM+h

2- usxjks

3- gksX;kS usg

4- tqa>kj

5- dqflZ;ka

bdkbZ 5-1 dkO; jh ij[k

Hkklk] Nan vj vyadkj & dY;k.kflag jktkor eap jS dfo jS :i esa lxGk Hkkjr esa txpkokgq;kA tu vj tehu lwa tqM+h dforkoka uS ljl] ljy vj izHkkoh Hkklk vj ehBk xhrka jS :i esaxkof.k;ka dY;k.kflag jktkor jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ekuhrk dfo jS :i esa [kqn jh vyx fiNk.k c.kkbZgSA vkijh dye lwa vsdkuh dfo lEesyuka uS xfjek vj izflf) feyh rks nwtS dkuh vki jktLFkkuhdfork uS u;ks fparu] Hkko] Hkklk vj ys[ku jk uqoka iz;ksx fn;kA yksd lcnka vj dgkorka] eqgkojkalwa dfork uS ltkbZ&laokjh vj miek] :id] vuqizkl] ;ed tSM+k vyadkjka jk fl.kxkj lwa dfo [kqnjk dkO;] uS tM+ fn;kS] tnh cks txpkokS gq;kSA dY;k.kflag jktkor jk dkO; esa y{k.kk] O;atuk vjèoU;kRedrk jk tdk iz;ksx gqvk gS] cs cstksM+ gSA

bdkbZ 5-2 xhfr dkO; & vj ijEijk

xhr jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks twuks vj pkoks Nan gS] ft.kuS vkèkkj c.kk*j dY;k.kflag jktkor dkO; jP;kSgSA xhr Nan esa xs;rk] y;] jl loksZifj OgSA Jh jktkor jk xhfrdkO; esa vs lxGh folslrkoka ns[khtk ldS gSA

dfo dY;k.kflag jh Hkkoka Hkjh dfork] izhr jks vkljks yS;*j xhrka <Gh gSA vk izse ixh dkO;èkkjkxkao jh xksjh jh izhr dFkk gS& tdh fujeG vj lkrfod gS] NG&iziap lwa Hkksr nwjA

xhr lcn jh O;qRifr & ^^xS** èkkrq esa ^Dr* izR;; ¼xS$Dr¾xhr½ jk ;ksx lwa xhr lcn jks tuegq;kS] ft.kjkS vjFk gqoS] ft.kuS xk;ks tkoS ;k tdks xkbZtSA vki.kS vBS xhr lcn ?k.kks iqjk.kks gSAb.kjks ys[kks ûkV~;lkL=ka* esa Hkh feGSA

dY;k.kflag jktkor xhr Nan uS vkèkkj c.kk*j ft.k jktLFkkuh xhfrdkO; jh fljt.kk djh & cksjktLFkkuh yksdxhrka] yksd psruk vj yksd laLÑfr lwa tqM+;kSM+kS gSA ^dY;k.kflag jktkor jkxhfrdkO; jh yksdfiz;rk jks dkj.k m.kjk xhfrrRo gS] ft.kesa gSr&izhr] fl.kxkj&fojg vj izkÑfrd

143

fcEc ?k.kS :ikGS :i esa Hkfj;k iwjk gSA Jh jktkor jk xhrka esa fofoèkrk vj O;kidrk gSA

dfooj dY;k.kflag jktkor jh dfork esa njl.k jks tdks :i mtkxj gq;kS gS] oks yksd thou lwam.kkauS feY;kS gSA yksd dgkorka] cq<+k&cMsjka jh ckrka vj [kqn jS thou jk lkap uS dfo jktkor [kqnjk dkO; esa b.k Hkkar njlk;kS gS dS cks vk[kS txr jkS Hkko vj fparu c.kX;kSA ijczã lk: vk yksdèkkj.kk gS dS oks cnGS dksuh &cks lnk lukru gS] tndS txr iy&iy cnGrks jSoSA czã vj txrjk b.k lr uS doslj yksd jk vuqHko lwa le>~;kS gS & ôsnkUr* lwa ughaA

dY;k.kflag jktkor [kqn jh dfork êky.k Qwy Qwy jks eksy dj.kks* esa furcnGrk tx jks miekuQG vj Qwy esa njlk;kS gS] vj vkrek :ih ekG.k uS Qwyka jh [kjhn lwa vGxks jSo.k jh lh[k nhgSA dfo jks er gS dS ,d feanj vj m.kesa fojkteku ,d gh ewjr jks è;ku dj.kks pkbtS*lxGk fenjkavj nso ewjrka jks ughaA

vks xhr izrhd izèkku gSA b.k ,d xhr esa ftÙkk izrhd vk;k gS] os iy&iy cnGrk txr jh ?kfM+;kagS tdh dfo jh ekSfyd lw> lwa ?kM+;kSM+h gS& T;wa Qwy] fry] xGh vknA vs lxGk fur cnGrs txjk izrhd gS ft.klwa czã jks :i lkeh vkoSA vk dfork dY;k.kflag jktkor jh ^v}Sr n'kZu* jhvuks[kh vj veksyh jpuk gSA

dY;k.kflag jktkor lwa iSyh jktLFkkuh izÑfr uS ewG esa jk[k*j xhr fy[k.kokGk esa panzflag] es?kjkteqdqy] lR;izdk'k tks'kh] ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] xtkuu oekZ] fd'kksj ^dYiukdkar*]gjh'k Hkknk.kh] j?kqjkt flag gkMk] lqeusl tks'kh] x.ks'kyky O;kl] lR;su tks'kh] lhrkjke egf"kZ]xaxkjke ifFkd] vkn dfo txpkok gq;kA

dY;k.kflag jktkor jh dkO; jpukoka &

^csyM+h* & iy&iy <Grh mej jks xhr gS ^csyM+h* ft.kesa FkksM+k fnuka iSyka tdh ckGd gh ckns[krka&ns[krka cMh voLFkk jh toku yM+dh c.k.k ykxxh] m.kjh lkjFkd miek dfo b.k Hkkar nhgS& ^^dk;k rkrk nwèk lh mQ.kck ykxh**A vki.kh vkrek esa c<+rh mej jh yM+dh jk Hkko eu esamrkj*j ns[kka rks vk ?k.kh eksgd vj lk¡ph miek y[kkxSA vs miekoka dfo jS thou jk vuqHko lwabtvk ldS gS] fdrkcka lwa Hk.kht*j ughaA tho foKku i<+*j yM+dh jh mej jh bÙkh eksgd vj~ xgjhvfHkO;fDr ugha djh tk ldSA jkefr;k er rksM+* dfork esa dfo txr jk lxGk inkFkkZ uS jkefr;k¼f[kykS.kk½ T;wa le>S vj~ b.kesa lek;kSM+k czã :ih rRo uS tk.kSA b.k okLrS gh doslj fy[kS ^^Qwyjh ika[kfM+;k¡ er rksM+] dGh jh dw[k mtM+ tklh**A dGh cks czã&:i gS tdks lkjk txr jh ckM+huS fuitkoS vj~ lqokflr djSA b.k ,dyh vksGh vj izrhd esa czã jks Lo:i lek;kSM+ks gS ft.kuS euesa vuqHkwr dfj;kS tk ldS] fn[kk;kS ugha tk; ldS ! eu vj ok.kh bZl jh O;k[;k dj.k esa lcn ughatqVk ldSA czã jks vks rkfRod :i mikfèk jfgr gSA b.k rF; uS ftÙks xgjkbZ lwa lkspka cks ?k.kks xgjksykx.k ykx tkoSA

fljt.k jks dk¡bZ lq[k gksoS m.kuS fljtd gh le> ldSA fljt.k jks lqiuks lnkbZ vkèkks jsoS] iwjksfljt.k rks feu[k lwa laHko bt ugha gSA Qdr czã gh ekuoh thou uS vkNh rjS th ldSA iwjksfljt.k rks czã uS bZ NktSA dY;k.kflag jktkor jk dkO; jkS ,d mnkgj.k vèkwjh vka[kM+Y;ka jh ckr*xhr jh vksGh gS] ft.kesa Hkkjrh; fparu vj njl.k jh xgjkbZ gS] ft.kuS vtS le>~;kS gh dksuh x;kSA

b.klwa vk fl) gksoS dS dY;k.kflag jktkor b.k txr vj [kqn jk thou jk tFkkjFk lwa tdks X;ku]fg;S vaxsT;kS m.kuS gh dfork jks :i vj uke ns fn;kSA cks gh lr] lqanj vj flo c.kX;kSA

feu[k lq[k&nq%[k] gj[k&meko] jkx&fojkx vkn lxGk vUrj}U}ka lwa eqxr gks ldS] i.k dn] tncks vuklDr Hkko lwa thoS] rn gh thou esa ujru] xk;u vj oknu jks vkuan gh bèkdks vkoS vj m.k

144

jks thou lkjFk OgS tkoSA Hkkoka uS th.kks vj m.kuS ys[kuh ;k fprjke esa mrkj.kks lkèkkj.k vknehjks dke dksuhA vkneh esa ,d [kkl izfrHkk vj vuqHkwfr jk latksx lwa vfHkO;fDr jh dGk vkoS] t.kkagh dksbZ ckr c.kS vj~ rn cks lcka uS vkUnksfyr djS] psrkoS vj >ad>ksjSA ehBk xhrka jk xhrdkjdY;k.kflag jktkor esa vk dGk gSA dfo jktLFkkuh dkO; uS fl.kxkj vj tkxj.k jS jax esa jax*jjktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa vkijh vyx fiNk.k c.kkbZ gSA

vkijh iksFkh ^dq.k dq.k u fcyeklh* jks eaxG pj.k gh ftanxkuh jh lVhd O;k[;k djS ft.kesa vkLFkkvj lr jks esG lek;kSM+kS gSA ,d ckuxh ns[khtS&

^^lejFk gks le>ka rks] mej gh mej gSAukpka rks ftauxk.kh] ?kwej bZ ?kwej gSAA**

t;iqj uxj uS [kqn jh djeLFkyh c.kk*j xhrka jh jpuk dj.kokGk dY;k.kflag jktkor jk dkO; esaizse jh ihM+] fojg jh vuqHkwfr] v}Srokn] Hkkoka jh xgjkbZ] vjFkka jh iz[kjrk vj thou jk lkLor :iuS ikBdka rd iwxko.k jh f[kerk vk vksG~;ka lwa le>h tk; ldS gS&

^^vGxs nslka :a[k vkS>G;k] us.k iaFkM+k xhyk jSX;kAmej jh xkaBM+Y;ka ykn~;ka] xkM~;ka fudGh phyk jSX;kAA**

doslj lalkj jk yksxka jk esyk eu uS le>korkS feu[k uS [kqn jS cGcwrS vsdyks pky.k jks gsyks nsrksdSoS&

^^dq.k nsoSyks gsyks ns[kka] dq.k nsoSyks xSyks jsApky.k gkGk pky vsdyks] tx jks rks eu eSyks jSAA**

^jkefr;k er rksM+* D;wadS jkefr;k jk jke] bZl gSA jke jh jpuk jks fujknj uh dj.kksA dfo jks eku.kksgS] ej.k ftuxk.kh jh pje lhek gSA dfooj jktkor jh ekuoh uS lh[k gS dS ^jkefr;k er rksM+*D;wadS jkefr;k ¼izk.kh½ jks tud rks jke gSA b.k [kkrj bZl jh c.kk;kSM+h b.k txrh jks fujknj uhadj.kksA ,d fnu lcuS ej.kks gS] ej.k gh lkLor vj thou jh vk[kjh eafty gSA

vej jSo.kh vkl lkal lax jkl djSAtkslh tksrl ns[k eksrM+h dn VGlhAA

dfo eksr uS Hkh :ikGh c.kkcks pkoS&

cSBh Vkax ilkj gkaQrh ftauxk.khAekSr c.ks feteku] ljcjk dq.k djlhAA

eksr jk ekjx uS ugha cqgkj.k jh lh[k nsrks doslj dSoS&

ekSr jkS ekjx] erh cqgkjAekuoh eku] fc[kj tklhAA

dY;k.kflag jktkor jh dfork esa jgL; lkQ >GdS& ,d ckuxh ns[khtS

ej.k ekaM.kk ekaMukpS tye tye esa >wevks dq.k \

v}Sr lÙkk dfo jS eu Hkk;h] ft.k dkj.k cks ekSr uS VkG.k jh [kkst djSA vej gkso.k jh pkgO;fDrxr dksuh ljoHkkse gSA

dfo izhr jh lrk uS lclwa cM+h ekuS tnh cks dFkS&

^îzhr iGksFk.k ika.k] mej csyS lkaluS**

145

doslj izhr jks fgek;rh gS] ft.klwa m.kjk gj xhr esa izhr jks lqj lq.khtSA

dfo QqVjkik lwa vklDr gq;kS gSA m.k izÑfr jh lqUnjrk esa je.k dfj;kS gSA m.k futjka lwafn[k.kokGh gj pht esa QqVjkik uS bt ns[;kS gSA

dY;k.kflag jktkor tkxj.k jh ckr dsoS] d;wa dS vk tqx jh vkokt gSA tkxj.k vpsr uS psru djS&lwrk uS txkoS] vkGlh uS dje dj.k lk: R;kj djSA

^^cGn uS gk¡d js** vj ^^èkjrh ekaxs vkt ilhuks** tSM+k xhrka lwa dfo ekuoh uS dje vj djro jksHkku djkoS gSA

dfo uS izÑfr ?k.kk yqHkk;k gSA lko.k jh Qqaagkjka dfo jk eu uS eksg ysoSA èkksjka esa [ksy.kks m.kuS pks[kksykxSA oks Qkx.k esa eneLr gwtkoSA îjHkkrh* dkO; iksFkh esa rks izÑfr jks dksbZ Hkh :i vNwrks ughagSA

^^dwdM+ks fnu jh vkxG [kksyS]iaNh mB ijHkkrh cksySAjs.k cq<+kis cqxpks ckaèks]uoh uosyh derj rksySAA**

uqoka Hkko] u;ks lksp vBkarkabZ dS twuk Nank uS uqaoS :i esa <kG.kks dfo jktkor uS Hkksr vkNks ykxSAb.k dkj.k gh m.kkajh dfork esa ukn Hkfj;k vj yksd esa xwat.kokGk lcnka jh Hkjekj gSA ,d mnkgj.kns[khtS&

vs--------- mB >ka>j ds ngh ?keksM+wa cksys cks rks

?keM+d ?keM+d ?keM+d**

b.kh rjS lcM+d] lcM+d] [k.k.k.k] [k.k.k.k] V.k.k.k] V.k.k.k] fjef>e fjef>e] fNefNe fNefNetSM+k lcn ukn vj vjFk jh xgjkbZ lwa ljkcksj gSA

vuqizkl jh NVk dfo jh dforkoka esa lgt :i lwa vk;h gSA :id vyadkj dfo jk dkO; jh lkSHkkgSA dfo jh Hkklk lgt vj ljy i.k ?k.kh izHkkoh gSA

dY;k.kflag jktkor jktLFkkuh dkO;èkkjk jk vkxhok.k dfo gSA cs e#Hkkse jh izÑfr jk xk;d gSAcs [kqn lgt gS ljy gSA m.kkjks HkksGks lks Hkkoqd eu] xgjh iSB] vèkjka ij [ksyrh NqbZ&eqbZ lh g¡lhlkèkd tSM+ks] C;kSokj] foLoklka esa caè;kSM+h vi.kkl vj feu[ki.kk jks mtGks i[k gSA

bdkbZ 6 dkO; jk mnkgj.k

jkefr;k er rksM+

tye jk jkefr;k er rksM+] jkefprjke fcxM+ tklhAvèkwjk liuk erh ejksM+] izhr jh csy m[kM+ tklhAAfeu[k tekjks ?k.kh Hkk¡r jks?k.k jaxka jks ?k.kks lk¡rjksjkefr;k lxGka uS pks[kkvkVk rkVk ugha vkarjksfuj[k ij[k ys ?kwa?kV uxjhth Hkj ihyS fi.k?kV xxjhAer ?kcjk er dGik dk;k;kn djS uk ej?kV Mxjh

146

pquM+ jkS xksVks erh mèksM+] dQu jk rkj m?kM+ tklhA

nji.k ns[k.k jh :r vkbZru jh iksG clarh vkbZiou djs gS iki] lkal ukdjS dnS eu lwa vèkdkbZckoGh dwaify;kS er QkSM+] us.k ij èkwaèkG Nk tklhA

feanj esa nh[kS fczt gksGhxzaFkka jS fyiVh gS eksGhrkaMo jh fujru fFkjd.k lwadSyklka ij HkVdS HkksGhèkje jh Nk;k uS er ns[k] ri.k jh jk[k m?kM+ tklhA

lka> uS lkaoV erh] fcNk;jkr uS ckrka esa fcyek;iwue jkS pkan ugha cw<+kSizhr jh iydka chp clk;Qwy jh ika[kfM+;k er rksM+] dGh jh dks[k mtM+ tklh

ixka djS er HksGks nG nGxkaB djS er gkFkka cks>Gvkt jkt dj rkt èkkjySvkxksrj vka[kM+Y;ka vks>Geksr jkS ekjx erh cqgkj] ekuoh eku fc[kj tklhvèkwjk liuk erh ejksM+] izhr jh csy m[kM+ tklh

Hkkoka jks vjFkko & ^^jkefr;k er rksM+** laosnuk Hkfj;k Hkkoka jh vfHkO;fDr gSA foèoal feu[kka jksnqle.k gSA ^jkefr;k* lcn f[kyks.kk jS okLrS vk[kk jktLFkku esa tk.khtSA ^jkefr;ks* vkt jS tqx jhHkkSfrdrk jks izrhd gSA lxGk jkefr;k ¼izk.kh½ vkè;kfRed jke dk f[kykS.kk gSA b.k okLrS b.klwa[ksyks HkykabZ i.k rksM+ks erkA HkkSfrd thou jk izrhd ^jkefr;k* u rksM+.k lwa jke jks fprjke fcxM+tklhA b.k okLrS dfo HkkSfrd thou jk inkjFkka jks Hkjiwj miHkksx vj mi;ksx dj.k jh rks lh[k nsoSi.k foukl lwa cp.k jks gsyks Hkh nsoSA

lcnka jks vjHkko &

fuj[k& ns[k] dGik& nq%[khdj] ej?kV&eR;q ekxZ] iksG&njoktk] v/kdkbZ&vf/kdrk] ckoGh&ikxy]dwaify;kS&dkty j[kus dh fMfc;k] /kwa/kG&/kqa/k] fujru&uR;] lkaoV&lesVuk] fcyek;&cka/ks j[kuk]dks[k&xHkZA

bdkbZ 6-2 eky.k

eky.k ! Qwy Qwy jks eksy dj.kks pks[kks dksuh vsAdaoGh dGh ! dGh jks eksyrksy dj.kks] pks[kks dksuh vsAAdfG;ka uS D;wackV p<+koSHk¡ojka jh dk;k dGikoSFkkjs ?kj jkS FkkV ltko.k

147

:r jh D;wa rwa gkV yxkoSyksHk.k! ckx ckx lwa [kksG Hkj.kkS] pks[kks dksuh vs!

lxGk pknj esa lksckGkvka jS vkxG ykxs rkGkeu jk ikih rujk rkihgkFk mBkoS Hkxor ekGkHkksGh t.kk t.kk jh iksG p<.kks] pks[kks dksuh vsA

èkjrh ukpS] Qkx.k xkoSvacj xktS] lko.k vkoSesGks ykxS] tqM+S tkrjh>ka>j ckts lkFk.k vkoSxksjh ! fi.k?kV fi.k?kV uhj Hkj.kks] pks[kks dksuh vsA

tkajks jxr c.kS gS ika.khcakjS [kko.k dksuh èkka.khtkajh eS.kr ekVh lksukSckajh dk;k p<+xh ?kka.khA

bd ewjr feanj esa èkjySbd ljoj lwa xkxj HkjySbd cj rsy p<+k tkscf.k;Sbd vkax.k esa ujru djySxtc.k! xGh xGh esa jkl je.kkS] pks[kks dksuh vsA

Hkkoka jks vjFkko %

^Qwy Qwy jks eksy*] dfork ^jkefr;k er rksM+* dkO; laxzg lwa yh xbZ gSA b.kesa êky.k* ,d tkfrlwpd lcn ugha gS cks rks lxGh ekuork jks izrhd gSA êky.k] tksx.k] rsy.k] xtc.k tSM+k izrhdlcnka jks lkarjks] iz;ksx dfj;kS x;kS gSA

lcnka jk vjFk %

eky.k&Qwy cspus okyh] daoGh&dksey] pks[kks&vPNk] ckV & oLrq dks rksyus okyk lkèku] dGik.kks& rM+ikuk] FkkV &vkaxu] gkV&cktkj] [kksG&>ksyh] yksHk.k&yksHkh ofr dh L=hA >kyj&?kafV;ka]ikyj&o"kkZ dk ty] tksx.k&;ksfxu] ukMh&rykbZ] ftrjk&ftrus] mrjk&mruh] lxGk&lHkh]lksckGk&lksus okys] rkih&riLoh] iksG&izksy] HkksGh&ukle>] tqM+S&tqM+uk ¼,df=r gksuk½ tkrjh&;k=h]>ka>j&oka|] lkFk.k&lgsyh] xksjh&lqanjh] tkscf.k;s&;qokoLFkk] ujru&uR;] xtc.k&eneLr L=hA

bdkbZ 6-3 vkbZ rkS gqoSyk

vkbZ rks gqoSykS fgpdhnh[;ks rkS gqoSyks liukSfgoM+k jS vsM+S&NsM+Svk;ks rks gqoSykS vsdksbZ u dksbZA

ghaMk ij >ksyk [kkrkacknfG;ka uS crGkrka

148

xqfM+;k jkS C;ko jpkrkafi.k?kV ik;y N.kdkrka

<qGdh rks gqoSyh xkxjeqGdh rkS gqosyh lkFk.kljoj jS vhjka&rhjka>kaD;kS rkS gqosykS vsdksbZ u dksbZA

rkjka lwa NkbZ jkrkaHkaojk jh HkksGh ckrkadfG;ka lwa usg fn[kkrkadks;y js ckxka xkrka

xkbZ rkS gqosyh jkxkaukph rkS gqosyh èkjrhvklk js vkdklka esaNk;kS rkS gqosykS vsdksbZ u dksbZA

lko.k jh >fM+;ka ekaghQwyka dh yfM+;ka ekaghxhrka jh ?kfM+;ka ekaghavksGwa jh dfM+;ka ekagh

xhyh rks gqoSyh iydkaHkhaT;kS rks gqosykS dktGlwuh lh ykach jkrkaHkk;ks rkS gqosykS vs

dksbZ u dksbZA

pkan lwa ped pqjkrkalksus esa Hkje djkrkafgxGw jh g¡lh mMkrkadwa dwa vèkjka brjkrka

jkph rks gqoSyh eSanhvksih rkS gqoSyh VhD;kanji.k vydka lqG>krkarkS gqoSyks vsdksbZ u dksbZ!lkFkf.k;ka chp ytkrkatkscu jkS Hkkj lekrkapquM+ esa pkan tM+krkaesM+h jkS dkx mM+krka

vVdh rkS gqoSyh futjkaHkVdh rks gqoSyh Mxjka

149

futjka jh Mksjh MksjhHkkX;kS rks gqoSyks vsdksbZ u dksbZ !

Hkkoka jks vjFkko %

^vkbZ rkS gqoSyk* dfork Hkh ^jkefr;k er rksM+* dkO; laxzg lwa fy;kSM+h gS] vk fl.kxkj jl jh jpukgSA b.k esa fgpdh uS eqgkojksa eku*j vko.kokGk lktu jh vksGwa jS :i esa yksd lr uS njlk;kS x;kSgSA fgpdh vk.kS lwa dksbZ ;kn djS bZ ckr jks oSKkfud vkèkkj rks dksuh i.k yksdlr vol gSA lktujk fcNksg esa ltuh jh tdh gkyr gqoS m.kjks lk¡pks fprjke] cknfG;k] fi.k?kV] ljoj] rkjk] dfG;ka]dks;y] lko.k jh >fM+;ka] Qwyka] pk¡n vkn jS lkxS tksfM+;kS x;kS gS tdk m.kjh ihM+k jk lgHkkxh c.kSA

fl.kxkj jS Hkkoka Hkjh vk dfork xhr Nan jk ca/k.kk ca/kh gSA lko.k jh #r vk.kan&meko jks HkkotxkoSA gSrkGw lwa fey.k uS eu epyS tn liuks gh fey.k jks vk/kkj o.kSA tksx] latksx vj fotksxizhr jh ixMafM;ka gSA gj[k&mHkko gSr jk njlko gS i.k Hkhxh iydka fotksx jh ihM+k jk vsgyk.kgSA

jktLFkku esa lko.k jh #r jh mMhd vj vk.kan U;kjksa fujokGks gSA tkscu jk Hkkj ixh xksjM+h jk euuS dksbZ izseh gj yhuks gS] ft.klwa fcj[kk #r esa ck esM+h jks dkx mMkoSA

lcnka&jks vjFk & gqoSyh&gksxh] fgoM+k&ân;] vSM+S&NsM+S] vkl&ikl] ghaMk&>wyk] <qGdh&Nyduk]eqGdh&eqLdjkbZ] lkFk.k&lgsyh] >kaD;ks&ns[kk] vhjka&rhjka] fdukjk ¼rV½ jkxf.k;ka Nk;ks&izHkkforfd;k] >fM+;ka & o"kkZ dh >M+h] vksGwa & ¼;kna½ Lefr] dfM+;ka&iafDr;ka] Hkk;ks&vPNk yxk] HkhT;ksaHkhxk] fgaxGw&yky jax] dwa dwa&dqedqe] vksih&lqanj yxh] VhD;ka& fcanh] vydk&yVsa] lkFkf.k;ka&lgsfy;ka]tkscu&;kSou] lekrka&lEHkkyuk] tM+krka&yxkrs] esM+h&edku ds Åij dk dejk] Mxjka&êkxZA

bdkbZ 7 & dfo jks ;ksxnku

vka lc dfo;ka jS fcpkGS dY;k.kflag jktkor [kqn jk ehBk] ljl] ljy xhrka vj Hkko vUuS&Hkklkjh rkdr jS cGcwrs [kqnjh vyx fiNk.k c.kkbZ gSA dfo jk xs; xhr lq.kf.k;ka tu uS ?k.kk I;kjkykxSA jktkor tn lqjhyk daBk lwa y; jS lkFkS dkO; xhrka jks xk;u djS rn lzksrk ea=eqXèk OgS tkoSAdfork jk ,d& ,d cksy lapS <fG;k lk ykxS] vk gh dfo jh dkjhxjh gSA lhèkk vj ljyfn[k.kokGk xhr jgL; Hkfj;k gSA

dY;k.kflag jktkor jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS lxGS Hkkjr esa pkoh c.kko.k esa egrkÅ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSAvkèkqfudrk fd.kuS dSoka \ vks vkt jS tqx jks egrkÅ loky gSA b.kjks iMwÙkj gS& vkèkqfudrk uqokaHkko cksèk vj O;aX; jS :i esa njlkbZtS vj vkt jS tqx jh laosnukoka uS gh;S vaxStsA b.kesa uxj psruklclwa T;knk eq[kj OgS] i.k dY;k.kflag jktkor tSM+k dfo xzke tFkkjFk uS Hkh vkèkqfudrk esa lkfeydjh gSA b.k rjS d;kS tk ldS gS dS vkèkqfudrk lalkj uS ns[k.k jh nhB gS& vsd utfj;kS gS] vsdekufldrk gSA

vkèkqfud ys[ku esa ubZ Hkklk&lSyh] ubZ miekoka] uqbZa lcn] uqoka Hkko Hkafx;k] fopkj vj fol; lkexzhvkbZ gS tdk vrhr lwa vkxS jk Hkfol jh ckr djS] i.k dY;k.kflag jktkor jh vkèkqfudrk dkO;ijEijk lwa tqM+;kSM+h y[kkoSA tqx jks tFkkjFk vkèkqfud dfork jks vkèkkj gS vj vk[kks txr m.kjhlhek&js[kk gSA tq) jks fojksèk ekuorkoknh lksp] ukjh psruk] tu psruk txko.k jks ladGi] vktknhjh fgek;r vkèkqfudrk jks lkpks :i l:i gSA uxj psruk vkèkqfudrk jks t#jh rRo ekuhtS i.kvkt jh jktLFkkuh dfork esa xzkE; psruk jk Hkko cks/k T;knk gSA

150

bdkbZ 8 bdkbZ jks lkj

1- b.k bdkbZ esa vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; jk tqx vj m.kjk okrkoj.k uS lkeh jk[k*j dfoojdY;k.kflag jktkor jh thouh vj fljt.k jks ys[kks fo|kfFkZ;ka lkeh jk[;kS x;kS gSA

2- b.k bdkbZ lwa vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jh tk.kdkjh djko.k jh dkslhl gqbZ gSA

3- dY;k.kflag jktkor jh izeq[k jpukoka jks vè;;u vj fuj[k ij[k lwa fo|kfFkZ;ka uS :c:djk;kS x;kS gSA

4- vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; uS dfo jh dkabZa nsu gSA b.k ckcr Hkh pjpk b.k bdkbZ esa gqbZ gSA

bdkbZ 9 vH;kl jk loky

1- dfo uS fd.k jpuk ekFkS ^lw;ZeYy ehl.k iqjLdkj* fefG;kS gS \

¼v½ vk tehu vki.kh ¼c½ jkefr;k er rksM+

¼c½ dq.k&dq.k uS fcyeklh ¼n½ ijHkkrh

2- fd.k jpuk ij ^v}Sr osnkUr* jks ijHkko lkQ uhxS vkoS gSA

¼v½ Qwy Qwy jkS eksy ¼c½ vkbZ rks gqoSyk

¼l½ feae>j ¼n½ jkefr;k er rksM+

3- ^jkefr;k* lcn izrhd gSA

¼v½ vkè;kfRedrk ¼c½ HkkSfrdrk

¼l½ ckSf)drk ¼n½ ikSjkf.kdrk

4- dY;k.kflag jktkor jh jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS dkabZ nsu gS \ le>koks A

bdkbZ 10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- ledkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; & dqanu ekyh

2- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; & izks- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

3- ^gsek.kh* ijEijk if=dk jks vad

4- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk&laosnuk vj flYi & dqanu ekyh

151

bdkbZ & 12

izeq[k doslj % Hkxorh yky O;klbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

12-1 mÌsL;

12-2 izLrkouk

12-3 jktLFkkuh dkO; jh IkLBHkwfe

12-4 jktLFkkuh dkO; jks vk/kqfud dky

12-5 vk/kqfud dky jk dfo;ka esa MkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jh BkSM+

12-6 MkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jh dkO; jpukoka jks ifjpS

12-7 MkW- O;kl jS dkO; jh folsrkoka

12-8 bdkbZ jkS lkj

12-9 vH;kl jk loky

12-10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

12-1 mn~nsL; %

ch-,- izFke o"kZ jktLFkkuh ikB~;Øe jh b.k bdkbZ eka; vkika vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; jS lanHkZ esaMkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jh thouh vj fljt.k ij v/;;u djkaykA b.k bdkbZ jk mn~nsL; uhpS eqtcgSA

12-2 izLrkouk %

dkO; fd.kh Hkh Hkklk jS lkfgR; jks egrkÅ vax gq;k djSA vkfndky esa tn x| ys[ku jks fodkliwjh rjS uha gq;kS gks rn dkO; bt lkfgR; jh ewG fo/kk ghA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa bZ nwth Hkklkoka jhrjS vfkndky lwa vkt rkabZ b.k fo/kk esa eksdGks fljt.k fOg;kS gSA T;wa &T;wa leS chrS lekt vjlekt jh t:jrka c/kSA vka t:jrka uS thou esa iwjk djok lk: foKku vj elhuka feu[k jS thouesa [kqn jkS vlj fn[kkoSA oSKkfud rjDdh jS lkxS&lkxS dsbZ cqjkbZ;ka bZ lekt esa QSy.k ykxSAvsd&dkauh feu[k jh HkkSfrd t:jrka gS nwtS dkuh m.kka t:jrka uS iwjk djckokGk tarj gSA tarjvj earj jh xkSG U;kjh&U;kjhA vk/kqfud folS& olrq jS vykok Hkklk vj lSyh esa Hkh vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh dkO; jh c.kxV twuS jktLFkkuh dkO; lwa U;kjh gSA b.k varj uS le>rka Fkdk HkxorhykyO;kl jS dkO; ij pjpk dj.kkS b.k bdkbZ jks mn~nsL; gSA

12-3 jktLFkkuh dkO; jh Ik`LBHkwfe %&

feu[k Qxr gkM+&ekal jks iwrGks bZt uh gSA b.k gkM&ekal jk iwrGk eka; ,d vnn efLrLd vj,d vnn fg;kS i.k gSA gkM&ekal jS b.k iwrGk jks dke rks vUu vj tG lwa lj tkoS i.k efLrLdvj fg;S jh rfIr lk: ukuk izdkj jh fo/kkoka] ltukRed dkSly] lkfgR;] dyk ] laxhr vj laLÑfrjh njdkj gqoSA b.kh njdkj uS iwjh dj.k lk: Hkakr&Hkkar jk lkL=ka] dkslyka ]dykoka vj lkfgR;jks fodkl gq;kSA fodkl jS b.k ekjx esa nsl folsl jks Hkwxksy vj bfrgkl egrkÅ Hkwfedk fuHkkoSAjktLFkku jS Hkwxksky vj bfr;kl jS lanHkZ esa tn vkika b.k folS ekFkS fopkj djka rks lkQ fuxS vkoSdS jktLFkku jh e:Hkkse tBS ik.kh jks VksVks] ouLifr;ka jh deh] nhj?k dkG rkabZ jSo.k okyh lkeUrh

152

izFkk vj dqnjr jh ekj jS nks ikaVk foPpS filhtrk vBka jk ekuoh gSA vk rlohj twuS jktLFkku jhgSA vktknh feY;k mijkar ?k.kkS cnGko vk; x;kS gSSA b.k cnGko eka; lkfgR; jh Hkwfedk udkjhuha tk; ldSA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfrgkl yxS& VxS ,d gtkj cjl lwa dha cslh twukS A x| vj Ik| nksuwafo/kkoka esa ?k.keksyS vk[kjka jks v[kwV [ktkukSA lkfgR; jS b.k ÅaMS leanj jh Fkkg vkt lqnh iwjh rjSuha ykx ldh gSA ?k.k[kjkS lkfgR; rks yksxka jh thHk ekFkS bZ clSA twuS cxr esa tn iBu&ikBu jhekSf[kd ijaijka bt b.k jl/kkj uS ,d ih<+h lwa nwth ih<+h rkabZ iqxkorhA vkt jS oSKkfud tqx esa rksdnkl dkxn dye jh bZ njdkj uha jS;hA lxGkS dke ^dEI;wVj* lwa gkso.k <wd x;ks gSA rks i.ktdks yksd lkfgR; yksxka jS daBka clS m.kuS laxsz dj.k jh vj dkxn ekFkS yko.k jh vj yksxka rkabZiqxko.k jh t:jr cSM+h jh cSM+h gSA

fy[;kSM+k & miyC/k lkfgR; jh pjpk djka rks vks yxS&VxS ,d gtkj cjl twukS gSA jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jk fo}kuka] leh{kdka vj bfr;kldkjka b.kjkS dkG&foHkktu uhpS fy[kS eqtc dh/kkS gS %&

1- vkfndky fo- laor~ 1100 & 1400

2- iwoZ e/;dky fo- laor~ 1451 & 1650

3- mÙkj e/;dky fo-laor~ 1651 & 1950

4- vk/kqfud dky fo-laor~ 1951 lwa vkt rkabZ

vkfndky esa izpfyr twuh jktLFkkuh esa x| vj Ik| nksUkwa fo/kkoka esa fljt.k gq;kSA 16 oha lrkCnhrkabZ xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh Hkklkoka esa folsl Hksn uha gksaA dfo in~eukHk jks ^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* xzaFkb.k dFku jh lk[k HkjSA vkfndky esa tSu dfo;ka jh jpukoka Bkoh BkSM+ jk[kSA

fo/kkoka jh fofo/krk vj fljt.k cgqyrk jh nhB lwa e/;dky ?k.kkS egrkÅ gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jhfMaxG lSyh jks fodkl Hkh b.kh dkG esa gq;kS vj izekf.kd jpukoka jks fljt.k Hkh gq;kSA b.k dkGjh jpukoka esa lxrh] Hkxrh vj fl.kxkj jh frjos.kh ijr[k nh[kSA jke vj ÑL.k uS vk/kkj c.kk*jfy[;ksM+h dsbZ jpukoka tBS ,dkauh jktLFkkuh uS tu&tu rkabZ iqxko.k esa vkijks ;ksx nh/kkS rks lxq.k& fujxq.k Hkxrh jk xazFk Hkh jpukRedrk jk nk;jk uS c/kk;kSA NUn oSfo/; jh nhB lwa Hkh b.k dkGjh jpukoka [kklh pfpZr vj yksdfiz; gqbZA

12-4 jktLFkkuh dkO; jks vk/kqfud dky %

jktLFkkuh dkO; jS vk/qkfud dkG jh l#vkr laor~ 1950 vFkok lu~ 1900 jS yxS &VxS ekuh tkoSgSA b.k dkG esa nsl esa vaxzstka jh jhr&uhr le>.k iwBS m.kkjkS [kklkS fojks/k l: fOg;kSA lqrarjrklk: jkLVªh; tkxj.k jks la[kukn b.kht dkG esa lq.kkbZ nso.k ykxksA dfojktk ckadhnkl] lw;Z eYyehl.k vj ladjnku lkekSj tsM+k dfo;ka tutkxj.k jks dke rks dh/kkS bZt lkxS bZ vaxzth gqdweruS i.k yydkjh A tkxj.k jh b.k osGk esa lekt lq/kkj] fl{kk jh t:jr] ukjh psruk] /kfeZd :f<;kavj va/kfoLoklka jh f[kykQr vkn jpukoka jh folS oLrq c.khA jkLVªh; Lrj ekFkS lekt lq/kkj jhtdh ygj mBh m.kjkS izHkko Hkh b.k dkG jh jpukoka esa fuxS vkoSA nsl HkfDr] jkLVªh; psruk] vaxszthvR;kpkjka jks fojks/k vj tu Økafr jk lqj eq[kj gkso.k <wdkA dsljhflag ckgjB] ukFkwflag efg;kfj;k]fot;flag ifFkd] mn;jkt mTtoy] x.ks'kyky O;kl ^mLrkn*] es?kjkt eqdqy] jsornku pkj.k]xtkuu oekZ vkn b.k /kkjk jk mYys[k tksx dfo gSA

izÑfr fp=.k gj nsl vj Hkklk jS dkO; jks egrkÅ Ik[k j;kS gSA jktLFkkuh dkO; esa Hkh vkfndkylwa ys*;j vkt rkabZ izØfr fp=.k jh ijaijk pyh vk; jS;h gSA b.k /kkjk esa loZJh pUnzflag] MkW-ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] ukuwjke laLdrkZ] mn;ohj 'kekZ vkn dfo;ka vkijks egrkÅ

153

;ksxnku nh/kkSA

NUn eqxr dfo;k jh /kkjk lwa jktLFkkuh dfo;k jks fljt.k Hkh vNwrkS uha gSA lu~ 1950 bZ- jS yxS&VxS Nan eqxr dkO; fljt.k nsl jh nwth Hkklkoka jh rjS jktLFkkuh esa bZ l: fOg;kSA izrhd vjfcEc jS ek/;e lwa vk/kqfud thou jh folaxfr;ka] lksp vj izfrfØ;koka izxV dj.k jh psLVk b.k nkSjjS dfo;ka esa b.k :Ik lwa fuxS vkoSA ,d vksj egrkÅ dke b.k nkSj esa fuxS vkoS vkSj oks gS vuqfljt.kvFkok nwth Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jh fljS jpukoka vj xzFkka jks jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka; mYFkkSA mYFkkS]vuqokn vFkok vuqfljt.k jh ekQZr jktLFkkuh ikBdka duS vkika jS nsl jh nwth Hkklkoka vj nqfu;kajh Hkklkoka jh JsLB jpukoka jax.kh l: gqbZA jktLFkkuh eka; iksFkh eqnz.k jh lqfo/kkoka iy &ifYkokckajks Ni~;ksM+h ckaph ft.klwa yksxka uS jktLFkkuh esa cslh fljt.k dj.k dh izsj.kk feyhA b.klwa jktLFkkuhikBdka jks ,d ojx R;kj gkso.k ykxkSA ikSlkGk vj txr ikSlkG Lrj ekFkS jktLFkkuh Hkklk vjlkfgR; jh Ik<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ gkso.k ykxhA b.k lwa le> Hkh okijh vj jktLFkkuh jS izfr gSr Hkh c/;kSAiqjl ys[kdk jS lkxS efgyk ysf[kdkoka Hkh R;kj gkso.k ykxhA ykjyS nks nldk jks ys[kks&tks[kks ysokarks jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ysf[kdkoka jks izfrlr ,d eksVs vuqeku jS vuqlkj 25 lwa 30 gSA vkt yxSVxS lkS ys[kd vsM+k gSS ftdk jktLFkkuh esa vkijh ltu/kkfeZrk jS ek/;e lwa ek;M+ Hkklk jks fl.kxkjdjrk Fkdk b.k HkkSe jh oSpkfjd vj lkaLÑfrd ijaijk uS vkxS c/kk jS;k gSA ijaijk jS b.k c/kkoSa esa^fizUV* vj ^nL;* ehfM;k jks ;skxnku Hkh egrkÅ j;ks gSA

12-5 vk/kqfud dky jk jktLFkkuh dfo;ka esa MkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jh BkSM+ %&

lkfgR; fljt.k jks [ksrj brjks O;kid vj fofo/krkiw.kZ gS dS b.k esa fd.kh vsd dfo jh BkSM+ dBSOgSyk] vkS fuj.kS dj.kkS ?k.kks nksjks dke gSA MkW- O;kl lu~ 1960 jS yxS&VxS fy[k.kks l: dh/kkSA osfgUnh vj jktLFkkuh nksuwa Hkklkoka esa fy[kSA jktLFkkuh esa oka jk rhu dkO; laxzS Nfi;kA b.kka esa iSyksdkO; laxzS v.kgn ukn* lu~ 1987 eka; Nfi;ksA b.k iwBS vxuh earj* lu~ 1993 vj lcn jkx* lu~2000 bZ- eka; Nfi;kA dfork jS vykok MkW- O;kl leh{kkoka] O;aX;] ys[k vkn Hkh fy[;kA vki izfl)fgUnh dfo Jh Hkokuh izlkn feJ jh dkO; Ñfr cquh gqbZ jLlh* jkS vuqokn jktLFkkuh eka; caV~;ksM+hjLlh* uke lwa dj~;kS vj ey;kye Hkklk jk izfl) dfo v;Iik if.kDdj jh dkO; iksFkh jks mYFkkS^v;Iik if.kDdj jh dforkoka* uke lwa dj~;kSA vS nksuwa vuqokn lkfgR; vdknseh] fnYyh lwa izdkflrgq;kA b.kjS bykok vki jktLFkkuh jk pkok vj ofjLB dfo Jh dUgSYkky lsfB;k jS vkB jktLFkkuhdfork laxzgka lwa VkGoh dfork jks vuqokn ^^vuqorZu** jS ukao lwa vj lsfB;k th jh bZ ty/kqdFkkoka jh iksFkh ^xGxfp;ka* jks vuqokn ^ljl&vjl* lhlZd lwa fgUnh esa dj~;kSA MkW- O;kljktLFkkuh Hkklk jks izfrfuf/kRo dsbZ jkLVªh; Lrj jh laxksfLB;ka esa dj~;kSA MkW- O;kl jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk]lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh] chdkusj jh ekfld if=dk ^txrh tksr* jks laiknu Hkh pkjsd cjlkalqnh dh/kkSA Mk-W O;kl lkfgR; vdkneh ubZ fnYyh jh lk/kkj.k lHkk vj jktLFkkuh lykgkj jklnL; ikap cjlka rkabZ lu~ 1989 lwa 1993 rkabZ j;kA lkfgR; vdknseh] fnYyh vkiuS fljt.k vjvuqokn ij jkLVªh; iqjLdkjka lwa lEekfur dj~;kA vki jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfrvdkneh] chdkusj] jktLFkkuh jRukdkj fnYyh] egkjk.kk esokM+ Qkm.Ms'ku mn;iqj] djkesl LefrlEeku dksVk] ;qx/kkjk] mn;iqj vkn laLFkkoka lwa Hkh lEekfur OgS pqD;k gSA islka lwa izk/;kid gksokjS ukrS vki txr ikSlkG Lrj ekFkS jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jS fl{k.k lwa Hkh tqM~;k jS;k A

12-6 MkW Hkxorh yky O;kl jh dkO; iksF;ka % ,d ifjp; %&

MkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jh rhu dkO; iksF;ka jks ys[kksa Åij dj~;kS x;ks gSA vBS vka rhuwa jpukoka jksfooj.k fn;kS tk; j;kS gSA

12-6-1- v.kgn ukn &

154

lu~ 1987 eak; Ni~;kSM+h b.k dfork laxzS esa dfo jh 25 dforkoka lkfey djhth gSA ^v.kgnukn* jh dforkoka jks ewG folS feu[k] feu[kktw.k vj m.k jh vc[kk;ka gSA laxSz jh iSyh^dfork dtksfM+;k jh dfork* esa dfo fl{kk jh egRodk+a{kh ;kstukoka gksrk Nrka Hkh esgurdlvj xjhc rcdk jS Vkcjka uS m.kka ;kstukoka jks ykHk uha fey.k jh fLFkfr ekFkS O;aX; djSAb.kht Hkkar cky cjl cksYkorkS gkFk* & dfork esa jLlh lekjksgka ekFkS ;aX; djrkS Fkdks dsoSdS ckyJe jh pDdh esa vkt Hkh lSdM+ksa Vkcj ilht jS;k gSA [kkck & [ksyck jh mej esagkM+rksM++ eS.kr djrk Vkcj vi.kS vki esa dakbZ ^cky cjl* fol;d vk;kstuka jsk e[kkSy uhamM+k jS~;k gS\ Nuhd* lhlZd dfork esa xkaokbZ vj lgjh laLÑfr esa vkt jS vkik/kkih jS tqxesa gsyesy vj lkSgknzZ jh Hkkouk lgjka lwa cÙkh gSA lelk.k jh d.ksj *dfork elkf.k;k oSjkxekFkS dVk{k djSA elk.k jS usMS+ ,d dusj jks >kM+ ÅHkkS gS oks lk{kh gS feu[k jh c.kkoVhlaosn.kk jks D;wadS] oks fur gesl fdrjh gh yklka jk nkg fdz;k laLdkj ns[kSA dqnjr feu[kjh ukabZ Hksn uh djSA Hksn cqf) rks feu[k jS bZ ikarh vkbZ gSA

^?kSjks* dfork Hkh O;aX; iz/kku dfork gSA b.k dfork eak; dfo dsoS ds uxjikfydk okGkvkokjk ilqoka uS idM+.k lk: rks canksoLr djS i.k vkokjk vj dV[k.kk feu[k uS [kqyk?kwe.k jh NwV gSA lekt jk os mrikrh rÙo] vke vkneh jks fto.kkS fd.k rjS vc[kks dj fn;kSgSA feu[k ifjorZu jk ikxksfr;k ekFkS lekt jks vkxhok.k c.k ldSA

lkj :Ik esa d;kS tk; ldS dS ^v.kgn ukn* jh dforkoka vktknh fefy;ka iwBS nsl esa vko.kokGk cnyko jks nLrkost rks gS bZ i.k b.k cnyko jks cslh ykHk voljoknh yksx ys jS;kgSS vj vke vkneh tdkS b.k ykHk jks lakpkS gdnkj gS vkt Hkh lk/kugh.k tho.k thok lk:etcwjh esa vkijh feu[k tw.k jk fnu fx.k j;kS gSA

12-6-2 vxuh earj %

dfo jS nwtS dkO; laxzS ^vxuh earj* jh Nik;h lu~ 1993 eka; gq;hA b.k laxzS jh dforkokajS dsUnz eaas Hkh feu[k gS i.k dha vyk;nk vk;keka lkaxSA dfork fd.kh jh Hkh OgS ok izÑfr]Ñfr ¼feu[k½ vj laLÑfr lwa twnk uha OgS ldSA ^vxuh earj* jh dforkoka esa dfo dha uqoSlkekftd ljksdkjka uS rykl dj.k jh dkslhl djSA laxzS eak; dqy 26 dforkoka gSA b.kk esadha dforkoka jh pjpk vBS djh tk jS;h gSA

liuks vj tFkkjFk nksuwa bZ ftanxk.kh lk: t:jh gSA vak nksuwa eak; dq.k cslh :ikGks gS &liukS dS tFkkjFk \ lkp rsk vks gS dS nksuwa ,d nwtk jk iwjd gSA Qxr liuk ns[;ka dhaikj uha iMS+A liuk esa tFkkjFk esa cny.k jk tru rsk feu[k uS dj.kk bZ iM+lhA laxSz jhiSyh dfork ^liuks* b.kht folS ekFkS gSA feu[k vkijS LokjFk jh iwjrh lk: /kjrh] vkdkl]iou] ik.kh vkn lSax phtak jks caVokjks djrkS vk;ks gSA cktkjokn jks ekjx gS caVokjksAfeu[kpkjS jh gk.k gkSorh vkbZ gS gjSd caVokjS eak;A HkkSfrd phtak jks caVokjks feu[k jS euuS bZ rksMS+ & b.k lr dakuh pjpk djhth gS] laxSz jh ^caVokjks* dfork eka;A

jktLFkku esa lkywalky iM+.k okGk vdkG jks oj.ku gS ^dkG vj Hkw[k* dfork eka; A lkxSbZ dfo jktLFkku jk jSokfl;ka jh fgEer uS bZ fcM+nkoS tdh dkG vkxS gkj uha ekuS] m.kjkS eqdkcykS djS vj vkijh eSur vj fgEer jS ik.k bZ dkG jh /kjrh ekFkS uqoka vcksxnlkfr;k eakMSA jktLFkku jks tho.k vsd ilj~;ksM+S e:FkG jh v.kFkd tkrjk gSA vHkkoka vjvc[kk;ka lwa tq>.kkS feu[k tkr jks lqHkko gSA jktLFkku jS fgLlS esa vS vc[kk;ka vj vHkkodha cslh bZt vk;k gSA laxzS jh dfork îaxk jh vM+h* esa dfo folokl izxV djS dS b.kvM+h ¼ftn½ jS ik.k cks vc[kk;ka vj vHkkoka uS ikNS ixka dj nslhA

155

fujFkZdrk cks/k vk/kqfud Hkkocks/k jks ,d uqokS vk;ke fx.khtSA dnkl fujFkZdrk cks/k vktjh tho.k lSyh jks ,d fgLlks c.krks tk; j;kS gSA b.k laxSz jh ^,d fujFkZd rykl* dforkeak; b.kht folS ekFkS pjpk djhthA ^pjpk jk ix* dfork vkt pkSQsj ilj~;kSM+h pjpklaLÑfr lwa vkikauS :c: djkoSA pk:a dkauh pjpkoka bZ pjpkoka gSA NksVs lwa NksVs lewg lwayS;j txr Lrj jS laxBuka rakbZA dfo vks loky iwN.kkS pkoS ds Qxr pjpk jS ixak lwa exjksp<.k jks Hkje vkika dBka rkabZ latksokayk vj vks Hkje vkikauS izxfr jh nkSM+ esa dBka rakbZ ystkoSyk\

^twuks laxsrh* laxzjh dfork jktLFkku jh ekuoh; alosnukok jks fp=.k djSA ,d djlk jhfxjLFkh esa cGn xkM+h xako jS tho.k esa fdrjh egrkÅ gS b.k lkap uS vkika vkNh rjStk.kkaA vsd cxr gks tn lknh C;ko] ek;jks&eqdykok] nso&nsojk] NksVk& eskVk frjFk] tkr&fcjknjh mPNc vj eksr ekSds tko.kks& vko.kks cGnxkM+h lwa gksorksA dfork jS uk;dfryksd jS ?kj jS <kfG;S esa b.k cGnxkM+h jks ,d [kkfjt iSM+ks iM~+;kS gSA m.kkjk Vkcj fxYyhM.Mks c.kko.kh pkoS b± lk: b.k lxGh tkrjkoka jka fprjkae mHkj vkoS tdk b.k iSM+k jhika.k iwjh Ogh ghA fryksd Vkcjka uS rks iSM+ks uha Hkkax.k jh fgnk;r nS;*j Hkxk nsoS vj iNSvkijh ?kjokGh uS dSoS dS b.k isMs+ uS vksojs eka; esG nhtSA vks vki.kks twukS laxsrh ¼lgHkkxh½gSA jktLFkku jh laLÑfr esa rhjFk tkrjk esa tdh vkt jh laLÑfr c.krh tk;*jh gS m.kesa frjyksd jks vks dFku vBka jh twuh laLÑfr dakuh blkjkS djSA

îka[kh jh ihM+* dfork jS ek/;e lwa tq) jh foHkhfldk lwa gq;kSM+S foukl uS js[kkafdr djrkSdfo tq) uS feu[k tkr jh fot; fyIlk jks lk/ku ekuS vj tq+) esa mtfM+;S ?kkSalys jk ika[khjS ek/;e lwa loky iwNS dS tq) esa ^thr* jS vykok lSa dha [kre gks tk;k djS gS & dyk]laLÑfr] lH;rk vj feu[kkpkjkS lSa dhaA ykjS jxr jafx;ksM+h /kwG vj ujdadkG cpS] VwVhlM+dka vj yVdrk iqG cpS] tgj jh ufn;ka vj uQjr jk laenj cpSA iaNh iwNS&:a[kikNk dn ika?kjSyk] Egkjh ?kk;y pwap dn fr.kdk pqxsyk vj dn EgkjkS ?kkSalyks ikNkS eaMsyk\

b± laxSz jh dfork ^vxuh earj* esa dfo flzLVh jS ikapwa rÙoka ¼/kjrh] tG] vxu] xxu vjiou½ jS iznwflr gksorS l:Ik ekFkS fpark izdV djS vj vka rÙoka uS iznwl.k eqxr dj.k jksvkOgku djSA oks /kjrh jh gFksGh esa esganh jk ikau&Qwy dksj.kh pkoSA vkdkl jS nqlkyS esanks&pkj rkjk vkSj Vkad.kh pkoS] xaxk jh /kkj jks lxGkS tsgj [kqn ih;*j uhydaB c.k tko.kkSpkoSA igys nks pj.kka esa vxuh rÙo jS rstgh.k gkso.k ekFkS nq[k izxV djrks Fkdks dfodkfUr gh.k] rstgh.k] vkxu uS ^vxuh earj* lwa psru dj.k jh ckr djS D;wadS dfo ekuS dSvxu gqoSyk rks feu[ki.kk jk fnoGk mtkl ckaVrk jsoSykA feu[k tkr vj m.kjks Hkfol~ b.k^vkRkerst* ekFkS bZ fuHkZj gSA

b.k dfork eak; dfo jktLFkku jS dfo jh m.k ijaijk uS lqej.k djS ft.k eka; dsbZ nk.klaLÑfr vj feu[ki.kS jh vxu e/kjh gq;ka dfo gwadkj Hkjh gS vj lekt jS vketu vjvkxhok.kka uS b.k vxu uS psru jk[kok lk: lkopsr dj~;k gSA

12-6-3 lcn&jkx %

lcn&jkx* lu~ 2000 bZ- eka; Nfi;kS dfo jks rhtkS dkO; laxzS gSA b.k eak; 42 dforkokalkfey djhth gSSA vka dforkoka jh IkLBHkwfe esa dfo jks yxkSyx Ms<+ nldka ¼ianzg cjlka½jks dkO;kH;kl j;kS gS vj b.k bH;kl jS ika.k dforkoka jS dF; vj lSyh esa vkbZ eatkoVlqHkV fuxS vkoSA

dfo dfork uS fg;S lwa fg;S jks carG ekuSA vk carG lcnk jS ik.k ikj iM+SA lcn jh lk/

156

kuk vUurA dfo b.k laxzS jh Hkwfedk esa Lohdkj djS & ^^lcn&lk/kuk vc[kkS dke i.kVkG~;ka uh ljSA ts lcn l/k tkoS] rks lk/kuk c/krh bZ tkoSA bfr;kl lk[k HkjS dS nqfu;kaHkj jk dfo;ka vj euhfl;ka b.k lcn&lk/kuk esa vkijh lkalk gkse nh/kh rn Hkh fx.krh jkdfo uS bZt vks lkap rwBeku gq;kSA vL;k dfoljka jks tl nsldkG jh lhekoka uha fxukjSAoka jh dfork uha jS;*j eap c.k tkoSA lcn vuUr gS] vukfn gS] vnhB gS] v.keki gS]fujkdkj gS] v:Ik gS] vcksyks gS i.k vks bZ lcn flzLVh jks vkfn vj vUr] lxGh nhB jksnsokG] lxGS vkdkjka jks tud] v.keki jsk eki] v:Ik jks l:Ik vj ln~&fpr~&vkuUn jkslukru csyhA lcn vO;Dr vj O;Dr jS fcpkGS ,d lsrqA gsrqvka jks gsrq vj gsrkGqvka jksfgrwA**&¼^vji.k* lwa ½

b.k laxzS jh dforkoka fol; oLrq jh nhB lwa iSyka jS nks laxzgka jh rqyuk esa dha foLrkj fy;kagSA dhaa lko uqoka fol;ka ekFkS bZ dye pyko.k jh tqxr b.k laxS eak; nh[kSA laxSz jh iSyhdfork & ^fd.k lwa ckr djka* lekt jk VwVrk fc[kjrk rkuk&ckuk vj feu[k eak;c/krh vkredsfUnzrrk lwa vksG[kk.k djkoSA ^mnklh vkoS gS* dfork eka; mnklh jh euksnlkuS dfo dsbZ uqok fcEcka lwa izxV dj.k jh psLVk djSA b.kht Js.kh esa bZjL;k] lkap] Mj] yksHkvkn dforkoka fx.kkbZ tk ldSA ôks rksM+s gS* dfork fcTkGh jS ia[kS jS izrhd jS ek/;e lwalekt esa iuirh fcpkSfG;k laLÑfr dkauh ladsr djSA feu[k jS eka;yks feu[k* feu[k jS fg;Sesa >kad.k jks tru gSA b.kht Hkkar ^dfork jks lqHkko* dfork esa dfork vj m.kkjS lqHkko &izHkko uS mdsj.k jks m|e gSA

ôk;jks okaprk yksx* & vkSljokn jk [krjk dakuh blkjkS djSA ^rwQku*dfork esa fuekZ.k vjlukru nqan uS njlko.k jh dksfll gSA ^lghn*] ^tq) 1* vj ^tq) 2* dforkoka lansl nsoSdS tq) fd.kh leL;k jks lek/kku uha gSA vks rks [kqn esa ,d tcjh leL;k bt uha cYdS dsbZleL;koka jh tM+ gS ft.kka lwa feu[k tkr vkfndkG lwa vkt rkabZ tw> jS;h gSA tq) esagkj & thr brjh egrkÅ uha gS ftrjh vk ckr dS tq) esa ekuoh; ewY;ka jks fouklvoLkeHkkoh gSA yk[k rdZ fn;k Hkh vks foukl derh uha vkaD;kS tk ldSA ^fdokaM+*] ^le>*vj ^gok* b.k laxzS jh Nsgyh rhu dforkoka vkt jh feu[kktw.k jh folaxfr;k uS mtkxjdjSA

12-7 MkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jS dkO; jh folslrkoka %

lkj esa MkW- O;kl jh folslrkoka b.k eqtc gS &dfo jh ewG fpUrk feu[k] m.kjh vew>.kh vj vc[kk;kagSA vk/kqfud Hkko cks/k vj Nan eqxr lSyh vka dforkoka jh folslrkoka gSAMkW- Hkxorh yky O;kljh dforkoka laLÑfr jS laj{k.k jh izsj.kk nSoS vj lkekftd ljksdkj lwa :c: djkoSA uqoka izrhd vjfcEc vak dforkoka uS U;kjh fiN.kk nSoSA dfo jh lxGh dforkoka la?klZ jh izsj.kk nsoS vj euqt uSfgEerh vj vklkoku c.kkoSA vak dforkoka esa jktLFkku jh ekVh jh lqxa/k jPph iPph gSA dosljelhuh lH;rk vj feu[ki.kS jS vfLrRo jks loky b.k dkO; fljt.k esa mBk;kS gSA izÑfr lwalejlrk jks Hkko vka dforkoka esa mtkxj gSA dkO; vfHkO;fDr esa O;aX; jks iqV lkQ fuxS vkoSAcktkjokn] vkSljokn vj feu[k jks Hkfol vka dforkoka jh fpark jk fol; gSA

12-8 bdkbZ jkS lkj %

lkj :Ik esa dg~;ks tk ldS vkS dkO; laxzS dfo jh nhB lwa vkikauS :c: djSA vka laxzgka jh dforkokaesa leS jh xwat lq.kh tk ldSS vj vak dforkoka lwa tqnk & tqnk fol;ka ekFkS dfo jks fpUru bZ ijr[kgqoSA b.k laxzg ¼lu~ 2001 bZ-½ lwa vkt rakbZ dfo jh dye yxkrkj dkO; fljt.k dj jS;h gSA vsdforkoka Ik=&if=dkoka esa Nirh jsoSA dfo jS fljt.k uS

v|ru le>.k [kkrj Åijys rhu dkO;

157

iksF;ka jS lkxS Ik= & if=dkoka esa Ni;ksM+h dforkoka jks v/;;u Hkh ennxkj lkfcr OgS ldSykA

12-9 vH;kl jk loky

1- lkfgR; jh thou esa dkabZ mi;ksfxrk gS \

2- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS dky foHkktu uS le>kvksA

3- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk vk/kqfud dkO; jh dksbZ pkj folslrkoka fy[kksA

4- MkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jh dkO; Ñfr;ka jk ukao fy[kksA

5- MkW- Hkxorhyky O;kl jS dkO; jh dskbZ ikap folslrkoka fy[kksA

12-10 LkUnHkZ iksF;ka %&

1- Hkxorhyky O;kl & ^v.kgn ukn*] f'kYih izdk'ku] t;iqj 1987 bZ-

2- Hkxorhyky O;kl & vxuh earj] vadqj izdk'ku] jkoth dk gkVk] mn;iqj 1993 bZ-

3- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oe~ lkfgR; & izks- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor vkuan izdk'ku] tks/kiqj

4- Hkxorhyky O;kl & ^lcn jkx*] vadqj izdk'ku] jkoth dk gkVk] mn;iqj 2001 bZ-

5- lkjLor jkor ,oa O;kl osn O;kl & vkt jk dfo] jktLFkku Hkklk izpkj lHkk] t;iqj¼jkt-½

6- czã HkV~V ftrsUnz & vfXuearj vj vU; dfork,a ¼fgUnh vuqokn½ vadqj izdk'ku] mn;iqj

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