dY© mZ hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>massets.vmou.ac.in/RJ01.pdf · [k.M pkj vk/kfud jktLFkkuh x|...

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

AmYw{ZH$ amOñWmZr JÚ gm{hË`

vkjts&01

ikB~;Øe vfHkdYi lfefr

AÜ`jàmo\o$ga (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrMHw$bn{VdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

g§ moOH$ :àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mUqgh eoImdVnam_e©XmVm, amOñWmZr H$m ©H«$_dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>mgXñ`

gånmXZ Ed§ nmR²>`H«$_-boIZ

1. S>m°. AOw©ZXod MmaUAÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa

2. S>m°. hrambmb _mhoídarnyd© AÜ`j, {hÝXr {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa

la;kstd@leUo;d@lnL;x.k

1. S>m°. _§JV ~mXb 1,2,nyd© àmÜ`mnH$, qhXr (godm{Z.)ehrX ^JVqgh ñZmVH$moVa _hm{dÚmbàm`qgh, lrJ§JmZJa> (amO.)

2. S>m°. AOw©ZXod MmaU 3, 4,15AÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmbÒmoYnwa

4. S>m°. JmoaYZqgh eoImdV 5{ZXoeH$, lr H¥$îU gËg§J ~m{bH$m _hm{dÚmb`grH$a (amOñWmZ)

5. S>m°. ^JdVrbmb ì`mg 6àmMm`©, Ama.EZ.Q>r.{ejU-à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`, H$nmgZ{MÎmm¡‹S>J‹T> (amO.)

7. S>m°. _XZ g¡Zr 7,8,9,10ì`m»`mVm, qhXr~.O.gr. am_nw[a`m O¡Z _hm{dÚmb`~rH$mZoa (amO)

3. S>m°. JmoaYZqgh eoImdV{ZXoeH$, lr H¥$îU gËg§J ~m{bH$m _hm{dÚmb`

grH$a (amOñWmZ)

4. lr aKwamOqgh hmS>md[að H${d-gm{hË`H$ma,Pmbmdm‹S> (amOñWmZ)

gånmXH$S>m°. AOw©ZXod MmaUAÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa

g_Ýd`H$ :S>m°. _rVm e_m©

gh-AmMm ©, {hÝXrdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m

3. S>m°. {edamO N>Jm§Ur 11, 12, 13, 14nyd© CnmÜ`j,amOñWmZr ^mfm, gm{hË` Ed§ g§ñH¥${V AH$mX_r~rH$mZoa

3. S>m°. àH$me A_amdV 16,18amOñWmZr {d^mJ, Sy>§Ja H$m°boO~rH$mZoa (amO.)

5. lr am_oídaX`mb lr_mbr 17,nyd© àYmZmÜ`mnH$, amO. {ejm {d^mJOmbmoa (amO.)

6. S>m°. bú_rH$m§V ì`mg 19amOñWmZr {d^mJ, amOH$s` _hm{dÚmbÀO_oa (amO.)

8. S>m°. í`m_gwÝXa ^maVr 20, 21àmÜ`mnH$, {dÚmb` {ejmOmoYnwa (amO.)

nmR²>`H«$_ CËnmXZ`moJoÝÐ Jmo b

ghm`H$ CËnmXZ A{YH$mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

mRiknu % tqykbZ 2010 ISBN - 13/978-81-8496-227-7gdm©{YH$ma gwa{jV : Bg gm_J«r Ho$ {H$gr ^r A§e H$s dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m H$s {b{IV AZw_{V Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr ^r ê$n_| "{_{_`mJ«m\$s' (MH«$_wÐU) Ho$ Ûmam `m AÝ`Wm nwZ: àñVwV H$aZo H$s AZw_{V Zht h¡Ÿ&Hw$bg{Md, d._.Iw.{díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ûmam dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ho$ {bò _w{ÐV Ed§ àH$m{eVŸ&Xr S>m`_ÊS> {àpÝQ>J àog, O`nwa Ûmam 200 à{V`m§ _w{ÐV&

200 200

AH$mX{_H$ Ed§ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWmàmo. (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrM àmo. (S>m°.) E_. Ho$. KS>mo{b`m `moJoÝÐ Jmo b

Hw$bn{V {ZXoeH$ (AH$mX{_H$) à^mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m g§H$m` {d^mJ nmR²> gm_J«r CËnmXZ Ed§ {dVaU {d^mJ

bdkbZ la- bdkbZ&'kh"kZd i`"B la[;k

[k.M & I1 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| & mn~Hko vj fodkl 1&8

2 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh izeq[k fo/kkoka 9&21

[k.M & II3 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh % mn~Hko vj fodkl 22&29

4 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh % ifjHkklk] rRo vj flYi 30&36

5 izeq[k dgk.khdkj % fot;nku nsFkk 37&44

6 izeq[k dgk.khdkj % Jherh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor 45&55

7 izeq[k dgk.khdkj % jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh 56&67

8 izeq[k dgk.khdkj % lkaoj nb;k 68&80

9 izeq[k dgk.khdkj % Hkaojyky Hkzej 81&91

10 izeq[k dgk.khdkj % MkW- enu lSuh 92&104

[k.M & III11 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| fo/kk % js[kkfprjke 105&109

12 izeq[k js[kkfprjkedkj & MkW- cztujk;.k iqjksfgr 110&119

13 izeq[k js[kkfprjkedkj & MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh 120&124

14 izeq[k js[kkfprjkedkj & MkW- f'kojkt Naxk.kh 125&129

[k.M & IV15 vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadh&mn~Hko fodkl] rRo vj flYi 130&136

16 izeq[k vsdkadhdkj % ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd 137&149

17 izeq[k vsdkadhdkj % jkor lkjLor 150&171

18 izeq[k vsdkadhdkj % ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* 172&185

19 izeq[k vsdkadhdkj % ukxjkt 'kekZ 186&199

[k.M & V20 vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh ukVd % mn~Hko vj fodkl 200&212

21 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVddkj vtqZunso pkj.k 213&227

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

AmYw{ZH$ amOñWmZr JÚ gm{hË`

AZwH«$_{UH$m

vkjts&01

[k.M ifjpS[k.M & I

ch-,- iSyS cjl jS iSyS izLu i= vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| esa vki [k.M & 1 lwa yS;j [k.M&4 rd vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jS fofo/k :ika jks v/;;u djksykA x| jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS vsd egrkÅ i[k jS;kSgSA pkSnoha lnh lwa l: gks;kM+h x| jh vk ijEijk vk/kqfud tqx esa iwx vkijkS mf.k;kjks nsl jh nwth HkklkokaHkkar cnG;kS gSA x| lkfgR; esa izeq[k x| fo/kkoka jkS fodkl vk/kqfud dky esa bt gq;kS gSA f'kopUnz Hkjfr;kvk/kqfud x| lkfgR; jk vxznwr ekfu;k tkoS gSA cs miU;kl] ukVd vj dgk.kh rhuwa fo/kkoka eka; vk/kqfudHkkocks/k vj Hkklk lSyh uS yS;j vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; uS uqaokS :i fn;kS gSA izoklh jktLFkkuhgksork Fkdka bZ vkijh Hkklk jS [kkrj okajkS leji.k egrkÅ gSA iSyk [k.M esa iSyh bdkbZ vk/kqfud jktLFkkuhx| jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jks gSA b.k esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jS l:vkr jh /kkjk jh tk.kdkjh gSA b.k/kkjk jkS fodkl vktknh lwa iSyh vj vktknh jS iNS fd.k :i esa fdÙkkS vj fd.k Hkkar jks gks;kS gS] vka lxGhckrka uS b.k iSyh bdkbZ esa le>k;kS x;ks gSA [k.M ,d jh nwth bdkbZ esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh izeq[kfo/kkoka jkS ifjp; nhjhft;kS gS] dgk.kh] ukVd] vsdkadh vj js[kkfp= jS vykok b.k esa y?kq dFkk] fucU/klaLej.k] Mk;jh] fjiksrkZt] tkrjk orkUr vj O;aX; fo/kkoka ij fopkj djhft;kS gSA b.k esa vk/kqfud x| jhvka fo/kkoka jS rRoka jks foLysl.k Hkh lkeh jk[khT;kS gSA lkFkS bZ U;kjh U;kjh fo/kkoka jh izeq[k jpukoka ekFkS Hkhfopkj gks;kS gSA

b.k [k.M esa vk dkslhl djhth gS dS fo|kFkhZ uS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jS lkFkS[kkl [kkl fo/kkoka jS ckjs esa tk.kdkjh feG tkoSA

[k.M & IIvk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| izLu i= esa [k.M nks vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ij dsfUnzr gSA b.k [k.M jh iSyhbdkbZ esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS mn~Hko vj fodkl ij fopkj dfj;kS x;kS gSA b.k esa jktLFkkuhdgk.kh ijEijk jS twuS :i uS le>kork Fkdka m.kkjS uqoSa l:i ij ckr djhth gSA b.k esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuhdgk.kh jkS l:vkrh :i fd.k rjS jks gks vj m.k :i uS c.kko.k esa dq.k dq.k dgk.khdkj ;ksxnku dfj;kS]b.k ckr jh tk.kdkjh nhjhth gSA b.kjS lkFkSbt dgk.kh jS [ksrj esa vko.k okGk cnGko ekFkS bZ pjpk gqbZgSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh HkkoHkwfe vj m.kjh Hkklk lSyh esa dkabZ dkabZ cnGkok vk;k] oka cnGkoka ij Hkhpjpk vj fparu gq;kS gSA b.k [k.M+ jh nwth bdkbZ esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh ifjHkklk nsork Fkdkam.kjS rRoka jkS foLysl.k dj~;kS x;kS gSA b.kjS lkFkS bZ vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh] miU;kl fo/kk lwa fd.k rjSU;kjh gS vj fdÙkh U;kjh gS b.k ij fparu & euu gq;kS gSA b.k [k.M jk vkxyh pkj bdkb;k¡ vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh Hkklk jk dgk.kh jk izeq[k dgk.khdkjka jh dgkf.k;ka ij vk/kkfjr gSA izeq[k dgk.khdkj gS fot;nkunsFkk jh ^vys[kw fgVyj*] jk.kh y{eh dqekjh pqaMkor jh jtiwrk.kh*] jkes'oj n;ky Jhekyh jh ^dkapGh*] lkaojnbZ;k jh & ^xGh thlh xGh*] Hkaoj yky Hkzej jh ^ckrka* vj MkW- enu lSuh jh ^Qqjlr* tSM+h dgkf.k;ka lwafo|kfFkZ;ka lkaEgh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS iwjkS fprjkae lkQ lkQ ijxV gks; ldSykA vka dgkf.k;kajS foLysl.k lkFkS m.kkjS jpukdkjka jS O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo jS ckcr Hkh Vhi ekaMhth gS ft.klwa fo|kFkhZjpukdkjka uS m.kkjh lexzrk esa vksG[k ldSA

[k.M & III[k.M rhu vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh vsd [kkl fo|k js[kkfp=* ij gSA b.k [k.M jS iSyh bdkbZ esa vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh js[kkfp= jk mn~Hko vj fodkl uS le>kbft;kS gS vj jktLFkkuh js[kkfp= jh ifjHkklk crkbZ xbZgS] lkFkS gh js[kkfp= jS izeq[k rRoka jh tk.kdkjh nhjhth gSA [k.M rhu jk vkxGh rhu bdkb;k¡ vk/kqfud

jktLFkkuh js[kkfp= jS [ksrj esa rhu jpukdkjka jh rhu jpukoka ij fopkj djhft;kS gSA f'kojkt Naxk.kh jk^^cjQ vkGkS**] useukjk;.k tks'kh jfpr ^dwn.k ckckS vj cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jfpr* ^nwyksth* jkS v/;;u &vuqlhyu gq;kS gSA b.kjS lkFkSbt gj bdkbZ esa m.k jpukdkj jS js[kkfp= jS [ksrj esa dfj;ksMS+ iwjS dke ckcrHkh fopkj gq;ks gSA b.k :i vS rhuwa bdkbZ rhu jpukdkjka jS jpukdeZ vj O;fDrRo uS ikBdka lkeh Y;koSAb.kjS ek/;e lwa fo|kFkhZ uS jpukdkjka uS lkoG le>.k esa enn feGSykA

[k.M & IV[k.M pkj vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh vsdkadh fo/kk ekFkS dsfUnzr gSA b.k [k.M jS iSyh bdkbZ esa vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh vsdkadh jS mn~Hko vj fodkl ekFkS foLrkj lwa pjpk gksbZ gSA jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jh l:vkr lwa isyhjh Hkkjrh; vsdkadh ijEijk vj ikLpkR; vsdkadh ijEijk ij fopkj dfj;kS x;kS gS vj m.k jS iNS jktLFkkuhvsdkadh ijEijk jh tk.kdkjh nhjhth gSA b.kjS lkFkS bZ b.k ikB esa vsdkadh jS rRoka ekFkS izdkl Ugka[khft;kSgS vj m.kjS flYi jh pjpk djhth gSA [k.M pkj jS vkxyh pkj bdkb;k¡ esa vsdkadhdkjka jh vsdkafd;ka ekFkSfopkj vk[kjka <G~;kS gSA ukxjkt 'kekZ] lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] jkor lkjLor vj ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jS O;fDrRovj ÑfrRo ij fopkj djrk Fkdka m.kkjS ys[ku jh folslrkoka uS mtkxj dfj;kS x;kS gSA

[k.M & Vvks [k.M vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh foospuk jh /kwjh jks vk/kkj fy;kSM+ks gSA b.k [k.M jkS rhth bdkbZvk/kqfud ukVd jh tk.kdkjh djkoSA b.k ikB esa vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ukVd fo/kk jh l:vkr lwayS;j vkt rkabZ jh ijEijk ij fopkj djhft;kS gSA b.k fopkj Hkwfe esa jktLFkkuh ukVd ijEijk esa vko.k okGkcnGkoka ij Hkh pjpk djhth gS vj lkFkS gh ukVd fy[k.kokGk izeq[k jpukdkjka jh jpukoka ij fopkj gq;kSgS] ft.kesa MkW- vtqZu nso pkj.k jk ukVd ^tkrjk* uS vk/kkj c.kk*j fopkj eaFku gq;ks gSA

1

bdkbZ & 1

jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko vj fodklbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

1-0 mísL;1-1 çLrkouk1-2 jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

¼i½ jktLFkkuh i|¼ii½ jktLFkkuh x|

1-3 jktLFkkuh x| jkS mn~Hko1-4 jktLFkkuh x| jkS :i

¼i½ /kkfeZd x|¼ii½ ,sfrgkfld x|¼iii½ vfHkys[kh; x|¼iv½ brj x|

1-5 jktLFkku x| jkS fodkl¼i½ izkphu dky

1- l:vkrh leS & la- 1300&14002- fodkldky & la- 1400 & 1600

¼ii½ e/;ddky & la- 1600&1950¼iii½ vk/kqfud dky la- 1950 lwa vtSrkabZ

1-6 bdkbZ jkS lkj1-7 vH;kl jk loky1-8 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

1-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks mÌsL; vkiuS jktLFkkuh x| jkS mn~Hko vj fodkl jh tk.kdkjh djko.kkS gSA b.kjSjktLFkkuh x| jS Hkkar&Hkkar jk :aik vj x| jh fodkl tkrjk jks oj.kko foLrkj lwa le>.kkS gSA b.kbdkbZ uS if<+;k iNS vkiuS uhpS fy[;kSM+k rF;ka jh tk.kdkjh gksoSyh &

• jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko dn gq;kSA

• jktLFkkuh x| jks twaukS l:i fd.k Hkkar jks gksA

• jktLFkkuh x| jks foxlko

• jktLFkkuh x| jh lkaxksikax vksG[kk.k djko.khA

1-1 izLrkouk

Hkklk foKku jh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh vk;Z Hkklk ifjokj jh mÙkjh Hkkjr jh vsd esgrkm HkklkA b.kjhmrir viHkaz'k lwa gqbZA ^jktLFkkuh* jktLFkku jh ekr Hkklk gS b.kjS vykok ekGok] iatkc] gfj;k.kkvj fla/k jk ?k.k[kjk Hkkxka esa cksyhtSA e:nsl jh Hkklk js :i esa lc lwa iSyks gokykS vkBoha lnh jSm|ksru lwfj jk ^dqoy;ekyk* xzaFk esa feGSA e:Hkklk jkS ;wa b.kjh dsbZ cksfy;ka gS ft.kesa ekjokM+h jSvykok&esokM+h <q<kM+h] gkM+kSrh] esokrh bR;kn [kkl cksfy;ksa fx.khtSA ^fMaxy* jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh

2

vsd [kkl lsyh jh gS ft.kjkS vk/kkj ekjokM+h gS vjs jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks lkfgfR;d l:i bZ [kkldjvkFkw.kh jktLFkkuh ;k ekjokM+h jgizkS gSA

1-2 jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh rkjhQ djrka jfoUnzukFk VSxksj lkap bZ dg;kS gS dS jktLFkkuh ohjka jh HkklkgSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohajk jkS lkfgR; gS vj lalkj jk lkfgR; esa m.kjkS fujkykSa LFkku gSA jktLFkkuhlkfgR; ?k.kkS ywaBkS vj le) gSA jktLFkkuh jkS vrhrxqest tksx j;kS gS m.kjkS vkt vj Hkkoh l:iÅtGkS y[kkoSA

¼i½ jktLFkkuh i| lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh jks twauks l:i foØe jh 8oha lnh esa i| jS :i esa ns[k.k uS feGSA l:ikar jh i|jpukoka esa dbZ ^tSu jkl* vj ^pfjr laX;d* jpukoka ys[k tksx gSA ^cgqcyh jkl*] ^tacwLokeh pfjr*] ^LFkwy Hknz jkl*] ^pUnuckyk jkl* vj ^vacwjkl* bR;kA 13oha lnh jh jpukokalwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS fodflr lkfgfR;d :i jh tk.kdkjh feGSA jktLFkkuh i| lkfgR;jh ljlrk vj Hkkaok uS izHkkoh <ax lwa njlko.k jh f[kerk vuqBh gSA

¼ii½ jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh esa ftrks x| lkfgR; feGS chrks lkfgR; nsl jh fd.kh nwth izkUrh; Hkklk eka;lk;n gh feGSA twukS jktLFkkuh x| ^ckr* ^vj [;kr* lkfgR; vBS jk xzaFkkxkajkk esa v.kekilaxzS dj;kSM+kS gSA b.kjS vykok ôa'kofy;k*] îV~Vkofy;ka* vj ^cfg;ka*] îV~Vk*] îjokuk*]^gky*] vgoky foxr] opfudk nokoSr bR;kn esa b.k jh ,sfrgkfld lkexzh jkS v[kwV Hk.MkjAb.k ,sfrgkfld x| jS vykok /kkfeZd lkfgR; esa /keZ] xzaF] iqjk.k ekgkRE;] L=ksr xaazFk] osnkUrjks vuqokn dFkkokjrk] ozr dFkkoka jS lkFkS tSu x| xzaFkk lwa jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; uSlcGkbZ feGhA b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh jks x| lkfgR; Hkkar&HkkafrykS vj ?k.kkS xohZykS gS] ft.kjhfodkl tkrjk ?k.kh ykEch twuh vj Hkjh iwjh gSA

1-3 jktLFkkuh x| jkS mn~Hko

jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko 13oha lnh lwa ekauhtSA jktLFkkuh jk l:vkrh x| ekFkS viHkazl Hkklk jkSizHkkok cslh y[kkoSA 13oha lwa yS;*j 16oha lnh rkabZ jS b.k dky uS twuh jktLFkkuh jks dky&[k.MdS; ldkaA /khjS&/khjS izHkko degworkS x;kS vj jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh nksuwa vsd Hkklkoka jS :i esapkyh jghA

16oha lnh jS iNS vs nksuwa U;kjh&U;kjh Hkklkoka jS :i esa lkaHkh vkbZA l:vkr esa jktLFkkuh vjxqtjkrh jks fodkl lkFk&lkF gq;kS b.k [kkrj vyx gq;ka iNS Hkh jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; vj [kkldj tSu jpukoka ij xqtjkrh Hkklk izHkko ?k.kk cjlka yx j;kS gSA

e/;dky jk jktLFkkuh jk jktLFkkuh x| ij mnwZ] Qkjlh jks izHkko nS[k.k uS feGSA vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh x| jks twaukS l:i f'konkl xkM.k jh jpuk ^vpGnkl [khph jh opfudk* esa yk/kSA b.kjkS jpukdky fo- la- 1475 gSA b.k lwa vkxS jktLFkkuh x| fur laojhtrkS jg;kS vj vkijh U;kjhfujokGh vkSG[kka.k c.kkbZA

1-4 jktLFkkuh x| jkS :i

13oha lnh lwa jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko gq;kSa m.kjS iNS 20oha lnh jS l:vkr rakbZ b.k x| jh fodkltkrjk yxkyx pkyrh jSbZ ft.kesa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izkphu x| jk fofo/k :i feGSa e/;dky esa:ika esa dha QSj cnG gq;kS vj vk/kqfud dky rd b.k jk :ika esa dSbZ uqaok cnGko esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA

3

jktLFkkuh x| jk [kkl :i b.kHkkar &

¼i½ jktLFkkuh /kkfeZd x|

jktLFkkuh /kkfeZd x| nks :ika esa feGS &

¼d½ tSu /kkfeZd x| ¼[k½ ikSjkf.kd /kkfeZd x|

tSu /kkfeZd x| & jktLFkkuh Hkklk twuks /kkfeZd x| tSfu;ka jkS Hkh fyf[k;ksM+kS gSA b.kesa HkhVhdkoka vj Lora= :i law fyf[k;kSM+k nks Hkkar jk xzaFk feGS twuk tSu /kkfeZd xazFk izkÑr Hkklkesa fyf[k;ksM+k gSA izkÑr Hkklk le>.kh gjSd jS okLrS nksjh gh tSu vkpk;Z vj okajk psy vkaxazFkka jkS vuqokn] Vhdk vj O;k[;k lh/kh&lh/kh ljy jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa djhA ewG izkÑrvj viHkzal esa fyf[k;kSM+k jktLFkkuh tSu /kkfeZd xazFkka jS vykok Lora= xzaFk Hkh fy[khT;kAjktLFkkuh tSu /kkfeZd xzaFkka jh vs Vhdkoka [kklrkSj lwa nks Hkkar jh gSA

1- ckykocks/k

2- VCck

^ckyocks/k* jkS eryc ljy vj lgt Vhdk lwa gS ft.k uS ekewyh Hkf.k;kS&if<+;kS feu[k ghuha v.ki< feu[k Hkh vkjke lwa le> ldSA ^ckykocks/k* esa dksjh O;k[;k bZ uha goS m.kjkfl)kUrk jh dFkk Hkh gqoSA vs dFkkoka ijEijkxr gSA dSbZ yksd lkfgR; lwa fy;kSM+h gS rks dSbZuqaoh fy[k;kSM+hA b.klwa vke vkneh uS /kje jks eje le>ko.k jh dkslhl gqbZ gSA vsM+k lSdMwa^ckykocks/k* fy[khft;k vj vS tsu yksxka esa ?k.kk pko lwa i<+htrk jg;k gSA

^VCck* esa ckykocks/k* ftRrh foLrkj lwa Vhdk uha gqoSA lkj esa ewG Loj jks vjFk fy[khtSA vksvjFk lcn jS Åij&uhpS ;k MkaoS&thae.kS iklS fy[khtSA ^VCck* jh ctk; tSu /kkfeZ xzaFkk jhVhdk esa ^ckykocks/k* jh Vhdk jks iz;ksx cslh gq;ksM+h gSA tSus /kkfeZd xzaFkka jh jpukoka esavax&mikax] ewy lw=] Lrks= xazFk] pfj= xazFk] nk'kZfud xzaFk vj nwth QqVdj jpukoka esa^ckykocks/k* Vhdk gh ns[k.kuS feGSA

^tSu n'kZu* jk xazFk ^vkxe* ukao lwa tka.khtS b.kesa tho&vtho] yksd&ijyksd bR;kn ckrkajks gokykS rks gS bZ b.kkjS vykok tsu /kje jk ckjg vaxka jks foLrkj lwa oj.ku dfjT;kSM+kS gSAtSu /kje jk [kkl ckjg vaxka jS vykok mikax] ewG lw+= ¼"kMko';d] lk/kq izfrfØ;.kk] n'koSdkfyd½ Lrks= xazFk ¼HkDrkej] dY;k.k eafUnj _"kHk iapkfjdk] 'kksHku Lrqfr] vftr 'kkfUrLrou½ pfjr xazFk vj QqVdj jpukoka ¼mins'k ekyk] 'khykins'k ekyk½ jh tSu vkpk;kZ jhdj;ksM+k ckykocks/k Vhdk jh vys[kwa izfr;ka tSu xzaFk Hk.Mkjka esa vkt bZ gLrfyf[kr iksfFk;ksajS :i esa laxzS dj;ksM+hA

^ckykocks/k* ^vj VCck* jS vykok tSuka jk Lora= /kkfeZd xaazFk bZ jktLFkkuh x| esa fljT;kSM+kgS ft.kka esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| jh dykRedrk ns[k.k tksxA

tSu /kkfeZd xzaFkka jS vykok tSu ,sfrgkfld xazFkk esa Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk xazFk jks iz;ksx gqorkSjg;kS ft.kesa&iV~Vkoyh] xqjkZoyh] oa'koyh] mRifÙk xazFk] foKfIr i=] lh[k xazFk vj iz'kfLr;ka[kkl gSA

¼ii½ ikSjkf.kd /kkfeZd x| &

ikSjkf.kd vj vka xazFkka jS vk/kkj ekFkS jktLFkkuh Hkklk vuqokn jS ek/;e lwa fljT;kSM+k xazFkkaesa jktLFkkuh ikSjkf.kd /kkfeZd x| jks v[kwV [ktkukSa Hkj;ksM+kS gSA jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] HkkxorozrdFkkoka] egkRE;] deZdk.M] L=ksr bR;kn jktLFkkuh x| jS :i esa feGSA vs ?k.kdjkajktLFkkuh ikSjkf.kd vj /kkfeZd xzaFk m.k lnh esa vuqfnr gq;k b.k okLrS vks ekauhtS ds izkphu

4

jktLFkkuh /kkfeZd x| jh fljt.kk esa tSu jpukdkjka jh esgrkÅ Hkwfedk jS;h gSA

¼ii½ jktLFkkuh ,sfrgkfld x|

jktLFkkuh ,sfrgkfld x| [;krksa] okrksa] foxrksa] ihf<+;ksa] oalkofy;ksa] nokokSrksa vj opfudkvksaesa feGSA

[;kr&[;kr ck x| jpuk gS ft.kesa jktkoka jS jktoalk jks bfrgkl vj [kkl ?kVukoka jksladyu feGSA eqfLye bfrgkldkjka jS ns[kkns[kh jktLFkkuh bfrgkldkj@[;krdkj jktLFkkuhx| esa dSbZ jktoalk jh [;krka fy[khA jktLFkkuh jh [;kr ys[ku jk nks :i [kkl &

¼1½ jktdh;

¼2½ O;fDrxr

¼1½ jktdh; [;krka & U;kjk&U;kjk jktoal vkijh [;krka fy[kokbZ ft;ka&jkBkSM+ka jh[;kr] tks/kiqj jh [;kr] dNokgka jh [;kr] pgoka.kk jh [;kr] chdkusj jh [;kr] ekjokM+jh [;kr bR;kn jktdh; [;krka feGSA jktoa'kka jh [;krka eka; ?k.kdjh [;krka jkt jkvkljk esa fy[kkbthA vka [;krka jk fy[kkjk jkt jk vkljk esa jS;*j vs [;krka fy[kh b.kokLrSvka [;krka esa okajk jktoal jks xq.kxku vj tq}kjk cj.kko cslh dj;ksM+kS feGSA b.kjk fy[kkeqRlnh] iapksyh] HkaMkjh bR;kn yksd jg;kA

¼2½ O;fDrxr [;krka & jktjk vkljk esa fy[khyh;kSM+h [;krka jS vykok dSbZ [;krka vksj :ilwa bZ fy[khth vj oka [;kr ys[kdka jS ukao ekFkS bZ m.k [;kr jkS ukao iM+;kSA eqagrk uS.klhjh fyf[k;kSM+h uS.klh jh [;krk ckadhnkl jh fyf[k;kSM+h & ckadhnkl jh [;kr] n;kynklfla<k;p jh fyf[k;kSM+h ^n;kynkl jh [;kr* O;fDrxr [;krka esa [kkl fx.khtSA b.k [;krjh vsd ckuxh b.k Hkkar &

^jka.kks lkaxks oMks izrkfid Bkdqj gqokSA ?k.k /kjrh [kkVhA laer 1531 jk oSlk[k lqn 1 jkstue ?k.kkS rfi;kSA mM;kS izFkhjkt eaqok iNS eqnS gqoksA isgyh ?k.kks fo[kS fQjh;ksA iNS oMksBkdqj gqoksA blM+kS phrksM+ jk.kks dksbZ u gqokSA nks;okj ekaMo jks ikrlkg idM+ NksMh;ksAihyh;s [kky tk; ckcj ikrlkg lwa yM+h;ks frdk os< gkjhA oyS jk.ks lkaxs pansjh ekjh Fkhca/k osjs ok?ksys eqdqan lqa osM gqbZA eqdan HkkxksA*

eqgark uS.klh jh [;kr izFke ¼Hkkx i_ 19-20½

okr & jktLFkkuh okr dgk.kh jks ij;k; gSA b.kesa dksbZ vsd ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ;k fd.khvkneh jh tho.kh jkS oj.kko gqoS i.k dgk.kh lwa U;kjS <ax jh b.k jh c.kxV gqoSA ,sfrgkfldokrka esa&jko fj.key jh okr] jko tks/kk js csVka jh okr] jko ekynso jko panzlsu jko mnSfla?kjh okr] ikcwth jkBkSM+ jh okr] jko vejflag jkBkSM+ jh okr] fljksgh jk /kf.k;ka jh okr] ukxkSjjS ekeys jh okr] egkjktk lwjfla?k jS jkt jh okr] lksty js eaMG jh okr] jko yk[kS jh okrbR;kn dSbZ okrka bfrgkl uS mtkxj djSA

oalkoyh & oalkoyh esa ih<+h nj ih<+h gq;k yksxksa jk ukao fyf[k;kSM+k gqoSA l:vkr jhoalkofy;ka esa fljQ ukao gh feGSA iNS jh oalkofy;ka esa yksxka jS ukaoka jS lkFkS okjS tho.kjh esgrkÅ ?kVukoka jkS oj.ku Hkh feGSA jkBkSM+ka jh oalkoyh] lhlksfn;k jh oalkoyh] dNokgkjh oalkoyh] chdkusj jk jkBkSM+ka jh oalkoyh] tSfu;ka jh oalkoyh] vkslokGka jh oalkoyh]bR;kn Hkkar&Hkkar jh oalkofy;ka fyf[k;kSM+hA

foxr & foxr esa Hkkar Hkkar jk fol;k jkS gokykS fn;kSM+kS gSA uS.klh jh ekjokM+ jk ijxukajh foxr esa ekjokM+ jk tks/kiqj] lksty] ukxkSj] bR;kn U;kjk&U;kjk ijxuka jkS gokykS folrkj

5

lwa fn;kSM+kS gSA b.k esa xkao dLck vj uxj jks oj.ku djrk Fkdka m.kjkS bfrgkl Hkh lkFksfn;kSM+k feGSA ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr esa gjSd xkao] xka esa fdrk ?kj] fd.k fd.k dkSejkS fuokl] tehu jh fdle xkao vsd lkf[k;ks ;k nks lkf[k;ks] xkao esa iho.k okGk ika.kh jkdqok dqok jkS ika.kh ehBkS dS [kkjks] vjV] pkap bR;kn dSbZ Hkkar jh tk.kdkjh fn;ksM+h gSAft.kjh ckuxh ns[khtS &

264 rQS xqankst [kkl 6000

egktu] lhjoh] ?kkaph] lxGh tkr NSA cM+ks dlckS NSa vjV & 4] dkslhVk nhoM+k & 30 pkap& 40] laor~ 1715] 16] 17] 18] 19

825½ 3530½ 4961½ 4580½ 3557½

& ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr ¼Hkkx&1 i- 272½

b.kjS vykok tks/kiqj jk nsoLFkkuka jh foxr] ukxkSj deBka jh foxr] tks/kiqj jk fuoka.kk jhfoxr] pkj.kka jk lkal.k jh foxr bR;kn dSbZ Hkkar jh tka.kdkjh foxr jS vkSGkoS fy[khth gSA

[;kr] okr] oalkoyh vj foxr jS vykok iV~Vk ijokuk] :Ddk] gky] vgoky] gdhdr];knnkLr] rgdh bR;kn jpukoka jktLFkkuh x| esa fljT;kSM+h gSA ,sfrgkfld x| jkjktLFkkuh VdlkGh Hkklk jh vkijh U;kjh gh eBksB gSA

jktLFkkuh dY;kRed x| jh ckuxh ^nokoSr* vj ôpfudk* esa ns[k.k tksxA nokoSr jksvuqizkfld x|] rqdkUr x| vkijh U;kjh fujokGh vksG[kka.k jk[kSA nokoSr laKd jpukokade feGS e/;dky esa b.k fo|k jh ?k.k[kjh jpukoka ns[k.k tks gSA ^nokoSr* dksbZ NUn uhaft.kesa ek=k] oj.k ;k dS o.kka jks fopkj djhtS vks rks vaR;kuqizkl lsyh esa fyf[k;kSM+kS x|gSA esgrkcpUn [kkjsM+ b.kuS [kkl fdle jks rqdkUr x| ekU;kS gSA ^j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks*xaazFk jks jpukdkj eaNkjke b.kjk nks Hksn b.k Hkkar crk;k gS 1- 'kq) ca/k vj 2- x| ca/k

roS eaN dfo gSfrdS] nokoSr fo/k nks;A,d ^'kq) ca/k gksr* gS] ,d ^x| ca/k* gks;AA

^j?koqj tl izdkl* jkS jpkukdkj fdluk vk<ks nokoSr uS vle rqd okGh jpuk ekuh gS&

nokoSr fQj ckr n[k] tqxr opudk tka.kAvkNS v/kdrqd vle vS] chnx x| o[kka.kAA

^nokoSr* jks laca/k vjch Hkklk jS oSr ;kfu Nan fols"k lwa gSA Qkjlh Hkklk esa b.kh vjFk esab.kjkS iz;ksx gq;kS i.k fla/kh Hkklk esa b.kjkS vjFk jks nk;jks c<+ tkoSA nokoSr feljksa jks oks;qXe gS ft.kjk rqd feGS vj dBSbZ uha Hkh feGSA b.kesa feljks esa la[;k jh dksbZ lhek bZca/;ksM+h ugha gSA

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh laLÑfr jS eqtc b.kjh lkfgfR;d fo/kkoka esa b.k nokoSr jkS lqekj gq;kSvj jktLFkkuh jk e/;dkyhu lkfgR; esa ^nokoSr* laKd jpukoka izeq[krk lwa feGSA

}kjdknkl n/kokfM+;k jh fyf[k;kSM+h egkjktk vthrfla?kth jh nokoSr*] esgMw fcgkjhnkl jhdgh jko v[kSjkt jh nokoSr] ^dfo pkSFk jh dgh N=fla?k jkefla?kksr jh nokoSr* vj lkanwHksikynku Ñr* :ix nokoSr daoj Jh okjdj.k th jkS esa jktLFkkuh x|jh fNc fy[k.ktksx&

uo dksfV ekjokM+ po/kk pky <wa<kM+ jktwa esa ekauSrk ukgj HkM+ fdaokM+] ftldk ukao lwa fgj.k[kksMk gq; pYyS] mldk gqde yksiS lkS rks xjn esa feYyS ukgj dk Qqjeka.k flj ij pkM+S]ftldwa lwiW lksuS gkFk /kqokM+s NksVs ls cM+k dj jktinoh djkoS] rkydk QkStnkj eqlk;ohfnjkoS] "kV njl.k [kSjk;r dw¡ uok lkalx.k mnd nsoS] ,slk lqØr dk csM+k rks ukgj gh [ksoSA

6

& :ix nokoSr daoj Jh ukjdj.k th jkS & lkanw Hkksikynku dgSA

opfudk&nokoSr jh Hkkar ôpfudk* jh x| lSyh bZ dykRedrk jh nhB lwa fljS ekauhtSA^nokoSr* NksVh jpuk gqoS tn dS opfudk nokoSr lwa eksVh gqoSA nokoSr x| jpuk fx.khtSi.k b.k esa x| jkS lqUnj esG lkeh vkoSA opfudk x|&i| lSyh esa fy[;kSM+h jpuk ^paiwdkO;* jh Hkkar gqoSA

e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa opfudk laKd jpukoka jh vkijh BkSM+ gSA ,sfrgklwvk/kkj ekFkS fljT;kSM+h dSbZ opfudkoka feyS ft.k esa ^vpGnkl [khph jh opfudk fx.khtSA*f'konkl xkMo jh jP;kSM+h vk jpuk bfrgklw i[k uS izHkkoh <ax lwa izxVSA

bfrgklw vk/kkj jS vykok /kkfeZd vk/kkj yS;j Hkh vBS opfudk lSyh esa jpukoka fyf[kft;kSM+hgS ft.kesa ^trh tSpan Ñr ekrkth jh opfudk* jkS ukao ?k.kkS tka.khtSA tSu trh jhfyf[k;kSM+h b.k opfudk jh ckuxh ns[k.k tksx gS &

vFk opfudk

fr.k osyka lqj t[k xaz/kzi nsokxauk ukx equslj lwj panfeYy cSBk flxyk gh lqjifr laqvlrqr dj.k ykxkA jkft leLr nsorka jk fljekSM+] vkX;kdkjh rSrhl dksMh fizFkh jk ikyxjvVy] tksfr] okpk] vfopy] HkydrS fHkzdV] lksouks N=] tM+ko esa eqdqV veks/k lxr] vkcq/k fodV] tq/k jk tho.k gkj fljnkjs fljnkj =SHko.k ijkfr] vusd vax vklfr] ban egkjktvejx.k fljrkt blks dfguS gkFk tksfM+ vjt dj.k ykxkA nsoka nkao.kka vk fojks/k gqok] cM+kcM+k HkkjFk dj eqaok yadkifr jkae.k lkfj[kk daqHkØu banzthr lkfj[kk] fgj.kk[kl fgj.kdkflclkfj[k eqj nk.ko egkcyh lkfj[kk] e/kdhV efg[kk & lqj lkfj[kk frdS i.k joS x;k]oklLV ekjdaM dFkk esa dák rkS vktjS dky laHk uS fulaHk egk tks/kkj] vlqjk /k.kh fuMkj]fr.k jkS mfne dhtS nks[kh ejS lqtl yhtSA*

¼iii½ jktLFkkuh vfHkys[kh; x|

izlfLr ys[k flykys[k] rkackiÙkj igki[kkuk bR;kn jks x| vfHkys[kh; x| esa fx.khtSAizlfLr ys[k esa tSu vkpk;k± jh izlfLr flykys[k jktkoka jk gwde lwa flyk[k.Mk esa [kksn*jfyf[kftrkA rkEckiÙkjka esa jktkoka jS fn;ksM+S nku bR;kn jks gokykS fy[khtrkSA

¼iv½ jktLFkkuh oSKkfud x|

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk oSKkfud x| rks ?k.kkS de feGSA b.k Hkkar jks x| ;k rks vuqokn jS :iesa feGS ;k Vhdk jS :i esaA

¼v½ jktLFkkuh O;kdj.k] oS/kd vj T;ksfrl x|

jktLFkkuh O;kdj.k oS/kd vj T;ksfrl x| O;kdj.k] vk;qosZn] T;ksfrl] lqdokoyh] lkeqfnzdlkL=] ra= ea= bR;kn fol;ka jS laLØr xazFkka jS jktLFkkuh vuqokn jS :i esa feGSA b.kjSvykok b.kkjS vk/kkj ekFkS fyf[k;ksM+h jktLFkkuh Hkklkjh jpukoka Hkh feGS ft.k esa vkS"k[k/k]uqL[kk] LQqV] ea=] ra= vj Hkkar&Hkkar jk lxqu] gksGh jS ck;jka jks fopkj] dkeukoka jks fopkj]jkrhdhM+h jk lxqu] bR;kn jS :i esa jktLFkkuh x| jpukoka fyf[k;ksM+h gSA

1-5 jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| jks fodkl

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks dky foHkktu MkW- ,y- ih- rSLlhrksjh] MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] ujksÙkenklLokeh] MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh] lhrkjke ykyl] izks- dY;k.kflag ls[kkor bR;kn fo}ku vki vkijS<ax lwa dj;kS gSA jktLFkkuh x| jks vk/kqfud dky 20oha lnh lwa ekauhtSA jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR;jS fodkl jh tkrjk uS uhps eqtc rhu Hkkxka esa ckaV ldka &

7

1- izkphu dky

¼d½ l:Hkkrh dky la- 1300 law-la- 1400 rkabZ

¼[k½ fodkl dky la- 1400 lwa- la- 1600 rkabZ

2- e/;dky & la- 1600 lwa- la- 1950 rkabZ

3- vk/kqfuddky & la- 1950 lwa vtS rkabZ

¼i½ izkphu dky

jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jk izkphu dky uS nks Hkkxka esa ckaV ldkaA b.kjS iSyS jS dky uS iz;kldky* dg ldkaA b.k dky jks egrkÅ b.kjh izkphurk lwa gSA b.k dky esa jktLFkkuh x|jk dbZ iz;ksx gq;kA izkÑr vj viHkazl Hkklk oks jS x| jS iNS jktLFkkuh x| jks tks l:ilkaHkh vk;kS oks mYys[k tksxA b.k dky jk jpukdkj fd.k Hkkar vkijh lcn ;kstuk jh:ijs[kk o.kk;j [kqn jh lSyh c.kkbZA

jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jS izkphudky jS mrjk/k esa ^fodkl dky* jkS ukao nS; ldkaA b.kfodkl dky esa jktLFkkuh x| jks l:i f{kj gq;kSa b.kjh lSyh esa cnGko vk;kSa Hkklk esa xfrvkbZA iz;kldky esa ;knnkLr jS :i esa LQqV fVIif.k;ka fy[khtrh tndS b.k fodkl dkyesa xzaFk fy[kht.k ykxkA b.k dky esa tSus /kkfeZd lkfg; [kklrkSj lwa fy[khft;kS ft.kesa^ckykocks/k* iz;ksx mYys[k tksxA /kkfeZd xzaFkka jks vuqokn Hkh b.k dky esa [kwc gq;kSA b.kjSvykok tSu vj pkj.k lSyh esa jktLFkkuh ,sfrgkfld x| jS :i esa dSBZ iz;ksx gqvkA,sfrgkfld nhB lwa vks dky ?k.kkS esgrkÅ ekauhtSA

¼ii½ e/;dky

laor~ 1600 laor~ 1950 rkabZ jks dky jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jks e/;dky gSA tk.khtS e/;dky jktLFkkuh x| jkS ekauhtS b.k okLrS nwtk lcnka esa b.k dky esa fodflr dky jS ukaolwa Hkh tk.khtSA b.k dky esa jktLFkkuh x| jh Hkklk laojhth] fol; cnG;k vj x| jks gjfnlk esa fodkl gq;kSA /kkfeZd ,sfrgkfld] vfHkys[kh;] dykRed] T;ksfrl] vk;qosZfnd]ea=ra= bR;kn eksddk :iksa esa jktLFkkuh x| jks iz;ksx gq;kSA opfudk] nokoSr lSfy;ka esajktLFkkuh iksF;h fy[khthA ewG Vhdk vj vuqokn rhuwa :ika esa x| uS BkSM+ feGhA

¼iii½ vk/kqfud dky

e/;dky jS vkf[kj esa jktLFkkuh x| jks ys[ku detksj gq;kSA vk/kqfud dky ft.kuS uotkxj.k dky Hh dS; ldka b.kesa jktLFkkuh x| jS fodkl jh ikBh dkslhl l:b;kA laor~1950 jS iNS lwa jktLFkkuh x| esa U;kjh&U;kjh fo/kkoka esa jpuk gwo.k ykxhA ukVd] miU;kl]dgk.kh] ,dkadh] js[kkfp=] y?kqdFkk] x|xhr vj fuca/k ys[ku jks fodkl gq;kSA

1-6 bdkbZ jkS lkj

jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko vj foxlko leS jS lkFk gworks jS;kS gSA ;wa rks mn~Hko 23ohal nh lwa ekuhtSi.k jktLFkkuh jS l:vkrh xa/k ij viHkzal jks vlj lkQ y[kkoSA b.k leS x| ys[ku jh ijaijklkarjh jS;h gSA twuS jktLFkkuh x| ckr vj [;kr ;kfgR; ij jktLFkku esa [kwc fy[khT;kS gSAvk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jks twukS :i f'konkl xkM.k jh jpuk vpynkl [khph jh opfudk esayks/kSA /kkfeZd x| jks ys[ku ?k.kdjks tSfu;ka dfj;kS ftdkS vuqokn vj Vhdkoka jS :i esa feGSA^ckykocks/k* vj ^VCck* jks ys[ku ckGdka jS okLrS djhT;kSA ikSjkf.kd /kkfeZd x| esa jkek;.k]egkHkkjr] ozr dFkkoka bR;kn esa jktLFkkuh x| jks :i fuaxS vkoS gSA b.k eqtc Hkkar&Hkkar jS x| ft;kaokr oalkoyh foxr ekFkS foxrokj mtkl ifM+;kS ft.klwa jktLFkkuh x| jks foxlko gq;kSA lkj :i

8

esa dS;kS tkoS dS vkfndky] e/;dky vj vk/kqfud dky esa b.k fo/kk ekFkS ?k.kks jpko gq;kS gSAjktLFkkuh esa ftrkS x| lkfgR; feGS chRrks lkfgR; nsl dh fd.kh nwth izkUrh; Hkklk esa l;kn ghfeGSA

1-7 vH;kl jk loky

¼v½ uhpS fy[;k lokyka jk iMwrj 150 'kCnka esa ekaMks &

1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk lk: lclwa iSyks gokykS fd.k xazFk lwa feGS \ tk.kdkjh nsokS \

2- twuS jktLFkkuh x| jh [kkl&[kkl fo/kkoka jk uke ekaMkS \

3- ckykocks/k jks vjFk fy[kksA

4- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dky jS x| jh foospuk djks \

¼vk½ uhpS fy[;k lokyka jk iMwrj 500 lcnka esa fy[kks &

1- jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko fd.k Hkkar gq;kS \

2- ^ckykocks/k* vj ^VCck* eka; [kkl Qjd dkabZ gS \

3- jktdh; [;krka vj O;fDrxr [;krka ekal dkabZ Qjd gSA vksG[kka.k djkokS \

4- jktLFkkuh x| jks fodkl fd.k Hkkar gq;kSA fo}kuka jS fopkjka eqtc dky foHkktu jhvksG[kka.k djkokS \

1-8 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

1- MkW- f'koLo:i 'kekZ ^vpy%* jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % mn~Hko vj fodkl

2- MkW- jkeLo:i O;kl% jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed ,oa fodklkRed bfrgklA

3- MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh% la- êkjokM+* jk ijxuk jh foxr%* izFke Hkkx

4- j?kqohj flag] euksgjflag% la- ^tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;kr*

5- cnzhizlkn lkdfj;k% la- êqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr*A

9

bdkbZ & 2

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh fo/kkokabdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

2-0 mísL;

2-1 çLrkouk

2-1-1 twauks x|

2-1-2 uoks x|

2-2 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh vksG[kka.k

2-3 dgk.kh

2-4 ukVd

2-4-1 Lora=rk jS ckn jks ukVd lkfgR;

2-5 ukVd

2-5-1 Loara=rk jS ckn jks vsdkadh lkfgR;

2-5-2 ukVd vj vsdkadh eka; Qjd

2-6 miU;kl

2-7 js[kkfp=

2-8 thouh

2-9 laLej.k

2-10 fjiksjrkt

2-11 fuca/k

2-12 bdkbZ jks lkj

2-13 vH;kl jk loky

2-14 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

2-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ uS if<+;ka iNS vk Bk iM+lh dS jktLFkkuh x| jh iqjka.kh fo/kkoka vj uqoh fo/kkoka eka; dkabZQjd gSA b.kuS if<;ka iNS ikBdka uS m.kjks X;kau vj Hkkar&Hkkar jh fo/kkoka jh tka.kdkjh gq; ldSyk&

1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jks fodkl fd.k Hkkar gq;kS A

2- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh [kkl&[kkl dq.klh fo/kkoka gSA

3- ikBd b.ka lwa fodkl jh tk.kdkjh vj X;kau eka; c/kkikS dj ldSykA

4- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh fo/kkoka jks lkaxksikax tk.kdkjh yS; ldSykA

2-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkku jks ukao ysrk bZ ft;ka jk.kk izrki vj jkBkSM+ nqjxknkl jh ohjrk ;kn vkoS fc;ka bZjktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS ukao ysrka bZ ohjrk lwa mQ.krkS lkfgR; ;kn vkoSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks vks

10

xq.k Hkkjr jh /kjrh jk liwr vj fiaMrka jS ekFkS jk eksM+ Lo- enueksgu ekyoh; uS brjkS :M+kS ykX;kSdS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS ckjka esa okajS eq[kkjfoUn lwa vs cksy fudG iM+;k & jktLFkkuh ohjka&cgknqjkajh Hkk"kk gSA jktLFkkuh jkS lkfgR; ohjrk jkS lkfgR; gSA nqfu;ka jS lkfgR; eka; m.kjh foNk.k fujkGhgSA vkt jk leS jS Hkkjrh; uo;qodka lk: rkS b.kjh Hk.kkbZ t:jh gks.kh pkbtS vkS cksy lkapks gS i.kohjrk&jS lkfgR;&jS Hkxrh vj fla.kxkj lwa Hkj~;ksM+kS lkfgR; Hkh vBS derh uha gA tqx cnGS T;walkfgR; cnGSA uok tqx esa uoh psruk jh lkfgR; vk;ka fcuka dksuh jSoSA vkS bZ t dkj.k gS dSvkt&jk uok jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa ohjrk] fla.kxkj vj Hkxrh jk Hkko /khek iM+X; vj uoh lkekftdpsruk&jkS mtkl gqo.k ykX;kS gSA

2-1-1 twauks x|

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS i| jh rjS m.k&jkS x| bZ ?k.kkS le) vj twuks gSA ftrjkS twuks x|jktLFkkuh esa feGS gS mrjkS twuks vlfe;k uS NksM*j Hkkjr&jh chth fd.kh bZ Hkklk esa dksuhfeGSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa rSjoha lnh lwa bZ x| lkfgR; feGS gSA m.k esa /kkjfed] vsfrgkfld]dykRed vj yksd dFkkoka tSM+h ?k.kh bZ Hkkar jh jpukoka gSA jktLFkkuh jkS lc lwa twuks x|/kkjfed gSA vks tSu lk/kqoka jks fy[;kSM+kS gSA tSu lk/kq oka uS minsl nso.k rkabZ /kjelEcU/kh dkf.k;ka lwa ?k.kh enr feGhA i.k vk ckr bZ pkSM+s gS dS tSu /kje jS xzaUFkka jS x|ekFkS viHkzal Hkklk jks izHkko gSA

jktLFkkuh jks vsfrgkfld x|&lkfgR; ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA vkS vsfrgkfld x| lkfgR; [;kr]ckr] iV~Vkoyh] oalkoyh] iV~Vk&ijokuk tSM+h ?k.kh bZ fo/kkoka esa feGSA 16oha lnh&lwa yS;*j18oha lnh rkabZ jktLFkkuh x| jh ?k.kh vkNh jpukoka feGS gSA 16oha lnh jh ^pUnzdqaoj jhckr*] 17oha lnh jh jko jrufla?k egslnklksr jh opfudk*] eqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr* vj 18ohalnh jh <ksyk ejo.k jh ckr* jktk fjlkGw jh opfudk*] vpynkl [khph jh opfudk* tSM+hjpukoka m.k cxr jS jktLFkkuh x| jh vkxhoka.k jpukoka gSA

2-1-2 uoks x|

jktLFkkuh esa uoS x| jkS tye 19oha lnh esa Ogh;kSA lu~ 1857 jh tkxj.k oSGk esa egkdfolw;ZeYy ehl.k uoh jktuSfrd psruka vj dÙkZO;&jh iqdkj lwwa Hkj~;kSM+k dkxn fy[;kA ckadkxnka&jh Hkklk esa uoS jktLFkkuh x| jk cht feGS gSA lw;ZeYy ehl.k jS x| iNS chlohalnh esa Jh jked.kZ vklksik vj Jh f'kopUn Hkjfr;k jh x|&ys[ku lwa jktLFkkuh x| esa uokstkxj.k vk;kSA Hkjfr;k th rkS m.k tkx.k jk vxqokgkA Jh Hkjfr;k jS lkxS loZJh Hkxorhizlkn nk:dk] eFkqjknkl HkV~VM+] Jh ukjk;.k vxzoky] fcztyky fc;k.kh] xqykcpUn ukxkSjh]lw;Zdj.k ikjhd jk ukao bZ mYys[ktksx gS] uok x| esa twuk x| lwa :i vj lSyh nksU;ka esaQjd gSA Jh f'kopUn Hkjfr;k tSM+k jktLFkkuh yksx jktLFkku jS ckjS egkjk"Vª] caxky]xqtjkr] ftlk ijnslka eas vkijkS dkjkSckj pykork Fkdka cBkjk yksxka jh lkekftd nlk ns[kuS tn vkijS lekt jS jax&<ax jh Fkkg yhukS rks cka jS eu esa vk ckr pqcxh dS vki.kS lektesa lq/kkj gwo.kkS pkbZtSA lq/kkj jS vkNS fopkj vkijh ekrHkklk jS izse lwa oka jktLFkkuh Hkklkesa miU;kl] ukVd] fucU/k fy[k.k jks Jhx.ksl dfj;kSA

2-2 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh vksG[kka.k

20oha lnh jS l: esa bZ vk/kqfud ukVd fy[kht.k ykxX;k gkA jktLFkku jk vsM+k iSyk ukVdka esa JhHkxorhizlkn nk:dk jS ô) fookg* ^<yrh&fQjrh Nk;k* vj jktLFkkuh jk tksxksM+k lsod Jhf'kopUn Hkjfr;k jk rhu ukVdka dslj foykl*] QkVdk tatkG* vj cq<kik dh lxkbZ* jk ukao lkehvkoSA Jh ukjk;.k vxzoky] Jh fcztyky fc;k.kh] Jh xqykcpUn ukxkSjh] ia- BkdqjnÙk 'kekZ] Jh

11

eFkqjknkl HkV~VM+ bZ jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh jpuk esa ?k.kh enr nhuhA Jh eFkqjknkl HkV~VM+ jkS^jEHkkje.k*] Jh ukjk;.k vxzoky jkS egkHkkjr dks Jhx.ks'k* vDdy cM+h*d HkSal* nku/keZ*] lektlsod*]êaMG*] HkkX;ksn;*] egkHkkjr* ukVd] Jh fcztyky fc;k.kh jkS fot;n'keh* vj ckyjkek;.k* ukVd]Jh xqykcpUn ukxkSjh jkS êkjokM+h ekslj* ukVd] Jh HkV~VM+ jkS ^dtsZ jks vfHk'kki* ukVd mYys[ktksxgSA iafMr enueksgu fl) jkS ^t;iqj dh T;ks.kkj* vsd lkekftd ukVd gSA Jh 'kksHkkpUnz tEeM+ jkSô) fookg fonw"k.k* vsd :M+kS izgl.k gSA jktLFkkuh jS uok x| esa l: esa miU;kl ys[k.k esa yksxkajkS eu derh bZ ykX;kS] i.k m.k cxr jk miU;klka esa Jh Hkjfr;k th jkS ^dud lqUnj* vj JhJhukjk;.k vxzoky jkS ^pEik* miU;kl fx.kko.k tksx miU;kl gSA vka nksU;wa esa lkekftd lq/kkj jhHkkouk gSA fQYeh xhrdkj vj jktLFkkuh jk <kok dfo Hkjr O;kl jk êjo.k* vj ^jaxhyks jktLFkku*ukVdka esa vfHku;&dGk jh ?k.kh Åenk jaxr gSA Jh fxj/kkjhyky 'kkL=h jS îz.kohj izrki* ukVd esaLora=rk&izseh egkjk.kk izrki tSM+k vsfrgkfld ik=ka jS lkxS FkksM+kd dkYifud ik= bZ gSA 'kkL=h thjkS ^nqxkZth* ukVd mYys[k tksx gSA Jh vkKkpUn&HkaMkjh jkS îUuk/kk;* ukVd bZ îz.kohj izrki* jhrjS pfj= ukVd gSA flusek jS izpkj vj tho.k jh HkkxnkSM+ esa leS jh deh jS dkj.k yksxka duS tncMk&cMk ukVd ns[k.k jh Vse uha gSa yksxka jh #fp uSa fiNk.k*j ukVdka jh BkSM+ vsdkadh fy[kht.kykX;kA Lo- lw;Zdj.k th ikjhd ^cksyko.k* vsdkadh jh jpuk lwa jktLFkkuh ukV~;&jpuk uS vsd uokseksM+ nhukSA ^cksyko.k* esa jktLFkku jS tFkkjFk tho.k jks lgt fp=.k gSA fgUnh jk dkg.kh ys[kd Jheksguflag ^lsaxj*] jktLFkkuh vsdkaD;ka jh jpuk lwa jktLFkkuh vsdkadh lkfgR; esa vkijh BkSM+ c.kkbZgSA m.kka jkS ihGkS gkFk* jktLFkkuh jkS lkekftd vsdkadh gSA chdkusjoklh Jh Hkxoku xksLokeh bZ ckruS vkNh le>S gS dS vsdkadh jS vfHku; esa FkksM+h lkt&lkexzh jh t:jr iM+SA bZ fopkj uSa yS*jfy[;ksM+k oka&jk nks; ukVdka esa ^'kkfUrnwr* ikSjkf.kd vk[;ku uy≠Urh jkS izlax gS vj ^jkotSrlh* yksd&laLÑfr iz/kku vsdkadh gSA Jh cznhizlkn iapksyh jkS îk.kh iSyh ikG* vkNkS ukVd gSA

Jh cStukFk iaokj jk vsdkadh euekso.kk vj X;ku nso.kokGk gSA Jh iaokj jS vsdkaD;ka jk folSfjLor[kksjh] ckGfookg] ekslj tSM+h lkekftd leL;koka vj dqjhR;ka gSA m.kka jk vsdkaD;ka esa ^t;iapk;rjkt*] ^vki.kks [kkl vkneh*] îjnk izFkk*] ^vkHkw"k.kksa dk dwpØ*] ^f'k{kk jk ykHk* mYys[ktksxvsdkadh gSA Jh eksrhflag jkBkSM+ vj Jh Hktuyky gkL; jl jk dsbZ vkNk vsdkadh fy[;k gSAtks/kiqj jk- izks- xksfoUnyky ekFkqj dSbZ rjS gk vsdkadh fy[;k gSA m.kka jks lkr vsdkaD;ka jks laxzg^lrjafx.kh* ukao lw NI;kS gSA MkW- ekFkqj jk ?k.kdjk vsdkadh lkekftd leL;koka ekFkS gSA Jh ekFkqjjk vsdkadh jktLFkkuh tho.k jh ewaMS cksyrh rLohjka gSA

Jh x.kiryky Mkaxh jk vsdkadh vfHku; jS fopkj lwa ?k.kk pks[kk gSA ^dqcnh pkdj* oka jkSizfrfuf/k vsdkadh gSA JheUrdqekj O;kl bZ vsdkadh jk vkNk ys[kd gkA jktLFkkuh jh dsbZ if=dkokaesa m.kka jk vsdkadh NI;k gSA ^/ku vkSj /kjrh* vj ^dkaxzsl xkao&xkao c.kxh* m.kka jk izfrfuf/k vsdkadhgSA vsdkadh&ys[k.k jh j¶rkj c<+ksrjh ij gS vj uoka&uoka ys[kd lkeh vk; fj;k gSA

jktLFkkuh dgka.kh rkS jktLFkkuh jS lkxS bt c/krh jS;h gS i.k uoh jktLFkkuh dgka.kh vktknh jSikNyS jktLFkkuh vkUnksy.k lwa tqM+;ksM+h gSA jktLFkkuh uoh dgka.kh esa Jh uflag jktiqjksfgr jhdgka.kh îqUu jkS dke* dnkl laxGka lw ukeh gSA m.k jS yxS&VxS bZ fy[;ksM+h Jh eqjyh/kj O;kl jhdgka.;ka lu 1956 esa ôjlxkaB* ukao lwa fudGhA ê#ok.kh* vj ^vksGeks* jS tye jS lkxS jktLFkkujh ?k.kh dgka.;ka fudG.kh l: OghA jktLFkkuh jh uoh dgka.;ka nks; Hkkar jhA yksddFkkaoka uSyksd&eqgkojka jh vks<h&iSjh Hkklk vj lcnka jk xS.kka&xkcka lwa QwVjh fla.kxkjh jktLFkkuh dgka.khlkfgR; jkS foxlko djf.k;ka esa jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor] fot;nku nsFkk] uflag jktiqjksfgr]ukuwjke laLdÙkkZ] nkeksnjizlkn 'kekZ] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ bR;kn vkxhoka.k gSA

nwth Hkkar jk cs ys[kd gS ftdka jh dgka.;ka esa folS oLrq jh nhB lwa vkt jk lanHkZ vj leL;koka gS]

12

i.k jktLFkkuh jh ekVh jh vlyh xU/k&Hkhuh Hkklk vka dgka.;ka jk ys[kdka duSa dksuhaA vka dgka.;kajh leL;koka jktLFkkuh yksxka jh leL;koka dksuhaA vka jk lanHkZ bt m/kkj fy;kSM+k gSA bZ Hkkar jkys[kdka esa ikjl vjksM+k] gjeu pkSgku] ewGpan îzk.ks'k*] lkaoj nbZ;k] dj.khnku ckjgB] ;knosUnz 'kekZ^pUnz* bR;kfn vkoSA vkxS tk; uS vka nksU;wa Hkkar jS dgka.kh&ys[kdka eka; lwa bZ jktLFkkuh jS fl)dFkk&ys[kdka tye fy;kSA

Jh uflag jktiqjksfgr izxfr jk dgk.khdkj gSA vka jh dgka.;ka esa lekt jh gkyrka vj gdhdrka jk[kjk fprjkae eaM~;k gSA vSM+k fprjkae vkt jh dgka.kh&dGk jk vlyh xq.k ekuhtS gSA ?k.kh Åenkdgka.;ka jS ys[kd jS :i esa m.kka uSa buke Hkh feG~;k gSA jkroklkS* dgka.kh laxzg jS iNS vej pwauMh*]êÅ pkyh ekGoS* tSM+k vkNk dgka.kh&laxzS jh dgka.;ka lwa jktLFkkuh dgka.kh lkfgR; esa Jhjktiqjksfgr jh ?k.kh [;kfr OghA

Jh eqjyh/kj O;kl jS cjlxkaB* dgka.kh&laxzg jS iNS fy[;kSM+h oka jh dgka.;ka jk ik= thaorh laosn.kkjh /kjrh jk ik= gSA eqjyh/kj th vk/kqfud dgk.kh jk dhjr FkEc gSA

jktLFkkuh dgka.kh lkfgR; esa MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jkS bZ ?k.kkS ÅapkS ukao gSA m.kka jS dgka.kh&laxzg^dU;knku* jh dgka.;ka vknlZ] R;kx vj uhfr lwa laca/k jk[kS] i.k m.kka jS chtS dgka.kh&laxzg ^djM+hvkap* jh dgka.;ka lkapS gkM+&ekal jS feu[kka jh ftUnxh jS Bksl tFkkjFk uSa fn[kkoS gSA

jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor jh dgka.;k yksddFkkoka lwa izHkkfor gSA e>yk tqx jS lkeUrh tho.k jkHkkar&Hkkar jk fprjke mrkj.k esa m.kk uS deky gkfly gSA yksddFkkoka uSa vk/kkj c.kk; uS ?k.kh :Mhdgka.;ka fy[k.k esa lxGk dgka.kh&ys[kdka lwa ?k.kh yksdfiz;rk vj [;kfr iko.k vkGka eka; Jhfot;nku nsFkk jkS ukao Hkh gSA ^ckrka jh QqyokM+h* ukao lwa Jh nsFkk jk dSbZ dgka.kh&laxzg NI;k gSAJh jkes'oj n;ky JhekGh jh ^tlksnk*] ^lGoVk*] ^cM+kS ckcw*] ^dkapGh*] ^HkMwjk* vj ^?kj EgkjkS dksuh*lekt jS tkxj.k vj tFkkjFk uSa mtkxj dj.kS vkGh dgka.;ka gSA va/kfoloklka vj dqjhR;ka jS tqxhutkG esa mG>;ksM+k xkaoka uS lkeh jk[k*j dgka.;ka fy[k.k esa ukuwjke laLdrkZ vj cStukFk iaokj jk ukaoHkh mYys[ktksx gSA Jh Jhyky uFkey tks'kh jh dgka.;ka esa ijEijkoka lwa fojkS/k jkS lqj gSA m.kka jhdgka.kh îxksfFk;k* esa ôLrq* vj ^flYi* jkS bZ cnGko gSA

vUukjke ^lqnkek* jS dgka.kh&laxzg ^vka/kS uSa vka[;ka* jh dgka.;ka izsepUnth jh dgka.;ka tSM+h gSA m.kkajh dgka.;ka esa ik=ka jkS vknlZ] eksVks dysoj tSM+h ckrka gSA ewGpan îzk.ks'k* jS dgka.kh&laxzg ^ÅdGrkvkarjk lhGk lkal* jh dgka.;ka Hkh izsepUn jh dgka.;ka lwa izHkko fy;kSM+h gSA

miU;kl & miU;klka uSa ns[kka rks Jh f'kopUn Hkjfr;k uS ^dud lqanj* vj Jh Jhukjk;.k vxzokyjS ^pEik* jS izdkl.k jS ?k.kka cjlka iNS Jh Jhyky uFkey tks'kh&jkS ^vkHkS iVdh* miU;kl NI;kSAb.k miU;kl jS iNS jktLFkkuh esa miU;kl jh v[k.M ijEijk jkS vkjEHk Ogh;kSA ^vkHkS iVdh* esa fo/kok tho.k jh fHkLV ia.ks jkS ?k.kks vkdjkS :i feGS gS dS lqgkx.kka dqekjx esa iM+ T;koS rkS bZ m.kka jk/k.kh m.kka uSa fuan~;k lwa cpko.k esa <ky jkS dke djS] i.k fo/kok jkS vsd ikaoMkS bZ Ådpwd Ogh;kS uhadS lekt vkaxG~;ka mBko.k ykx T;koSA Jh tks'kh jkS chtkS miU;kl ^/kksjka jkS /kksjh* jktLFkkuhlkfgR; vj laLÑfr jk [kksth bVyh jk fo}ku MkW- VSLlhVksjh jS tho.k ekFkS fy[;ksM+h gSA vUukjke^lqnkek* jk lkr miU;kl êSdrh dk;k vj eqGdrh /kjrh*] ^vka/kh vj vkLFkk*] êsoS jk :a[k*] ^?kjlaLkkj* ¼nks; Hkkxka esa½ ^Madhtrk ekuoh*] ^xkao jkS xkSjo*] ^vpwd bykt* Ni pqD;k Ogh;k gSA vka jkmiU;klka esa jktLFkku jS t.k&tho.k jkS lkapkS :i vafdr fOg;kS gS vj ys[kd jS eu esa vki.kh /kjrhjS [kkrj izse fgyksGk ysoS gSA Jh lqnkek jS nwtksM+S miU;kl ^vka/kh vj vkLFkk* esa jktLFkkuh xkaoka jkSvkirkS fp=.k gSA jktLFkku jk xkao xjhch lwa vj dkG iM+T;koS rn ujd tSM+k nq[k >syS gSA vktos xkao nGcanh jS nGnG esa Qafl;kSM+k gSA

13

Jh ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz* jS miU;kl gwa xksjh fd.k iho jh* esa bZ ukjh jh v[kwV osnuk jkS lkxj >dksGkysoSA fo/kok jS tho.k jh dgk.kh b.k miU;kl esa gSA Jh ewypUn îzk.ks'k* jS miU;kl îjnslh jhxksjM+h* esa uoha chu.;ka jh csclh vj ifjokj jh ihM+k tkxh gSA Jh fot;nku nsFkk VhMks jko* esa vsdyksddFkk uSa miU;kl jkS :i fn;kS gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa iSyh vsfrgkfld miU;kl fy[k.k jkS tlJh lR;su tks'kh uSa gSA Jh tks'kh vkijk miU;kl ^daoG iwtk* esa tSlyesj jS bfrgkl jh vsd dFkkuSa [kqnjh dYiuk jkS iyksFk.k yxk*j isl djh gSA Jh N=ifr flag jS miU;kl frjladw* esa oxZ&la?klZjh leL;koka gSA Jh jkenÙk lkaLÑR; jS miU;kl ^vkHkyns* jh iwB lkaLØfrd gSA

dFkk lkfgR; jS lkxS&lkxS ukUgh&eksVh chth Hkkar jh jpukoka esa laLej.k] js[kkfp= ij x|dkO; bZfy[kht.k ykX;k gSA Jhyky uFkey tks'kh gS ^lcM+dk* ukao jS js[kkfp=ka uSa i<+rka dYiuk] Hkkoka vjO;aX;ka jkS etkS ,dlkFk feGS gSA f'kojkt Naxk.kh jS ^mf.k;kjk* esa Hkh vsM+k gh js[kkfp= gSA Jheqjyh/kj O;kl ^twuk thaork fprjke* jk ys[kd eqjyh/kj O;kl vsdyk bZ gSA laLej.k vj js[kkfp=kaessa Jh Hakojyky ukgVk jS ^ckuxh* laxzg jkS egkrkÅ gSA Jh useukjk;.k tks'kh jS laLej.kkRedjs[kkfp=ka esa ^dwn.k ckcks* vj ^lwjtks uk;d* ?k.kh vkNh jpukoka gSA ^vksGw jh vf[k;krka* MkW- tks'khjkS laLej.k laxzS gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ^vksyeks*] ê#ok.kh* ôjnk* tSM+h if=dkoka esa js[kkfp= vjlaLej.k Nirk jSoS gSA

Jh pUnzflag jh x|dkO; jh jpuk lhi* ukao lw Nih gSA x|dkO; fy[kf.k;ka esa Jh fcztyky fc;k.khjk x|xhr îapjkt* laxzg esa NI;k gSA ia- fo|k/kj 'kkL=h] jkeflag raoj] eqjyh/kj O;kl vjdUgS;kyky lsfB;k tSM+k lejFk x|dkO; jp.kS vkGka jkS ?k.kks ukao gSA 'kkL=h th jS x|dkO; jkSlaxzg ûkxjiku* gS vj lsfB;kth jS laxzg jkS ukao îka[kM+Y;ka* gSA ckrphr] lEcks/ku vj dFkk jS rkSjrjhdS lwa fy[;ksM+k lsfB;k th jS x|dkO; jh ckuxh ^xGxfp;k* esa gSA

fucU/k ys[k.k jh c<+ksrjh esa jktLFkkuh jh vksGeks*] e#ok.kh*] gjkoG*] ykMslj*] tkxrh tksr* tSM+hif=dkoka egrkÅ ;ksxnku dj~;kS gSA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ Bk- jkeflag raoj] vuUryky dksBkjh] MkW-xkso)Zu 'kekZ] ujkSÙkenkl Lokeh] fo|k/kj 'kkL=h] lkSHkkx flag ls[kkor] izks- dY;k.k flag ls[kkor]MkW- ukFkwyky ikBd] MkW- ujsUnz Hkkukor] lqesjflag ls[kkor] MkW- 'kfDrnku dfo;k] MkW- ukjk;.kflagHkkVh] MkW- egsUnz Hkkukor tSM+k jktLFkkuh jk dSbZ ys[kd oj.kkukRed lwa yS;*j fopkjkRed vjlks/k [kkst vj gkL;&O;aX;kRed fucU/k fy[k jS;k gSA vk ckr t:j lkph gS dS jktLFkkuh esabathfu;fjax] [ksrh] foX;ku tSM+k fol;ka jh uoh&uoh tk.kdkjh nso.k vkGk fuca/kka jkS rkS gky rkabZVksVks bZ gSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh [kkl&[kkl fo/kkoka jh foxr

dgka.kh] miU;kl] ukVd] vsdkadh] fuca/k] laLej.k] fjiksjrkt] js[kkfp=] thouh

2-3 dgka.kh

dgka.kh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh ywaBh vj lkarjh fo/kk gSA dgka.kh tho.k jh t:jr gSA b.khdkj.k tn lwa txrh c.kh] oha cxr lwa bZ dgka.kh jh l:vkr gw;xhA lf"V jkS c.k.kkS [kqn vsd dgka.khgSA dgka.kh jS fodkl uS yxkrkj xfr nso.k jkS dke dj~;kS HkklkA Hkklk jS tfj;S dgka.kh lekt esapkoh gqbZA l: esa b.k jkS :i tokuh jS;kS vj gksGS&gksGS b.k vkijkS fyf[kt :i vf[;rkj dj~;kSA

tho.k dnSbZ vsd tkxka fFkj dksuh jSoSA tho.k jk eksy Hkh fFkj dksuh jSoSA cnGrS tho.k vj tho.kewY;ka jS izlaxka jh iGsV dgk.kh jkS :i&jpko vj c.kxV bZ cnGrh jSoSA vks cnGko t:jh gS] dkj.kdS cnGko jh izfØ;k bZ ftuxk.kh gS vj dgka.kh ftuok.kh lwa vyx dksuh gq; ldSA

vks cnGkoka uS dBS lwa js[kkafdr djka] vks loky tn lkeh vkoS rkS vkaika uS b.k jh l:vkr vktknh

14

jS cxr lwa dj.kh pkbZtSA dkj.k dS fd.kh bZ tkr] lekt vj nsl jS cnGkoka jh vlyh l:vkr okajh vktknh lkxS bZ tqM~;kSM+h gq;k djSA vBS bZ vk ckr dSo.kh ykteh gS xqykeh jh dSn lwa eqxr gqo.k[kkrj yksxka ftdh dkslhlka djh] oka jh ppkZ vdkjFk dksuh vj dgk.kh Hkh m.kjks ,d tfj;kS gksAjktLFkkuh dgka.kh tkrjk jh l:vkr lu~ 1950 jS iNS l: gqoSA

vktknh feGrkabZ lewpS nsl vj nsl jS yksxka jh vka[;ka vkxS Hkfo"l jk QwBjk fprjke ?kwe.k ykX;kAuok&uok lqiuk ltko.k jh dkeukoka tkxk ykxhA vka cjlka esa vsd uoh nhB jkS fodkl gq;kS vjvktknh uS ywaBh ftEesnkjh :i dcwy.k jh ckr lkeh vk;hA vf/kdkjka lkxS dÙkZO;ka jh ckr tqM+hAdÙkZO;&fcgw.kS vf/kdkjka ekFkS vkadl yxkbT;kSA vO;oLFkk] vjktdrk vj fHkLVkpkj jS f[kykQvktkn nsl jks tu vkokt mBkbZA

vka cnGrS jktuhfrd gkykrka jkS vlj vkneh jS lkekftd vj vkfFkZd tho.k ij iM+;kSA feu[k jksthou vk cnGkoka jh pisV esa vk;X;kA vki.kS lkekftd tho.k jkS ewG <kapkS gkS l;qDr ifjokjAla;qDr ifjokj lektoknh lekt jks lkarjkS uewukS gq; ldS gkS] i.k b.k esa vys[kwa nksl ?kj djX;kvj b.k jh tM+rk] ?kqV.k vj tsG lks jax&<ax] b.kjS fo[kjko jkS dkj.k c.;kSA :txkj jkS uwarkS vjlSjla jh ped&ned lwa xkaoka jks yksx lSjka dkauh meM+;kA xkaoka jk ekjx lSjka jh lM+dka lwa tqM+X;kvj >waiM+;k /kksjka jh [kqyh gok esa jerh lkalka ladM+S dejka esa vk;*j dG&dkj[kkuka jS /kwaoS vj n¶rjkajh Qkbyka uhpS nc.k&?kwV.k ykxhA

vkijS vlokMS&ilokM+S jS ifjosl jh lakph vksG[kka.k uoh dgka.kh esa bZ yk/kSA ys[kd vkijSvlokM+s&ilokM+S lwa oS lkap latksoS] ft.kk jkS lkap gqo.kkS [kkyh oha jS [kqnrkabZ*t uha gqoS] vkS lkap nwtSyksxka uS bZ y[kkoSA [kqn jS lkap lwa nwtka jS lkap jkS vkS tqM+ko bZ uoh dgk.kh jkS ewG lqj gSA vktys[kd jh rdyhQka lwa ikBd jS tqM+ko jkS dkj.k vkS bZA jpuk jS ek/;e lwa ikBd vkijS vsM+S&NsMS+jS lalkj uS vksG[kS! uoh dgkf.k;ka jk vS ?k.k[kjk ik= ftdk êSa* ;k ^cha* jS :i esa vk;k gS] dbZ nQSrkS ikBd vka lwa bÙkk tqM+ tkoS oS oS [kqn uS bZ dgka.kh jkS ik= le>.k ykxSA

vkijS ifjosl vj tho.k jh rdyhQka lwa vlyh tqM+ko jkS bZ urhtks gS dS vkt ftdh dgkaf.k;kafy[kht jS;h gS] oka jS ik=ka jh vksG[kk.k lgtrk lwa djht ldS gSA

dsbZ twauk ys[kd vrhr lwa b.k dnj tqM+;kSM+k gk dS ckajh nhB b.k lkap lwa vkxS dksuh c/kS dSjktLFkku jkS bfrgkl [kM+drh ryokj] dM+drh yydkj vj cGcGrh >kGka esa gksehtrh dapuljhlh dk;k jkS bfrgkl gSA lkspka dS vkS bfrgkl gkS] vcS dBS gS \

nwtS dkuh oS ys[kd gS ftdka uS y[kkoS ds lekt esa pkSQsj v.krk;ka] vuhrk;ka] csbZekuh vj dwM+ jkSjkt gSA lkap vj lq[k [kkyh lqiukS gSA ftuxk.kh nq[kka jkS nfj;ko gSA vsM+S ekgkSy esa tho.kkS fcjFkkgSA vk ftuxk.kh tho.k tksxh bZ dksuhA oka jh b.k xwxGh nhB jk ftdk ik= lkaeS vkoS oS xG;ksM+SgkMekal jk iwrGk lk ykxSA

dgka.kh vk nksuwa bZ rjg jh nhB lwa ijS] vkneh uS oha jS ifjosl vj lgh lanjHkka esa dcwySA oha jkS tho.kftlkS bZ gS] HkykS ;k ekM+kS&oha uS dcwy*j tho.k es ftÙkh xUnxh gS] oha uS ckjS dk<+*j ,d lkQ lqFkjStho.k jh mEehn fy;ka ywaBS cnGko jh mMhd esa iwjh fgEer vj foLokl lwa thorS vkneh jh dgk.khgSA

vka lSax izlaxk uS mtkxj dj.k vkGh dgkaf.k;ka jh lk[k [kkrj nk[kyS Lo:i vS ukao fx.k ldkagka&vkstwa clUr] tqM+;k&dV~;k] xGh c.krk ?kj] lqdM+htrk vkax.kk ¼lkaoj nb;k½] BL;ksM+ks ewu]vdkG ekSr] ea>/kkj dkuh] ykycÙkh ckrka] fnup;kZ] mMhd] cqf)thoh] rkez iÙkj] Hkhar] Hkkjr HkkX;fo/kkrkA

15

dgkaf.k;ka uS lkaeS yko.k jkS dke e:ok.kh gjkoG] nhB vj gsyks Nkika jS tfj;S gq;kS] okS ljko.k tksxgSA

uoh dgka.kh jh l:vkr gqbZ gS vj b.k l:vkr uS iqjk.kS dke lwa tksM+.k jh gS] ftdkS dS loZJheqjyh/kjkj O;kl] uflag jktiqjkSfgr] ukuwjke laLdrkZ] nkeksnjizlkn 'kekZ] MkW- euksgj'kekZ] ewypUnizk.ks'k] Jhyky uFkey tks'kh dj~;kS gSA vUukjke lqnkek b.kh ih<+h jk gS] i.k oka duS Hkklk vj Hkkojk ftdk eksM+&fetkt gS] cs vka lxGka lwa fujokGk fn[kkoSA

eqjyh/kj O;kl] Jhyky uFkey tks'kh] ewypUn izk.ks'k] euksgj 'kekZ bR;kn jh dgkaf.k;ka eka; lwa oSdgkaf.k;k VkGh tkoS ftdka esa vkneh ^vkijS bZ* :i esa vk;kS gSa vj tho.k jh rdyhQka uS>syrkS&HkksxrkS oka lwa twa>.k jh f[kerk jk[kSA okS fd.kh ^lq/kkjoknh nhB* jS lkapS esa uha <G~;ksM+kS gqoSA

dgk.kh jks lEcU/k vkneh lwa gS vj vkneh jkS lEcU/k lekt lwaA lekt jh le> lk:a lekt'kkL=h;nhB jh t#jr gqoSA lekt vknfe;ka jh HkhM+ jkS ukao dksuh----A vkneh vj vkneh jS fcPpS ftdklEcU/k gqoS] oka uS le>.kkS bZ lekt uS le>.kkS gSA vS lEcU/k c.krk jSoS] VwVrk jSoS vj uok :i /kkj.k djrk jSoA gj[k jh ckr gS ds ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] ef.ke/kqdj] lkaoj nb;k] nhun;ky dqUnu]uUn Hkkj}kt] jkes'ojn;ky Jhekyh] Ñ".k dfYir] gjeu pkSgku] eksgu vkyksd] Hkaojyky lqFkkj^Hkzej* vj guqeku ikjhd vkfn vka cnGrS&VwVrS lEcU/kka fcPpS tho.k uS mtkxj dj.k esa lkaxksikax[kir djhA

2-4 ukVd

ukVd lkLrj jk iz.ksrk Hkjr eqfu ukVd jh ifjHkklk nsrk m.kuS yksdor jkS vuqdj.k crk;kS gS &^yksdoÙkkuqdj.k ukV;e~*A bZ esa ukVd jS okLrS nks ckrka t:jh ekuh gS & ¼1½ yksdoÙk ;k dksbZ dFkk]dk*.kh ;k tho.k esa gq;kSM+h ?kVukoka ftdh vsd dk*.kh jS :i esa gqoS vj ¼2½ vuqdj.k jks erGc ohajh udy mrkj.khA bZ rjS vfHku; ukVd jkS t:jh vax fl) gqoS vj cks ft.k tkxka dj;kS tkoS cksjaxeap gSA fcuk jaxeap ;k vfHku; jS ukVd jh dYiuk uha djh tk ldSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa HkhukVdka jkS l#vkr jkS :i ^jkld*] ^jkl*] ^Qkx*] ^ppZjh* dkO;ka esa feGSA vkxS pky*j vS ûkp&xk.kkokGk jkl* [;ky reklka jkS :i ys fy;kSA ftdkS ukVdka jS T;knk utnhd gkSA vS [;ky&reklkvkt bZ thoark gS vj xkaoka esa vj dnS dnkl lSjka esa Hkh gksGh tSM+k fraokjka ekFkS gqork futj vkoSAvka esa xksihpan] HkjFkjh] ghj&jkatk vkn ?k.kk yksd pkok gSA

vka [;ky reklka jkS jaxeap lh/kkS&lknkS [kqykS jaxeap eap gkSA cLrh jS e> esa tBS dBSbZ FkksM+kS [kqykSpkSd gqorkS] m.k*jS chp esa t:jr ekQd nks&pkj ydM+h jk ikV cjkScj jh ÅapkbZ ekFkS tek nsorkuS Åij fcNk nsrk vsd tkteA vka ij ,d dkuh cSB tkork xoS;k] lkftank vj uhps pksd esa pkSQsjcSB tkork reklkS ns[kf.k;kA ?kjka jk >jh[kka] MSyka.k uS MkxGk Hkh njldka lwa Hkfj;k jS*rkA uha dksbZiM+nka jkS dkae uS uha dksbZ vs;jdaMhlM gkWy jh t:jrA vki.kh jh laLØrh jh vk* folslrk gS dSpkgs ukVd gqokS] pkgs [ksy&dwn] eki&rksy] uki&tks[k uS [kkl rjS lkt lkeku jkS >xM+kS bt uhajk[;kSA

fd.kh bZ Hkklk esa fljSdkj ukVd oS yksx bZ ns lfd;k gS] tdk [kqn eaft;kSM+k vfHkusrk gk vkSj [kqnbZukVdka jkS fnXnjl.k djrkA i.k /kheS&/kheS lkfgR; jS fodkl jS lkFkS vSM+k fo}ku bZ ukVd fy[k.kykxk T;kajkS vfHku; lwa vj ukVd jS fnXnjl.k lwa dha rYykS&cYykS bZ uha gksA vka ukVdka uS jaxeapij isl dkj.k uS vc[kkbZ vko.k ykxh rks vka ys[kdka vki jk ukVdka uS lkfgfR;d ukVd dS*.kh lq:fd;kS vj vkS loky iSnk gqokS ds dkabZ ukVd jS okLrS jaxeap ij [ksyht.kkS t:jht gS \ ukVd [kkyhi<.k lk:a D;wa uha fy[kht ldS \ ;k iNS dSo.k ykxk dS FkkjS jaxeap uS EgkjS ukVdka jS tksxkS c.kko.klk: oha esa t:jh QSj cnG djkSA ukVd dkO; jS okLrs bZ dS;kS x;kS gSA b.k lc jS ckotwn fodflr

16

Hkklkoka jS lkfgR; esa blk ukVdka jh deh dksuh ftdka uS ts eap ekFkS [ksyka rkS njldka jS v/kchplwa bZ ÅB uS Hkkx tko.k jkS vanslkS jS*oS i.k QSj bZ fopkjka jh xS*jkbZ vj fo}Ùkk jh nhB lwa oSekuhft;kSM+k ukVd fx.khtSA vuks[kh ckr vk* gS dS vka ukVdka jh lajpuk jks xB.k rkS lkjkSnL;&dkO; jh rjS jkS OgS i.k QSj bZ okajkS vk.kUn i<uS bZ fyjht ldS] ns[k uS uha] vj okS bZ ewBhHkfj;k fo}ku yS; ldS] vke vkneh jS oS dke jk uha gqoSA fgUnh esa ukVdka jh Hkjekj gksrk Fkdka bZ?k.kdjk ukVd folsl rkSj lwa vktknh jS iSyh fyf[kft;kSM+k ukVd b.kh rjS jk gS T;ka esa eaph; xq.kkajkS ?k.kkS vHkko gA bZ nhB lwa ejkBh vj xqtjkrh jkS ukVd lkfgR; ?k.kkS thoar gS vj oha esa vsd lwavsd cndk ukVd gS ftdk dS eap ekFkS ?k.kh lQyrk lwa [ksyhtSA

jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jS fodkl uS ts vkaika leS js[kkoka esa ckaVka&vkfn] e/; uS vk/kqfud vjdky&foHkktu jS eqÌS ekFkS fo}kuka esa ?k.kh erHksn ns[krka eksVS :i esa vkfn dky 13oha lwa 14oha lnhjS var rd] e/; 15oha lnh lwa 18oha lnh jS var rd] uS 1800 fo- jS ckn lwa vk/kqfud leS eku*jpkyka] rkS dS;kS tk; ldS gS dS vkfn dky esa ukVd yksd&ukV; jS nks&pkj :ika esa bZ feGSA iwjS :ilwa ft.k uS ûkVd* dS;kS tk ldS] blh jpuk uharks vkfn dky esa gqbZ feGS vj u e/;dky esaA vkaikajk nsl esa ukVdka jh ijEijk ?k.kh iqjk.kh gSA bZlk lwa bZ 3lnh iSyka jk Hkklk jk ukVd laLØr esa feGSvj dkfGnkl jk ukVdka jkS rkS 18oha lnh esa ;wjkSi jh Hkklkoka esa bZ mYFkkS OgS.kkS lq: gkS pqdkS gkSAck.kHkV~V jh rkS [kqn jh ukVd&eaMGh gh vj g"kZo/kZu jS jkt esa vsd&vsd ukVd dSbZ jkrka rd[ksyht uS iwjkS OgsrkSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS vkfn dky jkS lkfgR; rkS QSj bZ m.kjS >ka>jdS jh csGkajkS lkfgR; ekuht ldS gS tn dS oks viHkzal jS izHkko lwa iwjh rjS NqVdkjkS uha ik lfd;kS gkS i.k e/;dkr rkS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh Hkjiwj tokuh jkS tqx gS ft.k esa x|&i| nksuka esa eksdGh jpukokagqbZ vj lkfgfrd xq.kka lwa Hkjiwj jpukoka bZ gqbZ i.k vk bpjt jh ckr gS dS jktLFkkuh ys[kdka jkS/;ku ukVdka jh jpuk dkauh D;wa uha x;kS tn dS nsl esa ukVdka jh bÙkh tksjnkj ijEijk ekStwn ghAi.k vk nq?kZVuk dksjh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS lkFkS bZ gqbZ OgS vsM+h ckr uha gS] vk[kh vk/kqfud vk;ZHkklkoka jS lkfgR; jkS vkS*bZ gky gSA fgUnh esa rkS x| jh l#okn bZ vk/kqfud dkg ;k foØe jh chlohalnh lwa bZ ekuhtS gS i.k jktLFkkuh esa rkS x| jh twuh ijEijk gh] QSbZ bZ ukVd jpuk uha gqbZAfdrkd dkj.k rkS lkaek bZ nhlS gSA e/;&tqx tq)ka jkS uS mFkG&iFkG jkS tqx jkS ft.kjk gkykrukVdka jS vj jaxeap jS vuqdwy uha iM+rkA ywV&[klksV vj Hkkx&nkSM+ jS chpS ukVd [ksy.kkS fd.kuS lw>rkSA 18oha lnh jS ckn lwa eqlyekuka jk yxkrkj geyka jS dkj.k ukVdka jh ijEijk de lwa demÙkj Hkkjr esa rkS VwVrh bZ futj vkoSA nwth ckr vk dS jktLFkkuh jkS cksa dky jkS lkfgR; rhu rjSjkS gkS & ¼i½ tSuka vj ckae.kka jkS fy[;ksM+kS /kkfeZd lkfgR; ¼ii½ pkj.kka jkS fyf[k;ksM+kS fMaxG lkfgR;vj ¼iii½ yksd lkfgR;A b± esa lwa /kje jk izpkj jS okLrS ukVd rkS tSuka jS vuqdwG uha iM+rk gk D;wadSrhFk±djka uS eap ekFkS fn[kko.kkS cs vkt bZ Bhd uha ekuS lk/kqoka jkS lkax Hkj.kkS Hkh tSu yksx vlk/kukekuS vj tSuka jh dksbZ Hkh dFkk lk;n gh vS*M+h gqoS tha jS var esa uk;d ;k uk;dk nh{kk yS;*jlk/kq&lk/oh uha c.kSA cke.kka jS /kje izpkj jh Hkkouk jkeyhyk] jklyhyk vj xksihpan HkjFkjh ftlk[;ky&reklk lwa bZ frjir gw; tkorh ft.klwa lk;n oS bZ ukVd jpuk dkuh /;ku uha fn;kSA vkajkSlkfgR; bZ jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ?k.kkS uha gS D;wa dS b.k leZ esa cztHkklk jS izpkj lwa os ?k.kdjkS lkfgR;fiaxG esa bZ fyf[k;kSA pkj.k lkfgR; ;k fMaxG dkO; e/;dkG jkS lclwa lwa lEiUu gS] ft.kesax|&i| jh feyh&tqyh lSyh jh opfudkoka bZ gS i.k vka dfo;ka jkS lkjkS /;ku vkJ;nkrk jktkokauSa fcM+nko.k esa vj okajk oal uS ÅapkS fn[kko.k esa bZ vVfd;kSM+k fj;kS jktkoka uS ukVd fn[kk.kkS brjkSlksjkS dke uha gkS ftÙkkS dkO; lq.kko.kkSA lk;n b.kh dkj.k oS dkO; jpuk lwa vkxS uha cfn;kA tq)kajkS ftlkS ltho fp=.k dkO; esa gq; ldS folkS ukVd esa fn[kko.kkS laHko uha gqoS D;wadS tq) jk njlkojaxeap okGk yksx gkA urhtkS vks gq;kS dS ukp&xk.kk vj vfHku; <ksfy;ka vj HkkaMka jkS dke fx.kht.kykxkS vj jktLFkku esa vk* Hkkouk lu~ 1925&30 rkabZ bZ ekStwn ghA

17

dkj.k dha bZ jS;k gqokS] vk ckr lkQ gS dS vk/kqfud leZ jS iS*yk ukVdka jh jpuk ?k.kdjh HkklkokankabZ jktLFkkuh esa bZ gqbZA lgh vjFkka esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk iS*yk ukVdkdkj fo-la- 1910 esatufe;kSM+k flopanth Hkjfr;k bZ BS*jSA os laLØr jk rkS ÅapS njtS jk fiaMr gk bZ] ejkBh] fgUnh vjjktLFkkuh esa bZ ?k.kh lQGrk lwa fy[k ldrk gkA bZ okLrS oka jk ukVdka esa ;k pk:a Hkklkok jkS izHkkokvj HksG gSA oka jS iS*yk 18oha lnh jS var esa gq;kSM+k fdjikjketh jS bZ vsd ukVd jh pjpk rkS feGSi.k oka jkS ukVd lkeh uha vk;kS gSA b± okLrS Hkjfr;kth uS bZ iS*yk ukVddkj ekfu;k tkoSA fgUnhesa Hkh ukVdka jS mn; jkS yxHkx vks*bZ leS gSA Hkjfr;kth jkS iS*yks ukVd ^dslj foykl* Nfi;kS i.kokS ?k.kkS pkokS uha gqokSA fo- la- 1963 esa fyf[k;ksM+h ukVd ^cq<+kik jh lxkbZ* lwa Hkjfr;kth uSukVddkj jS :i esa ?k.kkS tl fefG;kSA b± esa egkjk"Vª esa cfl;kSM+k ekjokfM+;ka jS tho.k jh latho vjlkph >kadh gSA ukVd 3 vadka jkS gS i.k b± jh lajpuk esa ukVd lSyh jkS bZ izHkko lkQ >GdSA vkSukVd eaxGkpj.k lwa l: OgS uS Hkjr okD; esa [kre OgS gSA b± jk nks laLdj.k Nfi;kA b.kjS iNS okajkS rhtkS ukVd ^QkVdk tatkG* Nfi;kS tha esa ekjokM+h lekt jh cqjkbZ jkS fp=.k gS] T;wa dS lV~VkS]nykyh] oxSjk] i.k b± jS lkFkS ifrozr /kje vj Lonslh izse jk minsl Hkh gSA vks ukVd ikap vadkjkS gS vj b.kesa ejkBh vj [kM+h cksyh jkS txS&txS iz;ksx gq;kS gS vj minslka jh Hkjekj gSA

vka ukVdka uS ns[k.kS lwa vk ckr lkQ gqoS dS Hkjfr;kth uS jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa jpuk jh izjs.kklekt&lq/kkj jh xS*jh Hkkouk lwa feGhA oS [kqn b± ckr jkS mYys[k fd;kS gS lekt&lq/kkj jh tM+ gSyqxk;ka vj cS v.ki<+ gS lks oka rkabZ [kqn jh ckr jktLFkkuh lwa bZ iqxkbZ tk ldS gSA

vktknh jS iS*yka jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lkfgR; jpuk jh izsjd lxrh ^lekt&lq/kkj* jh Hkkouk gS gh]Hkklk jh psruk uhaA vk ckr ?k.kh egÙkkÅ gS D;wa*dS lkfgR;&jpuk jh fnlk] fol;ka jkS pq.kko vjjpuk jkS Lrj vS lxGh ckrka ys[kd jS mÌsL; lwa bZ lacaf/kr gqoSA b.kh dkj.k vktknh jS iS*yk jkSjktLFkkuh lkfgR; dfork vj db± ukVd&lxGka jkS ewG lqj fopkj&izlkj vj izpkj jks gkSA tqxjk ukVdka esa lkfgR; de vj minsl T;knk gSA

1922 jS ckn êkjokMh Hkklk izpkj eaMG*] Fkke.kxako ¼egkjk"Vª½ lwa ukjk;.knklth vxjokG jkfyf[k;kSM+k 8 ukVd Nfi;kA eaMG jS ukae esa HkklkbZ psruk >GdSA ukjk;.knklth lekt lq/kkj jSvykok nwtk folS bZ fy;k&FkksM+kS fol;&foLrkj gq;kSA bfr;kl vj iqjk.k laca/kh ukVd l: dj.kjkS tl ukjk;.knklth uS fn;kS tk; ldSA vka esa gkL;&iz/kku ukVd bZ gk ft.kkauS ys[kd [kqn QkWlZ*uke fn;kS gSA vka jh jpukoka gSa & 1- ckG&C;ko dks QkWlZ 2- vdy cM+h dS HkSal 3- fo|k mn; 4-HkkX;ksn; 5- egkjk.kk izrki 6- nku&/keZ ukVd 7- ljLorh&fot; 8- egkHkkjr dks Jhx.kslA fol;kajh fofo/krk vka ukVdka esa gS vS ukVd ?k.kdjk NksVk gS ft.kkesa esa nks ;k rhu vad gSA njlko 10&15rd gSA vka jS vykok b.k leS esa uhpS fy[;k ukVdka jkS Hkh mYys[k MkW- vkKkpan HkaMkjh vki jklks/k izca/k esa dfj;kS gS & xqykcpanth ukxksjh jk nks ukVd & ¼1½ ekjokM+h ekSlj* vj lxkbZ&tatkG*Avka jh Hkklk ij ejkBh jkS dkQh izHkko gSA ckyfe=th fyf[kr ^dGtqxh Ñ".k #De.k* uka lwa bZlelkef;d thou ij O;aX; gSA enueksguth fl) jkS ^va/k&ijEijk* vj vkslokG fgrdkj.kh lHkkykMuwa lwa Nfi;k ^lekt&lq/kkj* ukVd jkS mYys[k feGSA

b.k leZ jk ukVddkjka esa Hkjfr;kth jS iNS enueksguth fl) jk ukVd&^tSiqj jh T;ksa.kkj* izfl)gSA ft.k jk rhu laLdj.k Ni.k Nfi;kA vkS ukVd pkj&pkj njlkoka jk nks [kaMka esa gSA iS*ykS [kaM1985 fo- ¼1928 bZ-½ vj nwtkS laor 1994 ¼1939 bZ-½ esa fudfG;kSM+kS gSA

2-4-1 Lora=rk jS ckn jkS ukVd lkfgR;

flusek jS dkj.k ukVdka jkS izpkj vsdne de gqo.k ykxkS vj 5&7 cjlka esa bZ dsbZ izfl)ukVd dEifu;ka dS rkS [kre OgSxh dS fQYeka c.kko.k ykxxh T;wa dS dydÙkS jk enu

18

fFk;sVj vj U;w fFk,VlZA b± lwa b.k tqx esa ukVd jpuk dkauh ys[kd de /;ku fn;kSA?k.kdjk vsdkadh bZ fy[kht.k ykxkA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa bZ vk* bZ gkyr jSbZA lkfgfR;dukVdka esa MkW- vkKkpan HkaMkjh jkS vsd NksVkS ukVd îUuk/kk;* lu~ 1963 bZ- esa Nfi;kS tdkSfolS jh uohurk vj jpuk dkSlG jh nhB lwa ljko.k tksxkS gSA rhu vadka jkS nwtkS dksbZ ukVdb± fyf[kft;kSM+kS fuaxS uha vk;kSA xksfoUnykyth ekFkqj bZ vsd ^ngst* ukao jkS rhu vadka jkSukVd fyf[k;kSA xksfoUnykyth jh Hkklk ekjokM+h gS vj eqgkojk jS dkj.k izHkkoh gSA eqacbZesa vsd ukVd [ksyhfTk;kS&lqikrj chau.kh uS dqikrj chanA

Lora=rk jS ckn jk leS esa Hkjr O;kl dha ukVd vSM+k bZ fyf[k;k ftdka jh fQYeka c.kh &¼1½ 1947 esa ^jaxhykS ekjokM+* vj 1948 esa ^<+ksyk ejo.k*A i.k jktLFkkuh fQYeka esa ^ckckslkjh ykMyh* vj ^ckck jkenso* ?k.kh tx/kkoh gqbZA

xhr&ukV;ka jks izpG.k Hkh gq;kS vj jktLFkkuh ys[kdka jkS /;ku m.k dkauha x;ksA tu&dfox.kslhyky mLrkn ftdk [kqn vktknh jS tax jk vsd tksjnkj flikgh gk] tu&tkxj.klk: jktLFkkuh esa xhr&dkO; fyf[k;k ft.kk esa ^c/kkmM+h* /k.kkS pkokS gSA FkksM+k cjlka iS*ykes?kjkt eqdqy jh pkoh dforka lSuk.kh uS Jherh 'khyk >qu>quokyk izHkkolkGh fujr ukfVdkjkS :i fn;kSA vk fujr ukfVdk ukjk;.knÙk tks/kiqjh jk funsl.k esa dbZ txS ?k.kh lQyrkjS lkFkS vfHkuhr OghA ehjka ij bZ rhu fujr ukfVdk;ka c.kha gS ¼vsd Jh xtkuu oekZ jh] nwthnsohykyth lkej jh vj rhth ukjk;.knÙk tks/kiqjh jh½A

2-5 vsdkadh

vsdkadh ukVdka jh fo/kk iqjkuh gS D;wa dS laLØr Hkklk esa bZ ^Hkk.k* O;k;ksx] ohf/k] vad vjizgl.k ukao jk :id vsd&vsd vad jk bZ OgSrkA i.k vka jh lajpuk vsM+k dBksj fu;eka esacaf/k;ksM+h gh dS cS vsdkafd;ka lwa ?k.kk vGxk iM+ tkoSA :i vsd lks OgSrk Fkdka bZ oka jh vkRekfHkUu gSA vk/kqfud vsdkadh tqx jh ekax lwa iSnk gq;kSM+k gSA yksxka jkS tho.k bÙkks O;Lr OgsxkSds ykack ukVd ns[k.k jh Qqjlr bZ uha jSbZ vj fluseka rkS rhu vadh ukVdka jkS lQk;kS djfn;kS D;wadS v<kbZ ?kaVka esa fQYeka fd.kh bZ dFkk uS ftlk ltho vj euksjatd :i esa izLrqrdjS ok ckr 5&5 ?k.Vk jk ukVdka esa bZ vka.kh laHko uha OgSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ukVdka jS mnSdky esa FkksM+k ?k.kk vsdkadh fyf[kft;k i.k ?k.kdjk lu~1930 jS iNS bZ fyf[kft;kA ;wa rkS 1925 es Hkxorh izlkn th nk:dk jkS fyf[k;ksM+kS ^lhB.kklq/kkj* vsdkadh oka jk îapukVd* esa Nkfi;ks gS i.k m.kjk laoknka esa [kM+h cksyh jkS ?k.kkS vljgS vj T;knkrj ekjokM+h vj [kM+h cksyh jkS HksG gSA lu~ 1930 esa ljnkj lgj fuoklhlksHkkpan th tEeM+ jkS vsdkadh izgl.k o) fookg fonwl"k* lkaEgh vk;kSA ljnkjlgj esa vsdeuksjatu ifjln bZ dk;e gqbZ ft.kesa tEeM+th jk ?k.kdjk vsdkadh vfHkuhr gq;kA

2-5-2 ukVd vj vsdkadh eka; Qjd

ukVd vj vsdkadh esa eksVkS Qjd vkS bt gS dS vsdkadh eka; vsd vad jkS bt eaMka.k OgS vjukVd eka; dsbZ vad gq;k djSA b.k Hkkar vsdkadh ukVd jkS bt vsd Hkkx gqoSA

2-4 miU;kl

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS isykS miU;kl ^dud lqanj* tk.khtSA b.k jk fy[kkjk f'kopUnz Hkjfr;k gS vjb.kjh NikbZ la- 1960 esa gqbZA

b.k miU;kl eka; m.k c[kr jh cqjk;ka jS fuokj.k [kkrj lq/kkjoknh nhB jk[khth gSA ifjokj jhleL;koka fta;k*dS fQtwy [kpZ vfon~;k vj lekt jh nwth cqjkbZ;ka T;w cky fookg ngst] vuesG

19

C;ko] Vhdk vkn uS ikBdk lkeh Y;ko.k jks tru gq;kS gSA

nwtkS miU;kl Jh ukjk;.k vxzoky jkS ^pEik* gSA vk jpuk lekt lq/kkj jh Hkkouk lwa fy[khth gSA

b.k iNS MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jh ^jkfgc lkfgc* vj ^dqaojlh lka[kyks* ukao jh laikfnr jpukoka miU;kl<ax lw laikfnr gS i.k b.kkuS miU;kl uha d;kS tk ldSA ts vkauS miU;kl jh tkxka ysoka rkSjktLFkkuh jkS ?k.kdjkS ckr lkfgR; miU;kl lwa dh de uhaA

miU;kl fy[k.k jh yxkSyx ijEijk Jhyky uFkey tkslh jh ^vkHkS iVdh* jpuk lwa l: gqbZAtkslhth jh bZ nks nwth jpukoka gS ft.kk esa vsd vaxszth dfork jkS x|kuqokn gS vj nwth MkW- VsLlhVksjhjkS thou pfjÙkA

tkslhth jh ^vkHkS iVdh* jpuk eka; vsd fo/kok ukjh jS nq[k&njn jkS eje gSA ^vkHkS iVdh* jhfdluk ekuhrk lsB jh fo/kok gSA m.kjS fo/kok tho.k jh m.kjS tho.k jh gal&crGko.k [kkrj fd;ka[krjkS c.kxh b.kjks tkslh th lkarjkS fp=kae f[kaP;kSA

tkslh jh nwth jpuk ^,d chu.kh nks chu* vaxzst egkdfo ykMZ Vsuhlu jh dfork ^bZud vkjMu* jkSx|kuqokn gSA ewG vuqokn jkS Qjd dksjkS ukaoka lwa y[kkoSA

^/kksjka jkS /kksjh* miU;kl esa tkslhth jktLFkkuh tutho.k jk fopkjd vj lkfgR; laLÑfr jk fprsjkMkW- VsLlhVksjh jS tho.k pfjr jkS cj.kko dfj;kS gSA

;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa miU;kl jfp;k gS & m.kkajk tksx latksx vj gwa xksjh fd.kiho jh tx pkok gqvkA

^gwa xksjh fd.k iho jh* ukf;dk lqjtM+h vsd ?kj NksM x;k /k.kh jh yqxkbZA ok dSoS*dS fcuk /k.kh jhyqxkbZ jh bTtr lQsn diM+S ft;ka gqoS] gkFk ykx.k lwa eSyh gks tkoSA fcuk /k.kh jh xk; jh :[kkGhdq.k djSA

^vkHkS iVdh* vj ^gwa xksjh fd.k iho jh* jks ys[kdka vkijh dye jkS tksj fo/kok dS ukjh jS iqufoZokgdkauh fn;kSA ukjh jS vR;kpkj lwa nq[kh ukjh lqFkkjh ukuh vkijS nks;rka uS crGkoark Fkdka /kjrh jS izfrusg jh cj.kko djrh dSoS] vki.kh usg rkS /kjrh lkxS gS vk fdÙkh ifoÙkj gSA ftdS ij xaxk vj teukftlh ufn;ka] gfj;kGh vj vUu /ku ckaVrh fc[ksjrh] fdÙkh [kkrh pkyS] tk.kka [ksr&[ksr esa vkauS Vselwa iwx.kkS gSA Hkw[kS frjlS eku[kS jh tk.kS lS fpark vkauS bZ gSA*

Jh fot;nku nsFkk jkS yksd dFkkij jfpr ^VhMks jko* miU;kl vsd jkSpd dFkkudA ft.kesa Hkkx ijcG nsrk Fkdka vi.kS vkiuS uha le>rka] nwtka yksxka ij lVhd O;aX; dj.k jkS iz;kl fd;kS x;kS gSA

Jh N=ifr flag jh ^f=ladw* jpuk jktLFkkuh miU;klka esa vsd lkarjh jpuk gSA iou&yhuk] 'kSy]xkao fnYyh xkao vj izÑfr vka rhuka esa dFkkud uS cka/k*j Jh flag vki jh jpuk uS vsd izxfrlhy:i fn;kS gSA uk;d iou d.kkabZ rkS vknlZ jS izHkko lwa xka/khoknh c.k tkoS rks dnSbZ 'kSy tSM+hukf;dk jS izHkko lwa ØkafrdkjhA

vkijh teh vj ckx fcpkGS eka; lgdkfjrk jk cht cksof.k;kS vj [kksof.k;kS iou izcU/k vj cjrkoesa vdsyks lksprkS dSoS&EgSa b.k nqfu;k eka; crwfG;S eka; dkxn jS VqdM+S T;wa vj unh eka; xM+drSiRFkj T;wa cserGc ftnaxh fcrk; jS;w gwaA vcS EguS y[kkoS dS fnYyh vj uanh xzke eka; dksbZ QjddksuhA

Jh N=ifrflag vkijh b.k jpuk esa Nk;koknh Nki yko.k jkS iz;kl dfj;kS gSA jktLFkkuh jh iSykSvsfrgkfld miU;kl tks/kiqj jk Jh lR;su tks'kh jkS ^daoG iwtk* jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh miU;klfo/kk esa vsd tksjnkj iM+ko gSA ^daoG iwtk* eka; Jh tkslh vkijh tSlyesj jh ;kn uS b.k miU;kleka; cBka jS bfr;kl uS lakeh jk[k*j mrkjh gSA miU;kl jkS uk;d rUukSV jkS jko fot;jkt gS ft.kuS

20

b.k miU;kl eka; egewn xtuoh lwa tq) djrh c[kr thrrkS crk;kS x;kS gSA

Jh ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jkS miU;kl ^tksx latksx* lkarjh jpuk gSA b.k esa panzth vsd dkauh]euksjatu jkS iwjkS /;ku jk[;kS rkS nwtkS dkauh ijaijk uS rksM+.k okGk uk;d uS ikBdka lkeh iwjh rkdrlwa [kM+ks dfj;kS gSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh nwth fo/kkoka & jktLFkkuh x| eka; thouh] js[kkfp=] laLej.k bR;knekFkS bZ fljt.k gq;kSA b.kjh FkksM+h*d >Gd ns[k.ktksx&

2-7 js[kkfp=

ifjHkk"kk & ^^js[kkfp= fd.kh feu[k] oLrq ?kVuk vj Hkkouk jkS delwa de lcnka eka; ljko.k tksxthorkS tkxrkS vadu OgSA js[kkfp= iwjkS fp= uha OgSA okS feu[k] oLrq vj ?kVuk bR;kn jkS vsd Bkaodhvj lkarjh nhB lwa] fljT;ksM+kS fp= gS] ft.keka; vksG[kka.k jh HksG jS lkFkS&lkFkS gko&Hkko jkS vksirkSoj.ku gqoS gSA**

eqjyh/kj] O;kl] Hkaojyky ukgVk] Jhyky uFkey tkslh vj Jh eksguyky iqjkSfgr jh jpukokajktLFkkuh js[kkfprjke fo/kk eka; fy[k.kokGk ys[kd gSA

2-8 thouh

jktLFkkuh esa thouh lkfgR; Hkh fy[khY;kS gSA ê#ok.kh*] ^vksGeks*] ^gjkoG* bR;kn Nkika esa leS&leSekFkS lar egkRekoka] ekuhrk lkfgR;dkjka] dfo;ka bR;kn jh thouh Nirh jS;hA Jh yky uFkeytks'kh jh xka/khth jh thouh ^vki.kk ckiwth* ¼1969½] MkW- fdj.k ukgVk jh ^f'kopUnz Hkjfr;k* ¼1970½]nhun;ky vks>k jh nsl jk xkSjo* ¼1972½] ^Hkkjr jk fuekZrk* ¼1972½] ^NksVh mej% cMk dke* ¼1972½]'kkUrk Hkkukor jh êgkohj jh vksG[kka.k* vkn mYys[ktksx jpukoka jS;h gSA

2-9 laLej.k

;knnkLr jS ika.k tn jpukdkj [kqn jh Hkkoukoka vj fopkjka jkS ljy vj lgt :i esa eaMka.k ekaMSrn m.kuS laLej.k jkS uko fnjhtSA laLej.k jkS eaMkao feu[k] ?kVuk vj tkrjk oj.ku lwa gqoS i.k b.keka; eku[kS laca/kh laLej.kka esa js[kkfprjkeka lwa Qjd gqoS D;ks*dS js[kkfp= eka; ys[kd jkS futq tqM+kogqo.kkS t:jh uha gqoS] tn*dS laLej.k eka; futw laca/k vj ?kVuk jkS feu[k lwa tqM+ko t:jh ekuhtSA

vUukjke lqnkek] Hkaojyky ukgVk] jkeukFk O;kl îfjdj* ijes'oj VkfV;k y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor vknjpukdkj egrkÅ laLej.k fy[;k gSA ^nwj&fnlkoj* vUukjke lqnkek jkS tkrjk laLej.k gSAvejukFk d';i jkS êqGdrk feu[k ekso.kh /kjrh] laLej.k jpukoka lkaxksikax* jS;hA êu lwa dnS uohljS* ¼lw;Z 'kadj ikjhd½] ^;knka jkS >jks[kks* ¼euksgj flag jkBkSM+½ bR;kn mYys[k tksx laLej.k gSA

2-10 fjiksjrkt

^fjiksVZ* jS foxlko lwa bZt bat ^fjiksjrkt* fo/kk jh mrir ekuhtSA b.k eka; ?kVukoka jkS lkaxkSikaxfoosp.k fd;kS tkoSA de lwa de lcnka esa fooj.k nso.kkS fjiksjrkt jh [kkfl;r fx.khtSA [kkl rkSjlaw vk fo/kk i=dkfjrk lwa tqfM+;kSM+hA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; fjiksjrkt fouksn lksekuh gal* jkS vsdfnu vkijkS* dq'kydj.k jkS ^vkokS grkbZ djka*] Jh xksiky jkS ^vsd dft;ks*] mekj.k jkS ^feu[k*]jkefuokl jkS ^rhu c;ku* iq#"kksÙke Naxk.kh jkS ^gkFk djhanks&fny jkS nfj;ko*] ek/ko 'kekZ jkS ^ctkjiV~VS*] eqjyh/kj 'kekZ jkS ûxj exjS jkS] vtc/kj euM+S jkS* [kkl fx.kko.k tksx gSA

2-5 fucU/k

jktLFkkuh esa fucU/k fo/kk ?k.kh lkarjh jS;hA êkjokM+h fgrdkjd*] îapjkt* vkn i=ka eka; HkkokRedvj gkL; O;ax lSyh jk fuca/k Ni.k ykxkA cztyky fc;k.kh jk êksxjk dyh*] ^xqykc dyh*] ^cMh

21

Qtj dks nhoks* bR;kn HkkokRed lSyh fuca/k dS;k tk ldSA

tgwj [kka esgj jk ^jktLFkkuh laLÑfr jk fprjke* vj ^/kjetyk /kj dkslka* ukao jk nks fuca/k laxzSNfi;kA MkW- 'kfDrnku dfo;k jkS ^laLÑfr jh lkSjHk* ukao jkS fuca/k laxzS Nfi;kS ft.k esa laLØfr jhfNc jkS lkarjkS c[kka.k gq;kSM+kS gSA pUnz flag jkS jktLFkkuh fuca/k laxzS bZ mYys[k tksx gSA izks- dY;k.kls[kkor jh rhu fuca/k iksF;ka ?k.kh pkoh gqbZ & ¼1½ jktLFkkuh fuca/k ¼2½ ef.kekG ¼3½ jl dGlAvka rhuwa iksF;ka esa U;kjh&U;kjh foy; lkexzh jk lkB fuca/k NI;k gSA

2-12 bdkbZ jkS lkj

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk x| lkfgR; jh Hkkar&Hkkar jh fo/kkoka jh fNc uS fuj[kka t.kS vk Bk iMS*dS dgka.khmiU;kl] ukVd] vsdkadh vj nwth x| fo/kkoka eka; lelkef;d vj vk/kqfud laoSn.kka Hkfj;kS ys[kugq;kS gSA

jktLFkkuh x| jS fodkl jh Åij eqtc tka.kdkjh lwa vk ckr lkQ gkSoS*dS tqx jh ekax eqrkfcdjktLFkkuh jks uqaokS x| Hkkar&Hkkar jh jpukoka jks :i yS*j c/krkS jS;kS gSA

2-13 vH;kl jk loky

¼v½ gsBS fyf[k;ksM+S lokyka jk i³wrj 150 lcnka jS yxS VxS nsokS &

1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh [kkl&[kkl fo/kkoka jk ukao crkokSA

2- js[kkfp= lwa vki dkabZ le>kS \

3- vsdkadh vj ukVd eka; dkabZ Qjd gqoS \ le>koksA

4- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk pkok fuca/kdkj fy[kkjka jk ukao ekaMkSA

¼vk½ uhpS fyf[k;ksM+S lokyka jks i³wrj 500 lcnka eka; nso.kks gS &

1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh vksG[kka.k djkoksA

2- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk iSyk ukVddkj dq.k gk \

3- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh dgka.kh fo/kk jk rRoka jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

4- miU;kl fo/kk ij vsd vk ys[k fy[kkSA

2-14 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk laf{kIr bfrgkl & MkW- xksj/ku flag 'ks[kkorA

2- jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr & MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

3- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR; & MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojhA

4- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; ¼ijEijk vad½

5- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & f'koLo:i 'kekZ ^vpy*

6- jktLFkkuh lcn dksl ¼Hkwfedk½ & lhrkjke ykGl

7- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR; & MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;kA

22

bdkbZ&3

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh&mn~Hko vj fodklbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

3-0 mn~nsL;

3-1 izLrkouk

3-2 jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ijEijk

3-3 vktknh jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh&iSykS&pj.k

3-4 vktknh jS iNS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS fodkl

3-5 rhtkS pj.k

3-6 lkjkal

3-7 vH;kl jk loky

3-8 lanHkZ iksF;ka

3-0 mn~nsL;

b.k bdkbZ esa vki jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS mn~Hko vkSj fodkl jkS v/;;u djkSykA b.k bdkbZ uS if<;kaiNS vki jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS mn~Hko jh tk.kdkjh izkIr dj ldkSyk &

• jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh ijEijk lwa ifjfpr gks ldkSykA

• jktLFkkuh dgk.kh&ijEijk jk U;kjk&U;kjk pj.kka jh tk.kdkjh izkIr dj ldkSykA

• b.k bdkbZ esa vki jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka jh dgkf.k;ka jkS ifjp; izkIr dj ldkSykA

• b.k bdkbZ esa vki vktknh jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS :i esa vkorS cnGko jh tk.kdkjhys ldkSykA

3-1 izLrkouk

dgk.kh chÙkh bZ twuh gS ft=kS feu[k gSA feu[kktw.k jh vkfne voLFkk esa bZ dgk.kh jkS l:iyk/kS gSA dgk.kh feu[k jS eu jh iqM+rka [kksy ijxV gkso.k okGh fo/kk gSA tn lwa feu[k vkijS eujh ckr nwtS lwa dSo.k jh rsoM+h rn lwa dgk.kh jkS izpyu gSA vki.kk tqxka twuk xzUFkka ek;a nsorkokajh vLrqfr;ka jS lkFkS dha NksVh&NksVh dFkkoka bZ feGS] oka dFkkoka uS bZt dgk.kh jkS twukS :i eku ldkagkaA dgk.kh vsds dkauh feu[k jkS euksjatu djS rkS lkFkS&lkFkS m.kuS ekjx bZ crkoSA m.kuS lh[k nso.kjkS dke bZ djSA twuk dFkk :i ^fgrksinsl* vj îaprUrj* m.kjk ijr[k izek.k gSA laLÑr lkfgR;esa dFkk vj vk[;kf;dk nks lcnka jkS iz;ksx feGS gS vj lkfgR; jk fo}ku oka nksuwa :ika jh foospukbZ djh gS i.k vk/kqfud lkfgR; esa dgk.kh :i ijxV gkso.k okGh fo/kk uS fo}ku yksx vkFkw.kS txrjS lkfgR; jh nsu ekuS gSA laLÑr lkfgR; esa xq.kk<~; jfpr ôgRdFkk dFkk* [ksrj jkS lSa lwa egrkÅxzaFk ekuhft;kS gSA vkt rkS oks xzUFk feGS dksuh i.k m.kjk izek.k lksenso jfpr ^dFkk lfjRlkxj* vjdfo ck.k jS g"kZpfjr~* vj {ksesUæ jh ogRdFkkeatjh* esa ns[k.k uS feGS gSA vka jpukok jS iNS fy[kht.kokGh jpukoka eka; ôSrky&iap foa'kfrdk*] ^flagklu }kf=af'kdk*] îapra=* vj ^fgrksins'k* izeq[k gSA

23

laLÑr lwa izkÑr vj izkÑr lwa viHkzal lkfgR; ijEijk jkS fgLlkS c.krh dgk.kh jktLFkkuh lkfgR;yx iwxh gSA

3-2 jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ijEijk

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS bfrgkl ?k.kks twukS gSA uoeha] nleha lnh lwa b.k Hkklk jkS :i lkfgR; esa ijxVgkso.k ykx fx;kS gkSA l: vkrh nkSj esa b.k Hkklk esa lkfgR; jkS dkO; :i bt nS[k.k uS feGS gS i.kponoha lnh lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa x| jkS vkfoZHkko ekfu;kS tkoS gSA b.k dky[k.M esa vys[kwai|kRed vj x|kRed jpukoka fy[khthA êk/kokuy dke&danyk*] ^flagklu cÙkhlh* vj ^<ksykek: jk nwgk* tSM+h i| :i fy[khft;ksM+h dFkkoka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh lcGh vksG[k djkoS gSAponoha lnh lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa x| jk dbZ :i ijxV gkso.k ykxk tdka esa izeq[k gk & 1- ckr2- [;kr 3- foxr 4- okjrk

^nokoSr* vj ôpfudk* x|&i| fefJr :i fyf[ft;ksM+h jpukoka gSA b.kjS lkFkS&lkFkS ^Vhdk*]^VCck* vj ^ckykocks/k* tSM+h lkfgfR;d fo/kkoka bZ jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa [kwc fy[khth gSA

^ckr* jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS twukS :i gSA [;kr* esa vBka jkS bfr;kl fyfic) djhft;kS gS vj foxr*esa bfrgkl jS lkFkS lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vj vkfFkZd ifjosl jkS oj.ku vj fooj.k izLrqr djhft;kSgSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa ^ckr* jh ijEijk ?k.kh ywaBh gSA vka ckrka esa rRdkyhu tho.k jk lxGk jaxfc[kfj;ksM+k gSA ckr lkfgR; uS ekSVS :i lwa uhpS fyf[k;k eqtc ckaV ldka gka &

1- vsfrgkfld

2- ikSjkf.kd

3- dkYifud

4- gkL;

5- uhfr

6- izse

7- ohjrk

1- vsfrgkfld nhB lwa fyf[k;kSM+h ckrka esa ikcwth jh ckr] jko vejflag jh ckr] jkofjM+ey jhckr bR;kfn mYys[ktksx gSA

2- ikSjkf.kd nhB lwa fyf[k;kSM+h ckrka esa ^lkseorh vekol jh ckr*] ^nlk ekrk jh ckr*] ^ckrfx.kxkSj jh*] ^fjlh iapeh jh ckr* bR;kn dFkkoka fx.kkbZ tk; ldS gSA vS ckrka ?k.kdjh/kkfeZd dFkkoka gSA

3- dkYifud nhB lwa jktLFkkuh ckr lkfgR; esa vys[kwa dFkkoka fylhthA vka dFkkoka esarRdkyhu tho.k jk U;kjk&U;kjk :i ns[k.k uS feGS gSA

4- gkL; ckrka esa ^Bxka jh ckrka*] ^[kkij;k~ pkj jh ckr* tSM+h dFkkoka gSA

5- uhfr jh ckrka esa ^pksckSyh jh ckr* tSM+h ckrka ns[k.k uS feGS gSA

6- izse jh ckrka esa ^l;.kh&ch>k*] ûkxth ukxoUrh*] ^tsBok ÅtGh*] êwey egsUæk* jh ckrkavkt bZ jktLFkkuh lekt esa ?k.kh pkoh gS vj ?k.kS pko lwa vkt bZ xkaok esa vS ?k.kh ckrkadSbtS vj lw.khtS gSA

24

7- ohjrk jh ckrka esa jktLFkkuh lekt jS ohj uk;dka jh ckrka ns[k.k uS feGS gSA jktLFkku vSM+ksiznsl gS tBS jh ekVh jS d.k&d.k esa b.k /kjrh lk: ej.k okGk ohjka jk izek.k feGS gSAlj.kkxr jh fjPNk djrk ;k vkijS opu jkS ikyu djrka] ej.k okGka ohjka uS vBS jkS lekteku nso.k [kkrj ckr :i vkijh Lefr esa LFkkbZ okl fn;kS gSA

vk ckrka esa ?kVukoka jkS izk/kkU; gS vj oj.k.k jh vf/kdrk gSA vS twuh ckrka bt jktLFkkuh dgk.khjkS vk/kqfud mf.k;kjkS ?kM+.k esa vkijkS ywaBkS ;ksxnku fn;kS gSA vka ckrka uS dSof.k;kS vj lq.kf.k;kSlekt jkr&jkr Hkj vk ckrka jkS jlkLoknu djrkSA vka ckrka jh ekSf[kd ijEijk bt mBS ?k.kh jSbZgS&NkiSjokuS jkS vkfoLdkj gks;ka dbZ ckrka NiuS vkijS ikBdka rkabZ iwxh gS i.k m.k lwa iSyh rkSekSf[kd ijEijk jkS bt cksyckykS gkSA dsbZ yksx vka ckrka uS fyfic) dj.k jh dksfll bZ djh gSA vSM+kxzaFk vkt gseka.kh :i lkaEgh vkoSA

jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh l:vkr &

chloS lbdS esa jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; esa bZ cnGko vko.kkS l: gks;kSA ijEijk lwa pkyrh fo/kkokajh BkSM+ lkfgR; jk uqoka :i lekt esa ijxV gkso.k ykxkA vaxjsth jkt jS dkj.k iwjS lekt jhekufldrk esa cnGko jk vSuk.ka vBS ns[k.k uS feGS ft.klwa lkfgR;dkj bZ vNwrkS ugha jS;kSA x| jhijEijkxr fo/kkoka jS lkFkS dgk.kh] miU;kl] fucU/k] ukVd] tSM+h fo/kkoka jkS ys[ku jktLFkkuh Hkklkesa l: gq;ksA NkiS[kkuS jS py.k lwa i=&if=dkoka Ni.k ykxhA lekt JO; ijEijk lwa ikB~; ijEijkdkuh ikoaMk Hkj.k ykxkSA b.k dke esa izoklh jktLFkkfu;ka jkS ;ksxnku mYys[ktksx gSA lkekftdfolaxfr;ka vj dqjhfr;ka uS gVko.k dkauh feu[kka jkS /;ku fx;kS vj dsbZ laLFkkoka b.k dke jS isVslfØ; gksbZA vS laLFkkoka vkijS b.k dke uS QyhHkwr dj.k lk:a i=&if=dkoka fudkGhA b.kh lk:vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jkS l:vkrh :i lkekftd dqjhfr;ka ekFkS pksV dj.k jkS jS;kS gSAb.k Øe esa cjkM+ jS /kke.k xkao lwa êkjokM+h fgrdkjd* i= vj eqacbZ lwa êkjokM+h fe=* jkS izdklul: gk;kSA b.kh Øe esa t;ukjk;.k O;kl ^vkxhoka.k* i= fudkG.kkS l: dfj;kSA jktLFkku fjlpZlkslkbVh] dksydkrk lwa vkfndkyhu vj e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS yksxka lkaEgh yko.k jSmn~nsL; lwa ^jktLFkku* uke jh lks/k if=dk l: djh ft.kjkS lEiknu izfl) bfrgkldkj fd'kksjflag ôkgZLiR;* uS lwafi;kSA fd'kksjflag ôkgZLiR;* ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; pkj.k lEesyu* dkuh lwa ^pkj.kif=dk* bZ fudkG.k ykxkA bZa.kh ijEijk uS vkxs c/kkoj.k lk:a dha lkfgfR;d laLFkkoka bZ b.k dkeesa tqM+hA chdkusj jh lknqZy jktLFkkuh fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV dkauh lwa ^jktLFkku Hkkjrh* jkS izdklu l:gks;kS rkS jktLFkku fo|kihB] mn;iqj lwa ^'kks/k if=dk* Ni.k ykxhA fcM+yk ,tqds'ku VªLV lwa ê:Hkkjrh* jktLFkku lkfgR; lfefr] fclkÅ ¼>qU>quwa½ lwa ôjnk* if=dk Ni.k ykxhA

lks/k jh vka if=dkoka esa ?k.kdjh lkexzh rkS lks/k lwa lacaf/kr bZ gksorh gh i.k m.kjS lkFkS gh lkfgR;jh uqaoh fo/kk jS :i esa dgkf.k;ka bZ Ni.k ykxxh ghA ^jktLFkku Hkkjrh* vj ^jktLFkkuh* jk dsbZ vadkaeka; Jh eqjyh/kj O;kl] JhpUnjk; vj Hkaojyky ukgVk jh dgkf.k;ka ns[k.k uS feGS gSA vka dgkf.k;kalwa bZ vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh l:vkr eku ldka gkA jktLFkkuh dFkk lkfgR; jh l:vkr Jhf'kopUn Hkjfr;k jS jktLFkkuh miU;kl ^dud lqUnj* lwa ekuh tkoS gSA i.k jktLFkkuh dgk.kh [ksrjesa lu~ 1920 law 1930 jS fcPpS vkxhok.k eqjyh/kj O;kl] JhpUn jk; vj Hkaojyky ukgVk jk ukefx.kko.k tksx gSA vka dgkf.k;ka esa ewyr% jktLFkkuh lekt jks rRdkyhu l:i jkS fp=.k gksorkS gkSAdgk.khdkj jh nhB lkekftd dqjhfr;ka ekFkS pksV dj.k jkS dksbZ eksdks ugha NkSM.kh pkorh ghA b.khlk:a l:vkrh nkSj esa lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ka ek;a Qafl;ksM+S lekt vj m.k ifjfLFkfr lwa yM+rSpfj=ka jk fprjkae [khaphft;kA dgk.khdkj jh Hkklk lh/kh vj lgt gksorhA os vkijh ckr uS iq[rk

25

<ax lwa dSo.k lk: dgkorka vj eqgkojka jk vksirk iz;ksx djrk gkA

l:vkrh dgk.kh ys[ku &

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jh iSyh dgk.kh dydÙks ¼vcS dksydkrk½ lwa fudG.k okGh fgUnh ekfld if=dkôS';ksidkjd* esa Jh f'kopUn Hkjfr;k jh ^foJkUr izoklh* ekuhtS gSA vk dgk.kh foØe laor~ 1961esa Nih] b.kjS iNS Jh xqykcpUn ukxkSjh] Jh f'koukjk;.k rks"kuhoky vj ia- NksVsjke tSM+k jpukdkjjh dgkf.k;ka lkaEgh vkbZA vS dgkaf.k;ka rRdkyhu jktLFkkuh lekt jh lkekftd dqjhfr;ka jS dsUnzh;Hkko uS fy;k ÅHkh gh] b.k lk: vkaajS eka; lq/kkjoknh lqj izeq[k gkSA vS dgk.khdkj jktLFkkuh lektesa O;kIr fd.kh lkekftd leL;k dkauh vkijS ikBdka jkS /;ku [khap.k jh dksfll esa ykxksM+k gSA b.khdkj.k lwa vSM+h dgkf.k;ka jh c.kxV rkS tFkkjFkk ifjosl jh gksorh i.k vkf[kj esa os vsd vknlZoknhfFkfr vkijS ikBdka lkEgh izLrqr djrh ghA vsM+h dgkf.k;ka esas Jh xqykcpUn ukxkSjh jh ^cMh rht*vj ^csVh dh fcdjh* rFkk ^cgw dh [kjhnh* vj Jh f'koukjk;.k rks"kuhoky jh dgkf.;ka ^fo|k ijanSore~* vj ^L=h f'k{k.k dks vksukek* jk uke ft.kko.k tksx gSA

vS dgkf.k;ka twuh jktLFkkuh ckrka lwa dSbZ vjFkka esa U;kjh ghA vka jS eka; uha rkS fd.kh vykSfdd ?kVuk;k vykSfdd ik= jkS fp=.k gS vj u vS dgkf.k;ka fd.kh jktk ;k jktdqaoj jh ckr dSorh ghA vSrks lk/kkj.k pfj=ka jS lqHkko uS] ckajh vc[kk;ka vj vc[kk;ka lwa twa>rh twa.k uS cksypky jh Hkklk esaizLrqr dj.k jh dkslhl djS gSA b.kh nkSj esa dha dgk.khdkj vSM+h dgkf.k;ka bZ fy[kh ft.kesa QxrjktLFkkuh ik=ka jk vkilh laokn jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[khft;kSM+k gkA vSM+h dgkf.k;ka esa Hkxorhizlkn nk:dk jh dgkf.k;ka&^,d ekjokM+h dh ?kVuk* ¼fo-la- 1972½ vj ^,d ekjokM+h dh ckr* ¼fo-la- 1985½ jk uke fx.kok;k tk ldS gSA bZal okLrS vkS d;kS tk ldS dS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.khjh l:vkr izoklh jktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkjka jS lS;ksx lwa gksbZ vj m.kh /kkjk uS iNS jktLFkkuh esa jSo.kokGk jktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkj vkxS c/kkbZA b.kkesa Jh ukuwjke lkaLdrkZ] Jh cStukFk iaokj] Jh vUukjkelqnkek] Jh uflag jktiqjksfgr jk uke fx.kko.k tksx gSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ijEijk esa nks /kkjkoka U;kjh&U;kjh ns[kh tk ldS gSA vsd /kkjk rkSlq/kkjoknh Hkkouk fy;ka nh[kS vj nwth /kkjk esa rRdkyhu lkekftd tho.k esa vkork cnGko vj ckacnGkoka jS dkj.k tho.k ewY;ka ekFkS iM+rS izHkko uS ijxV dj.k jh dkslhl nh[kSA iSyh /kkjk jhdgkf.k;ka uS vknlZoknh dgkf.k;ka dS; ldka rkS nwth /kkjk jh dgkf.k;ka jh vksG[kk.k tFkkjFkoknhdgkf.k;ka jS uke lwa dj ldkaaA

3-3 vktknh jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh & iSykS pj.k

nsl uS vktknh fefG;ka iNS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jk [ksrj esa bZ xfr vkbZA jktLFkkuh jkS vk/kqfuddgk.khdkj Hkko vj flYi nksuwa bZ Lrj ekFkS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uS ekat.k ykxkSA vSM+k dgk.khdkjkaek;a vUukjke lqnkek] ewypUn îzk.ks'k*] cStukFk iaokj] Jhyky uFkey tkslh] uflag jktiqjksfgr]euksgj 'kekZ] jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor jk uke mYys[ktksx gSA vka dgk.khdkjka jh dgkf.k;ka esa fol;kajh fofo/krk jS lkFkS lkekftd tFkkjFk jkS rh[kkS rsoj bZ ns[k.k uS feGSA b.kjS dkj.k jktLFkkuhdgk.kh jkS ifjosl foLrkj ysaorks nh[kSA dgk.kh jS b.k uqoS l:i esa dgk.khdkj fd.kh leL;k jkSlek/kku izLrqr djrkS uha nh[kS vj uha oks cqjkbZ lwa iYykS NqMk; vknlZ LFkkfir dj.k jkS lUnsl nsoSAjktLFkkuh jh uqoh dgk.kh feu[k jS eka; vkorS cnGko uS idM+.k uS [kiS] rks cnGrS lekt jkfprjkae ekaMSA lkearh O;oLFkk [kre gks;ka iNS ix ilkjrh jktuhfr lwa xkaoka eka; gkso.k okGh mFkyiqFky] vka dgkf.k;ka esa ijxV gksoSA b.k :i vkS dS;kS tk ldS dS vktknh jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh

26

eka; dgk.khdkj jh nhB feu[kktw.k uS m.kjh lexzrk esa idM+.k jh jSbZ gSA vktknh feG.k jS lepSfeu[k jS lksp.k esa bZ cyGko vk;kS ft.kjS dkj.k vkilh fjLrk izHkkfor gkso.k ykxkA vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh dgk.kh eka; fjLrka eka; vko.k okGh rjsM+ka uS dgk.khdkj vfHkO;Dr dj.k ykxkSA

vktknh jS rqjUr iNS jS jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka jkS eq[; /;s; lkeUrh vj iwathifr oxZ jS lksl.k jkfldkj djlk vj etnwjka jh ihM+ u ok.kh nso.kkS jS;kS gSA m.kjS lkFkS bZ os etnwj vj fdlku esaQSy;kSM+h lkekftd dqjhfr;ka vj ijEijk jS uke ekFkS /kjihtrh :f<+;ka jks bZ fp=.k dfj;kS gSA dhadgk.khdkj iwthifr lekt jh lnkl;rk jk pfj= ikBdka lkaEgh jkf[k;k vj y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor vjlkSHkkX;flag ls[kkor tSM+k dgk.khdkj vSfrgkfld pfj=ka uS vkijh dgk.kh jkS fol; c.k;ksA b.kjS iSVSos jktLFkku jS xqest Hkfj;S bfr;kl vj vBS jh lkaLÑfrd ijEijkoka jkS fp=.k dgkf.k;ka esa dfj;kSAjk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor jh ^gwadkj jh dGxh*] ^jktiwrk.kh*] ^fimla/kh*] ^gkMh jk.kh* bR;kn dgkf.k;kavj lkSHkkX; flag ls[kkor jh ^yksfg;k.ka jkS doj* vkj ^[kkV~ jkS [ksVkS* vSM+h bt dgkf.k;ka gSA

3-4 vktknh jS iNS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS fodkl

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS nwtkS pj.k lu~ 1970 lwa ekfu;kS tk ldS gSA b.k nwtS nkSj esajktLFkkuh dgk.khdkj jh nhB ifjiDo gks; pqdh gS A vcS oks Qxr lkekftd lq/kkj jh ckr djuSuha <c tkoS cfYd oks vkijS ikBd jkS /;ku oka lkekftd folaxfr;ka dkauh [khapS] ft.kjS dkj.k lektesa oxZHksn vj lksl.k jh O;oLFkk cf.k;kSM+h gSA b.k nwtS nkSj jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh vkneh jS ^vkneh*cf.k;kS jSo.k ekFkS tkSj nsoSA b.k lk: b.k cxr jh dgk.kh esa vkneh vkijh bt c.kk;kSM+h O;oLFkklwa twa>rks nh[kSA b.k nkSj esa eksch jpukdkjka ek;a Jhyky uFkey tkslh] fot;nku nsFkk] vUukjkelqnkek] uflag jktiqjksfgr] jkes'oj n;ky ^Jhekyh*] lkaoj nb;k] Hkaojyky Hkzej] ;knosUnz 'kekZ^pUnz*] dj.khnku ckjgB vj euksgj flag jkBkSM+ jk uke fx.kko.k tksx gSA b.kkjS vykok bZ nwtk dSbZdgk.khdkj vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uS vkijh ys[kuh lwa jkrh ekrh dj.k esa ykxksM+k nh[kSAJhyky uFkey tkslh jkS dgk.kh ladyu îj.;ksM+h daokjh* ¼1970½ b.k nkSj jkS iSykS egRoiw.kZ dgk.khladyu ekuh;ks tkldSA vkS ladyu jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS HkjkslkS dj.k tksxkS mf.k;kjkS ijxVdfj;kSA vk/kqfud dgk.kh jk ftrjk :i vkt vkikajs lkaEgh gS m.kk eka; lwa ?k.kdjk jk gGdk ;k de:i b.kesa ns[k.k uS feGSA b.kjS cjlka iNS lkaoj nb;k ft.k laoknkRed lSyh uS yS; dgkf.k;k fy[khm.k lSyh jkS bZ vsd mnkgj.k ^daokjkS pkS/kjh* b.k ladyu esa ikBdka jS lkeh vkoSA tks'kh jh lSa lwaeksVh [kkfl;r okajh O;aX; dj.k jh f[kerk gSA b.k O;aX; jS dkj.k bt okajh dgkf.k;ka vkijk >h.kkvjFk ikBdka lkaEgh jk[kSA vka dgkf.k;ka esa vk/kqfud tho.k jS foxlko isVS mit.k okGh lxGh[kkafe;ka ekStwn gSA vBS feu[k jk NG&NUn rkS gS i.k os >h.kS vkoj.k esa gS vj b.kh lk:a okajkS l:ipkSxq.kkS gks; lkaEgh vkoSA b.k ladyu jh dgk.kh ûkVd* esa ckSikjh jkS O;ogkj] m.kjk NG&NUn] vjfdjaxkfV;S nkabZ cnGrkS m.kjkS jax] lxGk brjS lgt :i esa vkoS dS i<+f.k;S uS m.kjkS vlyhmf.k;kjkS vksG[k.k esa ?k.kh tst uh ykxSA [kkl ckr vk gS dS dgk.khdkj b.k O;ogkj ekFkS dBSbZ ughacksyS] m.kjkS vcksykS jSo.kkS ikBd jh dYiuk uS mdlkoS vj oks [kqn bt dgk.kh jk vjFk[kksy.k ykxSA

dgk.khdkj jkS vkS uha crko.k jkS Hkko b.k nkSj jh lxGh dgkf.k;ka esa ns[k.k uS feGSA jpukdkj Qxrladsr djS vj ckdh lS ikBd jh le> ekFkS NksM nsoSA ys[kd jks vks Hkko vkijS ikBd ekFkS HkjkslkSdj.kkS gSA b.k lwa lkfgfR;d&lekt jh ifjiDork jkS vglkl gksoSA

lu~ 1974 rkabZ vkorka vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh vkijS yksddFkk okGS izHkko lwa iwjh rjS eqxr gks;tkoSA vka cjlka jkS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jks [ksrj ?k.kkS egrkÅ gS D;wadS b.kh cjl rstflag

27

tks/kk jS lEiknu esa Nirh ^nhB* esa fot;nku nsFkk jh rhu dgkf.k;ka ikBdka jS gkFkka iwxh&^vys[kwafgVyj*] ^jkthukaokS* vj ^QkVd*A vka ek;a lwa ^vys[kwa fgVyj* vj ^jkthukaokS* vkt bZ vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh dgk.kh [ksrj esa fljsukao cf.k;ksM+h gSA vka dgkf.k;ka esa dgk.khdkj jh nhB vkijS ikBdkauS vsd m.k ifjosl esa ys; tkoS tBS lk/kkj.k pfj= vlk/kkj.k O;ogkj djrk nh[kSA vS dgkf.k;kacrkoS dS b.k elhuh tqx esa lekt vkijS fodkl jk ixksfr;k p<rkS xqest jkS tdkS NÙkj rk.ka.k uS[kiS gSA m.kjkS gky dSM+kS gksoSykA vBS dgk.khdkj feu[k jS Hkfol~ ekFkS loky [kM+k dj jS;kS gSA vSdgkf.k;ka lekt jS laosnughu gksors l:i jh fpUrk djSA vS nksuwa dgkf.k;ka nks U;kjk&U;kjk /kjkrylwa mfB;kSM+h dgkf.k;ka gS i.k nksuwa b.k laosnughurk jS Hkko uS U;kjk&U;kjk dks.kka lwa idM+S vj vsdiwj.k nhB vkijS ikBdka lkaEgh jk[kSA

cxr jS b.kh dky [kaM esa fot;nku nsFkk jS lkFkS lkaoj nb;k] Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* vj jkes'ojn;kyJhekyh jh dgkf.k;k bZ lekt jS laosnughu gksorS l:i uS vkijkS vk/kkj c.kk;kS gSA vS rhuwa bZjpukdkj vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS m.k :i uS fNVdk; nsoS ft.kuS vkika yksdFkk jS uke lwatk.kka gkaA vS rhuwa bZ vkijS dgk.kh ldyuka jh Hkwfedkoka esa ^dgk.kh* uS ifjHkkflr djh gSA b.k lk:avkS bZ dS; ldka dS b.k nkSj rkbZ iwxrka jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkj jh nhB vkijh fo/kk uS yS; iwjh ifjiDogks; pqdh gSA

^vkt dgk.kh jkS mn~nsL; ekuo thou uS izfrfcfEcr dj.kkS gSA vkt jh dgk.kh jkS ik= Ñ".k jSdeZ;ksx jh lk/kuk esa jr gSA oks :f<;ka esa ca/k.kkS uha pkoSA uqaoh dgk.kh jh dksfll euksoSKkfud lR;fn[kko.k jh gSA* ¼Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* rxknksa jh Hkwfedk lwa½

^lkfgR; jh gj vsd fo/kk jkS lh/kks lEcU/k tho.k lwa gksoSA dgk.kh bZ b.k lwa vNwrh dksuhA cnGrkjktuSfrd&lkekftd vj vkfFkZd /kjkry tho.k uS cny Ugka[ksaA------ cha uS tfVy c.kk; nsoSA b.kcnGrS vj tfVy gksorS tho.k jS lkxS lkxS dgk.kh jkS :i bZ cnGrkS jSoSA---- oka lwa tqM+.k jkS erycbÙkks bZ gS dS vS cnGko D;wa vj fda;k gks;k&b.kjh bfrgklw le> foxlkokaA*

¼lkaoj&nb;k ^/kjrh dn rkabZ ?kweSyh jh* Hkwfedk lwa½

b.kk dgkf.k;ka esa mdGrk loky Qxr loky bt dksuhA vkt jh lkekftd vj vkfFkZd folerkokaekFkS djkjh Vhi gSA b.kka uS dgk.khdkj jh detksjh le> ldka dS m.kuS gdhdrka lwa VG uS fd.kh>aMk jS uhps ÅHk.kkS nk; dks vk;ksuhaA rkS bZ vS dgkf.k;ka [kqYyS [kkrS brjkS rkS crkoS bZ gS dS tho.kjh b.k uktksxh gkykrka lwa yM+ok lk: Qxr ekFkkS ekfj;ka bZ dke dks pkyS uh] gkFk mBko.kk bZt:jh gSA

¼jkes'oj n;ky Jhekyh&^lGoVka* jh Hkwfedk lwa½

vki vki jh dgkf.k;ka lk: ekafM;ksM+h vS Vhika tBS vka jpukdkjka jS lksp uS ijxVkoS cBS vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS cnGrs rsoj uS bZ crkoSA vS dgkf.k;ka ^dSo.k* jS Hkko lwa eqxr gSA os vsd ifjosljp.k uS [kiSA vS fd.kh Hkkar jS vknlZ jkS c[kka.k uh djSA tFkkjFk jh Bksl tehu ekFkS jphft;kSM+hvS dgkf.k;ka pkSQj gksorS lkekftd cnGko vj m.k cyGko lwa mitrh folaxfr;ka uS lkaEgh ykoSAb.k nkSj jh dgkf.k;ka esa feu[k jS HkjkslS jkS rwV.kkS] m.kjh Nht] m.kjh dGi] vkilh fjLrka jkS yhjyhj gkso.kkS ijr[k nh[kSA HkykabZ vka dgkf.k;ka jk ik= vkijh yM+kbZ gkjrk nh[kS i.k rn bZ okjSekjQr feu[k jS feu[ki.kS uS cpko.k jkS ladGi] cÙkh lxrh lwa ÅHkkS gksoSA vS dgkf.k;ka ra= jSvkrad vj feu[k jh ykpkjh uS ijxV djSA

Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* jh ^ckrka] rxknks ;k fnup;kZ*] lkaoj nb;k jh ^xGh ftlh xGh* ;k ^/kjrh dn rkabZ

28

?kweSyh] jkes'ojn;ky Jhekyh jh ^dkapGh] cMk ckcw ;k bZtrnkj* vj dj.khnku ckjgB jh ^vknehjkS lhax] nkst[k] /ku ?kM+h /ku Hkkx* tSM+h dgkf.k;ka lkekftd laLFkkoka uS taehnkst dj.k jkS dkj.kc.k ldSA tFkkjFk tn dgk.kh jkS fgLLkkS c.kS rn ok vkijS ifjosl jS cÙkh uSM+h gks; tkoSA dgk.khdkjjh rVLFkrk vBS vka dgkf.k;ka jh rkdr c.kSA

3-5 rhtkS pj.k

lu~ 1985 jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ewG :i lwa oka toku ys[kdka jh dgk.kh gS tdka jkS tye nsluS vktknh fefG;ka iNS gks;kS] b.k lk:a okjS duS vktknh jS lepS feG.k okGS vk.kan jkS dksbZ liukSdksuh gS i.k b.kh lk: vktknh jS iNS jktuSfrd Lrj ekFkS mift;ksM+kS eksgHkax jkS Hkko bZ gSA vktdgk.khdkj duS rkS oks [kjkS lkp gS tdkS tFkkjFk jkS :i /kkfj;ka ÅHkkS gS vj ft.kuS >sy.kkS okajhfu;fr gSA jktuhfr vkt /kU/kkS c.kxh gS] HkzLVkpkj vkt jS tqx jh vkSG[k cf.k;ksM+kS gS] csjkstxkjhjkS c/krkS ncko] lekt jS tks/k tokuka lwa okajh gwal [kkslyh gS] fn[kkokS lekt jS gj ikoaMS vkijkS ewaMkSiksr;ksM+kS ÅHkkS gSA vkt jS dgk.khdkjka jk ik= vka lxGk nqLpØka fcPpS f?kfj;kSM+k ÅHkk gS] vlgk;vj fuLrstA [kkl ckr vk gS dS okajk ifjokj bZ oka lwa dha nwth vis{kkoka dfj;kSM+k cSBk gSA Hk.kkbZjkS Hkje m.k toku jh tw.k esa mnkbZ nkabZ ykxksM+kS gSA iwjkS lekt laoknghurk jh fLFkfr esa tho.k uSetcwj gSA pk:a dkuh vsd lwau ilfj;kSM+h gSA vSM+h fLFkfr esa vka dgkf.k;ka jk ik= vkijh jhl vjvkijkS vkØksl fd.k ekFkS fudkGS vj fd.k lkaEgh fudkGS vkS okauS [kqn uS Bk uh gSA vkijh iSyhizfrfØ;k esa os [kqn jh ijEijk] laLÑfr vj tho.k ewY;ka uS HkwaMrk nh[kSA

lgk;rk jh dksbZ mEehn okjS duS cfp;kSM+h dksuh gSA vlgk;rk jkS Hkkj vkijS [kaoka Åapk;k okauS Qxrpky.kkS gSA vkt jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh b.kh vlgk;rk jh ekufldrk jk U;kjk&U;kjk igyw yS; uSlkaEgh vkoSA rhtS pj.k jh b.k ih<+h esa ekypUn frokM+h] ehBsl fujeksgh] psru Lokeh] jkedqekjvks>k] jkeikyflag jktiqjksfgr] ek?ko ukxnk] enu lSuh] guqeku nhf{kr] pUnzizdk'k nsoy] ';kelqUnjHkkjrh] jkeLo:i fdlku] Hkjr vksGk] lR;ukjk;.k lksuh] pSuflag ifjgkj vj cqykdh 'kekZ tSM+kdgk.khdkj jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh ijEijk uS vaxsft;ka ÅHkk gSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh lk: vk ckr xqest dj.k tksx gS dS m.k duS vk/kqfudrk jkS vkFkw.kkSlksp uha gSA m.k lk:a vsd cxr esa tdkS vsdykiS jkS nq[knkbZ :i nwth Hkklk jh dgkf.k;ka esa ns[k.kuS fefG;kS oks vBS uha feGSA vkS|ksxhdj.k jS iljko lkFkS feu[k jS vsdyS iM+rS tko.k jkS nq[k FkksM+ScnfG;kSM+S :i esa ns[k.k uS feGSA vBS Vkcj deko.k uS lSj fx;k gS vj xkao esa ekbZr vsdyk gSA/k.kh ijnsl fx;ksM+kS gS vj yqxkbZ nq[k jk fnu dkV jSbZ gSA vkt jh dgk.kh vSM+k ik=ka jh ihM+ uStcku nsoSA vkS vsdykikS vkijk lwa tqM+ko jh [kir uS vfHkO;fDr nsoSA

vkijh lq:vkr esa jktLFkkuh dgk.kh Hkkouk dsfUnzr jSbZ b.k lk:a m.kjk fol; bZ HkkoukRedlEcU/kka lwa tqfM+;kSM+k gk i.k T;w T;wa b.k fo/kk jkS fodkl gq;kS rkS b.kjS ?ksjS esa jktuSfrd vj vkfFkZdfFkfr;ka bZ dgk.khdkj] lesV.k ykxkS ft.kjS dkj.k tho.k jh tfVyrk dgk.kh jkS fgLlkS c.k.k ykxhAb.kjS dkj.k vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh U;kjh vksG[kka.k c.k.k ykxhA vk dgk.kh jh rhth NykaxgS vj b.kuS vkt jh dgk.kh dS; ldka gkaA

vkt jk dgk.khdkj vsd fLFkfr uS mBkoS vj m.kuS m.kjh lxGh isphnfx;ka lkFkS ns[k.k jh dkslhldjSA vk dkslhl Qxr euksfoLysl.k rkabZ bt uha jSoS cfYd m.k lwa vkxS m.k fLFkfr jS ykjS fNfi;kSM+hekufldrk uS idM+.k jh jSoS ft.klwa os vkijS cxr jS vkaEgh&lkaEgh gks; ldSA vBS dFk egrkÅ uhagS cfYd oxZ jh ekufldrk rkabZ iwx.kkS egrkÅ gSA ekypUn frokM+h jh ^lsfyczslu* gksokS ;k ^dhfe;k

29

jks cki* gksokS & vS dgkf.k;ka ikBd uS m.k O;kid lanHkZ lwa tksM+S tdkS m.kjS pk:a dkauh ilfj;kSM+ksgSA vk dgkf.k;k esa gj NksVh gkykr vsd cM+h fLFkfr dkuh ladsr djrh ykxSA b.k <kGS vkadgkf.k;ka jkS la?klZ fd.kh vsd ih<+h jks la?klZ uha gks; iwjh ijEijk jkS la?klZ c.k tkoSA vktknh jhijEijk] uhfr jh ijEijk] lkp jh ijEijk vj tho.k ewY;ka jh ijEijk jkS la?klZ c.k tkoSA ehBslfujeksgh jh ^xokgh* vj ^vew>rk vk[kj* gksokS ;k psru Lokeh jh îq.;kbZ* ;k ^FkkaHk* dgk.kh gksokS&vSb.kh la?k"kZ jh lk[k Hkjrh dgkf.k;ka gSA

jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka jh vk uqaoh ih<+h feu[k jS U;kjS&U;kjS :ika uS le>.k jkS tru djSA ;wa rkSlkfgR; vkijS rjhdS lwa vukfndky lwa bZ feu[k uS le>.k jk ekjx ekFkS pkyrkS vk;kS gS i.k b.ktqx esa oks feu[k jS eka;ys :i uS idM+.k jh vkQG dha cRrh djS vk bt vkQG jktLFkkuh jk vktjk dgk.khdkjka jh dgkf.k;ka esa ns[k.k uS feGS gSA vk dgk.khdkjka jh rykl fd.kh vknlZ dkuh vkijSikBd uS ys tko.k jh uha gS cfYd os rkS tSM+kS gS] vj tBS gS m.kuS idM+.k uS [kiSA vS vkijS ikBdkalkaEgh vkjlh fy;ka ÅHkk gksoS ft.k esa ikBd vkijkS mf.k;kjkS lkQ&lkQ ns[k ldSA enu lSuh jh^Qqjlr* ;k ^n;k*] ek?ko ukxnk jh ûkjk;.k nk*] pUnzizdk'k nsoy jh ^?kklysV jh [kqlcw* vjjkeLo:i fdlku jh nyky* tSM+h dgkf.k;ka feu[k jS eka;ys feu[k* uS vki vki jS rjhdS lwa le>.kuS [kiSA vkS feu[k vsd lkFkS LokFkhZ vj ijekFkhZ jkS HksG fy;kSM+kS ÅHkkS gSA vsd bZ [kksfG;S esa oks vkNkSvj HkwaMkS nksuwa bZ :ika uS lesfV;ka ÅHkkS nh[kSA ;wa dS; ldka dS vS dgkf.k;ka feu[k esa ^feu[k* jS:ikUrj.k jh dgkf.k;ka gS vj dgk.khdkj okjS :ikUrj.k jh mMhd esa rVLFk ÅHkkS gSA

3-6 lkjkal

b.k bdkbZ esa jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS mn~Hko uS le>.k jh vj iNS m.kjS fodkl jh fnlk vj nlk uStka.k.k jh dksfll djhth gSA vkS nsf[k;kS dS vktknh lwa iSyh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS :i dkabZgkS vj dq.k dgk.khdkj m.kjS l:vkrh nkSj esa dgkf.k;ka jprk gkA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkU;kjk&U;kjk pj.k uS le>rk vj okajS Qjd uS le>rk gq;k b.kka esa oka dgk.khdkjka jh dgkf.k;kackcr bZ ckrka djh th gSA

3-7 vH;kl jk loky

1- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh l:vkr dn lwa ekuhtS \

2- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS l:vkrh dgk.khdkjka jk uke crkokSA

3- vktknh jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jk izeq[k dgk.khdkj dq.k dq.k gS \

4- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh folslrkoka crkokSA

3-8 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh % ijEijk vj fodkl & vtqZu nso pkj.k

2- dgkuh % ubZ dgkuh & ukeoj flag

3- ubZ dgkuh dh Hkwfedk & deys'oj

4- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; & MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

30

bdkbZ&4

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh&ifjHkklk] rRo vj flYibdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

4-0 mn~nsL;

4-1 izLrkouk

4-2 dgk.kh jh ifjHkklk

4-3 dgk.kh vj miU;kl esa vUrj

4-4 dgk.kh jk Hksn

4-5 dgk.kh jk rRo

4-6 dFkkoLrq ;k dFkkud

4-7 pfj=&fp=.k

4-8 dFkksidFku

4-9 nsldky vj okrkoj.k

4-10 Hkklk vj lSyh

4-11 mn~nsL;

4-12 lkjkal

4-13 vH;kl jk loky

4-14 lanHkZ iksF;ka

4-0 mn~nsL;

• fo|kfFkZ;ka uS dgk.kh jh ifjHkklk lwa ifjfpr djko.kkSA

• fo|kfFkZ;ka uS dgk.kh fo|k jkS egRo crko.kkSA

• fo|kfFkZ;ka lkaEgh dgk.kh vj miU;kl jks vUrj le>ko.kkSA

• fo|kfFkZ;ka uS dgk.kh jS jpuk fo/kku jh tk.kdkjh nS; m.kjS rRoka jh tk.kdkjh nso.kh ft.klwa os okajhfoospuk dj ldSA

• dgk.kh jh Hkklk vj lSyh uS fo|kfFkZ;ka lkaEgh jk[k.kkSA

• fo|kfFkZ;ka uS dgk.kh jk U;kjk&U;kjk Hksn crko.kkA

4-1 izLrkouk

gj jpukdkj dh dkslhl vk gksoS dS oks cxr jS lkp uS lks/k ySoSA lkp uS lks/k.k jh vkQG m.kuSyxksyx mdlkorh jSoS vj oks ?kM+h ?kM+h vkijh jpuk jS ekjQr m.k lkp rkabZ iwx.k uS [kirkS jSoSAlkp uS lks/k.k jh vk [kir bZ vk/kqfud tqx jk dgk.khdkj uS nwth fo/kkoka lwa U;kjkS ÅHkkS djSA vkSlgh gS dS dgk.kh vrhr jS cks/k lwa dnSbZ eqxr uha gksoS i.k vktjS dgk.khdkj jkS dke Qxr fd.kh

31

?kVuk ;k fd.kh pfj= jkS c[kka.k dj.kkS uha gksoS cfYd oks rkS vsd ifjosl uS jpSA oks feu[k jk euuS lq[k vj lh[k bZ nsoSA dFkk ijEijk esa iapra= gksokS HkykabZ fgrksinsl lxGka jkS egRo b.kh ckresa gS dS os euksjatu jS lkFkS minsl bZ nsork jSoSA vBS dFkk* vj vk[;kf;dk* uke lwa laLÑr lkfgR;esa dgkf.k;ka i<+.k uS feGS gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ijEijkxr dFkk:ia lwa U;kjh ekuhtS vj m.kjksorZeku l:i if'peh lkfgR; lwa vk;ksM+kS gSA

4-2 dgk.kh jh ifjHkklk

ifLpeh vj Hkkjrh; fo}ku dgk.kh jh vki vkijS fglkc lwa ifjHkklk nh gSA dha [kkl ifjHkklkoka b.kHkkar gS &

1- gMlu & dgk.kh esa Qxr vsd ewG Hkko gksoSA m.kjkS fodkl rkfdZd fuLdlkZa lkFkS y{;jh vsdfuLBrk uS c.kk;k jk[krk Fkdka ljy vj lqHkkfod xfr lwa dfj;kS tko.kkS pkbtSA

2- tkWu gSMQhy & dgk.kh m.kuS dSoS tdh ?k.kh cMh dksuh gksoSA

3- ,yjh & dgk.kh ?kqM+nkSM+ nkabZ gksoS] ft.k rjS lwa ?kqM+nkSM+ esa l:vkr vj var egrkÅ gksoSm.kh rjS lwa dgk.kh esa l:vkr vj var ?k.kk egrkÅ gksoSA

4- eqa'kh izsepUn & dgk.kh dksbZ vSM+kS ckx dksuh ft.kesa Hkkar&Hkkar jk Qwy vj csyka lft;kSM+hgksoSA ok rkS vSM+kS cxhpkS gS ft.kesa vsd bZ xeyS jh lkSjHk iwjh rjka fc[kjSA

5- bykpUn tks'kh & tho.k jh ifjfLFkfr;ka jh lqHkkfod xfr iznflZr dj.k okGh fo/kk dgk.khgksoS gSA

6- t;'kadj izlkn & vk[;kf;dk esa lkSUn;Z dh >yd jkS jl gqoSA vka ifjHkklkoka jS vk/kkjekFkS dgk.kh jh fuEufyf[kr folslrkoka lkaEgh vkoS &

1- NksVkS vkdkj & lxGk fopkjd b.k ckr ekFkS lger gS dS dgk.kh jkS vkdkj NksVkSgkso.kkS pkbtSA m.k eka; NksVS lS dkG [kaM jkS fp=.k vsdk/k ?kVuk jS ek/;e lwagkso.kkS pkbtSA vkdkj esa NksVh gkso.k jS dkj.k ikBd m.kuS vk/kS ?kaVs esa i<+ ldSA

2- xSjh laosnuk & dgk.kh esa xSjh laosnuk jkS gkos.kkS t:jh gSA dgk.kh jkS fol;feu[kktw.k jh dksbZ ?kVuk ;k dksbZ Hkkouk gksoS] m.kuS vkNh rjS lwa vfHkO;Dr dj.kokLrS xSjh laosnuk t:jh gks;k djS] rn~ bZ ok vkijs ikBd jS fg;S mrj ldSykA

3- var jks izHkko & tn ikBd dgk.kh jS ik=ka lkFkS vsdesd gks tkoS vj m.kjSokrkoj.k esa je tkoS rkS m.kjS eu esa bZ oSM+h bZ laosnuk tkx tk;k djS b.kuS ghizHkkokfUofr ;k var jks izHkko dS;k djS gSA

4-3 dgk.kh vj miU;kl esa vUrj

dgk.kh vj miU;kl nks U;kjh fo/kkoka gS gkykadS nksuqok eka; dFkk rRo jh iz/kkurk gksoS gSA b.kh lk:dSbZ ckj dha yEch dgkf.k;ka bZ fy[kh tkoS tdh miU;kl jkS Hkje mitk;k djS gSA dgk.kh vjmiU;kl x| jh nks U;kjh fo/kkoka gS vj nksuqoka jh c.kxV esa ?k.kkS Qjd gSA vka nksuwa fo/kkoka jS QjduS b.k Hkkar njlk;kS tk ldS gS &

1- dFkkud dgk.kh lk: Hkh t:jh ekuhft;kS gS i.k dgkf.k;ka fcuk dFkkud jS fy[kh tk ldSgS tn dS miU;kl lk: dFkkud jkS gkso.kkS ?k.kkS t:jh gSA miU;kl eka; tho.k jS

32

U;kjk&U;kjk i[kka ¼i{kka½ jkS fp=.k gksoS vj dgk.kh fd.kh vsd fopkj ;k vsd oLrq ekFkS btdsfUnzr gksoS gSA

2- dgk.kh ek;a tho.k jkS vsd val ijxV dj.kkS dgk.khdkj jkS /;s; gksoS vj miU;kl tho.kuS m.kjh iwj.krk esa idM+.k jh ;k ns[k.k jh dkslhl dfj;k djSA

3- dgk.kh vkdkj esa NksVh gksoS vj m.kuS vsd bZ cSBd esa i<+h tk ldS gS tn dS miU;klvkdkj esa cMkS gksoS vj m.kuS i<+.k okGkS dSbZ ckj esa i<+us iwjkS djSA

4- dgk.kh esa dgk.khdkj vkijh dYiuk jkS la;fer mi;ksx dfj;k djS vFkkZr~ dgk.kh esa dYiukjS foLrkj jh ?k.kh xaqtkbl uha jSoS i.k miU;kl esa dYiuk jS foLrkj jh iwjh NwV miU;kldkjuS feGS cBS dYiuk jS iljko jh iwjh NwV jS;k djSA

5- dgk.khdkj fopkj vj Hkko jS Lrj ekFkS dha pqf.k;kSM+k ekfeZd [ksrj bZ ijxV dj ldS i.kmiU;kldkj duS vkijS fopkj vj Hkkoka uS ijxV dj.k lk:a yEck&yEck fooj.k izLrqrdj.k jh iwjh xqatkbl jS;k djSA

6- dgk.kh esa ik=ka jh la[;k lhfer gksoS tn dS miU;kl esa ik=ka jh la[;k ?k.kh gksoSA dgk.khesa fd.kh vsd ik= jS euksHkko uS dgk.khdkj ?k.kkS yEckS uha [khap ldS i.k miU;kl esa ik=kajS euksHkko uS] m.kjS vUr}ZU} uS foLrkj lwa ijxV dj.k jkS iwjkS volj miU;kldkj uSfefG;k djSA

7- pfj= fp=.k jS Lrj ekFkS dgk.kh eka; foLrkj jh NwV uha gksoS i.k miU;kl esa fd.kh pfj=jS gj igyw jS fp=.k jh iwjh NwV miU;kldkj uS fefG;k djSA

8- dgk.kh jh c.kxV esa fd.kh vsd lSyh jkS bt mi;ksx fd;kS tk ldS gS i.k miU;kl jS ys[kuesa dsbZ lSfy;ka jkS iz;ksx laHko gSA

4-4 dgk.kh jk Hksn

dgk.kh fo/kk ekFkS fopkj djrk Fkdka dgk.kh jk vkykspd m.kjk dSbZ Hksn dfj;k gSA izeq[k :i lwadgk.kh jk uhpS fyf[k;k Hksn gS &

1- ?kVuk iz/kku dgk.kh & ft.k dgk.kh esa ?kVukoka jh iz/kkurk gksoS vj dgk.kh uS i<+rkaikBd jS lkaEgh dkSrqgy cf.k;ksM+kS jSoS vSM+h dgkf.k;ka ?kVuk iz/ku ekuhtSA

2- pfj= iz/kku dgk.kh & ft.k dgk.kh esa ys[kd fd.kh pfj= uS dsUnz esa jk[k uS dgk.kh jpSok pfj= iz/kku dgk.kh cktSA

3- okrkoj.k iz/kku dgk.kh & tdh dgkf.k;ka esa dgk.khdkj fd.kh tqx ;k ifjfLFkfr jSokrkoj.k uS dsUnz esa jk[kS os dgkf.k;ka okrkoj.k iz/kku dgkf.k;ka cktSA

4- vSfrgkfld dgk.kh & ft.k dgkuh esa fd.kh vSfrgkfld ?kVuk ;k pfj= jkS fp=.k djhtSok dgk.kh vSfrgkfld dgk.kh dgykoS gSA jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor vj Jh lkSHkkX;flag'ks[kkor jh fyf[k;kSM+h dgkf.k;ka b.kh Js.kh jh gSA

5- lkekftd dgk.kh & tdh dgkf.k;ka esa fd.kh lkekftd leL;k jkS fp=.k dfj;kSM+kS gksoSoka uS lkekftd dgkf.k;ka dS; ldka gkaA jktLFkkuh jh lq:vkrh dgkf.k;ka [kklrkSj lwa b.k:i ns[kh tk ldS gS] gkykadS vkt bZ dSbZ dgk.khdkj fd.kh lkekftd leL;k uS ys;*j

33

dgk.kh fy[ks gSA euksgjflag jkBkSM+ jh ^lkaM* vj ^cGn* vj ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jh dsbZdgkf.k;ka b.kh Hkkar jh gSA

6- euksoSKkfud dgk.kh & tdh dgk.kh esa pfj=ka jS eu jh mgkiksg uS ;k feu[k jS vUr}ZU}uS lh/kkS&lh/kkS ;k izrhdka jS ek/;e lwa ijxV djhtS okauS euksoSKkfud dgk.kh dS; ldka gkaA

7- izrhdoknh dgk.kh & izrhd dgk.kh jS flYi jkS egrkÅ ek/;e gS i.k rn bZ dSbZ okjdgk.khdkj dha vSM+h dgkf.k;ka fy[kS ft.k esa vsd izrhd jS ek/;e lwa oks vkijS Hkko uS ikBdrkabZ iwxko.kh pkoSA vSM+h dgk.kh izrhdoknh dgk.kh oktSA

8- gkL;O;aX;iz/kku dgk.kh & tdh dgk.kh vkijS ikBd jkS euksjatu dj.k jS lkFkS fd.khlkekftd ;k jktuSfrd folaxfr ekFkS pksV djS ok gkL;&O;aX; iz/kku dgk.kh cktSA

4-5 dgk.kh jk rRo

vkykspd vkS ekuS gS dS vk/kqfud dgk.kh jkS jpuk fo/kku vkFkw.k lwa vFkkZr~ ifLpe lwa vk;kSM+kS gS i.kijEijkxr :i lwa vki.kS vBS dgk.kh jk fuEufyf[kr rRo ekuhft;k gS &

4-6 dFkkoLrq ;k dFkkud

dgk.kh jkS ewG <kapkS tdh ?kVukoka] fopkj] Hkko ;k ifjfLFkfr;ka ekFkS ÅHkks gksoS m.kuS dFkkoLrq dS;kdjS gSA dFkkoLrq jS foxlko okLrS dgk.khdkj vkijS nSfud tho.k jh ?kVukoka lwa rkS izsj.kk ysoS bZgS i.k lkFkS&lkFkS oks vkijS bfrgkl ;k iqjk.k lwa bZ lkexzh ysorkS jSoSA b.k ckjS esa dgk.kh&leh{kdgMlu dsoS dS dksbZ ukVdh; ?kVuk ;k ifjfLFkfr] dksbZ izHkkoh njlko] dksbZ egrkÅ vuqHko] [k.M;k tho.k jkS dksbZ ekfeZd i[k ;k dksbZ uSfrd y{; m.k eka; lwa dksbZ vsd ;k lSdMwa nwth izsj.kkokalwa mift;kSM+kS dksbZ Hkko fd.kh dgk.kh jkS vk/kkj ;k ewG Hkko c.k ldS gSA fgUnh jk pkok dgk.khdkjizsepUn fyf[k;kS gS& ^^vkt ys[kd dsoy dksbZ jkspd n'; ns[kdj dgkuh fy[kus ugha cSB tkrkAmldk mn~ns'; LFkwy lkSUn;Z ugha gSA og rks dksbZ ,slh izsj.kk pkgrk gS ftlesa lkSUn;Z dh >ydgks vkSj blds }kjk og ikBd dh lqUnj Hkkoukvksa dks Li'kZ dj ldSA**

izsj.k jS lkFkS dFkkoLrq esa dYiuk jkS bZ ?k.kkS egRo gSA dgk.kh jh fljt.kk esa dYiuk jkS ?k.kkS ;ksxnkugksoS gSA dYiuk jS vHkko esa dgk.kh Qxr rF;ka jkS ys[kkS tks[kkS ;k bfrgkl c.k uS jS; tkoSA dgk.khuS dykRedrk] dYiuk jS ika.k bt fefG;k djS gSA

dgk.kh jS dFkkud esa dkSrwgy] vkSRlqD;] d:.kk vj gkL; jS rRoka jh izfrLBk gkso.kh pkbtSAikLpkR; vkykspd fcYdh dkfyUl dS;kS gS dS cksgh dgk.khdkj JsLB gksoS tdkS vkijh dyk lwaikBdka lkaEgh dkSrwgy iSnk djS vj okajh mRlqdrk uS txk; nsoS] okauS iy esa galk; nsoS vj iy esam.kkjh vka[;ka esa vkalw vk tkoSA

dgk.kh jk vkykspd dFkkud uS [k.Mka eka; ckaV uS ns[k.k jh t:jr crkbZ gSA dSbZ dgkf.k;ka esadFkkud bRrkS NksVkS gksoS dS m.kuS fd.kh [k.M jh t:jr uha iM+S i.k dSbZ dgkf.k;ka jkS dFkkudQSy;kSM+kS gksoSA m.kesa dSbZ fprjkae eafM;ksM+k gksoSA vSM+h dgkf.k;ka jS dFkkud uS [kaMk eka;a ckaV.kkSBhd jSoSA MkW- txUukFk izlkn 'kekZ dFkkud uS [kaMk eka; ckaV.k jk pkj fl)kUr crk;k gS &

1- dFkk jS izokg esa cxr jS O;o/kku uS crko.k lka:A

2- njlko vj LFkku jS cnGko jk fprjke ijxV dj.k lk:A

3- pfj= jh ekufld ofr;ka jh vkNkbZ vj cqjkbZ ckrko.k lk:A

34

4- izHkkokfUofr uS yxksyx rh[kh dj.k lk:A

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[k ldka dS dgk.kh jh ekfeZd vj dykRed vfHkO;fDr lk: dFkkud uS [kaMka esackaV nso.kkS dgk.kh lk: t:jh gksoS gSA

4-7 pfj=&fp=.k

dgk.kh esa pfj= fp=.k jkS ?k.kkS egkre gSA feu[k jkS gkso.kkS vj feu[k jh vksG[kka.k m.kjS pfj= lwabZ gksoSA pfj= esa feu[k jkS ckjykS vj eka;ykS nksuwa bZ :i vsdBk gks;kSM+k nh[kSA ckjyk :i esa m.kjhoslHkwlk] m.kjh pky <ky] m.kjkS jS.k&lS.k] m.kjh cksypky vj m.kjk dkedkt fx.khtS vj eka;yk:i eka; m.kjh eu jh bPNkoka] m.kjk ekuoh; xq.k&voxq.k] m.kjk jkx&fojkx lkfey gSA dgkf.k;kaesa pfj= fp=.k ukVdh; Hkh gks; ldS vj foLysl.kkRed bZ gks; ldS gSA

vkFkw.kk vkykspd gMlu jkS eku.kkS gS dS dgk.kh esa pfj= jkS Qxr mn~?kkVu bZ djhft;k djS gS tndS miU;kl esa pfj= jkS fodkl fn[kk;kS tkoSA b.k okLrS dS; ldka dS dgk.khdkj jkS dkemiU;kldkj djrka ?k.kkS vc[kkS gSA dgk.khdkj geslka pfj= jS ewG Hkko uS idM+uS lqG>ko.k jhdkslhl dfj;k djSA b.kjh vfHkO;fDr ftrjh ukVdh; gksoS mRrkS bZ oks pfj= vkijS ikBdka jks /;kuvki dkauh [khafp;k djSA dgk.kh jk vkykspd vk ckr ekuS gS dS dgk.kh esa pfj=kadu jh lSlwa izHkkohvj O;kogkfjd i)fr gksoS ft.k esa ukVdh; fof/k jkS mi;ksx gksoSA b.k fof/k eqtc laoknka jS chp ik=[kqn vkijS ewaMS lwa vkijS pfj= ckcr vFkkZr~ vkijh :fp&v:fp] vklk&fujklk] vkdka{kkoka vjvknlkZ ckcr crkoSA tn oks [kqn jS ckjS esa cksyS vj vkijh bPNk crkoS rks m.kjS eu jk Hksn[kqnks&[kqn ijxV gks; tk;k djSA

lkfgR; jS [ksrj pfj= jkS tdkS l:i vkiuS ns[k.k uS feGS oks tFkkjFk gksork Fkdka bZ tFkkjFk lwa tqnkgks;k djS] D;wadS lkfgR; esa tFkkjFk&txr jh ckr bZ dYiuk jS ek/;e lwa ijxV gksoSA dgk.kh esapfj= fp=.k djrka vsd ckr jkS /;ku jk[k.kkS iM+S dS ik=ka jh la[;k cBS ?k.kh uha gw; tkoSA ?k.kk ik=kauS dgk.kh jS dysoj esa cka/k.kkS eqfLdy gksoSA dgk.kh esa izeq[k ik= jkS pfj= fp=.k bZ b.k Hkkar dj.kkSpkbtS dS m.kjS vkljS nwtk lg;ksxh ik=ka jS pfj= jh bZ vksG[kka.k gks; ldSA

4-8 dFkksidFku ;k laokn

ik=ka jS vkilh okrkZyki uS dFkksidFku ;k laokn dS;k djSA dFkksidFku jkS mi;ksx dFkkud jSfoxlko vj pfj=ka jkS fp=.k dj.k lk: gksoSA ts dFkksidFku ifjfLFkfr vj ik=ka jh euxr jSvuqdwy uha gksoS rks m.kesa vLokHkkfodrk vk; tkoSA b.k lk: laokn ;k dFkksidFku esa nsldky vjokrkoj.k jkS bZ /;ku jk[k.kkS pkbZtSA dgk.kh jk vkykspd rkS dFkksidFku uS dgk.kh jk izk.k ekuS gSAb.kh lk: os dgk.kh uS ifjHkkflr djrk Fkdka m.kuS ^laoknkRed fp=&fo/kk* dSoSA laokn dgkuh esadSbZ egrkÅ dke dfj;k djS tdk b.k Hkkar gS &

1- ik=ka jS pfj= uS mHkkjSA

2- oj.ku esa jkspdrk Y;koS vj izokg c.kkoSA

3- dFkkoLrq jkS fodkl djSA

4- dgk.kh esa LokHkkfodrk Y;koSA

b.k lk: t:jh gS dS dgk.khdkj vkijS laoknka ekFkS [kkl /;ku nsoSA vkNk laokn gkso.k lwa dgk.khvkijS ikBdka rkabZ lh/kh lEizsflr gks; tkoSA lQy laokn esa uhps fyf[;k xq.k gq;k djS &

35

1- laokn nsldky] ik=] okrkoj.k vj Hkko jS vuqdwy gkso.kk pkbtSA

2- laokn NksVk] ukV~;kRed vj /oU;kRed gkso.kk pkgtSA

3- laokn rdZ;qDr] O;aX; iz/kku vj pfj= ;k ?kVuk uSa iwjs vkosx lkFkS ijxV dj.k esa l{kegkso.kk pkbtSA

4- laokn esa fojke] xfr vj ;fr jkS /;ku jk[k.kkS pkbtSA

4-9 nsldky vj okrkoj.k

dgk.kh jh dFkkoLrq] m.kjk pfj= vj pfj=ka jk vkilh laokn tn rkabZ vsd [kkl nsldky vjokrkoj.k jS vuqdwy uha gqoS rn rkabZ okajkS dksbZ egRo ugha ekuhtSA dgk.kh i<+rka ikBd ft.k rjS lwadgk.kh uS xzg.k djS m.k esa bt nsldky vj okrkoj.k fNfi;kSM+kS gksoSA nsldky esa ?kVukoka lwalEcaf/kr LFkku vj cxr jkS oj.ku gq;k djSA izÑfr jkS oj.ku vkSj tkxka Hkh nsldky jkS bZ vaxekuhtSA dgk.kh esa LFkkuh; jax lwa dgk.kh jks izHkko c/k tk;k djSA

4-10 Hkklk&lSyh

dgk.khdkj uS vkijh dgk.kh esa Hkklk vj lSyh ekFkS ?k.kkS /;ku jk[k.kkS iM+SA ts Hkklk ljy vj lgyugha gksoS] m.kesa dgkorka vj eqgkojka jk vksirk iz;ksx uha gksoS rkS ok futhZo ykx.k ykx tkoSA b.khHkkar lSyh esa jkspdrk vkSj lthork gksoS vj ok de lwa de lcnka esa vkijh ckr dSo.k esa ekfgjgkso.kh pkbtSA lSyh jh nhB lwa dgkf.k;ka ikap izdkj jh gksoS &

1- vSfrgkfld & b.k lSyh esa dgk.kh fy[k.k okGk dgk.khdkj vU; iq#l jS :i esa dgk.khfy[kSA b.kesa bfrorkRed ?kVukoka uS [kkl BkSM+ feGSA

2- vkRedFku & vk lSyh izFke iq#l&iz/kku lSyh dS;h tk ldS gSA b.kesa dgkuh jkS uk;dbt vkijS ewaMS lwa vkijh ckr dS;k djS gSA vSM+h dgkf.k;k i<rka vSM+kS ykxS dS dksbZ ifjfprfeu[k vkijS tho.k jh lkph ?kVuk vkijS lkaEgh jk[k jS;kS gSA

3- laoknkRed & b.k lSyh esa fyf[k;kSM+h dgkf.k;ka eka; dFkksidFku jh iz/kkurk jS;k djS gSAlkaoj nb;k jh fyf[k;kSM+h dgkf.k;ka b.k lSyh jkS lcGkS mnkgj.k gSA

4- i=kRed lSyh & dSbZ dgkf.k;ka fd.kh dkxn jS iM+wrj :i fy[khtS] okauS i=kRed lSyhjh dgkf.k;k dS;k djS gSA

5- Mk;jh lSyh & dSbZ okj dgk.khdkj dgk.kh uS Mk;jh jS :i fyf[k;k djSA m.kesa vSM+kS ykxStk.kS vkika fd.kh nwtS jh Mk;jh jk val i<+ jS;k gkaA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa Mk;jh lSyh esa Nihde dgkf.k;ka fy[khth gSA

4-11 mn~nsL;

dgk.kh jh ?kVuk] m.kjS ik=ka jkS pfj= fp=.k vj m.kjS okrkoj.k lwa i<+.k okGka jS eu ekFkS vsd [kklizHkko iM+SA b.k izHkko uS bt dgk.kh jks mn~nsL; dSoSA eksVS :i lwa ns[kka rkS dS; ldka dS dgk.kh jkSmn~nsL; feu[kktw.k jS lkp uS vkijS ikBdka rkabZ iwxko.kkS gksoS D;awdS dgk.kh vkijS dysoj esa NksVhgksoS b.k lk: m.kjS ek/;e lwa vk[kS tho.k jh O;k[;k rkS uha djh tk ldS i.k tho.k jS fd.kh vsdi[k jh izLrqfr m.kjS ek/;e lwa dgk.khdkj dfj;k djSA dSbZ okj dgk.khdkj fd.kh pfj= folsl jhizfrLBk [kkfrj bZ dgk.kh jfp;k djS gS os m.k pfj= jS ekjQr tho.k jS fd.kh lkp uS m?kkM+.kkS pkoSA

36

vka ckrka jS vykok euksjatu rkS geslk lwa lkfgR; jks vsd mn~nsL; jS;kS bZ gS vj geslk jSoSyk i.kQxr euksjatu bZ dj.kkS dnSbZ lkfgR; jkS mn~nsL; uha gks;k djS] vk ckr /;ku jk[k.kS jh gSA

4-12 lkjkal

dgk.kh x| jh vsd izeq[k fo/kk gSA ok vkdkj esa NksVh gks;k djS vj m.kjS ek/;e lwa tho.k jS fd.khvsd i[k jh ;k tho.k jS fd.kh vsd lkap jh vksG[kka.k djko.kkS dgk.khdkj jkS /;s; gks;k djS gSAvkt jS tqx esa vk vsd txpkoh fo/kk gSA b.k bdkbZ esa dgk.kh jh ifjHkklk] m.kjS rRoka uS vj m.kjhlSyh us le>k.k jh dkslhl djh gkaA

4-13 vH;kl jk loky

1- dgk.kh jh ifjHkklk fy[kksA

2- dgk.kh jS rRoka jh vksG[kka.k djkokSA

3- miU;kl vj dgk.kh esa dkabZ vUrj gS \ le>kokSA

4- dgk.kh esa dFkkoLrq jS egRo uS ijxV djkSA

5- ^laokn dgk.kh jk izk.k gS* b.k dFku jh leh{kk djkSA

6- nsldky vj okrkoj.k lwa vki dkabZ le>kS&dgk.kh jS jpuk&fo/kku esa m.kjh dkabZ Hwfedk gksoS \le>koksA

4-14 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- dgkuh & ubZ dgkuh & ukeojflag

2- ubZ dgkuh dh Hkwfedk & deys'oj

3- fgUnh dgkuh % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & MkW- gsrq Hkkj}kt

4- fgUnh dgkuh % Lo:i vkSj laosnuk & jktsUnz ;kno

37

bdkbZ & 5

izeq[k dgk.khdkj % fot;nku nsFkkbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

5-1 çLrkouk

5-2 mísL;

5-3 fot;nku nsFkk jks ifjpS

5-4 ^vys[kwa fgVyj* dgk.kh jks lkj

5-5 dFkkud jh leh{kk

5-6 dgk.kh jh rkfRod leh{kk

5-7 ik= vj pfj=&fp=.k

5-8 dFkk jk mnkgj.k

5-9 vH;kl jk loky

5-10 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

5-1 çLrkouk

vktknh iNS jk dgk.khdkjka jkS dgk.kh jS fodkl esa ?k.kks ;ksxnku gS vSM+k dgk.khdkjka esa fot;nkunsFkk Hkh vsd gSA nsFkk dye jk /k.kh vj fljt.k jk ywaBk dFkkdkj gSA cs vsdkuh yksddFkkoka fy[khrkS nwtS dkuh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ekSfyd dgk.kh fy[k*j vsd BkoS dgk.khdkj jS :i esa vkijh fNcc.kkbZA jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uS HkklkbZ lefjfèk nSo.k okGS dgk.khdkjka esa nsFkk jh vksG[kk.k lxGk lwaU;kjh gSA

5-2 mísL;

vBS fot;nku nsFkk jh vsd dgk.kh jS ekè;e lwa m.kkjS iwjS dgk.khdkj O;fDrRo jkS lEiw.kZrk jS lkFkSewY;kadu dj.kks gS ft.klwa vkS Bk iM+S dS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS fodkl esa nsFkk jkS ;ksxnku egrkÅ gSAm.kka jh dgk.;ka jS ekè;e lwa jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS fodkl uS VVksG.kks Hkh ?k.kks t:jh gSA


l#okr & fot;nku nsFkk jkS tye lu~ 1926 esa cks:ank xkao esa gq;ksA os fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh nksuwaHkklkoka esa jpukoka fy[kh gSA cks:ank xkao esa vki ^:ik;u* laLFkku jh Fkji.kk djh vj vBS lwa ôk.kh*vj ^yksd laLØfr* if=dkoka jks lEiknu dj;kSA yksddFkkoka jS fljt.k uS uqoha nhB lwa çLrqr dj.kSesa nsFkk jks dke bfr;klw vj ?k.kks egrkÅ gSA vki ^ckrka jh QqyokM+h* jk 14 Hkkx çdkflr dj~;kft.kk esa jktLFkkuh jh ,d gtkj yksddFkkoka Nih vj jktLFkkuh yksdthou jks lkarjks lkaLØfrdfprjke vk[kS lkfgR; txr jS lkeh jk[;kSA vkt nsFkk Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jk lkejFkoku lkfgR;dkjkaesa ekuhrk gS vj b.kkjS lkfgR; ij ?k.kh tkxka lksèk dk;Z Hkh gq; jg;kS gSA ckrka jh QqyokM+h ekFkSnsFkk uS lkfgR; vdkneh jks iqjLdkj Hkh feY;ks gSA ^rhMkS jko* vkijks egrkÅ miU;kl gS tdkslkfgfR;d nhB lwa ?k.kks pjfpr jS;ks gSA ^vys[kw fgVsyj* ukao lwa vkijh ekSfyd jktLFkkuh dgk.;kajh iksFkh Nih gSA

nsFkk vkijh yksddFkkoka vj ekSfyd dFkkoka esa fd.kh ckr jks varj uh ekuSA m.kkjks dSo.kk gS dS ÊgSrks ckrka jh QqyokM+h uS ekSfyd dFkkoka chpS bZ bèkd vkn:aA fd.kh fprjke] Hkko ;k dS dFkkud uS

38

vUrj jh jx&Vx lw ?kksG jk[k.k jks ukao bZ ekSfydrk gS] uhrj uqoks twuks dha uha gSA* dgk.khdkj jSeqrkfcd Hkh vj nwtk leh{kdka jS eqtc Hkh vkt m.kka jh ekSfyd dgkf.k;ka uS pks[kks njtks feY;ksM+ksgS vj os jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa vkijks vsd Bkoks BkSM+ jk[kSA

jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa vkjfFkd ifjosl jks Hkh thoUr fp=.k gq;ks gS vj lkekftd ifjosl esa Hkh?kqVrs&filrs yksdthou jk ;FkkFkZ vk;ke Hkh mtkxj gq;k gSA nsFkk vSM+k gh dFkkdkj gS ft.kk jSys[k.k esa vk nksuwa fLFkfr;ka jk ekjfed fp=.k gSA yksd thou jh uqaoh laosnukoka uS nsFkk vkijhdgk.;ka esa ifjosl jks lkapks o.kZu gSA nsFkk jh dgk.;ka esa vuqHko jh çkekf.kdrk] uqoka flYi vj uqohaHkklk jks l:i vk;ks gSA nsFkk jh dgk.;k jks x| mRÑLV vj cstksM+ gSA m.kjS eka; eatkoV] Hkklkjh dkO;kRedrk vj BsB yksd tho.k jks vks[kk.kks gSA ^jkthukoks*] ^QkVd*] îqfV;ks dkdks*] îsV jhfiaikM+h* bR;kn dgk.;k jktLFkkuh thou jS lkpS :i uS çLrqr djSA nsFkk :f<+okfnr vj fujFkdekU;rkoka ekFkS lVhd O;aX; djSA nsFkk jh nhB vsdkuh uqaoS tqx lwa tqM+;ksM+h gS rks nwtS dkuh iqjk.kSyksdthou jh cqjkb;ka uS Hkh lkeh yko.kh okGh gSA

5-4 ^vys[kw fgVyj* dgk.kh jkS lkjkal

nsFkk jktLFkkuh fot;nku ywaBS dgk.khdkjka esa fx.khtSA ^vys[kw fgVyj* m.kka jh pjfpr dgk.kh gStdh ^nhB* if=dk jS vad esa iSyiksr NihA b.klwa iSyk nsFkk jh dgk.;k jks jpuk&foèkku yksddFkkokajh lSyh lwa tqM+;ksM+h gksA nsFkk cka yksddFkkoka uS uqoh Hkklk jS lkFkS ikBdka jS lkeh fy[khA ^vys[kwafgVyj* esa lEiUu oxZ jh engkslh vj m.kka jh vekuho;rk jks fp=.k dj;ks x;ks gSA vktknh jS iNSlekt jh vkjfFkd fLFkfr esa ?k.kks ifjorZu vk;ks vj dsbZ t.kk duS tn ihlks vk;ks rks cS b.k fLFkfrjS dkj.k lekt jS detksj oxZ ekFkS vR;kpkj Hkh dj.k ykX;kA

lkjkal

ikap feu[k gkA lxGk [ksrh jkS èkaèkks djrk vj lk[ka fuitkorkA ikapw vkxk&usM+k dM+wacS esa HkkbZ gkAcS lhj esa VªsDVj eksyko.k tksèkiqj x;kA m.kk jS eu esa VªsDVj [kjhn.kS jh ?k.kh [kqlh ghA cS ekSjrd<k*j x;k gk dS vkt rks VªsDVj Y;ko.kks gS ?kjka dS;*j x;k dS fla>;k jh c[kr ikNk vkoka gkaAcS nwdku ekFkS x;kA cBS m.kka uS vkseth feY;kA cS VªsDVj ckcr ckauS lkjh ckrka crk; nh vj vksHkh dg fn;ks dS dEiuh okGk vka jh jsV Hkh r; dj nh gS b.k okLrS dksbZ rjS jks eksy eqykbZ uh gqoSyhD;wadS xkaovkGk esa vk Hkh vknr gSA

nqdkuvkGks cka jk jax <ax ns[k*j cka jh eku euokj djSA iNS m.kka uS VªsDVj nh[kkoSA yky cEc^Qjxqlu VªsDVj*A tk.kS eeksfG;k jh f<fBxyh gqoSA VªsDVj m.kka uS ilan vk T;koSA ipkl ?kksM+ka jhrkdr jks foyk;rh ^Qjxqlu VªsDVj*] lkxS Vªksyh] rfo;ka] >wykS vj gsjksA dher lkB gtkj fjfi;kAcS vkseth uS fjfi;k fx.kkoS vj lxGk HkkbZ VªsDVj jh lxGh phtka laHkky*j dkj[kkuk lwa jokuk gq;kAbrS esa NksVksM+ks HkkbZ [kqjaxh ekGkoka ys vk;ks& cS lxGk VªsDVj jks fl.kxkj dj;ks vj iNS cBS lwapkY;kA

vkapks djrk djrkbZ [kklks fnu <GX;ksA lwjt vkFkw.kS dkuh fMxck ykX;ks gksA poM+h lM+dAfl.kxkj dj;ksM+ks VªsDVj [kqyh lM+d ekFkS QjQjkorks ?kjj ?kjj pkyrkS gksA ikapw Hkk;ka uS b;ka ykx;ksds ft;k lM+d jh BkSM+ [kqn vkHkks bZ vk;X;ks OgSA vkFkerks lwjt Hkh fta;k VªsDVj uS ns[k.k lk: FkksM+ksFkeX;ks gqoSA vkxS tn os pkY;k rks p<kar mrjrka b± okauS nks vsd [ksr èkdS vsd eksV~;kj fuxS vk;kstdks vkijh lkbfdy ekFkS lokj gks;*j vkxS&vkxS pky jS;ksA m.kuS VªsDVj jh vkokt lq.kh rks cksykjS ns[;ks vj VªsDVj uS ns[k*j FkksM+h vksj rst lkbfdy pykbZ] i.k ikapw HkkbZ rks vkt uqaok VªsDVjjS en esa gk] xkao tko.k jh [kkrkbZ] ?kjka cèkko.k lk: yqxk;ka [kM+h gkslhA fl.kxk: VªsDVj uS ns[k*jxkao vsdBks ¼HksGks½ gkslhA VªsDVj [kjhn.kks dksbZ galh&[ksy FkksM+ks bZ gSA b.k okLrS cS ikapw HkkbZ lksP;ks

39

vks lkbfdy okGkS nksM+S rks nkSM+un~;ks vks drksd Hkkx ldS gSA vsdkuh uqoks Qjxqlu VªsDVj vj vknkS lkS :iYyh jh lkbfdyA VªsDVj vkxS ckiM+h lkbfdy jh dkabZ fclkrA nksuwa dkuh jsl f[kpxhAlkbfdy okGks Hkh ywBks lkbfdy lokj gksA m.k jS eka; tksl vj VªsDVj lwa eqdkcyks dj.kS jh ?k.khgwal ghA m.k jk ix rks tk.kS Hkj.kkVS p<X;kA Mwaxj lwa [kGdrk >j.kk jS osx T;wa lkbfdy jGdrhjS;hA b;ka ykxS gks tk.kS dksbZ crwfG;ks lkbfdy jks :i /kkj fy;ks gqoSA

dnS nksuqoka chp dh Nsrh iM+rh rks dnS Qs:a Nsrh cèk T;kaorhA ikapw HkkbZ b.k jsl esa ykxX;kA m.kkauS m.k o[kr nqfu;ka jh fd.kh ckr jks è;ku uh gksA cl eu esa vk ckr bZ vkoS gh ds lkB gtkjfjfi;ka jks VªsDVj vj nkS lkS fjfi;ka jh lkbfdyA dkabZ eqdkcyksA m.kk jh nhB esa lkbfdy lokjikxy ykX;ksA i.k lkbfdy lokj rks Hkkjrh; Lrj jks lkbfdy lokj gksA cS Hkh vk ekuS gk dsdrksd HkkxSyksA lsoV rks lkal VwVSyhA vkf[kj oks Hkh vka feu[kka tSM+ks bZ feu[k gksA

nksuqoka jS fcpS [kwc jsl gqbZA ikapw Hkkb;ka uS lkbfdy ekFkS jhl Hkh jS;h gh ds vks ikxy VªsDVj jkseqdkcykS dj.kS jh fgEer dj jS;ks gSA iNS dkabZ gks nksuwa dkuh ckr r.kxh gqoS] b;ka ykxS gksA ikapwHkkb;ka jS okLrS Hkh vks vsd çfrLBk jks loky gq;X;ksA mBh uS lkbfdy lokj jS eu esa vkijh Hkk;yhjks fprjke vk;X;ksA cks lksp jS;ks gks ds vkt m.k jh ij[k gq; T;koSyhA i.k v.kNd crwfG;k jkosx lwa mM+rh lkbfdy VªsDVj lwa VdjkbZ vj lkbfdy lokj jh cBS bZ ekSr gq;xhA m.kka jks NksVD;ksHkkbZ vkijS FkSyS esa lwa cksrG ck<*j dSo.k ykX;ks& ckiM+k uS FkksM+h je rks ikokaA ej;k iwBS ;kn rksdjSyksA nwtk HkkbZ Hkh m.k jS b.k jsl jh fgEer uS nqrdkjh vj rjS&rjS jk rkuk ekj.k ykX;kA iNSm.kka uS ;kn vk;ks ds vcsGks gq; jS;ks gS ?kjka yqxk;ka cèkko.k lk: ckV mMhdrh gkslhA cS cBS lwajokuk gq;X;kA pkyrh c[kr ikapw HkkbZ Bgkdk yxk jS;k gk] D;wa ds m.kka jh jsl esa thr gq;xh ghAm.kka jS eu esa thr jks xqeku gksA


^vys[kw fgVyj* uqoS laosnuk lwa fy[;ksM+h ekjfed dgk.kh gSA b.k jS eka; vkt jS lEiUu oxZ jh vgaHkkouk uS vki.kS lkeh jk[kh xbZ gSA dnS yksxka esa tehu tkxhj jks ulks gks rks vkt yksxka esalkèku&lEiUurk vj elhu jks ulks gSA lkB gtkj jks VªsDVj vj nkS lkS fjfi;k okGk lkbfdyA tslkbfdy VªsDVj lwa jsl dj.k ykxS rks feu[k jks vga b.kuS Lohdkj uh djSA b± en uS vj ?ke.M uSbZ b.k dgk.kh esa nh[kk;ks x;kS gSA

1- jkspdrk& vys[kw fgVyj dgk.kh jkS l:okr bZ jkspdrk lwa gqoSA dFkkud jS fodkl esadgk.khdkj txS&txS vkijh jkspd lSyh jks ifjpS nsoSA vk dgk.kh xkao jS eka; uqaoS lEiUu oxZ jhvga Hkkouk ekFkS rh[kks O;aX; djSA ikap t.kk VªsDVj [kjhn.kS jS okLrS lSj esa tkoSaA cka jS eu esa VªsDVjjks ?k.kks dksMA ?kjka dS;*j Hkh tkoS dS EgSa fla>~;k rkabZ ikNk vk T;kL;k] Fks VªsDVj uS cèkko.k jh R;kjhjk[kT;ksA dgk.kh jh lq:vkr jkspd vj O;aX; Hkj;k ygtk esa gqoSA os ikapw bZ feu[k gkA dksbZ mejesa NksVks rks dksbZ mej esa cMkSA rhl vj ipkl cjlka jS fcpkGS lxGk jh mej ghA ykaBksM+k HkkbZ jSekFkS dBS bZ dBS èkkSGk Hkkad.k ykxk gkA ckdh lxGk jk ekFkk dkGk HkaojA mf.k;kjk feu[kk tSM+kbZ gkA vka[;ka jh BkSM+ vka[;kaA ukd jh BkSM+ ukdA nkarka jh BkSM+ nkarA gkFk&ixka jh BkSM+ gkFk&ixArhEck cj.kks jaxA lxGk jS ekFkS èkkSGk iksR;kA ----lxGk bZ feu[k jh cksyh cksyrkA* b.k rjS dgk.khjks vkjEHk vsd O;aX; lwa Hkj;ksM+ks gSA cS feu[k tSM+k feu[k gk i.k m.kka esa feu[ki.kks dksuh gks b.kjks Bk VªsDVj ys;*j xkao dkuh pkY;k tn irks pY;ks vj cS uqaok VªsDVj lwa vsd lkbfdy lokj uSVDdj lwa ekj nsoSA dFkkud jks çkjEHk dkQh ljl vj ikBd jS eu esa vsd vkdqGrk iSnk djSA

2- dFkkud esa p<+ko& dFkkud jh nwth folslrk m.k jS eka; p<ko gqo.kks pkbtSA dFkkud l:esa èkhjS&èkhjS vkxS c<+SA ikapw HkkbZ galh&[kqlh jS lkFk] dksMlwa Hkj~;ksM+k tksèkiqj VªsDVj [kjhn.k tkoSA

40

tkork gh nqdkunkj vkseth lwa m.k ewM esa ckr djS dS m.kk uS VªsDVj yso.kks gS vj VªsDVj jh dherm.kka jh tsc esa gSA VªsDVj ys ysoSaA ?kjka dkuh jokuk gqoSaA VªsDVj jks fl.kxkj djSA m.kka jS eka; vkbZ [kqlh gh dS xkao tk;*j yksxka uS VªsDVj fn[kkokaA tn cS jokuk gqoS t.kk lM+d ekFkS vsd lkbfdylokj VªsDVj jS lkFkS jsl yxko.k ykxSA vk ckr m.kka jS vga uS Bsl iqxkoSA cS lkspS dBS lkB gtkjjks VªsDVj vj dBS ckiM+h nkS lkS fjfi;ka vkGh lkbfdyA iNS lkbfdy jh dkabZ fclkr tdh VªsDVjjh cjkscjh djSA cl nksuqoka jS eu esa vk ckr B.k T;koSa dnS lkbfdy VªsDVj jS usM+S vk T;koS rks dnSNsrh cèk T;koSA [kqyh lM+d ekFkS lkbfdy vj VªsDVj jh b.k jsl jks dgk.khdkj lkarjks cj.kko djSAvks cj.kko mRlqdrk vj jkspdrk fy;ksM+ks gS vj dFkkud b.k fLFkfr jS ekè;e lwa pje lhek dkuhc<SA dgk.kh esa vks p<ko lqHkkfod vj ?k.kks ekfeZd gS b.k lwa ikBd yxkrkj dgk.kh uS i<+rks jSoSAdgk.khdkj jsl jks o.kZu fc;ka bZ djS fta;k dksbZ nksuqoka jks jsl uS ns[k*j desUVªh nsorks gqoSA dgk.khjS dFkkud jk vks p<+ko dgk.kh jh [kkl folslrk gSA dgk.khdkj b.k o.kZu uS ykEcks [khapkj ikBdjh mRlqdrk uS ?k.kh txkbZ gSA b.k p<+ko jh fLFkfr esa lkbfdy lokj jS eu esa mRiUu liuk jks HkheuksoSX;kfud fp=.k dj;ks x;kS gS ft.k lwa lkbfdy lokj vk ikapw HkkbZ;ka jh ekufld fLFkfr jkscj.kko dj [kqn gh dgk.kh uS jkspd c.kk nsoSA

3- pjelhek jh fLFkfr& dFkkud jS fodkl jS lkFkS bZ lkFkS dgk.kh jkspdrk lwa Hkjiwj gq;*jpjelhek dkuh iwx.k ykxSA m.k c[kr ikapw HkkbZ;ka jh vkilh ckr vj lkbfdy lokj jh eu%fLFkfrjks vuqeku lkarjS <ax lwa dgk.kh esa gq;ks gSA dgk.khdkj fy[kS& ^^Nsrh cèk.k ykxh rks cèk.k gh ykxhrj&rjA cèkrh bt xhA Vkirka&Vkirka iSyka lwa bZ Mks<h Nsrh iM+xhA VªsDVj jks jsl iwje iwj [kkaP;ksM+hghA b.k lwa vkxS fd.kh jks dksbZ tksj uhA ikapw bZ Hkk;ka jks eu eBksBh [kko.k ykxkSA P;k:esj lwalkM+kHkjrh gok èkj èkjkj jS iGsjS vGw>xhA vk[kh nqfu;k jkS jkt gkFkS vk;ks Fkdks Vhork&Vhork [kqltkoSyk] b.kh Hkkar tn jsl vkSj vkxS cèkS rks ikapw HkkbZM+k uS Hkh ykX;ks ds vks dkabZ gS& rksi jS xksGkjS osx VªsDVj eykirkS gksA lkbfdy okGk m?kkM+S ekFkk Nksjk jS ixka tk.kS dksbZ rwQku lj.k ekaxh ghA---- oGS Nsrh caèk.k ykxhA uh rks m.k jks QhaQjks QkV;ks vj uh m.k jks lkal FkkD;ksA**

vks dFkkud esa pjelhek jh fLFkfr jks lkarjks o.kZu gSA

4- dFkkud jk var& dgk.kh jS dFkkud jks var Hkh pks[kks vj laosn.kkoka txko.k okGks gSA jslvkf[kj jsl bZ rks gS& vkneh vj elhu jks dkabZ eqdkcyksA vk gksM+k gksM+h rks le>nkjh uhA lkèkukjks v.kwrks ?keaM gSA dFkkud esa dgk.kh jks var drks ekjfed gS& ^crwfG;k jS csx mM+rh lkbfdyv.kèkd VªsDVj lwa VdjkbZA vsdj vka[;ka lkeh fctGh HkGdhA iNS nhi&nhi djrks vsd vsdmf.k;kjks cM+ks OgSrks x;ksA ykjyks dkGks Vk;j xqM+D;k mxkM+k ekFkk jkS fxjM+dkS fudGX;kSA lxGkmf.k;kjk vsd.k lkxS cM+k gq;X;kA gok esa oGS feu[kka jh cksyh xq.keq.kkbZ& Êgka jks ekVkS VªsDVj lwaèkdS tko.k jh gwal ikGrksA* vj lkbfdy lokj jh VªsDVj lwa Vdjk.kS dkj.k ekSr gq; T;koSA cS ikapwHkkbZ dSM+k ewj[k ;k ihlk okGk gk ds ej;k iNS oS dSoS& ckiM+k uS FkksM+h je rks ikokaA ej;k iwBS ;knrks djSykA*

dgk.kh jks var vkneh jh Øwjrk vj en uS pkSM+S Y;k nsoSA

5- ljyrk vj lgtrk& ^vys[kwa fgVyj* dgk.kh jS dFkkud esa lgtrk vj ljyrk gSA dgk.khesa fcuk eryc jh ?kVukoka uh jk[khth gSA Qxr dgk.kh esa vsd ?kVuk gSA VªsDVj yso.k uS ikapw HkkbZlSj tkoSA ikNk vkorh c[kr vsd lkbfdy lokj VªsDVj lwa jsl dj.k ykxT;kA var esa VªsDVj jhVDdj lwa m.k jh ekSr gq; T;koSA dFkkud esa Hkh nwth ?kVukoka dksuh vj uh nwth ckrka jks QkyrwfoLrkjA dksbZ Hkh uqoha pht uS [kjhn.kS jks dksM gqoSA ?kj esa dksbZ uqoha pht vkoS rks [kqlh Hkh gqoS] m.kuS yksx cèkkoS HkhA dgk.kh esa VªsDVj esa fl.kxkj djuS Y;ko.kS jS ykjS Hkh vk bZ Hkkouk gSA i.k ikapwHkk;ka jS vsd NksVh lh ckr pqHk tkoS ds dBS lkB gtkj jks VªsDVj vj dBS nkS lkS fjfi;ka ckGh

41

lkbfdyA nksuqoka jh jsl jks dksbZ eqdkcyks uh i.k m.k lkbfdy lokj jS eu esa jsl jh Hkkouk b.kokLrS mith ds cks [kqn Åaps Lrj jks lkbfdy lokj gksA fca;k Hkh vks eqdkcyks O;fDr jh fgEer uSnjlkoSA lkbfdy vj VªsDVj jks dksbZ eqdkcyks uh i.k dsbZ ckj ts feu[k tksl esa vk T;koS rks cksetks yso.k lk: FkksM+h nwj rkabZ jsl Hkh dj ysoSA vk lqHkkfod eu%fLFkfr gSA i.k nwtS dkuh lEiUuoxZ b.k eqdkcyS uS Hkh vkijh çfrLBk jks loky c.kk ysoS] b.k lwa dsbZ nq?kZVukoka gq; T;koS tdhvkneh jh bUlkfu;r jS f[kykQ gSA

b.k rjS dgk.kh vsd NksVh lh ?kVuk ekFkS vkèkkfjr gS i.k dgk.khdkj m.kjks tks foLrkj dj;ks gS m.klwa dFkkud jS eka; dgk.kh jS fodkl jh lxGh fLFkfr;ka Hkh vk;xh vj dgk.kh dF; jh nhB lwaegrkÅ Hkh gq;xhA


çLrkouk& fd.kh Hkh dgk.kh jh leh{kk dgk.kh jS N% rÙoka ekFkS djh tk ldS gS ds ck rÙoka jS ekFkSdrh [kjh mrjSA dgk.kh jk vS N% rÙo& dFkkud] laokn] ik= vj pfj= fp=.k] nsldky vjokrkoj.k] Hkklk&lsyh vj mísL; ekuhT;k gSaA

dFkkud& dFkkud uS ?kVukoka jks la;kstd dSoSA dgk.kh thou jh fd.kh vsd ?kVuk ;k çlax uSys;j pkyS vj m.k jS ekè;e lwa ck lekt uS vsd lanslks nsoSA ^vys[kwa fgVyj* dgk.kh jks dFkkudNksVks gS m.k esa Qxr ?kVuk gSA ikap HkkbZ mRlkg jS lkFkS lSj esa VªsDVj [kjhn.k okLrS tkoSA VªsDVjys;*j tn ikNk vkoS rks lM+d ekFkS vsd lkbfdy lokj jsl jh gksM+ dj.k ykx tkoSA m.kka jS cktqokaesa tksj gks vj oks Åaps Lrj jks lkbfdy lokj iNS toku yM+dksA vSM+h çfrLièkkZ dsbZ ckj ns[k.k tksxgqoSA i.k VªsDVj jh m.k jS VDdj ykx tkoS vj oks [kre gq; T;koSA dgk.kh jS dFkkud esa vkjEHk]fodkl] pjelhek vj var jks lqHkkfod fodkl gq;ks gSA ?kVukoka esa jkspdrk vj mRlqdrk gSA ikapwHkkbZ vkijS tscka esa fjfi;k Hkj oS VªsDVj [kjh.k okLrS tkoS vj nqdkunkj duS iwx.kS jS iNS eksn Hkj;ksM+Slqj esa m.k lwa crGkoSA dgk.khdkj fy[kS& ^^vsd ixksfr;ks p<rka bZ dkp jS eka; nqdku jS /k.kh jksekFkks lqHkV fuxS vk;ksA iGdrh VkV ekFkS futj iM+rka bZ lxGk vsd.k lkxS cksY;k& lqxuka jh ckr][kqnks [kqn vkseth eka; fcjkT;kA* ikapw HkkbZ;ka jh ckrka lwa galh&[kqlh >ydS bZA oS vkseth uS dg;kslkarjkS okj vj l[kjh frFk jks ekSjr d<k; ?kj lwa Oghj gq;kA vcS ikNk lqfn;ka&lqfn;ka xkao tko.kkspkoka tdks EguS csxks bZ VªsDVj f[kpkoksA**

b.k rjS dgk.kh jS dFkkud jh lq:vkr vj vkxS m.k jks fodkl lkarjS <ax lwa gq;ksA v.kNd VªsDVjjh VDdj lwa lkbfdy lokj jh nqj?kVuk vk crko.kh pkoS ds vk dq.k uS lSu gqoS ds VªsDVj jh gksMlkbfdy lokj djSA dBS lkB gtkj fjfi;k vj dBS nkS lkS fjfi;k jh lkbfdyA vks dgk.kh jks varokdbZ lEiUu oxZ jS vga uS vki.kS lkeS jk[kSA dgk.kh esa VªsDVj vj lkbfdy jh jsl jks cj.kkodFkkud uS ?k.kks jkspd c.kkoSA dgk.kh jks var ?k.kks ekjfed gS tBS lkbfdy lokj nq?kZVukfXkzLr gq;tkoS vj VªsDVj jks /k.kh ej;ksM+S lkbfdy lokj jS ewaMS ekFkS nk: jh cksry uk[kSA ew[kZrk vjlaosnughurk jh b.k lwa cMh dkabZ ckr gq; ldS gS \ dgk.kh jS var esa lkbfdy lokj jh ekSr iwjhdgk.kh uS vsd nwtks eksM+ ns nSoS vj ikBd lksprk bZ jSoSA b.k rjS dgk.kh jks dFkkud ?k.kks jkspdvj lqHkkfod gSA


dgk.kh jS eka; ikapw HkkbZ] nqdkunkj vkseth vj lkbfdy lokj rhu bZ ik= gSA ikapw HkkbZ vsd bZdqVe jk gSa] vka esa çeq[k ik= rks ikapw HkkbZ vj vsd lkbfdy lokj gSA dgk.khdkj ikapw HkkbZ;ka jSpfj= uS tFkkjFk :i esa çLrqr dj;ks gSA dgk.khdkj dSoS& ôS ikapw bZ feu[k gkA dksbZ mej esa NksVksrks dksbZ eksVksA rhl vj ipkl cjl fcpkGS lxGka jh mej ghA ykaBksM+k HkkbZ jS ekFkS dBS bZ dBS èkksGk

42

>kad.k ykxk gkA ckdh lxGk jk ekFkk dkGk&HkaojA mf.k;kjk feu[kk tSM+k bZ gkA vka[;ka jh BkSM+vka[;kaA ukd jh BkSM+ ukdA nkrka jh BkSM+ nkarA gkFk ixka jh BkSM+ gkFk&ixA rkEck cj.kks jaxA lxGkjS ekFks èkksGk iksR;kA fd.kh jS uokA fd.kh jS twukA* vkxS dgk.khdkj dSoS& ^vka ikapw feu[kka jSjax&<kGS vSM+ks y[kkorks ds fd.kh eka jh dw[k lwa tye uh gks;] vka jks èkjrh jh dw[k lwa bZ tyefOg;ksA**

dgk.khdkj vka ikapw HkkbZ;ksa jks pfj= lkaxksikax bZ dgk.kh esa fn[kk;ksA cS èku jS ulS esa eLr gS m.kkjS lkxS nkS lkS fjfi;k jh lkbfdy pyko.k okGks dkabZ gS\ vks bZ dkj.k gS ds cS lkbfdy lokj uSdha bZ uha ekuSA tn lkbfdy lokj oka&jS VªsDVj lwa jsl djS rks cS dsbZ rjS jk rkuk ekjSA vk dgk.khpfj=&çèkku dgk.kh gS D;wa ds b.k jks lh"kZd Hkh ^vys[kw fgVyj* bZ ckr uS fl) djS ds nqfu;ka esavsd bZ fgVyj uh gks m.k tSM+k ?k.kk Øwj feu[k gq;k gS tdka jS lkeh feu[k jks dksbZ vfLrRo uhA

dgk.kh jk ik= thoUr vj vkijS oxZ jks lkapks çfrfufèkRo dj.k okGk gSA vk dgk.kh lekt jS vSM+koxZ uS çLrqr djS tdks xjhc lk: fd.kh Hkkar jh bZ lgkuqHkwfr uh jk[kSA xjhc lkbfdy okGk QxrvkijS tksl jS ik.k VªsDVj lwa jsl ys ysoS i.k m.kuS dkabZ Bk gks ds vks VªsDVj m.k jh ftanxh uS [kredj nslhA

dgk.khdkj vka ikapw HkkbZ;ka jh lEiUurk] vga Hkkouk vj m.kka lwa gksM+ yso.k okGS uS ikB i<ko.k jheufLFkfr jks lkarjks fp=.k dj;ks gSA vsd lEiUu oxZ jS lkeS xjhc O;fDr uk dqN gqoSA vk Hkh b.kpfj= jS ekè;e lwa irks ykxSA bl rjS lxGk ik=ka jk fp=.k lqHkkfod gSaA lkbfdy lokj jh fgEer]tksl vj tksf[ke ?k.kh ljko.k tksx gSA dgk.khdkj vka pfj=ka uS çHkkoh <ax lwa vki.kS lkeh jk[;kagSA

5-8 laokn

dgk.kh jS eka; dFkksidFku ;k laoknka jks Hkh vkijks eSro gSA laoknka jS tfj;s dgk.kh Hkh vkxS cèkS rksvkil jh ckrphr lwa ik=ka jks pfj= Hkh vki.kS lkeh vkoSA dFkksidFku ckcr dg;ks x;ks gS ds cSNksVk] jkspd] xfrlhy vj ik=ka jS vuqdwy gkso.kk pkbtSA ^vys[kw fgVyj* dgk.kh jS eka; vk;ksM+klaokn Hkh lkarjk vj O;X;kRed gS b.k lwa dgk.kh esa jkspdrk vkbZ gSA vsd mnkgj.k b.k Hkkar ns[kldka &

^^VªsDVj jk dlwacy jax ekFkS lkoGh >kabZ fn[k.k ykxhA NksVD;ks HkkbZ cw>;ks] ^m?kkM+ ekFkkS dBSd vkoSgS\**

P;k: HkkbZ nkar ihlrk èkkdy lqj esa cksY;k& vk rks HkGSS gkadjrka VªsDVj lwaèkds uhlj tkoSykA

^dkabZ ckr djksA*

ckr rks ns[kka tsM+h bt djkaA vks rks èkdS fudkG;ks*d fudG;ksA oSx OgS Fkwa bZ ykjS tkosySA cMksM+kHkkbZ jS xGS tka.kS Mwtks QalX;ks OgSA

vj oks nwtS bZ fN.k viwBks gks;*j ykjS tks;ksA vka[;ka esa tk.kS cht HkGdhA

^vcS rks b.k jk cki lwa bZ èkdS uh fudGhtSA*

b.k rjS dgk.kh esa vk;ksM+k laokn NksVk vj jkspd Hkh gSa rks cS ik=ka jh euxr uS Hkh mtkxj djSA

dBS&dBS laokn dha ykEck Hkh gS i.k ik= vj okrkoj.k jS vuqdwy gSA laoknka esa euksoSX;kfudrk vjO;aX; jks xSjks iqV gSA vkSljokn vkt jS tFkkjFk uS vki.kS lkeS jk[kS vj dFkkud uS vsd uqoha fnlknsoSA

okrkoj.k& dgk.kh jS eka; okrkoj.k jks Hkh vkijks eSro gSA dgk.kh xkaokbZ ifjosl lwa tqM;ksM+h gSA

43

ik=ka jh euxr Hkh m.k okrkoj.k uS çxV djSA ikapw HkkbZ;ka jks VªsDVj [kjhn.k tko.kks vj m.k jh[kqlh lko lqHkkfod gSA ikap HkkbZ vkil esa ft.k <ax lwa crGkoS m.k jh ckrka esa Hkh xkao jks tFkkjFkgSA dgk.khdkj vktknh jS iNS xkao jS cnGrS ifjosl lk: fy[kS& ^^dS.kk èkwG jk ykok gSA èkku [kknuhB HkjkaA gtk:a ihf<+;ka yx fc[kks Hkqxfr;kS] vkt dk.kh jks dkxG bZ dks lqgkoS uhA HkykS OgS xkaèkhckck jks tdks EguS bZ feu[k&tw.k jks lko fyjk;kSA uhrj xkaoka esa fctGh jh eksVjka] jsfM;k vj VªsDVjjks dkabZ okLrksA**

vktknh jS iNS xkao esa tdks fodkl gq;ks m.k ifjosl jks fp=.k Hkh dgk.kh esa gSA iSyh xkaoijEijkoknh <ax lwa [ksrh djrk i.k tn lwa uqoka uqoka vkStkj vj elhuka vkbZ rks cS xkaoka esa Hkh iwxxhvj xkao jks okrkoj.k Hkh cnGX;ksA xkao tdk iSyk xjhch esa jS; jS;k gk& egkRek xkaèkh jS çHkko lwacka xkaoka jks ifjosl cnGX;ksA vsd HkkbZ dSoS& gka] vkselk] ckr rks lkaph Qjekoks] ckck jS ijrki lwaEgkuS lq[k jh FkksM+h Hkkaoh feyh gSA ?kj&?kj èkku jk f<xyk gq;X;k] èkh.kk jks NsNkGkA

dgk.kh xkao jS okrkoj.k lkFkS&lkFkS xkao esa vk;ksM+S cnGko uS Hkh çxVSA xkao jS eka; vkt Hkh uaqohelhu Y;ko.k jh gksM+ gS vj xkao esa Hkh iblk okGk yksx gq;X;kA vkseth cksY;k& ^dkghM+k] tekukscnfG;ks i.k cnfG;ksA iSyka rks xkao esa vsd Bkdj gkS i.k vcS lS eksVk djlk Bkdj c.kX;kA vktknhjk lxGk FkkV FkkajS jh ikrh vk;X;kA NkN&jkcM+h jk bZ tkank iM+rk vj vcS Åaph&uhph phtka ik.khjS ek;S [kGdkbtSA gG vj gksaFkksM+k cijkork tksj iM+rks] tdk gtk:a fjfi;k jks VªsDVj [kaprk lkspkSbZ uhA Mkjka vktknh jks ykokS ys.kkS OgS rks ys yhT;ksA eu esa er jk[kT;ksA* b.k rjS vktknh jS iNSxkao esa tdks vkfFkZd fLFkfr vj lqfoèkkoka esa cnGko vk;ks] m.k jh rjQ Hkh ladsr dj;ks gSA okrkoj.kjh nhB lwa dgk.kh ltho vj çHkkoh gSA vktknh jS iNS xkaoka esa uqoksa okrkoj.k] uqoh psruk vj gwdwerjS jkSc tho.k okGk uqoka djlk iSnk gq;X;kA

Hkklk&lSyh& dgk.kh jS eka; ik=ka jS Hkkoka jh vfHkO;fDr okLrS Hkklk jks mi;ksx dj;ks tkoSA Hkklkckcr eku.kks gS ds ck ljy] lhèkh vj ljyrk lwa le; esa vko.kvkGh gkso.kh pkbtSA Hkklk jS ekè;elwa dgk.kh jh ewy laosn.kk çLrqr gqoS vj dgk.kh iwjS okrkoj.k uS vsd thoarrk ns ldSA Hkklk esaçokg] fp=kRedrk] vkyadkfjrk Hkh gkso.kh pkbtSA ^vys[kwa fgVyj* dgk.kh jh Hkklk ekSfyd vjlaosnuk uS xSjkbZ lwa çxV dj.k okGh gSA ikapw HkkbZ;ka jks lksp] le> vj m.kka jks okrkZyki dgk.khuS çHkkoh c.kkoSA tBS dBS o.kZu vk;k gS ;k ik=ka jh euksfLFkfr jks fp=.k gq;ks gS] Hkklk çkS<+ vjllDr gSA DsbZ txka jkx&vuqjkx jS vuq:i] rks dsbZ txka Hkklka esa O;aX;kRedrk dks xSjks iqV gSA

^vys[kwa fgVyj* dgk.kh esa ik=ka jh eu%fLFkfr jks fp=.k djrks ys[kd fy[kS&

^lhj esa VªsDVj eksyko.k [kkrj tksèkk.kS tkoS gk--- vkseth lS Hkk;ka uS vkSG[krkA uEcj jks rikldj.klk: nks&nks rhu&rhu oGk is<+h <wdksM+kA èkaèkk ijok.k iwtrh vksG[kk.k ghA nkslrh lfG;kS lqHkkoAehBh cksyhA >h.kh eqGdA Mhy jh c.kxV lwa vSM+ks y[kkorkS tk.kS VªsDVj jS iqjtka jh xGkbZ fd.khdkj[kkuS oka jS l:i jkS fujek.k fOg;kSA elhuk jS tksx gh oka jh dk;k ?kM+hthA VkV jh BkSM+ VkVAilokM+S dM+cVhyS ckGk jh >kyjhA xGk jh BkSM+ xGkS eqGd ijok.k eqGdA*

dgk.kh jh Hkklk esa lSjh laLØfr jks ltho fp=.k gS& ^gktfj;k jS ckjS fuljrka gh vkseth dg;ks&FkkajS nwèk ngh jh gksM+ uh OgS] i.k nwth euokj gh dkabZ djkaA ik.kh okLrS nwèkA fepykS nghA vBS rks^Qxr BaMh gok] BaMkS ik.kh] jcM+ jh xhfn;ka vj fctGh jh pdkpwaèkA feGkoV jk BkV vj HksG jkxktk&cktk gSaA fjfi;ka lkVS bZ uh èkku feyS vj uh eqlkykA [kko.k&iho.k jh euokj djrka bZ yktvkoSA*

fot;nku nsFkk jh Hkklk vk [kkl folslrk gS ds NksVk&NksVk okD;ka jS ekè;e lwa cS Hkko uS vfHkO;fDrnsoS ft;ka dha lqLrkoSA fclkbZ [kkokSA BkMkS ika.kh ihokSA

44

dBS&dBS Hkklk Hkkoka jks vSM+ks :i çxVS ds ik=ka jh HkkokRed fLFkfr;ka Hkh lkeS vkoS& ^vj lkEgyhèkjrh okauS ukjsGk lwa bZ NksVh&lko NksVh y[kkbZA vkFkerkS lqjth tk.kS okajk VªSDVj uS fuj[k.k lk:vsd BkSM+ :dX;kS OgSA lwalkM+ ikM+rh gok tk.kS okajk ckj.kk ysorh OgSA vk[kh nqfu;k jks gj[k okajSfgoM+S fgyksjk Hkj.k ykX;ksA lksuk jS Qwyka jks ijl ik; tk.kS fcNM+rk lwjt jh fdj.k lkjFkd OgSA:a[k ckaV;ka NkiY;ksM+k iaNh VªsDVj jh èkjèkjkgV vka ils:oka jks :i èkjuS vBh&mBh mMSA*

tn VªsDVj jh VDdj lwa cks lkbfdy ?kk;y gks;*j lM+d ekFkS iM+ T;koS m.k c[kr jks cj.kkons[khtS& ^vj mBh dkGwaVh lM+d jS ekFkS vsd fp=ke fd.kh mEnk ikj[kh uS mMhdrks gksA yky jxrjS fcpkGS feu[k jks èkksGks HkstksA QwVksM+h cksry jk fpydrk VqdM+kA mQ.krk tksou jh ygjh èkksGksysdjA BkSM+&dqBkSM+ jxr jk NkcdkA lkaluh caMhA liuk jks fdpdM+GkS eksg jk jsykA fp=kae dhacstk uh gksA*

mísL;& dgk.kh jks vkijks vsd mísL; gqoS ft.kuS ys;*j dgk.khdkj vkijh dgk.kh jks <kapks vjik=&;kstuk oxSjk uS trkoSA b.k lwa dgk.kh jks çHkko tksjnkj <ax ikBd jS lkeS vkoSA ^vys[kwafgVyj* vsd ;FkkFkZoknh vj eukSoSX;kfud dgk.kh gSA lEiUu oxZ uS vkijS VDdk ihlk jks ?keaMgkso.kks lqHkkfod gS vj oks nwtka uS vkijS lkeS dha uha ekuSA m.k jS eka; ekuork jks Hkko m.k jS varjS uhps nac T;koSA ^fgVyj* [kqn vU;k;h vj Øwj gksA vBS Hkh ikapwa HkkbZ vsd lkbfdy lokj uS dhuh ekuSA m.k jkS VªsDVj lwa jsl yso.kks m.k jks vga uS Bsl iwxkckGks gksA vks bZ dkj.k gS ds m.kjh VªsDVjlwa ekSr gqoSA iNS m.k ekFkS nk# jh cksrG uk[k.kks Øwjrk vj vekuoh;rk jks çrhd gSA dgk.kh esa vkscrk;ks gS ds xkao esa isyka vsd gh Bkdj gks rks tdks nwtka uS çrkfM+r djrks] i.k vkt vktkn Hkkjresa rks xkao esa djlks djlks Bkdj gSA dgk.kh jks vks O;aX; vkt jh fLFkfr uS tFkkjFk :i esa çLrqrdjSA

b± dgk.kh esa lSjh vj xkokabZ laLØfr jks Hkh lkapks fp=.k gq;ks gS] oka jk ?keaM Hkkouk jks fp=.k djrksdgk.khdkj fy[ks & ^^nkS lkS #iYyh jh lkbfdy vj lkB gtkj fjfi;ka jks VªsDVjA vk dksbZ gksM+ esagksM+ gS ÅanjkS gkFkh lwa vM+èkM+kS*A b.k ojx folerk jks fp=.k Hkh dgk.kh esa gq;ks gSA

5-9 vH;kl jk loky

1- dgk.khdkj fot;nku nsFkk jks ifjpS nsoks\

2- ^vys[kw fgVyj* dgk.kh jks dFkklkj fy[kks\

3- dFkkud jh nhB lwa ^vys[kwa fgVyj* dgk.kh jh leh{kk djksA

5-10 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

1- vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh vkSj yksd thou % MkW- psru Lokeh

2- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk laf{kIr bfrgkl % MkW- xksjèkuflag 'ks[kkor

3- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; % MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

4- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k

45

bdkbZ & 6

izeq[k dgk.khdkj % Jherh y{ehdqekjh pw.MkorbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

6-1 mísL;

6-2 çLrkouk


6-4 ^vys[kwa fgVyj* dgk.kh jks lkj




6-8 dFkk jk mnkgj.k

6-9 vH;kl jk loky

6-10 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

6-1 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jkS mÌsL; ch-,- izFke cjl jk fo|kfFkZ;ka uS Jherh y{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor jh thouh lwaifjfpr djko.kkS] okajS lewpS lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku jk ifjizs{; esa oka jh dgk.kh dyk jS lEcU/k esatk.kdkjh nso.kkS gSA

6-2 çLrkouk

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; esa vj folsl :i lwa dFkk ys[k.k jk {ks= esa tdka lkfgR;dkjkavkiajh lcGh fiNk.k c.kkbZ gS oka esa Jherh y{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor jkS ukao mYys[ktksx gSA Jherhy{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor jS ^jk.khth* vj ^jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor* jk ukao lwa Hkh tk.;kS tkoSA êka>Gjkr* ukao lwa vkijh ekSfyd dgkf.k;ka jkS laaxzS lu~ 1957 eka; izdkflr gq;kS tkS dgkf.k;ka Hkh folSoLrqvj Hkklk lSyh jS ys[kS ?k.kks pfpZr jg~;kSA b.k dFkk laxzS jh ponS dgkf.k;ka esa lwa vSd dgk.kh^jtiwrk.kh* lhlZd lwa bZ gS ft.kesa jktLFkku jh rRdkyhu iLBHkwfe jkS fp=.k rkS gS bZ lkFkS bZ b.kdgk.kh esa jtiwrh opuc)rk] LokehHkfDr] ohjrk] lkekftd ejtknk] dÙkZO; ijk;.krk] lkyhurkvkn jkS Hkh oj.ku feGSA vS vSM+k thou ewY; gS ft.kka uS vkika lkLor thou ewY; dS; ldkaA vSthou ewY; vkt jS tqx esa Hkh brjk bZ izklafxd gS ftrjk vS m.k cxr gkA

Jherh pw.Mkor jS b.k dgk.kh laxzS jS vykok Hkh jktLFkkuh vj fgUnh esa dSbZ fdrkcka Ni;kSM+h gSft.kkjkS oj.ku b.k bdkbZ es vkxS fn;kS x;kS gSA vkiuS jkT; vj jkLVªh; Lrj ij dsbZ iqjLdkj vjlEeku fefy;ka okajkS mYys[k Hkh bdkbZ eka; ;Fkk LFkku dj~;kS x;kS gSA

Jherh y{eh dqekjh pw.Mkor % ifjp;

Jherh y{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor jkS tue 24 twu] 1916 jS fnu nsox<+ rRdkyhu ftyk mn;iqj esa gq;kSAvkijk firk jkor fot;flag th vj ekrkth uandaojh th nsyokM+k gkA y{ehdqekjh th jS tue jSleS esokM+ es iM+nS jkS py.ka gkS ft.klwa okajh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ jkS bUrtke ?kjS bZ t dj~;kS x;ksA vaxzsthvj laLÑr jh i<+kbZ lk: nks ekLVj jk[;k x;kA vkijk firk fot;flag th ckrka lq.kok jkS ?k.kkSpko gkSA ckr ¼dgk.kh½ lq.kkor jh dyk ckrikslh esa ekfgj dksbZ u dksbZ ckriksl lq.kko.k jh dyk

46

ckrikslh esa ekfgj dksbZ u dksbZ ckriksl twu ckrka lq.kkorkSA ckGi.kk esa y{ehdqekjh th bZ vS ckrkalq.krkA b.k rjS lwa lkfgR; jh pkoh fo/kk dgk.kh jS {ks= esa y{ehdqekjh jh :fp ckGi.kka lwa bZfodflr gksok ykxhA vkijS firkth uS lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka esa bZ [kklh :fpA dsbZ pkok dfo]bfrgkldkj vj lkfgR;dkjka jkS tekoM+kS ykX;kS jSorkSaA b.k rjS y{ehdqekjh th jh lkfgfR;dvfHk#fp esa c/kkikS OgsrkS jg~;kS vj oka esa lkfgR; jS Lok/;k; jh yyd ijok.k p<+rh jS;hA

lu~ 1934 esa y{ehdqekjh th C;ko jkorlj chdkusj jk jkor rstflag th lkFkS fOg;kSA m.k oxr jSfjokt eqtc jk.kh y{ehdqekjh th uS iM+nS esa jSo.kks iM~;kSA vBk lwa bZ vkiesa lkfgR; fljt.k jhbPNk tkxh vj vki NqViqV ys[k vj dgkf.k;ka fy[k.k <wdkA vkijS ifr jkor rstflag th Hkh vkijhfljt.k tkrjk esa lS;ksxh c.;k ft.lwa fljt.k jh /kkjk vkxS c/krh jS;hA fo}krka lwa fpV~Bh irjh jSekjQr laidZ gq;kS vj vkijS lkfgfR;d nk;jS jkS foLrkj laidZ gq;kS vj vkijS lkfgfR;d nk;jS jkSfoLrkj OgSok ykxkSA oka fnu nsl esa lqrarjrk jkS vkUnksyu rst gq;kSA vki b.k fnuka egkRek xka/khlwa bZ fefy;kA lu~ 1947 esa nsl vktkn gq;ka iwBS jk.kh th jktuhfr vj lkekftd dkeka esa lfØ;rknjlkbZ vj 1957 esa fo/kku lHkk jkS pquko bZ y³~;kA vki iM+nS jh izFkk uS NksM+h vj jktLFkku iznsldkaxzsl jk v/;{k in ekFkS pqX;k x;kA X;kjS cjlka rkabZ vki fo/kkulHkk jkS v/;{k in laHkkfG;kSA b.kiNS rks vki 1962] 1967 vj 1980 esa Hkhe fuokZpu {ks= lwa pquko y³~;k vj 1972 lwa 1978 rkabZ jkT;lHkk jk lnL; bZ jg~;kA

b.k rjS jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor jS O;fDrRo jk dsbZ i{k mtkxj OgSrk x;k vj vki ,dlaosnulhy lkfgR;dkj] dqly jktuhfrK vj lekt lsfodk fl) gqvkA

jk.kh y{ehdqekjh th jkS ÑfrRo

lkfgR; jpuk vj laiknu isVs jk.khth jh fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh esa yxS&VxS iSarhl iksF;ka lkEgSA gSAb.kesa fo/kkoka jS oSfo/; jS lkFkS vkijh fo}rk vj izdkflr iksF;ka jh foxr b.k Hkkar gS %&

jktLFkkuh dgkf.k;ka

1- eka>y jkr 2- veksyd ckrka 3- dS jS pdok ckr 4- fxj Åapk&Åapk x<+ka 5- jktLFkkuh yksd xkFkk6- eweG

jktLFkkuh vuqokn

1- jfo Bkdj jh ckrka

2- xtc.k ¼xksdhZ] ps[ko] nksLrksoLdh] rqxZuso jh VkGoh :lh dgkf.k;ka jkS vuqokn½

3- lalkj jh ukeh dgkf.k;ka ¼bVyh] Ýkal] fczVsu] phu] vesfjdk jh dgkf.k;ka jkS vuqokn½

4- lwGh jk lw;k ekFkS ¼twfy;l ¶;qfpd jh psd Hkk"kk jkS vuqokn½

;k=k&laLÑfr

1- fgUnqdq'k ds ml ikl 2- 'kkafr ds fy;s la?k"kZ

ladyu&laiknu

1- jktLFkkuh nksgk laxzg 2- jktLFkkuh nksgs lksjBs 3- jktLFkkuh yksdxhr 4- jtokM+h yksdxhr 5-jktLFkku ds lakLÑfrd yksdxhr 6- jktLFkku dk ân; ¼nksgs½ 7- dfo ihFky jfpr tqxy foykl8- cknj <k<h Ñr ohjok.k ¼ohjek;.k½

cky lkfgR;

1- gwadkjks nks lk 2- Vkcjka jh ckrka 3- xka/khth jh ckrka ¼rhuwa jktLFkkuh esa½] ckr djkekr ¼fgUnh½

47

fgUnh dgk.kh laxzS

1- jktLFkku dh izse xkFkk;sa

2- jktLFkku dh jaxHkhuh dgkfu;ka

x|&xhr

1- vUrj /ofu

2- LokUr% lq[kk;

'kks/k xzUFk

nsoukjk;.k cxM+kor egkxkFkk

vkijh fgUnh esa fy[;ksM+h iksFkh ^fgUnqdq'k ds ml ikj* jkS :lh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn gS pqD;kS gSA vkijhdgkf.k;ka îFkjkbZ vka[kksa ds lius* ukao lwa Vsyh fQYe Hkh c.k pqdh gSA vkijks lewpkS lkfgR; ^jkuhy{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor xazFkkoyh* jS :i esa izdkflr OgS pqD;kS gS ft.kjkS foekspu 17 Qjojh 1994 uSjktLFkku jk rRdkyhu jkT;iky Jh cfyjke Hkxr jS gkFkka laiUu fOg;kSA

lEeku vj iqjLdkj

vkiuS vkijS lkfgfR;d vj lkekftd vkonku jS QyLo:i in~eJh lEeku] lksfo;r Hkwfe usg:iqjLdkj] egkjk.kk dqaHkk iqjLdkj] >osj pan es?kk.kh Lo.kZind] jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh jkS foflLVlkfgR; lEeku vkn izkIr OgS pqD;k gSA

lkfgfR;d folsl"krkoka

vkijS lexz lkfgR; eka; vS ywaBh folslrkoka fuxS vkoS &

1- yksdekxhZ lkfgR; fljt.kA

2- lkaLÑfrd ifjosl jkS fp=.kA

3- Hkklk jkS lgt izokgA

4- jktLFkku jS jhfr fjokt vj lkekftd thou jkS lcG fp=.kA

5- jktLFkku jS jSokfl;ka jS ekuoh; i{k vj nwth LoHkkoxr folslrkoka jkS fp=.kA

jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pw.Mkor jh dgk.kh ^jtiwrk.kh*

^jtiwrk.kh* dgk.kh jk.kh y{ehdqekjh th jh pkoh vj Bkoh dgk.kh gSA ;k dgk.kh oka jS dgk.kh laxzSêka>y jkr* esa lkfey djksth gSA êka>y jkr* dqy ponS dgkf.k;ka gSA lxGh dgkf.k;ka twuSjktLFkkuh tu&thou jk fprjke ikBdka lkaeh isl djSA dsbZ dgkf.k;ka bfrgkl jh ?kVukoka ekFkSvk/kkfjr gS rkS dsbZ yksddFkkoka ekFkS jPpkSM+h gSA êka>y jkr* iksFkh esa twuh jktLFkkuh okrka jhQsgfjLr i.k nh ?kksM+h gSA iksFkh jh izLrkouk esa lkfgR; vj Hkklk jk Bkok fo}ku eqfu ftufot; thfy[;kS gS & ^jktLFkku yksddFkkvkas dh nf"V ls cgqr gh le) gSA jktLFkku esa Hkwrdkyhu bfrgklxkSjo dh dFkk] tSlh ohjrk vkfn fofo/k jlksa ls ifjiw.kZ gS oSls gh jktLFkku dh yksddFkk,a Hkh ukukjlksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ohjRo] lkgl] /kS;Z] 'kkS;Z] okRlY;] n;k] nku] d#.kk] J)k] HkfDr] vkSnk;Z] R;kx]ri] izse] Lusg] lkSgknZz vkfn thou ds fofo/k dk;ks±] Hkkoksa vkSj jlksa ds ToyUr vkSj mnzsdkRed 'kCnfp= bu yksddFkkvksa esa ukuk :iksa esa vafdr miyC/k gksrs gSA*

& eqfu ftu fot;

eqfu ftu fot; th jk Åijyk m)j.k lwa lkQ fuxS vkoS dS yxksyx reke ekuoh; ewY;ka uSjktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka esa ns[;k tk ldSA jk.kh y{ehdqekjh th b.kk twuh yksddFkkoka jkS laxzS dj

48

tu&tu rkabZ iqxko.k jkS egrkÅ dke dh/kkS gSA eka>G jkr bL;ks bZ t laxzS gSA b.k laxzS jhdgkf.k;ka twuS feu[kka jh thou lSyh] thou ewY;k] feu[ki.kk jh xfjek lwa ljkcksj gSA vsd rjS lwab.k laxzS jh dgkf.k;ka jktLFkku jS bfrgkl ekFkS Hkh izdkl uk[kSA laxzS jh ^jtiwrk.kh* dgk.kh blhtdgk.kh gS ft.kesa twuS jktiwrh ifjokjka jh ejtkn jkS eueksgd o.kZu feySA

jktiwrk.kh dgk.kh jkS dFkkud &

m.k tekus esa dnkfpr Nksj~;ka jh deh gh b.k dkj.k dsbZ csGk lxkbZ dh/kk iNS Nksjh jS cki Nksjklwa dS Nksjk jS cki lwa ij.kkorh oxr :i;k ekax ysorkSA b.k dgk.kh jS ek; jh vsd jktiwr VkcjhjkS lxi.k lks<k jtiwr daoj jS lkFkS OgS tkoSA i.k ijkxkorh osGka Vkcjh jkS cki luslkS Hksts dSîj.k.kkS OgS rks iujklkS fjfi;k rhu fnuka eka; fx.kk tkokS uha rkS vk[kk rht uS Fkkajh ekax ¼eaxsrj½jkS nwtk jS lkxS fc;ko dj nkaykA*

vkS lansl feyrka bZ lks<k jS ixka gsByh teha f[kld th vc[kkbZ ;k gh dS m.k duS brjh eksVh jdedBS gh tdh oks vkijS Hkkoh llqj uS ns*;j i.k tkorkSA bLlS voayS oxr esa cksgjk th ¼#i;km/kkj nsok jkS /ka/kks djok okGkS½ jks bZ t vkljkS gksorksA lks<ks Hkh vsd cksgjs duS iwxkS vj vkijhvc[kkbZ jkS oj.ku djrkS #i;k m/kkj nso.k jh ckr dghaA cksgjk yksx dksbZ xs.kkS ;k lksus&pkanh fxjchjk[k*j jde ns fn;k djrk gkA vxj xs.kkS&xkaBks] lksus&pkanh uha gksorkS rkS [ksr&dwM+k] ?kj&XokM+h Hkhfxjoh jk[k ysorkA i.k lks<k duS vS phtka Hkh uah ghsA ibZlk ys.k&ns.k lks<k ifjokj lwa cksgjk th?k.kS yEcs le> lwa djrk vk;k gkA ekeys jh utkdr uS Hkkai*j cksgjk th lks<k uS #i;k nso.k uSrkS jkth gq;X;k i.k [kr esa ?k.kh v.kwrh ljr ?kky nhA ljr ;k gh ds tkn rkabZ iUnjk lkS #fi;kC;kt lesr uha iwxS rn rkabZ lks<ks vki.kh ij.kh uS yqxkbZ T;aw uha cfYd cSu T;wa okijSykA

nksU;ka jkS C;ko OgS X;kS i.k djt jS [kr esa eaM~;ksM+h ljr jS eqrkfcd lks<ks vkijh iRuh jS lkxS csutsM+ks bZ ojrko djSA uqoh ij.;ksM+h jtiwrk.kh uS vkS ojrko v.k[k.kkS ykxSA vsd fnu ok vlfy;rtk.kxhA rn m.k vkijkS lxGkS xs*.kks xkaBkS lks<S uS lawirk Fkdk dS;ks&b.kuS csp*j ibZlk ys vkokS vjnks ?kksM+k eksy ys vkokSA Egwa Hkh Fkkajh tksM+k;r gS FkkajS fc[kS eka; lkFk nso.kkS bZ EgkjkS lkapkS /kje gSAEgS bZ ej nkukS osl c.kk*j Fkka jS lkFkS pkywayh vj dBSbZ pkdjh dj*j cksgjS jkS djtkS ijkS mrkjnsokaykA iSyka rkS vkijh /kf.k;k uha jkS vkS izLrko lks<S jS xGS uha mrj~;kS i.k jktiwr.kh jS ckjackjvkxzg jS lkEgha m.kuS >qd.kkS iM+~;kSA

oha lxGkS xs.kks nwth dherh phtka csp*j nks ?kksM+k] nks [kkaMk ¼ryokjka½ vj ejnkuh ikslkd eksyk;yh vj ;kstuk jS eqtc pkdjh jh rykl esa fudy iM+~;kA

^^/kj etyka&/kjd~pkA ykEcks ekjx ikj dj*j nksuwa ?kksM+k fpÙkkSM+jh rGSVh eka; iwxkA vsd ?kksM+k ekFkSlks<ks jktiwr rkS nwtS ekFkS ejnkuk Hks[k esa m.kjh tksM+k;rA nksuwa jS ewaMk ekFkS lwjt jh fdj.kka iM+jh ghA ijHkkr jh daoGh fdj.kka jS mtkl nksuka jk pS*jk fni&fni djS gkA daoGh fdj.kka vj dBksjusgoS jkS jax fey*j b.k tksM+h jh lksHkk lokbZ dj jg~;k gkA vBhuwa nksuw ?kksM+ka jkS rGSBh esa cM+.kkS gq;kSvj oBhuwa jk.kkth jkS njoktk lwa ckjS fudy.kkSA**

jk.kkth iwfN;kS & ^^dL;k jtiwr \**

tokc fefy;kS & ^^lks<+kA**

^^vBhuS fdLrjS vk;k \** jk.kkth nwtkS loky dh/kkSA

^^lsj cktjh lk: vUunkrkA** jk.kkth iMwÙkj fn;kSA

^^fldkj esa lkFkS gktj OgS tkokSA** jk.kkth gqde nh/kkSA

nksuw ?kksM+k jk.kkth jS ?kksM+S jS iNkM+h OgS X;kA

49

lwj jkS fldkj gksA lks<S jtiwr vkijh dqlGrk njlkbZA jk.kkth b.klwa ckSr izHkkfor fOg;k vj nksukauS <ksY;k jS iS*jk jh pkdjh ekFkS jk[k fy;kA

nksuwa jk.kkth jS eS*y jS ckjS iS*jks nso.kkS l# dj nh/kkSA lkor jkS eh*ukSA fctfG;ka pedS ghAdkGk&dkGk cknGk vkdkl esa Nk; jg~;k gkA

jk.kkth uS rks vki.kh i.k jk.khth dnsbZ vkdkl esa fctfG;ka jh yqdehp.kh ns[krh rks dnSbZ eS*y jSckjS okajh futj iM+ tkorhA vsdkvsd tksj lwa xjt.kk gqbZ vj fctG~;ka uVkVwV pedok ykxhA okajS mtkl esa jk.khth ns[;kS ds nksU;wa iS*jsnkj iq#l uh gSA vsd ejn gS rkS nwth yqxkbZA

fnu mxrka bZ jk.kkth cksY;k & dkabZ ckr gS] ekFkks rksM+ nwa \

rn jk.kkth Hksn jkS iM+nks m?kkM+rk dg~;kS & ^;k esa lwa vsd ejn vj nwth yqxkbZ gSA*

jk.kkth uS ifr;kjkS uha vk;kS rkS jk.khth nw/k mQk.kokS jkS ukVd dj*j b.k ckr uS fl) dj nh/khdS nksU;wa eksV~;kjka eka; lwa vsd yqxkbZ gSA

rn iNS jk.kkth uS bZ fcykl gq;kS vj lks<+k lwa b.k lkjh ?kVuk jkS Hksn tk.kok iNS dg~;kS &

^Fkkajk djtk jk fjfi;k lka<.kh lokj jS lkFkS FkkajS xkao HkstawA Fkka vBS bZ jS*oksa vj fxjLFkh clkvksA*

lks<S ujekbZ lwa gkFk tksM+*j vjt djh & ^vUunkrk jkS gqdqe ekFkk iS i.k tBk rkabZ Egwa tk; EgkjkgkFk lwa pqdk; [kr QkM uha Ugk[kwa trjS gqdqe jh rkehy fd;ka OgS \ EgkauS lh[k cxlkokSA*

jk.kkth djtk jk fjfi;k vj fxjLFkh clk.kS jkS ?k.kks lkjks lkeku ns ckuS lh[k nh/khA

dgk.kh jk ik= % ik= ifjpS

lks<ks jtiwr & b.k dgk.kh jkS uk;d gSA ;qokoLFkk m.kjS vax&vax esa izdV OgS jgh gSA fldkj vjlL= lapky.k esa ikjaxrA ckr jkS lkapkS vj bjknk jkS etcwrA vkijh eaxsrj uS iko.k lk: gn Hkkartks[ke mBko.k uS R;kjA

lks<S jh tksM+k;r & L=h /keZ jkS iky.k djok okGh lqy[k.kh ukjA gj dfBu fLFkfr esa vkijS ifrjkS lkFk nso.k uS R;kjA 'kL= lapkyu esa dqlyA ohjkaxukA fouezA ukjh lqyHk Hkkoqdrk jS xq.k lwavksr&izksrA

jk.kkth & fpÙkkSM+ jk jk.kkA esokM+ jh lj.kkxr oRlyrk jk izrhdA fldkj izsehA jtiwrh vkdjSi.kjS lkFkS ekuoh; i[k lwa izcyA n;kyqA ohjka jkS lEeku djok okykA

jk.khth & ifrozrkA dqlkxzcqf)A ekrÙo jh efgek lwa ef.MrA n;kyqA ifjfLFkfr uS ns[k*j fuj.kSyso.k esa dqlyA mnkjeukA

cksgjk th & rRdkyhu lekt esa O;fDrxr vj lkekftd t:jrka lk:a djt nso.k jkS /kU/kkS dj.kokyk ^cksgjk* jS ukoa lwa tk.;k tkorkA b.k dgk.kh esa cksgjk ukao lwa tks ik= gS oks Hkh djt nso.kjS /kU/kkS djSA djt isVs oks ?kj&tehu tlh vapy laifr xS*.kS ekaM ysoS ft.kalw djt jh okilh jkSusg;kS ca/kSA i.k b.k dgk.kh jS cksgjS lks<S jktiwr uS m.kjS C;ko lk: djt nsorh csyka tdh ljrekaMh oka m.kjh nhB law HkyS bZ Bhd gq; ldS i.k ekuoh; nhB lwa vijksxh vj v.kwrh gSA

izfØfr o.kZu

b.k dgk.kh jh vsd ywaBh folslrk b.kjkS izfØfr o.kZu gSA ckuxha jS rkSj ekFkS uhpS dha m)kj.k fn;ktk; jg~;k gS&

^^lko.k jkS eh*uks**] [kG&[kG djrk [kkG cS; fj;kA rGko pknj Mkd fj;kA MsMdk gkdk dj fn;kAvsd rkS va/kkjks i[k] ÅijS pkSeklk jh dkGh jkr] dkGk&dkGk cknG Nki fj;kA chtka lGkdk ysoS

50

rkS vlh dS vka[;ka fip tkoSA [kksY;ka uh [kqySA bUnj xktS rkS vL;kS dS tk.kS ijFkh uS bZ ihl nwaAva/kkjh Hk;ko.kh jkr gkFk lwa gkFkuha lw>saA** ¼i-la- 33½

mÙkj esa fctGh pedhA jtiwrk.kh uS ;kn vkbZ Egkjk nsl dkuh ped jh gSA bZ ;kn jS ykjS jh ykjSdsbZ ckrka ;kn vk;xhA vkt dekok [kkrj ;ks ejnkuks Hksl dj~;ka fcnsl esa vk/kh jkr jk iSjks ns;jhgwaA nwth vfL=;ka ?kjka esa vkMk can dj lks; jh gSA Egwa ukxh rjokj yh?kka ÅHkh&ÅHkh jkr dkVwaAvrjkd esa duS gh iiS;ks cksY;ks ^îh&ih**A ukjh fgjnS jh nqjcryk tkxhA ih dBS \ ?k.kksbZ [kuS gSi.k dkabZ OgS \ Egkjh fx.krh uha rks latksx.k esa gS uha fotksx.k esaA Egka lwa rks pdok&pdoh pks[kktks nwjk cSB fo;ksx dk<SA Egwa rkS jkr&fnu lkFkS jSorh Fkdh gh fotksx.k lwa HkwaMhA

¼i- la- 33&34½

^^jsr jk Vhck cGfj;kA Åuh&Åuh yw vlh pky jh tks dkuka jk dslka uS ckGrh uhlj tkoSA uhpS/kjrh rijh Åapks vdkl cGfj;kSA [kstM+k jh Nk;k esa cSB~;kS lks<ks toku Hkhrj lwa vj ckgj lwa nksuwadkauh lwa nk> fj;ksA ckjyk rki lwa cÙkh fg;S esa lGxrh gksGh jh >kyka ckG jhA nqiSjh jk lwjt jhlw/kh eawMk lkEgha fdj.kka vka[;ka esa xcksM+k ikM+ jh i.k oha uS b.k jh lq/k uhaA oks rks ÅaMk fopkj esavL;ks Mwc fj;ks dS pk:add fnlk ,sd lh ykx jhA**

¼i- la- 26½

laokn

laokn ;k dFkksidFku d.kh Hkh dgk.kh jkS egrkÅ rÙo gq;k djS gSA laoknka lwa ik=ka jh euksnlk jkSKku rkS OgsoS bZ t gS lkFkS gh o.kZukRedrk uS derh dj.k esa Hkh laokn lgk;d OgsoSA laoknka lwa ik=jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka jkS i.k Kku OgS ldSA laf{kIrrk vj dFkkud uS xfr nso.k okyk laokn pks[kkfx.khtSA ts b.k dlkSVh ekFkS vkika ^jtiwrk.kh* dgk.kh jk laoknka is fopkj djka rkS ikoka dS vS lxGhfolslrkoka b.k dgk.kh jk laoknka esa ekStwn gSA mnkgj.k jS rkSj ekFks &

^^cksgjk dkdk] Egkjh ykt Fkkjs gkFkka gSA**

^^ykt rkS Egs ?k.kh gh jk[kh gSA Fkwa crk dL;k [ksr iS iujklkS fx.k nwa \ vMk.kS dkabZ jk[kSyk \**

^Êgkjs duS gS gh dkabZ \ jtiwr jh vkc: vsd rjokj jkS [kkaiks EgkjS duS cP;kS gSA**

^^rkS HkkbZ] dha nwtk cksgjk jkS ckj.kks ns[kA**

^^ns[k dkdk] Fksa Egkjk ?kj jh lGh&lGh Egkjk uSui.k esa >wBk lkapk [kr ekaM ys; yh?khA Egkjk ?kjesa Bhdjks rd uha NksM~;ksaA EgSa FkuS lkjks nh/kks] vj tks gh ekaxrks Ogs nso.k uS R;kj gwaA i.k bZ dkrEgkjk ?kjk.kk jh ykt jk[kySA thajh ekax nwtk jS ykjS ijh tkoS oks thorkS gh ej~;k cjkcj gSA bZarjokj] txnEck uS ekFkS esy lksxu [kkowa Fkkjks ihlks nw/k lwa /kks; uS pqdkowa Fkkjs nk; vkoS trjks O;ktekaMySA b± osGka EgauS fjfi;k fx.k nSA**

^^jtiwr jkS tk;ks OgS rks vL;k dksy djtsA Egwa [kr iS tks ekaMw oha iS Fkwa nlxr dj nsoSyk dS \**

^êkFkks pkoS rkS ns nwa i.k vckj Egkjh ykt jk[ktSA**

¼ckf.k;s [kr ekaM*j vkxks dh/kksA dku iS esyh dye uS mBk; gkFk esa >sykbZA½

^^ckap ys [kr uS] Nkrh OgS vj vly jtiwr OgS rks nlxr djtSA**

¼[kr ckaP;ksA ekaM jk[;ks gks & ^^;s fjfi;k C;kt lw/kh uha pqdkowa trjS Egkjh ij.kh yxh uS csu T;wale>walkA**½

¼gksBka us nkarka chpS nck;] jkrh&jkrh >kGka fudGrh vka[;ka lwa >kadkrkS nlxr dj nh/kkA½

Åij fn;ksM+k laokn cksgjk vj lks<k jtiwr jS chp gq;k gSA ;ka lwa ikBd uS m.k cxr jh lkekftd

51

vkfFkZd fLFkfr jkS irks pkGSA laoknka lwa ;ks Hkh fuLdlZ fudGS dS C;kt[kksj cksgjk xjhc vjt:jrean vklkfe;ka jh etcwjh jkS Qk;nks fd.k rjS mBk;k djrk gkA

[kr eqtc cksgjS lks<k daoj uS fjfi;k fx.k nh/kkA lks<S jkS C;ko gks;X;kSA chau.kh lks<S jS ?kjka vk;xhAlks<S jS eka&cki Vkcj i.kS esa bZ xqtj x;k gkA uSui.k iM+xh ghA chau.kh jS vko.k lwa lks<S jkS ?kjcksyok ykX;kSA ysf[kdk b.k njlko uS ijksVrh Fkdh o.kZu djS &

^^cjlka lwa lks<k jkS lwuks ?kj vkt cL;kSA vkt oha jh esM+h esa nhokS cG~;kSA nhidka ykX;kS] ysoM+k iM+~;kS?kj yhaI;kS pwaI;kS gal fj;ksA ?k.kka cjlka iNS vkt ohajS ?kj esa ?kw?kjka jh Ne&Ne OghA ih;j lwa Mk;tkesa vk;ksM+k xkM+ks Hkj~;k vlckc lwa fxjLrh tekbZA lks<ks theok cSB~;kSA chu.kh gkFk lwa oks;ksM+h phM+kajh cht.kh >yok ykxhA nkar jkS pwM+ks iSj~;ka gkFkka lwa i:l jhA lkjks ?kj vkt dkabZ jks dkabZ lks<kuS ykx fj;ksA jtiwrk.kh jh vka[;ka esa usg mG> fj;kS i.k lks<k jh vka[;ka xaHkhjA ok i:lrh jh vj;ks therks fj;ksA lks<ks cksy.kkS pkoS i.k cksG.kh vkoS uha] ok rkS vkxS OgS cksyS gh fd.k rjS \**

b.k dgk.kh jh lc lwa cM+h [kwclwjrh vk bZ t gS dS ysf[kdk dgk.kh jh cq.kxV esa ikBd uS b.k rjSjek ysoS dS m.kuS ykxS dS dgk.kh ^DykbesDl* dkauh iwx jgh gS ij nwtS iy njlko cny tkoSA

tn ohau.kh vj lks<ks <ksG~;k ekFkS iks<.k uS iwxS rkS lks<ks nks;ka jS fcPpS vkijh ryokj E;kau lwa dk<*jesy nsoSA vsd nks jkrka uh gjsd jkr vkS bZt njlkoA jtiwrk.kh vkS <ax <kGkS ns[k*j vew>SA ?kj esadksbZ nkuks&cw<ks bZ uha ft.k lkEgS vkijh foink c[kk.k dj*j tho lksjkS djSA ohauS dkab xrkxe uhaiM+SA djS rkS dkabZ djSA ohauS lks<k jkS ojrko v.k[k.kkS ykxSA ok eukseu NhtS vj nqHk.kh jSoSA dsbZfnuka rkabZ vsd bZ ?kVuk jh iqujkofÙk lwa chau.kh jS loj jkS cka/k nwV X;kS vj ok cksyh &

^Êgkjks dkabZ nksl gS \ Egkjk iS ukjkt D;wa \ xyrh dh/kh rkS Egkjk eka cki tks FkkuS fjfi;k lk: QksM+kikM+~;kA** VGVG djrk vkalw lks<k jS ixka iS tk; iM+~;kA

^^dq.k dS Dgwa Fkkjk iS ukjkt gwaA Fkwa Egkjh] Egkjk ?kj jh /kf.k;k.kh gSA** vkijk gkFk lwa ohajk gkFkka uSixka lwa nwjk djrks lks<+ks cksY;ksA

^^rkS vrjk uthd jSorka yxka Egkalwa vrjk nwjk D;wa \ lks<k jS yykV iS nks lG iM+X;kA**

^^Fkwa tk.k.kks gh pkoS \**

^^gka**

^^rkS ys ckap b± [kr uSA**

nhok jh ckrh Åaph dj VeVe nhok jk pku.kk esa [kr ckapok ykxhA

T;wa ckaprh xh T;wa&T;wa ohajk ewaMk iS tksr lh tkxrh xhA vkate vj larksl lwa ohajks ewaMks pedokykxksA [kr >sykuh Fkdh csfQØh jh lkal ysrh cksyh ^^b± jh dksbZ fpUrk uha] EguS rkS Mj gks Fkkajhukjktxh jksA cjr iky.kks rkS ?k.kksa lksjksA**

lks<S jS v.ke.ksi.k vj nksxk pharh uS tn chu.kh le> th rkS tk.kS m.kjS fg;S lwa Hkkjh cks> mrjX;kSAok iwjh ckr uS pks[kh rjS le> yh vj eu esa dkBh /kk yh dS ok b.k vc[kh cxr esa vkijS HkjrkjlkFkS dne lwa dne feyk*j pkyslhA vc[kh lwa vc[kh cxr esa m.kjkS lkFk nsoSyhA b.k usgpS lwam.kjk eu uS /khtkS ca/;kS vj m.k lks<S lkEgh ihgj lwa feY;S NksVs&eksVs xsg.ks&xkaBs vj vlckc jkSf<+xyks dj nh/kks vj cksyhA b.kuS csp*j nks; ?kksM+k ekslk; ykoksA vkiks pkdjh jh rykl esa fudG~L;kavj cksgjS jkS djt mrkj nsokaykA

lks<ks cksY;ks & ^^FkuS FkkjS ihgj NksM+ nwa \**

ok uV xh & ^îhgj D;wa \ tBS Fkka cBS gh EgwaA nks FkksM+k ys vkvksA î.k] i.k Fkwa lkFkS fueSyk dL;ka*

52

^^D;wa uha] Egwa fdlh jtiwr jh tk;ksM+h uha dS] jtiwrk.kh jk pwa[;k uha dS \ EguS bZ FkkaVh ukabZ rjokjcka/krkS vkoS] Egs gh Egkjk cki jk ?kksM+k nkSM+k;k gSA**

^^Fkkjks eu] lkspysA**

^^lksPpksM+ks gSA**

rst lwa pedrks ewaMks lks<ks ns[krks jgX;kSA

ÅijyS laokn esa jtiwrk.kh jh uhpS fy[kh pkfjf=d folslrkoka izxV OgS &

1- ok vsd ohjkaxuk vj lkglh jtiwrk.kh gSA ?kqM+lokjh] lL= lapkyu vkn fo/kkoka m.kuSfojklr esa feyh gSA

2- ok lkpS vjFk esa vkijS ifr jh thou&lafxuh gSA tn lks<+ks m.kjS lkEgh izLrko j[kS dSijnsl tk;*j fd.kh jktk jh pkdjh dj.k uS oks vsdyks bZ t tkosyk vj vkijh ij.kh uSihgj NksM nsosyk rkS jtiwrk.kh b.k izLrko uS uha ekuSA ok vkNS ewaMS gj rjS jS cxr esa vkijSifr jkS lkFk nso.kkS pkoSA

3- m.kuS [kqn jS jtiwr dqG esa tue yso.k jkS xqest gSA

4- ok fd.kh Hkh rjS [kqn uS ^vcyk* uha ekuSA ok gj ifjfLFkfr jkS eqdkcykS dj.k uS R;kj gSA

5- ok ifjfLFkfr jS eqtc lgh fuj.kS yso.k jh f[kerk jk[kSA

lks<s+ jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka

1- ukui.k iM+;ka iNS dbZ rjS jh foinkoka lwa f?kj~;ksM+ks lks<ks ifjfLFkfr;ka jS lkEghaaaaaaaaaa xksMk uhaVsdSA

2- oks dqy jh dka.k vj ejtknk jh j{kk jS [kkrj iwjh rjS lkopsr gSA tn m.kjkS lqljks m.kuSleapkj HkstS dS ij.k.kks OgS rkS iujklkS #fi;k jksdM+h iqxkokS uha rks Fkkajh ekax jk Qsjk nwtSeksV~;kj lkxS fQjk fn;k tkosatk rkS m.k jkS jxr ÅcGok lkxS vj oks vkijS iqLrSuh cksjka lwav.kwarh ljr ekurk Fkdka Hkh fjfi;k jkS canksoLr djSA

3- oks vkijS opu jkS iDdks gSA djt jS [kr esa tks ljr ekaMh m.kjkS iwjh rjS ikyu djSA

4- oks vsd dÙkZO; fuLB [kkunkuh jtiwr gSA m.kuS BkV gS fd ft.kjh pkdjh djka m.kjS izfrvkika jkS dkabZ Qjd c.kS] ft.klwa vc[kh cxr esa djt fy;kS m.kjS izfr dkabZ Qjt c.kS vjvkijh ij.;ksM+h jS izfr dkabZ Qjt c.kSA

5- oks LiLV oDrk vj lR;oknh gSA tn jtiwrk.kh m.kjh nksxkpharh jkS dkj.k iwNS rkS lxGhckr lkQ&lkQ ds; nsoSA

b.k dgk.kh jS uk;d lks<S vj ukf;dk jtiwrk.kh jh ÅijS fy[;ksM+h folslrkoka ekFkS fopkj djka rkSvkS fuj.kS dj.kks nksjks y[kkoS dS lks<s vj jtiwrk.kh eka; lw fd.kjks pfj= cslh ÅtGkS gSA lkp rkS;ks gS dS ysf[kdk }kjk nksU;wa ik=ka uS Vkadh lwa ?kM+~;k nh[kSA dBS bZ dksbZ dlj uha y[kkoSA

nsldkG

& ;k dgk.kh lkeUrh tekuk jh dgk.kh gSA m.k tekuk esa jtiwr dS rkS jkt djrk dS jktkjS vBS pkdjh djrkA jtiwrk.kh jk lcnka esa & ^^?kjS cSB~;k rkS djlk ¼fdlku½ pks[kk ykxSAjtiwr pkdjh lwa lksHkk nsoSA**

& LokfHkeku] opu fuHkko.kkS] LokehHkxrh] bZekunkjh] cgknqjh] lL= lapkyu] vkijS dÙkZO; uSfljS le>k.kkS vkn O;fDrxr xq.k yksxka esa feyrkA

53

& dqyhu ?kjka esa Hkh m.k cxr dU;koka uS ibZlk ys;j ij.kkok jkS fjokt gkSA

& dj.k nso.k jkS dke m.k fnuka O;fDrxr m/ke jS :i esa izpfyr gksA vkt jh nakbZ cSad]lgdkjh lfefr;ka vkn jkS tkG uha gksA gjsd fxjLr jkS dksbZ u dksbZ iqLrSuh cksgjks ¼djtnso.k okGks½ jSorksA vcdh cxr esa t:jrean fxjLr b.k gh t cksgjS lwa djt fy;ka djrkSA

& f'kdkj [ksy.k jkS fjokt jktk&egkjktkoka esa vke ckr ghA ;k vsd vlh ijaijk gh ft.kjksfuokZg lEcfU/kr ljnkj vkijh gSfl;r jS eqrkfcd iwjS tksl&[kjksl jS lkFkS djrks gksA

mÌsL;

dgk.kh jS iwjS dFkkud] ik=ka jh pkfjf=d] folslrkoka] laokn] nsldkG vkn rÙoka uS /;ku jk[krkaFkdk b.k dgk.kh jk mÌsL; uhps fy[;S eqtc OgS ldS &

1- lkekU; e/;eoxhZ; jtiwr ifjokjka jh thou&lSyh uS njlko.kkSA

2- m.k oxr jh lkekftd] vkfFkZd vj lkaLÑfrd ijaijkoka jkS fp=.k dj.kkSA

3- m.k cxr jh fookg laLFkk jh folslrkoka uS mtkxj dj.kkSA

4- fookg jh e;kZnk] ifr&iRuh jS lEcU/kka jh ifo=rk] vsd&nwtS jS chp esa le>] vsd nwtS jkSlg;ksx vkn folslrkoka uS mtkxj dj.kkSA

5- L=h fd.kh Hkh nhB lwa gh.k uha gSA ok vkijS /k.kh jS da/ks lwa da/kks feyk;*j dÙkZO; {ks= esa ikaoM+kHkj ldS] b.k ckr uS ikBdka rkabZ iqxko.kkSA

7- m.k cxr jh lkekftd cqjk;ka & dU;k jk ibZlk ys*;j ij.kko.kkS] t:jr ean uS djt nso.kjh vkM+ esa m.kjh teha tk;nkn [ksrdwM+k gM+i yso.kks vj m.kuS jksVh ck;jks dj nso.kks dkauhHkh b.k dgk.kh ikBdka jkS /;ku [khaP;kS x;ks gSA

dfBu lcnka jk vjFk

lcn vjFk

Åuh xje

cGfj;ks ty jgk

ckjyk ckgj ds

>kG Tokyk

ukjsG ukfj;y

ekax eaxsrj ¼C;kt ij #i;ksa dk ysu&nsu djus okyk O;fDr½

ckj.kks njoktk

[kr i=] bdjkjukek

lksxu 'kiFk] lkSxU/k

nlxr nLr[kr] gLrk{kj

pku.kks izdk'k

ih;j ihgj] firxg

pwa[;k pwals] Lruiku fd;k

lwjki.k ohjrk

dGk;ka dykb;ka

54

Hksjh j.kHksjh] ;q) ds vkjaHk dk lwpd ok|

xk<ks etcwrh ls

lwj lwvj

f<xyks <sj

ukxh uXu] E;ku jfgr ¼ryokj] ds lanHkZ esa½

ejnkuks enkZuk] iq#"kksfpr

fotksx.k fo;ksfxuh

HkwaMh cqjh] vfiz;

lkaM.kh ÅaVuh

fulklks fu'okl

psrks dj gks'k esa vk

MkoM+h yM+dh] ¼jkt?kjkuksa ds lanHkZ esa lsfodk½

ewaMks eaqg

vH;kl jk loky

1- lks<k jh vkfFkZd fLFkfr detksj D;wa gh \

2- lks<k jS llqjksth lks<k uS dkabZ lanslks HksT;ks \

3- cksgjkth lks<S uS fjfi;k nsorh csGka dkabZ ljr jk[kh \

4- ljr nksjh OgSrk Fkdk Hkh lks<S cksgjkth lwa fjfi;k D;wa yh/kk \

5- jtiwrk.kh uS D;wa ij.k*j vk;k iNS lks<S jS ?kj esa dkabZ cnGko vk;k \

6- jtiwrk.kh uS D;wa ykxrkS dS lks<ks m.k lwa ukjkt gS \

7- lks<S jtiwrk.kh uS cksgjS jkS [kr ckapok uS D;wa nh?kkS \

8- b.k [kr uS ckaP;k iNS jtiwrk.kh jh dkabZ izfrfØ;k gqbZ \

9- lks<S jtiwrk.kh uS m.kjS ihgj fHktok; nso.k jh ckr D;wa dgha \

10- jtiwrk.kh b.k izLrko jkS dkabZ iM+wÙkj nh/kkS \

11- lks<S vj jtiwrk.kh uS fpÙkkSM+ jktk jS vBS dkabZ pkdjh feyh \

12- ejnkuS Hksl esa pkdjh djrka jtiwr.kh jkS Hksn dhadj [kqY;kS \

13- Hksn [kqY;ka iBS fpÙkkSM+ jS jktk vj jk.kh dkabZ dh/kks \

14- b.k dgk.kh esa vkiuS lks<S vj jtiwrk.kh esa fd.k jkS pfj= cslh nk; vkoS vj D;wa \

15- b.k dgk.kh esa fpÙkkSM+ jh jk.kh jS pfj= jh fdlh ckr vkius pks[kh ykxh] dkj.k crkorka Fkdkfy[kksA

cks/k izLu vj oka jk mÙkj

1- Jherh y{ehdqekh pwaMkor uS dq.klkS in~e lEeku feY;kS gS \

2- ^jtiwrk.kh* dgk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor jS fd.k dFkk laxzS esa lkfey djhth gS \

3- ^jtiwrk.kh* dgk.kh jkS uk;d dq.k gS \

55

4- fd.k jktk jS vBS lks<s vj m.kjh tksM+k;r pkdjh dh/kh \

5- lks<s jh tksM+k;r ejnkuS Hks[k esa m.kjS lkFkS D;wa jS;h \

6- vkiuS v.kh dgk.kh esa lclwa pks[kkS ik= dq.k lks ykxS \

7- lkeUrh dky jh dq.k cqjk;ka dkauh b.k dgk.kh esa gokykS feGS \

8- b.k dgk.kh esa jktLFkku jh dq.klh _rqoka jkS oj.ku feyS \

9- b.k dgk.kh jkS lhlZd ^jtiwrk.kh* D;wa jk[;kS gS \

10- jk.kkth lks<s jS fd.k xq.kka lwa izlUu OgS*j djtk jk fjfi;k] fxjLFkh clk.kS jks lkeku vknns;*j okauS lh[k nh/kh \

iz'uksa jk mÙkj

1- in~eJh

2- eka>G jkr

3- lks<ks

4- fpÙkkSM+ jS jktk jS vBS

5- ts ok ejnkuk Hks[k esa uha jSorh rks nks;ka uS ,d BkSM+ dke uha feGrkSA

6- mfpr mÙkj Lohdkj dj~;k tkoSyk

7- dU;k uS ij.kkok jk fjfi;k yso.kk] lwn[kksjh isVs vklkeh uS jksVh ck;jkS dj nso.kkSA

8- ÅukGS vj pkSekls jk

9- dgk.kh jh ukf;dk jtiwrk.kh gS vj m.kjh pkfjf=d folslrkoka lkaph jtiwrk.kh jks fprjkae mdsjSA

10- lks<s jh lR;fiz;rk] LokehHkfDr] ohjrk] dÙkZO; fu"Bk vknA

lanHkZ iksF;ka

jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor jfpr vj lEikfnr xzaFk &

1- eka>G jkr

2- veksyd ckrka

3- dS jS pdok ckr

4- fxj Åapk&Åapk x<+ka

5- jktLFkkuh yksddFkkoka

6- ewey

7- jktLFkkuh nksgk laxzg

8- jtokM+h yksd xhr

9- jktLFkku dk ân; ¼nksgs½

10- jktLFkkuh nksgs&lksjBs


12- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; % MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor

56

bdkbZ 7

izeq[k dgk.khdkj % jkes'ojn;ky JhekGhbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

7-0 mísL;

7-1 izLrkouk

7-2 dgk.kh jkS vkl;

7-3 oS/kO; tho.k jkS nal

7-4 lekt jkS tFkkjFk

7-5 vehjh&xjhch jkS vkarjkS

7-6 xkaokbZ tutho.k jk fprjke

7-7 dgk.kh jkS furkj

7-8 lizlax O;k[;k

7-9 vH;kl jk loky

7-10 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

7-0 mísL;

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka esa jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jkS ukao jktLFkkuh lkfgR; txr esa lkoGvksG[khtS] tk.khtSA ckajh fx.krh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa uwaokS flYi vj vsd nhB nsof.k;k dgk.khdkjkaesa gqoSA ;wa rks ckajkS dgk.kh&laxzS ^lGoVka* pfpZr gS i.k b.k ikBÓ lkexzh esa ladfyr dgk.kh^dkapGh* ckajh izfrfuf/k dgkf.k;ka eka; lwa vsd gSA b.k dgk.kh jS vykok ^tkG*] ^tlksnk* vj^lxi.k* Hkh ckajh izfrfuf/k dgkf.k;ka ekuhtSA vS dgkf.k;ka jktLFkkuh jk fofo/k dgk.kh ladyuka esaNirh jS;h gSA

jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh dgkf.k;ka esa eku[kS jS eu jh ihM+ uSa xSjkbZ lwa mdsjhth gSA b.kesa Hkh xkaoBhyqxk;ka jh euxr uSa ckajh dgkf.k;ka lwa lkoGlj le>h tk; ldSA ^dkapGh* dgk.kh jh Mksdjhle/kk Hkh vsd xkaoBh yqxkbZ gSA /kje jS iYyS ca/;ksM+h le/kk fo/kok gksorka Fkdka bZ m.kjS eu esagsr&fgaoGkl jkS tdkS lenj gcksGk ekjS cks b.k dgk.kh esa lkaijr fuxS vkoSA

Mksdjh le/kk ft.k gst&gsr lwa xkao jh Nksjh iqlck jh ijofjl djS] m.kuSa iqlck vsd bZ >VdS esafcljk; nsoSA vsdkauh lkljS lwa vk;ksM+h iqlck Mksdjh lwa ekFkS gkFk Qsjko.k rd uha vkoS] nwtS dkauhMksdjh cksjS uSa /kku ns;*j m.k lk: dkapGh jkS cVdkS ¼diM+kS½ yso.k jh tqxr fcBkoSA xaokbZ&tho.klwa tqM+ÓksM+h vj euksfoX;ku ekFkS vk/kkfjr jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh b.k dgk.kh lwa vki leS vjifjfLFkfr eqtc feu[k jS cnGrS lqHkko uS vkNh rjS tk.k&le> ldksykA lkFkS bZ]

vkt jS cxr esa toku ih<h jkS cMS&cqtjxka jS izfr lueku ?kVrkS tk jS;kS gSA nsl esatxka&txka [kqy.k okGk fcj/kklje b.k ckr jk ijek.k gSA lekt jk cMk&cqtjxka jh rksNksMkS] uwaoh ih<h jk ?k.kdjk feu[k vkijS ekbZrka uSa Hkh mis{kk&Hkko lwa ns[k.k ykxX;k gSA b.kdgk.kh jh uwaoh ij.;ksM+h Nksjh iqlck Hkh vkijh eka tsM+h Mksdjh jkS vieku djSA iwjh dgk.khif<;ka iNS cw<k&BkMka jS izfr b.k mis{kkiwj.k oSokj uS vki vkNh rjÓka tk.k ldkSykA

Mksdjh le/kk fo/kok gksorka Fkdka bZ xkaoBh&laLdkjka vj lkekftd ljksdkjka uSa fda;ka

57

fcljk; ldS \ HkykabZ m.kjS ?kj esa /kk;ks&iwrkS dksbZ er gqokS i.k ck lekt esa cSBh gS] b.kokLrS xkaoBh ijaijk uSa fuHkko.k jh gwal m.kesa b/kdh fuxS vkoSA Mksdjh le/kk vkijS oSèkO;tho.k jk ykjyk fnu vka jhr&fjoktka lwa tqM+*j bZ rks vksNk dj jS;h gSA vk dgk.kh oSèkO;tho.k uSa cks> le>.k okGh yqxk;ka uS Hkh uw;h nhB nso.k okGh gSA

b.k dgk.kh lwa vki feu[k jk LokjFki.kk vj ekSdkijLrh uSa Hkh lkoGlj tk.k tkoksykAvkt jkS feu[k ?kksj LokjFkh gq;X;kS gSA dsbZ dsbZ feu[k rks ifjokj rd uSa fcljk; Qdr vkirkabZ lhfer gq;X;k gSA vGxko jh vk gkyr lekt lk: uqdlk.knk;d gSA b.k dgk.kh uSai<*j vki b.k ckr lwa vol lSer gqoksykA

foxlko jS ukao ekFkS xkaoka jkS lSjhdj.k Hkh de ?kkrhykS uha gSA bySDVªkfud ehfM;k jh vcSxkaoka rd esa ?kqliSB lwa lSjh ckcqoka jh Hkkar xkaoBh feu[k jkS ekFkkS Hkh vcS fopkjka jh?kk.k&eFkk.k esa ?kwe.k ykxX;kS gSA b.klwa ln~laLdkjka jh txka vkFkw.kh laLÑfr jk vilaLdkj?kj dj.k ykxX;k gSA dgk.kh ^dkapGh* esa gkykadS b.k ckr uSa uha mdsjhth gS i.k Mksdjhle/kk jS izfr iqlck jkS oSokj b.kh ckr uSa bafxr djSA laLdkjka jS b.k gzkl uSa vki ^dkapGh*dgk.kh esa vol ns[kL;kSA

xjhch lwa xqtjÓksM+S vkneh duS ts Hkkx&tksx lwa nks ibZlk ckij tkoS vj dha lks*jkS lq[khgq; tkoS rks m.kesa vgadkj jk Hkko Hkksr tYnh tyeSA b.k dgk.kh jkS vUr b.kh ckr uSatrko.k jS mísL; lwa djhT;kS gSA

7-1 çLrkouk

jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jkS jktLFkkuh jpuk&lalkj jkrkS&ekrkS gSA vsd lQG dgk.khdkj jS lkxS&lkxScS xhjcStksx xtydkj Hkh gSA lkfgR; vdknseh] fnYyh jkS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; iqjLdkj gkykadS ckajSdfork&laxzS ÊgkjkS xkao* uSa feY;kS i.k jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa uwaokS flYi vj nhB nsof.k;k jkes'ojn;kyJhekGh jkS dgk.kh&laxzS ^lGoVka* Hkh jktLFkkuh jh xqesttksx Ñfr gSA 1977 esa NI;ksM+kS ckajkS vkSdgk.kh&laxzS jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh] mn;iqj lwa iqjLÑr gq;kSA

JhekGhth jh ys[kuh ckcr ^bafM;u fyV~jspj if=dk ¼oksY;qe 12] ua- 6½ esa jktLFkkuh jk pkok&Bkokleh{kd jkor lkjLor fy[;kS gS] "R. D. shrimali has a satirical angle of looking at things aroundhim. He has given masterly strokes to a number of portaits and miniatures drawn by him. there arevery few writers who have the aptitud to adopt this style which could take them to heights of literaryperfection."

JhekGh dfo&dFkkdkj vj xtydkj jS lkxS&lkxS leh{kk esa Hkh vkijh n[ky jk[kSA ckajh [kqn jhekSfyd Ñfr;ka jS vykok cS jktLFkkuh jk pkok&Bkok fo}ku Lo- jkor lkjLor lkxS dFkk&ladyu^vkt jh dgkf.k;ka* jkS laiknu Hkh djÓkSA vkijk ekSfyd dfork&laxzka esa EgkjkS xkao* jS vykok ^gkMhjk.kh* vj ^ckoukS fgekGkS* Hkh pkok&Bkok gSA vkijkS xty laxzS ^xquSxkj gS xty* Hkh jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jh ljko.k tksx Ñfr gSA ft.k cxr vk iksFkh Nih m.k leS jktLFkkuh esa xty vsd uwaokSiz;ksx ekuhtrkSA dSo.k jkS vjFk vkS dS jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jkS jktLFkkuh x| vj i| esa fljt.kbdlkj gSA jktLFkkuh jS vykok fganh esa Hkh cS ^dkSfVY;* ukao lwa vsd [kaM&dkO; jP;kS tdkS ia-lw;Zdkar f=ikBh ^fujkyk* jS [kaM&dkO; ^rqylhnkl* jS lSatksM+ ekuhtSA

JhekGhth jh dforkoka ckcr pkok leh{kd izks- Ñ".kfcgkjh lgy vkijh nhB b.k Hkkar jk[kh gS]^^Jhekyhth dh dforkvksa esa tgka ijaijk ds izfr fonzksg gS] ogka uohurk ds izfr vdqykgV Hkh gSA'kks"k.k] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ij mUgksaus xgjh pksV dh gSA misf{kr oxks± ds izfrlgkuqHkwfr Hkh gSA muds xhrksa esa Hkko vkSj dYiuk dk lqanj lfEeJ.k gSA**

58

jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jkS dFkk&lalkj Hkh lkaoBkS vj xhr&xty vj dforkoka jS jpuk&lalkj lwalok;kS iM+SA ckajh ?k.kdjh dgkf.k;ka esa xkaobZ tutho.k jh >kadh jS lkxS jkt&dkt jh vO;oLFkk lwanq[kh xkaoBh vknE;ka jh ihM+ uSa lkaoBS :i lwa njlkbZth gSA b.kjS vykok lektw ljksdkjka lwa tqM+ÓksM+hm.kka jh dsbZ dgkf.k;ka esa fc[kjrk ifjokj] fleVrk fjLrk] ijaijk jh m[kM+rh tM+ka vj nksxkfparh esaiT;ksM+S vkneh jh cnGrh euxr uSa mdsjhth gSA

JhekGh jS dgk.kh lalkj ekFkS jktLFkkuh jk ew/kZU; lkfgR;dkj lkaoj nb;k jh vk [kjh Vhi fy[k.ktksx gS] ^^jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh dgk.;ka cnGrS laca/kka uSa bZ lcGS <ax lwa lkaEgS jk[kSA ^lxi.k*dgk.kh cSu&HkkbZ jS laca/kka esa vkorS cnGko uSa uqaoh nhB lwa ns[kS rks ^vkS ?kj Egkjks dksuh* esa cs#txkjvkneh jS eu esa ?kj uSa ys;*j tkxrS Hkkoka lkxS&lkxS eka&cki vj yqxkbZ&Vkcjka [kkrj bZ cnGrh nhBmtkxj gqoSA ^ykycÙkh* esa vkneh jS eu esa ¼v½ O;oLFkk uSa ys;*j tkxrk loky lkaEgS vkoS rks^tlksnk* vj ^dkapGh* esa tho.k jk lkpk vuqHko ijr[k fuxS vkoSA** ¼laikndh;] ^mdjkl*dFkk&ladyu½

^dkapGh* euksfoX;ku ij vk/kkfjr dgk.kh gSA b.k dgk.kh jS lhxS jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh xkao jhMksdjh le/kk jS tho.k&pfj= jk dsbZ ÅtGk i[kka uSa rks mdsjÓk bZ gS] m.kjh xSjh vj ÅaMh le>uSa Hkh lkaxksikax <ax lwa mdsjh gSA vk dgk.kh lkekftd ljksdkjka uSa laosnukoka jS lkxS ikBdka jS lkaehjk[kSA dgk.kh jkS vkS val ns[kkS] ^^le/kk lwrh i.k eu uSa td dBS \ dkabZ Bk Nksjh gstkGh gS] yk.kekFkS gkFk Qsjko.k uSa vkbZ rks dkabZ gqoSyks \ ts [kkyh gkFk Qs:a rks HkwaMkS dksuh ykxS \ HkwaMkS rks ckbZykxS bZtA le/kk jkaM gS rks dkabZ gq;kS \ ?kj esa dksbZ dekÅ dksuh i.k jksVÓka jkS nsokG rks }kjdkjkS ukFk gSA nk.kS&nk.kS ekFkS [kk.kSokGS jh Nki m.k yxkbZ gSA eu rks yksHk djS bZt ! eu jkS dkabZ &eu yksHkh] eu ykyph] eu papG] eu pksj ! i.k eu jS erS FkksM+kS bZt pkyhtSA**

xkaoka esa dkapGh jkS diM+kS vj csl&ckxk migkj l:i cSu&csfV;ka uSa nso.k jh ijaijk iqjk.kS tekuSlwa pkyrh vkbZ gSA vk vi.kk;r xkao jh xhjcStksx laLÑfr jkS vsd vax gSA b.k lwa vkilh gsr&gstrks c/kS bZ gS] lkFkS bZ vsd&nwtS lwa esG&feGki jkS volj i.k feySA xkao jkS xjhc gqokS vj HkykabZtehankj] lkekftd ca/ku lxGka lk: gSA tdkS lekt lwa rYykS&eYykS uha jk[kS] lekt m.kuSaNksM&fNVdkoSA

iwjh dgk.kh cky&fo/kok le/kk jS vksGS&nksGS ?kweSA le/kk uSa b.k ckr jkS X;ku gS dS m.kjS ?kj esadeko.k&[kko.k okGkS dksbZ dksuhA ck ts cSu&csVh uSa dkapGh dS cSl nsoSyk rks Hkh cnGS esa m.kuSa dhauha feySykA ckotwn b.kjS ck gkFkka esa cMh gq;ksM+h Nksjh iqlck jS okLrS dkapGh jkS rkisVkS eksykoSA xkaojh b.k ijaijk uSa iks[k.k lk: ck ?kj esa iM+h ik;yh&Hkj tqaokj jS cnGS ckf.k;S jh gkV lwa dkapGh jkSdiM+kS eksykoSA b.k dgk.kh esa xkao jh of.kd&ofÙk uSa Hkh mdsjhth gS] ^îk;yh tqaokj ns;*j Mksdjhle/kk cSar HkjÓkS rkisVS jkS VqdM+kS ykbZA dkabZ djka ckbZ\ ckf.k;S jkS csVkS] ysrka bZ [kk; uS nsrka bZ [kk;Auharj ik;yh /kku jks jksdM+kS fjfi;kS gqoS] vj vkxyS tekuS esa fjfi;S jkS rks ?kk?kjkS vkorkS& iwjkS vLlhdGh jkS ! i.k b.k tekuS jkS dkabZ dj.kkS \ feu[kka eka;ykS rks jke bZt ijkS fudGÓkS gSA i.k jkerks ys[kkS jk[kS gSA vkxyS Hko esa---A**

/kku ns;*j leku yko.k jh ijaijk xkaoka esa dky rkabZ dk;e ghA vBS rkabZ dS NksVS&NksVS dkeka esa bZ/kku cjrhtrkSA feu[kka jh nk<h&dfVax djf.k;k [koklth uSa fjfi;ka lwa eksg dksuh gksA ?kj&?kj ik.khiqxko.k okGh dqaekfj;ka uSa Hkh ibZlS lwa dha ys.kkS&ns.kkS dksuhA feanj jh lsok djf.k;S lk/k&lsod uSaHkh ixkj uha feyrhA lxGkS dke /kku&pwu lwa ikj iM+rkSA [ksr ekfyd jS ?kjS vko.k okGS /kku¼vukt½ esa vka lxGka jkS lhj gksA Qwy lk: ika[kM+h ikarh vkorhA fd.kh uSa nks ckof.k;k ¼,d eki½/kku rks fd.kh uSa ikap ckof.k;kA ik;yh lwa /kku jkS ekikS rks iwjS lky pkyrkSA gjSd pht/kku jS cnGS lgtka fey tkorhA i.k tekukS cnGX;kSA yksx fjfi;S jk xqyke gq;X;kA HkkSfrd lq[k

59

jk bÙkk lk/ku gq;X;k dS P;k:aesj gj BkSM+ fjfi;ka jh t:jr iM+SA

b.k dgk.kh jh vsd ik= iqlck jkS C;kao rhtoj lkxS gqoSA iqlck jh mej NksVh gqorka Fkdka bZ ck cMS?kj esa ij.khtSA vkS lxGkS fjfi;ka jkS iqu&ijrki gSA vBS ûdn uk.kk] chan ij.khtS dk.kka* okGhdSor ijxV ¼ykxw½ gqoSA jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh dgkf.k;ka esa lkekftd jhfr&fjoktka jh iks[k jSlkxS lekt esa QSY;ksM+h dqjhfr;ka ekFkS Hkh djkjh pksV djhth gSA ckG&C;ko] oS/kO; tho.k jhO;Fkk&dFkk] o)fookg] ngst] xjhch vj cs#txkjh tSM+h lkekftd leL;koka ekFkS dsafnzr vSdgkf.k;ka variar ikBd uSa lksp.k lk: etcwj djSA

jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh dgk.kh ^dkapGh* uSa dFkklezkV izsepUn jh ijEijk eka; o)koLFkk jh leL;kekFkS dsafnzr dsbZ dgkf.k;ka jS lSatksM+ jk[kh tk; ldSA b.k vksG esa izsepan jh ^cw<h dkdh* vj Hkh"elkguh jh ^phQ dh nkor* tSM+h dg.;ka jk ukao lgtka fx.kk;k tk ldS] ft.kesa cMS&cqtjxka jS izfrv.kns[kh jk Hkko fuxS vkoSA lkpS vjFkka esa JhekGhth jh vk dgk.kh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jhHkh vkaxhok.k jpuk gSA

7-2 dgk.kh jkS vkl;

dgk.kh ^dkapGh* jh l:vkr Mksdjh le/kk jS /kje&dje lwa l: gqoSA xkaoka esa /kje jh vk csy [kklhikaxjÓksM+h gSA dcwrjka uSa nk.kkS uka[k.kkS] dhM+h&uxjkS lhap.kkS] ik.kh jk iGkfl;k Hkj.kk] jksVh [kkaorhc[kr fpM+dY;ka uSa pwu pqxko.kkS vBS jk iqjk.kk vj xkaoBh yksxka jkS use&/kje fx.khtSA b.kjS ewG esaxkaoBh yksxka jkS tehu lwa tqM+ko vj izÑfr lwa gsr bZ gSA

b.k ckcr jktLFkkuh jk lekykspd MkW- fdj.k ukgVk vkijS fuca/k&laxzS ^yksd jkS mtkl* jS vsdfuca/k ^mÙke [ksrh( eè;e ck.k* esa fy[;kS gS] ^ôLrqr% feu[k jh vka ofÙk;ka jkS laca/k m.kjS tye jklaLdkjka vj orZeku ifjos'k lwa rks gqoS gh gS] i.k m.kjS HksGS gh ckS thfodk [kkrj tdkS ekjx vi.kkoSm.kjkS Hkh lh/kkS&lhèkkS vlj m.kjS vkpj.k ekFkS iM+SA vkS ekjx m.kjS fopkj vj oSokj jh fnlk rS djSAb.k ckr jS [kqyklS csbZ ofÙk vj oSokj jh ckr ekFkS FkksM+S foLrkj lwa fopkj djka&

vkika tk.kka dS [ksrh djf.k;S feu[k jks lh/kks&laca/k izÑfr lwa gqoSA gtkj gkFkka lwa yqVko.k okGhdqnjr jh mnkjrk m.kuSa ijksidkj jkS ikB i<koSA ck gh m.kuSa fgy&feyuS jSo.k jh lh[k nsoS vjnwtka jS nq%[k&njn uSa vuqHko dj.k okGkS nso nqGZHk xq.k c[lSA ckS ns[kS dS /kjrh ekrk jh dw[k esa vsdcht jkGka rks ck m.kuSa gtkj xq.kka djuS ikNkS nsoSA m.kjkS [ktkukS rks lxGka [kkrj [kqykSA dhM+h lwadwatj rkab± lxGk gh m.klwa iksl.k pkoSA vSM+h mnkj izÑfr jS chp lqrarj fopjf.k;S djlS jk HkkoHkh oSM+k gh mnkj c.kSA tn gh rks gGksfr;kS djrkS djlkS Hkxoku lwa vjnkl djS dS] gs lkaojk!phM+h&desM+h] ibZ&iko.kk ¼vVkÅ&cVkÅ½] cgu&lqokl.kh lxGka jS Hkkx jkS nhtSA**

dgk.kh ^dkapGh* jh Mksdjh le/kk Hkh b.kh Hkkouk lwa vksrizksr ik= gSA m.kjS vkpj.k vj oSokj esa Hkhijksidkj jk vS xq.k lgtka ns[;k tk; ldSA dgk.kh jkS l:vkrh val ns[kkS& ^^>waiS lwa chlsd ixekFkS g.kekuth jkS FkkuA dhM+h jh pky Mksdjh fpfV;kS fgykrh Fkku rkabZ iwxhA Fkku duS tk;*j èkksdnhA tqaokj jk P;kjsd nk.kk isM+yS ekFkS fc[ksj*j Mksdjh ikNh >waiS lkaEgh oGhA esj.kkS m?kkM+ÓkSA[kkM+dk mrkjÓkA fpfV;kS [kwa.kS esa ÅHkkS dj;ksA /kku laHkkG*j ikNkS eVdS esa ?kkY;kSA eVdS ekFkS<d.kks ns;*j >waiS ckjS uhlj*j xokM+h esa NksVh&lhd uheM+h jh uktksxh Nha;k esa cSBxhA**

b.k dgk.kh jS dFkkud uSa latksjkS c.kko.k lk: jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh ckr uSa vkxS cèkko.k jS lkxSxaokbZ laLÑfr jk gsrkGw Hkh c.krk fuxS vkoSA cS dgk.kh jS ik=ka jh euxr jS lhxS b.k lkaoBh laLÑfrjk ÅtGk fprjke mdsjSA

le/kk lkljS lwa vk;ksM+h iqlck uSa dkapGh jkS diM+kS nso.k jh tqxr esa ykX;ksM+h gSA mnkjeuk Mksdjh

60

le/kk jS isVS iki dksuh i.k m.kjh vkthfodk jk lk/ku lhfer gSA ?kj esa /kku Hkh iwjkS dksuhA b.klwavsdj m.kjS eu esa vkoS dS EgSa rks ckGfo/kok gwa] lks EgkjS xkaookGk dBS vkMk vkoS \ EgkjS djeka jkSHkkjkS rks EguSa bt Åap.kkS iM+lhA

^^le/kk eu uSa le>k;kS& EgkjS dkabZ ckbZ ! EgkjS rks dksbZ f/k;kS u dksbZ iwrkSA EgkjS vBS dq.k gS ftdkScS ikNk nsoSA dnSbZ djeka NkN jS NkaVS jkS dke iM+S] ftdkS bZ nks*jkS ?kkySA---uS ykjS tqaokj jS;h bZ dBSckbZA vSM+h ek.kkS Hkjh gqoSyh rks nl&iujS fnu uhB pkySyhA iNS fd.kjS ewa<S lkaEgh tkso.kkS \ iksiykSewa<kS dj*j fd.kjS lkaEgh gkFk ilkjka ckbZ \ ft.k ikarj rks iqlcM+h uSa cSar dkapGh jkS diM+kS ub± fn;kS]uS lkr lq[k !* le/kk vsd fujklk HkjÓkS lkSjdkS uka[;kSA**

xjhch vj nq%[kka jS lenj esa xksrk [kkorh Mksdjh le/kk vkijh cksnkbZ njlkorh Fkdh Hkh fg;S esa gsrjh ygjka fy;ksM+h lwrh gSA m.kuSa b.k ckr jkS vSlkl gS dS xkao esa jSo.kkS gS rks jhr jkS jk;rkS rks dj.kkSbt iM+lh& ^^le/kk lwrh i.k eu uSa td dBS \ dkabZ Bkg Nksjh gstkGh gS] yk.k ekFkS gkFk Qsjko.kuSa vkbZ rks dkabZ gqoSykS \ ts [kkyh gkFk Qs:a rks HkwaMkS dksuh ykxS \**

b.k lksp jS lkFkS bZ le/kk mB cSBh gqoSA ck vkijkS fpfV;kS mBkoS vj [kqn jS >waiS dkauh pky iM+SAck eVdh esas jk[;ksM+h tqaokj jk nk.kk csp*j bZ iqlck lk: dkapGh jkS rkisVkS yko.k uSa R;kj gq; tkoSAiqlck cha jh cSu gS uk csVhA i.k ck NksVh&eksVh Mksdjh jS gkFkka esa gq;ksM+h ghA gjukFk jh yqxkbZ vkijhikap cjlka jh Nksjh iqlck uSa jkeHkjkslS NksM*j vksNh mej esa bZ jke uSa I;kjh gq; tkoSA rn gjukFkm.k NksVhlhd Nksjh uSa ikG&iks[k lk: Mksdjh jS lj.kS NksM nsoSA Mksdjh gkFkka esa cMh gq;ksM+h iqlckjS lkljS tko.k lwa iSyka] ekFkS gkFk QsjkbZ jS cnGS dkapGh jkS diM+kS yko.k jh lkspSA i.k m.kuSa dkabZBk gks dS iqlcM+h m.k duSa ekFkS gkFk Qsjko.k lk: bZ uha iwxSA

iqlck jS b.k v.kns[khiwj.k oSokj uSa Hkh Mksdjh vka[;ka vnhB dj nsoSA cha jkS fujeG eu [kqn uSa bZle>koS] ^ûSuk Vkcjka jh eka gS yk.k] cxr bZ dksuh feY;kS gqoSA uharj m.kjkS tho rks vBSbZ iM+ÓkSgqoSykA Nksjh yk.k yk;dh okGh gSA dkabZ Bk vkS fopkj uS bZ ub± vkbZ gqoS dS /kk jkS v.kwrkS bZ fjfi;kS[kjp ijkS gqoSykS( dS dkabZ Bk ekFkS gkFk Qsjko.k tkowa rks Mksdjh [kkyh gkFk ikNh esy.k lwa yktejSyhA**

dSor gS dS ^csVks diwr gq; ldS i.k eka dnSbZ dqekr uha gqoSA* le/kk rks m.kjh lxh eka dksuh ghAck rks /kk ghA ckGfo/kokA Qs:a bZ m.kjS eu esa okRlY; jkS Hkko gSA tn ck iqlck jh ckV tksorh FkkdtkoS rks m.kjkS ekFkkS iGwl.k lk: ck m.kjS ?kj dkauh Oghj gqoSA vkxS iqlck ikNh lkljS tko.k jhR;kjh esa ykX;ksM+h gSA iko.kk vsd.k ilokM+S ÅHkk gSA iqlck cGèkkxkMh esa lkeku tpkoS gSA fcpkGSbZ Mksdjh tk; iwxSA

vBS fopkjka jh nhxkfparh gSA iqlck rks lkspS dS gqokS er gqokS] Mksdjh t:j fjfi;k&ibZlk ekax.k uSavkbZ gSA nwtS dkauh Mksdjh jS eu esa b.k ckr jkS jat gS dS iqlcM+h ekFkS gkFk Qsjko.k lk: EgkjS ?kjSD;wa uha vkbZ A b.k ckr jkS vksGeksa nsorh Mksdjh m.kuSa dS;kS] ^^gka vs ckyk] rwa rks ekFkS gkFk Qsjko.kuSa bZ dksuh vkbZ vs ! lkljS tkrh uSa fetkt vk;kS ckbZ ruS rksA &dSorka&dSorka lqj xGxGkS gq;X;kSAvka[;ka jk dks;ka esa dksM lwa mykl Nk;X;kSA iksiyS ewa<S lwa galrh&galrh ?k.kS dksM lwa yk;ksM+kS cVdkSlkaEgkS fd;kSA**

----vj tn iqlck v.ke.kS Hkko lwa dSoS dS b.k rkisVS uSa yk;*j D;wa rdyhQ ns[kh /kk] EgkjS vBS b.kuSadq.k iSjlh] rks Mksdjh jS ixka gsByh tehu f[kld tkoSA ^^le/kk jk ix fpiX;kA ik[kk.k&iwrGh gqoST;wa ck cBS bZt ÅHkh jSbZ] bZLoj jS ekaMÓksM+S O;aX; fprjke T;wa !** b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS bZ dgk.khjkS var ?k.kkS ekfeZd vj ikBd jS eu esa mFkG&iqFkG epko.k okGkS gSA

61

7-3 oS/kO; tho.k jkS nal

vki.kkS lekt iqjl iz/kku ekuhtSA iqjk.kS tekuS lwa yqxkbZ uSa ?kj jS pkSHkharS esa can jk[khthA vkttekukS cnGX;kSA ckfGdk fl{kk vj efgyk&iqjl lekurk jk vkanksG.k lwa ukjh&lxrh uSa cGfeY;kSA vkt jh i<h&fy[kh yqxkbZ uk rks iqjl jS ix jh twrh jS;h gS vj uk m.kuSa Qdr Vkcj tke.kokGh elhu bZ ekuh tk; ldSA Qs:a Hkh lekt esa nk;tS jh nk>] oSèkO; tho.k jkS nal vj ckGfookgjh folcsy dk;e gSA nk;tS uSa VkG nwth dqizFkkoka jkS izpyu lSjka fcpS xkaoka esa dha b/kdkS bZ gSA b.kesalxGka lwa eksVh vc[kk;h fo/kok jkS tho.k gSA lSjka esa i<h&fy[kh fo/kokoka uSa rks Qs:a bZ #txkj jkdsbZ vkSlj Hkh feG tkoS i.k xkaoka esa b.k ys[kS MksG vkt Hkh ekM+k gSA oS/kO; tho.k fd.kh ltk lwade dksuhA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk dsbZ dgk.khdkj yqxkbZ jS tho.k jk fofo/k i[kka vj m.kjh vc[kk;ka uSa ys;*jvkijh dye pykbZ gSA vka dgk.khdkjka esa cStukFk iaokj] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] jkefuokl lekZ]jkedqekj vks>k ^cqf)thoh*] jkeikGflag jktiqjksfgr] eqjyh/kj lekZ ^foey*] ewGpUn îzk.ks'k*]dj.khnku ckjgB] euksgjflag jkBkSM+ vj ek/ko ukxnk vkn jk ukao mYys[k tksx gSA vka dgk.khdkjkajh jpukoka esa Hkh yqxkbZ jS oS/kO; tho.k jS nal uSa ys;*j jkedqekj vks>k cqf)thoh jh ^Hkkjeyh Hkkthdksuh*] jkefuokl 'kekZ jh ^fjadw*] jkeikGflag jktiqjksfgr jh îj.;k jh is<h* jk ukao lgtka fx.kk;ktk; ldSA vka dFkkoka jk vS x|kal oS/kO; tho.k jh ihM+ uSa lkaoBS :i lwa ijxVs djS &

^^&EgkjkS eksVÓkj rks ejX;kS ! ---vj b.k fopkj jS lkxS foeyk jS fgoM+S esa gwd&lh mBck ykxhA cklwrh uha jS; ldhA fryfeyk;*j cSBh gqo.k ykxh i.k fjadw foeyk jS xGckaFk ?kkY;ka lwrkS gksA fgoM+Sjh gwd ik.kh c.k*j vka[;ka esa frjck ykxhA tGtGh vka[;ka esa vsd eksVÓkj frjck ykX;kSA cksY;ks&cl] fgEer gkjxh \ dkabZ FkuS FkkjS ekFkS HkjkslkS dksuh \ vk nqfu;k gS ykMh ! vk p<ÓS uSa bZ galS vjiM+S uSa bZ galSA b.kjkS fd.kh lwa bZ ukrkS&fjLrkS dksuhA vk uha rks cqjkS lkspS vj uha HkykSA vk ik.kh T;wajaxgh.k gSA**

¼^fjadw*] jkefuokl 'kekZ½

^^m.k HkyS feu[k jkS dkabZ nksl \ EgSa bZ csy ukG T;wa c/kh vj m.kjS pkSQsj tk; fyiVhA u gk.k ns[khu tksM+h ijek.kA ck mBrh tokuh jh ekSt vj EgSa HkVdrh ySjA vkS rks furuse lwa tho.k fcrkorhvkbZ t.kk Mhy jkS mBko uha <GÓkSA mej jkS Bk uha iM+ÓkSA Hkksx lwa Mhy NhtSA i.k EgSa rks nl cjljh gh t.kk jkaM gq;*j cSBhA C;ko gq;kS gqoSyk dnSbZA i.k EgSa dn tk.kh \ pwM+h QwV.k jS lkxScjt.kk&cjd.kk l: gqbZA lklw&lqljk ikaMq feu[k i.k tsB nk:fM+;kSA cha jh yqxkbZ jksxyhA m.kuSaekjrkS&dwVrkS vj Egkjk ykM yMkorkSA i.k gksl laHkkG.k jS lkxS bZ EgSa m.kjh uh;r fiNk.kxhA**

¼^Hkkjeyh Hkkth dksuh*] jkedqekj vks>k ^cqf)thoh*½

^^m.kjh pwfM+;ka oMh dj nhUghA lS.kh ckbZlk uSa oks fnu psrS vkorkS gks ft.k fnu oS fcuk pwM+S&pwuM+hlwuS fyykM+&vka[;ka] fcuk fl.kxkj jkaMosl esa lkljk jh ih<h ckax ns; p<hA dje esa fyf[k;kSjksVh&diM+k cnGS lkljk jkS [kksnM+kSA uokS&iqjk.kkS] okj&ojrksfG;k xkG&xhr lxGk ikikpkjAigj&vks< ojtarA p<rh mej jh fpÙk p<rh lw> lwa lS.kh v.knhBk fp=ke ¼fprjke½ uSa ;kndj.k jh psLBk djrh ftdks m.kjS gFkGsok jkS nkx yxk; QM+QM+ko.k uSa fNVdk;X;kSA ns[;kS gksoSrks fpÙk p<SA lk;uh lqgkx.kka NkaVk ysrhA rkjk fx.k jkrka dk<rhA dqvkS&ckoM+h cwj.k jh lksprhi.k varl lw> lwa cp fudGrhA xwnM+ka esa ek;rka vj jketh uSa vkS>kM+k gkadrh& EgSa dkabZ ikijk m[kjM+h nck;kA ij.kht.k uSa ix iVD;k dS fd.kjS bZ ykjS nkSM+hA gR;kjka EguSa iksrM+ka esa D;waij.kkbZ \ gs jke ! Fkk··jksA**

¼îj.;k jh is<h*] jkeikGflag jktiqjksfgr½

62

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS vkt Hkh lekt esa oS/kO; tho.k jkS tdkS nal gS m.kuSa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk?k.kdjk dgk.khdkj vkijk dFkkudka jS lhxS mdsj.k jkS iz;kl rks djÓkS bZ gS] lkFkS gh m.kjkS lekèkkuHkh lq>k;kS gSA

jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh ^dkapGh* esa gkykafd Mksdjh le/kk jS oS/kO; tho.k uSa ?k.kS foLrkj lwamYysf[kr uha djhT;kS gS i.k m.kjh ihM+ uSa BkSM+&BkSM+ njlkbZth gSA xkaoka esa lqHk vj lqxuka jk dkekaesa fo/kok uSa vkt Hkh misf{kr jk[khtSA m.kjh fNa;ka rd vilqxuh ekuhtSA vSM+h fLFkfr esa vsdfo/kok jS tho.k jkS ekjx fdÙkkS vc[kkS gSA i.k le/kk oS/kO; tho.k Hkksxrh Fkdh Hkh vkijS /kje&djelwa vkijkS xqtjk.k djSA vk[kS xkao lwa vi.kk;r jkS Hkko jk[kSA

7-4 lekt jkS tFkkjFk

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh tFkkjFk jS /kjkry ekFkS fVD;ksM+h gSA ck vrhr uSa fcljk;uS vkt jSlekt esa thoS vj vukxr Hkh lq>koSA lkp lwa lSewaMS gqaorkS vkt jkS dgk.khdkj bUnjyksd jhdkYifud viNjk jh BkSM+ vkt jh ukjh jh euxr vj m.kjS tho.k jk fofo/k i[kka uSa mdsjSA cks dksjkHkkoka vj dYiuk jS fo;k.k esa lokj uha gqoS cYdS vkt jS lekt jh lksp vj fopkjka jh Fkkiuk jkSiz;kl vkijh dgk.kh esa djSA m.kjh futw le> Hkh lekt lwa ijckjS uha gq; ldSA cxr jS ijok.klkekftd jhfr&fjoktka vj ijaijk esa vkorS cnGko uSa cks tFkkjFk jS /kjkrG ekFkS bt mdsj.k jhdksfll djSA vkS bt lkekftd tFkkjFk jkS fp=.k gSA

jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh vk dgk.kh ^dkapGh* Hkh lkekftd tFkkjFk ekFkS vkèkkfjr gSA b.k dgk.khjh Mksdjh le/kk /kkjfed Hkkouk lwa jxsM+h gSA ckyfo/kok gqaork Fkdka Hkh m.kesa tho.k jh gwal gSA vkgwal gjsd yqxkbZ esa gqo.kh pkbtSA MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgr jh dgk.kh fonkbZ* jh Mksdjh vj b.k dgk.khjh Mksdjh jS fopkjka esa vsd:irk gSA ijksidkj jh Hkkouk nksuka esa izcG gSA nksuwa useh&/kjeh gSA^fonkbZ* jh Mksdjh lSj jS lQk[kkuk esa bykt djko.k uSa tko.k lwa iSyka vkijS xkao esa fnu&Hkj jkuse&/kje jh HkksGko.k ns;uS fonk gqoS] rks ^dkapGh* jh Mksdjh leèkk jS ?kj esa /kku jk Qkdk iM+rkaFkdka Hkh g.kekuth jS Fkku ekFkS tqaokj jk nk.kk i[ks#vka lk: f[kaMko.k jkS furuse djSA

b.k Hkkar ijksidkj vj /kje jh Hkkouk vkt Hkh xkao jk cMk&cqtjxka esa Hkjh iM+h gSA vkt jh dgk.khesa iqjk.kh ih<h vj uwaoh ih<h esa tdh Vdjko jh fLFkfr gS m.kjS ewG esa uwaoh ih<h esa laLdkjka jh dehbZ gSA vki lwa mej esa cMS yksxka jS izfr lEeku jh txk mis{kk jkS tdkS joS;kS lekt esa c/krkS tk;jS;kS gS m.kjS ykjS Hkh laLdkjgh.krk bZ eksVkS dkj.k gSA lekt jS b.kh*t tFkkjFk uSa ^dkapGh* dgk.khesa mdsjhT;kS gSA /kuxSyk vj ek;k esa vka/kk gq;ksM+k yksxka uSa vkijS&ijk;S jkS dha y[kko uha iM+SA m.kkajkS tho.k rks LokjFk jS ekjx ekFkS vkxS c/k jS;kS gSA

Mksdjh le/kk ft.k Nksjh uSa ikG&iks[k eksVh djS ck bt Nksjh [kkaorS&ihaorS ?kj esa iwX;ka iNSle/kk uSa fclj tkoSA lkljS lwa ikNh vk;ka Mksdjh lwa ekFkS gkFk Qsjko.kkS rks nwj myVh m.kuSa bZ rM+dnsoS vj dkapGh jkS ckS rkisVkS ikNkS Mksdjh jS gkFk esa f>yk;uS vkijh gSfl;r m.kuSa t.kkoSA vkt jSlekt jkS vkS bt tFkkjFk gSA yksx vSlku Hkwyrka tst uha yxkoSA

uwaoh ih<h jh Nksjh iqlck Mksdjh jS vi.kk;r jk Hkkoka uSa uha le> ldhA Mksdjh tn dkapGh jkS diM+kSnso.k uSa iqlck jS ?kj vkxS iwxS rks Hkh m.kuSa m.kjS izfr myVkS Hkje gqoSA LokjFk jS ol m.kuSa ykxSdS Mksdjh dBSbZ fjfi;k m/kkj ekax.k uSa rks uha vkbZ gSA nwtS dkauh le/kk jk m.kjS izfr vi.kk;r jkHkko ojs.; gSA xjhc ?kj jS gjukFk jh Nksjh iqlck rhth osGk ij.kht.k okGS vkneh lkxS ij.khtSAnqfu;k ewaMS ftÙkh ckrka djS i.k Mksdjh uSa m.k VSe Hkh iqlck lwa genjnh gS&

^^feu[kka uSa rks fd.kjkS bZ lq[k lqgkoS bZ dksuh ckbZA gjukFk jS xjhc ?kj uSa ns[krka fd.kuSa Bk gks dSNksjh uSa vSM+kS ?kj&oj feGSykA i.k jketh lxGka jk bZ fnu QsjSA feu[k HkwafM;ka dj&dj*j tkr jkS

63

bZ eSy /kksoSA tku vkbZ tjS bZ dp&dp lq:A eksVkS tks;kS ckbZA rhft;kar gS ckbZA ipkl ckjS ÅejgS ckbZA fep&fefp;krh vka[;ka] FkqyFkqykS Mhy gS ckbZA xkcM+ èkwtS ckbZA dksjkS /ku bZt ns[;kS gS ckbZAlqokx dksuh ns[;kSA cki vkijkS ?kj HkjÓkS ckbZA csVh jkS lq[k dksuh tks;kSA ewaMS ftrjh bZ ckrkaA EgSadSowa vkikS&vkijk ulhc gSA Nksjh yk.k vk[kh Åej esa geSa bZt lq[k ns[;kS gSA b.klwa oÙkkS ?kj&ojdkabZ ns[kS ckbZA pks[kh ?kj&xqokM+hA Hk.;kS&fy[;kS chanA xkao esa ys.k&ns.k jkS /ka/kkSA P;kj&P;kjxk;ka&HkSaL;ka nw>SA rkdfM+;ka lksukS rqySA b.klwa oÙkkS iNS dkabZ ns[kS \ lqokx&Hkkx rks Hkxoku jS gkFkesa gqoSA feu[k ckiM+S jks dkabZ bf[r;kj \**

tho.k jkS ywaBkS vuqHko bZ b.k Hkkar jkS lksp ijxV dj ldSA uharj ckr c.kko.k esa nqfu;k jS dkabZykxS\ yksx rks xksMS ckr ?kM+ ysoSA Mksdjh le/kk jkS vkS ldkjkRed lksp tFkkjFk jS èkjkrG ekFkSfVD;ksM+kS gSA gkykadS m.kjh lksp lekt vj nqfu;k lwa vyx iqlck jS izfr genjnh okGkS gS i.kiqlck Mksdjh jS varl uSa le> uha ldhA m.kjkS lksp rks nqfu;k jS erS gS vj lqokjFk lwa HkjÓksM+kS gSAi.k vkS Hkh vkt jkS tFkkjFk bZ gSA

Mksdjh le/kk jh dkapGh jkS diM+kS nso.k jh gwal iqjk.kh ih<h jS ijaijkxr lksp jkS izrhd gS rks iqlckjkS m.k dkapGh jS diM+S jkS eksy vkad*j ikNkS cxko.kkS uwaoh ih<h jkS iqjk.kh ih<h jS izfr mis{kkiw.kZ HkkojkS ijxVhdj.k gSA i.k lkekftd tFkkjFk nksuwa tkX;ka gSA tFkkjFk jS /kjkrG ekFkS nksuwa rjS jk HkkokajkS ijxVhdj.k dgk.khdkj jh ÅaMh le> jkS izek.k gSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ?k.kdjhdgkf.k;ka esa lkekftd tFkkjFk jkS fp=.k feyS i.k jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh vkijh b.k dgk.kh dkapGh*jS ek/;e lwa b.k tFkkjFk jkS fp=.k ekfeZd <ax lwa dfj;kS gSA vBS nks ihf<;ka jS fcpkGS iM+rS vkarjSuSa ?k.kh fBejkbZ uS [kkepkbZ lwa fpf=r djhT;kS gSA

7-5 vehjh&xjhch jkS vkarjkS

iwathokn jh c/krh folcsy vehj&xjhc jS fcpkGS vkarjkS vkS:a c/kk; fn;kS gSA b.kjkS lhèkkS ijHkkolkekftd oSoLFkk ekFkS ifM+;kSA b.kjkS vlj egkuxjka lwa ys;*j xkao jh xqokM+h rkabZ gq;kSA lwn[kksjh]dkGkcktkjh] etwjka jkS lksl.k] nfyrka uSa nG.kkS lkS dha iwathokn jkS izHkko bZ ekukSA b.k oSoLFkk jSpkyrka vehj vkS:a vehj vj xjhc ?k.kkS xjhc gq;X;kSA vehjh vj xjhch jkS vkS vkarjkS vcS lks*jSlkal ikVht.kkS vc[kkS gSA

fganh bZ uha Hkkjr jh lxGh nslh Hkklkoka esa iwathokn jS c/krS ijHkko] lksl.k vj nfyrka lkxS vR;kpkjuSa ys;*j gtk:a dgkf.k;ka fy[khthA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk dgk.khdkj Hkh fljt.k jh b.k vksG esa ykjSuha jS;kA jktLFkkuh jk [;krukao dgk.khdkj fot;nku nsFkk jh ledkyhu dgk.kh ^vys[kwa fgVyj*b.kh lkearh oSoLFkk ekFkS djM+h pksV djS] ft.kesa VªSDVj ekFkS lokj tehankj jk /kuxSyk vj enNfd;kcsVk ek;k vj vfHkeku jS en esa vsd lkbZfdy ekFkS pkyrS xjhc NksjS uSa phaFk*j m.kjh ftuxk.kh jklqiuka uSa pdukpwj dj nsoSA

vk rks gqbZ tyetkr vehj vj xjhc jS fcpkGS gksM jh ckr i.k jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh ^dkapGh*esa rks xjhc iqlck ibZlS okGS lwa ij.khT;ka iNS ek;k jS en esa iksehth gSA ck Mksdjh le/kk dS fnjhT;ScSar HkjÓS dkapGh jS diM+S uSa ns[kuS tn :[kS lqj lwa dSoS] ^^geSa b.kuSa yk;*j D;wa rdyhQ ns[kh /kk!EgkjS vBS vkS rkisVkS dq.k iSjSyks \** rks vehjh jS vgadkj jkS Hkko lkaiM+rS futj vkoSA

iqlck jh ckr lq.kuS Mksdjh gkdckd jS; tkoSA ^Mksdjh jS dkuka esa tk.kS mdGrkS rsy iM+ÓkS ! HkkoukjS fxxuka lwa gsBh Bksdht ck fprcaxh gqoS T;wa gq;xhA m.kuSa ,glkl gq;kS] ck xjhc gS] m.kuSa lkotksxdiM+kS dksuh tqM+SA iqlck tSM+h vehj ?kj jh cgw uSa cSar dkapGh nso.k jkS m.kuSa dksbZ gd dksuh !**

dSo.k jkS eryc vkS dS b.k vjFkiz/kku tqx esa ibZlS jS dkj.k vehj vj xjhc jS fcpkGS jkS vkS vkarjkSc/krkS tk jS;kS gSA gkykadS vkt jh HkkxnkSM+ Hkjh ftanxh esa iwathifr djrka vke vkneh lks*jkS lq[kh

64

gSA ts m.kjh [kkl t:jrka jh iwjrh gq; tkoS rks cks ibZlS okGS lwa ?k.kkS lq[kh jS; ldS] tndS iwathifruSa dsbZ rjS jk tks[kk Hkh >sy.kk iM+SA vSM+k Hkksr de iwathifr gS tdk lq[k jh uhan lksoSA fca;ka Hkhlq[k&nq%[k jkS rks tksM+kS gSA fNa;ka&rkoM+S jh Hkkar gjsd vkneh jS tho.k esa vkorkS&tkorkS jSoSA b.kokLrS b.kjh rqyuk vehj&xjhc lwa uha djh tk; ldSA

[kSj ! dha Hkh gqokS] bÙkkS t:j gS dS vi.kk;r vj gsr&fgaoGkl jk Hkko vehj djrka xjhc esa b/kdkyk/klhA ^dkapGh* esa Hkh vk bt ckr njlk;hth gSA Mksdjh le/kk ckyfo/kok gqo.k jS lkxS xjhcU;kjh gS i.k ck ijksidkj] vi.kk;r vj ikiHkh#rk jS xq.kka jkS lkxj gSA nwtS dkauh xjhch lwa xqtj*jvehj c.;ksM+h iqlck esa vkladk] vfHkeku vj Ñr?urk jk Hkko ?kj dj tkoSA dgk.khdkj jS lcnkaesa] ^^vkt jS lq[k esa ykjyk nq[k jk fnu fd.kuSa ;kn jSoS \ Mksdjh jS dksM uSa /kuckoGh iqlck dksuhij[k ldhA m.kjkS nksl bZ dkabZ] ihlkokGka jh nhB esa gj vsd clr jkS eksy ihlka lwa vkadhtSA**

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS ibZlka jS c/krS cG jS dkj.k vehjh vj xjhch jkS vkarjkS yxksyx cèkrkS tk;jS;kS gSA lSjka jh rks ckr bZ NksMkS] vcS rks xkaoka esa Hkh yksx /kuxSyk gq;*j HkkbZiS vj dqVqac&dchyS rduSa fcljk; jS;k gSA vk gkGr ?k.kh ?kkrd gSA eaT;ksM+k dgk.khdkj jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh vijks{k :ilwa vk ckr Hkh dkapGh esa ikBdka vkxS jk[knh gSA

7-6 xkaobZ tutho.k jkS fp=.k

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS lhxS uwaoS flYi jkS ij;ksx djrk Fkdka Hkh jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh tSM+kdgk.khdkjka jh dgk.kh esa jktLFkkuh jaxr vj ekVh jh egd egdSA uwaoS flYi jS lkxS ek;M+ Hkklkjh eBksB ckajh dgkf.k;ka esa yk/kSA lkpS vjFkka esa JhekGh xkaobZ tutho.k jk fprsjk jpukdkj gSA

vk/kqfud dgk.kh jkS vjFk Qdr lSjh laLÑfr jk dFkkudka uSa ys;*j fy[;ksM+h dgk.kh uha gq; ldSAxkao esa Hkh ledkyhu dgk.kh jk dFkkud HkjÓk iM+Ók gSA xkaoka jS lSjhdj.k jS lkxS bZ dsbZ rjS jhvc[kk;ka cBS Hkh vk; [kM+h gq;h gSA vcS xkaobZ tutho.k Hkh fcÙkkS lgt] ljy vj xkaoBh uha jS;X;kSgSA cnGko jh b.k vka/kh esa xkao jS vkneh jh euxr Hkh cnGh gSA vkneh pk;S xkao jkS gqokS ;k lSjjkS] vc[kk;ka gjsd jS tho.k esa ÅHkh gSA

vkijS dFkk&laxzS jh Hkksedk esa jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh [kqn b.k ckr uSa LohdkjSA cS fy[kS] ^ÊgSa xkao jkSjSof.k;kS gwa b.k lk: b.k dgkf.k;ka eka; lwa ?k.kdjh dgkf.k;ka xkaoka jS feu[kka jh*t gSA [kjh iwNkS rksfeu[k jh vc[kk;ka uSa xkao vj lSj esa ckaVh dksuh tk ldSA vS vc[kk;ka tho.k jh yyd jk[kf.k;SlS feu[kka jh vc[kk;ka gSA**

Qs:a bZ vBS cka dgk.khdkjka jkS mYys[k dj.kkS t:jh gS] tdka jh dgkf.k;ka jk dFkkud latksjk gqo.kjS lkxS ckajh Hkklk Hkh VdlkGh gSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka jh b.k vksG esa vUukjke lqnkek]fot;nku nsFkk] MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgr] dj.khnku ckjgB] jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh] cStukFk iaokj]ewGpan îzk.ks'ka*] euksgjflag jkBkSM+ vj jkeLo:i fdlku vkn jk ukao fx.kk;k tk; ldSA vkadgk.khdkjka jh dgkf.k;ka jk dFkkud Hkyka bZ lwa lacaf/kr gqokS vj HkykabZ xkao jh xqokM+ jk] Hkklk jhc.kxV rks BsB xkaobZ lcnkoGh lwa lkarjh c.kxh gSA

vBS vkS loky mB ldS gS] dS dkabZ dgk.kh esa dF; vj flYi lwa Hkklk jkS i[k lcGkS ekuht ldS\dgk.kh esa Hkklk jkS egÙo dFk vj flYi lwa rks de bZ gS i.k lexz nhB lwa dgk.kh jh ij[k Hkklkjh dlkSVh jS fcuka dksuh djh tk; ldS \ xkaobZ tutho.k lwa tqM+ÓksM+kS jpukdkj Hkklk jS isVS T;knklkopsrh cjrS D;wadS m.kuSa vkNh rjÓka Bk gS dS cGnka jS jkl] ÅaV jS ekSjh vj ?kksM+S jS yxke gqoSAb.kh Hkkar cks b.k ckr uSa Hkh pks[kh rjS tk.kS gS dS xk; jaHkkoS] ?kksM+kS ghalS] HkSal fjM+dS vj ÅaV vjM+koSAlnka lwa lSj esa jSof.k;kS jpukdkj csxkS&lks rks xkaobZ tutho.k lwa tqM+ÓksM+S dFk esa gkFk bZ uha ?kkyldSA

65

jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh ?k.kdjh dgkf.k;ka xkaobZtho.k lwa tqM+h Fkdh gSA b.k lk: ckajh dgkf.k;kaekVh jh egd fy;ka gSA nk[kyS l:i cakjh dgk.kh ^tkG* jkS vsd val ns[kkS&

^^vcS vkiuSa dkabZ vjt d:a \ ckr twuh gSA b.k Vkcjka jS tye lwa iSyh jh ckr gSA dkabZ Bk vkivSrckj bZ djkSyk ds uha] i.k ckr lko lkph gSA vklkst eghukS gkslhA b.kh*t tkG lwa nlsd ikaoMkvk?kkS EgSa lwrkS gksA vk[kS fnu ewGdk dkf<;k gk] b.k lk: /kkiuS dk;kS gks;ksM+kSA tekukS pks[kkS gksm.k cjlA ijekrek jh esgj ghA lqdkG gksA tkG gsBS bZ MxGk tek;*j pwYgkS c.kk;kS gksA EgSa djik¼?kkspk½ ?kkyrkS vj Fkkajh Hkhy.kh lksxjk lsdrh ghA m.k fnuka rokS eksykoka] brjk ibZlk dBS gk \ik/kjh bZ [khjka ekFkS jksVh uka[krkA ?k.kkS tksj] rks dnSbZ ekVh jh lkotksx Bhc ¼cMh Bhdjh½ feGtkorh ghA**

ÅijyS x|kal lwa vkiuSa JhekGhth jh xzkE;kapG jh Bksl vj BsB lcnkoGh jkS X;ku gq;X;kS gqlhAnjvly b.kesa m.kka jkS ywaBkS vuqHko >ydSA tehu lwa ckajkS tqM+ko lkaiM+rS nhBxr gqoSA ckajh gjsddgk.kh esa vkiuSa b.k Hkkar jk njlko yk/k tklhA ijr[k uSa ijek.k jh njdkj dBS \ ikBÓ lkexzhesa HksGh dgk.kh ^dkapGh* jkS vkS l:vkrh val vkS:a ns[kkS&

^^xkMjka tSM+k /kksGk dslka jh fc[kjÓksM+h yV lwa >waiS jkS mG÷;ksM+kS [khaiM+S jkS frj.kkS iksiyh vkaxGÓkalwa dk<] gkFk esa vaxjsth ckaofG;S jkS ckadkS fpfV;kS ys;] [kkM+dk iSj*j Mksdjh le/kk ckjS fudGhA>waiS jkS QGkS chM+*j HkaMkfj;ka jh nqdku lkaEgh pkyhA >hj&>hj gq;ksM+kS xksMka yx jkS ?kk?kjkS vjyhj&>k.k gq;ksM+kS vks<.kkSA vks<.kkS ?k.kkS eSykS uS twukS] ftdS jks jax jkS bZ dha Bk iM+S uhaA vsd iYySesa laHkkG*j jk[;ksM+k tqaokj jk nk.kkA**

vBS rks nk[kyS l:i Qxr nks x|kal mn~/kr djhT;k gSA fc;kal iwjh dgk.kh bZ xkaobZ ifjosl ekFkSdsafnzr gSA ckajh ?k.kdjh dgkf.k;ka jk ik= Hkh xkaobZ bZ gSA xkao jk HkksGk&<kGk vknE;ka jS HkksGi.kSjS lkxS ckajS fujeG vj ÅtGS pfj= uSa jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh tSM+k dgk.khdkj bZ lkarjS <ax lwamdsj.k jh f[kerk jk[kSA


jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh dgk.kh ^dkapGh* lekt jh ijaijk uSa iks[krh vj twuh ih<h jh ÅaMh euxruSa mdsj.k okGh gS] lkFkS bZ uwaoh ih<h jkS iqjk.kh ih<h jS isVS v.kns[kh jkS Hkko Hkh b.k dgk.kh esa ?k.khekfeZdrk jS lkxS njlkbT;kS gSA b.kjS lkxS dgk.kh esa b.k ckr uSa Hkh iq[rk dj.k jkS iz;kl djhT;kSgS dS] nqfu;k esa ibZlkS gh lkS dha dksuhA vehji.kS jkS vgadkj xjhc jh vi.kk;r vkxS ik.kh HkjSA

vki b.k dgk.kh jkS ewGikB euks;ksx lwa i<ÓkS gqokSykA dgk.khdkj ^dkapGh* jkS var vsd vSM+h BkSM+yk;uS djÓkS gS tBS eku[kS jh laosnukoka jk lxGk fdaokM+ vsd.k lkxS [kqy tkoSA vBS dgk.khdkjjkS vkijh dgkf.k;ka ckcr vkS dFku lko lkpkS y[kkoS& ^^b.k dgkf.k;ka esa ftrjk bZ ik= vk;k gS]bZekunkjh lwa dSowa rks oS lS Egkjk futw lkFkh&laxh] lxk&Ogkyk dS vkM+kSlh&ikM+kSlh gSA ft.kfprjkeka uSa EgSa ekafM;k gS m.kkauSa EgSa fd.kh&u&fd.kh <ax lwa Hkksfx;k bZ gSA ft.k ik=ka lkxS Egkjhlaosnuk jSbZ gS] m.kka jh ftuxk.kh esa Egkjh bZ ikarh jS;h gS !**

Mksdjh le/kk jS :i esa m.kka cka lxGh xkaoBh yqxk;ka jh euxr uSa mdsjh gS] tdh ijk;S nq[k nwcGhgqo.k okGh vj [kqn jS lq[k esa lxGka uSa lhjh c.kko.k okGh gSA b.kjS lkxS vSM+h dkBh Nkrh okGhxkaoBh yqxk;ka vkijS vHkkoka vj vc[kk;ka uSa c.krh dksfll nqfu;ka vkxG uha njlkoSA ^dkapGh* jSdiM+S lk: duS dksMh bZ uha gqorka Fkdka Hkh le/kk >waiS esa eVdh esa jk[;ksM+h tqaokj csp*j bZ dkapGhjS cVdS jkS tqxkM+ fcBk; ysoSA y[knkn gS vSM+h xkaoBh yqxk;ka uSa tdh foèkok&tho.k jkS nal HkksxrhFkdh Hkh /khtS vj fgEer lkxS tho.k jh gwal jk[kSA

66

izLrqr dgk.kh esa xkoa jk jhfr&fjokt jS lkxS dqizFkkoka uSa mdsj.k jh Hkh dkslhl djhth gSA csesG vjcky&C;ko tSM+h dqizFkk jS lkxS lkgwdkjh jh vkM+ esa lksl.k jh ofÙk uSa Hkh njlkbZth gSA b.k Hkkar vkikans[kka dS ^dkapGh* dgk.kh jS ek/;e lwa jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh xzkE;tho.k jk dsbZ vuqHkoka uSa ikBdkalkaeh jk[;k gSA vk dgk.kh xkaobZ tutho.k lwa tqM+ÓksM+h gqorka Fkdka Hkh b.kesa vk/kqfud vjledkyhu dgk.kh jk lxGk rÙo ekStwn gSA vkt jh dgk.kh jkS var lq[kkar dS nq[kkar jh ctk;ikBd jS lksp vj m.kjh ÅaMh le> ekFkS HkjkslkS jk[kuS djhtSA ^dkapGh* dgk.kh jkS vUr Hkh ikBdjS xgjS lksp] ÅaMh le> vj varl nhB jS frjkgS ekFkS djhT;kS gSA vk bt b.k dgk.kh jh egrkÅckr gS] tdh b.kuSa ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; jh fd.kh i.k dgk.kh jS lSatksM+ ÅHkh gqo.k jkS HkjkslkSca/kkoSA

7-8 lizlax O;k[;k

fpfV;S jkS lgkjkS ys;*j le/kk mBhA jsr >Vd.k ?kk?kjS ekFkS gkFk >kVD;kSA >waiS esa xbZA QkVÓksM+Svks<.kS jS iYyS esa ?k.kS tru lwa tqaokj HkjhA P;kj&Ng nk.kk fc[kjX;k gk] m.kkauSa vsd&vsd djpqX;kA vUu nsork gSA nsork uSa ixka esa fda;ka fc[ksjka ckbZ ! lw>rkS FkksM+kS gks ftdkS teha ekFkS gkFkQsj&Qsj uS lkoG tks;kSA nks&P;kj dkadjka uSa bZ tqaokj jS HkjkslS ?kkY;kA ew.k ekFkS <d nhukSA QGkS<d*j nqdku dkauh tko.k ckjS uhdGh tn larks[k jkS vsd VqdM+kS ewa<S ekFkS mrjÓkS& yk.k iqlck uSacSar dkapGh rks nso.kh*t pkbtSAizlax % ÅijykS x|kal jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk [;krukao dgk.khdkj jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jhizfrfuf/k dgk.kh ^dkapGh* lwa fyjhT;kS gSA b.kesa Mksdjh le/kk jh xjhch jS lkxS m.kjh nfj;kfnyh uSamdsjh gSA b.klwa iSyh ckyfo/kok le/kk jS eu esa lkljS lwa vk;ksM+h iqlck uSa ekFkS gkFk Qsjko.k jS cnGScSar Hkj dkapGh jS diM+S jkS tqxkM+ dj.k lk: rjS&rjS jk Hkko&fopkj vkoSA ck vsdj rks lkspS dSEgkjS rks vkxS&ykjS dksbZ gS dksuh] lks dkapGh jkS diM+kS uha nsÅa rks bZ pkyS i.k QSj lkspS dS [kkyhekFkS gkFk Qs:ayk rks HkwaMkS ykxSykA vkS lksp*j ck mB cSBh gqoS vj dkapGh jS diM+S jkS tqxkM+ cSBko.kjkS tru djSAO;k[;k % le/kk v.kwrh cw<h gS i.k ck lks>hoku nhB jh f/kjk.kh gSA ibZlS jkS tqxkM+ uha gqo.k lwa cktqaokj csp*j bZ lkljS lwa vk;ksM+h iqlck lk: dkapGh jkS diM+kS eksyko.k jkS eÙkkS dj ysoSA b.k eÙkSjS lkFkS bZ ck vkijS vaxjsth ckaofG;S jS c.;ksM+S fpfV;S jkS lgkjkS ys;*j [kM+h gq; tkoSA bÙkh nsj rkabZrks ck >waiS lwa ckjS vsd uheM+h jh uktksxh fNa;ka esa /kjR;ka cSBh ghA b.klwa jsr m.kjS xkHkka jS ykX;ksM+hghA ck m.k jsr uSa >Vd.k lk: vkijS gkFk lwa ?kk?kjkS >kVdS vj iNS tqaokj jk nk.kk yso.k lk: >waiSesa cM+SA m.kjk yhjkyhj xkHkk m.kjh xjhch c;ku djSA vks<.kS jS QkVÓksM+S iYyS esa ck tqxr lwa tqaokjjk nk.kk cka/kSA b.k fcpkGS dsbZ nk.kk /kjrh ekFkS f[kaM tkoS rks m.kuSa vknj&Hkko lwa ikNk pqxSA vUunsork gS] lks ckauSa ba;ka ixka esa f[kaMk;ka fda;ka ikj iM+S\b.k iNS Mksdjh tn >waiS jkS QGkS <d*j lkgwdkj jh nqdku dkauh pky.k eÙkS gqoS rn m.kjS mf.k;kjSekFkS larks[k okij tkoSA vkS larks[k b.k ckr jkS gS dS tqaokj jS cnGS dkapGh jkS diM+kS fey tkoSyk]ft.klwa ck xkao esa vko.k okGh cSu&csVh uSa dkapGh&diM+kS nso.k jh jhr&ijaijk uSa fuHkk; ldSykAgkykadS /kuckoGh iqlck] Mksdjh jh b.k euxr uSa dksuh tk.k ldh vj uk ck m.k dkapGh jS diM+SjS egÙo uSa bZ tk.k ldh i.k vckj jh ?kM+h rks Mksdjh b.k ckr lwa jkgr eSlwl djS dS vcS m.kuSatqaokj jS nk.kk cnGS cSar Hkj dkapGh jkS cVdkS fey tklhA b.kh larks[k Hkko jS lkxS ck ckf.k;S jhnqdku dkauh Vqj Oghj gqoSAVhi % vkS x|kal Mksdjh le/kk jh xjhch jkS [kkdkS rks [khapS bZ gS] lkFkS bZ /kjeh leèkk jS eu esa mBrkvi.kk;r jk Hkko Hkh mdsjSA ijksidkfjrk jS lkxS m.kjS ÅtGS vj fujeG pfj= jk njl.k b.k x|kaleka; gqoSA

67

iqlck ns[;kS] yky rkisVS jkS cSar HkjÓkS cVdkSA vkS vSM+kS gGdkS diM+kS Qsj dq.k iSjSyk \ vkt jS lq[kesa ykjyk nq[k jk fnu fd.kuSa ;kn jSoS \ Mksdjh jS dksM uSa /kuckoGh iqlck dksuh ij[k ldhA m.kjkSnksl bZ dkabZ] ihlkaokGka jh nhB esa gj vsd clr jkS eksy ihlka lwa vkadhtSA iqlck jh nhB esa cSar diM+Sjh dher vkB vkuka lwa cslh vsd ihlkS bZ dksuh gh vj ekFkS e.k HkjÓkS igkM+& gjukFkk ! Fkkjh NksjhuSa vkoS ftrjh bZ ckj dkapGh ns uS Hkstwa ! :[kS lqj lwa dákS& geSa b.kuSa yk;uS D;wa rdyhQ ns[kh/kk ! EgkjS vBS vkS rkisVkS dq.k iSjSyks \izlax % ÅijykS x|kal vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkj jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jh dgk.kh ^dkapGh*lwa fyjhT;kS gSA gkFkka esa cMh gq;ksM+h Nksjh iqlck lkljS lwa ikNh vk;ka iNS tn Mksdjh le/kk lwa ekFkSgkFk Qsjko.k uSa bZ uha vkoS rks Mksdjh [kqn pyk;*j m.kjS ?kj vkxS tkoSA m.k cxr iqlck ikNh lkljSOghj gqorh ghA Mksdjh m.kuSa vksGeksa nsorh Fkdh dkapGh jkS diM+kS nsoS rks iqlck jkS tckc lq.kuSaMksdjh jS ixka gsByh tehu fljd tkoSAO;k[;k % xjhch lwa xqtjÓksM+h iqlck jkS C;ko tn rhtoj jS :i esa [kkorS&ihaorS ?kj jS v/k[kM+vkneh lwa gq; tkoS rks lq[k jh lStka esa ck nq%[k jk fnu fclj tkoSA m.kjh eka m.kuSa ikap cjlka jhNksM*j jkelj.k gq; tkoSA m.k cxr m.kjkS cki gjukFk iqlck uSa ijofjl lk: Mksdjh le/kk uSalwaiSA i.k C;kao gq;ka iNS ck Mksdjh jS b.k eksVS midkj uSa Hkwy tkoSA /kuxSyh iqlck rks Mksdjh jSvko.k lwa vBS rkabZ lksp ysoS dS dBSbZ Mksdjh ibZlk m/kkj ekax.k uSa rks uha vkbZ gS] ck Mksdjh jSvi.kk;r jk Hkkoka uSa uha vksG[k ldhAcSar Hkj dkapGh jkS rkisVkS m.k lk: Qwl cjkscj gksA m.kuSa ns[krka bZ ck lksp.k ykxS dS EgkjS ?kj esavSM+kS gGdkS diM+kS dq.k iSjlh \ Mksdjh ft.k dksM jS lkxS dkapGh jkS cks cVdkS ys;*j iqlck jS ?kjkaiwxh gh m.kuSa iqlck dksuh vksG[k ldhA vkS lc ibZlS jkS [ksy gSA vehjh feu[k esa vgadkj jk HkkotxkoSA /kuxSyk yksx gjSd pht jkS eksy ibZlS lwa vkadSA cS vi.kk;r lkj tk.kS bZ dksuhA ibZlS jSfetkt esa eaxsT;ksM+h iqlck bZ eka ljh[kh Mksdjh uSa dSaorh tst uha yxkoS dS b.k phaFkjS uSa yk;*j D;wardyhQ ns[kh /kk ! EgkjS ?kj esa vSM+S exlS rkisVS uSa dq.k iSjlh\Vhi % iwjh dgk.kh jkS eje b.k x|kal esa mrj vk;kS gSA Mksdjh le/kk jS eu esa eksn vj vi.kk;rjk tdk Hkko gk m.kka ekFkS iqlck ik.kh Qsj fn;kSA lxGkS dkR;kS ihanÓkS diklA b.k x|kal uSa i<ÓkaiNS ikBd jh lxGh laosn.kkoka Mksdjh le/kk jS izfr lgkuqHkwfr trko.k ykxSA

7-9 vH;kl jk loky

1- ^^dgk.kh ^dkapGh* esa uwaoh ih<h esa laLdkjka jh deh vj iqjk.kh ih<h jS izfr m.kjS mis{kk &Hkko uSa lkaxksikax <ax lwa mdsjÓkS x;kS gSA** b.k dFku jh iqfLV esa vkijk fopkj jk[kkSA

2- jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh xkaobZ tutho.k jk fprsjk dgk.khdkj gSA ^dkapGh* dgk.kh jS ekè;elwa b.k dFku uSa iqLV djkSA

3- ^dkapGh* dgk.kh jh Mksdjh le/kk jS ÅtGS tho.k&pfj= jkS fp=.k nk[kyS lkxS djkSA4- jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh jS jkrS&ekrS dFkk&lalkj jh fojksG djrk Fkdka ^dkapGh* dgk.kh jh

[kkfl;rka jkS c[kk.k djkSA5- ^dkapGh* dgk.kh jh ckyfo/kok le/kk vj uwaoh ij.;ksM+h Nksjh iqlck jh euxr esa tdkS eksVkS

vkarjkS gS] m.kuSa nk[kyS lkxS le>kokSA6- b.k ikB uSa i<Óka iNS ^dkapGh* dgk.kh jkS lkj vkijS lcnka esa fy[kkSA

7-10 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % MkW- f'ko dqekj 'kekZ2- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- jkeLo:i O;kl3- vkykspukjh vka[k lwa % MkW- dqUnuekyh

68

bdkbZ & 8

izeq[k dgk.khdkj % lkaoj nb;kbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

8-0 mísL;

8-1 izLrkouk

8-2 dgk.kh jkS vkl;

8-3 laokn lSyh jkS uwaokS iz;ksx

8-4 ukjh jh lkekftd fLFkfr jkS fp=.k

8-5 O;aX;&fouksn jkS oj.kko


8-7 lizlax O;k[;k

8-8 vH;kl jk loky

8-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

8-0 mísL;

jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa ÅaMh nhB vj uwaoh fnlk nso.k okGk dgk.khdkjka esa lkaoj nb;k jkS ukao gjkoGesa vkoSA dgk.khdkj jS lkxS&lkxS lkaoj nb;k dfo] O;aX;dkj vj laiknd jS :i esa bZ vkijhU;kjh&fujokGh vksG[kk.k c.kkbZA cgqeq[kh izfrHkk jk /k.kh lkaoj nb;k jh b.k ikBÓØe esa lfeydgk.kh xGh ftlh xGh*] laokn lSyh ij vk/kkfjr vsd blh dgk.kh gS ft.kesa vsdS lkxS ukjh tho.kjh dsbZ leL;koka uSa mdsjhth gSA

laokn&lSyh ij vk/kkfjr b.k vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa vkijS vklS&iklS jS ifjosl uSa ys;*jcarG djrk vuke ik=ka jS ewaMS lwa lkaojth lekt esa ukjh jh fLFkfr jh lkaxksikax <ax lwa fojksG djhgSA dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* if<;ka iNS vkiuSa b.k ckr jkS vSlkl gqoSyk dS nqfu;k uSa ?kjchrh jhctk; ijchrh ckrka dj.k esa ?k.kkS jl vkoSA ykSfdd txr esa Hkh nqfu;knkjh uSa ?k.kh vkSx.kxkjhcrkbZth gS] lkFkS bZ m.kuSa Hksn uha nso.k jh lYyk Hkh feu[k uSa fnjhth gSA lkaoj nb;k vX;kr vjvuke ik=ka jh b.k carG lwa iSyka dgk.kh jh l:vkr esa bZ b.k ckr uSa NksVk&NksVk okD;ka esa ?k.kSpks[kk <ax lwa ijxV djh gS&

^^xGh ftlh xGhA yksxka ftlk yksxA vknrka ftlh vknrkaA cklrh iM+h gqoS rks ekFkS vkyh ?kklUgk[k.khA lkoG cGS rks yksxka jks th lksjks gqoS vj fd.kh jks th lksjks vkika lwa ns[khtS dksuh ! b.k[kkrj /kwaoksa dj.kks vkika jks /kjeA /kwaoS lwa /kkalh vkoSA vka[;ka esa ik.kh vkoSA cGr ykxSA xGS esa [kjklyxkoSA vks lks*dha ns[k*j vkika uSa etks vkoSA**

vk rks dgk.kh jh iLBHkkse gSA iwjh dgk.kh if<;ka iNS vki b.k ckr uSa vkNh rjS le> ldksyk dSyksx fd.k Hkkar nwtka jk nksl <wa<*j ckrka jk pklk ysoSA vS bt ckrka ts fd.kh ejn dS yqxkbZ jS futwtho.k uSa ys;*j djhtS] rks vkt jS tekuS esa yksxka jS lkekftd vj uSfrd eksyka esa fdÙkh fxjkoVvk;xh gS] b.k ckr jkS ys[kkS&tks[kkS vki b.k dgk.kh uSa ckap*j dj ldksykA lkFkS bZ]

lekt esa cky&C;ko] csesG&C;ko vj nk;ts tSM+h dqizFkkoka vkt bZ ewaMkS mcdk;ka ÅHkh gSANksjÓka jS eu ijckjS vj etcwjh esa gksaork vS lxi.k lekt lk: nal gSA b.kh ckr uSa flír

69

lwa mdsj.k vj vSM+h folaxfr;ka ekFkS djkjh pksV dj.k lk: lkaoj nb;k tSM+k lejFkokudgk.khdkj ^xGh ftlh xGh* jh jpuk djh gSA b.k dgk.kh jS ekQZr vki vka lektw :f<+;kauS lkoGlj le>.k jS lkxS vknlZ lekt jh Fkji.kk lk:] vi.kS vki esa uwaokS lksp foxflrdj ldksykA

b.k dgk.kh uSa i<Óka iNS vkiuSa b.k ckr jkS Hkh vuqHko gqoSyk dS ukjh tho.k jh vka vc[kk;kauSa esV.k lk: tdk dkuwu vj vf/kdkj c.;ksM+k gS] lkekftd lapsruk jS vHkko esa cS bZ iaxqlkfcr gqoS vj yksxka uSa vkijh eutk.kh dj.k jkS ekSdkS fey tkoSA b.k dgk.kh esa Nksjh larwM+hjkS ekekS csesG&C;ko jkS fojks/k djS vj Fkk.kS esa jiV fy[kok*j Fkk.kSnkj uSa bZ dkjokbZ lk:lkxS ys; vkoS i.k ?kj jh ekyh gkyr vj ekbZrka jS ncko jS dkj.k larwM+h uSa xGrc;kuhdj.kh iM+SA b.k dkj.k b.k dqjhfr jS f[kykQ dkjokbZ jkS dne bZ uha mBk;kS tk ldSA b.kdgk.kh jkS vsd mísL; b.kjS f[kykQ tutkxfr jkS Hkh gSA

vkt ukjh&iq#l lekurk jh ckr ljdkj vj Lo;alsoh laLFkkoka ?k.kS xjc&xqest lwa djS i.klkekftd Lrj [kkldj xzkeh.k {ks=ka esa rks lekurk jh ckr vtSbZ fuxS uha vkoSA iq#l izèkkuHkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh jh fLFkfr n;uh; jS;h gSA cxr jS ijok.k b.k fLFkfr esa dha lq/kkjHkh vk;kS vj vkt gj {ks= esa yqxk;k vkxS vk; jS;h gS i.k C;ko tSM+k iforj&ca/ku laLdkjiNS èk.kh jh vlkef;d fejrq ekFkS yqxkbZ lk: oS/kO; tho.k dkV.kkS dkaVka jS ekjx pky.kleku gS tndS feu[k vsd yqxkbZ jS efj;ka nwth yqxkbZ ykorkS tst uha yxkoSA b.k dgk.khesa vki feu[k jh b.k ofÙk lwa Hkh okfdQ gqoksykA

8-1 çLrkouk

dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* lkaoj nb;k jh gh uha] jktLFkkuh dFkk&txr jh Hkh vsd egrkÅ dgk.khekuhtSA laokn lSyh ekFkS vk/kkfjr vk dgk.kh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS ys[kS uwaokS iz;ksx gksANksVk&NksVk laoknka jS ek/;e lwa ?k.kh ÅaMh vj vljnkj ckr dSo.k esa lkaoj nb;k jh flejFkokuys[kuh jkS dksbZ tksM+ uhaA

ukjh tho.k jh vc[kk;ka uSa mdsjrh lkaoj nb;k jh vk dgk.kh cakjS dFkk&laxzS îksFkh ftlh iksFkh* esaladfyr gSA b.k dFkk&laxzS jh lxGh dgkf.k;ka laokn lSyh ekFkS vk/kkfjr gSA ^xGh ftlh xGh* b.klaxzS jh iSyh dgk.kh gSA b.k dgk.kh jS ek/;e lwa nks ik=ka jS fcpkGS pkyrh carG lwa vsd vSM+kSdFkkud ÅHkjuS lkEgha vkoS tdkS dS] lekt esa ukjh jh n;uh; fLFkfr uSa ekjfed <ax lwa ijxV djSAb.k dgk.kh esa carG djf.k;k vuke ik=ka jS ckrphr dj.k jkS <ax bZ U;kjkS&fujokGkS gSA cS d.kSbZrks larwM+h vj txUukFk jS csesG C;ko uSa ys;*j ?k.kk xaHkhj gq; tkoS vj d.kSbZ b.k ekFkS gkl&ifjgkldjrk nhlSA ckajh b.k carG esa O;aX; vj fouksn jkS iqV Hkh ns[k.k uSa feySA laokn lSyh ij vk/kkfjrvk dgk.kh dFk vj flYi nksuwa nhB lwa jktLFkkuh lk: uwaokS iz;ksx gSA lkaoj nb;k b.k Hkkar jkiz;ksx jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh dsbZ fo/kkoka eka; djÓkA

10 vDVwcj] 1948 esa tuE;k lkaoj nb;k ,e- ,- djÓka iNS xqtjkrh esa fMIyksekS Hkh djÓkSA fl{kkfoHkkx esa vkijh yEch lsok nso.k okGk Lo- nb;k rrh; Js.kh v/;kid lwa yxkSyx inksUur gqorkFkdka jktif=r vf/kdkjh rd jkS vksgnkS laHkkGÓkSA fl{kk foHkkx jh ekfld if=dk ^f'kfojk* vj=Sekfld û;k f'k{kd* jS laiknd eaMG esa Hkh vki dk;Zjr jS;kA vki jktLFkkuh vj fganh esa le:ifljt.k djrk jS;kA dgk.khdkj jS lkFkS&lkFkS vki dfo vj O;aX;dkj bZ gkA jktLFkkuh lk: dsbZuwaoh fo/kkoka jk fujekrk lkaoj nb;k jkS jpuk&lalkj ?k.kkS jkrkS&ekrkS gSA

jktLFkkuh esa vkijh vckj yx NI;ksM+h izeq[k iksF;ka b.k Hkkar gS& ^vlokM+S&ilokM+S*] èkjrh dn rkabZ?kweSyh*] vsd nqfu;k Egkjh*] ^vsd gh ftYn esa* vj iksFkh ftlh iksFkh* ¼dgk.kh&laxzS½] êuxr*] dky

70

vj vkt jS fcPkS*] ^vk[kj jh vkSdkr*] *vk[kj jh vka[k lwa*] ^gqoS jax gtkj* vj ^vk lnh fetGh ejS*¼dfork&laxzS½ vj bdkou O;aX; ¼O;aX;&laxzS½A b.kh Hkkar fgUnh esa ^nnZ ds nLrkost*] ,d Qwy xqykcdk* vj ^ml nqfu;k dh lSj ds ckn* ¼dfork&laxzS½ Hkh NI;kA vkijS dFkk&laxzS ^vsd nqfu;k Egkjh*ekFkS cjl 1985 esa lkfgR; vdknseh] ubZ fnYyh jkS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; iqjLdkj fnjhT;kSA jktLFkkulkfgR; vdknseh ¼laxe½ mn;iqj] ekjokM+h lEesyu eqacbZ] jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; vj laLÑfrvdknseh] chdkusj vj nwth dsbZ laLFkkoka lwa iqjLÑr vj lEekfur lkaoj nb;k jh dsbZ jpukoka jkSxqtjkrh] rsyxw] ejkBh] vaxjsth vkn Hkklkoka esa mYFkks Hkh gq;kSA

vki jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj laLÑfr vdkneh chdkusj jS egrkÅ dFkk&ladyu ^mdjkl* jkSlaiknu bZ dfj;kS tdkS vkt dsbZ txr ikslkGk jS jktLFkkuh ikBÓØe esa i<kbtSA b.kh iksFkh esa^mdjkl jh tehu* fljSukaeS lwa fy[;S vkijS laikndh; esa lkaoj nb;k vkijS fljt.k esa uwoknh ckrdSo.k jh euxr ijxV djh gS] ^^ykjyS vBkjS&chl cjlka jh dgk.;ka vj dgk.khdkjka jh nhB uSays;*j ckr djrka vk ckr lkaEgS vkoS dS vsdkuh rks vkikajS eu&ext esa vtSbZ dBS&u&dBS yksddFkkvj dgk.kh jkS Vdjko ekStwn gS vj nwtS dkuh dsbZ t.kk jS eu esa vk ckr tksj ekjS dS jktLFkkuhdgk.kh uSa nwth Hkklkoka jS dgk.kh lkfgR; jS tksM+k&tksM+ ns[kka] rks dsbZ t.kk uSa jktLFkkuh dgk.khiM+rh&vk[kM+rh&[kqM+korh dk fd.kh jS ykjS BjM+htrh fuxS vkoSA**

lkaoj nb;k jh vk euxr ckajS jpuk&lalkj lwa :c: gq;ka lkaiM+rS fuxS vkoSA cS jktLFkkuh dgk.khjS lkxS&lkxS dfork vj O;aX; jS [ksrj esa bZ uwaok&uwaok iz;ksx dfj;k gSA dfork jS tkikuh Nan uSajktLFkkuh esa ^gkbdw* jS :i esa yk;k rks O;aX; esa jkflQG jS :i esa dfo;ka vj ys[kdka jkS Hkfolcrko.k jkS uwaokS iz;ksx dfj;kSA jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS [ksrj esa rks dF; vj flYi uSa ys;*j cka dsbZiz;ksx dfj;kA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jk Fkac MkW- rstflag tks/kk rks lkaoj nb;k jh laokn lSyh ekFkS vkèkkfjr dgkf.k;kauSa fgUnh lkfgR; lwa bZ iSyh jkS iz;ksx ekU;kS gSA cS vkijh ckr fgUnh Hkklk esa b.k Hkkar jk[kh gS&^^lkaojth vkSj eSa 1972&73 ds chp vkilh [krksfdrkcr djrs] ^gjkoG* esa Ni jgh mudh dgkfu;kaeq>s Nw jgh FkhA egt blfy, ugha fd os jktLFkkuh ds fy, ubZ Fkha cfYd mu fnuksa os jktLFkkuhesa gksdj fgUnh ds fy, Hkh ubZ FkhaA ¼îksFkh ftlh iksFkh*] vkoj.k vafre i"B½

jktLFkkuh lekykspdka jh vS [kjh vj lkarjh Vhika lkaoj nb;k jh cksyk&cksy ¼carG½ lSyh ekFkSvk/kkfjr dgkf.k;ka uSa ys;*j gh djhth gSA ckajh vS dgkf.k;ka iSyka ^gjkoG*] ^tkxrh&tksr* vknjktLFkkuh jh U;kjh U;kjh&U;kjh i=&if=dkoka vj ladyuka esa Nih vj iksFkh :i esa cakjS lqjxoklhgq;ka iNS lkEgha vkbZA ckajkS dgk.kh&laxzS îksFkh ftlh iksFkh* gh uha] ckajh dsbZ Ñfr;ka iNS ûsxpkjizdk'ku* jS ekè;e lwa lkEgha vkbZ rks jktLFkkuh ikBdka uSa cakjS lkaoBS fljt.k jh vksG[kka.k gq;hA

îksFkh ftlh iksFkh* esa lkaoj nb;k jh lkr dgkf.k;ka ladfyr gS vj lxGh dgkf.k;ka carG&lSyhekFkS vk/kkfjr gSA b.k ikBÓ&lkexzh lk: pq.k;ksM+h ckajh dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* b.k laxzS jh iSyhdgk.kh gS] ft.kesa nks ik=ka jh vkilh carG jS ek/;e lwa txUUkkFk jh yqxkbZ lkfo=h jS efj;ka iNS C;kolk: mrkoGS txUukFk mQZ tXxwM+S jh pjpk gS tdkS vkijh mej lwa [kklk NksVh vj xjhc NksjhlarwM+h lwa C;ko dj.kkS pkoS vj b.k fjLrS lk: Nksjh jkS cki Hkh R;kj gS i.k Nksjh jS ekeS uSa b.k ckrjh Bk iM+Óka cks vkijkS fojks/k gh uha ijxV djS cYdS iqfyl Fkk.kS esa jiV i.k fy[kkoSA Qs:a bZ ekbZrkajS ncko vj xjhch jS dkj.k Nksjh larwM+h uSa Fkk.kSnkj vkxS >wBkS c;ku nso.kkS iM+SA lekt jh b.kfoMacukiw.kZ fLFkfr uSa lkaoj nb;k ^xGh ftlh xGh* dgk.kh jS ekQZr lkarjS <ax lwa mtkxj djh gSA

8-2 dgk.kh jkS vkl;

dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* esa ukjh jh lkekftd fLFkfr jkS lkaxksikax fp=.k rks gq;kS gh gS] i.k b.k

71

lektw folaxfr uSa esV.k lk: yksx xaHkhj dksuh] b.k ckr jkS jat Hkh ijxV djhT;kS gSA ukjh jh b.knkst[k Hkjh ftanxk.kh ekFkS bZ nkar frM+dkaorh nqfu;k jkS <ax&<kGkS fdÙkkS fcxM+X;kS gS] b.k ckr uSa?k.kh flír lwa lkEgha jk[khth gSA dgk.kh jkS vsd val ns[kkS&

&i.k rks bZ Nksjh rks NksVh] vk rks eku.kh iM+lhA

&Fkkjks ekFkks NksVh ! vBkjS lwa Åij cGS !

&lq.kh gS] Mkxnjh tkap gqoSyk \

&tkap Mkxnj djS dS Mkxnj.kh \

&Mkxnj.kh bZ djrh gqoSykA

&Mkxnj djS rks vk fdlh Mj.k vkGh gS !

&nksyM+S gkMka jh gSA

&iSjÓksM+h&vks<ÓksM+h gqoS rks nks Vkcjka jh ek ykxSA

&ykxks HkykabZA ek gqo.k jk rks liuk bZ yslhA

&?k.kks dksM gqlh rks ikM+ksL;ka uSa cdkj yslhA

&gka·] ikM+kslh fdlk ejX;k \

&gha&gha&gha !

&gsa&gsa&gsa !

----vj b.k ckrka jk C;kGw lkxS nkar frM+dkork vS vuke ik= ÅijyS laoknka lwa vkxS rks vksj bZ gh.khckrka djrk y[kkoS vj m.k dke jkS Qjt ikM+kslh jh BkSM+ cS nksuwa Hkh fuHkko.k lk: R;kj gSA vkSnqfu;k jkS foM:i mf.k;kjkS gSA

b.k dgk.kh jkS vkl; nqfu;k jS vka foM:i mf.k;kjk uSa mtkxj dj.k jS lkxS uSfrd ewY;ka jh Qs:aFkkiuk jkS Hkh jS;kSA nqfu;k rks nqfu;k gS] ck rks p<rS uSa bZ galS vj mrjrS uSa bZ galSA b.k dgk.kh jkSvkl; LiLV dj.k lk: vsd NksVh*d yksddFkk jkS vkS mnkj.k ?k.kkS lkjFkd y[kkoS&

vsd lsB vj m.kjkS NksjkS ?kksM+h ys;*j fd.kh nwtS xkao tkork gkA NksjkS ?kksM+h ekFkS cSBkS gks vj cki?kksM+h jS vxkM+h yxke >kY;ka pkyS gksA fcpkGS vsd xkao jS èkqjh eksM+S ekFkS cSBk yksxka ?kksM+h ekFkS cSBÓSNksjS uSa iwNÓkS] vS ?kksM+h jS vkxS iSny pkyS tdk dq.k gS \* NksjkS cksY;kS] Egkjk ckiwth gSA* yksxka dS;kS]^ckiM+kS cw<kS cki rks ikGkS pkyS vj toku NksjkS ?kksM+h ekFkS p<ÓksM+kS gS] ljeck;jkS dBSjkS bZ !* yksxkajS ewaMS vk ckr lq.k*j NksjkS ?kksM+h lwa gsBS mrjX;kS vj lsB uSa ?kksM+h pk< fn;kSA xkao lwa ckjS fudGÓkaQs:a yksxka ?kksM+h p<ÓksM+S lsB lwa iwNÓkS] ^vkS ?kksM+h jh yxke idM+Óka pkyS tdkS dq.k gS \* lsB dS;kS]ÊgkjkS NksjkS gSA* yksxka Qsj dS;kS] cw<kS [kksikS rks ?kksM+h ekFkS cSBkS gS vj ckiM+S Vkcj uSa iSny Vksj jk[;kSgS] /kwG gS ektuS esaA* vcS cki&csVkS nksuwa ?kksM+h lwa mrj*j iSny pky.k ykX;k rks vkxS Qsj yksxckxfeY;kA cS cksY;k] ^ns[kkS js vkauSa ! Nrh ?kksM+h vj nksuwa ikGk pkyS] vdy xkao xbZ gSA* yksxka jS ewaMSvk ckr lq.k*j nksuwa bZ ?kksM+h ekFkS lokj gq;X;kA vkxS x;ka yksxka Qs:a iwNÓkS] ^?kksM+h HkkM+S jh gS dS ?kjjh \* cS cksY;k] ^?kksM+h rks ?kj jh gSA* yksxka dS;kS] ^vkauSa lje bZ dksuh vkoSA ckiM+h vsd ?kksM+h ekFkSnksuwa xniM+ ynX;kA* yksxka jS ewaMS vS ckrka lq.k*j nksuwa yt[kk.kk iM+.k jS lkxS bZ lksp esa iM+X;k dSvcS b.k nqfu;k jkS dkabZ dfj;kS tkoS \

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS nqfu;k nkseq[kh gSA chajkS ewaMkS dq.k >ky ldSA ewaMkS vsd gqoS rks >kyhtS] gtk:aewaMk uSa >ky.kk vks[kkA dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* esa lkaoj nb;k b.k ckr uSa vka lcnka esa lkEgha jk[khgS] ^^xGh jk yksxA yksxka jk ewaMkA ewaMka esa thHkkaA thHkka esa tgjA chu.kh jks ekeksA ekeS jk dkuA dku

72

dkpkA tgj HkjÓksM+h thHkkaA dkpk dkuA ?kqekonkj ckrka esa loky bZ lokyA lokyka jk mFkGkAmFkGka iNS Qsj lokyA Qsj mFkGkA Qsj lokyA vcS lkspka rks vka[;ka vkxS va/kkjks bZ vaèkkjksA**

dgk.khdkj b.k dgk.kh jS ek/;e lwa vkS lkQ dj.kkS pkoS dS vkt Hkh feu[k yqxkbZ uSa fd.k gs;kGtksxnhB lwa ns[kSA cnGrS tqx esa ukjh&eqxrh vj ukjh&llDrhdj.k jk vkanksGuka jS pkyrka Fkdka bZ twukvj cksnk fopkjka jh eulk okGk yksxka jh b.k nqfu;k esa deh dksuhA vSM+k yksx ukjh lekurk dS m.kjhfLFkfr esa cnGko jh ckr djS rks Hkh O;aX; vj oØksfDr jS lkxS djS] ft.klwa ukjh jS izfr cakjkS cksnhlksp vj folSyk fopkj bZ lkEgha vkoSA

vk dgk.kh cka yksxka lk: Hkh dsbZ loky [kM+Ók djS tdk ^f=;k iM+ark rko* ¼yqxkbZ ekFkS vkQrvk;ka½ jh cxr dha mik; dj.k dS ej.k jh BkSM+ reklchu c.k*j jS; tkoSA [kkyh reklchu c.k*jjS; tkoS rks bZ dksbZ ckr uha i.k vS rks cGrh esa iwGkS uk[;k fcuka bZ dksuh jSoSA lkaoj nb;k vkijhb.k dgk.kh jkS lekgkj dha b.kh Hkkar djS] tdkS dgk.kh jS vkl; uSa ?k.kS ekjfed <ax lwa LiLV djS&

^^lq.kks HkkbZ ckapf.k;ka !

lxGS gh lko=h vj lxGS gha&gha&gha&gsa&gsa ! dBS tkoS vj dkabZ djS \ ckiM+h thoS dS ejS \ b.kuSij.khtS rks /k;ks] m.kuS ij.khtS rks /k;ksA vj uha ij.khtS rks bZ /k;ksA D;wa dS BkSM+&BkSM+] xGh ftlhxGhA Fkka&Egka ftlk yksxA vknrka ftlh vknrkaA cklrh iM+h gqoS rks ekFkS vkyh ?kkl rks Ugk[k.khbZ iM+SA**

8-3 laokn&lSyh jkS uwaokS ç;ksx

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS {ks= esa lkaoj nb;k jkS ukao lkoG vksG[khtS] tk.khtSA b.k vksG[kk.kjk dha [kkl dkj.k Hkh jS;k gSA cS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa vsd vSM+S eqdke ekFkS ns[k.kh pkoS gk tBS Hkkjrjh chth nslh Hkklkoka jh ledkyhu dgkf.k;ka iwxh gSA b.k ys[kS cS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa flYi vjdF; jh nhB lwa uwaok&uwaok iz;ksx djrk jS;k gSA b.k ikBÓ lkexzh esa ladfyr dgk.kh ^xGh ftlhxGh* esa Hkh m.kka vsd vSM+h laokn&lSyh jh c.kxV djh gS] ft.kesa ik=ka jh vkilh carG lwa gh dgk.khvkxS c/krh jSoSA jktLFkkuh lk: b.k Hkkar jkS iz;ksx lko uwaokS vj vyk;nkS bZ ekukSA

vkilh laoknka jh b.k carG uSa ys;*j jktLFkkuh jk eksVk lkfgR;dkj jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh fy[kS]^^lkaoj nb;k jh dgkf.k;ka jh lS lwa cMh [kwch gS& carGA NksVS&NksVS okD;ka jh carG vj m.k lwatqM+Ók dke dgk.kh jS eje uSa rks rh[kkS djS bZ] carG jk ladsr pfj=ka jS iksr uSa bZ m?kkM+SA Qxr carGjS ekjQr bZ pkSQsj jS iwjS pfj=ka uSa m/ksM+*j dgk.kh esa tho Qwad.k okGkS lkaoj nb;k ftlkS nwtkS dksbZdFkkdkj vkt jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka esa dks nhlS uhaA ¼îksFkh ftlh iksFkh*] vkoj.k vafre i"B½

b.kh Hkkar dgk.kh jS dFkkud uS ys;*j Hkh lkaoj nb;k jkS lQhaVokS lksp ^vsd nqfu;k Egkjh* esa LiLVgqoS ft.kesa ckajh lSjh vj xkaobZ flDlk O;oLFkk jh detksfj;ka uSa ys;*j fy[khT;ksM+h dgkf.k;kaladfyr gSA vka dgkf.k;ka jk dFkkud cakjS flDlk txr~ lwa tqM+ko vj b.k {ks= esa ywaBS vuqHko jkslkaxksikax ijxVhdj.k gSA lkaoj nb;k uSa lkfgR; vdknseh] fnYyh jkS jktLFkkuh iqjLdkj Hkh b.khdgk.kh&laxzS ekFkS feY;kSA

cS vkijS ys[ku ckcr b.kesa LiLV fy[;kS gS] ^^----fy[k.k lk: EguSa dBSbZ nkSM+*j uha tko.kks iM+SA [kqnjS vklS&iklS jkS okrkoj.k bZ cka/;ks jk[kSA tdh Egkjh tehu gS b.kuS NksM*j v/kj ghaMrka Fkdka gokbZnqfu;k jh lSj dj.kks Egkjks /;s; vj lqHkko dksuhA [kqn jh NksVh] nGnGh] [kqjnjh] vaèkkjh vFkoktSM+h&dSM+h bZ gS] i.k Egkjh tk.kh&fiNk.kh gS] ck bZt gS Egkjh nqfu;kA**

dgk.kh jk ik= vj dFkkud rks lkaoj nb;k vkijS vklS&iklS jh nqfu;k lwa gh fy;k gS i.k jktLFkkuhdgk.kh esa uwaoS flYi jkS fujek.k ckajh ÅaMh nhB jkS uk;kc futjk.kkS gSA NksVk&NksVk laoknka jS

73

ek/;e lwa cMkS dFkkud [kM+kS dj.kkS vj iNS m.kuSa vkijS Bk;Slj iqxko.kkS lks*jkS dke dksuh i.klkaoj nb;k lkfgR; jh dsbZ fo/kkoka esa b.k Hkkar jkS tks[kkS mBkork jS;k vj b.kesa lQG i.k gq;kAdgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* uSa b.k vksG esa fljS eku ldkaA ckajS dgk.kh&laxzS îksFkh ftlh iksFkh* esalaxghr b.k dgk.kh ckcr jktLFkkuh jk pkok&Bkok dFkkdkj Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* fy[kS] ^^lkaojthjktLFkkuh dFkk esa dsbZ iz;ksx djÓk] ftdka esa vsd iq[rk vj lQy iz;ksx& laokn dFkkoka ekuhtSAftdh ?k.kh pkoh vj pfpZr gqbZA lkaoj nb;k jh vksG[kk.k vj tl esa ?k.kkS c/kkikS xGh ftlh xGh*dFkk lwa gq;kS] ftdh jktLFkkuh jh iSyh laokn dFkk gSA b.kesa Qxr flYi bZ uqaokS uha gks] lSyh vjdF; esa bZ uohurk ghA lkaojth jh vka dFkkoka lwa flYi] lSyh vj dF; esa vk/kqfudrk vkbZA laoknkaesa lgt dlkoV jS b.k jpuk&lalkj lwa vsd uwaoh tehu c.khA** ¼¶ySi eSVj] iksFkh ftlh iksFkh]dgk.kh&laxzS½

îksFkh ftlh iksFkh* dgk.kh&laxzS esa ladfyr dgkf.k;ka jh l:vkr dFkkud jh iLBHkkse lwa gqoS vjiNS NksVk&NksVk laoknka lwa dgk.kh vkxS c/kSA b.k ikBÓ lkexzh esa fyjhth dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh*jh l:vkr bZ dha vSM+S gh <ax<kGS lwa gqbZ gS&

^^xGh ftlh xGhA yksxka ftlk yksxA vknrka ftlh vknrkaA cklrh iM+h gqoS rks ekFkS vkyh ?kkl rksUgk[k.khA lkoG cGS rks yksxka jks th lksjks gqoS vj fd.kh jks th lksjks vkika lwa ns[khtS dksuhA b.k[kkrj /kwaoksa dj.kks vkika jks /kjeA /kwaoSa lwa /kkalh vkoSA vka[;ka esa ik.kh vkoSA cGr ykxSA xGS esa [kjklyxkoSA vks lks*dha ns[k*j vkika uS vk.kn vkoSA**

dgk.kh jh vka l:vkrh vksGÓka uSa ys;*j jktLFkkuh lekykspd MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k vkijh iksFkh^jktLFkkuh dgk.kh % ijaijk&fodkl* esa ^vlSa/kh xGh jh lqokl* fljSukaeS esa fy[kS] ^^feu[k jS eu jhFkkg ysorh vS vksfG;ka lkaoj nb;k jh pkoh dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* jh gSA lkaoj nb;k L;krjktLFkkuh jkS iSykS dgk.khdkj gS tdkS dgk.kh esa feu[k jS eu uSa le>.k lk:a vkQGSA lkaoj nb;kvki dgkf.k;ka esa de lwa de cksySA oj.ku jS f[kykQ ÅHkkS vkS jpukdkj jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa uwaohlSyh vj vsd uqaoh tehu nhA lkaoj nb;k jkS iwjkS tksj oj.ku jh BkSM+ njlko uS idM+.k ekFkS jSoSAvkijh dgkf.k;ka esa oks b.k prqjkbZ lwa ifjosl uS jpS dS iwjkS ifjosl bZ dgk.kh c.k tkoSA**

dgk.kh jh iLBHkkse cka/k.k jS lkFkS bZ lkaoj nb;k b.k laokn&lSyh jh dgk.kh uSa NksVS&NksVS laoknkalwa lokyka jS :i esa l: djS&

^^&rSa lq.;ks \

&dkabZ \

&txUukFk uqaoh yqxkbZ ykoSyksA

&uha jS---- !

&uha jS D;ka jh----lksGS vkuka [kjh ckr !

&eku.kh esa rks dksuh vkoSA

&D;wa] dksbZ uqaoknh ckr gS dkabZ \

&uqaoknh rks dksuh] i.k----A

&i.k iNS D;ka jh----\

&lkfo=h uS ejh uS gky nks eghuka bZ dksuh gq;kA

&rks dkabZ gq;ks \**

----vj b.kh Hkkar dgk.kh jkS izlax vj ifjosl vkxS lwa vkxS c/krkS tkoSA b.k Hkkar jh laokn lSyh jkS

74

iz;ksx dksbZ eaft;ksM+kS dgk.khdkj bZ dj ldSA vk iwjh dgk.kh if<;ka iNS bZ vkiuS dBSbZ vkS uhay[kkoSyk dS vS laokn dBSbZ VwV jS;k gS dS dFkkud jkS djeHkax dj jS;k gSA dgk.khdkj uSa tBS Hkhnks ik=ka jh carG jS fcpkGS laokngh.krk jh fLFkfr ykxh] cBS cks vsdkadh jS T;wa njlko cnG nsoSAdgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* esa Hkh b.k Hkkar njlko cnGrk tkoS vj Qsj dksbZ nks uwaok ik=ka jh carGl: gq; tkoSA b.k Hkkar jS laokn&flYi lwa R;kj gq;ksM+h vS dgkf.k;ka lkaoj nb;k jS lkarjS fljt.kjh gVksVh jh lk[k HkjSA vk carG lSyh jh dgk.kh ckajS fljt.k esa uwaoS iz;ksx jh vsd ckuxh gSA b.klwa iSyka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa b.k Hkkar jh dgk.kh dBSbZ ns[k.k esa uha vkbZA

8-4 ukjh jh lkekftd fLFkfr jkS fp=.k

Hkkjr jh nwth izkarh; Hkklkoka jh dgkf.k;ka jh Hkkar jktLFkkuh dgkf.k;ka esa Hkh ukjh jS varl jh ihM+]m.kjS tho.k laca/kh vc[kk;ka] m.kjh gwal vj gsr&fgaoGkl uSa ys;*j dsbZ dgkf.k;ka fy[khth gSA ukjheu jkS Fkkx ysorh vSM+h jktLFkkuh dgkf.k;ka jk jpukdkjka esa fot;nku nsFkk] jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh];knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*] jkedqekj vks>k ^cqf)thoh* vj jkefuokl 'kekZ vkn jkS ukao izeq[krk lwa fy;kStk ldSA lkaoj nb;k jh dgk.kh xGh ftlh xGh* esa Hkh lekt esa ukjh jh fLFkfr jkS lkaxksikax fp=.kgq;kS gSA ckajh dgk.kh ^/kjrh dn rkabZ ?kweSyh* esa Hkh yqxkbZ jh foj/kkoLFkk jh ihM+ uSa ekjfed <ax lwamdsjhth gSA

;wa rks Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh uSa ?k.kkS ÅapkS njtkS fnjhT;kS gSA ;= uk;ZLrq iwt;Urs] jeUrs r= nsork*tSM+k vkj.k okD; ukjh jh iforj fNc uSa izdV djS i.k b.k lwa gV*j tn tFkkjFk jS èkjkrG ekFkSukjh jh fLFkfr jkS vadu djka rks vkt Hkh iqjk.kh ijEijkoka vj :f<;ka esa iT;ksM+S lekt esa ukjh uSags;kGtksx nhB lwa gh ns[kh tkoSA vknw dkG lwa lEeku jh vfèkdkfj.kh yqxkbZ ekFkS euqLefr jS iNSrks dsbZ rjS jh cafnlka ykxxhA iNS rks m.kuSa ix jh twrh] ujd jh [kk.k] ek;k Bfxuh tSM+hviekutud miekoka lwa vyaÑr djhthA vk/kqfud dky esa jkLVªdfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr tSM+kjpukdkjka jk ukjh jS izfr lgkuqHkwfr jk lqj eq[kfjr gq;kA cS fy[;kS&

vcyk thou] gk; ! rqEgkjh ;gh dgkuhAvkapy esa gS nw/k] vkSj vka[kksa esa ikuhAA

vktknh jS iNS ukjh&tkxj.k lk: dsbZ Lo;alsoh vj ljdkjh laxBu chM+kS mBk;kSA ckajh f'k{kk&O;oLFkk*]dke&dkt vj lekt esa ckajh lEekutud Hkksedk rS dj.k lk: dsbZ rjS jk iz;kl gq;kA lafo/kkuvj dkuwu esa ckauSa feu[kka jh cjkscjh jkS njtkS nso.k lk: Hkh dsbZ izkoèkku vj vf/kdkj rS gq;kAifj.kkel:i vkt fd.kh Hkh {ks= esa ukjh jh lgHkkfxrk iq#l lwa de dksuh vkadhtSA brjkS LlkS dhagksaork Fkdka bZ iq#l iz/kku Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkekftd jhr&fjoktka vj ijEijkxr dkedktka esaukjh jh fLFkfr esa ?k.kkS cnGko fuxS uha vkoSA m.kjS vfèkdkjka vj dkuwuh izko/kkuka jS iNS C;ko tSM+kiforj laLdkj esa vtS bZ ck [kqy*j fuj.kS yso.k jh fLFkfr esa dksuhA

dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* esa lkaoj nb;k ukjh jh b.kh n;uh; fLFkfr uSa izxV djh gSA NksVh mejjh larwM+h jkS C;ko m.kjkS cki nwtoj txUukFk lwa dj.k lk: etcwj gSA b.k etcwjh jkS eksVkS dkj.kxjhch gSA larwM+h jkS ekekS b.k csesG C;ko uSa jksd.k jkS iz;kl djS vj b.k lk: cks dkuwu jkS lkjkSHkh ysoS i.k xjhch vj cki jh bTtr jS nkso.kS larwM+h uSa xGr c;ku nso.kk iM+SA b.k dgk.kh esa ukjhjh b.k fLFkfr uSa ?k.kS ekjfed <ax lwa ijxV djhth gSA txUukFk jh iSyh yqxkbZ lko=h uSa ejÓka uSaQdr nks eghuk gq;k gS vj cks nwtkS C;ko dj.k lk: R;kj gq;X;kS gSA nwtS dkuh ts fd.kh yqxkbZjkS /k.kh ej tkoS rks m.k lk: oS/kO; tho.k vsd vfHklki lwa de uha gqoSA b.k dgk.kh jk ik=ka jhvkilh carG jS ek/;e lwa lkaoj nb;k b.k cs&esG C;ko vj oSèkO; tho.k jS nal uSa ?k.kh ekjfedrklwa mdsjÓkS gS&

75

&i.k b.k tXxwM+S jh vDdy ekFkS HkkBk fda;ka iM+Ók \

&D;wa HkkBk iM+.k jh dkabZ ckr \

&D;wa fd.kh daokjh Nksjh jks tekjks fcxkM+S \

&C;ko gq;ka vkxS bZ fd.kh jks tekjks fcxM+Óks gqoSyk \

&ck ckiM+h ponS cjlka jh uhB] vj vkS iSarhlka ikjA

&ejn jh mej dksuh ns[khtSA

&vckj ub± ns[kks rks euS ns[kks] i.k nl cjlka iNS rks mej eÙkS bZ fuxS vk tklhA iNS m.k cxr----\

&b.k lwa rks pks[kks gks fd.kh fo/kok uS ukrS ys; vkorks

&gka·] Fkkjks dSo.kks gS rks Bhd] i.k----A

&fo/kok uS xGS dq.k cka/kS \

&thE;ksM+h FkkGh esa dq.k theS \

&cksnk twrk dq.k iSjS \

&vSaBÓksM+S di esa dq.k ihoS \

dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* jS ÅijyS laoknka lwa vsd yqxkbZ jh] [kkldj oS/kO; tho.k Hkqxr.k okGhukjh jh O;Fkk uSa vklkuh lwa le>h tk; ldSA ukjh jS oS/kO; tho.k uSa ys;*j dsbZ jktLFkkuhdgk.khdkjka vkijh dye pykbZ gSA b.kka esa jkedqekj vks>k ^cqf)thoh* jh dgk.kh ^Hkkjeyh Hkkthdksuh*] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jh ^?kj jh is<h*] jkeikGflag jktiqjksfgr jh îj.;k jh is<h* vjjkefuokl 'kekZ jh ^fjadw* jkS mYys[k djÓkS tk; ldSA vkt jS cnGrS gkykrka esa vsd foèkok ukjh uSaijk;ka lwa cslh vkijka jkS [krjkS y[kkoSA m.kuSa vkijkS oS/kO; tho.k dkV.k lk: nks&nks eksjpka ekFkSyM+.kkS iM+SA ?kjokGka jh fpark fgLlk&ikarh uSa ys;*j gq; ldS gS rks ijk;ka uSa m.kjS vsdyiS tho.kjh fpark gq; ldSA i.k m.kjS izfr lgkuqHkwfr jkS Hkko dBSbZ fuxS uha vkoSA dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh*jk vS laokn tdk ik= cksy jS;k gS] cS Hkh vsd fo/kok ukjh jS tho.k uSa ys;*j gh.kh ckrka gh dj jS;kgSA vSM+kS >h.kkS vj gh.kkS lksp Qdr vka ik=ka jkS gh uha] lekt jS ?k.kdjk yksxka jkS vkS bt <ax<kGkSvj lqHkko gSA

larwM+h jS ckG vj csesG C;ko jh ckr jkS Bk tn m.kjS ekeS uSa ykxS rks cks lxGka lwa iSyka larwM+h jScki ¼vkijS cSuksbZ½ duS iwxS vj m.kuSa le>korkS FkdkS dSoS&

&Nksjh jk Hkkx D;wa QksM+ks ! tk.krk Fkdka bZ [kkMS esa D;wa Ugk[kks \

&gkFk rks ihGk dj.kk bZ iM+S !

&i.k Fks rks dkGk dj.k jh rsoM+h gksA

&Fks vkoG&dkoG uk cksyksA

&dkabZ dj yslks Egkjks \ dha ukSeh jh rsjl dj.kh gqoS rks dj fn[kkoksA

&EgSa D;ka jh ukSeh jh rsjl d:aA xjhc&xqtkjks d:a EgkjksA

&xjhc&xqtkjks djks] HkykabZ EgkjS HkkaoS vsl ! EgSa vks C;ko dksuh gqo.k nwaA

b.k Hkkar jS laoknka lwa larwM+h jS ekeS jh jhl vj cki jh etcwjh lkEgha vkoSA vkijh tkxka nksuwa bZ BhdgS i.k ckr rks fd.kh yqxkbZ jS tho.k lwa lacaf/kr gSA larwM+h uSa vkijh vk[kh ftuxk.kh dk<.kh gSA vBSm.kuSa vkijS lqrarj fuj.kS jkS dksbZ vf/kdkj dksuhA m.kuSa cki ft.k [kwaVS ckaèk nsoSyk] ck m.kha [kwaVS

76

ca/k.k lk: etcwj gS vj etcwjh jkS Qk;nkS b.k nqfu;k esa dq.k uha mBko.kkS pkoSA vcyk tho.k uSays;*j lkaoj nb;k jh fy[;ksM+h eksdGh dgkf.k;ka esa b.k Hkkar jS pfj=ka jk fp=.k gq;k gS] tBS yqxkbZuSa vkijh ckr dSo.k jkS volj Hkh fnjhT;kS gSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; vk laLÑfr vdknseh chdkusj jS dFkk&ladyu ^mdjkl* jh Hkwfedk esavkijh b.kh euxr uSa lkEgha jk[k*j cS ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jh dgkf.k;ka jh pjpk djrk Fkdka fy[kS]^^jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa yqxkbZ uSa vkijh ckr dSo.k jks& lkph dSoka rks vsdne [kqy*j dSo.k jks ekSdksnsof.k;k ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* vkijS dgk.kh laxzS ^tekjks* esa tho.k jk dsbZ vSM+k i[k mtkxj djÓkgS ftdk Qxr m.kkajh dgkf.k;ka esa bZ yk/kSA yqxkbZ [kkrj ix&ix ekFkS vkadl yxko.k okGh oSoLFkkesa yqxkbZ jks fonzksg dj.kks] vkijS <ax lwa tho.k [kkrj uwaok ekjx lksèk.kk] feu[k jS gkFkk ywaVht.k jhckr dcwy uha dj.kks vj xGh&flM+h lkekftd oSoLFkk uSa pq.kkSrh nso.kks vkajh dgkf.k;ka jh yqxk;kaesa fuxS vkoSA ys[kd vkijh ckr >h.kS blkjS lwa uha dg ijks [kqys <ax lwa dSo.k esa foLokl jk[kS ft.klwa gwdh] xkseyh] dslj] pesyh] thoyh tSM+h thorh&tkxrh èkkM+&QkM+ yqxk;ka lkEgSa vkoSA**

vkijh b.kh euxr jS dkj.k lkaoj nb;k Hkh ukjh jh lkekftd fLFkfr jS ekjfed oj.kko jS lkxS chajh varl jh ihM+ uSa mtkxj djS] Hkyka bZ b.k lk: dgk.kh esa cS [kqn vkijh ckr uha jk[kS i.k nwtSik=ka jh carG lwa ukjh&eu jh vk ihM+ erSbZ ijxV gqo.k ykxSA cakjh dgkf.k;ka esa eS.kr&etwjh dj*jisVHkjkbZ djrh ;k fd.kh BsdSnkj jh gol jkS fldkj c.krh yqxk;ka dksuh cydS lkekftd fjLrka uSafuHkko.k jh vkQG djrh ukjh jh euxr vj nkst[k jh ftanxk.kh thorh yqxk;ka jS varl jkS Fkkxyso.k jh dksfll gS] tdh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh lk: uwaok ekjx [kksySA

^/kjrh dn rkabZ ?kweSyh* jh Hkwfedk esa cS vkijS b.k lksp uSa foLrkj lwa lkaeh jk[;kS gS] ^î.k vcS cS fnudksuh jS;k dS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ¼fd.kh Hkh fo/kk½ jkS nk;jkS bÙkkS NksVkS jk[k*j ckr djh tkoS----cha uSavkadh ij[kh tkoSA vkad.k ij[k.k jh cxr rks nslh&fonslh Hkklkoka jh dgk.kh tkrjk lwa tqM+.kks bZiM+lhA cka lwa tqM+.k jkS eryc vkS dksuh dS cka jk [kkst nkc.k ykxka] dk cakjS ns[kkns[kh [kksM+ [kqM+ko.kykxkaA cka lwa tqM+.k jkS eryc bÙkkS bZ gS dS cBS vS cnGko D;wa vj fda;ka gq;k& b.kjh bfr;klw le>foxlkokaA nwtka jh nqfu;ka lwa tqM+.kkS b.k dkj.k Hkh t:jh gS dS vkt nqfu;k Hkksr NksVh gq;xhA NksVhgq;ksM+h nqfu;k esa vkika fdÙkk NksVk gq;*j jSlka \ ckdh vki.kh tehu] gok vj ik.kh lwa dV*j jSo.kjh ckr EgSa uha dj jS;ks gwaA cha lwa dVÓka iNS rks ykjS jSlh bZ dkabZ \ cha lwa tqM+*j nwtka lwa tqM+wa t.kkabZ EgkjS dke jh lkjFkdrk gSA**

jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ckcr lkaoj nb;k jkS vkS lksp jktLFkkuh jk uwoksM+k dgk.khdkjka lk: izsj.kkLingSA lkaoj nb;k jh dgkf.k;ka esa vkt jh flDlk&oSoLFkk jh folaxfr;ka jS lkxS lkekftd :f<;ka]yqxkbZ&feu[k jk vkilh laca/kka vj rsth lwa cnGrh nqfu;k esa vkorS vkNS cnGkoka jS lkxS rky lwarky feyko.k vj ekM+S cnGkoka jkS fojks/k dj.k jh ckr mdsjhth gSA b.k ikB lkexzh lk: ladfyrckajh dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* esa ukjh jh lkekftd fLFkfr jkS fp=.k ÅaMh nhB lwa djhT;kS gS] ft.kesackGC;ko] csesG C;ko vj oS/kO; tho.k jS nal uSa rks mdsjhT;kS bZ gS] yqxkbZ jh ihM+ uSa le>.k jh BkSM+yksxka jh cksnh fopkj/kkjk vj reklch.k c.krS yksxka jk iksr bZ m?kkM+hT;k gSA VwdS esa] dgk.kh ^xGhftlh xGh* yqxkbZ jS lkxS gqorh T;knrh] vR;kpkj vj nqHkkar jh O;Fkk&dFkk gSA vk O;Fkkdgk.khdkj [kqn jS lcnka jh BkSM+ nwtk ik=ka jh carG jS ek/;e lwa ijxV djh gSA

8-5 O;aX;&fouksn jkS oj.kko

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa lkaoj nb;k jh vksG[k O;aX;dkj jS :i esa Hkh pkoh&Bkoh jS;h gSA jktLFkkuhesa Lora= O;aX; fy[kf.k;ka jpukdkjka esa lkaoj nb;k jS lkxS f=yksd xks;y] ';ke xks;udk] ukxjkt'kekZ] MkW- euksgjyky xks;y vj 'kadjflag jktiqjksfgr vkn 'kkfey gS i.k lkaoj nb;k uSa VkG*j vka

77

eka; lwa dksbZ O;aX;dkj jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS {ks= esa vckj yx vkijh dye uha pykbZA nwtS dkauhlkaoj nb;k jk vckj yx ikap dgk.kh laxzS Ni pqD;k gSA

O;aX;dkj gqo.k jS dkj.k lkaoj nb;k jh dgkf.k;ka esa O;aX;&fouksn jS iqV lkxS laoknka esa oØksfDr;kavko.kh lqHkkfod gSA O;aX;&fouksn jkS vkS oj.kko ckajh dgkf.k;ka esa t:jr eqtc gq;kS gSA dgk.kh esadBSbZ vSM+kS uha y[kkoS dS vBS O;aX; dS oØksfDr uSa ekMk.kh Bwalhth gSA dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* esabZ dsbZ BkSM+ O;aX;&fouksn jh >yd feySA T;wadS&

&Fkk.kSnkj Nksjh lwa ckr djX;ksA

&vPNk !

&P;kj&ikap xnhM+ psI;k gqoSyk \

&cks nkdy ns;*j bZ tho dk< nsoS !

&larwM+h rks ?kk?kjks Hkj fn;ks gqoSyk \

&gha&gha&gha !

&nkar D;wa dk<ks \ ?kk?kjks /kkso.k uSa FkkuSa bZ cqyk;k gSA i.k iSyh iwjh ckr rks lq.kkSA

laokn&lSyh jh b.k dgk.kh esa ckr eka; lwa ckr fudGrh tkoS vj dFkkud vkxS cèkSA b.k carG esaO;aX; vj fouksn jh HksGi Hkh gSA dgk.kh esa O;aX; jh xqatkbl Hkksr de gqoS i.k lkaoj nb;k jhdFkk&fljt.kk esa O;aX; jkS iqV BkSM+&BkSM+ ns[k.k uSa fey tklhA MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k ckajh b.k[kkfl;r uSa mdsjrk Fkdk fy[kS&

^Ô;aX; dj.k jh rks vn~Hkqr f[kerk gS lkaoj nb;k esaA okajh ?k.kdjh dgkf.k;ka vj [kkldj laoknlSyh esa fyf[k;ksM+h lxGh dgkf.k;ka Qxr nks phtka jS esG ekFkS ÅHkh gS& vsd O;aX; vj nwthukVdh;rkA O;aX; vj ukVdh;rk uSa vsd lkFkS lk/k.kkS ?k.kkS vc[kkS dke gSA vkS vc[kkS dke lkaojnb;k vkijh dgkf.k;ka esa djS] rks ^lq.kkS HkkbZ ckapf.k;ka* vkS dSo.kkS m.kh ukVdh;rk jkS fgLlkS gSA vsd:i esa rks vBS dgk.khdkj vkijh ijEijk esa fNfi;ksM+S m.kh gawdkjS okGS uSa lks/k jS;kS gS tdkS jktLFkkuhyksddFkkoka jkS t:jh fgLlkS cf.k;ksM+kS gSA b.k :i lkaoj nb;k vkijh ijEijk uSa bZt ikNh mFkSySAvk ukVdh;rk vsd izLrqrh jkS :i /kkj.k dj ysoS vj dgk.kh ûkV~;* esa <G.k ykxSA vkS dgk.khdkjjkS yxk;ksM+kS ykLV LVªksd gS tBS lwa dgk.kh vkijk vjFk [kksy.k ykxS vj vsd jh ihM+ iwjh lefLVuS vkijS ?ksjS esa ys; ysoSA**

O;aX;] fouksn vj ukVdh;rk rhuwa vkijkS U;kjkS&U;kjkS vlj iSnk djSA ukVdh;rk tBS ?kVukØe uSaeksM+ nso.k jkS dke djS] cBS bZ fouksn ;k gkl&ifjgkl ikBd jS eu uSa [kkyh xqnxqnkoS i.k O;aX;esa ck ekjd f[kerk gS tdh ikBd jS eu esa ÅaMS rkabZ vlj djSA O;aX; :ih vk [kkjh vkSl/kh lektjh folaxfr;ka jkS mipkj dj.k esa l{ke y[kkoSA lkaoj nb;k jh dgkf.k;ka esa gkl&ifjgkl dSukVdh;rk jkS rks [kkyh iqV bZ feyS i.k okajS O;aX; jh ekjd f[kerk vka dgkf.k;ka esa b.k Hkkar vljnkjjSoS dS ikBd m.k O;aX; vksGh uSa i<*j FkksM+h rkG lk: xgjS lksp esa iM+ tkoSA


lkaoj nb;k jh dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* dsbZ dkj.kka lwa jktLFkkuh jh egrkÅ dgk.kh gSA vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS ukao ekFkS ftÙkk Hkh uwaok iz;ksx gq;k m.kesa lkaoj nb;k jkS laokn&dFkk jkS iz;ksx?k.kkS lQG ekU;kS tkoSA vk vkijS <kGS jh U;kjh&fujokGh dgk.kh gS] ft.kesa dF; vj flYi nksuwanhB lwa jktLFkkuh jh uwaoh dgk.kh lk: [kklk [kspG djhth gSA vkilh carG jS ek/;e lwa iwjkSdFkkud [kM+kS dj.kkS vj iNS m.kuSa vkijS furkj rd iqxko.kkS ?k.kkS vc[kkS dke gSA vkS bt dkj.kgS dS lkaoj nb;k VkG dksbZ dgk.khdkj b.k Hkkar jh dgk.kh fy[k.k jh vkQG uha djhA

78

^xGh ftlh xGh* lkaoj nb;k jS ft.k dFkk&laxzS esa ladfyr gS] m.kjkS ukao bZ îksFkh ftlh iksFkh*jk[khT;kS gSA b.k dFkk&laxzS jh nwth dgkf.k;ka jk ukao Hkh dha b.kh*t <kGS jk gS& Hkw[k ftlh Hkw[k]Hkqtk ftlh Hkqtk] dksjS dkxn ftlk dksjk dkxn] [ksy ftlks [ksy] yqxk;ka ftlh yqxk;ka vj >VdSftlks >VdksA vki b.k laxzS jh iSyh dgk.kh xGh ftlh xGh* uSa iwjS euks;ksx lwa i<h gqokSykA dgk.khjh l:vkr bZ dha vSM+h lcnkoGh lwa gqoS ft.klwa vkiakjS vklS&iklS jSo.k okGk feu[kka jh euxr jhBk iM+SA vkt gjSd vkneh LokjFk lwa tqM+ÓksM+kS gSA LokjFk fcuka dksbZ fd.kjS bZ vkMkS uha vkoS mYVkvsd&nwtS jh Vkax [khap.k esa ykX;ksM+k jSoSA Mwaxj cGrh lxGk uSa nhlS i.k ixka cGrh fd.kuSa bZ uhaAÅapk p<*j ns[kkS] ?kj&?kj vkS bZ ys[kkSA yksx nwtka uSa nq[kh ns[k*j lq[k jkS vuqHko djSA

lkaoj nb;k vkijS vklS&iklS jh nqfu;k uSa ?k.kS uthd lwa ns[kh&ij[kh vj vuqHkwr djh gSA cakjS b.khvuqHko jh ijxVhdj.k b.k dgk.kh esa ?k.kS lkaoBS <ax lwa ns[k.k uSa feySA cS vkijS vuqHko uSa Qxr vkevkneh lkFkS ckaV.kkS bZ uha pkoS] m.kuSa laLdkjoku vj ijekjFkh c.k.k jh izsj.kk i.k nsoSA b.k dgk.khesa ukjh jS ukjdh; tho.k jkS fupksM+ gSA yqxkbZ jS izfr vkneh uSa vkijh nhB cnG.k jh lh[k Hkh vkdgk.kh nsoSA dgk.kh jkS var ^lq.kkS HkkbZ ckapf.k;ka* jS tqeyS lwa gqoS tdkS iwjh dgk.kh jkS furkj bZle>kSA dgk.kh jh l:vkrh vj vk[kjh vksGÓka ikBd uSa vkijS vkiS uSa VaVksG.k vj ijkbZ ihM+ uSavkijh le>] m.kjS mipkj lk: vkijh lkekftd ftEesnkjh jkS vSlkl djkoSA

8-7 lçlax O;k[;k

^^&C;ko rks gqoSykA

&Egkjh Ygkl ekFkS bZ gqoSykA

&vk Fkkajh T;knrh gSA

&EgSa Egkjh Hkk.kdh jks tho.k ujd dksuh ns[k.kks pkowaA

&?kj cl.k nks*d uhaA gkFk tksM+wa FkkauSaA

&EgSa FkkauS vsd ckr dS; nh uha] vkS C;ko dksuh gqo.k nwaA

&/khtS lwa lkspkS !

&lksp fy;ksA nwtoj uSa dksuh nso.khA

&rks iNS Bhd gSA bÙkks bZ xqest gS rks nwtks oj lks/k ykoksA EguSa rks b.kh lkoS C;ko dj.kks gSA rsy&gGnh p<ÓksM+h Egkjh Nksjh dqaokjh dksuh jSoSA vk ckr dku [kksy*j lq.kyksA le÷;k !**

izlax % Åijyk cksy lkaoj nb;k jh laokn&lSyh ij vk/kkfjr dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* lwa fy;sM+ksgSA NksVh mej jh Nksjh larwM+h jkS C;ko m.kjkS cki txUukFk ukao jS iSarhlsd cjlka jS vkneh lwa dj.kkSpkoS] tdkS dS nwtoj gSA m.kjh iSyh yqxkbZ lko=h uSa ejÓka Qxr nks eghuk gq;k gSA b.k csesG C;kojh R;kjh jkS dkj.k gS xjhchA nwtk yksx [kqn vkxS uha vk;*j b.k C;ko jkS fojks/k dj.k lk: larwM+hjS ekeS jk dku HkjS vj vtst ekekS vkijS cSuksbZ jS ?kjS tk; iwxSA cks vkijS cSuksbZ uSa vkS lxi.k dj.klk: cjtSA

O;k[;k % larwM+h jkS cki vkijh xjhch jS dkj.k vkS C;ko dj.k lk: etcwj gSA cks pkoS dS T;wa R;wadjuS Nksjh /kksjh;S p< tkoS rks Bhd gSA D;wadS m.kjS pkj NksjÓka gSA vsd ij.kk;ksM+h gh tdh bZ ikNhcki jS ?kjka vk;xhA larwM+h VkG nks vkSj daokjh cSBh gSA b.k nq%[k jS dkj.k gh cks vkijS lkGS uSa dSoSdS ^C;ko rks gqoSykA* i.k lkGkS bZ vM+ tkoS vj dS; uka[kS dS ^C;ko rks Egkjh Ygkl ekFkS bZ gqoSykA*b.k laokn lwa iSyka Hkh tn larwM+h jkS cki m.kjS ekeS lwa dSoS dS Nksjh jk gkFk rks ihGk dj.kk bZ iM+S

79

rks larwM+h jkS ekekS dSoS dS FkS rks Nksjh jk gkFk dkGk dj.k jh rsoM+h gksA

vkijS lk*GS jS ewa<S lwa fojks/k jk vS lqj lq.k*j larwM+h jkS etcwj cki m.k vkxS fxM+fxM+ko.k ykxS vjdSoS] ^?kj cl.k nks*d uhaA gkFk tksM+wa FkkauSaA* i.k ekekS rks vkijh ckr ekFkS vfM+;ksM+kS gSA m.kjkS vkSfojks/k larwM+h jS C;ko uSa ys;*j uha m.kjkS C;ko nwtoj lkxS dj.k jS dkj.k gSA ÅijyS laoknka jS iNSjh carG esa cks vkijS cSuksbZ uSa vk Hkh dSoS dS ts Egkjh cSu ¼larwM+h jh ek½ thorh gqaorh rks vkS C;kodnSbZ uha gqo.k nsaorhA larwM+h jkS nwtoj lkxS C;ko djko.kkS m.kjS cki jh baPNk uha] etcwjh gSA b.kckr uSa le>.k jh t:jr ghA tn lkGkS fd.kh Hkkar uha le>S rks cks vBS rkabZ dS; nsoS dS ts FkkauSabÙkkS bZ xqest gS rks larwM+h lk: nwtkS NksjkS <wa< ysokS i.k EguSa rks Nksjh jk gkFk ihGk dj.kk gS vjb.kh lkoS dj.kk gSA rsy&gGnh p<ÓksM+h Egkjh Nksjh dqaokjh dksuh jSoSA

Vhi % laokn&lSyh jh b.k carG esa larwM+h jS cki jh etcwjh eje jS lkFkS ijxV gq;h gSA jktLFkkuhHkklk esa b.k Hkkar jh laoknkRed dgkf.k;ka fy[kf.k;k lkaoj nb;k vsdek= jpukdkj gS] ft.kesavkilh carG jS ek/;e lwa cS ik= jh euxr uSa ?k.kS ekjfed <ax lwa mdsjSA ikBd uSa ba;ka ykxS tk.kSLlkS dha m.kjS vklS&iklS bZ gq; jS;ks jS;kS gSA lekt esa ckGC;ko vj csesG&C;ko tSM+h dqjhfr;ka jkSfojks/k bZ b.k y?kq carG esa ns[k.k uSa feySA

^^&vk ckr dS;h \

&gka··] fcydqy vk bZ*t ckr dS;hA

&Nksjh D;kajh nknh gS] nknh !

&vktdkyS jh NksjÓka nknh gq;*j bZ tyeSA

&Nksjh fudGh fgerokGh !

&tXxw ekLVj uS Qsa¶;ka v.kk nslhA

&vka y[k.kka rks vks bZ ykxSA

&t.kk rks Qsjk vkt bZ gqoSyk \

&vkt ub± rks dky] ykMks ykMh rks ys tkoSyks bZ !

&ekeS Qkyrw bZ ekFkkdwVh djhA

&HkwaM jks Bhdjks vko.kks gqoS t.kk ba;ka bZ vk;k djSA**

izlax % vS laokn jktLFkkuh jk pkok&Bkok dgk.khdkj lkaoj nb;k jh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh^xGh ftlh xGh* lwa mn~/kr gSA laokn&lSyh ekFkS vk/kkfjr b.k dgk.kh jS ÅijyS laoknka lwa iSykaponS&ianjS cjlka jh larwM+h jkS C;ko iSarhl cjlka jS nwtoj txUukFk lwa gqo.kkS rS gq; tkoS rks NksjhjkS ekekS b.k csesG C;ko uSa #dko.k lk: iqfyl ys; vkoSA Fkk.kSnkj tn ukckfyx larwM+h jk c;kuysoS rks ck vkijh vj vkijS cki jh etcwjh jS dkj.k xGr c;ku nsorh Fkdh vkijh mej T;knk crkoSvj lkxS bZ vkS C;ko vkijh bPNk lwa dj.k jh ckr Fkk.kSnkj uSa dSoSA QGl:i b.k csesG C;ko uSjksd.k lk: dkuwu dha uha dj ldSA

O;k[;k % dgk.kh jk l:vkrh vuke ik=ka jk laokn Åijyh carG esa ikNk pkyw gq; tkoS tdk dSlarwM+h jS ekeS uSa b.k C;ko jkS fojks/k dj.k lk: R;kj djSA m.kjS fojks/k jS iNS tn vkS C;ko uha #dldS rks cS bt ik= m.kjS ekeS uSa HkkaM.k lwa bZ dksuh pwdSA nqfu;k rks p<rS uSa bZ galS vj mrjrS uSabZ galSA Åijyk laoknka jS iNS jh carG esa vS ik= m.kjS ekeS jh galh bZ fd.k Hkkar mMkoS] tdh ns[kkS&

80

&uhp gS lkGks !

&vkSj uha rks dkabZ \ bÙkh Hkkxk&nkSM+h djh vj C;ko bZ dksuh <C;ks \

&cha cxr rks bÙkh gSu&rSu djS gks] dkabZ [kkaxks dj fy;ks \

^chan ejkS pk;S chan.kh] cke.k jkS VDdkS R;kj* jh Hkkar dha Hkh gqokS] yksxka uSa rks ckr jkS rksM+ yk/k bZtkoSA ÅijyS laoknka esa bZ nksuwa ik= ckrka jkS ykokS ywVSA larwM+h jS csesG C;ko jS izfr lgkuqHkwfr jhBkSM+ vsd t.kkS m.kuSa nknh* jh laKk nsoS rks nwtksM+kS dSoS dS vktdky jh NksjÓka nknh gq;*j bZ tyeSAvkxS jh carG esa cakjS dSo.k jkS erGc vkS dS tdh Nksjh Fkk.kSnkj uSa bZ xGr c;ku nso.k esa dksuhladh ck vkijS /k.kh uSa dkabZ fx.kSykA

larwM+h jkS ekekS b.k C;ko uSa #dko.k lk: vki dkuh lwa ftÙkh dksfll dj.kh gh djyh] ckr <cljuha <wdh rks m.kesa m.kjkS dkabZ nksl \ i.k nqfu;k nkseq[kh gSA iSyka ekeS jS b.k iz;kl uSa tdk ljkoSgk] cS bZ vkijS iz;kl esa vlQG gq;ka ekeS uSa HkwaM.k lwa bZ dksuh pwdSA vS nksuwa ik= vkil esa carGdjrk dSoS dS Nksjh jkS ekekS iSyh rks bÙkh gSu&rSu djS gks vj m.klwa [kkaxkS dha dksuh gq;kSA yksxka jhvk euksofÙk gqoSA nqfu;k esa vSM+k eksdGk yksx gS] tdk Qxr ckr jk cfp;k dk<rk jSoS vj reklkSns[kSA ckauSa nwtka jS nq%[k ;k ihM+ lwa dha ys.kkS&ns.kkS dksuhA

Vhi % laokn&lSyh esa Åijyh carG dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* jh vka l:vkrh vksGÓka jh lk[k HkjS]^^xGh ftlh xGhA yksxka ftlk yksxA vknrka ftlh vknrkaA cklrh iM+h gqoS rks ekFkS vkyh ?kklUgk[k.khA lkoG cGS rks yksxka jks th lksjks gqoS vj fd.kh jks th lksjks vkika lwa ns[khtS dksuh ! b.k[kkrj /kwaoksa dj.kks vkika jks /kjeA /kwaoS lwa /kkalh vkoSA vka[;ka esa ik.kh vkoSA cGr ykxSA xGS esa [kjklyxkoSA vks lks*dha ns[k*j vkika uS etks vkoSA** jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa b.k Hkkar jk NksVk&NksVk okD;kavj laokn&lSyh jkS iz;ksx dksbZ f[kerkoku dgk.khdkj bZ dj ldSA

8-8 vH;kl jk loky

1- dgk.kh xGh ftlh xGh* vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa uwaokS iz;ksx gSA dgk.kh jS dFk] flYivj laokn&lSyh jh [kkfl;rka uSa mdsjrk Fkdka b.k dFku jh iqfLV djkokSA

2- lkaoj nb;k jS jkrS&ekrS jpuk&lalkj jh vksG[kk.k djkaork Fkdka jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSays;*j ckajS fopkjka uSa Li"V djkokSA

3- dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* jkS dFkklkj vkijS lcnka esa ekaMkSA

4- dgk.kh ^xGh ftlh xGh* esa lekt esa ukjh jh fLFkfr uSa tFkkjFk jS /kjkrG ekFkS mdsjhth gSAb.k dFku jS ifjis[k esa vkijk fopkj nk[kyS l:i jk[kkSA

5- b.k ikB uSa i<*j lkaoj nb;k jS O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo ekFkS vsd vkys[k R;kj djkSA

6- lkaoj nb;k jS jpuk&lalkj uSa ys;*j jktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkjka vj lekykspdka jS fopkjka jhfojksG djkSA

8-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkkuh dgkuh % ijEijk vj fodkl & MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k

2- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % MkW- f'ko dqekj 'kekZ

3- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- jkeLo:i O;kl

4- vkykspukjh vka[k lwa % MkW- dqUnuekyh


81

bdkbZ & 9

izeq[k dgk.khdkj % Hkaojyky HkzejbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

9-0 mísL;

9-1 izLrkouk

9-2 dgk.kh jkS vkl;

9-3 lkekftd tho.k jh vc[kk;ka

9-4 feu[k jh euxr

9-5 yqxkbZ ik= jkS fp=.k

9-6 lektw vkSipkfjdrkoka jkS fuHkko

9-7 dgk.kh jkS lkj

9-8 lizlax O;k[;k

9-9 vH;kl jk loky

9-10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

9-0 mísL;

vktknh lwa iSyka xkaokbZ tutho.k lwa tqM+ÓksM+h jktLFkkuh jh l#vkrh dgkf.k;ka jS iNS vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS ys[kS lSjh laLÑfr vj okrkoj.k ekFkS bZ jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkj vkijh dyepykbZA nwth ih<h jk vka dgk.khdkjka esa Hkaojyky Hkzej jkS ukao fljS iaxr esa vkoSA lSj jh HkkxeHkkxHkjh ftuxk.kh esa ?kM+h vsd cSB*j gFkkbZ dj.k jkS cxr dBS \ ts cxr fey Hkh tkoS rks vki&vkijhU;kjh euxr fy;ksM+k yksx dkabZ ckrka djS \ Hkyka bZ cs vkiljh esa fjLrSnkj bZ D;wa uha gqokSA

lSj esa dke&/ka/kS ykX;ksM+S vkneh uSa fey.k&cSB.k lk: fnu esa cxr fudkG.kkS nks*jkSA jkr jh cxr?kM+hd [kaM jkS cxr feG tkoS rkS Hkkx jh ckr le>kSA ts m.k FkksM+Sd [kkyh cxr esa bZ dksbZ Hkk;ykS]fjLrSnkj dS iNS dksbZ v.klSa/kkS vkneh carG dj.k lk: vk; tkoS rks vkneh eukseu m.kuSa fd.khvkQr lwa de uha le>SA cks fnu&Hkj jS FkkdsyS uSa jkr jh cxr Vh-oh- ns[k*j ;k iNS dksbZ iksFkh i<*jmrkj.kkS pkoSA vkjke jS vSM+S cxr esa ts m.kuSa dksbZ ^rax* djS rks ^ckrka* jh BkSM+ nksuka fcpkGS ^gwa&gka*jh vkSipkfjdrk flok; dha uha gq; ldSA Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* jh euksfoKku ekFkS vk/kkfjr b.k dgk.khesa vki feu[k jh euxr uSa tk.k ldksykA lkFkS bZ]

HksGk ifjokj jh BkSM+ fleVrk ifjokj vj LokjFk jS lhxS feu[k jS eu esa feu[k jS izfr lkspesa vk;ksM+S cnGko uSa vki b.k dgk.kh jS ek/;e lwa vkNh rjÓka tk.k ldksykA ^ckrka* dgk.khjS ekjQr vkiuSa b.k ckr jkS Hkh Hkku gksoSyk dS U;kjS&U;kjS dke&/ka/kS esa ykX;ksM+S feu[kka jkSlekt jS isVS lksp Hkh U;kjh&U;kjh gqoSykA v.ki< vj i<Ók&fy[;k yksxka jh ckrsjh euxruSa ^ckrka* dgk.kh jS vksGkoS vkNh rjÓka le> ldksykA

gksMkgksM jS b.k tqx esa feu[k duSa lkal yso.k jks bZ cxr uha gSA cxr jS ijok.k xkaoka jSlSjhdj.k vj lSjka esa dke&/ka/kS lk: pkyrh gksMegksM jS dkj.k iqjk.kS tekuS jh ^gFkk;ka*gksGS&gksGS mB jS;h gSA vcS ckr dj.k uSa bZ Qqjlr dBS \ v.klSa/kkS rks v.klSaèkkS] [kqn jkSdksbZ [kkl fjLrSnkj Hkh vk; tkoS rks xje&BaMS ¼pk;&dkWQh ;k ljcr½ jh vkSipkfjdrk jS

82

lkFkS vkt jkS feu[k lkspS dS b.k vknj&lRdkjh esa dBSbZ ?k.kkS cxr [kksVh uha gq; tkoSA lks]vkt jS tekuS esa cxr jkS fdÙkkS egÙo gS] ^ckrka* dgk.kh lwa vkiuSa vol vanktkS gks; tklhA

fd.kh ckr uSa tk.k.k jh gwal feu[k lwa ?k.kh yqxkbZ uSa gqoSA m.kjks lksp Hkh ?kj&fxjLFkh jSvksGS&nksGS ?k.kkS ?kweSA ?kj jS [kksjlS jS lkxS m.kjS eu esa fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k Hkh pkyrhjSoSA feu[k vj yqxkbZ jS lqHkko esa tdkS vkarjkS gS] m.kjkS E;kukS Hkh vk dgk.kh nsoSA vkdgk.kh i<Óka iNS vki Hkh b.k ckr lwa vol lSer gksoksykA

feu[k&lekt esa vkt ÅWpyks] chpyks] uhpyks ojx jkS tdkS ojxhdj.k djhT;kS gS m.kjSizfr vke vkneh jkS lksp vkS gS dS chpyks ojx jkS vkneh ?k.kkS ihlhtSA dke&/ka/kS jS izfrHkh m.kjkS nkf;Ro T;knk ekuhtSA b.k lksp jS pkyrka cks uhpk vj Å¡pk ojx jS yksxka lwavkarjkS c.kk;kS jk[k.kkS pkoS vj vkijS ojx jk vknE;ka lwa esG&feyki rkabZ lhfer jSoSA nwtSdkauh eS.kr&etwjh dj*j nks Vad VkG.k okGka feu[kka jkS lksp ?k.kkS lkQ gksoSA ckajkS eu HkhfuLNG vj lqHkko HkksGkS gksoSA fuEu ojx jk vSM+k yksx vkVS&ik.kh jkS tqxkM+ gq;ka iNS upharkgqoS] tndS la?klZ jS nksoM+S eksjpS ekFkS yM+f.k;S e/;e ojx jS feu[k jS eu esa rjS&rjS jkfQrwj mBSA eku[kS jS b.k vyk;nS&vyk;nS lksp uSa Hkh vk dgk.kh vkijS lkEgha mtkxjdjSykA

9-1 çLrkouk

Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* jkS ukao vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa ekjxcks/k djkof.k;k l#vkrh dgk.khdkjka esavkoSA ewGpan îzk.ks'k*] lkaoj nb;k] jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh] dj.khnku ckjgB] euksgjflag jkBkSM+ vjeqjyh/kj 'kekZ ^foey* vkn dgk.khdkj m.kka jS b.k cks/k esa HksGk gkA vka dgk.khdkjka jh dye [kkldj vkijS vksGS&nksGS jh nqfu;ka lwa tqM+h Fkdh gSA cnGrS lkekftd ifjosl] feu[k jh euxr esa vk;ScnGko vj th;ktw.k jkS tFkkjFk rks vka lxGS dgk.khdkjka jh dgkf.k;ka esa ns[k.k uSa feyS bZ gS i.kvkt jh fl{k.k&oSoLFkk ij dVk{k djrh vj b.kesa t:jh cnGko jkS ekjx lq>korh dFkkoka fy[k.kesa jktLFkkuh jk pkok&Bkok dFkkdkj lkaoj nb;k jS lkxS Hkaojyky Hkzej jkS ukao Hkh flír lwa fy;kStk; ldSA b.kjkS ewG dkj.k nksuwa bZ dgk.khdkjka jkS fl{kk&txr lwa tqM+ko jS;kS gSA

^^vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa HkjkslSean l:i nso.k jh [kir tdk dgk.khdkj djh oka esa Hkaojyky^Hkzej* jkS uke fljS iaxr esa fy;kS tkoSykA Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* vj lkaoj nb;k jS jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS[ksrj esa iwx.k lwa iSyk jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS tdkS l:i gkS oks vsd vknlZoknh mf.k;kjkS fy;ksM+kS gkS]m.kesa vk/kqfud lekt jh Nfc;ka rkS gh i.k oka Nfc;ka esa vkork cnGko m.k cxr jk dgk.khdkjkajS eu ekfQd uha gk b.kh lk:a okajh dgkf.k;ka esa vSM+k cnGko jS izfr [kht jkS Hkko ijxV gksoSA Hkzejvj lkaoj m.k cnGko uS lkekftd t:jr eku*j vaxsth vj jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uS BkokS eqdke nso.kjh dksfll djhA** ¼MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k] jktLFkkuh dgk.kh % ijaijk vj fodkl] i- 124½

Hkaojyky Hkzej jk vckj yx jktLFkkuh esa rhu dgk.kh laxzS Ni pqD;k gS& ^rxknks*] vewtks dn rkb±*vj ^lkrwa lq[k*A jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka jkS vsd dFkk&ladyu îxMkaMh* Hkh vkijS laiknu esa NI;kSgSA vkijkS dFkk&laxzS ^lkrwa lq[k* jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj laLÑfr vdkneh chdkusj jS x|iqjLdkj lwa uokT;kS tk; pqD;kS gSA ^ckrka* dgk.kh vkijS dFkk&laxzS ^vewtks dn rkb±* esa ladfyr gSA;wa rks Hkaojyky Hkzej ipklwa dgkf.k;ka fy[kh gS i.k b.k ikBÓ&lkexzh esa ladfyr vkijh dgk.kh^ckrka* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; txr esa [kkl pjpk esa jS;h gSA ^ckrka* vkijh izfrfufèk dgk.kh ekuhtS vjvckj yx dsbZ ladyuka esa Ni pqdh gSA uan Hkkj}kt jS laiknu esa vsu- ch- Vh- lwa NI;kS rktkdFkk&laxzS rhu chlh ikj* gqokS pk;S lkaoj nb;k }kjk laikfnr jktLFkkuh vdkneh jkS dFkk&ladyu^mdjkl* gqokSA vka ladyuka jS vykok Hkh vkijh izLrqr dgk.kh dsbZ txk Nih gSA

83

22 vDVwcj] 1946 esa chdkusj esa tuE;k Hkaojyky Hkzej vse- vs-] lkfgR;&jRu ¼fgUnh½] vj vse-vsM-dj*j v/;kiu lsok lwa tqM+ÓkA cjlka rkabZ ^f'k{kk foHkkx* esa lsokjr Jh Hkzej ofjLB fl{kd jS in lwalsokfuoÙk gq;kA v/;kiu&lsok jS lkFkS&lkFkS vki lkfgR;&fljt.k Hkh yxksyx djrk jS;k gSAjktLFkkuh jh lkfgfR;d frekgh êjo.k* jkS vki cjlka yx laiknu djÓkSA jktLFkkuh y?kqdFkkoka jhvfu;rdkyhu if=dk ^vi.kk;r* jkS laiknu vki vckj Hkh dj jS;k gSA Hkaojyky Hkzej jh ekSfydy?kqdFkkoka jkS laxzS ^lq[k lkxj* Hkh NI;ksM+kS gSA vkijkS jktLFkkuh esa vsd ckG&miU;kl ^Hkksj jkixfy;k* ukao lwa NI;kS] tdkS jktLFkkuh ckG&lkfgR; jS ys[kS ?k.kkS pjpk esa jS;kSA

jktLFkkuh jS lkxS vki fgUnh Hkklk esa Hkh le:i fljt.k djrk jS;k gS i.k fgUnh esa vkijkS ?k.kdjksys[ku O;aX; fo/kk jS vksGS&nksGS bZ jS;kSA fganh esa vkijkS O;aX;&laxzg ^vardZFkk vfLFk vk;ksx dh* ukaolwa NI;kSA b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS Hkaojyky Hkzej dgk.khdkj jS lkxS&lkxS miU;kldkj] O;aX;dkj]y?kqdFkkdkj vj lq;ksX; lEiknd Hkh gS] i.k cgqeq[kh izfrHkk jk /k.kh Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* jktLFkkuhdgk.kh txr esa vkijh [kkl vksG[kk.k c.kk;h gSA

izLrqr dgk.kh ^ckrka* jkS dFkkud dksbZ [kkl uha gS i.k tdkS [kkl uha gS m.kuSa [kkl c.kko.k jhvkQG ledkyhu dgk.kh jh [kkfl;r jS;h gSA ^ckrka* dgk.kh jk ik= ¼lkGkS&cSuksbZ½ vkil esa dksbZ[kkl ckrphr Hkh uha djS Qs:a bZ L=hik= uSa vkS cSe jSoS dS lkGS&cSuksbZ ?kaVS&vkèk?kaVS cSB*j ckrphrdjh gS rks dha egrkÅ ckrka t:j gqbZ gkslhA cl vkS bZt b.k dgk.kh jkS dFkkud gSA b.k uk&dqNdFkkud esa Hkh feu[k jh euxr] twa>G] fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k] euksoSX;kfud nhB vkn LlkS dhalkaiM+rS futj vkoSA lk/kkj.k&lS dFkkud ekFkS vlk/kkj.k dgk.kh jkS fujek.k dksbZ vuqHkoh dgk.khdkjbt dj ldSA

b.k dgk.kh ckcr MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k fy[kS& ^^ckrka dgk.kh esa dksbZ ckr uha gSA nks U;kjk èkaèkkdjf.k;k lkGS&cSuksbZ jS chp ilfj;ksM+h vew>.kh gSA fjLrkS oka uSa tksM+.k uSa [kiS i.k okajS fcPpSilfj;ksM+kS fjtd jkS jkx m.k lka/kS uSa [kaM&[kaM dj nsoS& ^tk iNS vS ?k.kh bZ nQS vk;X;k gqlh] i.kckrka EgSa dnSbZ dks dj lD;k uhaA vS Egkjh cjkcjh jh Åej jk bZt gS] i.k /ka/kS esa Qjd gS uhaA vS?kjka jh fp.kkbZ djS vj EgSa ekLVjhA* b.k dgk.kh jS ifjosl esa lwU;kM+ ckifj;ksM+h gSA ik= gS&?kjgS&fjLrk gS i.k ykxS vS LlSa dBSbZ uha gSA pk:a dkauh vcksykSi.k Nk;ksM+kS gSA gj vkneh pkoS dSlkaEgykS cksySA ckrka jS flyflyS lk:a ft.k vkosx jh t:jr gksoS oks vBS xk;c gSA** ¼jktLFkkuhdgk.kh % ijaijk vj fodkl] i- 125½

feu[k jkS tho.k dje&iz/kku ekuhtSA fey.kkS&fHkaV.kkS Hkh vsd rjS lwa dje bZ gSA b.k dgk.kh esaeS.kr&etwjh dj.k okGkS cSuksbZ vkijS lkGS lwa fey.k lk: b.kh dje jS RgSr iwxS] i.k lkGkS jkr jhcxr cSuksbZ uSa vk;kS tk.k*j xrkxe esa it tkoSA fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k m.kesa vewt vj twa>G iSnkdjSA pwadS lkGkS v/;kiu&lsok lwa tqfM+;ksM+kS gS] b.k okLrS m.kjkS êkLVj&ekbaM* fopkj:ih xf.kr jhtksM+&ckdh vj xq.kk&Hkkx esa mG> tkoSA vkS mG>ko [kkyh v/;kid jS eu esa bt iSnk gqoS] vSM+hckr uha gSA jkr jh cxr esa ckjyS fdaokM+ jh dM+h [kM+[kM+ht.kh ;k njoktkS [kksy.k jh ladsr&lwpd?kaVh jkS ckt.kkS gjsd ?kj jS vkneh uSa ltx djSA m.kjS eu&ext uSa [kM+cM+koSA vSM+S esa ts vsdv/;kid Hkh bpjt] foLe; jS lkxS fopkjka jS fo;k.k esa cSB tkoS rks vijksxh ckr dkabZ\

b.k dgk.kh esa eksVkeksVh cxr jS egÙo uSa Hkh njlkbT;kS gSA leS jkS rdktkS gS dS vkneh uSa vkijSdke uSa egÙo nso.kkS pkbtS] ckrka esa dkabZ ifM+;kS gS i.k b.k dgk.kh jkS vsd ik= v.ki< cSuksbZ gStdS uSa fey.k&fHkV.k vj ckr dj.k lk: cxr bZ jkr uSa feyS rks m.kesa m.kjkS dkabZ dlwj \ fnu&HkjeS.kr&etwjh djuS ifjokj ikG.k okGS vkneh uSa jkr jk ts ?kM+h[kkaM fd.kh lwa fey.k jkS Vse feGSrks cks jkr&fcjkr uha ns[kS vj iNSl lkGkSth jh vk euokj dS ^ûb± th] b.kesa D;kajh rdyhQ gSA

84

vkijkS bZt ?kj gSA tpS t.kk i/kkjkSA d.kkbZ&d.kkbZ njl.k ns fn;k djkS EgkauSa bZA BSjks] jksVh djkowa]the*j tk;k**] v.ki< vj HkksGS cSuksbZ uSa vko.k jkS vkxwap uwarkS nsoSA

Hkaojyky Hkzej jktLFkkuh jk eaT;ksM+k dgk.khdkj gSA m.kka uSa dFkk fy[k.k lk: Hkksed R;kj dj.kjh t:jr uha iM+SA m.kkajh dsbZ dgkf.k;ka m.kkajS futw vuqHko jh mit gSA vuqHko jkS vkS Hkodgk.khdkj uSa ckrka&ckrka esa dgk.kh ?kM+.k lk: R;kj dj nsoSA ledkyhu dgk.kh fc;ka Hkh yacS cxrjS dFkkud uSa de bZ vaxstSA vktdky jh dgkf.k;ka jh leS&lhek lhfer gqoSA vkèkS ?kaVS lwa ys;uSfnuwaxS&vkFk.k jS dFkkud jh dgkf.k;ka bZ ledkyhu dgk.kh jh ekax gSA dgk.kh jS dFkkud esa tsvsd&nks ihf<;ka jkS ys[kkS&tks[kkS gqoS rks dgk.kh jh ctk; ys[kd uSa miU;kl fy[k ekj.kkS pkbtSAHkaojyky Hkzej tSM+k jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka jh vk [kkfl;r gS dS cS vkijS dFkkud uSa fgUnh jktxpkok dFkkdkj Hkh"e lkguh jh Hkkar lhfer nk;jS esa jk[kSA

^ckrka* dgk.kh ewG :i lwa laokn&lSyh ij vk/kkfjr gSA laokn gqorka Fkdka bZ laoknghurk jh fLFkfrb.k dgk.kh jh ywaBh [kkfl;r gSA b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS Hkaojyky Hkzej jh ^ckrka* dgk.kh Hkkjrh;Hkklkoka jh fd.kh i.k ledkyhu dgk.kh jS lSatksM+ jk[kh tk; ldSA b.kesa dFk vj flYi jS lkxSlaokn jh tdh c.kxV c.kh gS] ck vi.kS vki esa vyk;nh gSA

9-2 dgk.kh jkS vkl;

v/;kiu lsok lwa tqM+ÓksM+kS ys[kd jkr jh cxr fujkar lwa dksbZ lkfgfR;d miU;kl i<.k esa ykX;ksM+kSgSA m.kjh ?kjokGh ?kj jkS dkedkt uhosM+*j lks;xh gSA vpk.kpd ?kj jS njoktS jh dM+h [kM+[kM+ht.klwa v/;kid jS v/;;u esa Hkax iM+X;kSA duS lwrh ?kjokGh jh Hkh vka[k [kqyxhA pwafd dFkkdkj dksbZmiU;kl i<.k esa oSLr gks b.k lk: m.kjh ?kjokGh jh vka[k [kqyrka bZ ck dSoS] ^^FkS i<kS] vkMkS EgSa[kksy nslwaA**

b.kjS iNS ys[kd ikNkS miU;kl i<.k esa ykx tkoS i.k tn m.kjh ?kjokGh dSoS dS ^^lq.kkS gks dkabZ]ns[kkS rks vS dq.k vk;k gS !** rks ys[kd jS eu esa rjS&rjS jk fopkj vkoSA iSyh rks cks vkS lkspS dS?kjokGh jkS HkkbZ ;kuh EgkjkS lk*GkS vk;kS gqlh] i.k tn vkijS cSuksbZ jS vko.k jh ckr lq.kS rks Hkhys[kd uSa b.k ckr jh [kht gS dS vkokS HkykabZ dksbZ] i.k jkr jh cxr bZ D;wa \

tn cSuksbZth fey.k lk: Åij ekfG;S esa bt vk; <wdS rks ys[kd ijcl gq; tkoSA euokj jhvkSipkfjdrk jS ckn ckS vkijS eu esa cSuksbZ jS jkr x;ka vko.k jk dkj.k [kkst.k ykx tkoSA m.kjS euesa rjS&rjS jS fopkjka jk xksV mBSA ys[kd jS lcnka esas] ^ÊgSa ckajS pSjS uSa i<rka lksP;kS] vk[kj vS bÙkhjkr x;ka D;wa vk;k gS \ blkS dkabZ [kkl dke vM+X;kS \ fjfi;k&iblka jh t:jr gq; ldS vj vSyktka ejrk ekax uha jgÓk gqlhA EgSa lksP;kS] ts vS fjfi;k bZ ekax cSBÓk rks EgSa dkabZ djlwa \ EgkjS duSrks fjfi;ka jkS ukao&fulk.k bZ dksuhA iSyh ckj ekaxlh] b.k [kkrj mÙkj bZ dksuh ns; ldwaA i.k etcwjhgSA**

ys[kd vkijh b.k vkladk uSa esV.k lk: vkijS cSuksbZth uSa ?kqek&fQjk*j vsd bZ ckr iwNS dS vktfda;ka vko.kkS gq;kS \ i.k cSuksbZth rks ^gka·&gwa··* flok; dksbZ ckr crkoS bZ dksuhA ckr dksbZ gksoS tncrkoS uha \ cSuksbZth rks vkijS lk*GS lwa vkSipkfjd feyki lk: vk;k gkA i.k m.kkajkS cscxr vko.kkSbt lk*GS jS eu esa ?kk.k&eFkk.k epkoSA cks ckalwa ckr djrkS Hkh drjkoSA ekfG;S jS Nkr jh ifê;kafx.k.k lwa ys;*j m.kjh yackbZ&pkSM+kbZ uki.k vj d.kSbZ dejS esa ykX;ksM+S ia[kS uSa rst&/khjS dj*j vkijh[kht feVko.kkS pkoS i.k ljy fijdr jS cSuksbZ uSa m.kjh b.k [kht jkS dha Bk uha iM+S vj cks tE;ksM+kScSBkS jSoSA

nksuka fcpkGS laoknghurk jh fLFkfr gSA lk*GkS cSuksbZ jS vko.k jkS dkj.k tk.k.k lk: rjS&rjS jkloky&tokc djS i.k cSuksbZ rks gjsd ckr jkS tckc Qxr ^gka&gwa* esa bt nsoSA b.k dgk.kh jkS eje

85

b.k ^gka&gwa* esa bt gSA ckrphr jh ctk; ^gka&gwa* esa chR;ksM+kS cxr ys[kd jh ?kjvkGh jS eu esa dsbZrjS jk fopkj iSnk djSA cSuksbZth jS fx;ka iNS ck m.kka jS vko.k jS edln uSa ys;*j vkijS /k.kh lwa dsbZrjS jk loky iwNS i.k /k.kh jh [kht vBS Hkh dk;e gSA NsoV m.kuSa dk;kS gq;*j dSo.kkS iM+S] ^dg fn;kSuha dS cka dha dksuh dákS----foLokl rks dj rwaA**

vj var esa ys[kd dgk.kh uSa b.k Hkkar iwjh djS] ^^vk lq.k*j cha VSe rks ilokM+kS Qsj fy;kS m.kA i.kvkt rkab± chajS vk tk.kuS jh bPNk ckdh gS dS Egka m.k fnu dkabZ ckrka djh !**

ys[kd b.k dgk.kh jS ekQZr Qxr vkijh bZ uha] vk;ksM+k esgeku vj [kqn jh ?kjokGh jh euxr uSaÅaMh nhB lwa mdsjh gSA vk dgk.kh ckap*j vkiuSa b.k ckr jkS vol Hkku gqoSyk dS nqfu;k esa Hkje jkSdksbZ bykt dksuhaA lkFkS bZ b.k dgk.kh jkS vsd edln vkS Hkh gS dS vkneh uSa fd.kh lwa fey.k uSatko.kkS gS rks leS jkS /;ku jk[k.kkS t:jh gSA osGk&dqosGk ns[k.kh pkbtSA

9-3 lkekftd tho.k jh vc[kk;ka

feu[k vj lekt vsdkdkj gSA feu[kka fcuka lekt jh dYiuk bZ dksuh djht ldSA lektw ljksdkjkajS dkj.k bZ feu[k uSa vkijS tho.k esa dsbZ Hkkar jh vc[kk;ka jkS lkeukS dj.kkS iM+SA tho.k lk: t:jhgS& jksVh] xkHkkS&yÙkkS vj ?kj&xokM+hA ?k.kdjk feu[k vka rhu oLrqoka lk: vkijh vk[kh ftanxk.kh?kksG nsoSA dkj.k dS feu[k vkijh bTtr lwa MjSA b.k bTtr jS ykjS bZ okS lekt jkS vax c.;ksM+kSgSA bTtr fcuka vkneh jh dBSbZ iwN dksuh gqoSA ts feu[k vkijh bTtr uka[k uS QhVkS iM+ tkoS rksckS lekt lk: ?kkrd vj vlkekftd rÙo fx.khtSA

dSo.k jkS vjFk vkS dS vkneh uSa lkekftd c.;ksM+kS jSo.k lk: vkijh lhao esa jS;uS vkijh fxjLFkhpyko.kh iM+SA jksVh] xkHkkS&yÙkkS vj jSo.k lk: BkfB;kS tek;ka iNS bt feu[k uSa nwtkS dha dkelw>SA euksjatu lk: ldZl] flfuek ;k vkeksn&izeksn jk nwtk lk/ku ?kj jkS ÅijykS ikukS vk;ka iNSbt cijk;k tk; ldSA

gkykadS ^ckrka* dgk.kh jS ik= cSuksbZ jS ?kj&fxjLFkh jh fLFkfr ckcr dgk.khdkj dksbZ foLrkj lwa uhacrGk;kS gSA pwadS dgk.kh esa dgk.khdkj [kqn HksGk gS b.k okLrS cS vkijS ewa<S lwa Qdr brjkS bt crkoS]^ÊgSa lksp.k ykX;kS] vS Egkjk lkxh cSuksbZ gS i.k vkauSa vkbt VSe yk/kh vko.k uSa \ i.k vkajkS bZ dkabZdlwj \ fnu jk rks etwjh tkoSA ikapoha rkabZ i<*j cSxk&lhd etwjh tko.k ykxX;k gkA vktdkylkr&vkB fjfi;k jkst jk dek; ykoSA**

vcS vki bZ lkspkS dS lkr&vkB fjfi;k jkst deko.k okGS vkneh uSa ifjokj ikG.k lk: fdÙkks vHkkons[k.kkS iM+S vj ix&ix ekFkS fdÙkh vc[kk;ka lwa tw>.kkS iM+SA ckotwn b.kjS cSuksbZ vkijS lkGS lwafey.k jh gwal eu esa jk[kSA ibZlkS vj izse nks vyx&vyx phtka gS i.k vkt jS tekuS esa yksx QdribZlS lwa bt izse dj.k ykxX;kA feu[k jkS gsr] LokjFk] fjLrk&ukrk lc ibZlka lwa rksyht.k ykxX;kAcSuksbZ lektw lksp jS pkyrka lkGS lwa fey.k lk: tkoS i.k cSuksbZ jS eu esa fopkj vkS mBS dS t:jvS ibZlk ekax.k lk: vk;k gSA gkykadS lkGkS [kqn dksbZ cMS vksgnS ekFkS ukSdjh uha djSA ckS rks [kqnvsd ekLVj gS vj ekLVj duSa ^cSad cSySal* jh ?k.kh xqatkbl dksuh gq; ldS] i.k [kko.k&iho.k jkSvHkko uha gqo.k lwa v/;kiu jS lkxS&lkxS v/;;u lk: Hkh cxr feyS bZ gSA i.k de i<ÓkS&fy[;kScSuksbZ ?kjS cSB*j fdlh iksFkh ckapS \ Qsj vsd eS.kr&etwjh djf.k;kS vkneh rks fc;ka Hkh ?kj&fxjLFkhjh fpark esa f?kjÓksM+kS jSoSA

^ckrka* dgk.kh esa cSuksbZ vkijS lkGS lwa fey.k lk: jkr jh cxr esa t:j vkoS i.k cks vpk.kpd ;kfcuk cqykoS dksuh vk;kS gSA lkGkS [kqn m.kuSa pyk;*j dS; jk[;kS gks dS ^vkS vkijkS bt ?kj gSA dnsbZbaNk gqoS tn i/kkj tk;k djkSA ckrka djlkaA** Hkyka bZ vk ckr lkGkS vkSipkfjd :i lwa bZ dS;h gqoSi.k cSuksbZ m.kkajh ckr uSa eku&euokj le>*j bZ vk;kS gksA

86

lektw vj vkilh fjLrsnkjh esa esG&eqykdkr vke vkneh jkS lqHkko gqoSA fca;ka Hkh vki.kS vBS fcukdkj.k taokbZ jS lkljS vko.k&tko.k jkS fjokt de bZ gSA b.k okLrS lkGkS m.kka uSa jkr jh cxr ?kjSvk;k ns[k*j ts bpjt esa iM+S ;k m.kjS eu esa dksbZ vkladk mBS rks ck ykteh gSA i.k vkt jS tekuSesa lxi.k&C;kao vsd bt lSj esa gqo.k ykxX;kA eka&cki Hkh vkijS Vkcjka jkS lxi.k uSM+h lwa uSM+htkX;ka ekFkS dj.k jkS ekul jk[kSA b.k okLrS vsd bt lSj esa jSo.k okGk lkGk&cSuksbZ ts fd.kh jS ?kjSpyrk bZ iwx tkoS rks b.kesa bpjt tSM+h ckr rks uha gqo.kh pkbtSA gka m.kkajS vko.k jS dkj.k uSa ys;uSeu esa eaFk.k jh fLFkfr vol iSnk gq; ldSA Hkaojyky ^Hkzej* jh ^ckrka* dgk.kh esa eksVkeksV b.k eaFk.kuSa bt mdsjhT;kS gS vj vk bt b.k dgk.kh jh eksVh [kkfl;r gSA

lkekftd tho.k esa vko.k okGh vc[kk;ka uSa Hkh feu[k vkijS eu&varl vj /khtS lwa ikj iVd ysoSAcks vkijS fd.kh futw vkneh lwa feyS rks Hkh m.kuSa vkijh vc[kk;h [kqy*j uha crkoSA i.k Qs:a bZ m.kjhgyxr vj mf.k;kjS lwa m.kjh vc[kk;h jkS irkS yxko.k jh dkslhl m.kjkS gsrkGw t:j djSA ckrkadgk.kh jkS lkGkS Hkh vkijS cSuksbZ jS vko.k jS dkj.k uSa ys;uS fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k vj nksxkfparh esamG> tkoSA gq; ldS dS b.k rjS jh lektw vc[kk;ka uSa cks [kqn >sY;ksM+kS gqoSA dqy feyk;uS ^ckrka*dgk.kh esa feu[k jS lekt lwa ljksdkj] lkekftd tho.k esa vko.k okGh vc[kk;ka vj cka vc[kk;kauSa ys;uS mit.k okGk fopkjka uSa ckjhdh lwa ijxV djhT;k gSA

9-4 feu[k jh euxr

jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa Hkh vcS ykacS&pkSM+S dFkkud jh ctk; feu[k jh euxr uSa >h.kh nhB lwa mdsj.kjh dkjhxjh l: gq;xh gSA vkt jh jktLFkkuh dgkf.k;ka esas dsbZ dgkf.k;ka b.kh gVkSVh jS dkj.kHkkjrh; ledkyhu dgk.kh esa vkijh BkSM+ c.kk;h gSA ckrka* dgk.kh Hkh b.kh <kGS jS uwaoS iz;ksx jh vsdjpuk gS] ft.kesa cMS dFkkud vj ik=ka jh vM+k&HkhM+ jh BkSM+ feu[k jS varl&=kl uSa foLrkj lwavjFkkbT;kS gSA

us'kuy cqd VªLV jh Lo.kZ t;arh jS ekSdS cjl 2007 esa NI;S vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ladyu^rhu chlh ikj* jS lEikndh; esa uan Hkkj}kt fy[kS] ^^vkt nqfu;k jh reke Hkklkoka esa fy[kht.kokGh dgk.kh esa ?kV.kk&izlaxka vj dFkkud jkS egÙo ckSr ekewyh jS;X;kS gSA dFkk esa cjrht.k okGhfdLlkxksbZ vj pfjr jkS u[k&fl[k oj.ku bZ vcS ?k.kkS dkjxj uha ekuhtSA vc dFkkdkj jh lxGhdGk vj lxrh dFkk&ik= jh eu&eka;yh nqfu;k uSa ckjS yko.k] m.kjh nksxkfparh vj vkiS jkvarjfojks/kka lwa twa>.k vj ckjyh nqfu;k lwa vkijS fjLrka jh fiNka.k iwjh dj.k esa lkjFkd ekuhtSA**

b.k uwaoh nhB lwa vkt tdk dFkkdkj dgk.kh fy[k jS;k gS] m.kesa uan Hkkj}kt vsd uke HkaojykyHkzej jkS Hkh fx.kk;kS gSA Jh Hkzej jh b.k dgk.kh esa cS lxGh [kkfl;rka ekStwn gS tdh fd.kh i.kledkyhu dgk.kh esa ns[kh tk; ldSA ^ckrka* dgk.kh esa feu[k jh euxr ix&ix ekFkS lkaeh vkoSAcSuksbZ jS vko.k lwa ys;uS m.kjh fetekuh vj tko.k rd jS leS&fcpkGS rjS&rjS jk Hkko&fopkjys[kd jS eu esa vkork&tkork jSoSA cSuksbZ jS fx;ka iNS lkGS jh yqxkbZ jS eu esa pkyrh fopkjka jh?kk.k&eFkk.k uSa bZ b.k dgk.kh esa flír lwa lkaeh ykbZth gSA u.knksbZ jS tkorka bZ m.kjS fopkjka jkSmQk.k /k.kh vkxS vkoS&

^^dkabZ ckrka gqbZ cSuksbZth lwa \**^^dksbZ [kkl ckr dksuh gqbZA**^^rks dkabZ dSork gk \**^^cl] bZ;kabZ vk;k gkA dha dksuh dákSA**^^bZ;kabZ&fd;ka] dha rks dákS bZ gqoSyk \**^ûb± vsA cS rks [kkyh fey.k uSa bZ vk;k gkA**

87

^î.k vk fd;ka gq; ldS \ ?kaVkS Hkj rkabZ xIika ekjh] rks bZ dSokS gks ds dha ckr dksuh gqbZA vcS crkokSduhA D;wa ek.k HkjhtkS !**

laokn&lSyh jh b.k dgk.kh esa loky rks eksdGk gS] i.k ckajkS dksbZ mFkGkS dksuhA ckrka dgk.kh Qdrckrka&ckrka esa bt iwjh gq; tkoS i.k ikBd jS eu esa dsbZ rjS jk loky txkoSA m.kjh [kqn jh euxruSa fopkj lkxj esa xksrk [kko.k lk: etcwj dj nsoSA

9-5 yqxkbZ ik= jkS fp=.k

^ckrka* dgk.kh esa yqxkbZ ik= jS pfj=&fp=.k jh ?k.kh xqatkbl uha gqorka Fkdka Hkh Hkaojyky Hkzejdgk.kh jh l:vkr vj lekgkj esa yqxkbZ ik= jS pfj= uSa lkarjS <ax lwa mdsjÓkS gSA dgk.kh jhl:vkr jkr jh cxr ?kj jh dM+h [kM+[kM+ht.k lwa gqoSA m.k cxr ?kj/k.kh miU;kl i<.k esa O;LrgS vj ?kj /kf.k;k.kh cjr.k ekat.k esa ykX;ksM+h gSA dgk.kh jh b.k vsd vksGh lwa bZ ikBd uSa le>esa vk; tkoS dS ?kj jh ekyd.k [kklk le>nkj gS vj ?kj jS dke&dkt esa O;Lr jSo.k okGh gSA ck/k.kh jh lsok&pkdjh esa bZ deh uha vko.k nsoSA b.k ckr jkS vkHkkl dgk.kh jh l:vkr esa bZ gq; tkoSAvkMkS ckt.k lwa /k.kh jS v/;;u esa ck/kk mitS vj tn cks vkMkS [kksy.k lk: ekfG;S lwa mBS rks m.kjhyqxkbZ dSoS] ^^FkS i<kS] vkMkS EgSa [kksy nslwaA**

?kj esa fd.kh [kkl esgeku jS vko.k lwa yqxkbZ jS eu esa ftÙkkS gj[k&meko gqoS] fcÙkkS feu[k jS euesa dksuh gq; ldS D;wadS deko.kkS feu[k uSa iM+SA cks esgeku uSa vkQr le>S i.k lektw lksp vjvkSipkfjdrkol cks vkijh b.k euxr uSa ijxV uha gqo.k nsoSA ^ckrka* dgk.kh jS ik= uSa tn m.kjhyqxkbZ dSoS] ^^lq.kkS gks---ns[kkS rks dq.k vk;k gS \** rks m.kuSa ykxS dS t:j b.kjkS bZ HkkbZ vk;kS gqoSykvj dha&u&dha dke lwa bt vk;kS gqoSykA

dgk.khdkj fy[kS] ^îMwÙkj lq.k.k lwa iSyka bZ EgkjkS ewaMkS dM+okS gq;X;kSA lksP;kS] b.kh jkS HkkbZ&okbZ vk;kSgqlhA t.kkbZ bÙkh jkth gq;*j gsykS djSA lkGk jkr uSa lq[k lwa lwo.k dksuh nsoSA ts cSu lwa fey.kkSbZ gks rks fnu jk fdlkS vkbZtrkS dksuh \ fdlk vcS ijnsl lwa vk;k gS ! i.k vkauSa fnu&Hkj rks dekbZlwa bZ Qqjlr feyS dksuhA vkokS] cSu lwa fey.k uSa t:j vkokS] i.k VSe rks ns[k.kh pkbtSA cSu uSa yso.kuSa vk;kS gqlhA vckj dSlh ds ekth jh rch;r vpka.kpd fcxM+xh] dS dSlh ds dkdksth jkS ixvk[kM+X;kS ftdkS g.kS&jh&g.kS cqykbZ gSA tk.kS vk MkDVj.kh bt gqoSA**

i.k tn ?kj/k.kh uSa Bk ykxS dS Egkjk lkGksth uha cSuksbZth vk;k gS] rks Hkh m.kjS pSjS ekFkS [kqlh jkdksbZ Hkko fuxS uha vkoS] ^ÊgSa lksP;kS] fdlk cSuksbZth vk;k gS vj g.kS csVSe fd;ka vk;k gS \ EgSa >VÅHkkS gq;*j okajh vxok.kh dj.k lk: uhpS vkax.kS esa x;kSA tkorka bZ ckauSa ns[;k rks EguSa >wa>G&lh*dvkbZ i.k QVkd lwa gkFk feyk;*j EgSa iwNÓkS& vkt FkS bZuS&dhuS jLrkS HkwyX;k \** gkFk feyko.k jhb.k vkSipkfjdrk jS iNS lkGS jS eu esa vew> Nk; tkoS vj cSuksbZ jS ckoM+Óka iNS bZ ck vew> feVSdksuhA

^^[kkl ckr vk gS dS vk vewa>.kh] vka ik=ka jh vcksyh gFkkbZ iNS m.k ?kj esa /k.kh&yqxkbZ jS fcPpS iljtkoSA vk dgk.kh fjLrka jS chpyS HkjkslS jh VwV.k dkauh bZ ladsr djSA b.k HkjkslS jS vHkko esa bt mBSfjLrka fcPpS elhuh O;ogkj ns[k.k uSa feySA vk dgk.kh b.k [krjS dkauh bZ bZlkjkS djS tBs vkS ekufy;kS tkoS dS nks vknfe;ka jS fefy;ka ckrka gkso.kh t:jh gSA** ¼MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k] jktLFkkuhdgk.kh % ijaijk vj fodkl] i- 126½

ckrka jkS vkS cSe yqxk;ka esa dha b/kdkS bt ns[k.k uSa feySA vkS ckajkS lqHkko gSA yksd esa vkS fouksn ?k.kkSyksdfiz; gS dS nqfu;k jh lxGka lwa cMh xIi vk gS dS pkj yqxk;ka vsd BkSM+ cSBh gh vj cS pk:a pqi*ghA vkiljh esa ckrphr yqxk;ka jkS lqHkko gqoS vj b.kh lqHkko jS dkj.k dgk.kh jS ik= jh ?kjgkGh b.klk: vkijS /k.kh uSa iwNS dS cSukbZth lwa dkabZ ckrka gq;hA

88

iwjh dgk.kh esa L=hik= jkS ^jksy* Hkksr de gS] i.k Qs:a bZ vsd vknlZ Hkkjrh; yqxkbZ jh fNc b.kdgk.kh jS L=hik= esa fuxS vkoSA dgk.kh jS var esa m.kjh ftX;klwofÙk Hkh [kqy*j lkaeh vkbZ gS] tdkSyqxk;ka jkS [kkl lHkko fx.khtSA fd.kh ckr jkS rkj dk<.k esa Hkh feu[k djrka yqxkbZ jh ftKklkT;knk futj vkoSA yqxkbZ ik= jh tk.k.k jh vk gwal /k.kh uSa dk;kS Hkh dj nsoS i.k ck vkt Hkh tk.k.kkSpkoS dS vkf[kj ?kaVS&Hkj jh ckrphr esa dkabZ ckr gq;h gqlh& ^ÊgSa FkksM+S tksj lwa dákS] ^dg fn;kS uhads cka dha dksuh dákS] foLokl rks dj rwaA* vk lq.k*j cha cxr rks ilokM+kS Qksj fy;kS m.kA i.k vktrkabZ chajS vk tk.kuS jh baNk ckdh gS dS Egka m.k fnu dkabZ ckrka djh!**

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS ^ckrka* dgk.kh esa L=hik= jkS fp=.k de gqorka Fkdka bZ m.kjS ÅtGS pfj= jhdsbZ&dsbZ ckrka lkaeh vkoSA b.k dgk.kh jh yqxkbZ esa frfj;k tSM+h Hkh dksbZ ckr dksuhA èk.kh jS lqHkkouSa le>rh vj m.kakjS jax&<ax uSa ns[krh ck ckr uSa tk.;ka fcuka bZ gGdh&lh jhl jS lkxS ilokM+kSQsj ysoS vj /k.kh lwa dksbZ f>dkG uha djSA

9-6 lektw vkSipkfjdrkoka jkS fuHkko

vkneh uSa ?kj&ifjokj] lekt vj vkilh fjLrk&ukrk lwa ca/;ksM+kS gqo.k jS dkj.k dsbZ vkSipkfjdrkokaHkh fuHkko.kh iM+SA cks pkorkS FkdkS Hkh vkauSa utjvankt uha dj ldSA feu[kka esa mB.k&cSB.k jkS <ax]eku&euokj] ckrphr jkS rkSj&rjhdkS LlkS dha lkekftd O;oLFkk jS vuq:i bZ lksHkSA vkt jS feu[kjh cnGrh ekufldrk jS ckotwn gjsd vkneh uSa jhr jkS jk;rkS rks dj.kkS bZ iM+S] uharj lekt m.kjSektuS esa /kwM+ uka[krkS bZ tst uha yxkoSA

^ckrka* dgk.kh esa Hkh b.k Hkkar jh vkSipkfjdrk jkS fuHkko gq;kS gSA cs&cxr vk;ksM+S cVkÅ lk: Hkhm.kjh [kkrjh esa pk;&ik.kh jh vkSipkfjdrk rks fuHkko.kh bZ iM+hA gkykadS ?kj/k.kh m.kuSa vkSipkfjdrkoljksVh&ckVh the*j tko.k jh euokj Hkh djS i.k pk; lk: tn cks vkijh ?kjokGh uSa dSoS dS ^^lq.kSgS uh] csxh&lh*d nks di pk; rks c.kk;*j yk** rks m.kjh euxr uSa cSuksbZ Hkh tk.k ysoSA lkGS jhjksVh the.k jh euokj uSa cks ekMk.kh euokj le>*j nqckjk d.kSbZ vko.k jkS dS;*j jkejeh djySA

?kjS vk;ksM+S cVkÅ uSa fonk djrh cxr ?kj jS njoktS rd iwxko.kkS vki.kh ijaijk gS] b.kuSa vkikavkSipkfjdrk Hkh dS; ldkaA tn cVkÅ tko.k jkS dSoS rks vkikauSa vkS Hkh dSo.kkS iM+S dS EgSa tko.k jkSfda;ka dSÅaA vka lxGh vkSipkfjdrkoka uSa fuHkk;ka iNS dgk.kh esa ?kj/k.kh jh euxr lkaeh vkoS]^^jke&jke! HkGS vk;kA &dg ijkS ikNkS vkMkS vks<kGrka EgSa lksP;kS] vcS rks fiaM NwVÓkSA ekfG;S esatk;*j miU;kl mBk;kS] i.k VSe ?k.kh gq;xh tk.k*j] cÙkh cq>kbZ vj lw;X;kSA**

b.k Hkkar izLrqr dgk.kh esa lektw vkSipkfjdrkoka jkS c[kwch fuHkko gq;kS gSA b.k Hkkar jh vkSipkfjdrkokafeu[k jh furdje ¼fur use½ esa lkfey gSA


vki ^ckrka* dgk.kh jS b.k ikB uSa ÅaMh le> lwa i<ÓkS gqokSykA b.k ikB uSa if<;ka iNS vkiuSa dgk.khjS ik=ka jh euxr jkS Hkku vol gq;kS gqoSykA Hkaojyky Hkzej jh laokn&lSyh esa fy[;ksM+h b.k vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh dgk.kh jkS ewG lqj fldwM+htrk vkax.kka jS dkj.k feu[k jS lkekftd lksp esa vk;ksM+ScnGko uSa njlko.k jkS gSA b.k ys[kS ^ckrka* vsd lQG dgk.kh dS;h tk; ldSA

?kaVS&Hkj jh leS&lhek esa ca/;ksM+h b.k dgk.kh esa dgk.khdkj dFkkik=ka jh euxr uSa ?k.kh ckjhdh lwaekaMh gSA cSuksbZ jkS jkr jh cxr vko.kkS m.kjh csijokgh uSa mtkxj djS i.k m.kjS HkksGi.kS uSa Hkhutjvankt uha djÓkS tk; ldSA m.kuSa dkabZ Bk dS EgkjS b.k leS lkGS lwa fey.k lk: tko.k lwa cakjSeu esa fd.k&fd.k rjS jk Hkko&fopkj ?ksjk ?kkylhA cks rks fujysi Hkko lwa Qxr vkijS lkGS jh ckrjk[k.k lk: m.klwa fey.k uSa fx;kS gksA

89

?kjS esgeku vk;ka m.kjh eku&euokj rks dj.kh bZ iM+S] Hkyka bZ cks fd.kh leS D;wa uha vkokSA ?kj ekaM*jcSBÓka gka rks esgeku rks vkoSyk ghA vki.kh laLÑfr ^vfrfFk nsoks Hko%** jh laLÑfr gSA fr.k ijesgeku Hkh dksbZ pyrkÅ uha] ?kj/k.kh jkS lkxh cSuksbZ gSA vSM+h fLFkfr esa m.kjh twa>G Bhd dksuhAgkykadS cks b.k twa>G vj vkijh [kh> uSa ijxV uha dj.kh pkoS i.k ekfG;S jh Nkr jh ifê;ka fx.k.kh]ia[kS jkS rst dj.kkS] fcLrjka jk lG dk<.kk m.kjh >qa>GkgV uSa bt njlkoSA

cSuksbZ jS cs&cxr fey.k uSa vko.k jS dkj.k lkGS jS eu esa fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k ep.kh ykteh ghAi.k dgk.khdkj b.k ?kk.k&eFkk.k uSa Hkh vfrfFk jS lkaeh ijxV uha gqo.k nsoSA cks Åij ekfG;S esacSuksbZth uSa cSBk;ka iNS m.kkajh [kkrjh lk: vkijh ?kjvkGh uSa pk; c.kko.k jkS Hkh dSoS vj tkorhcxr jksVh the.k jh euokj Hkh djSA

b.k dgk.kh esa feu[k jh vsd euxr vk Hkh lkaeh vkoS dS eu fcuka dksbZ dke lkoG dksuha gq; ldSA^ckrka* dgk.kh esa ys[kd miU;kl uSa ft.k vsdkxzrk lwa i<S] fcÙkh bZ [kh> m.kuSa cs&VSe vkMkS[kM+[kM+ht.kS lwa gqoSA vkMkS ctk;ka iNS Hkh vsdj rks v.klq.kh&lh dj nsoS i.k tn ckj&ckj vkMSjh dM+h cktS rks m.kuSa cs&eu lwa mB.kkS gh iM+SA iNS cSuksbZth jh fetekuh lwa ys;*j fonkbZ rkabZ m.kjkSvarl m[kM+ÓkS&lks bZ jSoS i.k b.kuSa cks vkijS mf.k;kjS ekFkS uha vko.k nsoSA

VwdS esa] Hkaojyky Hkzej jh vk euksoSX;kfud dgk.kh e/;eoxhZ; ifjokj jh vc[kk;ka vj cnGrSifjosl esa eku[kS jS eu esa vk;S cnGko jh dgk.kh gSA NksVS&NksVS laoknka jS ek/;e lwa Hkzej e/;eoxhZ;feu[k jh euxr vj m.kjS varl esa pkyrh fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k uSa ikBdka lkaeh jk[kh gSA HkzejjS b.k lcn fcykso.kS esa [kkyh ckrka jkS C;kGw uha] feu[k jS eu uSa eFk&eFkk*j furkjÓksM+kS ek[k.k gSA

9-8 lizlax O;k[;k

EgSa lksp.k ykX;kS] vS Egkjk lkxh cSuksbZ gS i.k vkauSa vkbZt VSe yk/kh vko.k uSa \ i.k vkajkS bZ dkabZdlwj \ fnu jk rks etwjh tkoSA ikapoha rkabZ i<*j cSxk&lhd etwjh tko.k ykxX;k gkA vktdkylkr&vkB fjfi;k jkst jk dek; ykoSA EgSa vkauSa iwjkS vko&vknj nsowaA fc;kal Egkjh fcjknjh esa taokbZjkS lkljS vko.k&tko.k jkS ?k.kkS fglkc dksuhA i.k EgSa vkauSa nks&P;kj nQS dákS gks dS vkS vkijkS bZ?kj gSA dnsbZ baNk gqoS tn i/kkj tk;k djkSA ckrka djlkaA tk iNS vS ?k.kh bZ nQS vk;X;k gqlh] i.kckrka Egs dnsbZ dj dksuh lD;kA vS EgkjS lk;uka bZ gS i.k /ka/kS esa Qjd gS uha ! vS ?kjka fp.kkbZ djSvj EgSa ekLVjhA vS EgkjS dke lwa okdQ dksuh vj EgSa vkajS] dha ftdkS vkiljh jkS fjLrkS vj ladkSbZ cksy.k dksuh nsoSA

izlax % ÅijykS x|kal jktLFkkuh jk pkok&Bkok dgk.khdkj Hkaojyky Hkzej jh dgk.kh ^ckrka* lwafyjhT;kS gSA ^ckrka* vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dFkk&lkfgR; jh vsd ckuxh gS] ft.kesa feu[k jh euxr uSaxSjkbZ lwa mdsjhth gSA b.k euksoSX;kfud dgk.kh esa Hkkoka jh xrkxe vj fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k pkyrhjSoSA b.k x|kal esa Hkh ys[kd jS varl esa mBrk fopkjka jh >yd ns[k.k uSa feySA

O;k[;k % ^ckrka* dgk.kh esa /kkM+h&etwjh djf.k;k cSuksbZth jkr jh cxr tn vkijS lkGS lwa fey.kuSa vkoS rks lkGS jS eu esa rjS&rjS jk fopkj mBSA ÅijyS ekfG;S esa vk/kh*d ?kaVk cSBÓka iNS bZ tnlkGS&cSuksbZ esa fd.kh rjS jh ckrphr uha gqoS rks lkGkS lksp esa iM+ tkoSA

b.k x|kal jS ekQZr dgk.khdkj cSuksbZ vj lkGS jS dke&/ka/kS jkS ifjpS Hkh fn;kS gS] i.k nksuka jkS dke&/ka/kkS tqnk&tqnk gqo.k lwa cakjS fopkjka jkS esG [kko.kkS Hkh t:jh dksuhA /kkjkizokg ckrphr rks cBS bZgq; ldS tn vsd bZ fopkj/kkjk jk feu[k feySA b.k x|kal lwa vkxS dgk.khdkj ekLVj vkijh b.keuxr uSa Hkh jk[kh gS] ^bZ;ka rks EgSa eqydka ck;jh ckrka c?kkj ywaA Ldwy esa ekLVjka vj Nksjka lkaeh ?kaVkacd ywaA Hkk;yka lkxS xIika ekj.k uS cSB tkowa rks ianjS rsM+k vk;ka bZ dksuh mBwaA i.k vBS rks EgSa bZ

90

dha cksy dksuh ldwaA nksuka jS fcPpS cMh [kkbZ gS tka.kSA Egkjh ckrka jk folS dksuh feySA vS tn bZ vk;kgS] EgkjkS leS bZ;ka bt dVÓkS gSA pqipki !

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS izLrqr x|kal esa ik=ka jkS ifjpS fey.k jS lkxS&lkxS cakjS dke&èkaèkS] oSokj vjetcwjh jh >yd Hkh feySA

Vhi % vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa fdLLkk&xksbZ lwa fudkG*j uwaoh nhB nsof.k;k dgk.khdkjka esaHkaojyky Hkzej jkS ukao pkokS&BkokS gSA m.kka jh ^ckrka* dgk.kh] ft.k eka; lwa dS vkS ÅijykS x|kalfyjhT;kS gS] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; txr jh pjfpr dgk.kh gSA b.k dgk.kh uSa vkika fd.kh Hkh izkarh;Hkklk jh ledkyhu dgk.kh jS lSatksM+S jk[k ldkaA

EgSa cakjS psgjS uSa i<rka lksP;kS] vk[kj vS bÙkh jkr x;ka D;wa vk;k gS \ blkS dkabZ [kkl dke vM+X;kS\fjfi;k&ibZlka jh t:jr gq; ldS vj vS yktka ejrk ekax uha ják gqlhA EgSa lksP;kS] ts vS fjfi;kbZ ekax cSBÓk rks EgSa dkabZ djlwaA EgkjS duS rks fjfi;ka jkS ukao&fulk.k bZ dksuhA iSyh ckj ekaxlh]b.k [kkrj mÙkj bZ dksuh ns; ldwaA i.k etcwjh gSA EgkjkS [kqn jkS bZ [kjpkS nksjkS&lksjkS fd;kabZ dj*jpky jákS gSA if<;S&fyf[k;S lekt esa mB.kkS&cSB.kkS iM+S] [kjpkS rks ykxS bZA vS ts dha ekax bZ ysoSrks bZuS&chauS lwa dksfll dj&djk*j vkauS rks nslwa bZA i.k vS rks vki bZ vsd vkMh gSA dksbZ&u&dksbZdke rks t:j gqoSyk tn bZ rks vckj vk;k gSA

izlax % ÅijykS x|kal ^ckrka* dgk.kh lwa fyjhT;kS gSA ^ckrka* vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jh Bkodh dgk.khfx.khtSA Hkaojyky Hkzej jh b.k jpuk esa e/;eoxhZ; ifjokj jh vc[kk;ka vj lkekftd cnGko jSdkj.k feu[k jS lksp esa vk;S cnGko jkS ckjhdh lwa fp=.k djhT;kS gSA

O;k[;k % ^ckrka* dgk.kh jS b.k x|kal esa dgk.khdkj vkijS cSuksbZth jS jkr jh cxr ?kjS vko.k jkdkj.k lks/k.k esa ykX;ksM+kS gSA dksbZ Hkh fjLrSnkj jkr jh cxr vpk.kpd ?kj vkoS rks ?kjèk.kh jS euesa rjS&rjS jk fopkj vko.kk lqHkkfod gSA Qsj nksuwa lkGS&cSuksbZ jkS dke&/ka/kkS U;kjkS&U;kjkS gSA lkGkSLdwy esa ekLVjh djS vj cSuksbZ eS.kr&etwjh dj*j vkijkS ifjokj ikGSA dke&dkt U;kjkS gqo.k jSlkxS&lkxS nksuka jk fopkj Hkh esG uha [kkoSA nksuwa esa eqykdkr Hkh Hkksr de gqoSA lkekftd ijaijkeqtc Hkh cSuksbZ fcuk dke&dkt vkijS lkljS vkoS&tkoS Hkh dksuhA vSM+h fLFkfr esa lkGS jS eu esafopkj lokj gqo.kk bZ gkA

eS.kr&etwjh djf.k;S vkneh jS dkabZ dke gq; ldS \ m.kjS fjfi;S&ibZlS jkS vHkko iSykS dkj.k gq;ldSA dgk.khdkj jS eu esa Hkh iSyikar vk bt ckr vkoSA i.k m.kjh [kqn jh etcwjh gSA ckS Hkh dksbZcMS vksgnS ekFkS dksuh] Qdr Ldwy esa ekLVj gSA ekLVj jkS vkijkS ?kj [kjpkS rks lksjkS&nksjkS fudGtkoS i.k fjfi;k&VDdk m/kkj nso.k jh xqatkbl dBS \ cks b.kh xrkxe esa iT;ksM+kS vkijS cSuksbZ jSvko.k jk dkj.k ryklSA Qs:a bZ ekLVj jS eu esa vkijS cSuksbZ jS izfr genjnh gSA cha jkS vkS lksp dSts fjfi;k&ibZlka jh t:jr iM+h rks cks m/kkjk yk;*j bZ vsdj cSuksbZth jkS dke lkjSyk] i.k dhacrk;ka fcuka rks m.kuSa dkabZ Bk iM+SA cSuksbZ jS vcksykS jSo.k jh vk fLFkfr lkGS jS eu esa [kht iSnk djSAm.kjS eu esa fopkjka jh mFkG&iqFkG ekpSA izLrqr x|kal esa eksVS :i lwa vk bt ckr lkaeh vkoSA

Vhi % Hkaojyky Hkzej jh euksfoX;ku ij vk/kkfjr ^ckrka* dgk.kh jkS izLrqr x|kal feu[k jh euxruSa mtkxj dj.k jS lkxS chp ojx jk ifjokj jh O;Fkk&dFkk Hkh ijxV djSA lkpS vjFkka esa vkS x|kalb.k dgk.kh jkS dkGtkS gSA iwjh dgk.kh b.k x|kal lwa tqM+ÓksM+h&lh y[kkoSA

9-9 vH;kl jk loky

1- ^^ckrka* dgk.kh esa lkekftd cnGko jS lkxS feu[k jS lksp esa vk;S cnGko uSa ÅaMh nhB lwa

91

mdsjhT;kS gSA* b.k dFku uS mnkgj.k lwa le>kokSA

2- ^^Hkaojyky Hkzej jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ^ckrka* e/;eoxhZ; ifjokj jh O;Fkk&dFkk uSa lkaxksikax<ax lwa ijxV djSA** b.k dFku uSa nk[kyS lesr le>kokSA

3- ^^ ^ckrka* dgk.kh jh ?kj&/kf.k;k.kh vsd vknlZ Hkkjrh; yqxkbZ gSA** b.k dFku jS lanjHk esam.kjkS pfj=&fp=.k nk[kyS lkFkS djksA

4- ^^Hkaojyky Hkzej jktLFkkuh dgk.kh uSa uwaoh nhB nsof.k;k dgk.khdkj gSA** b.k dFku uSa cakjSO;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo lkxS fl) djksA

5- ^^ ^ckrka* dgk.kh lk/kkj.k dFkkud fy;ksM+h gqorka Fkdka bZ feu[k jh euxr uSa lkaoBS <ax lwalkaeh jk[kSA** b.k dFku jS i[k esa vkijk fopkj njlkoksA

9-10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % f'koLo:i 'kekZ

2- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa yksdthou % MkW- psru Lokeh

3- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh % ijEijk vj fodkl & MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k


5- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; % MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

92

bdkbZ & 10

izeq[k dgk.khdkj % MkW- enu lSuhbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

10-0 mísL;

10-1 izLrkouk

10-2 dgk.kh jkS vkl;

10-3 nks ih<Óka jkS oSpkfjd fojks/k

10-4 izÑfr jkS :ikGkS cj.kko

10-5 yksdtho.k vj laLÑfr


10-7 lizlax O;k[;k

10-8 vH;kl jk loky

10-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

10-0 mísL;

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS lhxS ikBd lk: lQhaVokS lksp vj uwaoh le> iSnk dj.k okGkdgk.khdkjka esa MkW- enu lSuh jkS ukao gjkoG esa vkoSA b.k ikBÓ lkexzh lk: p;fur okajh dgk.kh^Qqjlr* rks feu[k jh euxr vj m.kjh le> ekFkS bt dsafnzr gSA cklB cjl jk cw<k e?kth vkijhveksyd le> uSa ys;*j] b.k vkQG esa gS dS tdh ckr uSa cS uwaoS <ax lwa lkspS&le>S m.kha Hkkar nwtkyksx m.k ckr uSa D;wa uha le> ik jS;k gSA

tks/kiqj esa vk;ksftr vSfrgkfld ^jktLFkkuh dFkk lekjksg* ¼1995½ esa ckaphth MkW- enu lSuh jh b.k^Qqjlr* dgk.kh ekFkS lkaxksikax ppkZ gqbZA yxSVxS lxGk leh{kd oDrk b.k dgk.kh uSa jktLFkkuhdgk.kh lkfgR; uSa uwaoks l:i nso.k okGh jpuk crkbZA b.k dgk.kh esa vuqHko vj le> uSa ?k.kh flírlwa lkaeh jk[khth gSA vk ckr tqnk gS dS e?kth jh b.k le> uSa nwtk xkao okGk uha le> ik;kA vkvki vkijh le> jh ckr gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk pkok&Bkok leh{kd MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k jktLFkkuhdgk.kh ekFkS dsafnzr vkijh lekykspuk&Ñfr ^jktLFkkuh dgk.kh % ijEijk&fodkl* esa fy[kS] ^^Qqjlrdgk.kh jkS rkS iwjkS tksj bZ b.k le> ekFkS bZ gS& cklB cjl jk cw<k e?kth vtsl vk uha le> lD;kdS ft.k ckr uSa oS le>S] m.kuSa chtk feu[k D;wa uha le>S \ uha le>S rkS uk le>kSA okajkS fdlkSÅr ukao tkoS \ i.k Qsj bZ] vk ckr le>.k jh rks gS bZA**

b.k dgk.kh esa e?kth jS :i esa vsd vuqHkoh MksdjS jh le> ekFkS iwjkS xkao HkjkslkS uha djS vj mYVkm.kka uSa ^lkBh cqf) ukBh* fl) dj nsoSA fnuwaxS&fnuwaxS fnlk&Qkjx lk: x;ksM+k e?kth uSa tn /kksjSekFkS pkyrkS vsd vtc VhV.k fuxS vkoS rks cS m.kjh rqyuk jsy jS batu lwa djSA cS vkijh b.k uwaohle> jh pjpk xkao rks xkao vkijh ?kjvkGh lwa djS rks ck Hkh e?kth uSa dksbZ vksijh fNa;ka jh QsaV esavk;ksM+k eku ysoS vj dgk.kh jS var esa ck nsoh&nsorkoka lwa cksyok i.k djS] ^^gs Egkjkt ckykth----vkS vkajS dkabZ gks;kS ckck] vSM+k L;k.kk&le>.kka jkS ekFkkS fda;ka fQjX;kS ! FkkajkS tkx.k cksywa ckck----vkajhvka[;ka jk vkalw iwaN nsokS----**

b.k dgk.kh jS ekè;e lwa vki b.k ckr uSa vkNh rjS le> ldksyk dS vsd vkneh vkijS ifjokj jkS

93

BkfB;kS teko.k lk: fdrjk&fdrjk dGki djSA i.k tn cxr vj mej jS ijoka.k vkijk vj ijk;kajkS lksp cnG tkoS rks cks vkneh vsdykS iM+ tkoSA m.k lk: cxr fcrko.kkS nksjkS gq; tkoSA lkFkSbZ]

vSM+h fLFkfr esa cks vyx&Fkyx iM+ tkoSA m.kjS lksp jk E;kuk cnG tkoSA cks euka&X;kukavkijS vuqHko ekFkS xhjckS djS i.k yksx m.kjS varl jh ckr uSa lkoGlj le> uha ldSA b.kckr uSa ys;*j feu[k jS eu esa mBrS fopkjka jh mFkG&iqFkG uSa vki ^Qqjlr* jS ekè;e lwale> ldkSykA

b.k dgk.kh jS ek/;e lwa vki vkneh jS vsdyi.kS jh vc[kkbZ uSa vkNh rjÓka tk.k ldksykAe?kth jh b.k ihM+ uSa xkao jkS ekLVj rks ekLVj [kqn ckajh ?kjvkGh bZ dksuh le>S rks vsdySvkneh jh ikj iM+S rks fda;ka iM+S \

^Qqjlr* esa e?kth jkS csVkS eksou tn ckajS fc.kt&ckSikj jh ckxMksj lkaHk ysoS vj vsd fnutn cks ckalwa fcurh djS dS vcS vki lkBh yka?kX;k gks] Åej vkjke dj.kS jh gS & vki nsltk;uS ?kj lEgkGks] dha /;ku&/kwi] iwtk&ikB esa eu yxkokS ! rks e?kth uSa vkijh mis{kk jkSHkku gqoSA vkt uwaoh ih<h jkS iqjk.kh ih<h jS izfr mis{kk jkS tdkS Hkko pky jS;kS gS m.kuSa b.kdgk.kh jS ek/;e lwa vki pks[kh rjS tka.k ldksykA

dkedkt NwVÓka iNS xkao esa e?kth jkS eu uha ykxSA eu ykxS bZ fda;ka \ cS vkijS dke uSavkijS eu lwa FkksM+kS bZ NksMÓkSA ckauSa rks tcjnLrh vG?kk djhT;k gSA ^^ywaBk&ywaBk ckSikfj;kauSa lYyk nsof.k;k e?kth uSa vsdj rks y[kk;kS dS ckajh le> ikaxGh gks;xh gSA ft.k le>jkS vk[kh ftuxk.kh xhjcks djÓks] m.kuSa vkt ckajkS liwr liuikV dj jS;kS gSA i.k e?kthlks>hoku vkneh gkA lksp&le>uS ?kjS jSo.kkS gh vkNkS eku] feanj&nsojk] iwtk&ikB esa euyxko.kS jh eksdGh ealk dj yhuhA** i.k Qs:a bZ m.kkajkS eu dksuh ykX;kSA b.k dgk.kh jS ikBjS ekQZr vki ,d lks>hoku vj ÅaMh nhB jk[kf.k;S vkneh jS ywaBS vuqHko lalkj lwa okfdQgqokSykA

lkBh ikj e?kth jh Hkkar gh lekt esa ukSdjh&islk vkneh jh lsokfuofÙk jS ckn jh fLFkfruSa vki b.k dgk.kh lwa vkNh rjS tk.k ldksykA lgjka esa rks vSM+k vknE;ka jS LokLF; ykHkvj cxr fcrko.k lk: ckx&cxhpka esa Hkze.k&iFk c.kX;k gS i.k xkaoka esa vkt Hkh ^gFkkbZ*VkG b.k Hkkar jk dksbZ lk/ku dksuhA i.k tdkS vkneh gFkkbZ lwa cslh dke jh ckr uSa egÙonsoS m.k lk: rks xkao esa jSo.kkS bZ vc[kkS gqoS vj nwtka uSa Bkyk cSBk ns[k*j fg;k[kkbZ U;kjhvkoSA b.k dFkk&ikB jS ekè;e lwa vki xkaobZ tutho.k jS lkxS vsd ltx xzkeh.k jSO;fDrRo lwa Hkh Hkyh&Hkkar ifjfpr gq; ldkSykA

10-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkjka jh rhth ih<h esa MkW- enu lSuh jkS ukao lkoG vksG[khtS] tk.khtSA vkiuSadgk.kh uSa jktLFkkuh jaxr nso.k vj m.kesa ekVh jh egd fc[ksj.k lk: vsd HkjkslSean dgk.khdkjdS;k tk; ldSA xkaobZ vj yksdtho.k lwa tqM+ÓksM+h vkijh dsbZ dgkf.k;ka ^tkxrhtksr*] êk.kd*]^jktLFkyh*] ^jktLFkkuh xaxk*] ^fc.ktkjkS* vkn jktLFkkuh i=&if=dkoka esa cjlka lwa Nirh jS;h gSAvkijk nks jktLFkkuh dgk.kh laxzS ^Qqjlr* vj ^HkksGh ckrka* NI;ksM+k gSA ^Qqjlr* dgk.kh&laxzS ekFkSvkiuSa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh chdkusj jkS êqjyhèkj O;kl jktLFkkuh dFkkiqjLdkj* feY;kSA ^Qqjlr* vj ^HkksGh ckrka* dFkk&laxzS jh dsbZ dgkf.k;ka jkS fganh] vaxzsth] ey;kye]iatkch vj dUuM+ esa vuqokn i.k gq;kSA b.k ikBÓ lkexzh lk: p;fur vkijh dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* jkSHkh dsbZ Hkklkoka esa vuqokn gq;kS gS vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa Nih dsbZ dgk.kh& ladyuka esa vkijh b.kh

94

dgk.kh uSa izfrfuf/k jpuk jS :i esa ladfyr djhth gSA

3 ebZ] 1958 esa JhMwaxjx<+ ¼chdkusj½ esa tuE;k MkW- enu lSuh ch- dkWe- dfj;ka iNS fgUnh esa ,e- ,-vj ^jktLFkkuh dkO; esa jkedFkk* tSM+S xhjcStksx folS; ekFkS lks/k &mikf/k izkIr djhA jktLFkkuhdgk.kh ys[ku jS lkxS lks/kdk;Z esa #fp jS dkj.k vki e#Hkwfe 'kksèk laLFkku ¼JhMwaxjx<½] eksgrk yksdlaLÑfr 'kksèk laLFkku ¼lknqyiqj½ vj Hkkjrh; fo|k eafnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku ¼chdkusj½ esa lks/k lgk;dvj lks/k vf/kdkjh jS :i esa lks/kdk;Z djÓkSA vckj vki chdkusj jS jkeiqfj;k txr ikSlkGk jS fgUnhfoHkkx esa izk/;kid jS :i esa lsokjr gSA lkFkS bZ vki chdkusj fo'ofo|ky; lwa lac) lks/k ^funs'kd*bZ gSA

fgUnh jk izk/;kid gqo.k lwa vki fgUnh esa Hkh dgkf.k;ka fy[kS vj ^lQsns vkSj HksM+sa* ukao lwa vkijkS vsdfgUnh dgk.kh&laxzS bZ NI;ksM+kS gSA b.k dFkkÑfr jS vykok fgUnh esa ^fdrkc vkSj cPpk* ¼dfork&laxzS½bZ NI;ksM+ks gSA ckG&lkfgR; jS lhxS vkijh vsd iksFkh ^xhrk dk Kku* Hkh NI;ksM+h gSA jktLFkkuh vjfgUnh esa le:i fljt.k djf.k;k MkW- enu lSuh jkS laiknu dkSlG bZ ojs.; gSA ^jkejklkS] lhriqjk.k] Ñ".kkorkj vj jkejkl* tSM+S egrkÅ xzaFkka jkS laiknu vki djÓkSA b.kjS vykok jktLFkyh]jktLFkkuh xaxk vj tkxrh tksr vkn jktLFkkuh jh ukeh i=&if=dkoka esa Hkh vki lg;ksxh laikndjS;k gSA vkijh dsbZ jpukoka jkS vkdklok.kh vj nwj njl.k lwa ijlkj.k gq;kS gSA chdkusj vkdklok.khesa rks vki ^,* Js.kh jk dFkkdkj gSA

jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdknseh chdkusj jS ^jktLFkkuh dFkk iqjLdkj* jS lkFkS vkiuSauxj fodkl U;kl] chdkusj dkauh lwa MkW- ,y- ih- VSLlhVksjh x|&iqjLdkj Hkh fey pqD;kS gSA vkijhdFkkoka b.k ikBÓ lkexzh jS vykok ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ jktLFkku vj txr ikSlkGh ikBÓØe esaHkh lkfey djhth gSA jktLFkkuh esa dgk.kh ys[ku jS lkxS&lkxS vki dforkoka vj fuca/k bZ fy[kSAvkijS fuca/kka jkS vsd laxzS ^fljt.k jh lk[k* ukao lwa 2006 esa NI;kSA

vkijS jkrS&ekrS jpuk lalkj lkFkS b.k fuca/k&laxzS ekFkS [kjh Vhi djrk jktLFkkuh jpukdkj'kadjflag jktiqjksfgr fy[kS] ^^MkW- enu lSuh tehu lwa tqfM+;ksM+k jpukdkj gSA xkaobZ tutho.k jkSdFkkud fy;ksM+h tksjnkj dgkf.k;ka jp.k jS lkxS&lkxS vki vljnkj fuca/k Hkh fy[krk jS;k gSAdFkk&laxzS ^Qqjlr* vj ^HkksGh ckrka* jS lkxS jktLFkkuh jh rhth iksFkh jS :i esa vkijkS vkS fuca/k&laxzS:ih futjk.kkS] vkijS vkB fuca/kka jkS cgqjaxh ckukS gS] ft.kjk vkaVka esa vkfHktkR; jS lkFkS yksdlkfgR;jh NVk jk NkaVk bZ gSA fljt.k jh lk[k esa MkW- enu lSuh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh P;k: lSfy;ka&fMaxy] tSu] lar vj ykSfdd lSyh jh dkGt;h jpukoka jh lkaoBh vksG[kk.k djkbZ gSA lkFkS bZîkBkykspu* tSM+S vGw>kM+ jh xqGxkaBka uSa bZ lgt&ljy vj lkarjS <ax lwa lqG>kbZ gSA**

b.k ikBÓ iqLrd esa ladfyr MkW- enu lSuh jh dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* m.kka jh izfrfuf/k jpuk ekuhtSA vktjh b.k HkkxeHkkx Hkjh ftanxk.kh esa feu[k uSa ?kM+h [kaM cSBuS dha lksp.k&fopkj.k lk: Qqjlr bZ dBSfeySA vkS bt b.k dgk.kh jkS dsanz fcanq gSA dgk.kh jk [kkl ik= cklB cjl jk cw<k e?kth dke &/ka/kk lwa eqxr gq;ka iNS usBko lwa dha uwaokS lkspS vj vkijh ÅaMh nhB vj le> jS ika.k vsd VhV.k esa bZdsbZ&dsbZ rjS jh laHkkoukoka ryklSA b.k uwaoS lksp uSa dgk.khdkj e?kth jS ewaMS lwa b.k Hkkar vjFkkoS&^^yksx Qwy fuj[kS] frrY;ka ekFkS eksnhtS] Hkaojka jk xhr xkoS&i.k b.kesa uoknh ckr dkabZ \ lkons[kk&ns[khA vki ns[kkS] b.k VhV.k jkS uwaokS :i] lSaxka lwa fljS uha nhlS rks EguSa dS;kA dS;*j e?kth yksVkSekLVjth jS ewaMkxS ekapS ekFkS eqa/kk; fn;kSA vsd goGh&lh ^rM+* jh vkokt jS lepS vkijk iaft;k ÅapkdjÓka VhV.k vk; iM+hA iM+Óka iNS m.kjS ewa<S jk ^,fj;y* vj Nowa ix gok lwa gkFkkikbZ djrkfrjfej&frjfej gkyS gkA** b.k BkSM+ dgk.khdkj VhV.k jkS oj.kko bZ uwaoS <ax lwa djÓkS gSA

Åijyh fojksG lwa vkika MkW- enu lSuh uSa jktLFkkuh jk HkjkslSean dgk.khdkj eku ldkaA cS jktLFkkuh

95

dgk.kh fy[krh cxr vkijS ik=ka jh euxr uSa mdsj.k lk: vkijh iwjh f[kerk fn[kkoSA vk f[kerkQdr dFkkud uSa bZ uha] dgk.kh jS flYi vj Hkklk uSa bZ vljnkj c.kkoSA

10-2 dgk.kh jkS vkl;

^Qqjlr* dgk.kh&laxzS esa MkW- enu lSuh jh nhB] ghaMkS] csxkj] Mj] n;k] FkIiM+] Qqjlr] dkrjkS] chM+Óka]Hkksj] tksM+k;r] gkj&thr] lksuS jkS lwjt] eaty vj Hkk;yk fljSukaeS lwa ianjS dgkf.k;ka HksGhth gSA ;warks vka eka; lwa ?k.kdjh dgkf.k;ka esa feu[k jh euxr vj m.kjS lektw lksp uSa xSjh nhB lwa mtkxjdjhT;kS gS i.k ^Qqjlr* esa feu[k jS varl jk vk[kjka uSa lcGh vj iqjtksj vfHkO;fDr feyh gSA

MkW- enu lSuh jh b.k dgk.kh jh rqyuk jktLFkkuh jk dgk.khdkj MkW- pUnzizdkl nsoy jh dgkf.k;kalwa djrk Fkdka MkW- vtqunso pkj.k fy[kS] ^ênu lSuh jh ^Qqjlr* vj pUnzizdk'k nsoG jh ^?kklysVjh [kq'kcw* ;k îjl* feu[k jS eka;yh daoGkl uSa v.kwarS lcG rjhdS lwa vkijS ikBdka lkaEgh ijxVdjSA vS lxGh dgkf.k;ka ;wa rkS U;kjh&U;kjh tehu lwa mBrh nh[kS i.k vka jkS ewG m.kh daoGkl lwatqfM+;ksM+kS gSA vkS oks daoGkl gS tdkS vkt jh vc[kh tw.k esa feu[k jS BsB vkarjS dBSbZ yqfd;ksM+kScSBkS gSA oks ckV tksoS gS m.k fN.k jh tBS oks [kqn uSa ijxV dj m.k feu[k uSa :ikarfjr dj ldSAb.k xGkdkV nkSM+ esa nkSM+rkS feu[k tn vkijS feu[k gkso.k uSa Hkwy tkoS rn vS dgkf.k;ka m.kuSa m.kjS^feu[k* gkso.k uSa ikNkS ;kn fnjkoSA oks tw.k jk iwjk vjFk tk.k.k ykxSA vkijh viwj.krk uSa tk.krktw.k jh iwj.krk jk ekjx lks/kSA ^Qqjlr* jk e?kth jkS VhV.k lkFkS tqM+rkS fjLrkS m.kh viwj.krk uSaiwj.krk esa <kG.k jh [kir gSA iwj.krk jS Hkje esa nkSM+rS feu[k duS vkijh b.k LFkwyrk dkauh ns[k.kjh Qqjlr bZ uha gS vj ts dksbZ Qqjlr fudkG ysoS rkS oks ckoGkS cktSA lh/kkS] lh/kkS vk dgk.kh dhauha dSoSA vk rkS Qxr vsd fLFkfr uSa vkijS ikBdka lkaEgh jk[kS ft.kesa vsd cw<kS vkijkS cxr dkV.klk: vsd VhV.k lwa tqM+SA vkS tqM+ko pk.kapd gks;ksM+kS gSA b.k lk: cw<S jh vka[;ka esa b.k tqM+ko jSdkj.k dha ped cÙkh gSA oks vkijS b.k tqM+ko lwa vk[kh cLrh uSa tksM+.kh pkoS] i.k cLrh duS tqM+kolk: cxr uha gSA**

^Qqjlr* dgk.kh esa cxr jh ckr uSa bt dsanz esa jk[khth gSA vsddkauh dke&/ka/kkS NwVÓka iNS Bkyk cSBke?kth duS fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k lk: cxr bZ cxr gS rks nwtS dkauh xkao jh Ldwy esa ykX;ksM+SekLVj nhun;ky] uwaoh ih<h jS xkaoBh eqduS vj nwtk xkaookGka duS e?kth jh iwjh ckr lq.k.k vjle>.k lk: Qqjlr bZ dksuhA cS VhV.k uSa ys;*j e?kth jS ext esa miT;S uwaoS lksp uSa ckajkS xSyi.kkSfl) dj.k jh dksfll djSA cS lxGk e?kth uSa galh jkS ik= c.kk; NksMSA b.k Hkkar jS oSokj jkS lSlwa cMkS dkj.k cxr jkS rksM+kS bZ ekukSA vkt fd.k vkneh duS usBko lwa cSB*j lksp.k&fopkj.k jkS cxrgS \ ts xkao jh xqokM+ esa yksx Bkyk cSBk rkl bZ jerk ykèkS rks ckajkS iwjkS euks;ksx rks rkl jS cka ckouiÙkk jS vksGS&nksGS jSoSA ts b.k dgk.kh jk uk;d e?kth vSM+k feu[kka jS fcpkGS tk;*j vkijS m.k uwaoSlksp jkS ijeksn NkaVrk rks vkSj bZ T;knk galh vj migkl jk ik= c.krkA i.k cS le>nkjh vk djhdS vkijkS vyk;nkS lksp Bkok yksxka jS lkaeh bZ jk[;kSA nhun;ky tSM+k Hk.;k&xq.;k yksx bZ e?kthjh ckr jkS eje uha le> lD;kA vBS dgk.khdkj vkijh dgk.kh esa lekt esa ^f'k{kd* jh Hkwfedk jkSfd.kh Hkkar jkS mYys[k uha djrk Fkdka Hkh ijks{k :i lwa vkt jh f'k{k.k O;oLFkk* ekFkS djkjh pksV djhgSA vkt jk ?k.kdjk fl{kdka jkS tqM+ko xkao lwa dS xkao jS fodkl lwa uha] Qdr vkijS ifjokj jhikGiks[k lk: gSA Vkcjka uSa i<ko.kkS lk;n m.kkajh etcwjh gq; ldS i.k fd.kh xkao uSa vknlZ xkaoc.kko.k jh vcS m.kkaesa gwal dBS jS;h gS \ b.kjS ewG esa cxr jkS rksM+kS bZ ekukSA

dkabZ ljgvj dkabZ xkao \ cxr jkS vkS rksM+kS rks lxGS vsdlkS bZ y[kkoSA lSgjh feu[kka jh HkkxeHkkxHkjh ftanxk.kh jkS vlj vkt xkaoka esa bZ vklkuh lwa ns[;kS tk; ldSA eksBk ifjokj jh yqIr gksaorhijEijk] vki vkijS LokjFkka jkS Vdjko] vsd nwtS lwa vkxS c/k.k ;k iNS uhpkS fn[kko.k jh gksM vj

96

^bySDVªkfud ehfM;k* jkS xkaoka rd QSyrks tkG cxr uSa vkijh idM+ esa ys; fy;kS gSA iSyh xkao esavsd&nks cl vkorh i.k vcS rks fnuHkj esa lkr&vkB clka vkoS rks bZ lgj dkauh ewa<kS dj.k okGkxkaokbZ tkrfj;ka jkS rksM+kS dksuhA rksM+kS gS rks Qdr cxr jkS bt gSA vkijh xjt dS eryc VkG fd.khuSa vsd&nwtS lwa carG dj.k jh Qqjlr dksuhA iSyh uxj okGk feu[k gqafl;kj vj xkao okGkHkksGk&<kGk fx.khtrk i.k vcS rks ^ckbZ cÙkhl vj chjkS NÙkhl* okGh ckr gq;xh gSA

b.k ckcr jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh chdkusj dkauh lwa izdkflr dgk.kh&ladyu^mdjkl* jS laikndh; esa lkaoj nb;k vkiakjS lkaeh dsbZ rjS jk loky NksMS] ^^vkt lgj vj xkao jhvksG[kk.k lektlkL=h; nhB lwa gq; ldSA vk dksbZ bpjt jh ckr dksuh dS vkt lgj esa xkao jhekufldrk okGk vj xkao esa lgj jh ekufldrk okGk yksx bZ yk/kSA vkt dGw&cnGkoka jS dkj.klkekftd tho.k esa vk;ksM+S cnGkoka lwa dkabZ vki.kk xkao lko vNwrk gS \ Hk.kkbZ jS dkj.k iuirhvsdy[kksjh jh izofÙk dkabZ xkaoka jS vkax.kka rkabZ uha iwxh \ jktuhfr jkS lwxyokM+kS xkao esa dksuh \ xkaokajh tdh ih<h lgjka dkauh c/kh vj cBS clxh] dkabZ m.kka ekFkS nwtkS vlj uha iM+ÓkS \ cS tn&dnSxkao tkoS rks dkabZ vkijk cnGÓksM+k laLdkjka uSa lkxS ys; tkoS \ laLdkjka jkS vkS ladje.k dkabZ jksD;kStk; ldS \**

cMS&cqtjxka jS izfr uwaoh ih<h jk tokuka jkS mis{kkiw.kZ joS;kS vj laLdkjgh.krk jh c/krh vk izofÙklekt lk: vlqHk ladsr gSA ^Qqjlr* dgk.kh esa uwaoh ih<h jkS eqdukS e?kth jh ckr jkS lhèkkS&laoGkSmFkGkS uha ns;uS vk ckr dSoS] ^^dkabZ ckr gS dkdk \ tho&lkSjkS rks gS uha \ Hkkax&xkatS jh >isV esarks uha vk;X;k dBSbZ \** vBS eqduS jkS vkS O;ogkj e?kth lk: mis{kkiw.kZ bZ uha] viekutud Hkh gSA

b.kh Hkkar ckajkS fcpykS csVkS eksou tn nwdku jkS dke vkiS&FkkiS ys;uS cw<kiS esa e?kth uSa jke jkS ukaoyso.k jh ckr dS;h rks e?kth jS dha ckdh uha jS;hA cS vkijh tksM+k;r lwa vkijS eu jh ihM+ uSa b.kHkkar ijxV djS] ^^feanj&nsojka fQjÓka lwa cxr uha chrSA eksou dkabZ lksp*j EguSa nwdku lwa nwj djÓkSgS] Bk uha iM+SA m.k csdwQ uSa dq.k le>koS dS EgkjS v.kHkoka vkxS m.kjh uwabZ vDdy ik.kh HkjS---vk[khÅej jh vk bZ rks vly iwath gS Egkjh] vj b.kjh bZ cks dnj uha tk.khA**

MkW- enu lSuh b.k dgk.kh jS ek/;e lwa cq<kiS jh ekj vkxS bZ gkj uha eku.k okGk e?kth jh euxruSa lkaxksikax <ax lwa mdsjh gSA e?kth tSM+k FkksM+k&?k.kk feu[k vkt bZ lekt esa ykèk tklh tdklkBh ikj djÓka iNS bZ fgEer gkjuS dksuh cSBÓk gSA cS vkijh tw>rh tw.k uSa bZ galh&[kqlh lkxStho.kh pkoSA vSM+h gwal rks uwaoh ih<h jS tokuka esa bZ yk/k.kh vks[kh gSA e?kth tSM+k feu[k Åej lwaHkyka bZ cw<k gq; tkokS i.k m.kkajk fopkj vj ckajh ÅaMh le> Åjekoku gSA vk dgk.kh cq<kiS uSa cks>le>.k okGk feu[kka uSa uwaoS fljS lwa tho.kS jh vj uwaoh ih<h uSa laLdkjoku c.k.k jh izsj.kk nso.k okGhgSA

10-3 nks ih<Óka jkS ôSpkfjd }a}*

lekt esa vkt uwaoh vj iqjk.kh ih<h jS oSpkfjd }a} uSa lgtka ns[;kS tk; ldSA xq#&psyk vjcki&csVS jk twuk vj thoar ewY;ka jkS uqdlk.k lkaiM+rS fuxS vkoSA nks ih<Óka jS fcpkGS b.k oSpkfjdvkarjS uSa Qdr xq#&psyS ;k cki&csVS esa bZ D;wa] lklw&cgw] ek&csVh vj vSM+S bt ?k: vj vkilhfjLrk esa bZ ns[;kS tk; ldSA b.kjkS eksVkeksVh dkj.k iqjk.kh ih<h jk yksxka jh vkijh yhd vj cksnhijaijk uha NksM.k jh izofÙk vj uwaoh ih<h esa laLdkjka jh deh bZ ekukSA

Qqjlr jk [kkl ik= e?kth jk ckiw bZ b.kh twuh ijaijk jk tho c.;k jS;kA i.k vkijh cxr esa uwaohih<h jk e?kth esa dha uwaokS dj.k jkS fopkj eksVÓkji.kS lwa gks vj cS m.kuSa djuS bZ fn[kk;kS& ^êk&ckijk eksHkh iwr gk e?kthA e?kth jk ckiw fc.kt lkj uha le>rk( lsBka jk gkGh bZ jS;k rkftuxk.khAdsbZ ckj ch[kkS iM+ÓkS] ?kj esa Åanjk FkM+h djhA i.k e?kth jS le> idM+Óka iNS ?kj vSM+h vkSM+h esa

97

uha vk;kSA ckajS fc.kt&ckSikj esa c/ksikS gks;kS rks gksaorkS bZ x;kSA ckajh le> jax Y;kbZA le>&ijok.kckajh dhjr jk Fkac ?kj] xkao vj xkao lwa ckjS rkabZ #iX;kA cMh csVh nqjxk vj ea>yS eksou jS tyevj C;ko jh csGk xkao esa ft.k Hkkar ykM&dksM vj xktk&cktk gks;k] m.k Hkkar uha rks iSyka dnSbZgks;k vj uha dnSbZ gksoSyk vj ts gksoSyk bt rks ckajS bZ ukufM+;S jkS C;ko vtsl ckdh gSA e?kth jS?kj jkS vkt dq.k blkS gS] ftdkS iSj&vks<uS ckjS fudGS vj m.kjh okg&okg uha gksoSA nqjxk jh ek rksihfG;S lwa ynuS dud&dkac lh y[kkoS] dq.k uha ljkoSA**

vkijS ifjokj jh flej/kh e?kth jh vkijh uwaoh le> vj lksp lwa bt c.khA ts cS bZ vkijS ckiw T;wadksbZ lsBka jh pkdjh djrk dS iNS fd.kh tehankj jk gkGh c.kuS jSork rks ?kj jh fLFkfr esa cnGkolaHko dksuh gksA e?kth vkijh lks>hoku nhB lwa vkijS tho.k&Lrj uSa ÅapkS mBk;kS i.k oSpkfjd }a}jS pkyrka ckajkS bt csVkS ckauSa fc.kt&ckSikj lwa Qkjxr djuS ikNk xkao Hkst fn;kA xkao ckoM+Óka iNSbZ e?kth Bkyk cSB.kkS ilan uha djSA cS lgj vj xkao nksU;ka jkS pky&pyu ns[;ksM+k vuqHkoh vknehgSA gkykadS vke xkaoBh MksdjS T;wa ckajkS Qxr feanj&nsojS tko.k dS iNS lw[kh gFkkbZ esa eu uha ykxSD;wadS cS rks djelhy feu[k jS;k gSA cS gj cxr dha&u&dha uwaokS dj.k jh lksprk jSoSA vk ckr U;kjhgS dS cS tdh pht uSa le>S m.kuSa nwtk feu[k dksuh le> ldSA le>&le> jkS vkS Qjdlh/kkS&lh/kkS oSpkfjd Hkan jS dkj.k bt gSA

vk ckr rks rS gS dS lekt jh gjSd ih<h jS lksp.k&le>.k jkS <ax U;kjkS&fujokGkS gksoSA uwaoh ih<huSa vkt tdh pht jh t:jr gS ck iqjk.kh ih<h uSa pks[kh uha ykxSA b.kh Hkkar iqjk.kh ih<h jk yksxkajh yhd&ihV.k jh ijaijk uSa uwaoh ih<h udkj nsoSA oSpkfjd erHksn jS lkxS euHksn jh fLFkfr vBS lwabt l: gqoSA vkt lekt esa nk;tk izrkM+uk uSa ys;*j ftrjk Hkh vijk/k ?kfVr gqoS ;k eqdnek nk;jgqoS cka eka; lwa ?k.kdjk vijk/kka jkS ewG dkj.k lklw&cgw jkS oSpkfjd erHksn bZ eku.kkS pkbtSA uwaohvj twuh ih<h jS fcpkGS fopkjka jkS vkS Vdjko iqjk.kS tekuS lwa pkyrkS vk;kS gSA b.k fopkj fHkUurkjS dkj.k bt lklw&cgw esa vk;S fnu nkarkfdph gqoS vj iNS ckr ngst izrkM+uk dS gR;k tSM+S ?kf.krvijk/k rkabZ iwx tkoSA

[kSj ! Qqjlr dgk.kh jk ik= e?kth mej jS vk[kjh iM+ko esa vi.kS vkiuSa misf{kr eSlwl djSA mis{kkjk vS Hkko ijk;k yksxka jS lkxS m.kkajkS csVkS eksou iSnk djS tdkS dS ckajh le> uSa udkj*j m.kkauSa xkaoHkst.k jkS cankscLr djSA tn [kqn jh ?kjvkGh jkS bZ #[k csVS jS i[k esa ns[kS rks e?kth jS dha ckdh uhajSoSA tn e?kth vkijh euksnlk uSa vkijh tksM+k;r lkaeh ijxV djS rks ckauSa le>ko.k esa cscl nqjxkjh ek bZ ckauSa ulhgr nso.k ykxS] ûha tk.kS rks uk tk.k.k nÓksA Fks D;wa [kqn jkS [kwu ckGkS] feanj&nsojkesa eu uha ykxS] rks ?kwe&fQj fy;k djkSA ?kj esa flusVjh jk ik;[kkuk dkabZ gks;k] FkkauSa rks /kksjk ns[;kabZ tqx chrX;k gksoSykA** vk ckr lq.k*j e?kth jkS ikjkS vkS:a p< tkoS] ^^rks rwa bZ HkGS lh[k nso.kykxxh \**

e?kth vkijh tokuh esa b.k ckr ekFkS lk;n dnSbZ xkSj uha dfj;kS gqoSyk dS cS vkijS ckiw jS fopkjkauSa cksnk vj exlk ekuuS uwaokS lksp jk[kS] m.klwa bDdhl dS iNS lQk ikspkS lksp m.kkajh vkSykn jkSi.k gq; ldSA i.k e?kth rks vkijk fopkjka vj lksp&le> uSa ys;*j rVLFk gSA cS lksjS lkal fMx.kvkGk vkneh dksuhA cS vkijh le> lwa ca/;ksM+k vkneh gSA cS pkoS dS uwaoh ih<h jk yksx ckajh le>uSa le>S i.k cnGÓksM+S cxr esa b.k lk: yksxka duS VSe dBS \

vBS dgk.khdkj vsd VhV.k jS ek/;e lwa e?kth jh euxr uSa mdsjh gSA cS e?kth jS eu esa mBrkfopkjka jh fojksG b.k Hkkar djh gS] ^ê?kth jS eu esa VhV.k lkxS gks;ksM+S vU;ko jh ckr mBh vj ckauSay[kk;kS tk.kS cka jS eu eka; lko uwaoS X;ku jkS P;ku.kkS gks;X;kS gqoSA cS VhV.k uSa yksVS eka; lwa ys;*jgFkkGh ekFkS /kjhA VhV.k frjfej&frjfej pkyh vj gFkkGh jh lhaoka lwa dwn*j gsVh iM+xhA**

98

vcS e?kth vkijS b.k uwaoS X;ku jkS c?kkj xkao esa uwaoh ih<h jS eqduS vkxS yxkoSA e?kth m.kuSa gsykSikM+ÓkS] êqduk----!*

^dkabZ dkdk----* ykjS eqM+rkS eqdukS iwNÓkSA

^BS*j vsdj----ns[k] EgkjS yksVS esa dkabZ gSA** uSM+k vkaork cS yksVkS eqduS jS ewa<kxS djÓkSA

eqduks MwcrS&lhd mtkl jS lepS yksVS esa >ka[k*j ns[;kS vj cksY;kS] ^vk rks VhV.k gS] vkSj dkabZ \**

vkijh lksp esa mG÷;ksM+S uwaoh ih<h jS eqduS lk: twuh ih<h jk e?kth jh le> jkS dksbZ ek;ukS dksuhAtn e?kth vkijh le> eqduS lkaeh jk[kS rks cks ckajh galh mMko.k ykxSA dSo.k jkS vjFk vkS dS nksih<Óka jh oSpkfjd Hksn b.k dgk.kh esa dsbZ txk ns[;kS tk; ldSA

10-4 fijdr jkS :ikGkS fp=.k

izÑfr lwa feu[k jkS xukS tqxka twukSA b.kh izÑfr jh xksn esa xkaoBh feu[k jkS ckGi.kkS chrSA b.khizÑfr lwa m.kuSa [kko.k uSa vUUk] iho.k uSa fujeG uhj vj uhjksxi.kS lk: BaMh iwu jkS ijl feySA cksizÑfr jS vsd&vsd njlko uSa vkijh vka[;ka esa mrkjSA cMkS gq;ka iNS ts cks izÑfr jk fprjke vkijSvuqHko lwa lcnka jS lkapS <kGS rks m.kesa izkÑfrd ekSfydrk fuxS vkoSA

lkfgR; jh chth fo/kkoka esa rks izÑfr jkS fp=.k lgtka djÓkS tk; ldS i.k dgk.kh esa b.k Hkkar jkSoj.kko ?k.kkS vc[kkS dke gSA dFkkud jkS tqM+ko c.kk;kS jk[k.kkS vj ik= jh euxr uSa izÑfr lwa tksM+nso.kh vsd Åjekoku dgk.khdkj jS bt ol jkS [ksy gSA jktLFkkuh jk pkok dgk.khdkj fot;nkunsFkk jh dsbZd dgkf.k;ka esa izÑfr jkS :ikGkS fp=.k gq;kS gS vj b.k fp=.k jS lkxS oS dgk.kh jS ik=jh euxr uSa tksM+.k jh tqxr djrk fuxS vkoSA ;wa uflag jktiqjksfgr] dj.khnku ckjgB vj ewGpUnizk.ks'k bZ vkijh dha dgkf.k;ka jh l:vkr izÑfr fp=.k lwa djh gS] i.k uwaoh ih<h jk dgk.khdkjka esaMkW- enu lSuh jh jktLFkkuh dgkf.k;ka esa b.k Hkkar jkS fp=.k lgtka ns[;kS tk; ldSA MkW- lSuh izÑfrekFkS dsafnzr dsbZ uk;kc fuca/k i.k fy[;k gSA

MkW- enu lSuh jS fuca/k&laxzS ^^fljt.k jh lk[k** jS ^¶ySi* ekFkS 'kadjflag jktiqjksfgr fy[;kS gS]^^jktLFkkuh fljt.k esa lxrh jh Hkxrh jS lkFkS vBS jh izÑfr jkS lkaoBkS l:i izxV gq;kS gSA b.klkfgR; esa jtoV jh jhr iz.k&ikG.kk jS ik.k jS;h] rks izHkq lwa izhr bZ dnSbZ de uha gq;hA iGdrhizÑfr jk fpGdrk fprjke /kksjka&/kjrh jS Å.kS&[kw.kS esa njlk;eku gS rks e#&laLÑfr jk u;ukfHkjkeutkjk xkaobZ vj yksdtho.k jS vksGS&nksGS lksHkk;ekuA** MkW- lSuh xkaobZ tutho.k lwa tqM+ko jk[k.kokGk jpukdkj gqo.k jS dkj.k bZ okajh jpukoka esa izÑfr jkS :M+kS vj :ikGkS fp=.k ns[k.k uSa feySAokajh dgkf.k;ka esa mdsjhT;k izÑfr jk fprjkeka jh [kkfl;r vk gS dS oS dgk.kh jS ik= jh euxr lwatqM+rk&lk fuxS vkoSA

izLrqr ikB jh dgk.kh Qqjlr* esa bZ izÑfr jkS oj.kko dha b.kh*t <kGS djhT;kS gS tBS e?kth dkjksckjNwVÓka iNS xkao esa ckoM+S vj ?kjokGh jS le>k;ka cjlka iNS /kksjka dkauh ewa<kS djSA /kksjka iwX;ka iNSe?kth /kksjS jh vsd Vksdh ekFkS cSBÓk ckGw vj fdj.kka jh NsdM+yh izhr uSa fuj[kSA ^^cS lksP;kS] lenjvj ckGw jh ySjÓka esa dkabZ Qjd \ ck;jkS ts gsr trkoS rks nksuwa jkth vj ts QaQsM+.k erS gks; tkoSrks rwQku jkS rkaMo bZ nksuwa tX;ka bdlkj ! b.k /kjrh jh dk;k esa vki&vkijh ikarh fy;ka ckGw vjik.kh fdÙkk euekSth] fdÙkk vk.kafnr vj fdÙkk gsrkGw----tk.kS nksuqoka uSa vkijS QwVjkiS jks nj bZxqeku&xhjckS uha gSA nwj rkabZ iljÓksM+h ckGw jh ySjÓka esa e?kth vkijS eu jh uko [ksoS gk dSvpk.kpdS ckauSa vkijS ix jh vkaxGÓka duS lGlGkV y[kk;kSA uhpS ns[;kS rks vsd VhV.k ghA cS chauSgkFk esa idM+*j [kklk vGxh Qsad nhuhA i.k ck rks FkksM+h rkG gksaorka bZ lkxh BkSM+ vk; iwxhA e?kthrhu&P;kj nQS m.kuSa Qsadh] i.k ck vly VhV.k gh&/kksjk /kjrh jkS gVhykS thoA gehj vkijkS gB

99

NksMÓkS gksoS rks vk bt NksMS !**

^^nwj rkabZ iljÓksM+h ckGw jh ySjÓka esa e?kth vkijS eu jh uko [ksoS gkA** b.k vksGh jS vksGkoS MkW- enulSuh e?kth jh euxr uSa mtkxj djh gSA okajh lks>hoku nhB vj eu esa gqaorh fopkjka jhmFkG&iqFkG vBS lgtka ijxV gksoS vj tn /kksjS ij pkyrkS vsd VhV.k okajh futjka p<S rks m.kjhnlk uSa dgk.khdkj e?kth jh euxr lwa tksM+SA e?kth jh Hkkar m.k VhV.k dkauh Hkh yksxka jkS /;ku debZ x;kS gSA e?kth jh Hkkar VhV.k jh mis{kk bZ dkabZ Bk fdrjk tqxka lwa gksaorh jS;h gSA b.k dgk.kh esabt vsd BkSM+ vk;S x|kal lwa b.k ckr uSa vkNh rjS le>h tk; ldS&

^ê?kth tk.kS ikoL;k gksoS] cksY;k& yksx Qwy fuj[kS] frrY;ka ekFkS eksnhtS] Hkaojka jk xhr xkoS&i.kb.kesa uoknh ckr dkabZ \ lko ns[kk&ns[khA vki ns[kkS] b.k VhV.k jkS uwaokS :i] lSaxka lwa fljS uha nhlSrks EguSa dS;kA**

MkW- enu lSuh jh dgkf.k;ka jh lxGka lwa eksVh [kkfl;r vk dS okajk ?k.kdjk ik= xkaobZ tutho.klwa tqM+ÓksM+k gSA b.k dkj.k okajh jpukoka esa izÑfr jkS fp=.k vko.kkS lqHkkfod gSA ^Qqjlr*dgk.kh&laxzS esa bt vsd dgk.kh ^lksuS jkS lwjt* jkS l:vkrh val izÑfr jh xksn lwa bt l: gqoS&^^xkao jS mrjk/kS iklS ckGw jsr jk pepekaork /kksjk gkA /kksjka ekFkS ÅxrS lwjt jh frjNh* fdj.kka ?k.khlkso.kh ykxrhA xkao&fdukjS /kksjka jS duS bZ Egkjh bLdwy ghA ikSlkG duS vsd dqoks] dqoS duS vsduhe vj nks ljsl jk nj[kr gqaork] ft.k ekFkS Egs ^dka&dka* [ksyrk] ûhe* jh uhacksGÓka [kkaork] ljsljk Qwy rksM+rk] MkGÓka jS yewVrk vj ikSlkG jh dksVM+Óka esa gqcM+kl gqaorks t.kk cka nj[krka jh fNa;karGS njÓka fcNk;*j cSBuS Hk.kkbZ djrkA**

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS MkW- enu lSuh jS jpuk lalkj esa ekVh jh egd jS lkxS izkÑfrd NVk jknjl.k tX;ka&tX;ka gqoSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh i| lkfgR; esa rks izÑfr jk fprsjk MkW- euksgj 'kekZ]dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] pUnzflag fcjdkGh] ukuwjke laLdrkZ] MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh tSM+k ukaeh dfo gq;kgS i.k x| lkfgR; esa izÑfr jkS :ikGkS fp=.k vj cks bZ dgk.kh fo/kk esa de bZ ns[k.k uSa feySA ;waHkh jktLFkkuh fljt.k esa izÑfr jS fp=.k jS ukao ekFkS ?k.kdjkS vdkG vj vHkko jkS fp=.k bt ns[k.kuSa feySA vSM+h fLFkfr esa MkW- enu lSuh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS lhxS tdkS izÑfr fp=.k djÓkS gS cksuoknw vj vyk;nkS gSA cS /kksjS ekFkS fQjf.k;S vsd NksVS&lS tho uSa ys;uS izÑfr jh tdh ÅtGh fNcvkikajS lkaeh jk[kS ck ljko.k tksx gSA

10-5 yksdtho.k vj laLÑfr

laLÑfr lcn jkS ewG vjFk gS& lq/kkj.kkS vj le) c.kko.kkSA eryc dS ijEijkoka vj izFkkoka lwalh[;ksM+kS lxGkS O;kogkfjd Kku feu[k jS vkpj.k uSa lq/kkjS vj le) c.kkoSA b.klwa bt laLÑfrc.kSA lH;rk tBS HkkSfrd fodkl ekFkS tksj nsoS] cBS bt laLÑfr vk/;kfRed mUufr jkS dkjt djSvj b.k lk: /kje] njl.k] dyk] uhfr vj vkpj.k jS lq/kkj ekFkS tksj nsoSA vki.kS vBS jk oSfndfjf"k gqokS vj pk;S tSu eqfu] lxGk bt vk/;kfRed fpar.k vj vkpj.k jh lq)rk ekFkS ?k.kkS tksjfn;kS gSA vkS bt dkj.k gS dS vki.kh laLÑfr eka; oal] o.kZ] fopkj] oslHkwlk] Hkklk vj jhfr&fjoktkalwa tqM+h eksdGh vc[kk;ka jS ckotwn bZ vsd ywaBh vsdrk fuxS vkoSA vBS vk ckr bZ /;ku nso.ktksxgS dS vki.kh laLÑfr eka; vk/;kfRed eksyka uSa egrkÅ ekU;k tkoS] tndS ;wjksih; laLÑfr eka;HkkSfrd eksyk uSa bt egRo fnjhtSA

vki.kh laLÑfr eka; vorkjokn] iqujtue] leUo;&Hkkouk] dje&QG] Hkkxokn] /kje&vjFk dkevj eks{k jh vo/kkj.kk ?k.kh iks[khth gSA vBS oSfnd] ckS)] tSu vj chtk /kje&laiznk;ka jh fl{kkokauSa Hkh ?k.kkS vko&vknj fn;kS x;kS gSA fd.kh nsl jk feu[kka jkS lqHkko vj ckajS tho.k ewY;ka jkS irkScBS jh laLÑfr lwa gh yxk;kS tkoS vj laLÑfr c.kS yksxka lwa] yksxka jS vkpj.kxr xq.kka lwa] tho.k jS

100

rkSj&rjhdka] yksd&foLoklka vj jhfr&fjoktka jh lcGkbZ lwaA tBS jkS yksdtho.k ftÙkkS bZ vknlZoknhgqoS] cBS jh laLÑfr fcÙkh bt lcGh gq;k djSA lkpS vjFkka esa yksdtho.k vj laLÑfr vsd nwtS jkij;k; gSA

MkW- enu lSuh jh dgkf.k;ka esa Hkh yksdlaLÑfr vj yksdtho.k jk njl.k BkSM+&BkSM+ gqoSA izLrqr ikBlkexzh lk: ladfyr dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* esa rks yksdtho.k jh >yd feyS bZ gS i.k ckajh dsbZ dgkf.k;kajh l:vkr bZ yksd&laLÑfr jk fp=.k lwa gqoSA b.kh dFkk&laxzS esa ckajh vsd dgk.kh ^n;k* gS ft.kesalwafM;kS fldkjh fldkj ekFkS tkoS rks Hkh vkijkS furuse uha HkwyS&

^^ÅxrS lwjt ukjk;.k uSa ueLdkj dj*j lwafM;kS] fldkj lk: jksgh dkauh cghj gq;kSA m.kjS vsd gkFkesa lqx.kh lka< jh ekSjh gh vj chtS esa ikGrw fgj.kh lwoVh jh ykach jkl] ft.kjkS vkxykS u[kkS vjkojh nkab± m.kjS gkFk esa yVdS gksA lka< jk ix nkC;ka fldkjh dqÙkkS ls: pkyS gksA lka< ekFkS iyk.k gksvj iyk.k jh ?kksM+h lwa ys;*j ykjyS ik[kfG;S rkab± iljÓksM+h irGh tsoM+h lwa m.kjh lrxkaBh ykBh]yksVM+h vj cksjkS ca/;ksM+kS gksA m.kjS [kka/kS nslh yeNM+ yVdS ghA yeNM+ jS ewa<S vkxS fgj.kflaX;ka&lhnks uSuh&uSuh Qksx jh ydM+Óka yxk;ksM+h ghA fldkj djrh csGk vka c.kkoVh fgj.kflaX;ka jkS m.kuSamÙkksbZ lgkjks gks ftÙkks ckstS&ckaBdS ykjS yqd*j jkl <hyh NksMÓka iNS lwoVh jkSA**

MkW- enu lSuh jh dgkf.k;ka jkS dFkkud HkykabZ xkao lwa tqM+ÓksM+kS gqokS pk;S lgj lwa] i.k ckajh dgkf.k;kaesa yksdtho.k vj laLÑfr jk uk;kc utkjk ns[k.k uSa fey tklhA fca;ka bZ jktLFkkuh dgkf.k;ka uSalSjh dS xkao jh fol;oLrq jS vksGkoS ckaVh dksuh tk; ldSA vk rks dgk.khdkj jS ywaBS vuqHko jhvfHkO;fDr gSA gka] bÙkkS t:j gS dS xkaoBh dFkkud fy;ksM+h dgk.kh esa yksdtho.k vj xkaobZ ifjosljkS oj.kko dha b/kdkS yk/klh i.k lkaLÑfrd ewY;cks/k jk rÙo rks xkao vj lSj nksuwa txka bZ yk/ktklhA b.k okLrS fd.kh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh dlkSVh xzkeh.k dS lSjh fol; oLrq uha ekuht.khpkbtSA

dFkk&ladyu ^mdjkl* jS laikndh; esa lkaoj nb;k b.k ckr uSa ?k.kS lcGS <ax lwa mBkbZ gSA cSfy[;kS gS] ^vSM+h /kkj.kkoka jS ykjS dBSbZ vk nhB rks dke uha djS dS m.kjh dgk.;ka esa pwuS&HkkVS&lhesaVjS edkuka jh BkSM+ ?kkl&Qwl jh >waiM+Óka vj ekVh lwa yhI;ksM+k dksBfy;k gS] MkejokGh lM+dka jh BkSM+tsB&vlk< esa rirS /kksjka jk fprjke gS] dgk.kh jk ik= gksVy esa cSB*j dkWQh&dksdkdksyk&ch;j jhBkSM+ dPpS vkax.kS dk lkG esa cSB*j FkkGh esa iqjL;ksM+h jkcM+h jk lcM+dk ysoS] chajk ik= lkbdy&LdwVjjh BkSM+ ÅaB ekFkS p<*j dBSbZ vkoS&tkoS] fnuwxS&fla÷;k VadhokGS lwa nw/k yso.k jh BkSM+ vkijS ?kjkaÅHkh xk; jkS dk<ÓksM+kS rktkS nw/k okijS vj bÙkh ckrka lwa dgk.kh xkao jh gq; tkoS( vj vka bZ dkj.kkalwa cS vkijS euS&X;kuS m.kuSa fljS dgk.kh eku ysoSA**

lkaoj nb;k jh vk [kjh Vhi vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS lekykspdka lk: vsd ulhgr gSA D;wadSts dksbZ dgk.khdkj xkao jk ifjosl lwa tqM+ÓksM+kS gS rks m.kjh dgkf.k;ka esa xkaobZ tutho.k jkS fp=.klkaxksikax <ax lwa lkaeh vko.kkS lqHkkfod gSA b.kh Hkkar lSjh okrkoj.k esa jSo.k okGkS ys[kd lSjhdFkkud dS fol;&oLrq uSa ys;*j vkNh dgk.kh fy[k ldSA i.k yksd laLÑfr jk rÙo rks nksuwa BkSM+ekStwn gSA dkabZ gksGh&nhokGh dS nwtk rht&fraokj Qdr xkaoka esa bt eukbtS \ yksdtho.k vjlaLÑfr jk rÙo rks vka rht&fraokjka jS Vka.kS bZ b/kdk ns[k.k uSa feySA rht&fraokjka jS lkxSfc.kt&okSikj] C;ko&lxkbZ vj gjSd vka.kS&Vka.kS ekFkS yksd laLÑfr jh lkaoBh vksG[kk.k gqoSA

yksdtho.k jh lkal&lkal esa laLÑfr lek;ksM+h gqoSA laLÑfr jh vk lkSje MkW- enu lSuh jh ?k.kdjhdgkf.k;ka esa bZ yk/kSA cS b.kuSa rht&fraokj vj cjr&cjrksfy;ka lwa ckjS dk<uS [ksr&[kGka vj xkaojh xqokM+ jS fcpkGS fuj[kS&ij[kSA ckajh vsd dgk.kh dkrjkS* esa b.kh Hkkar jS yksdtho.k jk njl.k gksoS]ft.kesa vsd eSurh djlkS fdLrwjkS ?k.kh tqxr lwa [ksr cko.k lk: cht jkS tqxkM+ djS i.k dkrjkS

101

m.kjh mEehnka ekFkS ik.kh Qsj nsoSA

^^djegh.k [ksrh djS] [ksr cGS dk cGn ejS ! rhtka jS C;ko iNS tsB jkS eghukS rks Qs:a vko.kkS bZgks vj vdkl esa cknGka jkS eaMk.k bZ eaM.kkS gksA fdLrwjS duS vcS uha rks cht gk vj uha vkSj bZ dksbZcsar] i.k m.kjS /khjt esa dBSbZ deh uha vkbZA cks vkijh tksM+k;r lkFkS tk;*j [ksr lwM+ vk;kSA vcSm.kjh futjka vkijh tksM+k;r jS xS.kka&xkaBka ekFkS gh vj ck bZ fdlh v.kdS;kS djS ghA xS.kka ys;*jcks lqukj duS vMk.kS eSY;k vj U;ksGh cijk; yhuhA vcS [ksr esa cht iM+rka dkabZ ckj ykxS gh&vsdbZ fnu esa chl ch?kk tehu /kk:a/kkj ckbZtxhA fdLrwjS jS tho esa tho vk;kSA**

b.k Hkkar vkika ns[kka dS MkW- enu lSuh jh dgkf.k;ka jh c.kxV esa yksdtho.k vj laLÑfr jh egrkÅBkSM+ jS;h gSA dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* esa bZ xkaojk tutho.k jS lkxS yksd&laLÑfr jh >yd ns[k.k uSa feytkoS& ^nqjxk jh ek cksyck djS gh& gs Egkjkt ckykth-----vkS vkajS dkabZ gks;kS ckck] vSM+k L;k.kk&le>.kkajkS ekFkkS fda;ka fQjX;kS ! FkkajkS tkx.k cksywa ckck----vkajh vka[;ka jk vkalw iwaN nsokS----*

xkao esa FkjihT;ksM+k Fkku] feanj&nsojk vj cka ekFkS ykxrk tkx.k&tEek yksd laLÑfr jkS ywaBkS igywgSA xkaookGk jh vkLFkk nsoh&nsorkoka jS izfr dha b/kdh bZ fuxS vkoSA e?kth tn VhV.k jS jax&:iuSa ys;j vkijh le> jS lhxS gq;S uwaoS X;kau jS P;ku.kS uSa vkijh tksM+k;r lkaeh ijxV djS rks m.kuSay[kkoS dS e?kth uSa dksbZ psM+kS ykxX;kS nhlS vj ck m.klwa e?kth uSa cpko.k lk: g.keku ckcS jStkx.k jh cksyok cksy nsoSA vk vkLFkk jh ckr gS vj bZLoj jS izfr vkLFkk jktLFkku jS yksdtho.kvj laLÑfr jkS lcGkS i[k gSA


dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* ckaP;k iNS vki b.k ikBÓ lkexzh uSa Hkh /;kulwa i<h gqokSykA b.kuSa if<;ka iNS vkiEgkjh b.k jk; lwa vol lSer gqokSyk dS vk dgk.kh feu[k jS eu esa uwaoh lksp iSnk djSA e?kth jSeu esa pkyrh fopkjka jh ?kk.k&eFkk.k HkykabZ uwaoh vj iqjk.kh ih<h jS oSpkfjd }a} jkS ifj.kke gqokS i.ke?kth ljh[kk nkBhd feu[k tw>rh tw.k vkxS gkj uha ekuSA vk dgk.kh vsd vSM+S vkneh jh dgk.khgS tdkS tho.k esa vkxS c/k.k lk: yhsd lwa gV*j lkspS vj ijaijkxr ekjx lwa VG*j uwaoh ixMkaMhc.kkoSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jS ys[kS ^Qqjlr* vsd Bkodh dgk.kh gS ft.kjkS ukdqN dFkkud bZftanxka.kh jk eksdGk E;kauk vjFkkoSA vkt jh HkkxeHkkx vj HkkSfrdrk jh pdkpkSa/k okGh gksM+kÅ tw.kesa vkneh uSa vkijkS vkikS c.kk;kS jk[k.k lk: fdrjk dGki dj.kk iM+S] vkS vkika lwa NkukS dksuhA b.kdgk.kh jk ik= e?kth bZ vkijS vkiS lk: vkFkM+SA ftanxh esa dnSbZ ykjS eqM+uS uha tkso.k okGk e?kthuSa mej jS NsgyS iM+ko esa iSyh ckj >VdkS m.k cxr ykxS tn ckajkS csVkS eksou ckauSa xkao tk;*j jkejkS ukao yso.k jh lYyk nsoSA b.k ckr jS lneS lwa e?kth xkao esa ckoM+Óka iNS bZ dksuh ÅcjSA ckajh?kjokGh] eqdukS vj xkao jk ekLVjth bZ m.kkajh Hkkoukoka vj lks>hoku nhB jh dnj dksuh djSA

e?kth jkS eu feanj&nsojka esa dksuh ykxSA ckajkS jke rks ckajS eu&feanj esa gSA de i<Ók fy[;k gqorkaFkdka bZ e?kth vkRek&ijekRek jh ckr uSa vkNh rjS tk.kS] le>SA vkS LlkS ckajS lQhaVoS lksp vjljko.k tksx le> jkS iqu&ijrki le>kSA /kksjS jh Vksdh ekFkS vsd NksVS&lS tho VhV.k esa nkuohbatu jkS mf.k;kjkS ns[k.k okGk e?kth jkS lksp fdÙkkS xSjkS vj dYiuklhy gS] vk bt b.k dgk.kh jh[kkl folS&clr gSA

b.k dgk.kh esa e?kth lxGka lwa T;knk eSro ekLVjth uSa nsoS D;wadS cS bt xkao jh vko.k okGh ih<hjk fujekrk gSA i.k tn cS bZ e?kth jh ÅaMS lksp vj xSjh nhB ekFkS vkijh cqf) lwa lksp.k jh ctk;ckalwa ekFkkS yxko.k ykxS rks vkt jS xq#oka jS uSfrd ewY;ka esa vkbZ fxjkoV jh ckr lkaiM+rS futjvkoS&

102

^^VhV.k uSa crko.k e?kth jkS Ldwy jS ekLVj duS tko.kkS] vsd [kkl edln fy;ksM+kS gS] D;wadS KkuuSa mtklf.k;kS oks bZ rkS gSA i.k oks tn e?kth uSa yM+uS ?kj lwa fudkG nsoS rkS fcuk dS;ka bZdgk.khdkj lks dha dS;nSA e?kth lk:a ok vkijS Kku uSa nwtS lkFkS ckaV.k jh vk[kjh mEehn gS] i.kekLVj rkS uwaokS tka.k.k jh gwal bZ uha jk[kSA rn dhdj foxlSyk lkpA dgk.khdkj jh eksVh fpark vkbZgS dS feu[kka jkS vkijS ifjosl lwa dV.kkS lsoV dBS ys tkoSykA vk dgk.kh m.k fpark dkauh vkijkS/;ku [khapSA vkika vk[krh&ik[krh uha ns[kka] fdÙkh phtka fc[kfj;ksM+h gS tdka uSa tka.k.k&le>.k jhvtS t:jr gS m.k lk: Qqjlr vkikauS fudkG.kh iM+Syk rn bZ vkika [kqn uSa le> ldkaykA vkdgk.kh b.k ckr uSa [kkl tksj ns; vkijS ikBdka rkabZ iwxkoSA** ¼MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k] jktLFkkuhdgk.kh% ijaijk vj fodkl] i"B 86½

fl{k.k&ewY;ka esa vkbZ b.k fxjkoV jS dkj.k xkao jh uwaoh ih<h esa laLdkjka jh deh bZ lkaiM+rS fuxSvkoSA b.k ih<h jk eqduk tSM+k vknE;ka uSa vkijS vklS&iklS jS ifjosl jS ckjS esa lksp.k&fopkj.k jht:jr bZ uha y[kkoSA e?kth tn vkijS VhV.k ckcr uoknw lksp uSa xkao jS eqduS vkxS ijxV djS rkschauSa ykxS tk.kS e?kth jkS ekFkkS [kjkc gks;X;kS gSA cks ckajh f[kYyh mMkorkS FkdkS ckauSa Hkkax&xkatS jhpisV esa vko.k jh ckr djSA

dgk.kh jkS var rkS ?k.kS jkspd rjhdS lwa gq;kS gSA tn nqjxk jh ek ¼e?kth jh tksM+k;r½ vkijS vks<.kSjS iYyS lwa vkalw iwaNrh Fkdh] e?kth jh dqlG[kse lk: ckykth jkS tkx.k cksyS vj m.kh cxr vsdNksjkS e?kth jkS yksVkS ys;uS vkoS vj ckajh tksM+k;r lwa dSoS] ^êkLVjth vkS yksVkS iqxok;kS gS] fnuwxSe?kth cka jS ?kjS NksM*j vk;X;k gkA ekLVjth dS;kS gS dS VhV.k yk/kh dksuhA yk/;ka ck bZ iqxok;nslhA**

VwdS esa] MkW- enu lSuh jh vk dgk.kh ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; jh Bkodh dgkf.k;ka jS lSatksM+ jk[khtk; ldS] D;wadS b.kesa vkt jh dgk.kh jk lxGk vkaVk vj d.kwdk futj vkoSA

10-7 lizlax O;k[;k

ywaBk&ywaBk ckSikfj;ka uSa lYyk nsof.k;k e?kth uSa vsdj rks y[kk;kS dS ckajh le> ikaxGh gks;xh gSAft.k le> jkS vk[kh ftuxk.kh xhjckS djÓkS] m.kuSa vkt ckajkS bZ liwr liuikV dj jS;kS gSA i.ke?kth lks>hoku vkneh gkA lksp&le>uS ?kjS jSo.kkS gh vkNkS eku] feanj&nsojk] iwtk&ikB esa euyxko.kS jh eksdGh ealk dj yhuhA vSM+h ealk dj.kh rks lkSjh gh] i.k b.kesa eu yxk;uS fnu dkV.kkS?k.kkS nkSjkS gksA fnu mxS rks fNi.kkS nkSjkS vj fNi tkoS] rks Åx.kkS vks[kkSA fnu chrkS pk;S jkr] e?kthuSa ykxS tk.kS tqx chrSA

izlax % vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.khdkj MkW- enu lSuh jh dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* jS b.k x|kal esa dgk.khjk [kkl ik= e?kth jS eu jh ihM+ uSa lkaoBS <ax lwa ijxV djhth gSA xkao esa e?kth jkS [kkorkS&ihorkSifjokj vj ijnsl esa vkNkS fc.kt&ckSikjA i.k cklB lky jk cw<k e?kth uSa vckj rkabZ b.k ckrjkS Hkku uha gks dS fc.kt&ckSikj jh ckxMksj vcS m.kkajkS csVkS eksou laHkkG yh gSA eksou tn ckauSa vcSxkao fl/kko.k vj ykjyh mej Hktu&Hkko esa fcrko.k jh lYyk nsoS rks e?kth jS dha ckdh uha jSoSAm.kkajh vk ihM+ bZ b.k x|kal esa ijxV gqbZ gSA

O;k[;k % dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* jS b.k x|kal jh l:vkr esa e?kth jh lks>hoku nhB lwa ckajh lQGftuxk.kh jh >yd feySA cMk&cMk ckSikfj;ka uSa lYyk nso.kkS Fkkfu;S&Hkxkfu;S jS cl jh ckr dksuhAvk rks e?kth tSM+k vuqHkoh vj lks>hoku nhB okGk feu[kka jS bt ol jh ckr gSA e?kth jk ckiwthrks vk[kh mej lsBka jS gkGh jS;k] i.k e?kth b.k ifjikVh uSa rksM+hA e?kth tSM+k LokfHkekuh feu[kfd.kh jk gsBokG c.kuS uha jSo.kkS pkoSA cS vkijS cqf)&dkSly lwa [kqn lsB c.kX;k gkA ckajS ?kj esa tdkSvHkko jkS okrkoj.k gks m.kuSa bZ cS esV fn;kS gksA vkt e?kth jS ?kj esa lkrwa lq[k gkA b.k lq[k jS >wyS

103

esa ckauSa vkijh mej <G.k jkS y[kko bZ uha gq;kSA i.k tn ckajkS fcpykS csVkS eksou vsd fnu ckauSa dSoSdS vcS vki lkBh yka?kX;k gks] Åej vkjke dj.kS jh gS& vki nsl tk;uS ?kj lEgkGks] dha /;ku&/kwi] iwtk&ikB esa eu yxkoks !

csVS jS ewaMS lwa tn vk ckr lq.kh rks e?kth uSa y[kk;kS tk.kS ckajS dksbZ ekFkS esa lksV esy fn;kS gqoSA ckauSab.k ckr jkS v.kwarkS jat gkS dS [kqn jkS tk;kS bZ ckajh csdnjh dj jS;kS gS] cka vuqHkoka jh csdnzh ft.kjSik.k vkt xkao esa ckajkS ekuhtrkS ifjokj gSA cS cMS&cMS ckSikfj;ka uSa vkijh jk;&lYyk lwa lQGrkfnjokbZ gSA i.k cakjS vuqHko jh b.k tkxhj uSa ckajkS csVkS vkt vsd bZ vksGh esa efV;kesV djnhA rne?kth uSa vsdjdkS rks y[kk;kS tk.kS ckajh le> ikaxGh gks;xh gS i.k nwtS bZ fNu e?kth /khtkS /kkjysoSA cS vkijS /khji lwa csVS jh b.k ckr uSa fldkj ysoS vj ifjokj lk: lxGkS dha lksp&le>uSijnsl lwa ikNkS nsl tko.k jkS erkS dj ysoS] lkFkS bZ csVS jh jk; eqtc feanj&nsojk vj iwtk&ikBesa bZ eu yxko.k jkS iwjkS tru djSA gka] vk ckr nwth gS dS ckajkS b.k dke esa eu uha ykxSA

NsoV cS vk nks?kM+fpark vkijh tksM+k;r vkxS ijxV dj nsoS] ^^feanj&nsojk fQjÓka lwa cxr uha chrSAeksou dkabZ lksp*j EguSa nwdku lwa nwj djÓkS gS] Bk uha iM+SA m.k csodwQ uSa dq.k le>koS dS EgkjSv.kHkoka vkxS m.kjh uwabZ vDdy ik.kh HkjS----vk[kh Åej jh vk bZ rks vly iwath gS Egkjh] vj b.k jhbZ cks dnj uha tk.khA**

Vhi % b.k x|kal esa ^Qqjlr* dgk.kh jk eq[k ik= e?kth jS varl jh ihM+ lkaxksikax <ax lwa ijxVgqbZ gSA lkFkS bZ b.klwa e?kth jS jkrS&ekrS vuqHko lalkj jkS bZ Hkku gqoSA csVS jh ckr lq.k*j vsdjdhjhl vk;ka iNS bZ cS Bheji.kS lwa dke ysoS] tdkS ckajh lks>hoku nhB uSa njlkoSA

e?kth jS eu esa VhV.k lkxS gks;ksM+S vU;ko jh ckr mBh vj ckauSa y[kk;kS tk.kS cka jS eu eka; lkouwaoS X;ku jkS P;ku.kkS gks;X;kS gqoSA cS VhV.k uSa yksVS eka; lwa ys;*j gFkkGh ekFkS /kjhA VhV.kfrjfej&frjfej pkyh vj gFkkGh jh lhaoka lwa dwn*j gsVh iM+xhA e?kth ilhT;k] ckiM+h jS ykxh rksuha \ cS Qs:a m.kuSa gFksGh esa ys;uS m.kjS ewaMS lkEgha tks;kSA vjs ! vkS ukUgksa&lhd ewa<kS rks ijr[kjsy jS nkuoh batu ljh[kkS ykxS ! m.kh Hkkar dkGkS&dGwaVkS vj fcM:i----dkabZ Bk dksbZ b.k ckr dkauh/;ku fn;kS gkslh dS uha \ tk;*j crk;ka nqjxk jh eka uSa eksdGkS gj[k gksoSykA cS VhV.k uSa ikNh yksVSesa ?kky*j ?kj lk: cghj gks;X;kA

izlax % ÅijykS x|kal MkW- enu lSuh jh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* lwa fyjhT;kS gSA b.kesadgk.khdkj e?kth jS izfr yksxka jS mis{kk Hkko uSa VhV.k jS lkxS gq;S vU;ko jS izrhd :i esa izLrqrdfj;kS gSA ?kjokGka jS mis{kkiwj.k joS;S lwa v.keuk e?kth tn ?kwe.k&fQj.k jS erS lwa xkao lwa ckjS /kksjS jh Vksdh ekFkS tkoS rks cBS vsd VhV.k uSa ns[k*j ckajh le> Qs:a vkijk ia[k ilkj.k ykxSA cS m.kVhV.k esa bZ dsbZ laHkkoukoka ryklS vj m.kjh rqyukRed fojksG djSA

O;k[;k % ^Qqjlr* dgk.kh jS b.k x|kal esa fd.kh pht uSa NksVh ;k de uha vkad.k jh ckr djhthgSA dgk.kh jk ik= e?kth vsd NksVS&lS tho VhV.k jS ewaMS jh rqyuk jsy jS dkGS&dGwaVS nkuoh batulwa djh gSA dksbZ dYiuklhy vj xSjh nhB okGkS feu[k bZ b.k Hkkar jh ckr lksp ldSA D;wadS e?kthvkijh lks>hoku nhB lwa vkijS ?kj&ckj jS lQGrk jk ixksfFk;k yxk;k gS] b.k okLrS ckajh lksp.k jhf[kerk fcM+nko.ktksx jS;h gSA fca;ka bZ Hkkoka vj fopkjka jS fo;k.k ekFkS cSBuS dYiuk jh ywaBh mMk.kcks bZ vkneh Hkj ldS ft.k duS Qqjlr vj fujkar gqoSA

vkijS fc.kt&ckSikj lwa ekMk.kh eqxr gq;ka iNS e?kth duS cxr jkS dksbZ rksM+kS dksuh gks vj vkijS?kj&ifjokj lwa misf{kr e?kth jS eu esa fd.kh nwtS tho jS izfr Hkh m.kh Hkkar jk fopkj vko.kklqHkkfod gkA vk[kh Åej vkijS cqf)&dkSly lwa fc.kt&ckSikj esa c/ksikS dj.k okGk e?kth jS fujeG

104

eu uSa ckajkS csVkS vsd bZ >VdS esa vk dS;*j rksM+ nsoS dS vcS vki lkBh yka?kX;k gks b.k okLrS ikNknsl tk;uS ?kjckj lEgkGkS vj dha /;ku iwtk&ikB esa yxkokS] rks cS b.kuSa vkijh mis{kk jS lkxSvU;ko le>SA vk bt lkx.k ckr cS /kksjS ekFkyh VhV.k esa ns[kSA i.k VhV.k jS ckjS esa bZ ldkjkRednhB lwa lksp.k jS dkj.k e?kth jS eu esa uwaoSa X;ku jkS P;ku.kkS gqoS vj cS lkspS dS cS ft.k tho jS ckjSesa usBko lwa cSBuS tdh ckr tk.kh gS m.k ckr uSa yksx bZ tk.kS] le>SA

e?kth m.k VhV.k uSa gFkkGh ekFkS ysoS rks m.kjh frjfej&frjfej pky vsd eS.krh feu[k jh tkrjkT;wa y[kkoS tdkS tho.k lwa dnSbZ gkj dksuh ekuSA e?kth uSa bZ ckajkS csVkS fc.kt&ckSikj lwa QkjxrdjuS ckajS Bsl iwxkbZ i.k e?kth tSM+k eS.krh feu[k Bkyk fda;ka cSB ldSA ckauSa uk rks feanj&nsojkpks[kk ykxS vj uk lw[kh gFkkbZA cS fur uwaokS lksp.k okGk vkneh gSA b.kh dkj.k ckauSa VhV.k jkS ewa<kSbZ jsy jS nk.koh bat.k T;wa ykxSA cS pkoS dS yksx bZ ckajh b.k dYiuk jh gkaeG HkjS i.k b.k Hkkar lksp.klk: yksxka duS Qqjlr dBS \ e?kth vkijS eu esa lkspS dS tn cS b.k VhV.k jS ckjS esa c.;ksM+h/kkj.kk vkijh tksM+k;r lkaeh ijxV djSyk rks m.kuSa bZ t:j gj[k gqoSyk vj vk ckr crko.k lk:markoGk e?kth ?kj dkauh Oghj gqoSA i.k e?kth vkijh uwaohudksj le> uSa vkijh tksM+k;r vkxS jk[kSrks m.kuSa ykxS tk.kS vka L;k.kk&le>.kk jkS ekFkkS fQjX;kS gS vj dha vSM+kS bt fopkj xkao jS eqduSvj ekLVjth jS eu esa vkoSA

Vhi % dgk.khdkj ijrhd :i esa VhV.k jkS oj.kko ?k.kkS lksp&le>uS djÓkS gSA /kksjka èkjrh jkS vkSgVhykS tho gS] ft.kuSa dksbZ fdÙkkS bZ vkarjS cxk; nsokS cks vkijh tkrjk tkjh jk[kS lkxh ety ekFkSikNkS iwx tkoSA e?kth jh euxr uSa njlko.k okGkS vSM+kS >h.kkS oj.kko dksbZ f[kerkoku dgk.khdkjbZ dj ldSA

10-8 vH;kl jk loky

1- ^^dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* esa e?kth jh lks>hoku nhB vj ÅaMh le> jk njl.k gqoSA** b.k dFku jhfojksG nk[kyS lkxS djkokSA

2- ^^MkW- enu lSuh vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jk HkjkslSean dgk.khdkj gSA** b.k dFku jhfojksG ^Qqjlr* dgk.kh jh [kkfl;rka jS lkxS djkSA

3- dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* esa uwaoh ih<h vj iqjk.kh ih<h jS oSpkfjd }a} uSa nk[kyS lkxS le>kokSA

4- ^Qqjlr* dgk.kh esa djhT;kS izÑfr&fp=.k dgk.kh jS ik=ka jh euxr lwa esG [kkorkS&lksy[kkoSA b.k ckr uSa nk[kyS lkxS le>kokSA

5- MkW- enu lSuh jh dgkf.k;ka esa yksdtho.k vj laLÑfr jh >yd feySA fojksG djkSA

6- dgk.kh ^Qqjlr* jS [kkl ik= ê?kth* jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka ijxV djkSA

10-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka


2- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % f'koLo:i 'kekZ


4- cxr jh ckj[kM+h % MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k

5- vkykspuk jh vka[k lwa % MkW- dqanu ekyh

105

bdkbZ & 11

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| % js[kkfprjke fo|kbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

11-0 mísL; %&

11-1 izLrkouk

11-2 js[kkfp= fo|k jkS mnS&l:i vj ifjHkk"kk

11-3 js[kkfp= vj laLej.k eka; vkarjkS

11-4 jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; eka; js[kkfp=ka jkS foxlkokS

11-5 js[kk fprjke jke rRo

11-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

11-7 vH;kl jk loky

11-8 lanHkZ iksF;ka

11-0 mísL; %&

1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lfgR; x| eka; js[kkfprjke fo/kk jkS X;ku djko.kkSA

2- js[kkfprjke fo/kk eka; js[kkfprjke fy[kht.kS jh dGk jh fiNk.k djko.khA

3- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lcn flejFkrk jh vksG[kk.k lkeh yko.khA

4- oLrq ¼feu[k½ ;k fnzL; jkS lcn&fprjke lkxS fp=e;rk njlko jh f[kerk njlko.khA

5- js[kkfprjkeka eka; dgkorka] eqgkojk ¼vks[kk.kka½ jh ijksV.k xr jh tk.kdkjh ikBdka lkehjk[k.khA

6- js[kkfprjke vj laLej.k eka; >h.kS vkarjS jh fiNk.k djko.khA

7- js[kkfp= fo/kk eka; ys[ku jh izsj.kk nsoGhA

8- js[kkfp= lk: vH;kl djko.kkS vj fo/kk uS vkxS cèkko.khA

11-1 izLrkouk

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jh x|&fo/kkoka eka; js[kkfprjke fo/kk lkaoBh vj lcGh foèkk gSA lcn^^vaxzsth eka; ^LdSp* jkS fgUnh mYFkkS js[kkfp= ekuhtSA js[kkfp=ka jkS lacaèk fp=dGk fol; lkxStksM+htSA fp=dkj vkijh rwGh lwa js[kkoka c.kkoS vj fp= mdsjS] b.kh rfj;ka lkfgR;dkj lcnkajk fprjke ekaMS] pkoS oks feu[k gksokS] pkoS dksbZ clr ¼oLrq½ ;k fnzL;A js[kkfp= lcnka jhyxksyx tqM+r lwa fprjke c.kkoS vj rLchj [kM+h djSA vk folslrk js[kk fp=dkj ;k lcnfp=dkj jh gksoSA vk ckr lk¡ap dS js[kkfprjke dksbZ QksVw dksuh gksoS vj uha lkoG nh[k.kokGh ewjr ;k fp=A vk vk/kqfud x| lkfgR; jh vsd cstksM+ fo/kk gS] ftdS jkS js[kht.kS jkSrjhdkS U;kjkS&fujokGkS gksoSA b.k fo/kk jh l:vkr nwth Hkklkoka lwa ;kfu baxjsth] Mp] QSapvkn lwa gks;ksM+h gSA js[kk fprjke fo/kk fgUnh] xqtjkrh] caxyk] ejkBh vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka;fy[khtrh jS;h gSA

11-2 js[kkfp= fo/kk jkS mnS&l#i vj ifjHkk"kk

106

js[kkfp= fo/kk lkfgR; eka; vfHk/kk dFk.k eka; dS;h tkoSA de lwa de lcnka eka; dykRedl:i vi.kkork Fkdka feu[k&ekuoh] ;k fd.kh oLrq ;k fnzL; jkS gwcgw js[kht.kkS ekuhtSA eksVSrkSj ekFkS dS;ks tk; ldS gS dS js[kkfp= lcn fp= bZ tk.khtSA lcnka uS lkoG ijksVrk Fkdkajspkfp=dkj uqaoh ewjr [kM+h djS] uqaokS fnzL; lkeha mdsjSA

js[kkfp= jh ifjHkklk

fo}kuka jh nhB eka; js[kkfp= jh ifjHkklk uhps eqtc tk.khtS&

MkW- fl)ukFk dqekj fy[kS &

^^js[kkfp= fd.kh feu[k] clr ¼oLrq½] ?kVuk ;k Hkko jkS de lwa de lcnka eka; ejeLilhZ]Hkkoiwj.k] ltho vadu gksoSA js[kkfp= jh folslrk foLrkj esa dksuh gksoS&rh[kS izokg eka; gksoSAjs[kkfp= iwjkS uh gksos & feu[k] clr ¼oLrq½ ?kVuk vkn jkS vsd fuLpS nhB fcUnq lwa djhT;kSM+kSizfrfcEc gksoS ftdS eka; y?kqi.k jS lkxS&lkxS rhoz laosnulhGrk ekStwn jSoSA*

MkW- xksfoUn f=xq.kk;r jkS er gS &

^^js[kkfp= oLrq ¼clr½ feu[k&ekuoh vj ?kVuka lwa c.;ksM+kS ejeLilhZ vj Hkkoe; foèkku gSft.k eka; dykdkj jkS laosn.klhG fgjnS vj cha jh lw{e ifjoh{k.k nhB lwa futw tho.k mMsy*jizk.k&izfrLBk dj nsoSA*

MkW- HkkxhjFk feJ fy[kS &

^^lcn fprjkeka eka; fd.kh&feu[k jkS tFkkjFk vj lkpk pfj= laca/kh folslrkoka uS mdsj.kSjkS iz;kl gksoSA*

MkW- uxsUæ jkS er gS dS &

^^fp=dyk jkS vks lcn lkfgR; eka; vk;ks tn bZ jh ifjHkklk cnGxhA

Åij fy[;ka eqtc ifjHkklkoka crkork Fkdka js[kk fprjkeka jkS ft.kHkkar l#i gksoS m.k jkSm.krfj;ka c[kk.k djhtSA

¼d½ js[kk fprjke fd.kh feu[k vj clr ¼oLrq½ jkS ekaMht.kkS gksoSA

¼[k½ js[kk fprjkeka jh lcnkoGh xS*jh&Å¡Mh vj ljlrk lwa Hkj~;kSM+h gksoSA

¼x½ js[kk fprjkeka eka; laosnulhGrk vj fgaoGkl gkso.kkS t:jh gSaA

¼?k½ js[kk fprjke lcnka jS tfj;S Hkkoe; l#i c.kkoSA

¼M½ b.k eka; ckjhd fp=.k vj foLysl.k gkso.kkS t:jh gSA

¼p½ js[kk fprjkeka eka; c[kk.k dj.kkS tFkkjFk gksoSA fol;&oLrq lkxS vuqHkwfr vj dYiukjkS jax jaxhT;kSM+kS gksoSA

js[kkfp=ka eka; nks; rRoka jh izeq[krk jSoSA ¼1½ js[kkfp= dkYifud uha gq;*j tFkkjFk gksoSA ¼2½js[kkfp= ;k lcn fp= oLrq ;k fnzL; ek¡M ldSA js[kk fprjkeka eka; jkxkRedrk vj vSdkRedrkjkS xq.k ekStwn jSoSA b.k rfj;ka js[kk fprjkeka lk: uhpS fy[;k eqtc ckrka ekFkS /;ku jk[khtSA

¼d½ tFkkjFk fp=.k dkuh >qdkoA

¼[k½ js[kk fp=dkj jkS /;ku vSdkRedrk fy;ksM+k y{; ekFkS fVD;kSM+kS jSoSA

¼x½ b.k eka; ik= folsl ;k oLrq jh folslrkoka mdsjhtSA

¼?k½ js[kkfprjke c[kk.k djrk Fkdka dYiuklhGrk jkS jax bZ js[kkfprjkeka uS fpyd vj pedfnjkoSA

107

¼M½ b.k eka; fp=kRed] izHkkokRed vj lkadsfrd Hkklk jkS mi;ksx gkso.kkS t:jh gSA

feu[k&ekuoh jh vuqHko lxrh jh U;kjh&fujokGh fNoka vj fol;&oLrq jS tfj;S js[kk fprjkekajk Hksn uhpS eqtc ekuhtSA

¼1½ oj.ku iz/kku js[kkfp=

¼2½ laLej.kkRed js[kkfp=

¼3½ laosnukRed js[kkfp=

¼4½ O;aX;kRed js[kkfp=

¼5½ :ikRed js[kkfp=

¼6½ euksoSX;kfud js[kkfp=

11-3 js[kkfp= vj laLej.k eka; vkarjkS

js[kkfp= vj laLej.k eka; >h.kks vkarjkS gksoSA laLej.k [;kr ukao feu[kka ekFkS fy[khtSA tndSjs[kkfp= okLrS dksbZ ca/k.k dksuh gksoSA js[kkfp=ka jkS laca/k feu[k] cLrq ¼clr½ ;k fnzL; lwagksoSA

laLej.kka eka; nsldkG vj ik=ka uS lkfey djhtS vj m.kka jh ukukfo/k lSfy;ka ¼fy[k.kxr½jkS iz;ksx gksoSA js[kkfp= eka; b;kaGdh laHkkouk dksuh gksoSA js[kkfp= fo/kk vkèkqfud jktLFkkuhx| eka; uqaoh fo/kk gS A js[kkfp=ka uS lcn fprjke bZ dS;kS tkoSA

11-4 jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; eka; js[kkfp=ka jkS foxlkokS

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| ijEijk esa js[kkfp= js[kht.kk ?k.kk twuka dksuhA i=&if=dkoka eka;izdkflr js[kkfp=ka eka; nkÅn;ky tks'kh jkS ^d.kS dekoka Egkjk ohjk* egrkÅ fx.khtSA b.klkxS bZ Hkaojyky ukgVk] eqjyh/kj O;kl ^jktLFkkuh*] Jhyky uFkey tks'kh] eksguyky iqjksfgr]vksadkjJh vkn jk ukao fy;k tk; ldSA

eqjyh/kj O;kl ^jktLFkkuh* jk ^twuk&thork fprjke*] Jhyky uFkey tks'kh jk ^lcM+dk*]f'kojkt Naxk.kh jh iksF;ka ^mf.k;kjk*] ^vksG[kk.k*( feu[kka jh ek;k*] vj MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgrjh iksF;ka ^vVkjoka*( odhy lk*c] ?k.kh pkoh gSA

lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor vLrvyh ey[kkau] euksgjflag jkBkSM+] ';ke egf"kZ] y{ehukjk;.k jaxk] vknjk ukao laLej.kkRed js[kkfp= vj js[kkfp=keka lk: fy;k tk; ldSA

b.k js[kkfp=ka eka; dgk.kh] dfork ;k x| vkn jkS #i lkfey gksorkS ykxSA js[kk fprjkepkoS vaxjsth] ÝSap] Mp ;k fgUnh Hkklk eka; js[khT;ksM+k HkyS bZ gksokS] i.k jktLFkkuh Hkklkeka; js[kkfprjke js[kht.kkS U;kjkS&fujokGkS gksoSA vS lxGk lcn fprjke c.kkork Fkdka oLrq]feu[k vj fijdr jk fnzL;ka rRo esa fp=kRedrk njlkoSA

11-5 js[kkfprjke jk rRo

js[kkfprjkeka eka; eksVS rkSj ekFkS rhu rRoka jh ekStwnxh jSoSA ¼1½ ik= ;k oLrq ¼2½ Hkklk&lSyh vj ¼3½ mísL;A

11-5-1 ik= ;k clr

js[kkfp= jkS iSyM+kS rRo ik= ;k oLrq gksoSA b.k oLrq vj feu[k ¼O;fDr½ ;k pfj=jkS O;fDrRo lEidZ lk/k.kS lwa fgoM+S ekFkS vlj gksoS] fgaoGkl /kq, vj m.kjkS c[kk.klcnka eka; fy[khtS& cks bZ js[kkfp= jkS egrkÅ vk/kkj c.kSA fijdr] feu[k] mRihfM+r

108

v.ki<+ vj misf{kr egkiq#lka jkS fol; js[kkfp= lk: js[khtS] ft.k eka; eerk] d#.kkvj lgkuqHkwfr jkS c[kk.k gksoSA

11-5-2 Hkklk&lSyh

js[kk fprjke js[khtrk Fkdka lcnka jkS tqM+ko lkso.kkS gksoS vj cS lcn fprjke lkehavkoS tn ikBd jk fg;k ij xgjks vlj gksoSA b.k eka; folsl.k] vyadj.k jh NVk]dFk.kh jh fofp=rk vj O;atuk&y{k.kk lcn&lxrh jkS iz;ksx bZ gksoSA Hkklk lgt]ljy] lqcks/k] lqe/kqj] je.kh;] xaHkhj] lqlaxfBr vj fp=e;rk fn[kko.k jh f[kerk jk[kSA

js[kkfp=ka jkS js[kht.kkS egrkÅ mísL; jk[kSA feu[k&ekuoh lekt eka; ?k.k[kjh vc[kka;k]ekStwn jSoSA lksl.k] mRihM+u] Å¡p&uhp] Hksn&Hkko] v.e.kkiu ftlh vc[kk;ka uS lcnfprjkeka jS tfj;S lkekftd&dY;k.k lk: uqaokS ekjx njlko.k jkS egrkÅ mísL; gksoSAjs[kkfp=dkj eka; foln~ lgkuqHkwfr jk Hkko gksoS vj cks feu[k&ekuoh jh ihM+koka uSnwj djkoS] m.kka jS lkxS tx dY;k.kdkjh Hkkoukoka jk ewY; FkjikoSA js[kkfp=ka jkS lQymísL; flLVh eka; ekStwn vc[kk;ka uS feVk.kks vj tho.k tksl] meko vj meax lkxStho.k fcrko.k jh izsj.kk fnjkoSA

ikBd uS js[kk fprjke py&fp= jh rfj;ka ekye gkso.kkS pkbtSA js[kk fprjkeka uS i<+.kvj fy[k.kS lwa ekuoh lekt eka; ln~Hkko] ln~izsj.kk jk Hkko ÅitSA feu[k&feu[k jSlkxS lkso.kkS cS*okj c.krkS tkoSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh i=&if=dkoka eka; js[kk fprjkeka jkS js[kht.kkS uqaoh ih<+h jS js[kkfp=dkjka jh c/kr djkoSA js[kk fprjkeka jh iksF;ka lk: ij[k djht.kh t:jh gSA b.klwa Hkklk jh uqaoh x|&fo/kk js[kkfp= jkS jpht.kkS cjkcj gwlhA

11-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

ek;M+&Hkklk jk gsrkGq vj ykMyk fy[kk*j ?k.kS eku js[kkfp= fo/kk uS vi.kkoS tn bZ b.kfo/kk eka; c/kk;ks gksoSA

jktLFkkuh x| jh eksdGh fo/kkoka vtSrkb± fy[khtrh tk jS;h gSA i.k cka fo/kkoka eka; js[kkfprjke vj fjiksrkZt fy[k.k okGka jh deh v[kjSA uqaoh ih<+h eka; js[kkfp= foèkk jk fy[kkjkvckj rkbZ vkaxG~~;ka ekFkS fx.khtSA nkÅn;ky tks'kh] Hkaojyky ukgVk] eqjyhèkj O;kl ^jktLFkkuh*jS lkxS&lkxS Jhyky uFkey tks'kh] MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh] f'kojkt Naxk.kh] MkW- cztukjk;.kiqjksfgr] vksadkjJh] cStukFk iaokj] euksgjflag jkBkSM+] MkW- nhun;ky vks>k vkn jk ukao fx.kk;ktk; ldSA MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh js[kkfp=ka jh iksF;ka ^vVkjoka* vj %odhy* lk*c jh Hkksedkfy[krk Fkdka fo|k okpLifr ia- fo|k/kj 'kkL=h jh jk; ?k.kh pkoh vj Bkoh jS;h gSA b.khHkkar ^mf.k;kjk* js[kk fprjke jh iksFkh f'kojkt Naxk.kh jfpr gS] ftdS ekFkS MkW- iq#"kksÙkeykyeuksfj;k fy[;kS dS ^^Jh Naxk.kh js[kkfprjke lhèkk&lknk] fupyS ojx jS yksxka jh fgek;r djrkFkdka eka;yh ehBh ekj ekjSA m.kka jS js[kk fprjkeka eka; vkLFkk] foLokl vj O;aX; bZ ?k.kSekunh[kSA** b.kh rfj;ka Jh Naxk.kh jh js[kk fprjkeka jh iksFkh ^vksG[kk.k* efgykoka isVs fy[khT;ksM+hgS vj ^feu[kka jh ek;k* lkèkkj.k feu[kka jS cM+i.k jha vksG[kk.k djkoSA vksadkj Jh jkS ^rkaxkokGkS*js[kk fprjke ?k.kks vljdkjh gSA Jhyky uFkey tks'kh jk js[kk fprjke ^vyk;nk&vyk;nk*feu[kka jh folslrkoka] vc[kk;ka] nq%[k njn jkS tFkkjFk cj.kko djSA

eqjyh/kj O;kl ^jktLFkkuh* jk js[kk fprjke lk/kkj.k feu[kka jh vlk/kkj.k fcjrh] lqHkko] vknrkavj tho.k&th.kS jh eulkoka uS mdsjrk y[kkoSA b.kh Hkkar eksguyky iqjksfgr jk js[kk fprjke

109

bZ feu[kka jh fcjR;ka] lqHkko ekFkS futj fVdkoSA

js[kk fprjke js[kht.kkS ?k.kkS egrkÅ gSA D;wadS b.k fo/kk eka; dBsbZ&dBsbZ ?kVukoka jkS tqM+kom.kka uS laLej.kkRed js[kk fprjkeka jS uthd FkjikoSA js[kk fprjke vj laLej.kka eka; >h.kkSvkarjkS gS] i.k js[kk fp=dkj vkijh lkso.kh ys[k.kh vj lcnka jh tqM+r lkxS feu[kka] ?kVukokavj njlkoka uS mdsjSA js[kk fp=dkj jh >h.kh nhB] vwaMh lksp] vj lksp jh xS*jkbZ bZ cha c[krekye gksoS] tn ikBd vkijh efr lwa m.kka uS fuj[kS&ij[kSA iq"iyrk dL;i jk js[kk fprjkekajh iksFkh ^;knka dk ia[ks#* b.k fo/kk jh egrkÅ iksFkh gSA euksgj flag jkBkSM+ bZ js[kk fprjkekajkS vksirks ys[ku djSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh uqaoh fo/kk js[kkfp= gS ftdS eka; js[kk fp=dkjka jkS c/ksikS gqorkSjSo.kkS pkbZtSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; jh flejFkrk tn bZ ekuhtS yk tn m.k jS lkfgR;ys[ku esa fy[kkjka jh yxksyx psLVk c.krh jSoSA js[kkfp= fo/kk dgk.kh jS uthd jSork FkdkabZ vkijh uqaoh fNc jk[kSA

js[kk fprjkeka eka; lkekftd] /kkjfed] lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd vj vkjfFkd ifjosl dkuhltxrk jk[k.kh t:jh gksoSA js[kk fprjkeka jk ik= lk/kkj.k turk eka; ?k.k[kjk feGS] ftdkvkijS lekt jh vxqokbZ djrk y[kkoS] lkaLÑfrd psr.kk lk: thoUrrk njlkoS vj lekteka; m.k cka feu[kka jh fNc lwa :c: djkoSA

vkt jS lekt eka; yxksyx cnGko vk jS;kS gSA b.k cnGko jS lkxS ft;k&twa.k lk: vc[kk;ka]fclerkoka c<+ jh gS vj ekuoh vknlk± uS vk¡p ykxrh lh ykxS] eku[kkS xwaxS vckSyS pkSjkoSekFkS vk;*j ÅHkX;kS gS & m.kka lk: tqx&cks/k vj uqaoh nhB njlko.k okLrS js[kk fprjkefo/kk jS c/kkiS jh t:r y[kkoSA

11-7 vH;kl jk loky

1- js[kkfp= fo|k jh ifjHkk"kk fy[kkS A

2- js[kkfp= fo|k jkS Lo:i vj fodkl jkS o.kZu djksA

3- js[kkfp= jk rRoka jh tkudkjh n~;ksA

11-8 lanHkZ iksF;ka






110

bdkbZ & 12

izeq[k js[kk fprjkedkj & MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgrbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

12-0 mísL;

12-1 izLrkouk

12-2 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izeq[k x| fo/kkoka

12-3 izeq[k x| fo/kk js[kk fprjke & mn~Hko vj fodkl

12-4 js[kk fprjke jh ifjHkklk rRo vj fodkl

12-5 izeq[k js[kk fprjke vj fprsjk & MkW- czztukjk;.k iqjksfgr

12-6 jktLFkkuh js[kk fprjke jh fol;&oLrq

12-7 js[kkfprjke jh Hkklk&vj lSyh

12-8 MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kk fprjkeka jh folslrkoka

12-9 lizlax O;k[;k

12-10 bdkbZ jks lkj

12-11 vH;kl jk loky

12-12 lanHkZ iksF;ka

12-0 mísL; %

1- js[kk fp=dkjka jh jpukoka jh tk.kdkjh djko.khA

2- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| eka; js[kkfp= js[kht.kS jh fiNk.kA

3- Hkklk] dSo.kxr ¼dF;½ vj flYi ¼cq.kxV½ jh tk.kdkjh fdjko.khA

4- js[kk fprjke jh lcnka lwa fprjke c.kko.k jh tk.kdkjhA

5- x| jh fo/kkoka jh vksG[kk.k djko.kh

6- laLej.k vj js[kk fprjkeka jkS vkarjkS fiNk.k.k jks X;ku djko.kkSA

7- izeq[k js[kk fprjkedkjka jkS ifjpS djko.kkSA

12-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh vj fgUnh lkfgR; jk fo}ku fy[kkjk MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jkS tue chdkusj esa21 uoEcj lu~ 1934 esa gks;kSA b.kka jh l:vkrh Hk.kkbZ&fy[kkbZ chdkusj eka; bZ gks;hA MwaxjdkWyst] chdkusj lwa vki laLÑr gj fgUnh nksuwa fol;ka eka; vse-vs- djhA nksuwa bZ fol;ka esavki ih-vs;Mh- jh mikf/k;ka yhuhA MkW- iqjksfgr dkuwu jh ijh{kk ikl dj.kS jS ikNS odkyrl: djh i.k m.kka uS odkykr jkS O;olk; vkNkS uha ykX;kSA cSa Mwaxj dkWyst eka; fgUnh jkizk/;kid gks;X;k vj lkxS&lkxS bZ jktLFkkuh vj fgUnh lkfgR; fljt.k eka; ykX;kSM+k jS;kAvkijh jpukoka jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh i=&if=dkoka ^jktLFkku Hkkjrh*] ^gjkoG*] ê:ok.kh*] êwey*]^vksGekS* vj ^tkxrhtksr* eka; Nirh jS;hA vkijh NI;ksM+h iksF;ka eka; jktLFkkuh Hkklk vjlkfgR; lwa lacafèkr vVkjoka ¼js[kkfp=½ vj odhy lk*c ¼js[kkfp=½ Hk.kfu;ka&xq.kf.k;ka lwa eksdGh

111

izlalk ik;hA lkfgR;&fljt.kka eka; vki lk/kd jh rfj;ka yxksyx ykX;ksM+k jS;kA b.kka jS js[kkfprjkeka jh dSo.kxr vj cq.kxV U;kjh fujokGh jS;h gSA ?k.k[kjka feu[kka ekFkS js[kkfprjkejs[khT;k gSA vki jh fijdr] lqHkko lwa eLrekSyk] fny[kql vj eSgur lwa tho.k&tho.k okGkjS;k gSA

MkW- iqjksfgr jS js[kk fprjkeka eka; lk/kkj.k feu[kka jh vlk/kj.k vknrka] fcjfr;ka] lqHkko jkSlkaxksikax c[kk.k gq;kS gSA b.k eka; nwyth] dkdwth] lsBth vkn js[kk fprjke galh&etkdlkxS eLrekSyk tho.k fcrko.k okGk yksxka jk gSA

MkW- iqjksfgrth fgUnh eka; dforkoka] ,dkadh ukVd] fuca/k dgkf.k;ka vkn fy[krk jS;k gSA m.kkajh jpukoka eka; feu[k&ekuoh ejtknkoka jh Fkji.kk gks;h gS vj nsl&izse] vkre&cfGnku jhHkkoukoka bZ tqM+~;ksM+h jS;h gSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk&lkfgR; vj laLÑfr lk: vkijh ys[k.kh fnu&jkr cxrh jS;h gSA

^vVkjoka*] js[kkfp= eka; ^nwyth* jkS js[kkfp= i<+rka Fkdka ekye gksoS dS cS feu[k vki jStqx&tekuS eka; djM+h eS*ur] djM+kS fetkt] daoGks fgjnS jk[k.k okGk vkijh ?kj&fxjLrh uSfuHkko.k jh ftEeSokjh jk[krkA cS lHkko jk eLr ekSyk gwaork Fkdka bZ eS*ur lwa tqM;ksM+kvkre&fuHkZj jSorkA

12-2 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izeq[k x| fo/kkoka

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk nwtk js[kkfprjke eka; dkdwth lk/kkj.k feu[k] lh/kks&lknks tho.kthorka Fkdka el[kjh djrk jSorkaA jktLFkkuh Hkklk&lkfgR; jh uqaoh x| foèkkoka eka; MkW-cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh js[kkfp= fo/kk futw ekSfydrk fy;ksM+h ykxSA js[kk fp=dkj vkijS lcnkalwa lcn fp= ekaMS] ftdk feu[k] ?kVuk vj njlko uS futjka lkeha gwcgw [kM+kS dj nSoSAdBSbZ LokfHkeku rks dBSbZ lj/kkHkko] dBSbZ vknlZ egkiq#l rks dksbZ feu[k&ekuoh cS*okj jhyqGrkbZ] fueGkbZ vj eLr ekSyki.k jh follsrkoka lkQ&lkQ futj vkoSA MkW- cztukjk;.kiqjksfgr jS js[kkfp=ka jk ik= lh/kk&lknk] lhèkh&lYyk jk el[kjk i.k prjk; jk xq.kh vjvlkèkkj.k cqf)okGk ykxSA m.kka jk ?k.k[kjk feu[k ekuoh ik= twuS&tqx jk lk gS] i.k m.kkajk pfj= iwtht.k tksx ykxSA jktLFkkuh lekt eka; eksdGh vc[kk;ka] folerkoka] dwM+&diV]oSj&Hkko lq[k&nq%[k] njn] ihM+k] cSo.kk] ftuxk.kh jk mrkj&p<+ko ijr[k nh[kS] i.k MkW-cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk ?k.k[kjk usdhokGk] lkQ uh;r okGk] [kjk&[kjjkV vj ÅtGS pfjrjk ik= lkeha vkoSA U;k;k/khl cStukFkth jkS U;ko dj.k lk: pS*jks iG&iGkV djrkS lks ykxSAcS tt lk*c nw/k jkS nw/k vj ik.kh jkS ik.kh bZ U;ko isVs t:jh le>rkA lPpk] [kjk] usdhokGkU;k;k/khlka jS ik.k bZ lkekftd vj vkfFkZd U;k; fey.k jh mMhd jk[khtSA blM+k yksxfjLor[kksjh vj fHkzLVkpkj jS Hkwr uS Hkxko.k tksx ykxrkA

js[kkfp=ka eka; lkekftd] /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vj lkaLÑfrd ifjosl eka; thaork tkxrkafeu[k ekuoh feu[kkpkjS jk lnho fgek;rh jS;k gSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jS js[kkfp=ka eka; vk;ksM+k ik= Hkko] Hkklk] dSo.kxr vj cq.kxV jhfutw folslrkoka js[kht.k jS isVS jk[kSA dkorka& eqgkojk] vkfM;ka&igsfy;ka jkS lgt mi;ksxHkklk fljt.kk jh folslrkoka uS ÅtklSA MkW- lk*c jkS jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; lk: lusolwa m.kka jk fo|kFkhZ ¼i<+sljh½ ?k.kk izHkkfor gksorkA ^vVkjoka* vj odhy lk*c js[kk fprjkekauS Hk.krk Fkdka Hk.kf.k;k&xq.kf.k;ka jh i<+.k lk: pko cèkrh jSorhA m.kka jS lc fprjkeka jkik= lkewaMS nh[k.k ykxtkorkA fljt.kgkj MkW- iqjksfgr jh fy[k.kxr lnho jfG;ko.kh]

112

eu&Hkko.kh i<+slj~;ka lk: ykxrhA

dkdwth js[kk fprjke eka; uqaoki.k y[kkoS] ckajh jSo.kxr U;kjh&fujokGh] ckrphr jkS <axU;kjkS&fujokGkS m.kka jh el[kjh jh ckrka eka; bZ lkekftd O;aX; cks/k gqaorkSA feu[kka jh fcjrh]lqHkko] vPNk;h&cqjkbZ] tho.kxr jkS c[kk.k js[kk fprjkeka eka; js[khT;kS gSA cka jk js[kkfp=kajkS vsdwdkS feu[k vtS rkb±lekt ekFkS vkijh Nki NksMSA

lsBth js[kkfp= eka; lsBka jh lsBkbZ jS lkxS&lkxS m.kka jh euxr Hkkoukoka bZ mtkxj gksoSAxjhcka jS okLrS lsB cMks n;kGq gkSA pksj mPDdka uS bZ leS&leS ekFkS #fi;k fnjkorkSA b.khokLrS cks ^jru&lsB* dSbZtrkSA lk/kq&larka jh lsok eka; dnsbZ deh dksuh jk[krkSA lkèkq [kIijHkjko.k lwa lsB jS nhok.k [kkuS iwX;kSA lsBka ckauS [kIij Hkj.k lk: cka jh eulk iwNhAlk/kq lsB jh ij[k djhA cks tkorkS dS;X;kS & ^^dksbZ vOofy;kS vk;X;kS b.k [kksfG;S esaAikSfp;kSM+kS tho gS& ikSafp;ksM+kSA**

b.kh Hkkar ^Û;k; ewfrZ** js[kkfp= eka; lkpSykS U;ko fnjko.kkS bZ ckajh folslrkoka jS;h gSA cSgk U;k;ewfrZ cStukFkthA vtSa rkabZ yksx ckauS ;kn djSA cStukFkth flQkfjl dksuh lq.krkAU;k; [kjkS vj lkpkS fnjkorkA

^thekfd;k* js[kkfp= bZ vkijh vyk;nh fNc jk[kSA thekfd;kth the.k uS cSB tkork rks fc.kladksp /kiVoka Hkkstu djrkA m.k eka; lje&ykt dksuh jk[krkA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh iksFkh ^vVkjoka* vj ôdhy lk*c* nksuwa bZ lk/kkj.k pfjrka lwa Hkj~;ksM+kgSA js[kk fprjkeka jh fy[k.k xr i<+.kxr] dSo.kxr vj cq.kxV lkaxksikax] ljy Hkklk vjBsB jktLFkkuh vks[kk.kk uS cjrrk Fkdka fy[;ksM+kA

MkW- cztukjk;.kth iqjksfgr fgUnh vj laLÑr jk ywaBk fo}ku~ jS;k gSA vki dkuwu jk X;krkbZ gSA vkijkS lHkko vj fijdr g¡lkGq vj el[kjhnkj jSbZ gSA

vki jktLFkkuh vj fgUnh nksuwa Hkklkoka eka; cjkscjh idM+ jk[k.k okGk gkA vki dforkoka]ukVd] dgk.;ka vj js[kkfp= fy[krk jS;k gSA MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jkS futw lHkko ljy]ok.kh eka; feBkl vj Hkk;yka vj ikBdka uS g¡lk;&g¡lk;*j yksV&iksV djf.k;ks gksA MkW- lk*cjh ys[k.kh yxksyx lokbZ c/krh ykxSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS gsr vaxsT;ksM+k MkW- lk*c vtS rkbZyxksyx fy[krk jSoSA MkW- iqjksfgrth ?k.kkbZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa uS ih-vsdMh- vj lks/k dk;Z lk: enndjrk jS;k gSA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; txr eka; cka jkS ukao&ukeh jS;ksM+kS gSA cS ^tl&vitl gfj gkFk* jh dScruS eku.k okGk lw>&cw> jk /k.kh lkfgR;dkj gSA fgUnh vj laLÑr jk fo}ku gksork FkdkabZ ek;M+&Hkklk luso jS lk: m.kkajh ys[k.kh cxrh jS;h gSA js[kk fprjkeka vj laLej.kka eka;vkijS vktw&cktw jkS okrkoj.k jax njlkoSA MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kk fprjkeka eka;lqLdkjka] lk*Q uh;r] eSur jS ik.k isV Hkj.k okGk U;k;] /kje&nhB] d#.kk] n;k vj ek;keksg jk[k.k okGk fgaoGkl vj fga;kGh jk[kf.k;ka ik= Hk.kf.k;k&xq.kf.k;ka jh nhB eka; vkoSA

vktdky jkS tqx&tFkkjFk cks/k] fjLor[kksjh] csbZekuh] NG&diV pksjh&lhuktksjh] vj dkGkcktkjh vkik&/kkih] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn jS LokjFk lwa HkjhT;kSM+kS ykxSA ix&ix ekFkS NG&diV]feGkoV jkS Hkje c.krkS y[kkoS & cBS MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk ?k.k[kjk feu[k&ekuoh ik=ÅtGS laLdkjka jk /k.kh y[kk.kSA cka ik=ka flj[kk feu[k vko.kokGS tqx&tekjS eka; futj uhavkoSA

fljt.kgkj MkW- iqjksfgr vki jS lS*j cks/k lwa tqfM+;ksM+k feu[kka jh fcjrh] lHkko] vknr m.kka

113

jh tho.kxr] jSo.kxr jh folslrkoka uS utnhd lwa ns[kh vj ij[kh gSA ikj[kh :i eka; MkW-cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk vS ?k.k[kjk ik= vknlZ iq#l] lj/kk tksx vj feu[ki.kS jS lr jkiky.kgkj futj vkoSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh ys[k.kh lcnka jh lkaoBh tqxr lwa vkijh ys[k.kh lwa fy[;ksM+klcn&fprjke ¼js[kkfp=½ izsj.kk vj fy[k.k lk: uqaoh nhB nsoSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh Hkklk] Hkko] ys[k.kxr vuwBh gSA dF; ¼dSo.kxr½ vj flYi ¼cq.kxV½bZ U;kjh&fujokGh vksiek ikoSA js[kk fprjke fo/kk jh c/kksrjh lk: vtS rkbZ yxksyx fy[kf.k;k]Hk.kf.k;k vj xq.kf.k;k jh mMhd jSoSA fut Hkklk] laLÑfr] mPNc ijc jS ika.k bZ laLÑfr vjlH;rk eka; fiNk.k c.kS vj jktLFkku iznsl jh lksHkk c/kSA js[kk fprjke lj/kk] vkLFkk&foLokl]vknlZHkko Hkj~;ksM+k gqokS pkoS tqx tFkkjFk cks/k njlko.k lk: fy[khtS] i.k m.kkesa&ekuohejtknkoka jh Fkji.kk t:jh gksoSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr yxksyx fljt.kka djrk jSoS vj ek;M+&Hkklk lk: uqaoh psruk] uqaohnhB] uqaoks Hkko cks/k njlkoSA ^nwyth* js[kkfp= futw folslrkoka lwa Hkj~;ksM+kS gSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh ^vVkjoka* iksFkh eka; yxSVxS bDdhl js[kkfprjke ekaMhT;ksM+k gSAb.k eka; vsdwdkS ik= U;kjh&fujokGh tho.k&xr fcjrh jk[k.k okGkS gSA dkdwth] xqlkb±th]lqxuth] thekfd;kS] equhe] /kkM+Srh] odhy lkgc vj dqM+Nh dydZ jkS lHkko] gky&gxhxr]eulkoka] fudsoGh fiNk.k jk[kS tn dS luth] ekjtk] thekafd;kS] lsB] Bkdj lkc vj ekLVjthbZ [kjk usdhokGk] el[kjk] eLrekSyk] nkulhGrk jkS Hkko jk[k.k okGk gq;k gSA

Jh iqjksfgr jk js[kkfprjke lekt eka; jSof.k;k feu[kka jh vknrka] fcjR;ka vj lHkko jkS ij[kdjkoSA lxGka feu[k&ekuoh lq[k&nq%[k jkx&fojkx] vjFkkHkko lwa tw>rh ftuxk.kh uS vkijSfutw vlwGka lwa thorka Fkdk tw.k fcrkork jS;k gSA b.k js[kkfprjkeka eka; fupyS ojx]e/;e ojx vj vwapyS ojx jS yksxka jkS c[kk.k gq;kS gSA b.k lk: js[kkfprjke iksFkh jkS ukao^vVkjoka* fnjk;kSA ^vVkjoka* iksFkh eka; xqlkb± th jh fNc U;kjh&fujokGh gSA cS nsohHkxr vjvklqdfo gkA ckr&ckr esa bZ dfork cksyrk& tk.kS ljLorh b.kka jS thHk ekFkS cSBh gksoS* BaMkbZNk.krk tn dSork& ^^Hkksfj;ka lks fdjksfM+;kA Hkksfj;k Nk.kS] fdjksfM+;k ikoSA xqlkb± th jcM+hfeBkbZ jk izseh gkA bLdwy eka; tn QSy gq;*j csVks jksorkS vk;kS] tn cS diM+k iSj*j ekLVjthduS x;kA ekLVjth uS ns[k*j dS;ks&

vkGk&VkGk er djks] rqe vkyk mLrknAckGd ij fdjik djks th ckyk ijlknA

ekLVjth jkS ukao bZ ^ckyk izlkn th* gkSA gSM ekLVjth duS xqlkb± th fey.k lk: x;ktn cksfy;k &

ikl djnks eqdjth]gwa eukowa lqdjth

eLr ekSyk xqlkb± th jk lc fprjke xqlkb± th jkS :i lkeha [kM+kS djSA

12-4 js[kk fprjke jh ifjHkklk rRo vj fodkl

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh iksFkh jk ik= lekt eka; jSof.k;ka feu[k&yqxk;ka] vyk;nk&vyk;nkcSikj dj.kokGk] etwjh dj.kokGk lh/kk&lknk] HkksGk&MkGk] pfjr jk feu[k jS;k gSA js[kkfprjkekaeka; feu[k jh /khjt] nq%[k&lq[k eka; lgulhGrk] nan&Qan law #fi;k uha dek;*j lk¡p jSekjx ekFkS pky.k okGk feu[kka jS lHkko uS mtklSA pk;S dksVZ&dpSM+h gksokS] pk;S fc.kt&cSikj

114

gksokS] pk;S Qkdk&ijLrh gksokS lxGkbZ ik= /khtS okGk] vkNS lHkkookGk] n;kyq fQjdr jktk.khtSA js[kkfprjkeka uS Hk.kf.k;ka eka;] /khjt] lg.klhGrk] n;k&ijksidkj Hkko] nwtk jS nq%[keka; nq%[kh gkso.kkS] laosnulhGrk njlkoSA vkt jh HkkSfrd pdkpkSa/k lwa vyk;nk gq;ksM+k vS lxGkfeu[k&ekuoh ik= twuS tqx jh ;kn fnjkoSA èkje&dje] ûse&fuek.kS&/kje fBdk.kS* jh dScruS eku.k okGk gq;k gSA js[kkfprjke eka; js[kkfp=dkj jh futw lekt&ij[k nhB lkeha vkoSvj ys[kd pkoS dS vknlZ lkekftd&ewY;ka jh Fkji.kk gksoSA cw<S&cqtxk± jkS ?k.kkS vknj lRdkjgksoS] cjkscjhokGka lwa izse&cS*okj gksoS vj Vkcj&Vhaxjk lk: fgaoGkl dk;e jSoSA

12-6 jktLFkkuh js[kk fprjke jh fol;&oLrq

js[kkfprjke js[kht.kS jh folslrk gksoS dS m.kka eka; ?kVukoka vj izlaxka uS de tksM+htS] i.kfeu[k&ekuoh uS lcn fprjke lkxS m.k jh futw folslrkoka uS js[khtSA laLej.kkRedjs[kkfprjke eka; ?kVukoka] izlaxka jkS tqM+ko gworkS y[kkoSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kkfprjke ^vVjoka* b.kh Hkkar js[khT;k gSA m.kka jh nwth iksFkhbZ yxksyx lkeha vkoS] ftdS jkS fljS ukao gS ôdhy lk*cA* b.k iksFkh eka;yk feu[k& ekuohHkksGk&MkGk] ÅtGS pfjr jk] nkuh] ekuh] /;kuh vj X;kuh jS;k gSA js[kkfprjkeka eka;feu[k&ekuoh jh vknr] cSe&foLokl] >kM+kxj lk: tko.kkS >kM+k yxko.k jS cgkuS Bxht.kkS]dksVZ&dpSM+h eka; xokbZ nSo.k okGka jh vknrka] odkyr&O;kolk;] fcjr&ckM+h xqj&ttekuheka;] tko.kkS ikB&iwtk jkS /ka/kkS dj.kkS] feu[k&feu[k uS ^lkÅ&dkÅ* le>.kkS] HksnHkko jhfeu[kkatw.k jh vknrka] lq[k&nq%[k] jkx&fojkx] bjlk&tGu vkn jS fol;&oLrq lk: js[kkfprjkejs[khT;k gSA lekt eka; eksdGh vc[kk;ka] fucGk;ka jSorh vk;h gS ftdka uS fy[kkjk MkW-cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr cksr bZ xS*jkbZ vj vwaMS lksp lwa fy[kh gSA

12-8 MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kk fprjkeka jh folslrkoka

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kkfprjke vkijS laLej.kka uS ijksV~;ksM+k jk[kSA js[kkfprjke jhdSo.kxr ¼dF;½ vj cq.kxV ¼flYi½ ekSfyd gSA Hkklk&Hkko jh nhB lwa lgt] ljy vj ehBhekj dj.kokGk js[kkfprjke bZ fy[khT;k gSA dBSbZ g¡lh&el[kjh] dBSbZ O;aX;] rkS dBSbZHkko&xaHkhjrk vj nkjlfud lksp bZ lkeh vkoSA lclwa cÙkh folslrk vk gS dS m.kka jkjs[kkfprjke lekt eka; jSof.k;k vktw&cktw] vlokM+S&ilokM+S] vyk;nh&vyk;nh fcjrh] lHkko]vknrka] vsC;ka] xq.k&vkSxq.kk uS fy;ksM+k lk* futj vkoSA iksFkh i<+f.k;k i<+slj~;ka eka; lxGhiksFkh i<+.k jh eulk c.kh jSoS vj ek;M+ Hkklk jS luso lk: ftX;klk c.krh jSoS vk ys[kdjhHkkouk gSA

MkW- iqjksfgr g¡lkGq] el[kjk vj nwtka uS g¡lk;&g¡lk;*j yksV&iksV djko.k okGS fetkt jkfy[kkjk gS & b.kh dkj.kS m.kka jS js[kkfprjkeka jh fNc c/krh ykxSA Hk.kf.k;k&xq.kf.k;ka eka;vk.kan jh ySj~;ka mBrh jSoSA yksd dkorka vj vks[kk.kk jkS ijksVht.kkS bZ Hkklk eka; peRdkjnjlkoSA MkW- iqjksfgr jh ôdhy lkc* iksFkh eka; rkS g¡lh&el[kjh fBBkSGh jks dsbZ txka iSvuqHko gksorh jSoSA êkLVjth jkS ?kj*] jkenso ckcS jkS [k.k] xk; jh iw¡N] rxknxhj] ckofu;kS]ehVj jhMj] c[kr jh m[kr] QkVdks] oSnxh] nkrkj] ulS esa pwap] flj[kk js[kkfprjkeka eka; dBSbZO;aX; vj dBsbZ eqGd c/krh ykxS] tn dS ^nslh jh fiNk.k* js[kkfprjke eka; cqf) jh ij[klkeha nh[kSA ^nkrkj* lsB jh nrkjh bZ tcjh] D;wadS nkrkj lsB /ku&lapS datwlh lh djrkS vjekSds&VksdS [kqyS gkFkka ibZlks yxkorkS nhlSA

MkW- iqjksfgr jS js[kkfprjkeka eka; lekt jh fNc] lekt jh vc[kk;ka] feu[k jkS lqokjFkhi.k]HkksGk&MkGk yksxka jh BxkbZ] pkj lkS chlh vkn lk*Q futj vkoSA cksr lh ckrka X;ku]

115

lj/kk] Hkxrh vj lxrh lwa Hkj~;ksM+h feGSA feu[k&ekuoh ejtknkoka jh Fkji.kk] lekt eka;HksGi lwa tho.k fcrko.kkS] ywD[kh&lwD[kh [kk;*j ewaN jkS ik.kh jk[k.kS flj[kh egrkÅ lkekftdoSoLFkkoka lkso.kh ykxSA mPNc ijc ekFkS HksGiokGk ifjokjka jh HksGi jkS etsnkj fprjkemdsjhtSA ulsM+h yksx ulS jh pwap eka; bZ iM+~;k jSoS] m.kkauS ?kj&ckj jh dksbZ fpUrk fQdjdksuh jSoSA

js[kkfprjkeka eka; ?k.k[kjk js[kkfp=dkj rks vtSrkb± ek;M+&Hkklk eka; dksuh feGS] i.keqjyh/kj O;kl ^jktLFkkuh*] Jhyky uFkey tks'kh] f'kojkt Naxk.kh] vksadkjJh] euksgj flagjkBkSM+] iq"iyrk d';i vkn jk ukao vkNk js[kk fprjke fy[kf.k;ka esa fy;k tk; ldSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jh x| fo/kkoka eka; js[kkfp= fo/kk jkS lkfgR; cèkrkS tk jS;ks gSA b.kfo/kk jS foxlkoS lk: x| fy[kkjka jh mM+hd jSoSA js[kkfp= jS ukao ekFkS laLej.k lkfgR; fy[;kStkoS ;k laLej.kkRed js[kkfprjke fy[kht jS;k gS] tn dS js[kkfprjke vj laLej.kka eka; >h.kksvkarjkS lk*Q futj vkoSA laLej.kkRed js[kkfprjkeka jh c<ksÙkjh gqorh futj vkoSA jktLFkkuhHkklk jh i=&if=dkoka eka; dqNSd fy[kkjka uS NksM*j ?k.k[kjk fy[kkjk laLej.kkRed js[kkfprjkekauS ekaMrk tk; jS;k gSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kkfprjke vkijh futw fiNk.k c.kkbZ gSA m.kka eka; lkap jk l[kjkfprjke eaM~;k gSA dBsbZ c.kkoV vj Ñf=erk dksuh nh[kSA nwyth] dkdwth flj[kk js[kkfprjketFkkjFk cks/k jk js[kkfprjke tk.khtS vj ik= bZ [kjk vj lkekftd fNc fy;kSM+k lk nh[kSAMkW- iqjksfgr jktLFkkuh x| jh js[kkfp= fo/kk uS iuiko.k vj foxlkokS dj.k lk: gjkoGnLrS jk fy[kk*j tk.khtS A vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jh x|&fo/kkoka eka; dgk.;ka] miU;kl]vkre&dFkk] tho.kh] tkrjk&laLej.k] ukVd] vsdkadh] fuca/k vkn yxksyx fy[khtrk tk jS;kgS i.k b.kka jh nks; fo/kkoka ;kfu js[kkfprjke ¼lcn fprjke½ vj fjiksrkZt ¼jiV½ fo/kk cksrderh fy[khth gSA x|&fo/kkoka eka; js[kkfprjke fo/kk vki jh U;kjh fudsoGh fNc jk[kSAjs[kkfprjke nwth Hkklkoka eka; [kwc jphT;k gS] ft;ka baxzsth] Mp] ÝSap] tkikuh vj fgUnh jpukokalk: eksdGh fo/kk foxflr gqorh jS;h gS] i.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh x| eka; js[kkfprjkeka jhl:vkr nkÅn;ky tkslh] Hkaojyky ukgVk] eqjyh/kj O;kl ^jktLFkkuh* vj Jhyky uFkeytks'kh jh fljt.k ijEijk eka; feGSA f'kojkt Naxk.kh] MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr] useukjk;.k tks'khvj vksadkjJh jk js[kkfprjke ¼lcn fprjke½ i=&if=dkoka eka; eksdGk NI;ksM+k feGSAjs[kkfprjke foèkkoka jk vkxhok.k fljt.kgkjka eka; Åij eqtc ukao vkaxG~;ka ekFkS fx.khtSA b.kjs[kkfprjkeka eka; feu[k&ekuoh jS pfjr lk: eksdGk js[kkfprjke fy[khT;k gSA dBsbZ ?kVukoka]fol;& oLrq vj izØrh fp=.k jkS gwcgw l:i lkeh vkoSA js[kkfprjkeka eka; lj/kk] Hkxrh]lwjohjrk vj nkulhlhrk jk Hkko Hkj;ksM+k feu[kka jkS pfjr lcnka lwa fp=e;rk uS lkeha mdSjSAMkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jk ^dwn.k ckckS* vj clrhjke O;kl lcn fprjke vkijh futw lSyhlwa ekaMS;k gSA f'kojkt Naxk.kh jk js[kkfprjke fupyS ojx] e/;e ojx vj vwapyS ojx jS feu[kkajh folslrkoka uS vksGwa jh vksG~;k eka; ekaMrk jSoSA Jhyky uFkey tks'kh jh ^lcM+dk* iksFkhlcn fprjkeka uS ekaMS vj js[kkfprjke fo/kk uS vkxS c/kkoSA b.kh rfj;ka vksadkjJh jkS ^rkaxSokGkS* lcn&fprjke eS*.krh ojx jS pfjr uS mtklSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh iksF;ka ^vVkjoka* vj ôdhy lkgc* lcn fprjkeka jh fy[k.kxrc/kkoSA m.kka jS js[kkfprjkeka jk ik= ?k.k[kjk] lekt eka; jSo.k okGk vlokM+S& ilokM+S futjvkoSA feu[k&ekuoh lekt eka; js[kkfprjke uqaokS vknlZ vj lkekftd ewY;ka uS Fkjiko.k jkSHkjld iz;kl djkoSA cw<+k&cMsjka lk: vknj&lRdkj] lsok&pkdjh] vj feu[kkpkjS jS cSokj jhfFkj&Fkji.kk djkoSA dsbZ js[kkfprjke euksoSX;kfud lk¡p uS ÅtklSA MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr

116

jk js[kkfprjke lkekftd] /kkjfed] vkjfFkd vj lkaLØfrd ifjosl uS fy;ksM+k gSA js[kkfp=¼lcn fp=½ ;kfu ^LdSp* feu[kka jS xq.k&dFk.k vj oS*okj uS fy;ksM+k fprjke lk ykxSA feu[kjkS pS*jks lkeha nh[k.k ykxSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ?k.k[kjh if=dkoka] ftdS eka; ^gjkoG*] ^tkxrh&tksr* jktLFkkuh ohj] ejo.k]^;qxi{k*] ^fo'oEHkjk* vj nwth if=dkoka vj lekpkj&i=ka vkn eka; jpukoka Nirh jS;h gSAnwyth] dkdwth] odhy lkgc] tt lkgc vkn jh folslrkoka lwa Hkj;ksM+k js[kkfprjkei<+f.k;k&fy[kf.k;ka jS daBka eka; jerk jS;k gSA tn dnsbZ g¡lh&el[kjh vj fBBksyh jh ckrkapkyS rn MkW- iqjksfgrth jk js[kkfprjke ;kn vkork jSoSA

pkoS thekfd;k gksokS] pkoS ulsM+h gksokS] pkoS ekjtk gksokS pkoS iafMr th] xq#&ttekuh jhckrka gksokS] pkoS ^FkksM+h dlj jS;xh* flj[kk js[kkfprjkek eka; fgjnSxr Hkko] euksoSX;kfud lk¡p]lj/kk&Hkko vj lkaLØfrd mPNko&meko jk yksdpkok Hkko ekStwn jS;k gSA iSyh ih<+h jkjs[kkfp=dkj ^d.kS dekokS Egkjk ohjk* vj ^nkSyksHkkV*] :?kyks [kYyk xkaBf.k;kS flj[kk js[kkfprjkeeksdGh pjpk&ifjppkZ jk fol; c.kS gSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kkfprjke m.kh lhxS eka; ekaMhtS] i.k m.kka jS js[kkfprjke vjfeu[kka jk pfjr ?k.kk xq.kdkjh] laLdkjka lwa tqM~;ksM+k] HksGi jk Hkko vj feu[kkpkjS uS dk;ejk[kSA cS lxGk pS*jk vko.k okGS tqx eka; eqfLdy lwa nh[k ikoS ykA fg;S jkS fgaoGkl]laosnulhGrk vj n;k d:.kk jk Hkko vkt jS yksxka jS eu eka; derh bZ clSA tt lkgcflj[kk feu[k ÅtGS pfjr uS mtklSA fjLor[kksjh] NG&diV vj yksHk&ykyp vGxk jSorkFkdka turk uS U;ko fnjkoS] nw/k jkS nw/k vj ik.kh jkS ik.kh bZ njlkoSA nwtka yksxka jS dke&dktlk: vkijkS tho.k gkseS] cS bZ feu[k&ekuoh vkijh vej fNc c.kkoSA lekt eka; jSork Fkdkalkekftd cS*okj] lnkpj.k] yqGrkbZ vj laosnulhGrk jk xq.k FkjikoSA lk/kq&lar gksokS ;ktksxh&lxGka jk xq.kka uS mtkl.kkS js[kkfp=dkj jh fljt.k /kjferk jks ifjpS nsoSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jS js[kkfprjkeka esa lxGk&ik= dha u dh folslrkoka lwa Hkj~;ksM+k ykxSAjs[kkfp=dkj jh >h.kh nhB vj xS*jkbZ m.kka jS ik=ka eka; >ydSA b.kHkkar vsd&vsd feu[k jkpS*jk lcn&fp=ka jS lkxS&lkxS ewjr :i eka; lkeha vkoSA js[kkfp= vj laLej.kkRedjs[kkfprjkeka eka; >h.kkS vkarjkS gksoS & b.k lk: MkW- iqjksfgr lkopsr jS;k gSA

^vVkjoka* js[kkfp= eka; ^nwyth* jkS js[kkfprjke vkijh futw vj ekSfyd folslrkoka FkjikoSAifjokj jh ftEesnkjh fuHkko.kh vj etwj jh eS*ur jk eksy pqdko.kkS tqx&/kje vj yksd cSokjekuhtSA

MkW- iqjksfgr jS js[kkfprjkeka jk ?k.k[kjk ik= eLrekSyk] QDdM+] vj lh/kk&lknk cS*okj okGkjS;k gSA usduh;r] lkapk cksy.kokGk ekuoh ejtknkoka uS Fkjiko.k okGk Åtyk pS*jka jk /k.kh gq;k gSA

jktLFkkuh js[kkfprjkeka eka; vkxhok.k jS;k MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr ik=ka jh fijdr eka; dBsbZHkxrh&lj/kk njlkoS rks dBsbZ galh&el[kjh jh ckrka bZ ekaMh gSA ^lsBk.kh* js[kkfprjke eka;iSyM+ks bZ cksy crkoS ^lsB pkoS ukjkt gq; tkoS i.k lsBk.kh jkth jSo.kh pkbtS* vk lh[k lsBlÅdkjka jS ukSdjh dj.kS lwa iSyk fnjhft;k djS gSA

lsB lsBk.;ka ukSdjka uS dke&dkt HkksGkorka bZ jSoSA ukSdjka uS QVdkjS bZA pkoS ukSdj jkS dlwjuk gksoSA

^lsBk.kh eqrGc jh ikdh ghA ck dke iM+rkS t.kS ehBh eklh c.k tkaorhA

117

lsBk.kh ihgjokGka uS pkorhA HkkbZ&Hkrhtk uS iuikorhA dS;k djS

lklw rhjFk lqljk rhjFkrhjFk lkGk&lkGh

opus&opus lk<w rhjFkcM+k rhjFk ?kjokGh*

lsB vuqHkoh gkSA cks tk.krkS gkS dS ^Hkhar uS [kkoS vkGkS vj feu[k uS [kkoS lkGkS* dScr ikdhgSA

lsBk.kh js[kkfprjke eka; lsB&lsBk.kh jS xq.kka&vkSxq.kka vj m.kka jS lHkko lk: MkW- iqjksfgruthdh lwa c[kk.k dj~;kS gSA

b.kHkkar ^vVkjoka* js[kkfprjkeka esa feu[k&yqxk;ka ik=ka jh fijdr lk: ys[k.kh mBkbZth gSAigyoku lkc] /kkM+Srh] gkde lkc vj ^dqM+Nh dydZ* js[kkfprjke mYys[k tksx gSA

êwGth jlksb;k gk] i.k cS vkiuS dqM+Nh dydZ dSorkA dqM+Nh dydZ js[kkfprjke eka; lsBlsBk.;ka jh datwl fcjrh lkeha vkoSA ewGth uS lsBka xje dkSV fnjko.k jkS dS;ks] i.k lsBk.khHkpdkS ?kky.kuS dS;ks & ykjyS cjl vkGkS dksV bZ ifM+;kS gSA b;ka uS fdlks vpkj ?kky.kkSgSA

ewGlk lsBka uS uqaoks peRdkj fn[kk;kSA lsB nqdku eaxG dj*j jkr jk nsjh lwa vk;kA ewGlkvsdk&vsd [kM+k gq;k] lsB MjX;kS vj cks fd;kS & ^vks; eka vs---A*

^^Mjks uk lsBka] vks rks gwa ewfG;ks gwa] ewfG;ksA* ^b;ka fd;ka\ m?kkM+ks ljhj] jk[k yxk;ksM+h vjxeNks ckaf/k;ksM+kSA ckr dkabZ gS\

^dksbZ ckr dksuh lh ykfx;kS] b.k okLrS dsbZ nsj rks rirkS jS;kS vj tn [khjk cq>X;k t.kSljhj jS jk[k yxk;yh] xjekl ySo.k uSA

lsB le>X;kS dS ewGth jS xje dksV ubZ djko.kS lwa vk ckr gqbZ gSA

lsB&ldwdkjka jh fcjrh] lHkko] [kko.k&iho.k] jSo.k&lkso.k jh pky&<kG uS vka js[kkfprjkekaeka; lkarjS <ax lwa mrkjhth gSA MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kkfprjke m.kka jh futw vksG[kvj fiNk.k c.kkoSA feu[k&ekuoh jS vknrka jh >yd] m.kka jh lqHkkfod fcjrh lkeh jk[khtSAfeu[k jS vknrka jh >yd] m.kka jh lqHkkfod fcjrh tFkkjFk :i eka; c[kk.khth gSA yxSVxS^vVkjoka* jk lxGka js[kkfprjke feu[k ejtkn uS Fkjiko.k jh dkslhl djSA

MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jS js[kkfprjkeka lk: nks; iksF;ka feGS ftdS eka; ^vVkjoka* vj odhylkgc ukeh gSA

nwyth js[kkfprjke esa eLrekSyk] QDdM+ fijdr vj vD[kM+ lHkko feu[k gksork Fkdka bZ?kj&ifjokj jh ftEesnkjh fuHkkof.k;k xq.kh iq#l gkA vki jS Vkcj Vhaxjk jh [kqfl;kGh lk:#fi;k jh cpr djko.k] [kjpkS uha c/kko.k lk: ?k.kkS /;ku jk[krkA the.k& twB.k lk:vkSlj&ekSlj bZ [kjpkS fd;ka cp ldS& m.k ckr jkS /;ku jk[krkA nwyth lekt eka; ilj~;ksM+hdqjhR;ka vj fQtwG [kjph jh ckrka ekFkS ?k.kkS foLokl dksuh jk[krkA ?kj&fxjLrh vkNh pky.khpkbZtS& b.k lk: cs ?k.kk lkopsr gkA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| eka; js[kkfp= fo/kk jh vtS rkb± eksdGh iksF;ka futj uha vkoS i.kfy[kkjk js[kkfprjke lk: fljt.kk djrk tk jS;k gSA b.k eka; euksgjflag jkBkSM+ vj iq"iyrkd';i jh iksFkh js[kkfp= foèkk jks foxlkokS dSjkoSA jktLFkkuh x|&fo/kkoka eka; ?k.kk fy[khT;;kpkbZtSA

118

12-9 lizlax O;k[;k

lSj jS eka;yS iklS g.kekuth jS feanj [kuS ,d ckcksth jSork gkA xksjks jax] Mhxks dn] >qj~;kaifM+;ksM+ks ljhj i.k dkfUr lwa Hkjiwj pS*jks gkS] nwyth jksA ?kj lwa fuljrk tn NksjkA ixSykxwackckth îxsykxwa* ckckth dSo.k ykxrkA cS Hkh jhl trkork Fkdka mFkGkS nsork & ^^dwM+k dBSjkbZ]fuljek VksxM+ tyeX;kA ixSykxwa&ixSykxwa djSA vk ubZa lw>S dS lkpSyk ixSykxSA vS ifM+;kix] ykxS uha dksbZ ixS vk;*jA** b;ka ?kj lwa fuljrS bZ pkSGdksA

b.k x| [kaM jh vksG~;ka MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr ¼fijksr½ jfpr ^nwyth* js[kkfp= eka; lwa fy;ksM+hgS ft.k jh O;k[;k uhps eqtc gS&

O;k[;k&

lSj jS Hkhrj g.keku th jS feanj jS uthd vsd ckcksth clrk gkA jax xksjks] ykackS dn] ljhjeka; peM+h <hyh lGoVka fy;kSM+h gh] i.k fpydrkS pedrkS pSjkSA tn dnS ?kj lwa ckjS vkorka]Vkcj&Vhaxj cka uS îxsykxwalk* dSorkA i.k cS FkksFkks Øks/k fnjkork dSork >wBk&nwrk dBsjkbZfujyt ftukoj tyE;ksM+k & ixsykxwa & ixsykxwa djS] i.k vk dksuh lw>S dS lkpSyk ik¡oidM+SA vS ifM+;k ix] dksvh vk;*j ixsykxS uha & b.k Hkkar ?kj lwa fuljrk tn pgy&igyl: gq; tkorhA

lcnkFkZ&

eka;yS iklS & Hkhrjh fgLls esa

MhxkS & yEckS

dkfUr & pEed

dwM+k & >wB cksyus okyk

VksxM+ & tkuoj]

pkSGdkS & pgy&igy

cks/k izLu &

1- dkfUr lwa Hkjiwj pS*jkS fd.k jkS gks\

2- nwyth jhl fd.k ekFkS trkork\

3- dwM+k dBSjkbZ ckcksth fd.k uS dSork\

4- pkSGdS jkS dkbZ E;kukS gS\

lizlax O;k[;k & 2

nwyth [kqlfny gkA ,d nQS ,d njth ckajh xGh esa nqdku [kksy yh] cS m.k [kuS diM+SjkS Fkkau ys;*j x;k vj dS;kS & ^rwa EgkjS ikM+kSl esa vk;kS gS b;S okLrS EgkajkS Qjt gq; T;koS]nks ibZlk FkuS iSnk djko.k jkSA EgkjS Nksjka jS ^^gkQ iSV+;ka* lho.kh gS] cksy dkabZ ySlh \*

^^P;kj&P;kj vkukA**

cksr vkNksA vks diM+ks jk[kySA Nksjka uS rsM+kowaA vk dSorkbZ cka vkokt yxk;hA HkSfj;k] xksfj;k]dkfG;k] pwfu;k] ewfu;k] Qwfu;k----A vBS vkokS b.k dkjhxj jh nqdku esaA

nwyth jh vkokt lkxS lkrw csVk nqdku esa izosl dj~;kS m.kka uS ns[kj njthdS;ks & VkcjkS uS cqykokSA

119

^^vS Vkcj [kM+k gS uhaA uSi fyjkokSA

^vS Vkcj gS\ vpaHkkS djrk nthZ iwfN;kSA**

^^vS Vkcj uha gS rks dkabZ Egkjk cki gS\ vS Egkjk lkrwa csVk gSA b.kka jkS uSi yso.kkS iM+lhA*

lCnkFkZ&

[kql fny & izlUu fpÙk

P;kj vkuk & poUuh

cfM+;k & izosl dj~;kS

uSi & eki

cks/k izLu

1- nwyth jS fdÙkk Vkcj gk\

2- cka Vkcjka lk: dkabZ flykbZ djokorka\

3- Vkcfj;ka nqdku eka; vk;k] i.k nwyth uS njth dkabZ dS;ks\

4- njth uS dkabZ ns[kj vpaHkkS gq;kS\

5- eksgYys eka; njth jh nqdku [kqyh] tn nwyth dkabZ Qjt fuHkk;kS\

6- nwyth lqHkko jk fdlk*d gk \

12-10 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k bdkbZ esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk [;kruke ys[kd MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kk fprjkejh foxr eaMh gSA MkW- cztukjk;.k th jS nks iksF;ka Nih gS & ,d ^vVk[kk* vj nwth ôdhllkgc*A vka nksuwa iksF;ka esa tdh js[kk fprjke NI;k gS cs vke vkneh lwa tqM+;kSM+k gSA vkajh ljy Hkklk gS vj izHkkoh <ax jh izLrqrh gSA vka fprjkek uS i<+;ka ik= ltho OgS tkoSA

12-11 vH;kl jk loky

1- MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jk js[kkfprjkeka jh folslrkoka fy[kksA

2- MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jh Hkklk&lSyh jh foxr ekaMksA

3- MkW- cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr jS ys[ku jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA







120

bdkbZ & 13

izeq[k js[kk fp=dkj & MkW- useukjk;.k tks'khbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

13-0 mísL;

13-1 izLrkouk

13-2 fprjke fo/kk jh folslrkoka

13-3 izeq[k jpukdkj % MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jh thouh

13-4 ys[kd jh izeq[k jpukoka

13-5 ys[ku jh Hkklk] flYi vj lSyh

13-6 lizlax O;k[;k

13-7 vH;kl jk loky

13-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

13-9 lanHkZ iksF;ka

13-0 mísL; %

1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| jh izeq[k fo/kk fprjke jh tk.kdkjh djko.khA

2- izeq[k jpukdkj MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jh ys[ku lSyh vj flYi jh foxr ekaM.khA

3- MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jk izeq[k fprjke jh folslrkoka ekaM.khA

4- MkW- useukjk;.k tkslh jk ;ksxnku uS njlko.kksA

13-1 izLRkkouk

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izeq[k fprjke lkfgR; jk mn~Hko uS njlkork Fkdk m.kjh ijaijk uSikBadk lkeh jk[k.kksA

13-2 js[kkfprjkeka jh folslrkoka

ckaesa euksoSX;kfudrk jh iqV y[kkoS rks dBsbZ lj/kk ewyd Hkko HkjkoS rks dBsbZ lekt eka;cMsj pkjkS FkjikoS rks dBSbZ laosnulhGrk njlkoSA js[kkfp=dkj Hkkoqd fgjnS vj laosnulhGgksoSA cks lcnka jS tfj;S Hkkoe; fprjke c.kkoSA tFkkjFk fp=.k gksork Fkdka bZ dBsbZ&dBsbZfutw vuqHko vj dYiuk&lxrh jkS iz;ksx bZ djSA eksVs rkSj ekFkS js[kkfprjkeka jkS l:io.kZukRed] laLej.kkRed] laosnukRed] O;aX;kRed] :ikRed vj euksoSX;kfudrk fyjk;kSM+kS gksoSAjs[kkfp=dkj jkxkRedrk vj vsdkRedrk jS lkxS js[kkfprjke ekaMSA

MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jk js[kkfprjke feu[k jS tFkkjFk :i uS ekaMS] m.kka jS ln~xq.kka]laosnu&lhGrk nku lhGrk] futw dje&[ksr jh f[kerk vj vkre&fuHkZjrk tSM+k xq.kka uSc[kk.kSA ^vksG~;wa jh vf[k;krka* iksFkh jkS cStukFk th iaokj] Bk- jkeflagth] eqjyhèkj O;kl^jktLFkkuh* MkW- dY;k.kflagth 'ks[kkor] iq"iyrk d';i] euksgj flag jkBkSM+] Lo- fd'kksjdYiukdkar] ek.kd ca/kq frokM+h] Lo- ewypUn îzk.ks'k* tSM+k ys[kd eku;kSM+k gSA

13-3 izeq[k jpukdkj % MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jh thouh

121

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh js[kkfp= fo/kk esa fy[k.k okGka eka; MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jkS ukao ?k.kkSpkokS vj BkokSA vki jkS tue ukxkSj ftyk jk xkao MksfM;k.kk esa 31 tuojh lu~ 1962 esagks;kSA l:vkrh Hk.kkbZ xkao MksfM;k.kk eka; gks;h] Qs:a esM+rk esa ekjokM+ fefMy cksMZ jh ijh{kknhoh vj iNS tks/kiqj eka; Hk.kkbZ djrk jS;kA tloUr dkWyst] tks/kiqj lwa vki fgUnh esa ,e-,- ikl djh vj lu~ 1969 esa lhdj dkWyst esa izk/;kid gks;kA egkjktk dY;k.k dkWyst]lhdj eka; vki ponS cjlka rkabZ ukSdjh djrk jS;kA iNS mnSiqj txr ikSlkB eka; fgUnhfoHkkx jk izksQslj vj v/;{k jS;kA vj jktLFkkuh foHkkx jS vè;{k in lwa lsokfuoÙk gks;kAJh tks'kh jktLFkku lkfgR; vdkneh mn;iqj vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh]chdkusj jk lnL; bZ jS;kA

tks'khth fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh fol;ka jk fo}ku gkA vki Nk;koknh lSyh eka; dforkoka fy[krkjS;k] i.k cka dforkoka uS NikbZ dksuhA ^lqfe=uUnu dk uo psruk dkO;* ekFkS vki ih-,pMh-jh mikf/k yhA b.kh lkxS ^fpUru vuqfpUru* fpUru izèkku fuca/kka jkS laxzS Niok;kSA

tks'khth eksdGh i=&if=dkoka eka; Nirk jS;kA ^vksGwa jh vf[k;krka* vki jh iksFkh js[kkfp=&laLej.kkajh fy[khT;ksM+h gSA b.k lk: lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh lwa vki iqjLÑr gks;kAA vkijS js[kkfprjkeka eka; lkekftd ljksdkj ?k.kS eku jS;kS gSA pkoS ^dwn.k ckckS gksokS] pkoS ^cLrh jkeO;kl* & ckajS eka; lkekftd laLdkj ekStwn gSA feu[k&ekuoh tw.k eka; ?k.kk mrkj&p<+kovkork jSoSA dnsbZ ?kh ?k.kka vj dnsbZ eqV~Bh p.kka okGh dkor tho.k&txr eka; ykxw gqoSAlekt eka; jSork Fkdka feu[k&ekuoh jh vc[kk;ka] dqaBk;ka] vklk&fujklk jS lkxS&lkxS eSurlwa tho.k tho.kS jh xr bZ lkeha vkoSA

13-4 ys[kd jh izeq[k jpukoka

ekuoh jkS lq[k&nq%[k] ihM+k vj vUrl jks rkl uS fuj[krk&ij[krk Fkdka MkW- tk'khth vkijhckjhd vj >h.kh nhB lwa m.kka jk mf.k;kjk vwaMS lksp vj xS*jkbZ lkxS mdsj.k jh dkslhl djhgSA feu[k jh vknrka] fcjR;ka] lqHkko] m.kka jh U;kjh&fujokGh tho.kxr follsrkoka uS usehukjk;.ktks'kh js[kk fprjkeka eka; ekaMh gSA ^vksGwa jh vf[k;krka* iksFkh eka;yk js[kk fprjkeka ;klaLej.kkRed jkS js[kht.kS lwa feu[k jh fijdr jk uewuk lkeha vkoSA m.kka jk ik= fupyS ojxjk uha gks;*j chpyS ojx jh vxqokbZ djSA e/;eojx ihlhtrkS lks ykxS] i.k vkijh eS*ureka; dBSbZ detksjh uha njlkoSA m.kka jk js[kk fprjke tFkkjFk jks vk/kkj fy;kSM+k gSA b.kkaesa e/;e vj fuEu e/;e ojx jk pfjr fprsjhT;k gSA feu[kka jk lHkko U;kjk&fujkGk gksoSi.k euxr Hkko vj vkijS xq.kka lwa lekt jS nwtka yksxka lk:a vknlZ ekuhtSA b.k Hkkrka jkfeu[k %dwn.k ckckS* vj ^cLrhjke th O;kl* gk] ftdka ekFkS js[kk fprjke fy[khT;kS gSA

MkW- usehukjk;.kth jk js[kkfp= ubZ nhB] fopkj vj u;k iz;ksxka lwa Hkfj;k iwjk gSA m.kka jhlgt&ljy vj jG;ko.kh Hkklk ikBdka uS earj&eqxèk djSA

m.kka jk js[kkfp=kaeka eka; jktLFkku jh laLÑfr jh lkSje jPph&clh gSA

js[kkfp=ka uS i<+rk Fkdka ik=ka jkS pS*jks lkeha ÅHkkS gksrks lks y[kkoSA

vki jkS jpuk&lalkj ?k.kkS O;kid jS;kS gSA

MkW- tks'khth jh ^vksGwa jh vf[k;krka* jktLFkkuh x| fo/kk laLej.kkRed js[kkfp=ka eka; fx.khtSvjA lkekftd tho.k] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vj /kkfeZd psruk lkxS jktLFkkuh jh lkaLÑfrdpsruk jkS ilkjkS djkoSA b.kka esa mPNc] ijc] fraokj] esGk& exfj;ka jh lksHkk njlkorka FkdkacS Hkko] Hkklk] c.kxV lkxS fujokGh fNc eaMh gSA

122

lekt eka; vc[kk;ka] ihM+k] nq%[k&njn NG&diV fjLor [kksjh] fHkzLVkpkj] dkGkcktkjh]feykoV] LokFkhZi.k vkn jk dq<ax txka&txka nh[kS] i.k MkW- useukjk;.k th jS js[kk fprjkekajk ik= ln~ pfjr okGk gSA m.kka esa /khjt] nq%[k jh lg.klhGrk vj laosnulhGrk lkQ >ydSA

b.kk esa etnwj vj djlka jh tho.kxr U;kjh&fujokGh] iafMrka jh iafMrkbZ ttekuka lk: lkarjhy[kkoSA ijksidkj] lsokHkko] n;k] d:.kk vj ijkbZ&ihM+ eka; iM+uokGk ekufo;ka jkS pfjrlkaxksikax mtklSA

MkW- usehukjk;.k th tkslh jS js[kkfprjkeka jk feu[k vkre&fuHkZj] nwjnlhZ] vj vkijS cwfd;klwa dekbZ dj.k ekFkS tksj jk[kSA

MkW- tkslh th jS js[kkfprjkeka jk feu[k tqx tFkkjFk jh ihM+k] nq%[k&njn vj cSo.kk ekFkS vkijS/khtS uS dksuh NksM+SA pq.khank feu[kka jh vksG~;wa uS fy[kork Fkdka ys[kd m.kka jS lkekftdvkpj.k] lnkpkj vj ln~cSokj ekFkS ?k.kekSGkS /;ku fn;ks gSA T;wa cLrhjke th O;kl cikSrhjkS cSikj uh dj*j [ksrh&ckM+h vj dfB.k eS*ur ekFkS foLokl jk[kSA ^vksG~;wa jh vf[k;krka* jkik= lxGk ojxka jk gSA

13-5 js[kkfprjkeka jkS dF; ¼dSo.kxr½ vj flYi ¼cq.kxB½ lk: nhB

MkW- useukjk;.k tkslh jk js[kkfprjke ekSfyd lw>cw> uS njlkoSA MkW- useukjk;.k tkslh jh^vksG~;wa jh vf[k;krka* iksFkh jk ?k.k[kjk js[kkfprjke feu[kkpkjS jh Fkji.kk djS vj uqaoh ih<+hlk: laLdkj iz/kku lekt jk liuk latkSoSA js[kkfprjkeka eka; tFkkjFk tqxcks/k] Hkko&fopkjvj dYiuk jh mM+k.k Hkh futj vkoSA

MkW- tkslhth js[kkfprjke ekaMrk Fkdka lkekftd ljksdkj ekFkS Hkjiwj /;ku fn;kS gSA vksG~;walwa Hkj~;ksM+k js[kkfprjkeka esa ?k.kklhd pfjr&iz/kku dS;k tk; ldSA fy[kkjka uS ftdS feu[kkaekFkS iwt.kS jkS Hkko miT;kS gS vVwV lj/kk jS;h gS& cka jk fprjke lj/kk izxVko lk: fy[khT;kgSA ftuxk.kh uS tw.k le>*j Hkqxr.kkvkGk] fnu&jkr ilhuks cSok;*j eSur lwa isV iky.kGkajS ekFkS Hkh tks'khth ys[k.kh mBk;h gSA

Hkklk vj lSyh Jh tks'kh jS js[kk fprjkeka jh Hkklk ljy] lkso.kh vj vlnkj gSA js[kk fprjkekaeka; dsbZ ckrka cksr bZ ckjhd vuqHko lwa tqM+;ksM+h gS & cka jh dSo.k xr ¼dF;½ vj flYi¼c.kxV½ U;kjh&fujokGh vj i<+ht.k tksx ykxSA ^dwn.k ckckS* js[kk fp= fgEer vj tksl lwaHkj~;ksM+k feu[k jks fprjke y[kkoS] i.k cq<+kiS jS fnuka eka; dha FkkdsykS lks vuqHko djSA ckGi.k]tokuh vj cq<+kiS jh rhuwa voLFkkoka jk vuqHko feu[k&tekjS uS ns[k.kk iM+SA

MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jk js[kkfp=ka eka; m.k tekuS jh tFkkjFk fFkfr;ka ifjfLFkfr;ka jkS js[kkadugq;kS gS ftdS lwa feu[kk&tw.k jh tho.kxr] ifo= Hkkoukoka] dke&dkt lk: eS*ur] fuLBk vjlk¡p jk lkpk njlko lkeh vkoSA

MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh js[kk fprjke fo/kkoka jk vkxhok.k js[kk fp=dkj gSA m.kka jhvk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| fo/kk js[kkfp= lwa bZ gsr&izse jS;kS gSA m.kka jS js[kkfprjkeka jk ?k.k[kjkik= djM+h eS*ur] dje [ksr eka; tqV;ksM+k vknlZ ekuoh jS;k gSA

MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jh ^vksGwa jh vf[k;krka* jk ik= lqik= ykxSA vs ik= Hkklk] Hkko] dSo.kxrvj laLej.kkRed js[kkfp=ka jh ?kVukoka ys[ku jh tFkkjFkrk] vj feu[k&ekuoh uS uthdh lwans[k.k jh uqaoh nhB njlkoSA ^dwn.k ckckS* gksoS pkoS ^cLrhjketh* lxGka vki&vki jS dje[ksr jk /k.khaA djM+h eS*ur vj ilhuks cSok;*j dekbZ dj.k okGk gSA tBSrkbZ MkW- useukjk;.kthjh fy[k.k xr jkS loky gS rks m.kkajh Hkklk izHkkoh vj eqgkojk Hkjh lgt] ljy vj eu

123

Hkko.kh gSA gjsd ik= eka; vkLFkk] lj/kk] foLokl vj feu[khpkjkS feGS] m.kjS lkxS bZ lkekftdfon:irk] vc[kk;ka] vujFk lwa vjFk dekof.k;ka ekFkS rh[kkS O;aX; bZ y[kkoSA MkW- useukjk;.ktks'kh jh x|&ys[k.k lSyh dBSbZ ykEck&pkSM+k okD;ka vj dBsbZ NksVk& NksVk okD;] laoknkajh xfrlhGrk jh folslrkoka njlkoSA MkW- useukjk;.kth jS js[kkfp=ka eka; tFkkjFk jS lkxS&lkxSv/;kRe vj Hkkjrh; njl.k jh xS*jh nhB feGSA m.kka jk ?k.k[kjk ik= twuS&tqx jh vc[kk;kavj folslrkoka nksuwa bZ fn[kkoSA

^cLrheyth* vkijS nknk&iM+nknk vj iwT; firkth jh fcjr ckM+h] xq#&ttekui.kh rks dksuhfuHkk; lD;k] i.k m.kka jh osn&iqjk.kka vj dFkkoka jh iksfFk;ka uS veksyd /kjksgj le>*j laHkkGjk[k.k eka; dlj dksuh jk[krkA djlk.kh dke dkt lk: djM+k eS*urh vj fgEer&fdEerjS ik.k feu[k&tw.k tho.k lk: lnho R;kj jS;k gSA

MkW- tks'khth jh iksFkh ^vksGwa jh vf[k;krka*] eka; tdk js[kk fprjke js[khT;ksM+k gS cs laLej.kkajS lkxS ?kVukoka] fFkfr;ka&ifjfLFkfr;ka lwa vkxS c/kSA ?k.k[kjk ik= vknlZ] lj/kkGq] vjeuksoSX;kfud lk¡p lkxS js[khT;ksM+k gSA ck ik=ka eka; HkkSfrd vj vk/;kfRed txr~ jkS vuqHkkSlkewaMS cksySA dBsbZ&dBsbZ tqx&tFkkjFk jh ?kVukoka vj izlaxka jh vksG~;ka ekaMhtrh jS;h gSAjs[kk fprjke vj laLej.kka eka; fy[k.kxr Qjd lkQ yjokoSA js[kk fp=dkj vkijS vktw&cktwjS ifjosl uS lkaoVrk Fkdka mf.k;kjka uS ewG:i esa lkeha njlkoSA

13-6 lizlax O;k[;k & 1

^^Åej eksVh gSA ;kn djrk bZ gkA cks vk;X;ks dwn.k ckck\ dSo.k vkGS jh futj jS ykjS&ykjSEgkjyh futj i.k xbZ rks dkabZ ns[kwa dS cw<+yks MksdjkS gkFk jh ykBh ekFkS >qD;kSM+k lko nksyM+ksgks;ksM+ks vkoSA gkFk P;kj&ikaps*d ijS lwa bZ cksY;kS & ^jke&jke Bkdjk!**

^^jke&jke ckck] jke&jke!**

Bkdj xqekuth vkijh nk<+h ekFkS] ft.kjk dslka eka; /kkSGk ckijX;k] gkFk Qsjrk cksY;k& ^^vkocSB] b.k yk; eka; dBhuS pkY;kS\**

vS vksG~;ka MkW- useukjk;.k tkslh jS js[kkfp= ^dwn.k ckcks* eka; lwa fy;ksM+h gSA b.k jkS HkkokFkZuhpS fy[;k eqtc gSA

O;k[;k&

vk;q cM+h gksoSA ;kn djrk ik.k bZ cks vk;X;kS dwn.k ckcksA dSork ik.k bZ futj jS lkxS&lkxSfy[kkj jh futj iM+h rks ekye gksoS dS vsd cw<+ks Mksdjks ykBh ekFkS >qD;ksM+ks lhèkks&lknks>qfd;ksM+ks nksyM+kS gq;ksM+S lks vkaorks ykxS cks Mksdjks P;kj ikap gkFk nwjh lwa bZ cksyS& ^^jke&jkeBkdjkaA*

^^jke&jke ckck] jke&jke!**

Bkdj xqekuth] vkijh nk<+h ekFkS] T;kjka lxGk dsl /kkSGk/k¶Q gq;ksM+k gk] gkFk Qsjrk dS;ks&^vko cSB] b.k rirh xjeh yk; eka; fd.kxh pkY;kS\*

lizlax O;k[;k & 2

^^vjs rks ckith] eSa FkksM+S bZ d<+k;ksA vks ukao rks xkao vkGk d<+k; nhU;ksA Egkjyks dkdks rksEguS Egsjke dSorksA**

chM+h cxk; uS Bkdj nk<+h eka; dkaxfl;ks Qsjrk] tkM;ks cka/krk&cka/krk BSjX;kA EgkjS dkuh

124

ewaMks djuS cksY;k& ^tokuh eka; dwn.k ponS gkFk pkSM+ks Hksjks dwnX;kSA tn lwa yksx b.kuS Egsjkedwn.k dSo.k ykxX;kA*

eSa fopkj eka; iM+X;ksA ^^ponS gkFk teha dwnxks\ vj teha uha csjks dwnxks\** vc dkGS dwn.kgkaL;ksA** vs vksG~;ka MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jS fy[;kSMS+ ^^dwn.k ckcks* js[kkfp= eka; lwa fy;ksM+hgS ft.k jh O;k[;k uhpS fy[;k eqtc gksoS&

O;k[;k&

vjs ckith! EgkjkS vks ukao rks xkao okGk bZ fnjk;kS* EgkjkS dkdks euS Êgsjke* bZ dSorkA

Bkdj chM+h QSad*j vkijh nk<+h ekFkS dka?kfl;ksa Qsjrk dslka ekFkS iV~Vh cka/krk :dX;kA ckaEgkjS dkuh ewM+ks djrk Fkdka cksY;k& tks/k&tokuh eka; dwn.k ponS gkFk pkSM+s dwoS eka; dwnX;ksgksA cha fnu lwa yksx Egsjk.k dwn.k dSo.k ykx jS;k gk

eSa fopkj eka; iM+X;ksA ^^ponS gkFk teha dwnxks\ vj teha uh dwoS eka; dwnX;kSA

vk dSork ika.k dwn.k g¡l.k ykX;kSA*

13-7 vH;kl jk loky

1- fprjke fo/kk jh ifjHkk"kk vj rRoka jh tk.kdkjh nsoksA

2- fprjke fo/kk uS MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jks dkabZ ;ksxnku gS \ mnkgj.k ns;j le>k;ksA

3- MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jh izeq[k fprjkek jh tk.kdkjh nsoksA

4- fprjke fo/kk jh lSyh ij fopkj njloksA

13-8 lkj

b.k bdkbZ esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izeq[k fprjke ys[kd MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh jh thouh fljt.kjh tk.kdkjh djkbZ xbZ gSA lkFkS gh ys[kd jS b.k fljt.k lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS dkabZ rjSjks ;ksxnku fefy;kS & b.k ij fopkj gq;kS gS Hkklk uS lcnkoyh vj fopkj jks oSfo/; vjfoLrkj fefy;kSA

MkW- useukjk;.k tks'kh ys[ku lSyh vj flYi jk uqok iz;ksx dfj;k gS ft.klwa fprjke fo/kkjkrhekrk gqbZ gSA

13-9 lUnHkZ iksF;ka






125

bdkbZ & 14

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| izeq[kjs[kkfprjkedkj & MkW- f'kojkt Naxkuh

bdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

14-1 lkekU; mísL; %&

14-2 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| izeq[k js[kk fprjkedkj ifjpS %& MkW- f'kojkt Naxk.kh

14-3 vH;kl jk loky &

14-4 lkj

14-5 lanHkZ iksF;ka

14-1 mísL; %&

1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lfgR; jh uqaoh fo/kk js[kkfp= jkS X;ku djko.kksA

2- jktLFkkuh x|&lkfgR; jh fo/kkoka jh fiNk.kA

3- jktLFkkuh x| eka; js[kkfp=&js[kht.kS jh dGk jh tk.kdkjh fnjko.khA

4- jktLFkkuh x| jS Hkklk rRoka jkS X;ku djko.kkSA

5- js[kkfp=ka eka; feu[k] oLrq vj njlko jS js[kht.kS jh fiNk.k djko.khA

6- Hkklk&lSyh jh tk.kdkjhA

7- izeq[k js[kkfprjke jh tkudkjh djko.khA

14-2 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| izeq[k js[kk fprjkedkj ifjpS %& MkW- f'kojkt Naxk.kh

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| fo/kkoka eka; js[kkfp= fo/kk jk js[kkfp=dkj izfl) dfo vj xhrdkjf'kojkt Naxk.kh jkS tue 21 uoEcj 1938 esa chdkusj eka; gks;kSA m.kka jh l:vkrh i<+kbZchdkusj jh bLdwyka vj Mwaxj dkWyst eka; gqbZA vki b.k fcpkGS bZ Hk.kkbZ NksM+*j Jh 'kknwZyiq"dj.kk lh-lS- bLdwy eka; v/;kid fu;qDr gqvkA m.kka ,e-,- fgUnh] ch-,M- vj lkfgR;jRurkbZ Hk.kk;h djhA vki laLÑr vj vaxzsth lkfgR; jkS yxksyx v/;;u djrk jS;kA m.kka osnka]iqjk.kka] ^mifulnka* vj Lefr;ka jkS bZ v/;;u dj~;kSA Jh Naxk.kh izkpk;Z in lwa lsokfuoÙk gq;kAJh Naxk.kh ewy:i lwa dfo] xhrdkj gSA vki dfo&lEesyuka esa jktLFkku vj jktLFkku lwackjS eqacbZ] dksydkÙkk] vgenkckn vj verlj rkbZ Hkkx ySork jS;k gSA

14-2-1 fljt.k

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jh x|&fo/kk js[kkfp= m.kka uS ?k.kh vkNh ykxhA m.kka jh js[kkfp=kajh rhu iksfFk;ka izdkflr gks;ksM+h gS ft.k eka; ^mf.k;kjka*] ^vksG[kk.k* vj feu[kka jheka;k iksF;ka pjpk jks fol; c.;kSM+h jS;h gSA nwth iksF;ka eka; ^ÅtGk&vk[kj* ¼iqjLÑrdfork laxzS½ ft.k fo/k jk[kS jke ¼dgkuh&laxzS½ ^vofy;k iq#"k* ¼fgUnh laLej.k½bDdM+&fcDdM+ ¼y?kq dFkk laxzS½A vj cky&izkS<+ksi;ksxh yxS&VxS 18 iksF;ka Nixh gSAyxksyx nksgk] dqaMfG;k] jktLFkkuh xtyka vj NUn eqxr dfork fy[krk jS;k gSA vkijS js[kkfp=ka ekFkS ^lks/k&xzaFk* txr ikSlk< lk: fy[khT;ksM+kS gSA

jktLFkkuh x| fo/kkoka eka; js[kkfp= jkS fy[k.kkS cksr de gks;ksM+kSA Jh Naxk.kh js[kkfp=

126

fo/kk eka; fy[k.kkS l: dj~;kS vj m.kka jh iSyh iksFkh ^mf.k;kjka* NihA

js[kkfp=ka jh iksFkh ^mf.k;kjk* eka; iwjf.k;kS Hkaxh] ukxth] cjQ vkGkS] [ksrks ckcks ¼iÙkhjk jek*j½ bZlj ykV vkn lk/kkj.k e/;eojx vj fupyS ojx jk ik= gS] ftdka jhtho.kxr dke&dkth cS*okj] euxr Hkko] fgEer vj fgaoGkl] tho.kh&lxrh vj tksljh Hkkouk feu[kka uS vtSrkb± izsj.kk nsoS fnjkoSA

feu[kktw.k eka; lkekftd oSoLFkk] jktuhfrd ifjosl] vkfFkZd detksj~;ka] vc[kk;ka] ihM+k] cSo.kka]nq%[k njn] jkx&fojkx] lq[k&nq%[k vkn jkS pdfj;kS pkyrkS jsoSA feu[k m.k eka; cnGko yko.klk: la?klZ djrkS lks ykxSA ftÙkk ekFkk mÙkkbZ ewaMk] ckrka pkyrh jSoSA m.k okrkoj.k eka;bZ feu[k vkijkS U;kjkS&fujokGks cS*okj jk[kSA ^mf.k;kjk* js[kk fprjke eka; js[khT;ksM+k ?k.kk lkjkik= vkLFkk vj foLokl] dje&[ksrj eka; tqV;ksM+k ykxSA eS*ur vj fgEer jS ik.k /kkdkSf/kdkork jSoSA îwjf.k;kS Hkaxh* yqGrkbZ] cMsjka jkS vknj&lRdkj vj Vkcj&Vhaxjka lkxS izse cS*okjjk[kS vj eksgYys eka; vknj&lRdkj ikorks jSoSA ykfy;kS lkalh ekaxrkS&[kkorkS nh[kS i.k tkrfcjknjh eka; nkBhd :rckS jk[kSA Jh Naxk.kh m.k ik=ka uS js[kk fprjkeka eka; ys[k.k jh dkslhldjh gS ftdka jkS lkekftd cS*okj lkarjkS jS;kS gSA b.kh Hkkar ^bZlj ykV* nkBhd] djrc&ijk;.k][kjh ehaV jk /k.kh] opuka ca/;k vki jS futw tho.k eka; vc[kk;ka ns[krka Fkdka bZ fopkjka lwadnsbZ dksuh fMxrkA dnsbZ lk¡i idM+rk rks dnsbZ ekaM jkx jk xhr lq.krk nh[krkA m.kka jkSukudM+k Vkcjka vj cM+k cqtjxka lkxS lkarjkS cS*okj jSorkSA js[kk fp=dkj Jh Naxk.kh jh iksF;kaeka; yxSVxS lxGk ik= ;k feu[k fgoMS+ eka; gsr&fga;kGh jk[k.kokGk ykxSA ft;k&tw.k thorkFkdka lq[k&nq%[k eka; /khjt] usgpkS] fnz<+ vkLFkk vj foLokl jh ckxMkSj FkkE;ksM+k jSoSA ^mf.k;kjk*iksFkh eka;yk js[kk fprjkeka eka; ^vkafV;ks ckckS*] pkoS [ksrks ckcks vj iwjf.k;ks Hkaxh ¼iwjf.k;kSckckS½ gksoS pkoS ukxth lxGka futw use&/kje] Qjt vj eS*ur eka; tqfV;ksM+k jSorkAlh/kh&lknh lYyk jk vS lqik= Vkcj&VksGh gksokS] pk;S toku&cw<+k MS.k&Mksdfj;ka gksokS] lxGkalwa gsr djf.k;k] eq[k lwa ehBk cksyf.k;k] galh&[kqlh ftuxk.kh thaork Fkdka dnsbZ v.ke.kk]mnkl vj fujkl dksuh nh[krkA fupyS ojx jk ik= gksokS pkoS e/;e ojx jk & lxGS vkijS tho.k eka; /khtS jk /k.kh jS;k gSA cS vkijs eu eka; fd.kh lwa yqdko&Nqiko vj Hksn&Hkkodksuh jk[krkA m.kka jkS pfjr lQsn dkxn jh rfj;ka jS;kS gSA Jh Naxk.kh vki jh lh/kh&lgtHkklk] eka; dSo.kxr vj cq.kxV jkS rkuks&ckuks rk.krk jS;k gSA iksFkh jk lxGk ik= feu[kkpkjSjkS xq.k & /kkj.k dj;kSM+k y[kkoSA uqaokS vknlZ lekt eka; FkjikoSA b.k rfj;ka jk feu[ktqx&tqxka bZ dksuh feG ldSA lg.klhGrk] èkhjt] nwtka jh ihM+ eka; iM+uokGk feu[k vktjS ta=&tqx eka; vc[kk bZ fey ldSykA

Jh Naxk.kh jkS ^cjQ vkGkS* [kjh&etwjh] pks[kk dke dj.k lk: pkokS vj BkokS ekuhtSA cjQjkS NrkS c.kk;j etwjh djrkS cks ewfG;kS gkSA [ksrhjS fnuka eka; mÙkj ijnsl tkorkS vj xjehjS fnuka eka; chdkusj jh xGh xqokM+k eka; cjQ jk NÙkk c.kk;*j cSprkSA cha jh vokt rh[kh]iryh vj lqjhGh ghA Vkcjka jkS ?ksjks m.kjS xkMS jS pk: es*j ykx tkorkSA cks dBksj eS*urvj fgEer jS ik.k tho.k thorkSA cjQ jk NÙkk csp*j iblk dekorkS] i.k ckGdka uS izlUujk[krkSA ftdS ckGd duS iblk uha gksork rks oks m.k ckGd uS NksVks NÙkkS c.kk;*j t:jnSorkSA lxGk Vkcj Vhaxj ewfG;S jS ewaMS ykx.k okGk gks;X;k vj ewfG;kS bZ Vkcja eka; Vkcjc.;ksM+ka jSorkSA

Jh Naxk.kh jS js[kk fprjke jh dSor xr] c.kxV] Hkklk&lSyh m.kka jh ekSfyd gSA Jh Naxk.khjk ^vksG[kk.k* eka; js[khT;ksM+k lxGk fprjke efgykoka jk gS] ftdh efgykoka v.ki<+ HkykabZgksokS i.k vuqHko jh ekyd.k gksorhA m.kka uS xq.khT;kSM+h ekurkA ^feu[kka jh ek;k* jk js[kk

127

fprjke bZ fupyS ojx jS yksxka jkS c[kk.k djSA

b.kh Hkkar ^cjQ vkGkS* js[kk fprjke thoarS&tkxrS ewGlk jkS pS*jkS gwcgw lkeha jk[kSA ewGlkdM+h eS*ur dj.k okGkS djlkS Hkh gkS rks ^cjQ vkGS* :i eka; bZ fgaoGklokGkS jS;kS gSA ^cjQvkGkS* lkekftd&oSokj] vkfFkZd vHkko] dM+h eS*ur vj vkLFkk foLokl lkxS ekuoh tw.k thorkSjS;k gSA ewfG;S jkS ^cky&euksfoX;ku* ij[k.k jkS utkjkS bZ Jh Naxk.kh njlk;kS gSA

Jh Naxk.kh jh Hkklk lh/kh&lknh] yksd&Hkklk lwa HkjhT;ksM+h ljy vj euekso.kh] vj lkso.khykxSA vka js[kkfprjkeka jh ?k.kh [kwch vk gS dS ikBd jkS /;ku tksfM+;ka jk[kSA js[kk fprjkekaeka; ?k.k[kjk feu[kka jh U;kjh&fujokGh folslrkoka y[kkoSA iwjf.k;kS Hkaxh ¼iwjf.k;kS ckckS½ fut/kje dje eka; dnsbZ deh dksuh cjrSA ik¡p&lk<S ik¡p ctS >ka>jdS lwa ehBh ok.kh cksyrkS]lxGka uS vko&vknj fnjkorkS] vkijh futw tkrokGka jS nq%[k njn uS fiNk.krkS gkSA m.kka jhleS ekFkS nwtk yksxka lsB lkÅdkjka lwa /ku&laca/kh ¼vkfFkZd½ lk;rk bZ djkorkSA b.k js[kkfprjke lwa vk ekye iM+S dS fupyS cjx jS yksxka eka; bZ Hkyek.kl gks;k gS ftdk vkijSlHkko] dke dkt] feGulkfjrk lwa lxGka jkS eu thr ySorkA

^cjQ vkGkS* mÙkj iznsl jSoklh gkS] i.k Vkcjka&Vhaxjka lwa gsr izhr jk[k.k okGkS gkSA djM+heSur] djM+h /kwi] rirh jsr eka; futw [kknh osl eka; vk[kS fnu etwjh djrkSA eS*ur lwa ekfG;kekaM.k eka; foLokl jk[krkSA fd.kh jS vkxS gkFk dksuh ilkjSA

ykfy;kS lkalh vkijS gkFkka eka; eS.k jkS dVksjkS jk[krkS ekaxrks&[kkorkS] i.k vkijh tkr&fcjknjheka; iwthtrkS feu[k gkSA m.kka jS duS pkanh jk #fi;k bZ jSorkA [kjp dj.k eka; fljSukaodatwlwe gkS] i.k vko&vknj] Hkxrh&lj/kk jkS /k.kh gkS] lh/kh&lknh lYyk jkS cS*okj dqly feu[kgkSA

îÙkh jk jekj* jkS fprjke U;kjkS&fujokGkSA rkl jS [ksy eka; Hkksj lwa flaÖ;ka rkb± jE;ksM+ks&xqE;ksM+ksyk/krkSA ^mf.k;kjk* iksFkh eka;yk lxGk js[kk fprjkeka eka; ekuoh ejtknkoka] fgaoGkl]laosnulhGrk] lq) vkpkj&fopkj fuxS vkoSA js[kk fprjkeka eka; jktuhfrd vc[kk;ka rks ekyegksoS bZ] i.k yksd laLÑfr vj yksd pko jkS ÅtGkS l:i lkeha vkoSA

Jh Naxk.kh yxksyx ek;M+&Hkklk jS c/kkiS lk: fltj.k djrk bZ yk/kSA m.kka jh fljt.klk/kuk uS ?k.kka rke&>ke jh t:jr dksuhA m.kka jh jpukoka eka; vks[kk.kka lgt vj lVhdiz;ksx lkxS ek;M+ vk;k gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh i=&if=dkoka eka; Jh Naxk.kh jh jpukoka NirhjSoSA nksgk&lksjBk vj dqaMfG;ka] ^Nan caèk jpukoka jS lkxS ledkyhu dfork jS rsoj uS fiNk.krkFkdka uqabZ&dfork ¼eqxr&Nan½ jh fy[kS] i.k cs dfork eka; y;kRedrk jk i[k/kj lnho jS;kgSA

Jh Naxk.kh jh js[kk fprjkeka jh rhu iksfFk;ka vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x|&fo/kk eka; vkijh futwNki NksMSA b.kka jS js[kk fprjkeka eka; lxGk ik= lqik= y[kkoS] ftdka eka; /khjt] lfgL.kqrk]nq%[k&njn lg.k dj.k jh f[kerk gSA cS ik= lxGk lh/kk&lknk] lk*o HkksGk] vj usduh;rjk y[kkoSA js[kk fprjkeka eka; feu[k jkS lqHkko] vknrka] [kko.k iho.k jkS lks[k] xksB&?kw?kj;kjkS vk.kan] esGk exfj;k ekSt&eLrh] fny jk lk*o lPpk vj HkksGk&MkGk feu[k jS;k gS] ftdkab.k tqx eka; Qs:a dnsbZ uha tyeS D;wadS m.kka uS Nya] dwM+&diV dÙkbZ lg.k uha gksorhAlxGkS eksgYyks bZ m.kka jkS ifjokj tk.khtrkSA cS lxGk ik= vkijS tqx jk ukeh gkA nkBhdgkA èkhjt jk dhjr&[kaHk gkA

14-2-3 Hkklk vjflYi

Hkko Hkklk] flYi vj lkekftd ifjosl jkS Jh Naxk.kh futw Hkklk&lSyh eka; lkaoBkS c[kk.k

128

dj~;kS gSA Jh Naxk.kh ewG :i lwa dfo xhrdkj vj Hkkoqd fgjnS jk /k.kh gS] i.k m.kka jkSukao js[kk fp=dkjka eka; vkxhok.k gSA m.kka jS js[kk fprjkeka eka; laosnulhGrk futj vkoSvj ikBd jS fgoM+S eka; gj[k vj meko mitkoSA js[kk fprjkeka eka; js[khT;ksM+k fprjkeka jkik= lkeha ÅHkk y[kkoSA Jh Naxk.kh jkS dSo.kkS gS dS vS feu[k ekuoh tk.kS lrtqxh gkA dGtqxeka; ikNk dksuh tye ldSA

Jh Naxk.kh ^jktLFkkuh Hkklk&lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh jk mik/;{k] dkslk/;{k vj ekunlnL; jS;k gSA VSLlhVksjh iqjLdkj i| iqjLdkj] Mh-vkj- fyV ¼MkWDVjsV vkWQ fyVjspj½ jh ekunmikf/k lwa lqlksfHkr gSA iwoZ lkaln Lo- MkW- egkjktk dj.kh flag Qkm.Mslu jS lEeku lwa bZlEekfur gq;k gSA esM+rk flVh lwa ^ykMhth* ^,MoksdsV* ukao ekFkS Fkjik;ksM+S iqjLdkj lwa lEekfurgks;k*j m.kka uS chdkusj jh eksdGh lLFkkoka lwa vknj&lRdkj feG~;kS gSA

lizlax O;k[;k & 1

^^cjQS·· vS BaMh Bkj cjQ] etsnkj cjQ] yPNSnkj cjQ & ^T;wa bZ vk irGh rh[kh vkoktlq.khtrh] Vkcj&Vhaxj jerk&[ksyrk Fke tkorkA ukB*j vBhuS&cBhuS lwa cjQ vkGS jS xkMSduS iwx tkorkA Nksjka jkS ?kh?kkfj;kS eaM tkorkSA dksvh iblS vkGkS] dksvh nks iblk vkGkSNÙkkS c.kko.k lk: dSorkSA dksvh NksjkS ljcr jh lhlh epdkorkS vj dksvh cjQ jk mNGrkVqdM+k [kko.k uS gkFk ilkjrkSA xkMS okGkS mFkQrkS dksuh cks vsd&vsd Vkcj uS eqGdrkS ns[k.kkSpkorkSA b.k [kkrj cjQ jkS NÙkkS R;kj dj*j dSorks& ^yks ckcw lkA*

nwtkS NksjkS bÙkS esa cksy*j dSorkS] ^vks vsd iblkS yS euS tYnh FkrkS nS] ehFkkS Fkjcr nSA ?k.kkSlkjkS] ehFkkSA*

O;k[;k &

vS vksG~;ka MkW- f'kojkt Naxk.kh jfpr ^mf.k;kjk* iksFkh eka; ^cjQ vkGkS* ikB lwa fyjk;kSM+hgSA b.k jh O;k[;k uhpS fy[;k eqtc gS&

cjQ csp.k okGkS vkijh rh[kh irGh e/kjh vkokt eka; ^cjQS·· BaMh Bkj cjQ] etsnkj cjQvj yPNknkj cjQ jh ok.kh eka; cksyrkS tn jerk&[ksyrk ckGd&ckfGdka m.kjS xkMS duSiwx tkork] :d tkorkA Hkkt*j iwxrkA Nksjka jkS ?ksjks ykx tkorkSA iblk] nks iblka jkS NÙkkSdksvh u dksbZ c.kko.k lk: dSorkSA Nksjk dnsbZ ljcr jh lhlh fgykorka] c.kko.k lk: dSorkSrks dksvh cjQ jk mNGrk VqdM+ka lk: vki jkS gkFk ilkjrkA xkMS vkGkS ÅcrkS dksuhA cksVkcjka uS g¡lrkS&eqGdrkS bZ ns[k.kkS pkorkS vj NÙkka R;kj dj*j dSorks& yks ckcw lk*cA

chtka Nksjk bÙkS esa cksyrk & ^vks Egkjks iblks yS] euS csxks NÙkkS nS] ehBks ljcr nS] ?k.kkSlkjkS ehBksA*

lcnkFkZ &

Fke tkork & :d tkork

?kh?kkfj;ks & ?ksjks] eaMyh

mNGrk & fc[kjrk

mFkQrkS & ÅcrkS

NÙkkS & NÙkkS

ehFkkS & ehBks

lizlax O;k[;k & 2

129

vsd fnu xGh jS vkneh b.kuS&cwÖ;ks & vjs ewGlk! xjeh&xjeh rks xkMkS djS Qs:a ljnhvj cj[kka jS fnuka esa dkb± /ka/kkS&etwjh pkyS\

ewGlk mFkGkS nSorkS & gk¡] ckcklk eSu*r vj etwjh rks isV [kkrj dj.kh iM+SA ub± rks EgkjSHkh ifjokj eksdGkS gS] [ksrh&ckM+h [kkrj EgkjS xkao pY;kS tkowaA cBS nks&nk.kka fuitS tn bZifjokj vj fxjLr jkS iky.k djhtSA

ewGlk tn vkijS ifjokj ukao fy;kS cha c[kr xGh jS cwf<;S iwN~;kS & êwGlk! FkkjS fdÙkkVkcj&Vhaxj gS\*

^jketh jkth gS ckckth] Hkxoku jk fn;kSM+kS rhu Nksjk vj nks Nksj~;ka gSA**

O;k[;k &

vks vksG~;ka MkW- f'kojkt Naxk.kh jh ^mf.k;kjk* iksFkh eka; ^cjQ vkGS* ikB eka; lw fyjk;kSM+hgS] ftdS jh O;k[;k uhps fy[;k eqtc gSA

vsd fnu xGh jS feu[k m.kuS iwN~;kS & vjs ewGlkA xjeh&xjeh Fkaw xkMkS djS Qs:a ljnhvj cj[kka jS fnuka eka; /ka/kkS&etwjh fd;ka pykoS\

ewGlk iMwÙkj fnjkoS & gka] ckcklk] isV [kkrj eS*ur&etwjh rks dj.kh bZ iMSA uha rks EgkjkS?k.kkS lkjkS ifjokj gSA [ksrh&ckM+h dj.k lk:a EgSa EgkjS xkao pY;kS tkowaA

[ksrh&ckM+h eka; nks; nk.kka iSnk gksoS tn bZ ifjokj vj dqVqac dMwacS jkS iky.k djhtSA

tn ewGlk ifjokj jkS ukao fy;kS & m.k c[kr xGh jS cwf<+;S cwÖ;kS & êwGlk! FkkjS fdÙkkVkcj&Vhaxj gS\*(

^^ckckth] jke th jkth gSA Hkxoku jk fn;ksM+k rhu ckyd vj nks ckfGdkoka gSA*


1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh izeq[k fo/kkoka jh tk.kdkjh djkvksA2- vkt jk jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk jk izeq[k fprjke ys[kdkjk uke fy[kksA3- fprjke vj laLej.k esa dkbZ Qjd gSA le>k;ksA4- fprjke vkt jh lclwa lcG fo/kk gS b.k ckr jh O;k[;k djksA

14-4 lkj

b.k bdkbZ esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izeq[k fprjke ys[kd MkW- f'kojkt Naxk.kh jh thouh fljt.kjh tk.kdkjh djkbZ xbZ gSA lkFkS gh ys[kd jS b.k fljt.k lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS dkabZ rjSjks ;ksxnku fefy;kS & b.k ij fopkj gq;kS gS Hkklk uS lcnkoyh vj fopkj jks oSfo/; vjfoLrkj fefy;kSAMkW- f'kojkt Naxk.kh ys[ku lSyh vj flYi jk uqok iz;ksx dfj;k gS ft.klwa fprjke fo/kkjkrhekrk gqbZ gSA MkW- f'kojkt Naxk.kh jh lSyh jkspd gS vj m.kw lwa fprjke Hkh izk.koku gq;ksgSA ;wa ykxs T;ksa feu[k lkeh gSA

14-5 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k2- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh % ijEijk vj fodkl & MkW- vtqZunso pkj.k3- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- jkeLo:i O;kl4- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % MkW- f'ko dqekj 'kekZ5- vkykspukjh vka[k lwa % MkW- dqUnuekyh

130

bdkbZ & 15

vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadhmn~Hko fodkl] rRo vj flYi

bdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

15-0 mísL;

15-1 çLrkouk

15-2 vsdkadh jh Hkkjrh; ijEijk

15-3 vsdkadh jh fiNekn ijEijk

15-4 jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jkS bfr;kl

15-5 l:vkr jk vsdkadhdkj

15-6 vktknh jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh vsdkadh

15-7 vsdkadh jk rRo

¼i½ dFkkud

¼ii½ pfj= ;kstuk

¼iii½ laokn ;k dFkksidFku

¼iv½ nsldky vj okrkoj.k

¼v½ Hkklk vj lSyh

¼vi½ mn~nsL;

15-8 lkjkal

15-9 vH;kl jk loky


15-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ esa vki jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jkS v/;;u djkSykA b.k bdkbZ uS if<;kaiNS vki jktLFkkuh vsdkadh i"BHkwfe lwa ifjfpr gks tkokSykA

l b.kh i"BHkwfe esa vki Hkkjr esa vsdkad jh ijEijk lwa ifjfpr gks ldkSykA

l b.k bdkbZ esa vki jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[kht.k okGh l:vkrh vsdkafd;ka jkS ifjpS izkIr djldkSykA

l vktknh jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh vsdkadh /kkjk jkS ifjpS izkIr djkSykA

l vsdkadh jk rRo vj m.kjS flYi jh tk.kdkjh izkIr djkSykA

15-1 izLrkouk %

lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka nkabZ vsdkadh bZ lkekftd izfrc)rk jS lkFkS&lkFkS vke tu jS eu jkS jatudjSA vkijS NksVS dyosj esa vk fo/kk lVhd okj dj.k jh f[kerk jk[kSA D;wa dS b.k esa foLrkj jhxqatkbl de gksoS b.k okLrS vsdkadhdkj uS vkS /;ku gksoS dS m.kuS de cxr esa vkijh ckr izs{kd

131

rkabZ iqxko.kh gSA b.k fo/kk esa ?kVuk vsd bZ gksoS vj m.kjkS le; foLrkj bZ ?k.kkS ugha gksoSA vika dS;ldka dS ok vsd nks fnu jh ?kVuk gksoS rks ?k.kh vkNh ckr gksoSA b.kjS LkkFkS bZ m.kesa pfjr~ bZ debZ jk[k.kk iM+S rn bZ vsdkadhdkj vkijh ckr uS lkaoBS :i esa izs{kd rkabZ iqxk; ldSA vsdkadh jhHkkjrh; ijEijk Hkjr jS ukV~;lkL= esa ns[k.k uS feGS mBS b.k fo/kk jk uke nwtk gS i.k m.kjkS l:ivkS bt gSA b.kh Hkkar ikLpkR; ijEijk esa vsdkadh ^dVsZu jstj* jS :i izs{kd jS lkaEgh vkbZ vj m.kiNS vkijh yksdfiz;rk jS dkj.k lkfgR; jh vsd uqaoh fo/kkjS :i izfrf"Br gksbZA jktLFkkuh esa vsdkadhjkS bfr;kl vk/kqfud tqx jh chloha lnh lwa vkijk ix eaMa.kk djrkS nh[kSA yxS VxS lkS cjlka jSbfr;kl esa vBS U;kjh U;kjh /kkjk jk dSbZ vsdkadh fy[khft;k gSA

15-2 vsdkadh jh Hkkjrh; ijEijk

Hkkjrh; ukV~; ijEijk jk izs.krk vkpk;Z Hkjr vkijS izfl) xzzaFk ukV~;'kkL=* esa ukVdka jk U;kjk U;kjk:i crk;k gSA oka ek;a dqN :i vsd vadh ukVd jk gS] b.k lk:a dsbZ fo}ku vkS ekuS gS dS vsdkadhjkS ekStwnk l:i m.kh vsd vadh ukV~; :i law fodflr gks;ksM+kS gSA vSM+k :ik esa O;k;ksx] mRlLVkad]Hkka.k] ohFkh vj izglu uS vsdkadh dS;kS tk ldS gS & D;wa dS oka ukV~; :idka esa vsd vad jkSfo/kku gSA b.k jS vykok dha fo}ku mi:idka jk Hksn djrk Fkdk jkld] ukV~; jkld] gYyhl]mYykI;] dkO;] Jhxfor] foykfldk] xksLBh izs[k.k] vj ef.kdk uS bZ ekM+S gsjQsj lkFkS vsdkadh btekfu;kS gSA b.kesa izs[k.k esa uk;d ghu gksoS] xHkZ vj fonlZ lfU/k;ka uha gksoS] lw=/kkj] fo"dEed vjizosld bZ uha gksoSA tq)] lEQsV vj lxGh ofr;ka gksoS vj m.kesa ukUnh vj iqjkspuk ykjS lwa i<htkoS gSA dbZ ckj vsd ukVd jS eka; nwtkS ukVd vk; tkoS oks bZ izs[k.k cktSA jkt'ks[kj jS^ckyjkek;.k* jS vUrxZr vsd izs[k.k feGSA HkkLdkj dfo jkS ^mUer jk?ko*] yksdukFk HkV~V jkSÑL.kkE;qn; vj foLoukFk jkS ^lkSxfU/kdkgj.k* izsa[k.k dksfV es bt vkoS gSA vkauS vsd rjS lwa laLÑrukV~; ijEijk esa ^dVsZu jstj* dS; ldka gkaA

15-3 vsdkadh jh ikLpkR; ijEijk

;wjksi esa vsdkadh fo/kk jkS izkjfEHkd :i bZlkbZ /kekZf/kdkfj;ka jS tho.k jh fd.kh egrkÅ ?kVuk ;kfd.kh minsl iznku fLFkfr jh jaxeaph; vfHkO;fDr esa ns[k.k uS feGSA i.k vk/kqfud vsdkadh jhl:vkr fd.kh ukV~d jS izkjEHk gkso.k lwa iSyk [ksyht.k okGk gkL; O;aX; iz/kku izgluka lwa ekuhtSgS ft.kuS m.k cxr dVsZu jstj* dSork gkA vS izglu de lwa de ik=ka jS ek/;e lwa 20 ;k 30 feuVesa vkijS njldka jkS euksjatu dj.k lka: izLrqr djhtrkA vSM+h izLrqfr;ka esa ^na eadht ik* iSyhvsdkadh ekuhtS ft.klwa vk/kqfud vsdkadh jh l:vkr gksbZA b.kjS iNS b.k fo/kk uS ;ksjksi jk ukehukVddkj bClu vj tktZ cukZMZ 'kkW vkijh ys[kuh jkS ijl fn;kSA tho.k jh c/krh O;Lrrk vjekuoh; lEcU/kka es vkorh tfVyrkoka jS dkj.k b.k fo/kk dkuh njldka jh futj cRrh iwxh vj vktvk fo/kk vk[kS tx esa pkoh gSA

vsdkadh jh ifjHkklk & vsdkadh uS ifjHkkflr djrk Fkdk jkedqekj oekZ fy[kS gS dS & ,dkadh ukVdksaesa vU; izdkj ds ukVdksa ls fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA mlesa ,d gh ?kVuk gksrh gS vkSj og ?kVuk ukVdh;dkS'ky ls dkSrwgy dk lap; djrs gq, pjelhek rd igqaprh gSA blesa dksbZ viz/kkuizlax ugha jgrkAfoLrkj ds vHkko esa izR;sd ?kVuk dyh dh Hkkafr f[kydj iq"i dh Hkkafr fodflr gks mBrh gSA mlesayrk dh Hkkafr QSyus dh foJa[kyrk ughaA

vk/kqfud vsdkadh uS ifjHkkflr djrk x.kifrpUnz HkaMkjh fy[kS gS dS & ^^vsdkadh esa vsdrF;rk jkSiwjkS ikG.k gkso.kS pkbtSA vsdkadh esa pkoS Hko jkS fp=.k gksokS] pkoS ?kVuk jkS] HkysbZ fd.kh ik= jS pfj=jh folslrk crko.kh gksoS ;k fd.kh leL;k jkS fp=.k dj.kkS gksoS] fljQ vsd ?kVuk] vsd Hkko] vsdleL;k bt m.k esa eq[; gkso.kh pkbtS ckdh lkjh NqViqV ?kVukoka m.k eq[; ?kVuk uS cyoku

132

c.kko.k lk:a tqVkbZ tko.kh pkbtSA**

vsd ?kVuk jS vykok vxj vsdkadh [ksy.k esa ftÙkkS leS ykxS] m.kjh ?kVuk Hkh bÙkS bt leS esa?kfV;ksM+h gksoS tn rkS lkxS ckr] uha rks ?kVuk ftÙkh FkksM+h cxr esa ?kfV;ksM+h gksoS] mÙkS bZ vkNhA b.kjS lkFkS vxj iwjh ?kVuk vsd txk bt ?kfV;ksM+h gksoS rks fljS fx.khtSA

vsdkadh ?k.kkS yEckS uha gksoS rkS vkNkSA nl iUnjS feuV lwa ys;j ?k.kk lwa ?k.kk pkGhl feuV jh e;knesa [ksyht ldS] bRrkS bZ gkso.kkS pkbtSA b.k jkS eryc vkS gks;kS ds m.k jh dFkk jk iqV >Vk>V [kqyrktkoS vj dFkk rsth lwa vkxs c/krh nhlSA ik= dksjh ckrka dj.k esa bZ uha muha>~;k jSoS] okajh ckrka jSQGl:i ?kVukoka ?kVrh jSo.kh pkbtS uha rkS vsdkadh jh jkspdrk uS /kDdk iksap.k jkS Mj jSoSA vsdkadhjkS vkjEHk b.k ekjfed <ax lwa gksoS dS njldka jkS eu vki dkauh [kSap yS vj iNS dFkk b.k rjdhclwa c/kS dS njldka jkS /;ku oha esa cjkcj vVD;ksMkS jS; ldS vj m.kuS ns[k.k uS os mrkoGk gks; tkoS]tnS bZ vsdkadh lQy cktSA

m.k jS vykok Hkklk O;aX;kRed vj tkunkj gksoS] laokn NksVk vj pViVk gksoS] pfj=&fp=.klqHkkfod gksoS & vkn ckrksa jkS /;ku jk[k.kkS bZ pkbZtSA

¼jktLFkkuh vsdkadh & la- x.kifrpUnz Hk.Mkjh i"B 3&4½

MkW- f'konkuflag pkSgku vsdkadh jh ifjHkklk nsork dSoS dS &

^^,dkadh ukVd dsoy ,d gh iz/kku ukVdh; ?kVuk dks mifLFkr djrk gS mldk mn~nsL; ,d ghvfefJr izHkko mRiUu djuk gksrk gSA nq[kkUr vkSj lq[kkUr ukVdksa dh 'kSfy;ksa ls ysdj Hkk.k vkSjizglu rd dh 'kSfy;ka bl izHkko dks mRiUu djus ds fy, oLrq dk laxBu brus dykRed yk?kols djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS fd mlesa dFkk rFkk pfj= ds fodkl ds fy, xkS.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh;kstuk] o.kZu cgqyrk] fo"k;kUrjrk vkfn dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrkA vko';drk bl ckr dh gksrhgS inkZ mBrs gh n'kZd dk /;ku [khap fy;k tk; vkSj vUr rd mls dsfUnzr j[kk tk;A blh dkj.k,adkdh ukVd esa dFkk&oLrq dh ;kstuk dk la;kstu vkSj laoknksa dh lh/kh pqHku vkSj ferO;;rk dhvksj fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk gksrk gSA

¼lkfgR;kuq'khyu & f'konku flag pkSgku i"B 41&42½

izkphu ;wukuh ukVdk esa LFky] dky vj dk;Z jh vsdrk ekFkS tksj fnjhtrkS gkSA fo}kuka jkS eku.kkSgS dS lk/kkj.k ukVd esa rkS HkysbZ b.k fu;e jh ikyuk uha gksoS i.k vsdkadh esa t:j gkso.kh pkbZtSAb.k fu;e uS ladyu =; ¼Three Unites½ dSoS gSA LFky jh vsdrk ¼Unity of Place½ vFkkZr~?kVukoka vsd gh LFkku lwa lEcU/k jk[krh gksoS] dky jh vsdrk ¼Unity of Time½ vFkkZr~ ukVd jh?kVukoka vsd gh cxr jh gkso.kh pkbtS vj dk;Z jh vsdrk ¼Unity of Action½ vFkkZr~ ÑR; esavsdlw=rk vj vsdkxzrk gkso.kh pkbtSA

vkt jS cxr esa feu[k cxr jh dher tka.kS gS vj oks vkijS jatu jk lk/ku bZ iwjk jk[k.kh pkoS gSAoks FkksM+S ls cxr esa cRrk lwa cRrk fopkj dj euksjatu pkoSA b.k lka: vk/kqfud tqx esa vsdkadh fo/kk jkS ?k.kkS fodkl gks;kSA vkt jk vsdkadh Qxr euksjatu uha djS cYdS os tho.k jh xw< leL;kokauS lgt rjhdS lwa lqG>ko.k jh dksfll bZ djS gSA vkt jkS vkneh thok&tw.k jh tfVyrkoka uSijr[k ns[k.kh pkoS b.k okLrS lQy vsdkadh oks bt ekuhtSyk tdkS NksVS ls le; esa vkijS cxrjh leL;koka uS lwjjS rjhdS dS lwa vfHkO;fDr ns ldSA

15-4 jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jkS bfr;kl &

laLÑr jh Hkka.k] izglu] O;k;ksx vj ohFkh jS l:i uS /kkj.k dj*j pkyrh Hkkjrh; vsdkadh ijEijkjktLFkkuh Hkklk esa bZ nwth Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka nkabZ iwxhA gkykafd MkW- nljFk vks>k vkS ekuS gS dS rsjoh

133

lnh esa jktLFkkuh esa tdh tSu jkl jh ijEijk gh ok bt vsdkadh jh jktLFkkuh ijEijk jkS l:vkrh:i gS & os fy[ks gS dS & ^^rsgjoha 'krkCnh esa ,d vksj rks d.gi dky ls pyh vkus okyh Lokaxdh ukV~; ijEijk Fkh] ftuds ukVd Mkse vkSj Mksefu;ksa }kjk vfHkuhr gksrs Fks] nwljh ijEijk jkl dhFkh ftldk vfHku; cgq:fi;s vFkok ftu&lsod fd;k djrs FksA igyh ijEijk gh e/;eoxZ vkSj /kkfeZd turk dk euksjatu rFkk :fp dk ifjektZu dj jgh FkhA cgq#fi;ksa vkSj ukVdksa dk vfHku;efUnjksa ds ckgj gksrk Fkk fdUrq tSu efUnjksa esa vfHku;drkZ tSu /keZ ds lsod gqvk djrs FksA**

¼fgUnh ukVd% mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & i"B 6½

/;ku jk[k.k jh ckr vk dS MkW- vks>k ft.k jkl ijEijk jkS gokykS ns; jS;k gS oks vsd laxhre; xk;ujkS l:i gkSA tSu ijEijk esa ydqVh jkl vj rkyd jkl jh ijEijk twuS lkfgR; esa feGS gS i.k osjpukok rky jS lkFkS xkbZtrh ;k ukp jS lkFkS xkbtrh m.kjkS vfHku;k lwa yso.kkS&nso.kkS uha gkSA

jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jh ijEijk ts c.kS rkS jktLFkkuh yksd ukV~; :i ^jkoGk jh jEer* lwa c.k ldSgSA b.k yksd ukV~; :i esa vfHkusrk lkekftd folaxfr;ka ekFkS pksV dj.k lk:a U;kjk U;kjk ôsl*ys; uS vkork vj vkijS njldka jkS euksjatu djrkA b.k okLrS gj osl* vi.kS vki esa vsd vsdkadh*dS;kS tk ldS gSa gkykafd oks yksd ukV~; :i rks iwjh jkr pkyrkS vj m.kesa jkr Hkj U;kjk U;kjk ôsl*izLrqr djhtrkA jktLFkkuh ukV~; ijEijk jh l:vkr rkS m.klwa ekuh tkoS bZ gSA i.k ts m.kjS vsdvsd ôsl* uS lqrarj vkys[k eku ysoka rkS okS bZ l:i jktLFkkuh vsdkadh ijEijk jks bZ ewG mRlekfu;kS tk ldS gS vj vk ijEijk jktLFkkuh lekt esa pkSnoha lnh lwa pkyrh vk jSbZ gSA

vika vkt lkfgR; esa ft.k fo/kk uS vsdkadh uke lwa vksG[kka ok fonsl esa vkijh vksG[k cRrh ekaMhvj b.kh lka: vkikjS mBS fo}ku m.kuS fonslh fo/kk jS :i bZ Fkji.kh pkoS gS i.k jktLFkkuh Hkklkesa ^jkoGk jh jEer* jk vS ôsl* vsdkadh jh l:vkr jktLFkkuh lekt esa ?k.kk cjlka iSyh dj pqD;kgkA vk/kqfud dky esa vkork b.k fo/kk ekFkS iDdk;r vkFkw.kh nhB jkS bZ izHkko ifM+;kS bt gksoSyk D;wadS bZaxjst ¼xkSjk½ tn vBS jkt dj.k uS vk;k rkS lkfgR; jS [ksrj esa dsbZ uqaoh fo/kkoka vikjS vBSvkdkj yso.k ykxhA oka fo/kkoka jkS Js; vikajk ?k.kdjk fo}ku vaxjstka uS nsork vk;k gSA /;ku nso.kjh ckr vk gS dS ckjS lwa vk;kfrr fd.kh fo/kk uS vki vkijS ifjosl esa rn rkabZ thorh uha jk[k ldkStn rkabZ dS ok m.k ifjosl jS gok ik.kh uS uha vaxst ysoSA m.k lk:a EgkjkS rkS eku.kkS vkS gS dS vSfo/kkoka iSyh lwa vkikajS vBS gh] gka m.kjkS ifjLÑr :i vaxjstka jS lEidZ esa vk;ka lkaEgh vk;kSA dgk.khjkS twukS :i ckr gksokS ;k ukVd jkS twukS :i jkeyhyk ;k yksdukV~; gksokS lkfgR; jS [ksrj vS lxGhfo/kkoka iSyh lwa bZ vikjS lekt jkS fgLlkS gh vaxsjtka jS izHkko lwa m.kjkS :i FkksM+kS ?k.kkS cnG fx;kSA

15-5 l#okr jk vsdkadhdkj &

jktLFkkuh vsdkadh uS vktknh lwa iSyh cnfG;ksM+S :i esa izLrqr dj.k jkS Js; ljnkj lSj jk lksHkkpUntEeM+ uS tkoS gSA okajkS fyf[k;ksMkS vsdkadh o) fookg fonwl.k vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jkS iSykS vsdkadhekfu;kS tk ldS gSA b.kjS iNS JhukFk eksnh fyf[kr ^xkao lq/kkj ;k xksektkV* vj lw;Zdj.k ikjhdfyf[kr ^cksGko.k ;k izfrKkiwfrZ* jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jS [ksrj esa mYys[k tksx uke gSA vkjS vykoka bZFkksM+k ?k.kk vsdkadh m.k dky esa fy[khft;k vj eafpr bZ gksork jS;k i.k oka jkS izdkfld :i ikBdkarkabZ uha iwx lfd;kSA

15-6 vktknh jS iNS jh jktLFkkuh vsdkadh %&

nsl uS vktknh fefG;ka iNS ft.k Hkkar nwth lkfgfR;d fo/kkoka ikaxj.k ykxh m.kh Hkkar jktLFkkuhvsdkadh [ksrj jkS bZ fodkl gks;kSA b.k ys[kS vktknh jS iNS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadh uS lcGhvksG[kka.k fnjko.k okGk jpukdkjka esa iSykS egrkÅ uke xksfoUnyky ekFkqj jkS gSA lu~ 1954 esa os

134

nl&ckjS vsdkadh fyf[k;k tdk ^lrjafx.kh* jS uke lwa Ni uS vkijS ikBdka lkEgh vk;kA vkavsdkafd;k jh lc lwa eksVh [kkfl;r vka jkS iznl.k/kjeh gkso.kS gSA xksfoUnyky ekFkqj jS vykok Jheardqekj O;kl] jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor] x.kirkyky Mkaxh] uflag jktiqjksfgr] cStukFk iaokj]x.kslhyky O;kl ^mRrkn*] nsohyky lkej] vkKkpUn HkaMkjh] ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz] jkor lkjLor vjukxjkt 'kekZ jk uke fx.kkor tksxk gS ! vS jpukdkj vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadh esa fofo/k fol;kekFkS vkijh ys[kuh pykbZ vj epka ekFkS izLrqr dj.k tksxk vsdkadh fyf[k;kA vka vsdkafd;k jkS vikafol;ka jh nhB lwa b.k Hkkafr foHkktu dj ldka %

1- vSfr;kfld vsdkadh

2- lkekftd vsdkadh

3- gkL; O;aX; vsdkadh

4- jk"Vªoknh vsdkadh

5- ikSjkf.kd vsdkadh

1- vSfr;kfld vsdkadh %

jktLFkku jkS bfr;kl geslk lwa xqest dj.k tksxkS jS;kS gS b.k okLrS vBS jk jpukdkj U;kjhU;kjh fo/kkoka esa vSfr;kfld pfj=ka uS ys; ;k vSfr;kfld ?kVukoka uS ys; jpukoka jprk jS;kgSA vsdkadh jS [ksrj esa bZ b.kh Hkkar jh /kkjk izokfgr gksorh nh[kSA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ]x.kifrpUnz HkaMkjh] jkenÙk lkaÑR;] nkeksnj izlkn] jk.kh y{eh dqekjh pwM+kaor vj vkKkpUnHkaMkjh tSM+k ys[kd vSfrgkfld ?kVukoka uS vk/kkj c.kk; vsdkadh fyf[k;kA vka vsdkfd;ka esajktLFkkuh laLÑfr jh lcGh vksG[k ns[k.k uS feGSA ohjRo jh izfrLBk] lj.kkxr jh fjPNk]opuc)rk vj nsl izse jh Hkkouk lwavkSrizksr vS vsdkadh vkijS i<i okGS jS fg;S rkabZ iwxSAlek/kjek ekth esa jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwMkaor jktLFkku jh ohj ukjh jkS fp=.k djS tdh ladVjh osGk vkijh ek;M+ekse jh fjPNk lka: drZO;ikyu dj.k esa dksbZ pwd uha jSo.k nsoSAb.khHkkar nsl jS okLrS vj nsl Hkxr Hkkeklk ¼vkKkpUn HkaMkjh½] tye HkksHk jh ewjr vj nsljkS gsykS ¼jkenÙk lkaÑR;½] tS tye Hkkse ¼/kuat; oekZ½ esa jktLFkkuh bfr;kl jk mtGkvk[kj fpf=r gks;k gSA

vka vsdkafd;k jS lkFkS MkW- euksgj 'kekZ fyf[kr vSfrgkfld vsdkafd;ka jh vsd nwth /kkjk bZfodflr gksbZA b.k /kkjk esa jktLFkku jS bfrgkl jk vSM+k ik=ka uS izLrqr djhft;k gS tdkajkS tho.k vBS jS xqestiwj.k bfrgkl uS Øwjrk jh lkFk uLV dj fn;kS & vSM+k vsdkafd;ka esadfo jkS dyad] lrh jkS ladV] jktnaM] cnGkS vkn jk uke fx.kko.ktksx gSA

2- lkekftd vsdkadh &

lkekftd vsdkafd;ka esa jktLFkku jS lkekftd tho.k jk U;kjk U;kjk :i izLrqr djhft;kgSA vka vsdkafd;ka esa vsdkadhdkj fd.kh vsd lkekftd leL;k uS y; m.kjh folaxfr;ka ekFkSpksV djrkS nh[kSA dBsbZ oks m.kjkS vknlZoknh vUr djS rkS dBSbZ oks m.kjS tFkkjFk uS izLrqrdj.k jkS dke djSA vknlZoknh nhB fy;ka ÅHkk vsdkafd;ka esa xksektkV ¼JhukFkeksnh½ uqaokSekjx ¼fnus'k [kjs½ ugjh >xM+kS ¼fujatu ukFk vkpk;Z½ vjS bc rkS psrkS ¼ukxjkt 'kekZ½ jk ukefy;k tk ldSA tn dS tFkkjFk okGh nhB jk vsdkafd;k esa xksfoUnyky ekFkqj] ukjk;.knÙkJhekGh] lqjsUnz vapy vj nkeksnj izlkn jk uke egrkÅ gSA

3- gkL; O;aX; vsdkadh &

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jS [ksrj esa gkL; vj O;aX; jh nks U;kjh /kkjkoka cSorh nh[kSA tBS

135

gkL; vsdkafd;ka esa jpukdkj jkS mn~nsL; fd.kh ?kVuk ;k ik= jS ek/;e lwa galh jkS ekgkSyc.ko.kkS jSoS mBS bt O;aX; vsdkafd;k jk jpukdkj vkijh jpuk jS ek/;e lwa vkt jhjktuSfrd vj lkekftd fLFkfr;ka esa mitrh folerkoka ekFkS pksV dj.k jh dksfll djh gSAukxjkt 'kekZ jk ?k.kdjk vsdkadh gkL; jh Js.kh esa vkoS vj cStukFk iaokj] jkor lkjLorvj fouksn lksekuh ^gal* jk fyf[k;k vsdkadh O;aX; jh Js.kh esa vkoSA

4- jk"Vªoknh vsdkadh %

jk"Vªoknh lqj lkafHk;ka ÅHkk jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jkS mn~nsL; vkijS ikBdka esa nslHkxrh jhHkkouk txko.k jkS jS;kS gSA ukxjkt 'kekZ jkS ^geykS*] jkenRr lkaÑR; jkS nsl jkS gsykS vjdqaokjh lhaok tSM+k vsdkadh b.kh /kkjk jk gSA b.kjS lkFkS bt jktLFkkuh esa ikSjkf.kd dFkkokauS vk/kkj c.kk; uS dhad vsdkadh fy[khft;k gS & vSM+k vsdkafd;ka jh la[;k ckSr de gSA

15-7 vsdkadh jk rRo &

lkfgR; jk vkykspd vsdkadh jk fuEufyf[kr rRo ekuS gS &

¼i½ dFkkud

¼ii½ pfj= ;kstuk

¼iii½ laokn ;k dFkksidFku

¼vi½ nsldky vj okrkoj.k

¼v½ Hkklk lSyh

¼vi½ mn~nsL;

¼i½ dFkkud & gjsd vsdkadh fd.kh ?kVuk] fopkj] ik= ;k ifjfLFkfr jS dsUnzh; Hkko uS fy;k ÅHkhjSoSA b.kh dsUnzh; Hkko uS vkika dFkkud ;k dFkkoLrq ds; ldk gkaA vsdkadh jS dFkkud jh lSa lwa eksVhfolslrk m.kjkS ukVdh; la?klZ gksoS gSA vkS la?klZ cká la?klZ nks ik=ka jS chp ;k feu[k vj lektjS chp ;k feu[k vj ^nso* ;k ^fu;fr* jS chp gks; ldS gS vj vkUrfjd la?klZ ik= jh psruk esa [kqnjS b.k lqHkko jS fo:) gks;k djS gSA ukVdh; la?klZ okLro esa vikjS lkekftd tho.k vj O;fDrxrtho.k jh vlaxfr;ka vj vUrjfojks/kka uS dykRed <ax lwa izLrqr dfj;k djS gSA vkS la?klZ lkekftd;k O;fDrxr tho.k jh ftrjh ewyHkwr leL;koka lwa mitSyk mrjks bZ vsdkadh jkS dFkkud lkoZtuhd]lkjFkd vj egrkÅ gksoSykA

¼ii½ pfj=&;kstuk & dksbZ Hkh vsdkadh fcuk pfj=ka jS ÅHkkS uha gks; ldSA jpukdkj vkijh ;kstukjS dFkkud uS izLrqr dj.k lka: dh pfj=ka jkS fp=.k djSykA vka pfj=ka jS fp=.k esa fHkUurk gksos.kht:jh gS ft.kjS dkj.k vsdkadh esa xfr cf.k;ksM+h jS; ldS gSA vka pfj=ka jh la[;k de gkso.kh t:jhgSa vka jkS fodkl lgt gksorkS nh[k.kkS pkbtSA vsdkadh ns[k.k okGka uS ik= vkijS bt vk[krh ik[krhjk ykx.kk pkbtSA

¼iii½ loakn ;k dFkksidFku & laokn vsdkadh esa pfj= jS fujeka.k vjfodkl esa tksx fn;k djS gSAloakn eu uS ijl dj.k okGk] NksVk] vj ik= jh pkfjf=drk uS ijxV dj.k okGk gkso.kk pkbZtSAos mÙkk LokHkkfod ykx.kk pkbtS dS ns[kf.k;S ;k i<f.k;S uS okLrfod tho.k jkS Hkje gkso.k ykxSAlaokn lwa b.k pfj= jh euksnlk jh tk.kdkjh fefG;k djS gSA b.kjS lkFkS bZ laokn vsdkadh jkSokrkoj.k c.kko.k esa bZ lS;ksx fn;k djS gSA

¼iv½ nsldky vj okrkoj.k & vsdkadh jh dFkkoLrq vj pfj= ;kstuk uS vsdkadhdkj vsd [kklnsldky vj okrkoj.k esa izLrqr dfj;k djS gSA nsl dky esa vlaxfr lwa okrkoj.k >wBkS ;k udyh

136

ykx.k ykx tk;k djS gSA b.k okLrS vsdkadhdkj b.k ckr jkS [kkl /;ku jk[kuS b.k vsdkadh jh jpukdfj;k djS gSaA jktLFkkuh vsdkadh esa jktLFkkuh lekt vj jktLFkkuh laLÑfr vkijS leS eqtcvfHkO;Dr gks;k gSA ts jpuk jkS nsldky jktLFkku jkS uha gS rkS m.kjh foLoluh;rk c.kk;k jk[k.kht:jh gks;k djSA

¼v½ Hkklk vj lSyh & vsdkadh jh Hkklk lSyh lgt ljy gkso.kh pkbtSA ik= ft.k Hkklk es ckrdjS ok vkijS ikBd rkabZ ;k njld rkabZ lgt lEizsl.kh; gkos.kh pkbtSA lSyh rkS ukVdh; gkso.khbt pkgtS i.k Hkklk jh c.kxV esa bZ ukVdh;rk t:jh gks;k djSA b.kjS ika.k bt vsdkadh lkfgR;jh nwth fo/kkoka lwa U;kjh ykfx;k djS gSA

¼vi½ mn~nsL; & lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka nkabZ vsdkadh jkS bZ vsd [kkl mn~nsL; gks;k djS m.kmn~nsL; jh iwfrZ lk: bt vsdkadhdkj m.kjh jpuk dfj;k djSA oks vsdkadh jS ek/;e lwa feu[kk tw.kjh folaxfr;ka dkauh /;ku [khap.kh pkoS gS ;k m.kjkS mn~nsL; fd.kh [kkl pfj= jS ek/;e lwa jkLVªizsetxko.k jkS gS vkS lSa lkQ lkQ ijxV gkos.kkS t:jh gSA ft.kjS dkj.k njld ;k ikBd vsdkadhdkjjS earO; uS lkoG le> ldSykA

15-8 lkjkal

b.k bZdkbZ jS ek/;e lwa vikauS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jh tk.kdkjh feGhgSA b.kjS lkFkS lkFkS vika vsdkadh jS rRoka lwa bZ ifjfpr gks;ka gkaA vsdkadh jS rRoka uS /;ku esa jk[kfopkj djka rks vkika dS; ldka dS jktLFkkuh vsdkadhdkj vsdkadh jS rRoka jkS lQG la;kstu dfj;kSgSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadh esa fol;ka jh fofo/krk ns[k.k uS feGS gS vj okjS dkj.k os vkijS ikBd;k njld jS fg;s rkabZ iwxrh jSbZ gSA

15-9 vH;kl jk loky

1- vsdkadh jh ifjHkklk fy[kkSA

2- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadh gS mn~Hko ekFkS fopkj djkSA

3- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh vsdkadh jS fodkl ekFkS izdkl Ugka[kkSA

4- vsdkadh jS izeq[k rRoka ekFkS fopkj djkSA

5- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jS izeq[k vsdkadhdkjka jkS ifjpS fy[kkSA

15-10 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

1- jktLFkkuh ,dkadh & lEiknd x.kifr pUnz HkaMkjh

2- lrjax.kh & xksfoUn yky ekFkqj

3- bc rkS psrkS & ukxjkt 'kekZ

4- xksektkV ;k xzke lq/kkj & JhukFk eksnh

5- fgUnh ukVd % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl & MkW- n'kjFk vks>k

6- lkfgR;kuq'khyu & f'konkuflag pkSgku

7- cfynku & vtqZu nso pkj.k

137

bdkbZ & 16

izeq[k vsdkadhdkj % ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhdbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

16-0 mísL;

16-1 çLrkouk

16-2 ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd % vsd vksG[kk.k

16-3 lkfgfR;d vj lkekftd lsok

16-4 ikjhdth jkS lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku

16-5 yksdxhrka jkS laxzS vj ikjhdth jk fopkj

16-6 xzaFk laiknu esa rilh jkS ri

16-7 cksGko.k ¼ukVd½ esa ohjrk vj yksdlaLÑfr

16-8 bdkbZ jkS lkj

16-9 vH;kl jk loky


16-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ esa jktLFkkuh jS m)kj jkS chM+kS mBko.k okGk ek;M+ Hkklk jk vkxhok.k liwr ia- lw;Zdj.kikjhd jh thouh jkS lxGkS oj.kko gSA vk bdkbZ vsd lkfgR; liwr jS O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo jkS[kqyklkS djSA b.kesa ikjhdth jS tye lwa ys;*j thou jh egrkÅ ?kVukoka jkS foxrokj oj.kko b.kHkkar gS &

1- ikjhdth jh lkfgR;] laLÑfr vj laLFkkoka esa dkabZ Hkwfedk gh \

2- ikjhdth jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka ekFkS ?k.kkS vatl tksx dke dj;kSA

3- ikjhdth jh fuca/k ys[ku esa iwjh gBksVh ghA

4- vsd lEiknd jS :i esa vki jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ftdh lsok djh ok ewa?keksyh gSA

5- ikjhdth jh fljt.k lSyh] okajS dke dj.k jkS <kGkS fudsoGkS gkSA

6- ikjhdth jh vusd jpukoka jh foxr] fljt.k isVS okajh yxu] eSur vj rilh okGkS ri&cGgksA vka ckrka jkS [kqyklkS dj.kkS bZ b.k bdkbZ jkS /;s; gSA

16-1 izLrkouk

ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd vkijh Hk.kkbZ&fy[kkbZ iwjh dj tn deZ{ks= esa mrj;k rkS m.kka jktLFkkuh Hkklkvj lkfgR; jh lsok vj m.kjkS m)kj dj.kkS bZ vkijkS /;s; c.kk;kSA vki jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh nlkuSa ekM+h ns[khA m.kesa ftdkS xhr&xkG vj gGdkS lkfgR; fy[khtrkS ;k yksd euksjatd jS :i esalkaeh vkorkS m.kesa lkGh&cSukbZ jk xhr] mejko] jfl;k] gsM+kÅ esgjh jh jEer] Qkx.k jh /kekGka]C;ko jk xhr vj C;kbZ&lxka uSa xko.k okGh xkfG;ka ¼lhB.kk½ vkn gk] b.k yksd lkfgR; uSa ghfeu[kka jktLFkkuh jkS lkfgR; le> fy;kS] ft.kuSa lq.k*j gjSd vkneh uSa vatl uha gksaorksA vly esavkS jktLFkkuh jkS lkfgR; gks bt dksuhA jktLFkkuh jh veksyd HkaMkj rkS m.kjh ckrka] [;krka] foxrka]iV~Vk&ijokuk] cfg;ka] izca/k&dkO; vj [kaMdkO;ka jS :i esa feu[kka jh futjk bZ uha vk;kS gksA vkS

138

[ktkukS rks ÅaMk rS[kkuka eka; cqxpk&cLrka esa ca/;ksM+kS iM+;kS gksA tulk/kkj.k jh ikSap lwa vGxkS]fo}kuka jS gkFk vko.kkS bZ vks[kkSA ikjhdth lclwa iSyh jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR;] m.kjk pkokdfo;ka jS fol; esa eksVk&eksVk ys[k fyf[k;k vj m.k cxr jh ukaeh i=&if=dkoka esa okauS Nik;kA^fgUnqLrkuh*] ^dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh*] êk/kqjh*] ^ljLorh* vj ^pkan* tSM+h vkijS cxr jh pkohif=dkoka esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vj laLÑfr jS fol; esa ikjhdth jk egrkÅ ys[k Ni.k lwa yksxka uSBkg iM+;kS dS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS vly :i dkabZ gSA b.klwa iSyh rkS jktLFkkuh jS fol; esa vsdHkzetkG c.kk;ksM+kS gks dS jktLFkkuh fgUnh jh vsd miHkklk ;k cksyh gSA fgUnh jk dsbZ fo}kukajktLFkkuh uSa fcuk tk.;ka&le>;ka xzaFkka jh Vhdkoka fy[k nh] ewG xzaFkka uSa laikfnr dj Nik; fn;k]ft.kesa vjFk jh BkSM+ vujFk okGh ckrka ?k.khA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk ckcr ikjhdth jk fopkj % jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS okLrS vkijk fopkj nks; rjS jkjS;kA fo|kFkhZ tho.k esa vki bZ nwtk fo}kuka jh lq.;ksM+h ckrka eqtc jktLFkkuh uSa fgUnh jh cksyh bZekurk] T;wa fgUnh jh nwth cksfy;ka & czt] cqansy[k.Mh] Hkkstiqjh] eSfFkyh] vo/kh vkn gSA b.kjS vykokjktLFkkuh jh gh.k nlk ns[kh vj lq.kh rks ikjhdth jS varl esa ek;M+ Hkklk jS lks/k jh gwal tkxhAlks/k&[kkst lwa tn jktLFkkuh jks v.keksy Hk.Mkj vkijS lkaeh vk;kS] jktLFkkuh yksdlkfgR; vjyksdxhrka esa feu[k tho.k jk lkapk :i ns[;k] xhrka esa xqest xkFkkoka ckaph rks vkijkS fg;ks jl lwaljkcksj gks;X;kSA iNS tn ôsfy fØlu #de.kh jh*] ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk*] êk/kokuy dke dnayk*]^dkUgM+ns izca/k*] opfudk jko jrufla/k egslnklksr jh dgh*] jkt:id*] xtxq.k:id*] n;kynkljh [;kr*] eqg.kksar uS.klh jh [;kr* vj lwjtizdkl* tSM+k xzaFkka jk njl.k dj~;k rks jktLFkkuh HkklkjS okLrS eu esa ?k.kh lz/kk tkxh] vj b.k ckcr c.;ka vkijk iSyM+k fopkj cnGX;kA vki jktLFkkuhuSa vsd fujokGh lqrarj Hkklk vaxsth vj thfo;k ftÙkS rkabZ b.kjh lsok djrk jS;kA

16-2 ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd % vsd vksG[kk.k

lw;Zdj.k ikjhd jkS tye ikjhdka jh iqjksfgr lk[kk esa gks;kSA m.kkajk nknkslk tSiqj duS jS.koky dLckduS cL;ksM+k xkao feydiqjk jk jSoklh gkA vkS xkao m.kkajk cMsjka uSa tSiqj jkt?kjk.kk dkauh lwa feY;ksM+hgksA ikjhdth jk cMsjk iqjk.kh 'kkL=dkjka jh ikj[kh futjka lwa ikl djhtrkSA xzaFkdkj vkijkS xzaFk vkaikj[kh fo}kuka lkaeh ckap*j lq.kkorkA m.kuSa tn ikj[kh fo}kuka jh ekU;rk feG tkorh rks xazFkfo}kuka jh futjka esa egrkÅ c.k tkorkS vj m.kjkS pyu fo}kuka fcpkGS gks; tkorkSA 'kkL=ka jhikj[k dj.k okGka jS vjFk esa bZ ikj[kh vj lqj cnG.k lwa îkj[kh* jkS îkjh[k* vj iNS îkjhd* :ic.kX;kSA ikjhdka jkS fl{kk lwa tqM+ko rks l: lwa bZ gksA ikjhdth jk nknkslk euhjketh vkijSeksV;kji.kS esa bZ chdkusj vk;*j clX;kA vBS jSorka Fkdka vkijkS dkjksckj pks[kkS pky.k ykxkS] QSj vBSbZ vkijS Vkcjka jk C;ko&c/kk.kk dj fn;kA euhjketh jS vsd csVh vj ikap csVk gkA eksHkh csVkmn;yky vkijh cq/kcG vj prjkbZ lwa chdkusj esa iap jS :i esa ekuhtrkA oka esa yksdfgr jkS HkkogksA okajS eu esa LokFkZHkkouk uSM+h bZ uha ghA ia- mn;ykyth chdkusj esa lclwa iSyh eSfVªd ikl dj.kokGka eka; lwa vsd gkA oS laLÑr] vaxzsth] ^n'kZu* vj lkfgR; jk fo}ku gkA vkijh izfrHkk jS dkj.kcSxk bZ chdkusj jS fl{kk vj lkfgR; txr esa ?k.kk pkok gks;X;kA vki njckj gkbZ Ldwy ¼orZekuMwaxj dkWyst½ chdkusj esa izk/;kid ykxX;kA l: lwa bZ vkijh ofÙk lkoZtfud dkeka esa ykX;ksM+h ghAvki ^xq.kizdk'k lTtuky;* tSM+k okpuky; vj ûkxjh HkaMkj* tSM+h lkfgR; lsok okGh laLFkkoka jhFkkiuk esa ?k.kh [kSpy djh] ftdh ?k.kh* bZ ikaxjhA i.k lekt jS m.k veksyd jru jh lu~ 1916 esa35 cjlka jh NksVh mej esa bZ ekSr gks;xhA

ia- mn;ykyth jk ikVoh csVk lw;Zdj.kth gkA vkijkS tye lko.k cn ponl] lfuokj] fo-la- 1959¼2 vxLr] 1902½ esa gks;ksA 13 cjlka jh mej esa tn vki lkroha esa i<rk gk rn C;ko gks;X;kSA

139

lw;Zdj.kth jk C;ko iNS FkksM+k*d ebZuka esa okajk firk ia- mn;ykyth vj nks;Sd cjl iNS nknkeuhjketh jkS lqjxokl gks;kSA ?kj esa NksVk nks; HkkbZ] cSu] eka vj /k.k] lxGka jkS Hkkj Vkcjlw;Zdj.kth jS dka/kka ekFkS vk;X;kSA eka ?k.kk /khjt lwa dke ysork i.k ?kj esa dekÅ uha gkso.k jS dkj.kvkfFkZd vHkko rks vko.kkS bZ gksA ckGd lw;Zdj.k gqaL;kj gk] i<kbZ esa ?k.kkS tho vGw>;ksM+kS jSorkSA?kj esa pku.kS jkS lqHkhrkS uha gkso.k jS dkj.k vki twukx<+ iksG jh ihytksr jS pku.kS i<rk jS;kA lu~1920 esa vki bykgckn fo'ofo|ky; jh eSfVªd ijh{kk ikl djhA ?kjokGk rks b.k fnu uSa mMhdrkgk dS eSfVªd ikl dj oS NksVh&eksVh ukSdjh dj ysoSA oka fnuka Åaph i<kbZ [kkrj cukjl tko.kkSiM+rkS i.k lw;Zdj.kth jh ?k.keq[kh izfrHkk ns[k egkjktk xaxkflagth chdkusj jkt dkauh lwa m.kka[kkrj 25 fjfi;k ebuS jh Nk=ofÙk cka/k nhA b.klwa vkijh fjfi;k&iblka okGh vc[kkbZ jkS fuosM+kSgks;X;kS vj lu~ 1920 esa bZ vki vkijk Hkk;yka lkxS cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dk'kh esa nk[kykS ysfy;kSA b.k laLFkk jk laLFkkid oka fnuka ia- enueksgu ekyoh; gk] ft.kkajks fl{kk jk {ks= esa cMkS ukegksA ia- lw;Zdj.kth 1920 esa folkjn] 1924 esa ch-,- vj 1926 esa vaxzsth lkfgR; esa ,e-,- djhAb.kh*t cxr oS ,y-,y-ch- iwokZ)Z ¼izhfo;l½ jh ijh{kk bZ ikl djyhA vki laxhr vj fp=dyk esabZ dha X;ku fy;kSA lu~ 1926 esa vaxzsth lkfgR; esa ,e-,- dj;ka iNS vki chdkusj vk;X;ka vj eksgrkewGpUn fo|ky; esa iz/kkuk/;kid jkS vkSgnkS laHkkG fy;kSA vki uoha okGka uSa vaxzsth i<korkA vkiLdwy esa Nk=k jS O;fDrRo fodlko lk: Hkkar&Hkkar jh izfr;ksfxrkoka vj izofÙk;ka jh l:vkr djhAvki [kqn Vsful jk pks[kk f[kykM+h gkA Ldwy esa izkFkZuk jh BkSM+ ehjka jkS pkokS Hktu Êgkjs rksfxj/kj xksiky nwljks u dksbZ* vj vsd nslHkfDr xhr xko.k jh ijEijk ?kkyhA dha cxr iNS Ldwyjh lsok NksMNkM vki egkjktk xaxkflagth jS mBS ^lqifjVasMsaV* jkS vksgnkS laHkkG;kSA chdkusj jkt jkjktLo ea=h Jh th-Mh- #M+fdu okajh eSur vj yxu uSa ns[k vkijS n¶rj esa dke lwai fn;kSA oka fnukaxaxugj jh [kqnkbZ jkS dke tksjka ekFkS gksA ikjhdth jkr&fnu vsd dj dke esa ykX;ksM+k jSork] mBSvkijh fuLBk vj deZBrk jh fiNk.k gksaork tst uha ykxhA oka fnuka bZ ia- lw;Zdj.kth dha ekank jSo.kykxX;k gkA

m.kh*t fnuka esa ia- enueksgu ekyoh; jkS chdkusj i/kkj.kkS gks;kSA tn lw;Zdj.kth lwa vkijh HksaVgks;h rks iafMrth lw;Zdj.k ikjhd uSa dS;kS] ^^rwa dBS jktdkt esa iM+X;kS] tk lkfgR; jh lsok djA**

vkijS xq# ekyoh;th jh ckr ekFkk Åij jk[krka vki jktdkt NksM*j Mwaxj dkWyst T;ka fnuka bZbaVjehfM,V c.;kS gks] esa fgUnh jk izk/;kid ykxX;kA vki rks vaxzsth esa ,e-,- gk] b.k dkj.k fgUnhizk/;kid jS :i esa vkijkS fojks/k gkso.k ykX;kS vj in lwa gVko.k jh pjpk gkso.k ykxh ghA vki b.kuSapqukSrh ekurka Fkdka lu~ 1929 jS l= lwa iSyh fgUnh esa ,e-,- dj vkykspdka jk ewaMk can dj fn;kAoka bZ fnuka esa fiyk.kh esa fcM+yk baVj dkWyst [kqY;kS vj ikjhdth mBS dkedkt djrka Fkdka fcM+ykdkWyst jk okbl fizafliy jkS vksgnkS laHkkG fy;kSA dSbZ okj mBS jk dk;Zokgd fizafliy c.k*j vkijhfuLBk jkS lkarjkS ifjpS fn;kSA

fcM+yk dkWyst] fiyk.kh esa okbl fizafliy in ekFkS dke djrka&djrka bZ vkiuS fueksfu;ks gks;X;kS vjm.k cSekjh jh otS lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS lkso.kkS lwjt 16 Qjojh ¼flojkf=½] 1939 bZ- uSa Qxr36 cjl jh mej ik;*j vLr gks;X;kSA lkfgR; txr vj ifjokj okLrS vk dnSbZ uha ikVht.k okGhgk.k ghA vkijkS nkg laLdkj fiyk.kh esa bZ djhT;kSA mBS vkijh lekf/k c.kkbthA vkijS l[kkoka jkSfg;kS fpRdkj dj.k ykX;kS] P;k:a dkauh lksd jh ySj O;kixhA dsbZ ejfl;k fy[khT;k vj cksyhT;kAfiyk.kh jk ia- irjke xkSM+ lkfgR;&jru vkijh ihM+ vka lcnka esa izxV djh &

ns[kh gh uotksr esa ik;*j ft.kuSaAnedh gh e#Hkkse xksn esa ys;*j ft.kuSaA

140

ped mB;kS uHk var leS esa Nwj ft.kuSaAgk; ! va/kkjkS yhy x;kS m.k lw;Zfdj.k uSaA

¼fgUnh jkS jktLFkkuh vuqokn½

Bk- jkeflagth jh rks thotM+h gk lw;Zdj.kthA Bkdqj lk*c jk dS;kSM+k vS cksy ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhdjS fu/ku lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS gqbZ gk.k uSa izxV djS &

ikjhdth cSdqaV x;k] cjl NÙkhlka eka;Ats thrk rks gksork] ijfl/k Hkkjr eka;AAdBS fl/kk;kS lwjtM+ks] ?kj lwa ukrkS rksM+Arkjka esa rkjkS c.;kS] uHk lwa ukrkS tksM+AA

dq.k xklh vc xhrM+k] dq.k fy[klh x|xhrAdq.k jplh lkfgr dfoÙk] x;kS lwjtM+ks eharAAgky fg;k ifjdj duS] >V p< lqjxka lh<Acgqr gqok fnu chNM+;ka] ikdh eu jh ihM+AA

b.k Hkkar vkijk 13 ejfl;k bÙkk osnuk Hkj;k gS dS i<.k okGka jkS dkGtkS vkt bZ txS NksM nsoSA

16-3 lkfgfR;d vj lkekftd lsok

lkfgR;] dyk] njl.k vj [ksy esa ikjhdth jh ?k.kh #fp jSorh i.k lkfgR; esa [kkl #fp gkso.k jSdkj.k vki Bk- jkeflagth jS lkFkS dsbZ lkfgfR;d jpukoka c.kk;*j Bkdqj lkc jh cSu vj chdkusjegkjk.khlk Ñ".kkdqekjhth uSa lq.kkork jSork vj jk.khlk okajh gwal jh nkn nsorkA okajS fljt.k jhcMkbZ djrkA

vki lkfgR;&lk/kuk lk: 1916 esa îzsekJe* uke lwa vsd fe=eaMG c.kk;kSA vkijS fe=ka lkFkS cSBgeSl xksfLB;ka djrk] lkfgfR;d pjpkoka pkyrhA lc vkikS vkijh jpukoka vsd&nwtS uSa lq.kkorkAtn dke&/kU/kka esa lc fcNM+X;k rks vki vsd&nwtS uSa dkxn fy[k*j esGkS djrkA vS dkxn lc HksGkdj;ksM+k jk[krkA vkijkS oks laxzS î=&lkfgR;* jkS ukeh mnkgj.k gSA oka i=ka esa lkfgfR;d Kku]lkaLÑfrd psruk] cxr folsl jh ?kVukoka jkS fooj.k vj jktuhfrd /kM+&mFkG jkS [kqyklkS gS rkSljkstuh uk;Mw] johUnzukFk VSxksj] ;nqukFk ljdkj tSM+k nsl&fonslka lwa vk;ksM+k fo}kuka jk oSO;k[;ku bZ gS ftdS fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; eka; fn;ksM+k gkA ikjhdth jh jx&jx esa ljLorh jh vojG/kkj cSorhA

cukjl esa i<+rk tn Hkkjr jk vktknh vkanksyu jkS xSjkS vlj oka ekFkS iM+;kSA Hkkjrh; jkLVªh; dkaxzsljk x;k vf/kos'ku* esa vki fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; lwa tko.k okGk fo|kFkhZ lsoknG esa lkey gks;k ft.kjkvkxhok.k jkeflagth gkA oS b.k vkanksyu uS pyko.k okGka jk ?k.kk fgek;rh gkA b.kjkS izek.k vkS dstn yksduk;d t;ukjk;.k O;kl uSa tks/kqij lwa nslfudkGkS gks;kS rn oS chdkusj esa ikjhdth jS ?kjSxqaHkkjk esa jS;k] vk ckr m.kkajk csVk Jh Ñ".k'kadj ikjhd jS eawMS lwa lq.kh vj ,MoksdsV mi/;kupUnzdkspj jS ys[k esa i<h gSA

ikjhdth vkijh fe=&eaMGh lkFkS chdkusj esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lHkk* jh Fkkiuk djh vj jktLFkkuh*uke lwa vsd if=dk Niko.k jh [kSpy djhA b.kjkS iSyM+kS vad ^jktLFkkuh fjlpZ lkslk;Vh] dydÙkk*lwa Nfi;kSA b.k frekbZ if=dk uSa yxksyx Niko.k okLrS vki m.k cxr jk eksVk&eksVk fo}kuka & MkW-xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k] gjfoyklth 'kkjnk] eqfu ftufot;] MkW- j?kqohjflag ^lhrkeÅ*] ckcwf{kfreksgu lsu] ghjkykyth tSu] MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ vj izks- ujksÙkenkl Lokeh lwa fey*j okajh iwjh enrysork jS;kA

141

cukjl] fgUnw foLofo|ky; jS fo|kFkhZ thou esa bZ vki bLV fe=ka lkFkS vsd gLrfyf[kr if=dk jhl:vkr djh ft.kesa ikap Hkklkoka jk ys[k NirkA vk if=dk 90 ist jh gksaorhA if=dk jk [kkllaiknd Bk- jkeflagth vj lgk;d laiknd ikjhdth jS;kA fgUnh] vaxzsth] jktLFkkuh] ejkBh vjlaLÑr esa jpukoka fy[khtrhA b.k if=dk jh l:vkr dj.k lwa vki foLofo|ky; esa ?k.kkSbZ ukedek;kS vj m.k cxr jk eksVk&eksVk fo}kuka jh xq# :i esa vklhl feGh] lh[k feGhA egkRekxka/kh] VSxksj] jktxksikykpk;Z] txnh'kpUnz olq] Jherh ljkstuh uk;Mw] MkW- lh- oh- je.k vjekyoh;th tSM+k ekuhrk fo}kuka jS Hkkl.kka jkS xSjks vlj ikjhdth ekFkS iM+;kSA

fiyk.kh jk pkok jktLFkkuh dfo ukxjkt 'kekZ ikjhdth jS fiyk.kh jSokl jS fol; esa fy[kS dSikjhdth eSur vj yxu lwa vsd Bksl BkSM+ vkijS lkfFk;ka vj flL;ka jS chpS c.kk; nh] oS oka lxGkajk vknlZ vj ;qxiq#l jS :i esa pkok gks;X;kA fiyk.kh jk lxGk fo}ku ikjhdth jS vksGS&nksGSjSorkA fcM+yk dkWyst esa okbl fizafliy jSorka Fkdka okn&fookn] ukVd] lektlsok] lkfgR;&fljt.kvj f[kykM+h jS :i esa m.kkajh lk[k c.kxhA /kkfeZd vj nslHkfDr jk ukVdka jkS vj [kqn jk ^cksGko.k*ukVd jkS eapu djko.k esa gesl vkxhok.k jSorkA vSM+k lkfgR; liwr vkt jS cxr esa dBS yk/kS \ftdkS dke ikjhdth uSa lwaihtrkS] oS iwjh fuLBk lwa m.kesa ykx tkorkA lkfgR; lsok rks m.kka jkSthou /kje gksA fiyk.kh esa jSorka Fkdka fcM+yk dkWyst if=dk l: djkbZA lu~ 1928 esa Bk- jkeflagjktLFkkuh ikaMqfyfi;ka uSa mtkxj dj.k lk:a okajh udy jkS dke U;kjk&U;kjk fo}kuka lwa l:djk;kSA udy jS dke isVS ikjhdth uSa 11 fjfi;ka 9 vkuk feY;k] ft.klwa vki ^fiyk.kh jktLFkkuhxazFkekGk* l: dj.k jkS chM+kS mBk;ksA ?kuL;ke nkl fcM+yk ikjhdth jk b.k R;kx uSa ns[k*j ?k.kkjkth gks;k vj xzaFkekGk okLrS 2000 fjfi;k lkyh.kk vuqnku :i esa nso.k jh eatwjh nhA b.k xzaFkekykjh Fkkiuk 30 twu 1935 uSa gks;h] ikjhdth b.kjk laLFkkid cf.k;kA

16-4 ikjhdth jkS lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku

ikjhdth ywaBk fuca/kdkj gkA lkj Hkj;k] xSjh iSB okGk fuca/kka uS i<*j ikBd gjlkork bZ uha /kkirkHkhA m.kkajk ?k.kdkjk fuca/k jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR;] yksdlkfgR; vj jktLFkkuhi.kS ekFkS fy[;ksM+kgSA b.kkajS vykok fofo/k fol;ka uSa ys;*j fl{kk] nlZu] /kje ekFkS bZ fuca/k okjS ÅaMS vuqHkoka uS mtkxjdjSA vki 1935 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu] bUnkSj esa egkRek xak/kh jh v/;{krk vjlSdMwa ywaBk fo}kuka jS fcpkGS vkijkS 31 iLBka jkS fuca/k ^jktLFkku dh fgUnh lsok* i<;kS vj mBStu&tu jS ewaMS vkiuSa ljko.kk feGhA vk ?kVuk jktLFkku vj chdkusj okLrS ?k.k egrkÅ gSA ?k.kSxqest jh ckr dS ikjhdth tSM+k izfrHkkoku liwr b.k ekVh esa tyE;k] jfe;k vj jfG;kA

ikjhdth jkS iSykS fuca/k ê;kZnk* if=dk esa NI;kSA m.k cxr vkijh mej ponS cjl jh ghA fuca/kgks & îzÑfr ls laxBu dk izFke ikB*] m.kjS iNS U;kjk&U;kjk fol;ka esa U;kjh&U;kjh if=dkoka esavkijk vkst Hkj;k] xqest Hkj;k] lkj Hkj;k 50 uSM+k fuca/k NI;kA

ikjhdth jk fuca/k ?k.kklkd lkfgfR;d fuca/k ;k vkys[k gkA lkaLÑfrd fuca/kka jh fx.krh ?k.kh FkksM+hghA MkW- enu dsofy;k ^fuca/kkoGh* esa fy[kS dS ^îkjhdth jkS fuca/k&lkfgR; ?k.kkS egrkÅ gSA b.kkaesa fuca/k jk dsbZ :i ns[k.k uSa feGS &

1- fopkjkRed fuca/k

2- HkkokRed fuca/k

3- o.kZukRed vj fooj.kkRed fuca/k

4- leh{kkRed fuca/k vj

5- yfyr fuca/k

142

vkijk fuca/k fgUnh Hkklk esa fy[;ksM+k vol gksork i.k fol;&lkexzh jktLFkkuh ifjnjl lwa ljkcksjgksaorhA ft.k [kkl fol;ka uSa ys;*j vki fopkj jkf[k;k m.kkaesa jktLFkku] jktLFkkuh Hkklk vjlkfgR; jh efgek vj egrkÅi.kkS] fgUnh lkfgR; jh xqest tksx ijEijk] fgUnh&jktLFkkuh laca/k]jkLVªizse] izÑfr izse] ukV;dyk jS okLrS eu esa eksg] lkaph fl{kk vj vk/;kfRedrk ghA

vkijh NI;ksM+h iksfFk;ka b.k Hkkar gS &

1- cksGko.k@izfrKkiwfrZ ¼jktLFkkuh ukVd½

2- es?kekGk ¼jktLFkkuh x|&xhr½

3- ehjka ¼jktLFkkuh ukVd½

4- dkuu dqlqekatfy

5- jfr jkuh

^dkuu dqlqekatfy* vj ^jfrjkuh* jh jpuk Bk- jkeflagth] pkanflagth] dqa- m/kksnkl vj ikjhdthP;k:a fey ijk*j djh ghA vkijh laikfnr iksfFk;ka b.k Hkkar gS &

1- jktLFkkuh ckrka

2- jktLFkkuh ds xzkexhr ¼iSykS Hkkx½

3- jktLFkkuh yksdxhr

4- ôsfy fØlu #de.kh jh] jkBkSM+ iFohjkt jh dgh*A

¼b.kjkS laiknu ikjhdth] Bk- jkeflagth vj Lokeh ujksÙkenklth] rhuwa Hkk;yk fey*j dj;kS½

5- ^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk jkS laiknu djrh osGk Lokeh ujksÙkenklth ikjhdth jS lkFkS gkA

6- jktLFkku ds yksdxhr ¼iSykS vj nwtkS Hkkx½

7- fgUnh x| lqeuekyk

8- fgUnh x| uouhr

vkijh dsbZ iksfFk;ka v.kNih bZ jS;hA ft.kesa & T;ksRluk] bUnzpki] jktLFkyh vj LoxkZJe* tSM+k pkjx|&xhrA ^xksjk cknG jh ckr*] jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS O;kdj.k] tVey xzaFkkoGh] dfo eku jfprjktfoykl] Nan] jko tSrlh jkS] lwtk chBw jkS dS;kS] jktLFkkuh xzkE;xhr tSM+h egrkÅ jktLFkkuhjpukoka jS lkFkS vkijS fe=ka jk i= lxGk*jk lxGk NI;ka fcuk iM+;k gSA

16-5 yksdxhrka jkS laxzS vj ikjhdth jk fopkj

yksdxhrka jh mit esa Hkkjr lwa lok;kS nsl nwtkS dksuh vj nwtk iznslka jk xhrka lwa jktLFkkuhyksdxhrka esa ftdh feBkl gS] ftdh laosnuk gS ok ?k.kh latksjh gSA gka] xqtjkrh] jktLFkkuh]e/;izkarh; vj fcgkjh yksdxhrka esa [kklh lekurk futj vkoSA mÙkj Hkkjr jk lxGk xhr cjkscj vjjlHkhuk gS] jl lwa gGkcksG gks;ksM+k gSA ikjhdth vkijk psyk x.kifr Lokeh jh Hkjiwj [kSpy lwalatksjk xhrka jkS laxzS dj;kSA ;wa rks vkilwa iSyka vkNk&vkNk fo}kuka jk yksdxhr laxzS NiX;k gk i.kikjhdth jh eSur vj yxu okjS fparu jk njl.k nwth BkSM+ dksuh gksoSA vkijS lqjxokl gks;ka iNSfgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu] iz;kx lwa vkijh iksFkh] ^jktLFkku ds yksdxhr* Nih ft.k eka; jktLFkkuhyksdxhrka jh folslrk] xqtjkrh] fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh xhrka esa lekurk] jktLFkkuh xhrka jkS{ks=&foLrkj] xhrka jh nqfu;k] nsoh&nsorkoka jk xhr] rht&fraokjk jk xhr] MkoM+;ka jk xhr] #r jkxhr] ?kj xgLFkh jk xhr] yksx&yqxkbZ jkS tho.k] uxj&lSj jks QwVjkikS] xhr dFkk vj xkaoka jk xhrkajkS lekosl djhT;kS gSA ikjhdth yksdxhrka jkS xSjkbZ lwa v/;;u dj;kSA xhrka jS varlrG jh iSB vj

143

m.kjh ewG laosnukoka uSa idM+hA vki xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka jh lekurk uSa b.k HkkarnjlkoS &

dksbZ uS tSM+h gks; rks nstks] ekjk dku dqaoj uh >wyM+h¼xqtjkrh½

dksbZ uS yk?kh gks; tks nhtks js EgkjS dku dqaoj jh >wejh¼jktLFkkuh½

b.kh Hkkar fgUnh jktLFkkuh xhrka jh lekurk uSa ikjhdth ;wa njlkbZ&

,slu ciS;k ?kj NksfM+*d csVh] dgaok pkyh¼fgUnh½

brjks ckckslk jks ykM] dks;yM+h fl/k pkyh¼jktLFkkuh½

ikjhdth jh futjka esa & xhrka jh nqfu;k fujkGh gksoSA m.kjk mieku bZ [kkl rjS jk gksoSA pan.k]uhacw] ukjaxh] cM+yks] vkacks vkn vS :a[k ikfjokfjd tho.k jk izrhd gSA vkajh tM+ka etcwr rks ifjokjjh nlk bZ etcwrA vS :a[k T;wa QGS&QwGS R;wa bZ ifjokj QGSA vka :a[kk jkS lw[k.kkS vj eqj>ko.kkS ekM+hikfjokfjd nlk jk izrhd gSA

phy] lwoks] dkxyks] dqjtka vkn ia[ks: izseh tu jk lanslk iwxko.k okGk gSA nsjk.kh] tsBk.kh] lklw]u.kn vj u.kny ckbZ jks chj xhrka esa xkbtSA lkljk jk laca/kka jS fuHkko jkS ukbZ /k.k uSa iwjkS Mj] i.klkljS esa /k.kh jkS cG lwjt jS mueku gksoSA ihgj jk lxGk laca/k bZ xhrka lwa Nkuk dksuhA ihgjuktqdM+h /k.k okLrS lq[kka jks lkxj gSA

b.kh Hkkar pj[kkS] ?kV~Vh] rGkc] dwokS] [ksr lxGk fol; xhr txr jh lqjaxh fNc gSA vS yksd txrjk vk/kkj gSA xhrka esa lkaoBks ifjokj] tkMh ?kj&xokM+h] HksGi esa bÙkkS lq[k crk;kS gS] ifjokj jS VwV.kjh ckr rks vkoS bZ dksuhA yksdxhr ê/kqcu jks vs vkacks eksfj;k* gj;k&Hkj;k lq[kh ifjokj jh lSyk.khgSA b.k xhr jh vksG~;ka &

l[kh vkacks eksj.k vk;kSEgkjk lqljksth x<ka jk jktohlklwth rks jru Hk.MkjEgkjk tsBth ckag jk cktwcantsBk.kh rks cktwcan jh ywacnsoj rks pqM+yks gkFkh nkar jksnsjk.kh pqM+yS jh ethBEgkjk daojhth rks ?kj jkS pkau.kkS

Hkko] laosnukoka lwa vka yksdxhrka jkS egRo txpkokS gks;kS] vka jh b/kdkbZ jks tl ikjhdth uSa tkoSaAoS yksdxhrka jkS lkpkS vj lqjhykS :i yksd uSa lwfi;kSA jktLFkkuh jS m)kj jkS Hkkj oS vkijS dka/kSmBk; fy;kS gks] i.k mej FkksM+h yk;kA ^jktLFkku ds yksdxhr* fuca/k esa jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka uSavf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ekFkS izfrf"Br dj.k jh [kSpy djh gSA oS jktLFkkuh yksdxhrka uS <kG lwafy[krkA m.kkajh fgUnh esa O;k[;k bZ djh gSA yksdxhrka esa vsdFkafHk;kS egy] vksGwa] if.kgkjh] fpjeh]lwofV;kS] dkxfy;kS tSM+k pkok xhrka uSa vkijS vly :i esa jk[k.k okGk ikjhdth bZ gkA

16-6 xzaFk laiknu esa rilh jkS ri

xazFk laiknu dj.kkS dksbZ lksjks dke dksuhA twuS lkfgR; jS vkj&ikj ns[k.k okGh vsd uwaoh] ÅtGh

144

vj fujokGh nhB pkfgtSA lks/k okLrS iwjh yxu] Hkklk vj Hkko] Nanka jks Kku] ÅaMk vj xSjk vjFkle>.k jh f[kerk] vUrjdFkkoka jkS lkarjkS Kku vj nwth Hkklkoka jS lkFkS laLÑr vj /kje xzaFkka jhtk.kdkjh pkfgtSA b.k dke lk:a laiknd =; jkS uke ?k.kS xqest lwa fy;kS tkoS ft.kesa ikjhdth]Lokehth vj Bk- jkeflagth jkS uke vkoSA oS lkfgR; jk lkapk iqtkjh c.;kA b.k dke okLrS ;wa rksrhuwa bZ b/kdkbZ jk[kS] i.k ikjhdth jkS uke ekGk esa lqes: T;wa fy;ks tkoSA vkijS laiknu esa lkaehvk;ksM+k xzaFkka esa lclwa iSyh ^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk* jpuk uSa fy;kS tk ldSA vka nwgka jS twuS :i jh ikapizfr;kaa HkSGh dj.k okLrS iwjS ikap cjlka yx rhuwa t.kka rilh jS mueku ri;k jS;kA tks/kiqj] t;iqj]ukxkSj] pw: vj ljnkjlgj jh tk=koka djh] dksbZ lrjS izfr;ka feGh ft.k eka; lwa Ms<&nks gtkj nwgkaeka; lwa 674 nwgk VkfG;kA ikBkUrj Hkkar&Hkkar jk gk b.k okLrS HkklklkL= vj vSfrgkfldrk jh nhBlwa okauS ij[k.kk t:jh gkA ladyu uSa lkarjkS cxko.k lk: vki m.k cxr jk cq>kxM+ pkok fo}kukalwa fefy;k] okjS lkFkS dkxn iMwÙkj lwa laca/k c.kk; tk.kdkfj;ka yhA lcnka jh vc[kkbZ vkbZ rks twukxzaFkka uSa VaVksfG;kA bfrgkl jh iksfFk;ka futjka ckjS dk<hA ikBkUrj jS dkj.k vc[kkbZ vk vkoS* dS fd.kckr uS lkaph ekuka vj fd.kuSa uhaA

vsd mnkgj.k & ^/k.k HkfV;k.kh ekjoh] fiz; <ksym pgqvkuA*

nwtks mnkgj.k & ^/k.k HkfV;k.kh ekjof.k] <ksyks dwje jktA*

vBS ekjof.k rks HkkVh oal jh gh rS; gks;xkS i.k <ksyks pkSgku gS dS dNokgk oal jkS \ b.k dkj.k[;krka lwa feyk.k dj;kSA duZy VkWM Ñr jktLFkku jk bfrgkl esa ckaP;kS] flykys[kka lwa irks yxk;kS*dS <ksyks dNokgk gks pkSgku dksuhA dkj.k vks dS ujoj x< ekFkS dnSbZ pkSgkuka jkS jkt uha jS;kSA

vcS êkjof.k* jS HkkVh gkso.k jkS vkS:a izek.k fd;ka yk/kS] b.kjh [kSpy pkyS gh dS lks/krka&lks/krka^dq'kyykHk* jk laxzS esa vkS nwgkS yk/kkS &

eka mekns nsoM+h] ukuks lkear lhg AfiaxG jk ijekj jh] dqaojh ekjo.khg AA

laikndka jh eSur jS ika.k irkS pkY;kS dS ekjo.kh jkS oal îjekj* gksA <ksyk&ek: jS tho.kdkG lwafeyk.k dj;ka vk ckr lkaeh vkoS dS laor~ 1000 jS vSM+S&uSM+S iwxG esa ijekjka jkS jkt gks] HkkfV;ka jkSuhaA b.kjkS izek.k dq'kyykHk jkS Åij fy[;ksM+kS nwgh gSA <ksyk&ek: jS tye BkSM+ jh iDdk;r tkapvj nwtk ik=ka jh vSfrgkfld iM+rky bZ djhth] ft.kesa uG] fiaxG] Åek nsoM+h] ekyo.kh]Åejk&lwejk vknA lxGh ckrka jk vSfrgkfld izek.k feY;k tn ys[kd vj lks/kdehZ jkS eu lkargks;kSA

ôsfy fØlu #de.kh jh* jS laiknu esa ftdkS vSfrgkfld dke gks;kS m.kesa iwjh lk/kuk ykX;ksM+h ghAikjhdth jS eka; vsd vpjt tksx lks/k jh nhB ghA ,y- ih- rSLlhrksjh ftdkS osfy ekFkS dke dj;kSm.k cxr jS eqtc ?k.kkS egrkÅ gks] i.k osfy jk lxGk NUn ftdk 300 lwa dha cslh gS] fo}kuka jSewaMS vjFkht.kk pkoS gk] ft.klwa lkfgR; jl jS lkFkS ikBd vk/;kfRed jl HkhukS gks; ldSA lEikndkavkijh le>] eSur vj yxu lwa osfy laiknu jkS dke dj;kS] m.kjS okLrS vk[kkS jktLFkku lekt okajkSdjtnkj gS vj gesl jSoSykA rSLlhrksjh uSa osfy jh twuh laLÑr Vhdk laor~ 1781 jh feGh] ftdhewG izfr lwa 103 cjlka iNS jh ghA ikjhdth ft.k izfr uSa ys;*j b.kjh Vhdk djh ok vkiuSa vkijklkfFk;ka lkFkS fQj.k vj lks/k.k lwa laor~ 1683 esa fy[;ksM+h izfr jS :i esa feGhA vk izfr rSLrhrksjhuSa fey.k okGh izfr lwa lkS cjl iSyka jh gh] b.k okLrS ?k.kh izkef.kd ghA laiknd&=; lclwa iSyh<wa<kM+h okGh izfr ftdh dfo jS tho.kdkG esa bZ fy[khth] m.kjkS v/;;u dj;kS Qsj vki laLÑr vjekjokM+h esa fy[kht.k okGh nksuwa izfr;ka uSa ckjh&ckjh lwa ckaphA rhuwa izfr;ka jk ikB :ikarj ikBdkalakeh jk[;k vj Hkkar&Hkkar lwa m.kuSa vjFkk;kA egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ osfy jkS eje le>.k lk:a

145

ft.k xq.kka jh njdkj crkbZ gh oS lxGk xq.k ikjhdth jS eka; gk] ft;ka &

T;ksfrf"k oSn] ikSjkf.kd] tksxh] laxhrh rkjfdd lfg Apkj.k] HkkV] ikjhdth fp=] dfj ,dBk rks vFkZ dfgAA

nwgka jh Vhi esa ikjhdth vkijS T;ksfrl] oS|xh jS ÅaMS vks[kn jh ckr djhA iqjk.kk] mifulnka vjnwtk egrkÅ xazFkka jkS gokykS nsorka Fkdka lxGh ckrka jkS [kqyklkS dj;kSA HkklkfoX;ku] fcEc fo/kku]rdZlfDr] tksx&ri vj laxhr jkS bZ vki BkSM+kBkSM+ [kqyklkS dj;kS] tBS varjdFkkoka jh t:jr iM+hcBS m.kjh ckuxh bZ isl djhA mnkgj.k :i esa &

nwgk ikap esa frf.k ¼f=foØe½ jh Vhi % 'kqdnso] O;kl] tSnso ¼Nan 8½ jS fol; esa iwjh fiNk.k]cfyca/k.k] dfirk /ksuq vj rqylh ¼Nan 59½ jh O;k[;k( gfj] okjkgk vj fgj.kkdl jk iwjk&iwjkdFkklw=ka jh ckr( ¼Nan 194½ lqj lqrk jS gokyS esa pkSeklS esa nso iks<.kh vj nso mB.kh vsdknlh jkSoj.ku] fonqj jS xq.kka jkS ¼Nan 248½ c[kk.k( olqnso] iz|qEu] nsodh] #de.kh ¼Nan 270½] yhyk/k.k]vfu#) ¼Nan 271½] diy osfy ¼Nan 293½ jh vko.kh tk.kdkjh djko.k jk tru dj;k gSA Nan 22esa ^fj[kiafr #[k* jh ckr gS tBS vki ^vf'ouh] Ñfrdk] Hkj.kh* vkn 27 u[krjka jh Vhi nh gSA Nan188 esa lwfjt gh foz[k vklfjr* esa lwjt uSa bZ o"k jkf'k* esa vkljS jh njdkj iM+S b.kjkS [kqyklkS dj.kokLrS vki T;ksfrl jh lkaoBh vksG[kka.k djkbZ gSA Nan 13 esa ^y[k.k cÙkhl* lcn vk;kS gS tBSikjhdth 18 lÙot vyadkj] rhu vaxt ¼gko] Hkko vj gsyk½] 7 v;Rut Hkko ¼dqy 28 y[k.kkalkFkS½] LFkkbZ] lapkj] O;fHkpkjh] lkfRod Hkko tksM+*j 32 y[k.kka jkS oj.kko dj;kS gSA Nan 163 esalqDyk vj ÑL.kk vfHklkfjdkoka lkFkS mÙkek] e/;ek vj v/kek ukf;dkoka jk Hksn ¼/kje eqtc] mejeqtc vj O;kikj Hksn eqtc½ crk;k gSA /kjelkL= jkS X;ku bZ vkiuSa iwjkS gksA vki O;kdj.k jk vkBHksn] vBkjk iqjk.kka jk uke] 18 Lefr;ka] P;kj osn] N% njl.k] pkSlB dykoka jk iwjk uke fx.k;k vjokajh vksirh fojksG djh gSA lkfgR; /kje uSa eku.k okGk ikjhdth uSa tBS vVdko y[kk;kS oS lkQfy[k fn;kS dS b.kjkS vjFk vj [kqyklkS okajh tk.kdkjh esa dksuhA ;ksxfo|k esa & Kku;ksx] gB;ksx vjpØHksnu izk.kk;e] vLVkax ;ksx] /;ku ;ksx vkn jh pks[kh O;k[;k djh gS rks laxhr jS lkrwa lqjka]lqjHksn] jkx&jkfxfu;ka] ra=hlqj] Hkkar&Hkkar jk cktk] laxhrlkL= jS NBS Hksn esa ukf;dkHksn] jl]jlkHkko] vyadkj] foHkko&vuqHkko vj le; jkS iwjkS c[kk.k djhT;kS gSA

osfy jkS dFkkud Hkkxor iqjk.k lwa dBS rkS esG [kkoS vj dBS dfo jh ekSfyd /kkj.kk dke djS b.kjhbZ iwjh fojksG dj.k jk tru djhT;k gSA b.k Hkkar gj dke jS T;wa bZ ikjhdth laiknd jS :i esa bZiwjh fuLBk jkS ifjp; fn;kSA

16-7 cksGko.k ¼ukVd½ esa ohjrk vj yksd laLÑfr

ikjhdth ek;M+ Hkklk jh lsok esa ykX;ksM+k gkA b.kjS lq/kkj vj fodlko jh rkdhn djrkA m.kkauSykX;kS dS jaxeap jk ek/;e lwa oS lh/kkS tutqM+ko dj ldS vj vkijh Hkklk uSa eku fnjk; ldSA euesa uwaokS fopkj vko.k jh tst gh] iNS rks m.kuSa ewjr dj.k esa ykx tkorkA

vki ^lekt lq/kkj izglu* ukVd fy[;kSA vkS izglu ewypan fo|ky; jS vkax.kS chdkusj jk nhokuvj euqHkkbZ eksgrk vj vko.k okGk njldka] lkfgR; lTtuka] izsfe;ka lkaeh [ksyhT;kSA m.kjS iNS Jh?kuL;kenklth fcM+yk jh izsj.kk vj dFkkud lwa vki ^cksGko.k* ukVd jkS fljt.k dj;kSA b.kjkSnwtkS uke îzfrKkiwfrZ* jkf[k;kSA b.k ukVd esa N% njlko vkoSA ^cksGko.k* jkS iSykS eapu fiykuh esabZ ikjhdth jk lQG funsZlu esa gks;kSA vks ukVd vkijh NksVh c.kxV dkj.kS] fol;&oLrq vj dF;jh nhB lwa iwjkS lQG jS;kSA lkFkS bZ njldka uSa ?k.kkS nk; vk;kSA vkS ukVd ns[;ka iNS yksxka esa vkijhjktLFkkuh Hkklk jS okLrS lEeku vj izse Hkko tkx.k ykX;kSA b.kjh dFkkoLrq BsB jktLFkkuh laLÑfrlwa jGh&feGh gSA e/;dkyhu jktiwrh lH;rk jk b.kesa fpa=ke eaM;ksM+kA jktiwrh vku&cku vj

146

ejtknk jS dkj.k bZ rks jktLFkku txpkokS gSA jktiwr jS ?kjS tye yso.k lwa dksbZ jktiwr dksuh gksoSAm.kjh jxka esa jtiwrh nkSM+rh gksoS] vkijS /kje jks ikyd bZ lkpks jktiwr gSA cksGko.k esa jktiwrka jhfolslrk ckcr dghT;kS gS &

,g fojn jtiwr fizFke eq[k >wB u cksySA,g fojn jtiwr ij f=; dkN u [kksySA,g fojn jtiwr vkFk ckaVS dj tksjSA,g fojn jtiwr ,d yk[kka fcp vksjSA

tejk.k ik; ikNk /kjS] nsf[k erkS vo/kwr jkSAdjrkj gkFk nh/kh djn] ,g fojn jtiwr jkSA

jktiwrh /kje jkS eje tk.kf.k;ka uS ikjhdth vkijS ukVd jkS uk;d c.kk;kS gSA oS twuka vknlkZa uSlkaeh jk[k HkVD;ksM+k eku[kS uSa vlyh :i fn[kko.kh pkorkA

b.k ukVd esa vkijh ejtkn jk :[kkGk] opuka jk ikG.kgkj ukVd jk uk;d tokgjflagth vsd [kjkjktiwr gSA oka fnuka ckf.k;S&cVk;y] lsB&lkgwdkjka jkS vsdykS ekjx cSo.kkS vc[kkS dke gksA jtokM+kaesa jktiwr cksGkbZ Hkstrk vj vkfnoklh bykdka esa Hkhy cksGkbZ jkS dke djrkA ^cksGkow* jktLFkku jSlkearh tqx jh vsd jhr ghA ^cksGkow* lkFkS yso.kkS vkt jh chek dEiuh jh lqj{kk ^xkj.Vh* T;aw ghA;krk;kr jk lk/ku rks iSyh gk dksuhA ÅaV] ?kksM+k] [kPpj] cGn] xkfM+;ka lwa vko&tko gksorkA vGxhHkka; tko.kkS] jkr&chjkr duk;yS xkao dS iNS lwU;kM+ esa bZ fcljkbZ [kko.kh iM+ tkorhA vSM+k esa pksj]Mkdw] /kkM+srh] vkl&ikM+kSl jk jktokGk cSork cVkoqM+ka uSa ?k.kka rGrk] okajkS eky&eÙkkS [kksl [kkyhiYyS dj nsorkA vSM+k esa lkFkS pky.k okGkS ^cksGkow* oka tkr:oka jh fjN;k jkS Hkkj vkijS dka/kS ysorkSvj m.kjh vsot esa dha fjfi;k&iblk okauSa fey tkork] i.k ^cksGkow* jS jSork Fkdka cVkoqM+ka jS /kkM+kSiM+ tkorkS rks m.kjkS gjtkukSa ;k lxGh olwyh ^cksGkow* uSa Hkj.kh iM+rhA b.k ukVd jk dFkkud esabZ egktu vkijS csVk jkS eqdykokS djk; chu.kh uS ?kjS ys tkoSA ekjx esa tksjkojflag jS fBdk.kS esaikSap*j egktu Bkdjka lwa dSoS dS Vkcj jkS eqdykokS djko.k uSa ekjokM+ jk jbZokl xkao x;kS gksA vcSmBk lwa ikNkS ckofM+;kS gwa] EgkjkS xkao ^/kwiVks* vBS lwa dksl nlsd ekFkS gSA vkxS /kjrh mtkM+ vjlwU;kM+ iMS+] /kkM+sfr;ka jkS Mj gS] b.k okLrS dksbZ ^cksGkbZ* fey tkoS rks----A Bkdj lksp esa iM+ tkoSAegktu dSoS vki lwa vkl yxk;*j vk;kS gwaA vki cM+k jktiwr gks] jkt fjNikG uha djlh rks nwtkSdq.k djlh \ Bkdj m.kkauS jkroklkS rks mBS bZ vkijh dksVM+h esa dj.k jkS dSoS vj fnuwaxS vkijk16&17 cjlka jk iksrk uSa cksGkbZ* jS :i esa lkFkS Oghj djSA ekjx cSorka /kkM+k;rh vkoSaA Hkwjth&tqgkjthuke jk /kkM+k;rh eky [kksl.k ykxS] feu[kka uSa MjkoS vj dwVkekjkS dj.k ykxS tn Bkdjka jkS iksrkSlkpkS jktiwr c.k vkijk /kje uSa fuHkkoS vj /kkM+k;fr;ka lwa yM+rkS dke vkoSA /kjrh ekFkS iM+rh csGkoks dSoS dS Egkjk nknkslk uSa dSa;tkS dS FkkajkS xhxykS /kkjk rhjFk Ugk;kS] cSfj;ka uSa ekjrka j.k[ksr jS;kSi.k Egkjh ekSr jkS cnGkS vol yhtkSA /kkM+kS dj.k okGk bZ jktiwr bZ gksork] b.k dkj.k oks Vkcj lkQdS;kS gS dS ^jktiwr dqG jk dGad vka paMkG pksjka jk jxr lwa Egkjh vkRek jkS rji.k djT;kSA*

Bkdj uSa vkijS iksrk jS ej.k jkS nq[k dksuh] jhl b.k ckr jh dS /kkM+Srh lxGk jG&feG*j ?kkr djhAvkijk Hkk;ka uSa HksGk dj Bkdj dslfj;k dj.k jkS erkS dj;kSA /kkM+sfr;ka jh x<+h Åij x;k vj okauSyydkfj;kA cS gkFkktksM+h djh i.k Bkdj lks*jS lkal eku.k okGkS feu[k dksuh gksA vkf[kj xktjewGh T;wa /kkM+sfr;ka uS dkVrk&ck<rk vkijS iksrk jks cnGkS fy;kSA /kkM+sfr;ka lwa egktu jkS lxGkSeky&eÙkkS ikNkS ys;*j okauSa lwairk dS;kS & vcS vki chan&chan.kh uSa ys;*j fulad xkao i/kkjkSA pkykSEgsa vkiuSa ikSapk; vkowaA egktu dSoS&/ku gS vkijkS jktiwrh /kje] vkijh BdjkbZ vj fujeG tltqxka&tqxka rkabZ c.;kS jSlhA Bkdj cw<kikS Hkksx*j jkelj.k gksoSA b.k Hkkar vks ukVd jktiwrh lH;rkvj laLÑfr uSa ÅtGh dj.k okGkS vj ohj&jl jk lkdkj izfrfcEc mitko.k okGkS gSA

147

b.k ukVd esa xkaoka jh jhr&ikar vj yksd laLÑfr jkS oj.kko feGSA iSyM+S njlko esa csVh uSa lh[knso.kh] yqxk;ka vj <ksfy;ka jk xk;ksM+ka lh[k jk xhr gSA czkã.k iwtk djkoS] uk;.k vj dqEgkjh lqxukajh gjh MkGh vj csoM+kS fy;ka lqHk lqxu djkoS] cGnxkM+h jk cGnka uSa Vhd*j tÅ jk ihM;k nso.kkvkn uha Hkwyht.k okGk njlko gSA vkt bZ chan&chan.kh jh xkMh vj tku jh cl uSa Oghj djS tnifg;ka uhpS ukjsG nkc*j cMks djhtS] vk lqxuka jh ckr gSA m.k cxr cSy esa vkork&tkork] b.k[kkrj cGnka uSa tÅ jk ihaM;k ns;*j vkxS jk ekjx jh dqly[kse jk lqxu djkbtrkA

nwtk njlko esa xkao jkS cSjkS] fi.kgkj;ka jkS >wyjkS] okajkS xhr xko.kkS] Bkdjka jh dksVM+h jkS fp=kelkdkj gks;kS gSA

b.kh Hkkar rhtk njlko esa jksgh] lwU;kM] dkadM+] [ksr] [ksr esa ÅHkh MkoM+h ia[k:oka uSa mMkoS] [ksr jkS/k.kh HkkjksVh cka/kSA jksgh esa pjrk njko&Mkaxjk] jkbZdk vj vsoM+ ys tkork vsokfG;k vyxkstk ekFkSikcwth jkS ijokM+kS xkork lq.khtSA vka njlkoka esa lqjhyk] euHkko.kk vj yksdpkok jktLFkkuh xhrkajkS iwjkS ykokS ys[kd fy;kS gSA ohj jl jS lkFkS laLÑfr jh lqjaxh fNc b.k ukVd esa ns[kh tk; ldSAlh[k jk xhrka esa ftÙkh laosnuk gS mÙkh ljlrk fi.kgkj;a jk xhrka esa yk/kS rks ikcwth jk iokM+k esaohjrk vj jktLFkku jh lkaLÑfrd ijEijk jkS lStksM+ oj.kko gSA

pkSFks njlko esa Bkdjka jh dksVM+h vkxS pkj.k jkS vkstLoh lcnka esa ^cywth pkaikor jh ohjxkFkk*dSo.kkSA tksjkojth jk iksrk jkS cksGkbZ :i esa ekjx cSo.kkSA ekjx esa /kkM+k;fr;ka jkS vko.kkSA cksGkbZjk ohj cksyka esa lkph jktiwrh jh vksG[kk.k vj cksGkbZ jkS ohjrk lkxS j.k[ksr gkso.kkSA

ikapok njlko esa Bkdjka vj /kkM+k;fr;ka jkS ohjksfpÙk laoknA Hkwjth] tqgkjth jkS Bkdjk jS gkFkkaj.k[ksr jSo.kkS njlkbT;kS gSA

NBk njlko esa Bkdjka jkS cw<kikS] ckjBth jkS vkReX;ku nso.kkS] Bkdjka jkS csVk vj iksrk jh ;kn esaizk.k nso.kkSA

vS lxGk njlko ukVd jk thork&tkxrk fp=ke gSA dBSbZ ukVd esa vijksxki.kkS futj uha vk;kSgSA ns[k.k vj i<.k okGka jkS eu ?k.kkS jkth gksoSA jl lwa ljkcksj gks; tkoSA vk ckr 1933 bZ jhgksoSyk tn ^cksGko.k* Ni*j iksFkh :i esa lkaeh vk;kSA

^cksGko.k* jS iNS] dS yxSVxS lkFks bZ ikjhdth ^lkekftd izglu* vj êhjka* uke lwa nks; ukVd HkGSfyf[k;k ftdka jh ewG iM+rka feGS gSA ikjhdth dsbZ nwtk ukVdka jh jpuk bZ djh i.k okajh ewGizfr;ka fuxS uha vkoSA vsd cksGko.k* bZ m.kkauS vkNk ukVddkj vj jaxdehZ jkS njtkS fnjko.k esa ?k.kSbZgSA b.kjkS bfrgklw vj HkjkslkStksx dFkkud vj ljko.k tksx lksg.kk ^jax ladsr* ikjhdth jhdqlGkbZ vj gBksVh uSa njlkoSA

16-8 bdkbZ jkS lkj

ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk nhirk lwjt gkA m.kka jh jxka esa jktLFkku vj jktLFkkuh jkSgsr xqest jxr c.k nkSM+rkSA vki ft.k dke esa gkFk ?kkfy;kS m.kuSa iwjkS dj fuoka.k pk<;kSA lkphdjeBrk] fuLBk] eSur] yxu vj tho.k esa ljyrk vj lknxh] okajkS vkS bt ckukS gksA oS vkijS bLVfe=ka lkFkS jG&feG*j lkfgR; vj lkfgfR;d laLFkkoka jh lsok djhA firk jkS lqjxokl gks;ka iNSckG dka/kka ekFkS ftdh tqEesokjh vk;xh gh m.kuSa /khj&xaHkhj c.k*j fuHkkbZA tqEesokjh vj la;e jkxq.kka jkS vkijks fe=ka ekFkS ?k.kkS vlj jS;kSA vki laxhr jk ikj[kh vj ?k.kka lkSdhu jS;kA b.k #fpjS ika.k bZ L;kr yksdxhrka ekFkS vki ljko.k tksx dke dj lD;kA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk egRo uSa m.kkapks[kh rj;ka le>~;kS vj tk.;kSA okajh dj;ksM+h O;k[;k vj lcnka jk vjFkka esa m.kka jk xq# ckcw';kelqUnjnkl vj jkepUnz 'kqDy bZ ervsd gks; tkorkA izkÑr jk fo}kuka uSa bZ izkphu jktLFkkuhjh ckr Lohdkj dj.kh iM+rh tn ikjhdth m.kuSa vjFkkorkA

148

ikjhdth esa vsd ywaBkS ys[kd] lQy lEiknd] lkarjkS lekykspd vj ikj[kh feu[k cSB;kS gksAm.kkajk dke uSa gesl eksVk&eksVk lkfgR;dkj vj fo}kuka ljk;kSA m.kka esa vkijh ckr le>ko.k jhvj vkxS okGk ekFkS vlj dj.k jh iwjh f[kerk ghA izdkldka lwa dke yso.kkS okauS vkNh rj;ka vkorkS]b.k okLrS okajk laikfnr xzaFk cSxk bZ Ni tkorkA tn cs yksdlkfgR; jh lk/kuk dj yksdxhrka jkS laxzSdj;kS] m.kka jk fgUnh vuqokn dj;k rks lxGka jh vka[;ka [kqyxhA oS jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj jktLFkkujh /kjrh jk iqtkjh gkA m.k :i esa okjS tho.k jk dsbZ izlax tqM+;ksM+k gSA ikjhdth jktLFkkuh lkfgR;:ih jFk jh /kwjh gkA Lokehth vj jkeflagth m.k jFk jk ifg;k gk] i.k ikjhdth tkorka ika.k tk.kS/kwjh VwVh vj jFk jk ifg;k csdke gw;X;k] D;wadS ifg;k rks /kwjh jS ika.k pkySA

jktLFkkuh ukVdka jS mn~Hko dky esa vusd fo}kuka jk ukVd fy[khT;k m.k cxr ukVd esa uwoS :ivj iz;ksx esa vsdkadh ukVd ^cksGko.k* NI;kSA jaxeap ekFkS [ksyhT;kS vj ?k.kkS ljkbT;kS ft.kesajktLFkkuh ohjrk vj yksd laLÑfr jkS :ikGkS esG gks;kS gSA m.kesa vkijh yksd lkfgR; laca/kh lk/kuk] xhrka jkS mUuk;d vj ys[kd :i lqHkV bZ futj vkoSA vkijk ;ksxnku uSa jktLFkkuh lektdnSbZ Hkwy uha ldSykA

16-9 vH;kl jk loky

lko NksVk loky

1- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd jkS tye dnS vj dBS gks;kS \

2- ikjhdth jS ekrk&firk jkS dkabZ uke gks \

3- ikjhdth Åaph i<kbZ dBS tk;*j djh vj dBS rkabZ if<;k \

4- ikjhdth jS Hkk;yka jk dkabZ uke gk] oS lxGk fey*j fd.k ekFkS fopkj jk[krk \

5- ikjhdth fd.k in ekFkS vj dBS ukSdkjh djh \

NksVk loky ¼iMwÙkj 100 lcnka esa½

1- ikjhdth jh ckGi.kS jh [kkl ckrka uSa le>kokSA

2- ikjhdth vkijk bLV fe=ka lkFkS fd.k gLrfyf[kr if=dk uSa Nkirk vj m.k eka; fol;&lkexzhdkabZ gksorkS \

3- ikjhdth fd.k&fd.k laLFkkoka lwa tqM+;kSM+k gk \

4- ikjhdth jh eksVh #fp fd.k dke esa jS;h \

5- vsd fuca/kdkj jS :i esa vkijh dkabZ fiNk.k jS;h \

vkykspukRed loky

1- ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd jh thouh ekFkS vsd ys[k fy[kkSA

2- ikjhdth jh fljt.k lfDr uSa le>korka m.kkjh jpukoka jkS mYys[k djkSA

3- ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd esa lQy lEiknd jk xq.k gkA b.kjh fojksG djkSA

4- ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd jS vsdkadh ukVd ^cksGko.k* jh leh{kk djkSA


1- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; ¼MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor½

2- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed ,oa fodklkRed bfrgkl ¼MkW- jkeLo:i O;kl½

3- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd fuca/kkoyh ¼lEiknd % MkW- enu dsofy;k½

149

4- ijEijk vad] Hkkx&98&99] 1991] NUn jkm tSrlh jkS ¼lw;Zdj.k Vhdk½

5- oSpkfjdh ¼'kks/k =Sekfldh] tuojh&vizSy] 1973½ Hkkjrh; fo|k eafnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku

6- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk vkxho.k % lw;Zdj.k ikjhd ¼jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfrvdkneh] chdkusj½

7- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd % fofuca/k % ewypUn îzk.ks'k* ¼lkfgR; vdknseh] ubZ fnYyh½

8- cksGko.k ¼lw;Zdj.k ikjhd½] vsdkadh

9- es?kekGk ¼lw;Zdj.k ikjhd½] x| xhr

10- jktLFkku ds yksdxhr ¼izFke Hkkx] iwokZ)Z½ lEiknd&=; ¼lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] Bk- jkeflag]ujksÙkenkl Lokeh½] jktLFkkuh fjlpZ lkslk;Vh] dydÙkk

11- jktLFkku ds yksdxhr ¼f}rh; Hkkx] mÙkjk)Z½ lEiknd&=; ¼lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] Bk- jkeflag]ujksÙkenkl Lokeh½] jktLFkkuh fjlpZ lkslk;Vh] dydÙkkA

150

bdkbZ & 17

izeq[k vsdkadhdkj % jkor lkjLorbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

17-0 mísL;

17-1 çLrkouk

17-2 jkor lkjLor % vsd vksG[kk.k

17-3 jkor lkjLor jkS jktLFkkuh x| ys[ku

17-3-1 jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vkykspuk ys[ku jh vc[kk;k

17-3-2 %e#ok.kh* jk lEikndh;

17-3-3 iksF;ka jh Hkwfedkoka vj tk.kdkjh

17-3-4 laikfnr iksF;ka jh Hkksedkoka

17-4 jktLFkkuh dgk.;k % jkor lkjLor jh nhB

17-5 vkt jh jktLFkkuh dforkoka % jkor lkjLor jh nhB

17-6 jkor lkjLor % Hkklk jh ckr

17-6-1 Hkklk ckcr jkor lkjLor jk fopkj

17-6-2 jkor lkjLor jh Hkklk] lSyh vj flYi

17-7 lkjkal

17-8 lcndksl

17-9 vH;kl jk loky


17-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ esa vki jktLFkkuh x| esa jkor lkjLor jS ;ksxnku ckcr i<+ksykA ;wa rkS jktLFkkuh x|jpukoka foØe jS ponS lSbdS lwa feGS gSA gkFk fy[kh iksF;ka esa pks[kS x| jh NM+h&fcNM+h ckuxh vktbZ fuxS vkoS ft.k ekFkS vkika xjc dj ldka] i.k vBS vk ckr Hkwy.k tksx dksuh dS fonslh geykojkaT;wa vBkajk feUnjka vj egy&ekfG;ka uS rksM+;k] R;wa bZ vBkajk iksFkh&ikuM+ka uS i.k rgl&ugl dj~;kAb.kk geykokjka jS dkj.k fdrjks egrkÅ lkfgR; cjckn gq;kS] b.kjks dksbZ ys[kks&tks[kks dksuhA ckrkafoxrka [;krka] opfudkoka] vgokyka] gdhdrka] nokoSrka vj dkxnka jS eka; jktLFkkuh x| lfgR; jhijaijk jks tcjks foxlko lSeawMS nhlSA lkrosa lbdS esa vkbZ :dkoV jS dkj.k vkt jkS jktLFkkuh x|U;kjks gSA

Hkkjr esa ^bLV bf.M;k dEiuh* jS ilkjS jS lkxS ^bLV bf.M;k dEiuh* jks nslh jtokM+ka lwa jkthukeksgkso.k lwa vj jkt&dkt esa ^bLV bf.M;k dEiuh* jh yxrh n[kyankth lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh nlkfcxM+hA jkt&dkt esa jktLFkkuh jh BkSM+ mjnw vj vaxjsth ys yhuh] i.k yksd tho.k esa jktLFkkuhHkklk py.k esa jSo.k jS dkj.k b.kjks dksbZ [kkl fcxkM+ dks gks;ks uhaA gka] fy[k.k esa] [kkldj x|lkfgR; jS fy[k.kS esa b.kjks mnS vktknh jS vkUnksGu jS lkxS bZ vk;ksA lu~ 1904 jS yxS&VxS nslkojhckf.k;ka lekt lqèkkj uS ys;*j jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[k.kks l: dj~;ksA vkt jS x| ys[k.k jhl#vkr rn lwa bZ eku.kha pbtSA

151

b.k bdkbZ uSa i<+.k lwa vki uhpS fy[kh ckrka tk.k ldksyk&

1- jkor lkjLor jh vksG[kk.k

2- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkykspuk jh vc[kk;ka

3- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ekurk jS eqíS jh ckrka

4- jktLFkkuh dgk.kh [kkrj jkor lkjLor jk fopkj

5- jktLFkkuh dfork [kkrj jkor lkjLor jk fopkj

6- Hkklk [kkrj jkor lkjLor jS fopkjka jh tk.kdkjh

7- jkor lkjLor jS x| jh Hkklk lSyh vj flYi

17-1 çLrkouk

b.k bdkbZ uS i<+.k jS iSyk vki twuS jktLFkkuh x| jS foxlko uS Hkyh Hkkar tk.k pqD;k gksA vkitk.k pqD;k gks dS foØe jS ponoSa lbZdS esa fy[kh ^èkuiky dFkk* jktLFkkuh jS lcGS x| jh lkaoBhvksG[k gSA foØe jh iujoha lnh rd vkorka&vkaorka ckr fy[k.k jh prjkbZ esa ?k.kks ckèkkiks gq;ksAHkkar&Hkkar jS feu[kka] yqxk;ka ?kksM+k&gkfFk;ka] gkV&ctkjka] ftalk] xksBka] dqnjr jS utkjka] lsuk jSlt.k] vj tq) esa ijkØe ckcr ckr&c.kko jk ôkx&foykl* ftlk XkzaFk fy[khtX;k gkA twuSjktLFkkuh x| jks blks fuFkj~;ksM+ks :i fuj[k*j fo}kuka jks eu ?k.kks vatlSA

lu~ 1875 esa vk;Z lekt jh Fkkiuk vj 1885 esa Hkkjrh; jkLVªh; dkaXkzsl jS tGe jS lkFkS jkfLVª;rkjh Hkkouk tkxhA b.kjS lkxS bZ ijnkçFkk jks fojksèk] yqxk;ka jh i<+kbZ] lrh gkso.k jks fojksèk] vey vjnk: jS ulk jks fojksèk] tqvks vj QkVdk [ksy.k jks fojksèk vj lekt&lqèkkj jS U;kjk&U;kjk dkeka jkfopkj bZ mB;kA b.klwa vj nsl esa U;kjh&U;kjh Hkklkoka T;wa dS eqEcbZ vj ejkBokM+k esa ejkBh vjcaxky esa caxkyh ftlh Hkklkoka jS foxlko uS ns[k*j jktLFkku okfl;ka vj çoklh jktLFkkfu;ka jS euesa bZ jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[k.k jh gwal tkxhA Nkika vj Nkik[kkuka jS vHkko jS dkj.k jktLFkkuokfl;kajS fy[;kSM+ks rks dha ?k.kks pkoks dks gq;ks uha] f'kopUæ Hkjfr;k] xqykcpUn ukxksjh] f'koukjk;.krksluhoky] NksVsyky 'kqDy] fCkztyky fc;k.kh vj Hkxorh çlkn nk: dk ftlk dh çoklhjktLFkkfu;ka 1904 lwa 1918 js chp eka; jktLFkkuh esa x| fy[k.kks l: dj~;ksA vka cjlka esajktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jh lcGh vksG[k nsorka tktZ fXkz;lZu] vj vsy-ih- VSLlhVksjh jkdj~;ksM+k dke bZ lkeh vk;kA

tksèkiqj jS jkedj.k vklksik] chdkusj jS lwjtdj.k ikjhd] Bkdj jkefla?k vj ujksÙkenkl Lokeh jSdkj.kS turka esa jktLFkkuh jks uoks x| fy[kht.kksa l: gks;ksA eqjyhèkj O;kl] jkor lkjLor]pUæfla?k vj Jhyky uFkey tks'kh ftlk jpukdkjka] vkagh fnuka jktLFkkuh i| jS lkFkS&lkFkSU;kjh&U;kjh foèkkoka esa x| fy[k.kks l: dj~;ksA

17-2 jkor lkjLor % vsd vksG[kk.k

jkor lkjLor jkS tGe chdkusj fj;klr jS pw: dLcS eka; 19 flrEcj 1919 esa cke.kka jS ,dlkèkkj.k ifjokj esa gq;kSA jkorth jS firk jks uke guqekuc[l gksA jkor th jh l#vkr jh i<+kbZ pq:esa vj gkbZ Ldwy jh i<+kbZ chdkusj esa gqbZA jkorth ?k.kka gqfl;kj gkA oS lkroha cksMZ jh ijh{kk esa iwjhchdkusj fj;klr esa iSys uEcj lwa ikl gq;kA 1937 esa m.kka gkbZ bLdwy ikl dhuhA gkbZ bLdwy jhijh{kk esa bZ iwjh chdkusj fj;klr esa iSys uEcj lwa ikl gq;kA vkxs m.kka Mwaxj dkWyst] chdkusj esankf[kyks fy;ksA m.kka 1941 ea ^vkxjk fo'ofo|ky;* lwa ^QLV Dykl QLV* ch-vs- ikl djhA vkxStk;*j m.kka vkxjk txr ikSlkG lwa bZ vse-vs- vj vsy-vsy-ch- jh ijh{kkoka bZ ikl djhA gkbZ bLdwy

152

lwa ys;*j ch-vs- ikl dj.k rd jkorth uS chdkusj fj;klr jS dkuh lwa eghuslj lkB #i;k othQksfeGrh jS;hA

pkok xhrdkj Hkjr O;kl ckyi.kS lwa bZ jkorth jk lSikBh gkA dkyst jS fnuka esa pkok dfo pUæfla?ki.k m.kka jS lkFkS i<+rk gkA jkor th uS ckyi.kS lwa bZ dfork fy[k.k jks lks[k gksA

ch-vs- ikl dj~;ka iNS lu~ 1941 esa jkor lkjLor pkoS fo}ku Jh lh- dqu.kjktk jh ns[k&js[k esachdkusj jkt jS futw iksFkh [kkuS vuwi laLÑr iksFkh[kkuS esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ikaMqfyfi;ka jhvuqØef.kdk c.kko.k jks dke l: dj~;ksA rhu cjlka rd vBS jg*j jkor th uS jktLFkkuh twuhiksF;ka jS veksyd [ktkuS uS ns[k.k jks volj feG;ksA nwoka] çokM+ka] osfy;ka] ckrka] [;krka] opfudkoka]vgokyka] gdhdrka] nokosrka jS b.k veksyk HkaMkj lwa ifjfpr gq;ka jkor th jks jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj[kkl dj jktLFkkuh x| lk: eksg cè;ksA vka XkzaFkka esa iwjS eBksB] ejksM+ vj fetkt jS lkFkS jktLFkkuhx| jks lq?kM+ :i feGSA ckr&cj.kko jks flyhdka] vk[kjka jks vyaÑr tM+ko vj fgoM+S uS ekso.kokGksfeBkl b.kka XkzaFkka uS veksyk c.kkoSA

b.k chp Hkkjr vktkn gks;X;k gks;kSA lafoèkku jh vkBoha vuqlwph esa lS Hkklkoka jS T;wa jktLFkkuh uSbZ çnsl jh Hkklk jS :i esa tksM+.kh gh] i.k tksM+h th dksuhA jktLFkkuh jks vy[k txko.k jS lkFkSjktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jS laj{k.k vj foxlko lk# jkor th vkijS lkfFk;ka pUæfla?k vkn jSlkFkS 1953 esa t;iqj esa ^jktLFkkuh Hkklk çpkj lHkk* jh Fkkiuk djhA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vkijh [kqnjh dksbZ if=dk dksuh gh] b.k lk: jktLFkkuh Hkklk çpkj lHkk* 1953 esa bZ jkor lkjLor jS laiknuesa ekgokjh NkiS ê#ok.kh* jks çdkl.k l: dj~;ksA dSo.k jh njdkj dksuh dS vktknh jS iNS jSjktLFkkuh x| jS foxlko esa ê:ok.kh* jks lkaoBks ;ksxnku jg;ksA jkorth jh çsj.kk lwa jktLFkkuh jkdsbZ dgk.khdkj] dfo] miU;kldkj vj fucUèkdkj R;kj gq;kA vBS vks dSo.k esa dksbZ vkaV dksuh dSfgUnh jk pkok&Bkok ;knosUæ 'kekZ ^pUæ*] ef.k eèkqdj vj N=ifrflag ftlk ys[kd jkor th jhçsj.kk lwa bZ jktLFkkuh ys[ku lwa tqM+;k vj ^gwa xksjh fd.k iho jh* vj ^frjladw* ftlk miU;klka vj^rkl jks ?kj* ftlk ukVdka lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks HkaMkj HkjhT;ksA ê#ok.kh* esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esafy[k.k lk: jkor th jkS dkxn NksVs&cM+s gjsd jpukdkj duS iwxks gkslhA jkor th jktLFkkuh HkklkjS uoS :i uS jktLFkku bZ uha] caxky] fcgkj] mM+hlk] egkjk"Vª] rfeyukMq vj vUèkz çns'k rd jS nwjnslkojka iqxko.kk jkS dke dj~;ksA jktLFkkuh x| jS foxlko esa jkorth jks ?k.keksyks ;ksxnku vks jg;kSdS m.kka U;kjh&U;kjh fj;klrka esa U;kjh&U;kjh Hkkar lwa cksyhtrh&fy[khtrh jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS ,d:i nso.k jks tru dj~;ksA

Vkcjka esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk lk: pkouk txko.k vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ jh Hkklkc.kko.k lk: jkorth çFkek lwa ikj[kh] vj jktLFkkuh lkfgR; fljksef.k rd jh ijh{kkoka pykbZAvkxS tk;*j tksèkiqj foLofo|ky;] tksèkiqj vj ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj] jktLFkkuhHkklk jk ikB~;Øeka lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk fodkl esa ?k.kh enr feGh ft.kjks tl MkW- dY;k.k flag'ks[kkor uS tkoSA

17-3 jkor lkjLor jkS jktLFkkuh x| ys[ku

jkor lkjLor jks jktLFkkuh x| ?k.k&:iks vj cgqjaxh gSA m.kka johUæukFk VSxksj jS ukVd ^ckalqjh*jkS jktLFkkuh esa mYFkkS dj~;ksA ê#ok.kh* jk laikndh; ys[k fy[;kA jktLFkkuh jS fujk lkjk ys[kdkajh iksF;ka jh Hkwfedkoka fy[khA vS Hkwfedkoka ,d nks vuqPNsnka lwa ys;*j lkr vkB ikuka rd jh jSbZAvki laikfnr dS lglaikfnr X;kjg iksF;ka jk eq[kM+k ¼vXkzys[k½ fy[;kA fucUèk vj ,d&nks ,dkadhbZ fy[;kA ê#ok.kh* lk: jktLFkkuh iksF;ka fujh lkjh leh{kkoka bZ fy[khA jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR;vj lafLØfr uS yS;*j fujkbZ vkys[k vj cMsjpkjS ¼vè;{kh;½ Hkkl.k fy[;kA b.k lS ys[kka esa

153

jktLFkkuh dfork] dgk.kh] x| vj Hkklk [kkrj m.kka jks fparjk.k mtkxj gksoSA

uok ys[kdka jh iksF;ka jh Hkwfedkoka fy[k.kS;k dS ê#ok.kh* esa iksF;ka jh leh{kk fy[k.kS jks dke dksbZlksjks dke dksuh gksA vks rks ryokj jh èkkj ekFkS nkSM+.k jS mueku gksA

17-3-1 jktLFkkuh esa vkykspuk fy[k.k jh vc[kk;ka

Nkika jh deh vj Ni.k jS de voljka jS dkj.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[k.kks ?k.kks dfB.k dkeekU;ks tkorksA dfo rks dfo&lEesyuka esa ;k dS nksLrka esa dfork Ckkap*j bZ okgokgh ywVysorks] i.k x| ys[kdka jS ulhc esa vks lqHkhrks bZ dks gks uhaA vkykspdka jh nhB vk jSorh dSjktLFkkuh esa [kwc fy[kht.kksa pkfgtSA ?k.kha lwa ?k.kha iksF;ka Ni.kha pkfgtSA uok ys[kdka jkseu cèkko.k lk: ys[kd jS ys[k.k jh cMkbZ dj.kha t:jh ghA nwth dkuh jkor th ftlkvkykspd vkS bZ pkork gk dS jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lkaoBks bZ uha] l[kjks bZ fy[kht.kks pkfgtSAb.k lk: jpukoka jh dfe;ka dkuha bZ ys[kdka jks è;ku [kkap.kks pkfgtSA tks HkyS jk c[kk.kvj HkwaMS jh HkwaM uha gksoS] tks [kG&<G ,d Hkko gksoS] rks jktLFkkuh ys[ku jks Lrj fd;ka c.kS\tks fy[kkjk jks ys[k.k ljkghtS ugha] tks ys[kd uS tl bZ ugha feGS] rks vkSj rks m.kuS feGSbZ dkab± gS\ b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh esa vkyksp.kk fy[k.kks ?k.kh tks[ke jks dke gksA jkorth iksF;kajk eq[kM+k b.k Hkkar fy[;k dS ys[kd jh rkjhQ bZ gks; tkoS vj pks[kk fy[k.k lk: m.kjklaLdkj bZ c.kSaA felky jS ys[kS ^Hkkl* jS ukVd ^LoIu oklonÙkk* jS mYFkS ^liuks* jS eq[kM+kesa jkor th b.k Hkkar fy[;ks&

^^lafLØr okaM~e; esa vkijk ukVdka lwa ,d ÅtGh eqGd Hkj nsof.k;k egkdfo Hkkl ¼Hkklksgkl%½jks ^LoIu oklonÙkk* HkkbZ nsonÙkth ukx* jh dkjhxj dye lwa lqiuks* c.k çxV~;ks gSA lafLØrxazFkka jk vuqokn djf.k;k vusd yksx lafLØr Hkklk jk ikj[kh uha gkso.k lwa okajS eje uS vkijkNUnka lcnka esa <+kG uha ikoS i.k dfo ukx jh okr nwth gSA lafLØr vkijh ckikSrh gSA ft.kJheky uxj jk iafMr ekèk nsook.kh uS rhuwa xq.k laiUu c.kkbZ ¼ek?ks lfUr =;ks xq.kk%½ m.kh[;krka okrka ljuke uxjh jS mtGS JhekGh oal jk iafMr ukx* jktLFkkuh uSa ljc xq.k laiUu*c.kklh blh vkl jk[k.kh ,d vksirh ckr gSA lafLØr jh leklka lwa xjHkhyh Hkklk jks vuqoknvkt jh cksypky jh Hkklk esa dj.kks dksbZ gkalh&[ksy dksuhA dfo ûkx* b.k xaHkhjrk uSa HkyhHkkar vksG[kh vj flyksdka&laoknk uSa VdlkGh jktLFkkuh esa <+ky.kS jks eksVks dke fd;ks gSA**

ts è;ku lwa ckapka] rks vBS ,d ckr lqeV nhlS dS b.k eq[kM+k esa jkor th vkpk;Z nsonÙk ukxjh cMkbZ bZ dj nh vj lkFkS jh lkFkS mYFkk jks dke dj.k okGka uS NkauS&lh vk lh[k bZ nsnh dS vuqokn djf.k;S uS Qxr vkijh Hkklk jks fo}ku bZ uha] m.k Hkklk jks ikj[kh vj m.kjSeje uS le>.k okGks gkso.kksa pkfgtS ft.k Hkklk lwa oks vkijh Hkklk esa mYFkkS djSA

vk rks ,d felky gSA jkor th jS gj ys[k esa vk lh[k ns[k ldkaA Hkklk uS ÅHkh dj.k lk:vkykspd uS blh prjkbZ rks okij.kh bZ iM+SA

17-3-2 ê#ok.kh* jk laikndh; ys[k

jkor lkjLor jS laiknu esa jktLFkkuh jks iSyks ekgokjh Nkiks ê#ok.kh* yxS&VxS iSarhlcjlka rd fudG;ksA b.k Hkkar m.kka lSdM+ka laikndh; fy[;kA jkorth jS lxGS laikndh;ys[kka jS ewG esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[k.k vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS çpkj&çlkj lk: çsj.kknso.k jh ckr jSorhA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh laoSèkkfud ekurk lk: dnSbZ oS ljdkj uS[kksVh&[kjh lq.kkork] rks dnSbZ lkfgR;dkja uS ^Ni.kSa&Nki.kSa jh fpark fQdj dj~;ka fcukyxkrkj fy[krk jSo.k jh* lh[k nsorkA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ekurk jS eqíS ekFkS oS fy[kS dS^^jktLFkkuh uS Hkkjr jS lafoèkku esa ekurk feyS vj nwth nslh Hkklkoka jh T;wa b.k uS Hkh vkijS

154

?kj esa eku&ejtknk feyS vk gj jktLFkkuh çseh pkoS i.k pko.kS vj yso.kS esa yk[k gkFk jksvkarjks gSA ;k lQGrk gky fey.kh nksjh gSA b.k lwa iSyka chp jh dbZ ?kkfV;ka ikj dj.kh gSA**vk[kS nsl esa Hkklk jS uke ekFkS gkso.k okGk naxka ckcr crkork Fkdka jktHkklk jS loky ekFkSvk[kS nsl esa naxks gks;ka m.kka jktLFkku jh turk lwa vihy djh dS&

^vSa chp fganh ¼jktHkklk½ lacaèkh fcy yksdlHkk esa ikl gq;ks vj nsl Hkj esa Hkklk;h naxk gq;kAlk;n b.k lwa FkksM+ks vlj fganh jk egkjfFk;ka ij Hkh gq;ksA fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu jk losZlokZvj ,d ek= dkaXkzslh fganh fgek;rh yksdlHkk&lnL; lsB xksfonnkl Hkh jktLFkkuh uSlkfgfR;d ekurk nso.k [kkrj Hkkl.k fn;kA vka ckrka uS ns[krka jktLFkku ljdkj lwa dS;kstkoS dS ck ljdkjh rkSj lwabZ ckr jh ?kksl.kk djS dS jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS jktLFkku ljdkjlkfgfR;d Hkklk jS :i esa ekurk ns nh gSA dSo.k jh t:jr dksuh dS blh ?kksl.kk lwajktLFkku esa jktLFkkuh jks fojksèk fueGks iM+lh vj jktLFkkuh ys[kdka] çdkldka vjfoØsrkoka uS cG feylhA*

Hkklkoka jS foxlko lk: dsUæ ljdkj dkuh lwa jktLFkku ljdkj uS ,d djksM+ fjfi;k nso.kjS vkSlj ekFkS m.kka fy[;ks dS&

^^jktLFkku uS feY;ksM+h ,d djksM+ jh jde foLofo|ky;ka uS lwai nh gS vj cS fganh jhi<+.ktksx iksF;ka vj mYFkka esa èkqavkèkkj [kjp dj.kS jh ;kstuk c.kkyh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jksb.k lwa cslh vieku vksj dkb± gks ldS dS cSajS ?kj esa bZ cSa uS ,d dw.kS esa iVd nh gS vj vkikayksx ehBk lqiuka esa [kks;ksM+k gkaA b.k okLrS nwth tksjnkj ekax ;k gks.kh pkbZtS dS ,d djksM+fjfi;ka jh jde jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jS fodkl esa yxkbZ tkoSA pks[kks rks ;k jSoS dSb.k jde lwa jktLFkkuh vdkneh ukao jh ,d laLFkk bZ U;kjh [kM+h dj nh tkoSA**

jkor th jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS çkFkfed d{kkoka esa i<+kbZ jks ekè;e c.kko.k jh ekax bZ mBkbZ&

^^jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS vki.kh çkFkfed d{kkoka esa i<+kbZ jks ekè;e c.kk.kS jh ekax ljdkj lwadjh tk.kh pkbZtSA ^^jktLFkku vfuok;Z fl{kk vfèkfu;e* esa vks çkoèkku gS dS iapk;r lfefr{ks=ka esa jSo.k gkGk vkBoha d{kk rkb± jk fo|kfFkZ;ka uS ckajh ek;M+Hkklk ¼ckGdka jk ?kjka esa cksyhtko.k gkGh Hkklk½ esa fl{kk nh tk ldSA b.k çkoèkku uS ykxw dj.kks ljdkj jS gkFk esa gSAiapk;r lfefr;ka vkijk ljc lSefr çLrko HkstS vj ljdkj lwabZ çkoèkku uS ykxw dj.kS jhekax djS rks ljdkj uS eku.kh iM+SA ts ikap&lkr lfefr;ka jS {ks= esa Hkh ç;ksx jS rkSj ijjktLFkkuh esa NI;ksM+h iksF;ka i<+k.kh l: dj nh tkoS rks èkhjS&èkhjS lxGh lfefr;ka b.k jLrSiM+ tkoSA**

jkor th Hkklk uS vkneh jS njn vj èkjrh jS xkSjo lwa tksM+rk fy[kS dS&

^^nwth ?k.kS eSro jh ckr vk Hkh gS dS tn rkb± dksbZ vkneh uSa èkjrh jks njn ugha y[kkoS rnrkb± m.k jS fny esa èkjrh jS xkSjo jh ckr m.k rfj;ka ugha ÅitS ft.k rfj;ka ihf<+;ka lwa èkjrhlwa tqM+ÓksM+k feu[kka jS euka esa mit ldSA** jktLFkku esa jkor th jh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh uSaekurk uha fey.k jks dkj.k jktdkt djf.k;ka ef=;ka vj vfèkdkfj;ka jS lkaLÑfrd Lrj jhdeh gSA jkor th fy[kS dS& ^jkt&dkt laHkkGf.k;ka& [kkl rkSj lwa fl{kk lwa lacaèkjk[k.kokGk eaf=;ka vj vfèkdkfj;ka jks lkaLÑfrd Lrj Hkh bÙkks Åapks ugha dS;ks tk ldS ft.klwa cS blk dkeka esa igy djS vj vkxS gks*j lkaLÑfrd psruk uSa c<+koks nsoSA*

jkor th b.k ckr jks nq[k trkoS dS ftdk yksx fl{kk] lkfgR; vj i=dkfjrk vkfn {ks=ka esaÅaps njtS jk ekU;k tkrk gk oS Hkh vfèkdkj fey.kS jS ckn m.k jS ulS esa gh >werk jS;k] iqjk.khrklhj Hkqyk cSB~;kA**

155

jkorth ef=;ka uSa dkchfy;r jS vkèkkj ekFkS eU=.kky; nso.k jh ckr dSoSA oS b.k ckr uSaBhd dks le>S uha dS eU=h c.krka bZ gj vkneh uSa gj dke lk: dkfcy eku fy;k tkoSAT;wa jkt jS vkbZ-,-,l- vfèkdkjh uS gj dke jS lapkyu esa lejFk le>~;ks tkoS R;wa bZjktuhfrd ikVhZ jk usrkoka uSa Hkh ea=h c.k.kS jS iNS gj foHkkx jS dke jh ns[k&Hkky dj.kS esaekfgj eku fy;ks tkoSA m.k foHkkx lwa oka vfèkdkfj;ka vj eaf=;ka jh fnyh genjnh vj m.kjS dke&dkt uSa le>.kS&ij[k.kS jh t:jh dkcfy;r uha gks.kS lwa oks dke uha gks ldS ft.kjh mesn djh tkoSA jktLFkku esa lkaLÑfrd vj lkfgfR;d dke jS fiNM+s jg.kS jks ;ks Hkh vsdeksVks dkj.k gSA

jkor th jktLFkku ljdkj uSa èkjrh jh futw Hkklk] lkfgR; vj lafLÑfr jh j[kokGh vjc<+ksrjh dj.k jS eqrfYyd lQk twBh crkoS&

^^dksbZ çnsl jh ljdkjh jh ts ;k ftEeSokjh ekuh tk.kh pkbZtS dS ck m.k èkjrh jh futw Hkklk]m.k jS lkfgR; vj laLÑfr jh j[kokGh dj.kS jS lkFk&lkFk m.kjh c<ksrjh Hkh djS rks b.kdlksVh ij vki.kS çnsl jh ljdkj lQk >wBh mrjlhA**

jkor th ljdkj jS èk.kh&èkksfj;ka jh lqokjFk fojrh ekFkS vQlksl trkorka fy[kS dS^jktLFkku c.krka gh ljdkj jk èk.kh&èkksjh] dkaXkzsl ikVhZ jk yksx] vkijk vkl.k tek.kS esaykX;k jS;k ftdS lwa Hkklk] lkfgR; vj laLÑfr ftlk Åapk fopkj cka jS fnekx esa bZ dksuhvk;kA*

jkor th lkfgR; vj lafLØfr jS ekeyk esa jktuhfrd vMa+xkckth uSa Bhd dks ekurk uhaAcka jk vS fopkj vsdne lgh gS dS&

^^tBS rkb± eq[; ea=h lkfgR; vj laLÑfr jS dke esa Hkh jktuhfr cjrS rBS rkb± vS {ks= Hkhcsdkj jglhA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vdkneh jh Fkkiuk esa ft;ka jktuhfrd rRo vM+axks yxk;ksvj jktLFkkuh uSa lkfgR; vdkneh jS lejFk foHkkx :i esa vkxS c<k.kS jks Hkqykoks fn;ks okckr dksbZ lS tk.kdkj lwa fNih dksuhA**

vkt lkfgR; vdknfe;ka jh ekM+h gkykr ns[k jkor th jh nwajnslh jk c[kk.k dj.kk iM+SA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgr esa i<+;k&fy[;k eksV;kjka jh vksNh :fp ns[k*j bZ jkor thfpUrk trkoSA gGds njtk jS ys[kdka jS cèk.k jks dkj.k i.k m.kka jS lkeh vsdne lkQ gSAos fy[kS&

^êqldy vk gS dS vkt jk uwok i<~;k&fy[;k ukstoku jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa de #fp jk[kSAcS vjFk jh rkdM+h ij rksyj gj pht jks eksy vkadS] ftdS lwa jktLFkkuh dkuh cka jks f[kapkode gks.kks lqHkkfod gSA jktLFkkuh iksfFk;ka Nki.kkGk çdkld dksuh] Ni T;koS rks fcdS dksuhvj fcd Hkh T;kos rks ckauS dksbZ i<S+ dksuhA i<+kbZ T;knkrj cka iksfFk;ka jh bZ gqoS ftdhikBÓØe esa jk[;ksM+h gqoS] ;k Qsj gGdS njtS jh ?kfV;k ckrka jh iksfFk;ka cslh i<htkoS&ft;ka vktdky jk tklwlh vj ;kSuçèkku miU;klA

jktLFkkuh jks lkfgR; cka okLrS ?k.kks xfjLV iM+SA ;ks bZ dkj.k gS dS vkt fgUnh vj nwth nslhHkklkoka esa Hkh b.k Hkkar jk ys[kd bZ [k³~;k gqoS ftdk blks gGdS njtS jks lkfgR; ns ldSAbLdwyka] dkystka vj txr ikSlkGka jk islSoj vè;kid ys[kd Hkh vki jh eSur i<kbZ jhiksfFk;ka rd bZ djS vj X;ku jh ctk; ihlS uS bZ cslh eSro nsoSA**

vktknh vk;ka iNS ^gkarh FkksM+h vj gqYyM+ ?k.kksa* ns[k*j jkor th nq[kh rks gksoS bZ] vks i.kcrkoS dS >wBS çpkj lwa lLrk esa ukeojh yso.kokGka jS dkj.k vktknh jh yM+kbZ yM+.kokGka esafd.k Hkkar fujklk O;kih vj m.kk jh dnj fd;ka ?kVxh&

156

tekuS jh xr bZ myVh gksxhA iSyka jk yksx pqipki vsdkar es cSBÓk lkèkuk djrk vj <sjlkjks dke dj xsjrkA nqfu;ka uS lgtka bZ ekywe dksuh gksrh dS vsdyk dw.kS cSB~;k yksx fdÙkkslkjks dke dj xsj~;ks gSA cSa cxr esa u rks çpkj jh t:jr eSlwl gksrh gh vj u m.k jks dksbZ[kkl Qk;nks bZ le> esa vkrksA nsl esa baxjstk jS jkt jS var rkb± ;k Hkkouk pkyw ghA baxjstyksx [kqn Hkh vki.kS nsl esa çpkj uS dksbZ cslh eSro dksuh fn;ksA vkt jh cjkscjh esa x;StekuS uS ikNk eqM+j ns[kka tn rks de lwa de vSa èkkj.kk jh iqLVh t:j gqoSA

Hkkjr jh vktknh jS iNS nqfu;ka jh vka[;ka esa lqra= Hkkjr jh ewjr lkso.kh lwa lkso.kh c.kk.kSjh xjt lwa vki.kka yksx çpkj jS gfFk;kj uS lcGks c.kk;ksA vuqHkoh yksxka jks Hkh ;ks dg.kksgS dS vkt jS tqx esa çpkj jh dher cslh gS vj cha jk Qk;nk Hkh ?k.kk gSA ckajks fopkj t:jBhd bZ mrj.kks pkbZtS i.k çpkj jS xSyus Hkh lk;n dksbZ cG pkbZtSA FkksFkS çpkj jh iksyvsd uS vsd fnu [kqyS t:j vj iNS lxGks fd;ks&djk;ks vdkjFk tkoS&xqM+ xkscj gks tkoSA

b.k Hkkouk jks vsd cqjks ifj.kke ;ks gq;ks dS yksx çpkj ij tknk Hkjkslks djS ykX;k vj dkeuS fNVdk fn;ksA ckr Hkh Bhd gSA dke dj~;ka fcuk bZ tn çpkj dj~;ks tk ldS rks Qsj dkeesa ip.kS esa dkb± lkj gj vkneh cl i³~;ka ljG lwa ljG ekjx idM+SA ;ks feu[k jks lqHkkogSA Hkkl.k fn;ka] Nkika esa QksVw Nik;ka vj tylk tqM+k;ka bZ ts ukeojh feyS rks Qsj lsok vjlkèk.kk lwa ekFkkiPph D;wa djh tkoS!

b.k Hkkouk lwa nsl esa dke djf.k;ka lkèkdka esa fujklk O;kih vj cS mnklhu c.kX;k D;wa dSckajS lqHkko esa çpkjd c.k.kks dksuh gksA cS rks dke okLrS bZ c.;ksM+k gk] vj m.k jh bZ dnj?kVxhA**

b.k laikndh; ys[kk esa jkor th jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lafoèkkfud ekurk] jktLFkkuh lk:jktLFkku ljdkj dkauh lwa dj~;k tk ld.k okGk dkeka] lkfgR;dkjka uSa l[kjks fy[k.k jhlh[k] jktLFkkuh ys[kdka jh lSdkjh lfefr c.kko.k] jktLFkkuh ys[kd vj çdkl.k jhvc[kk;ka ftlk fujkbZ ys[k fy[;kA jkor th jh nwjanslh jS dkj.k oS ys[k vkt bZ mrjk bZegrkÅ gS] ftrjk egrkÅ rn gk] tn cS fy[khT;k gkA jkor th fcuk gks gYyks dj~;kapqipki dke dj.k jS i{k esa gkA cka jh ekurk gh dS xSjks vè;;u vj xaHkhj dke dj~;ka VkGFkksFkk jksGk dj~;ka lwa dha dks cVS uhaA jktLFkkuh jS jpukdkjka lk: m.kka jh vk lh[k vktbZ ?k.kha egrkÅ gS dS*

^^cka uS yxu] èkhjt vj lkèkuk lwa jpukoka jks dke pkyw jk[k.kks pkbZtSA Ni.kS&Nik.kS jhfpark&fQdj fd;ka fcuk yxkrkj fy[krk jS.kS lwa bZ jktLFkkuh jks m)kj gkslhA tekuks iyVks[kklh tn Nki.kkGk O;ksikjh rks iqjk.kka cLrka esa lwa <wa<&<wa<j Nki.k ykxlhA cxr lnk ,dlks dksuh jSoSA jktLFkkuh jk fnu Hkh iyVlhA jkt djf.k;ka tekuS jh ekax uS le>SA tnvki.kh ekax cG idM+lh rn jkt turk jh bPNk vkxS fuaolhA**

17-3-3 iksF;ka jh Hkksedkoka vj tk.kdkjh

jkor th vys[kwa iksF;ka jh Hkwfedkoka fy[kh gSA oS Hkksedk ys[kd jh lhekoka tk.krk gkaA ;wa rkscS ekurk gk dS lkfgR; jks [kjks vj fcuk ykx&yisV jS ewY;kadu gkso.kksa pkfgtS i.k lghewY;kadu lwa gkso.kokGk uqdlka.k lwa bZ oS cs[kcj dksuh gkA cka jks vks fy[k.kks ?k.kks lbZ gS dS&

^Hkxoku jh n;k lwa vkykspuk dkuh lwa fQdj jh t:jr dksuh jS;hA ewa ns[kj Vhdk dk<.kS jksfjokt blks pky i³~;ks dS vki tks ejth vkoS fy[k ystkoks vj dksbZ Hkh HkyS vkneh lwanl[kr djok ysoksA Hkwfedk] nks lcn] leh{kk] vkykspuk& dksbZ Hkh ukao nsj vki m.kuS NkiysoksA blS fjokt lwa vkykspuk jh dnj rks tkrh jS;hA** vkxS tk;*j m.kka vkS:a cslh [kjh ckr

157

fy[kh gSA oS fy[kS dS ^^ts Hkwy pwd lwa dksbZ [kjh ckr fy[k nh tkoS rks iSyka rks ys[kd m.kuS NikoS bZ dksuh vj ts dksbZ nwtks vkneh i=&if=dk esa Nko nsoS rks ys.kS jk ns.kk iM+ tkoS]ihf<+;ka cSj iM+ tkoSA** blh gkyr esa vkykspdka jh etcwjh fn[kkorka jkor th fy[kSA ;k ckrns[krka vkykspuk vj leh{kk jh ctk; yksx iksF;ka jk ifjpS ek= Nki.kS jh ckr lkspS ykxk gSA

jkor th jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ys[kdka jh vc[kk;ka uS bZ HkyhHkkar tk.kSa gSA m.kka uS [kcj gSdS&

^^ys[kd Hkh fcpkjk dkb± djSA oka duS u rks lkèku gS vj u çsj.kkA tknkrj ys[kd uksdjhislk yksxgSA iksfFk;ka vj i=&if=dkoka [kjhn.kS [kkrj oka duS ihlk cp.kk eqlfdy gSA cs ?kj&fxjLFkh jk>a>Vka esa blk QaL;ksM+k jSoS dS çsj.kk O;kiS uhA FkksM+ks ckSr fy[k ysoS] nksLrka esa lq.kkj rkjhQ djkysoS] i=&if=dkoka esa Nikj jkth gks ysoS& cl vBS bZ ys[k.k jh bfrJh gksoSA

vka lS vkinkoka jS ckotwn jkor th geSl [kjks fy[k.k jk bZ gkeh jgÓkA m.kka jpukdkj jhdfe;ka uS v.kns[kh dj nh gksoS] vk rks U;kjh ckr gS] i.k m.kka fd.kha ys[kd jh dwMh rkjhQdks djh uhaA ?k.k[kjk rks m.kka ys[kd vj m.kjS pkSQsj ¼ifjosl½ jks ifjp; ns;*j m.klwa vkNksfy[k.k jh mEesn bZ trkbZ gSA dBSbZ&dBSbZ m.kka ys[kd ft.k fol; uS mBk;ks] m.k jh pjpkdjh gSA uSuey tSu jS dfork laXkzS lxGka jh ihM+k Lokr&es?k* jh Hkwfedk ok³~e; jh gsek.kh*esa m.kka fy[;kS&

^^vy[k iqj[k jS fpuSd :i jh fojkV >kadh lwa laiwj.k lT;ks Fkdks vks pkSM+S nh[krks fcjekaMvO;Dr Ckzã jks O;fDrdj.k tBS X;ku ekjxqoka lk: eksg ek;k jks tatky gS] cBS gh vk.kanekjxqok lk: bPNkoka jh iwj.krk jS ijelq[k rkab± iwx.kS jh uhlj.khA* eryc ^njl.k* jhdfork gS rks iSyk njl.k jh ckr djSA

;wa bZ egkohj çlkn th tks'kh jh iksFkh êFkjk jh Hkwfedk* tkslh th vkijS pkSQsj jk lknkyksxka jh ljy Hkklk esa lqHkkfod ehBkl vj dSorka eqgkojka lwa ltS&èktS ckr c.kko esa yksdjks vj vkè;kRe Kku jks ftlks jl cjlk;ks gS] oks yksd X;ku esa ÅaMks jE;ksM+kS vj HkxonX;ku jS lkj rRo uS vkrek esa clk;ksMks] tks dksbZ fcjyks lar dfo gh dj ikoSA*

b.k Hkkar ns[kk rks jkor th çLrkoukoka fy[k.k esa ys[kdka&dfo;ka jks gkSalyks cèkko.k jks dkedj~;kS gSA m.kka iksFkh jS folS jS vksGS&nksGS vkijh ckr dgh] i.k ys[kd jks gkSalyks cèkko.klk: >wBh ckr dks fy[kh uha] m.kjh BkSM+ lknh i.k xgjks vjFk nso.k okGh Hkklk fy[khA

17-3-4 laikfnr iksF;ka jh Hkwfedkoka

jkor th jh laikfnr iksF;ka bZ fujh lkjh gSA b.kesa rhu iksF;ka& ^nyir foykl* twuS x|jh] êgknso ikjcrh jh osy* twuk i| jh vj ^çcUèk ikfjtkr* twuS çcUèk dkO;ka jh gSA b.kiksF;ka lwa jkor th jh laiknu nhB fuxS vkoSA ^jktLFkku ds dfo Hkkx 2* vkt jS jktLFkkuhdfo;ka jh dforkoka jks laXkzS gSA N% fdrkcka esa m.kka fd.kha u fd.kha lg laiknd jS lkFkSlaiknu dj~;ks i.k m.k eka; lwa pkj iksF;ka jh Hkwfedk m.kka gh fy[khA nks iksF;ka jh Hkwfedkokaesa nksuwa laikndka vkiks vki jk fopkj jk[;kA

jkor th jh Hkwfedkoka [kklh yach gS vj b.kka esa m.kka dfork vj dgk.kh jS ckcr [kqy*jfopkj jk[;k gSA vS Hkwfedkoka dekscsl vkt jS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;kl bZ gS vjvkykspuk lkLrj jks cht bZ gSA vka Hkwfedkoka ckcr vkxS jS ikuka esa foxrokj pjpk djkaykA

17-4 jktLFkkuh dgk.;ka [kkrj jkor lkjLor jk fopkj

[;kr] ckr vj yksd dFkk uS VkG nsoka rks vkt jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh l:vkr uoh bZ gSA tdh

158

iksFkh Ni.k jS chl&cjlka iSyk jh fy[kh bZ eku ysoka] rks eqjyhèkjth O;kl jks dgk.kh laXkzS& ftdksjktLFkkuh dgk.;ka jks bZ iSyks laXkzS gS] 1956 esa NI;ks gSA eryc vkt jh jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jks ys[k.k1936 esa l: gq;ksA yxS&VxS b.kha cjl esa uflag jktiqjksfgr jh dgk.kh îqUu jks dke* Bkoxh iksFkhjS :i esa NihA

laikfnr dgk.kh laXkzka esa jkor lkjLor jh fy[;ksM+h Hkksedkoka b.k lk: ?k.kha egrkÅ gS dS vkaHkwfedkoka jS fy[k.k lwa iSyk jktLFkkuh dgk.kh jh dksbZ Bkoh vkykspuk jh iksFkh dksuh ghA jkor th^vkt jk dgk.khdkj* ¼1976½ vj vkt jh jktLFkkuh dgkf.k;ka* ¼1984½ nksuwa bZ ladyuka esa jktLFkkuhdgk.;ka ekFkS foLrkj lwa pjpk djhA vkt jk dgk.khdkj esa jkes'ojn;ky Jhekyh i.k dgk.;ka ekFkSfoLrkj lwa Hkwfedk fy[kh ghA vka Hkwfedkoka lwa jktLFkkuh dgk.;ka jS vkykspuk&lkLrj jks foxlkogq;ksA

jkor th vkt jS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ijaijk lwa chNM+;ks vj de xgjh tM+ka okGks ekuSaA

ijaijk lwa fcN³~;ksMS+ vkt jS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh tM+ka dksbZ xSjh dksuhA fgUnh Hkklk jS i<.kS&i<k.kSjh Nki jktLFkkuh jpukoka esa pksM+S nh[kSA N³~;k&chN³~;k blk ys[kd Hkh gS ftdk vaXkzsth jh jpukokalwa çsj.kk yhA ts vkSj Hkh dksbZ Hkklk jktLFkkuh ij vlj xsj~;ks gS rks os t:j fgUnh vj vaxjssthvuqoknka jS tfj;S] D;wa dS cgksr FkksM+k blk ys[kd gqlh ft.kka uSa vka nksoka VkG dksbZ rhth Hkklk jksvks[kk.ksa jh jQr gqoSA

jkorth m.k ys[kdka uS lejFk ys[kd ekuSa] ftdk vkijh ckr esa jktLFkku jh èkjrh jks njn lesVSAm.kka jS eqtc ¼nwtk Hkklkoka jks½

^vlj Xkzg.k djrka gq;ka Hkh dbZ lejFk ys[kd blk gS ftdka jk ix vkijh èkjrh ij fVD;k gSA okajh dgk.kh esa vki.kh èkjrh] vki.kS ck;jS vj vki.kS vkHkS jh lksje gSA oka jk ik= vki.kS lekt jkthrk&tkxrk feu[k gS vj oka jh vc[kk;ka vki.kh vka[;ka ns[kh ckrka gSA cStukFk iaokj] uflagjktiqjksfgr] jkes'ojn;ky JhekGh] vUukjke lqnkek] uan Hkkj}kt] vkn blk bZ lejFk fy[kkjk gSftdk jktLFkku jh èkjrh jks njn vkijh ckrka esa lesV~;ks gSA

vkijh èkjrh jS njn fcuk vj vki jS lkfgR; jh ijaijk jS vHkko esa jkor th vkt jS dgk.khdkjka jksdgk.kh ekaM.k jks <ax lQk vksijks ekuSA dgk.kh esa Qxr jktLFkku jS jSoklh jh ihM+ m.k jh] ckrdSo.k jks jktLFkkuh lyhdks bZ gkso.kks pkfgtS&

^^vBS vk ckr Hkqyk.kS jh uha gS dS èkjrh jh jaxr gksrka Fkdka Hkh dgk.kh ekaM.k jks <ax lQk vksijks gSAm.k esa vki.kh ijaijk jks vHkko rks gS bZ i.k vkijh fujokGh lSyh dSoko.k jh f[kerk Hkh dksuhA BsBjktLFkkuh BkB esa ckr dSo.k jks ftdks <ax gS] oks T;wa jks R;wa rks fopkjçèkku ckrka esa uha mrkj~;ks tkldS] i.k Qsj Hkh m.k jh ewG c.kxV] m.k jk NksVk&NksVk okD;ka jk VqdM+k] Qkyrw jk lcnka uSaVkG.kks] lkp dFk.k jh prjkbZ] vkn dbZ blk xq.k gS ftdka uSa xzg.k fd;k tk ldSA i.k vkt jkfy[kkjka esa dksbZ fcjGks bZ iqjk.kh ckrka uSa i<h gkslh] i<*j ipk.kks rks nwj jh ckr gSA**

jkor th jh vk fpUrk tk;t gS dS vkt jk dgk.khdkj ckr jh ijaijk law Hkklk jh cq.kxV vj dFk.kjh prjkbZ ftlk xq.k dks ysoS uhA

dYiuk jh lxrh lwa pks[kh dgk.kh fy[kh rks tk; ldS] i.k jkor th ys[kd jh [kqn jh Hkqxrh ckruS fy[k.kks bZ Bhd le>S&

^vsd cM+h ckr vk gS dS fy[kkjk ok bZ ckr fy[kS rks Bhd ftdh uSa oS [kqn Hkqxrh gS ;k ft.k jS chpoS fnujkr fcrkbZ gSA b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh jk fy[kkjk] ftdk ?k.k[kjk eè;foÙk ifjokjka jk gS] vki jhvkichrh lh fy[kS rks T;knk lQG gqoSA pyk*j dksbZ folS vj okrkoj.k uSa vks<.kS jh psLVk lwa U;kjk

159

uha dj~;ks tk ldSA vks bZ dkj.k gS dS ftdk fy[kkjk BsB xkaoka jk jSoklh gS] oS bZ xkao jh dgkf.k;kapks[kh ekaM ik;k gSA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ [kqn eè;foÙk ifjokj jk gSA oS ftdh dgk.kh ^djM+h vkap* ekaMhgS m.k jks eje ckf.k;ka jks çHkqRo gS vj ckdh ?k.k[kjk oka jh fØik ;k okajS lgkjS ij thof.k;ka gS] [kklrkSj lwa cke.kka jk ifjokjA ^djM+h vkap* jks okrkoj.k fy[kkjS jS tho.k esa jE;ksM+ks gS vj b.k lwa bZ xSjksvlj djSA* jkot th jh vk ekurk gh dS [kqn jh ftanxh lwa nwj Qxr lq.kh&lq.kkbZ ckr ekFkS vkNhdgk.kh dks fy[kh tk ldS] uhaA

^vkt ywaBk lSjka jk gksVyka jh] xqaMk&cneklka&Mkdqoka jh ;k vkSj Hkh b.kh Hkkar jk fol;ka jh dgkf.k;kaekaMf.k;k fy[kkjk m.k ftanxh uSa uha rks [kqn th;h gS vj uha m.k uSa usM+S lwa ns[kh gSA blh dgkf.k;kafy[k.kS jh ctk; oS vki jh Hkqxrh ;k ns[kh&fiNk.kh ftanxh uSa ekaMS rks lk;n cslh Bhd jSoSA*

ft.k fol;ka ekFkS iSyh lwa bZ ?k.kksa bZ fy[;ks tk; pqD;ks gS] dksbZ lks bZ dFkkdkj vljnkj dgk.kh dksjp ldS uhaA jkor th ys[kd lwa mEesn jk[kS dS oks uok vj vNwrk fol;ka ekFkS dye pykoS&

^tBS rkabZ dgk.kh fy[k.k jh dGk jh ckr gS] b.k udy ;k ns[kkns[kh esa dksbZ vkaV dksuh] i.k tndgk.kh jk folS vj dSo.k jks ygtks Hkh T;wajks R;wa gqoS rks lxGh dgk.kh cklh lh ykxSA jktLFkkujk l:&l: jk fy[kkjka esa vk deh ns[k.k esa vkbZA b.k deh uSa v.k ns[kh dj nsoka rks fol;ka jksvNwrksi.kks ?k.kks eqldy dke gSA*

jkor th jks vks fy[k.kksa lgh gS dS ^^jktLFkkuh dgk.kh esa vtS lqèkh nk;tks] v.kesG O;ko] ekSlj]ckf.k;ka jks djÓksM+ks lksl.k] jkt esa HkzLVkpkj] eksVÓkj&yqxk;ka jk tk;t&uktk;t lacaèk] etwjka&djlkajh ftanxh jk lq[k&nq[k] vktknh jS ckn pq.kkoka jh jktuhfr] iqfyl jk dqdje] Bkdjka jh T;knfr;ka]jktuhr jk yksxka jh vkikèkkih] vkn tk.;k&fiNk.;k folS gh dgkf.k;ka esa vk;k gSA**

jkorth jks eku.kks gS dS ^^jktLFkku jh èkjrh jh futw vc[kk;ka] ft;ka vkbZ lky iM+rk dkG] ilqokauSa ys;*j lkywalky eow tkrk ijokj] xkaoka&<kf.k;ka jk >waika esa ne rksM+rh ftanxh] fl{kk jh deh]èkje&ik[kaM vj twuh yhdka ij [kqn jh oGh p<krks HksM+kpky jks feu[k] Bhd bykt jS fcuk csekSrejrk Vkcj vj cM+k&cw<+k] foX;ku jS fn;ksM+S P;ku.kS vj lq[k&lqfoèkkoka lwa nwj vaèkSjs esa HkVdrkyksx& b.k Hkkar jk fol;ka uSa lgh <ax lwa mHkkj.k jh dkslhl FkksM+k fy[kkjka esa gh dBS&dBS >ydSAtn rkab± blh psLVk uha djh tkoS jktLFkuh jh dFkkoka jktLFkku jk jSokfl;ka jS lkpS nq[k&njn uSaijxV uha dj ldSA**

jkor th dgk.khdkj lwa mEehn djrk dS ^ôks dgk.kh fy[k.k lwa iSyk xkao vj tho.k jh vc[kk;kauS uSMS+ lwa ns[kS vj le>SA t:jh vks gS dS fy[kkjk xkaoka jS lekt uS usM+S lwa ns[kS&ij[kS vj oka jhleL;koka uSa le>.kS jh dkslhl djSA çxfrlhyrk jS ukao ij FkksFkk ukjk vj fiPNe jh vkaèkh udylwa u rks yksxka jks Hkys gqoS vj uk Hkklk vj lkfgR; jksA tBS rkab± fy[kkjka jks lhèkks yxko] Hkys ghoS lgjka&dLcka jk jSoklh gqoks dS xkaoka jk gks] BsB xkaoka lwa uha gkslh] vj oS m.k tho.k uSa dksbZ Hkkar[kqn th.kS jh gkyr esa uha c.klh] rBS rkb± vkt jk dgk.khdkjka lwa jktLFkku jh èkjrh vj m.k jkokflank dksbZ cMh mEesn dksuh jk[k ldSA**

jkor th dkO;kRed lSyh esa jphth vj ?k.kha Hkkoqdrk Hkjh dgk.kh fy[k.k jk fgek;rh dks gk uhaAoS tFkkjFk ijd dgk.kh uSa ?k.kh egrkÅ ekurkA* vkt jS cqf)çèkku tekuS esa dksjh Hkkouk jh ckrekaM*j fj>k.kS jh dkslhl csdkj lh y[kkoSA i.k BsV rk.kh lejlrk vj vsdrk jks ewG rRo gksoS rksoS dgk.kh esa Hkkoqdrk uSa cqjh dks ekurk uhaA &

fujh Hkkoukçèkku gks.kS ij Hkh fdlksj dYiukdkar jh ^xhrka jks ckofG;ks* ,d cstksM+ jpuk dS;h tk.khtkbZtSA m.k esa ftdh lejlrk] vsdrkurk vj ewG rRo jks fuokZg BsB rk.kh [kwch lwa dj~;ks x;ks gSok fcjGh bZ feGSA ,d dfo jS tho.k jks çlax gqo.k lwa dgk.kh v.kgks.kh Hkh dksuh nh[kSA Hkklk jks

160

ç;ksx Hkh folS lwa esG [kkrks gSA ;wa] ;k dgk.kh laxksikax :i lwa lQG dgk.kh gSA

lekt esa ?k.kdjh ftdh ?kVukoka ?kVhtS lksjks tl deko.k jS pDdj esa ys[kd blh ?kVukoka uSa ekaMtwuka eksY;ka vj twuk laLdkjka jh fudkeh èkwM+ mM+koS] blh dgkf.k;ka bZ jkor th uSa pks[kh dks ykxrhgh uhaA blh dgkf.k;ka jh vkykspuk djrka jkor th fy[kS&

^^dbZ fy[kkjk FkjI;ksM+k eksyka gj twuk laLdkjka jh f[kykQr esa bZ lkj le>SA ;wa dj.kks oS tldeko.k jks ljG ekjx ekuSA ,d bZ yM+dh lwa cki vj csVks çse djSA blh ?kV.kkoka fdÙkh gqoS] fdlSlekt esa gqoS vj ;ka jks dkab± vlj iM+S&vS lxGh ckrk fy[kkjS uSa lksp.kh pkbZtSA**

b.k Hkkar jkor th vkt jS dgk.khdkjka jh dgk.;ka ekFkS ?k.kh xgjkbZ lwa fopkjk djrka] xaHkhj fucaèkfy[;k gSA

FkksM+k esa dSoka rks dgk.khdkjka bZ uha] jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lxGk x|dkjka lk: jkor th jks vks dSo.kksaxq.k.k tksx gS dS

^^,d vkSj cM+h t:jr gS jktLFkkuh x| jh ijaijk uSa u;S fljS lwa vktek.kS jhA nwljh çkarh; Hkklkokaesa] T;ka esa iqjk.kks x| cM+h rknkn esa feyS] jktLFkkuh jks ukao fljS ekU;ks tk ldSA ikap lkS cjlka lwaHkh cslh twuk x| jk uewuk jktLFkkuh esa feySA ckrka] [;krka] Vhdkoka vkn jk vS uewuk Hkklk jhc.kxV] m.k jS yksp] lcnka jh lkejFk vj dkorka&vksa[k.kk jks v[kwV HkaMkj gSA b.k jks ykHk rn ghfy;ks tk ldS tn vkauSa i<Ók tkoS vj ç;ksxka esa vktek;k tkoSA vkt jh jktLFkkuh m.k twuhf/kjkSM+ uSa fy;ka cslh lejFk gkslh b.k esa nks jk; dksuhA vk gh okr dSo.k&fy[k.k jh lSyh ckcr dS;htk ldSA NksVk&NksVk okD;ka lwa xgjh lwa xgjh ckr jks [kqyklks dj.k jh] eu jh xkaBka uS lqG>ko.kjh vj fprjkeka T;wa [kqn jS pkSQsjS uSa c[kk.k.k jh dGk m.k x| esa gSA m.k jks u;ks laLdkj dj vktjS lkfgR; uSa rjksrktk dj.k lwa jktLFkkuh x| jks Hkyks gh gkslhA

jktLFkku jh laLÑfr jh vkijh folslrk] m.k jks twuks c[kr dS;ks tkoSA jktLFkkuh ohjka jh cgknqjh]vknjlka ij ej feV.k jh gwal] lfr;ka jk >aoj vj yksd jS xhr&ukp] iSj.k&vks<.k vj ijc&R;wokjkaesa jl jh] jax jh ftdh meaxka fgeksGka [kkoS] ok jktLFkkuh jS vkt jS lkfgR; esa Hkh FkksM+h >ydS rksnwth Hkklkoka jk yksx m.k uSa le>S&ljkoSA vkèkqfudrk jS eksg esa vkika vki.kh èkjrh jh [kkfl;r vjm.k jh ?k.kh vwaph ijaijkoka uSa nqrdkj nsoka rks vkxyh [;krka vkik uSa ekQ uha djlhA**

jktLFkkuh jk dgk.khdkj vj x|dkj tks jkor th jh b.k lh[k uS eku*j x| fy[k.k jk tr.kdjlh] rks jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jks ?k.kksa Hkyks gkslhA

17-5 vkt jh jktLFkkuh dfork % jkor lkjLor jh nhB

dgk.kh jS T;wa bZ jkor th vkt jh jktLFkuh Hkklk jh dforkoka ekFkS i.k vkijh ckr uS foLrkj lwadgh gSA

twuS vj vkt jS bZ lkfgR; jks xgjks X;ku] vaxjsth vj lafLØr Hkklk jh ,dS lkxS pks[kh tk.kdkjhvj vuks[kh ;knnkLr jkor th jh leh{k&nhB uSa ?k.kh iljkbZA m.kkajS [kwc i<+.ks vj xgjkbZ lwalksp.k jh vknr jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh leh{kk uSa ,d uwokS vj fujokGksa :i fn;kSA lkfgR; uSaij[kf.k;ka esa rhu xq.k gkso.k jh [kkl rkSj lwa mEesn jk[kkaA Jh x.kSl rks nhB jh rh[kkl lwa gSA ikj[khjh nhB BsV rg esa tk*j jl lks/kSA tks fd.kh jpuk uSa xgjkbZ lwa uha ns[kka rks fujhbZ okj nksl bZ xq.kfutj vkoS vj xq.kka esa i.k nksl nhlSA nwtks xq.k vks dSa ikj[kh jks eu bd&lkj gkso.kks pbtS] vjrhtks vj lS lwa [kkl xq.k vks dS m.kjks fg;ks Hkko&HkhukS gkso.kks pbtSA ftdkS ikj[kh jpukdkj jhjpuk uSa m.kjS cjkscj mrj*j uha ns[k ldS] rks jl vk bZ dks ldS uhaA jkor th esa vkykspdka jks vksxq.k Hkjiwj gksA uoha Hkkar jh] dS twuh Hkkar jh] oS lxyh jpukoak esa fg;k jh xSjkbZ lwa jl lks/k.k jks

161

tru djrk vj tks oka uSa dBSbZ FkksM+h&lh bZ jl jh >yd nhlrh rks oS m.kjh [kqy*j cMkbZ djrkA

jktLFkkuh twuh dfork ?k.kha twuh gS] vj ?k.kha twuh*t dksuh ?k.kha vljnkj i.k gSA jktLFkkuh jksvkijks NUn&lkLrj] dkO;:<+h] dkO;&xq.k] dkO; nksl] mxr jh jhr] eksgjk vj vyadkj lkLrj gSANrka vkt vkika ft.kuS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh dfork dSoka] ok dfork jktLFkkuh jh m.k twuh vj ywaBhijaijk lwa tqM+h dksuhA vkt jS dfo;ka uS fgUnh dfork lwa bZ çsj.kk feGh] b.kuS udkj.k jks dksbZ dkj.kdksuhA b.k ckcr jkor th jks vks fy[k.kks gdhdr uS lhdkj.kksa gS dS jktLFkkuh jS uoS jpukdkjkauS ^jpukoka jh çsj.kk rks fo}kuka lwa t:jh feyh] i.k vlyh enn fganh&vaxzsth jS m.k dkO; lwa feyhftdks m.k c[kr bLdwyka&dkystka esa i<+k;ks tkrks gksA ljLorh] ekèkqjh] gal] folky Hkkjr] lqèkk] pkanvkn fgUnh jh if=dkoka esa Hkh ?k.kh jpukoka jgrh gh ftdh m.k c[kr jk jktLFkkuh fy[kkjka uSa #prhghA fgUnh jk ftdk dfo jktLFkkuh dfo;ka uSa çsj.kk nh oka esa t;'kadj çlkn] lqfe=kuanu iar]lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh fujkyk*] egknsoh oekZ] gfjoa'kjk; cPpu*] jkeèkkjhflag fnudj*] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr]L;keukjk;.k ik.Ms;] lksguyky f}osnh] vkn jk ukao fx.kko.k tksxk gSA caxkyh lkfgR; jks vlj HkhfgUnh jS tfj;S gh gq;kS] HkyS bZ dS;d dfo caxyk jk tk.kdkj jS;k gqoksA fgUnh jh oka x|&i| jhjpukoka jh ns[kkns[kh ubZ jktLFkkuh esa Hkh m.k <ax jh jpukoka l: gqbZA*

jkor th fgUnh xhrka jS folS&olr] Hkkoka vj NUnka jS vkèkkj ekFkS jktLFkkuh esa xhr fy[k.k jks tlchdkusj jS Jh jkefuokl ^gkfjr* uSa fn;ksA

^lu~ 1935 bZ lwa 1937 jS chp jrx<+ ¼chdkusj½ jk Jh jkefuokl gkjhr* fgUnh xhfr lSyh ij xhfr;kafy[kh T;ka esa jktLFkku jh èkjrh jS fl.kxkj] vBS jh I;kj&euokj jk ehBk leaèk vj feu[kka jksnq[k&lq[k ewaMS cksyrks gksA ^vkL;ka lgsyh lko.k vk;ka*] êka] ekax.k uSa dha;ka tkowa rsjh csVh L;k.kh*]vkn oka jk xhr m.k c[kr jk fgUnh xhrka jS eqtc gh gkA*

Egkjh tk.kdkjh esa blk xhr fy[k.k esa [kqn jkor lkjLor bZ ^gkfjrth* jS lkxS gkA

fgUnh xhr lSyh ekFkS fy[k.k jh l:;kr fd;ka gqbZ vj fd.k dhuh] vks vsd lksèk jks fol; gks; ldSgS] i.k jktLFkkuh dfork ekFkS fgUnh&vaXkzsth i<+kbZ jks çHkko t:j iM;ks] b.kesa nks jk; dksuhA

cnGhtrh jktLFkkuh dfork esa ,d pks[kh ckr vk gqbZ dS fgUnh&vaxjsth jS dqnjr jS fprjkeka jhgksM+ esa lu~ 1940&41 esa dfo pUæflag ^cknGh* uke lwa fcj[kk #r jh dqnjr jS njlkoka jk nwgkfy[;kA jkor th fy[kS&

^^lu~ 1940&41 esa chdkusj jk bZ dfo paæflag cknGh* ukao jS iSyM+S jktLFkkuh çÑfr&dkO; jh jpukdjh ft.k uSa uwok&iqjk.kk lxGk dfo;ka vj vkykspdka ?k.kh ljk;hA ^cknGh* ,d rjS lwa iqjk.kS nwgkNan esa cj[kk #r jks ijr[k c[kk.k gks.kS lwa iqjk.kh vj ubZ jktLFkkuh jS tqM+ko jks dkO; gSA ^cknGh*vkxS tk*j jktLFkkuh jk vusd çÑfr&dkO;ka jh jpukoka jks dkj.k c.khA [kqn paæflag jh ^yw* rksfy[khth gh] i.k ukuwjke laLdrkZ jh ^dGk;.k* jpuk gqbZ A b.k Hkkar jkor th xgjS vè;;u lwa vktjh jktLFkkuh dfork jS tye vj foxlko jks C;kSjks nsoS] ukjk;.kflag HkkVh jh lka>* cknGh* jh çsj.kklwa gh fy[khthA**

vktknh iSyk jh jktLFkkuh dfork esa jktk&jtokM+ka jS fojksèk jks lqj uha gkso.k jks dkj.k crkorka jkorth fy[kS&

^^vktknh lwa iSyka nslh jtokM+k] oka jS vèkhu jSof.k;ka Bkdjka] xkaoka&dLcka jk lsB&lkgwdkjka vjgkdeka&xqekLrka jh T;knfr;ka jh pjpk lkfgR; jS n;kjS esa NM+h&chNM+h gh gks ikrh ghA çsl jh deh]jtokM+ka jk caèk.k] i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ jks vHkko vj gd&gdwdka lk: psr.kk uha ckij.kh b.k gkykr jk[kkl dkj.k gkA**

162

vktknh jS vkUnksy.k esa vj vktknh vk;ka iNS jh jktLFkkuh dfork jh foxlko tk=k uSa jkor th;wa c[kk.kS&

^vka vknksyuka esa yksd xhrka jh <kG ij Økafr jk xhr jphT;k vj xkbZT;kA tksèkiqj jk mLrkn* xhrkajS lkFkS&lkFkS dforkoka Hkh ekaMh ftdh egkjk"Vª vj eè;çns'k jk etwj vkanksyuka esa okajh lk>Snkjhjh lk[k jh ;kn fnjkoSA 1947 bZ- rkb± jk cjlka esa lsBka&lkearka uSa [kjh&[kksVh dSo.k jh vjetwjka&fdjlk.kka jk nq[knjnka uSa çxVko.k jh NM+h&chNM+h jpukoka gh gksrh jS;hA lkFkS&lkFkSvk;Zlekth lqèkkjka jS cgko esa lekt&lqèkkj jh dforkoka Hkh c.kh T;ka esa nk;tS] iM+nS] yqxk;ka jhi<+kbZ] ekSlaj] ckG&C;ko] o)&fookg] vkn jh leL;koka jh pjpk jSrhA

lu~ 1950 bZ- jS iNS jh jktuhfrd vktknh vj lkaLÑfrd iqutkZxj.k jS cgko esa lclwa iSykayksdxhrka jh o.kxV ij ?kj&vkax.k] xkao&xGh vj [ksrka&[kfy;kuka jk HkksGk&<kGk] ehBk&eèkjkxhr gh c.;kA oka esa dns&dns dksbZ lqj djlka&etwjka jh gwadkjka jks dS <grh&iM+rh Bqdjk;r jks HkhfudGrks gksA vly esa nsl jh Hkkoqd turk uwoh feGh vktknh jS tksl esa gGkcksG gh vj ÅaMSlksp&fopkj jks u rks m.k uSa gksl gks vj u le> ghA b.k okLrS m.k c[kr jP;ksM+S dkO; esa dksjksHkkoka jks osx gh gksA**

dfo lEesyuka jS eap ekFkS jktLFkkuh dfork jh xwat vj m.kjS vlj uS jkor th b.k Hkkar fx.kkoS&

^^yksd xhrka jS <kGS u;k c.krk vka xhrka uS dfo;ka vkijk dBka jS ik.k ,d lkarjks eap fn;ks ft.klwa vk[kS jktLFkku esa] vj ckjS jk ekjokfM+;ka jS lekt esa Hkh] jktLFkkuh jS QSyko jks ekSdks feY;ksAeap jh b.k lQGrk jS lacaèk esa es?kjkt êqdqy* jh ^lSuk.kh* ukao jh jpuk vj okajS xko.k jks ?k.kksyqHkko.kks <ax Hkh nkn nso.k tksxks gSA vly esa êqdqy* gh iSyM+k jktLFkkuh dfo gk ftdk vktknhlwa iSyka gh jktLFkkuh dkO; uSa vk[kS nsl esa ljukao dj~;ksA b.k vjFk esa eap jS m.k c[kr jS dkO;uSa lSuk.kh tqx* jks dkO; dS;ks tk ldSA i.k eap jS ?k.k[kjS dkO; esa fVdkÅ dkO; dk xq.k ckSar FkksM+kgqoSA**

eap uSa NksM+*j yksdxhrka esa yksdHkkoukoka uSa txko.kokGka esa jsornku pkj.k] xtkuu oekZ vj MkW-euksgj 'kekZ jks uke fx.kkorka jkor th fy[kSA

î.k okajk xhrka esa ftdh Hkkoukoka jh ÅaMkbZ] ckrka jks eje] c[kk.k jh prjkbZ vj laLdkjka jh lkSje?kqGhfeyh gS] ok nwtk ?k.k[kjk dfo;ka esa <wa<Óka gh dksuh ykèkSA b.k vjFk esa euksgjth jks oks dkO;cstksM+ dS;ks tk ldSA

x.kslyky O;kl ^mLrkn jh dforkok jks tl c[kk.krka jkor th fy[kS&

^^dfork rks oka jS :a&:a esa lek;ksM+h ghA oS tks Hkh fy[;ks m.k uSa iwjh bZekunkjh] lwa th;ks vj HkksX;ksHkhA vktknh lwa iSyka jk okajk xhr lkearka] iwathifr;ka vj fijksrka uSa vkMk gkFkka ysrk fdjlk.kka vjetwjka jh fgek;r [kkrj ekaMÓksM+k gSA vktknh feY;ka iNS usrkoka jh vkikèkkih] ?kwl[kksjh] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn]vkn vusd ?k.kka mtkxj dkjukeka uSa ns[k&ns[k oS dGI;k gSA nsl jS fodkl lk: vkijh çfrHkk jksmi;ksx djrk oS xhr&fujr jk vusd :id Hkh jP;kA vly esa okajh fopkjèkkjk gh okajh dfork gSA**

MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh uS dforkoka jh leh{kk djrka jkor th fy[kS&

^HkkVh jS dkO; esa twuh jktLFkkuh jk BsB lcn] xkaoka jk vknw laLdkj] vkt jS tqx jh HkkoHkkse] ckruSa dSo.k jks uwoks rjhdks vj vjFk jh vwaMkbZ esa Mwcdh yxko.k jh f[kerk] vkn vusd xq.k gSA fganhjh Nk;koknh jaxr ij fy[kh okajh lka>*] iqjk.kh jktLFkkuh jk nwoka esa jph vksGwa* vj ijeohj*] fMaxGxhrka uSa u;S jax esa <kGrh jpuk ^nqjxknkl* vj fganh jh QqVdj jpukoka jS rjhdS&jph ^tho.kèku*&lxGh vki&vki jh folslrkoka jk[kSA**

163

b.k Hkkar HkkVh twuS vj uwoS&nksuwa c[krka esa ,dS lkFkS tho.kks pk;ks gS i.k] ewG :i esa oS ijaijkÅ eksykavj laLdkjka jk gh dfo gS] ?k.kk lejFk] ?k.kk Hkkoqd vj ÅapS njtS jk dkjhxjA ?k.kh ckj oS lklrkeksyka jh pjpk Hkh djS vj yksdeaxG jh Hkkouk uSa cG nsoSA*

b.khat Hkkar lR;çdkl tkslh jh dfork jk c[kk.k djrka jkor th Bhd bt fy[kS dS&

^ôkajS lewpS dkO; esa [kkl lqj çse vj fl.kxkj jks gh gS ftdks dns&dns okluk jS c[kk.k esa HkhmG>~;ks gSA okajk dkO;ka jk cksyka esa yksdxhrka jk lcn vj vkS[kk.kk T;wa jk R;wa xwaF;ksM+k gSA twuhjktLFkkuh jk BsB lcn Hkh BkSM+&BkSM+ ij tM+Ók feySA vly esa tkslhth lcnka jk dkjhxj gSANkaVoka vj VkGoka lcn tM+ko jk uxhuka T;wa vksiSA dYiukoka jh ÅapkbZ vj Hkkoukoka jh ÅaMkbZ esaHkh oka uSa deky gkfly gSA i.k tBS rkab± vkt jh Hkko Hkkse jh ckr gS dS ubZ dfork jh dkjhxjh jksloky gS] os m.k lwa ?k.kk nwj gSA*

dUgS;kyky lsfB;k i.k jktLFkkuh jk twuk vj tk.khrk dfo gSA m.kka jh dforkoka ekFkS fopkj djrkjkor th fy[kS&

^lsfB;k Hkh ukUgha&ukUgha dforkoka jh dbZ iksfFk;ka fy[kh gSA VdlkGh Hkklk esa fy[kh okajh dforkokadS rks èkjrh jS QwVjkiS jks c[kk.k djS] dS vèkwjk fcacka&çrhdka esa jl ySoS dS Qsj rRo&fpar.k jS nk;jSesa ix esySA dksbZ Hkh Hkko ;k fopkj uSa m.k jh laiw.kZrk esa Xkzg.k uha dj.kks vj m.k jS vsdkaxh i[kjks ijl ek= gh dj.kks lsfB;kth jh etcwjh gSA rqdkr Nanka] nwoka vj dns&dns eqxr Nan esa Hkh oSfy[kSA oka jh folSxr lhekoka] cgksr FkksM+k lcnka esa ckr uSa le>ko.k jh psLVk] :idka&fcacka jh vèkwjhflLVh] dfork uSa dkO; jS nk;jS lwa dk<*j uhfr vj rRo&fpra.k jh mdrka esa lek nso.k jh #fp] vknetcwfj;ka ennxkj uha c.k*j ckèkd c.kh gSA*

blkS y[kkoS dS jkor th vS ckrka ^dwadw* ^yhyVkal* vj ^èkj dwapk èkj etyka* uSa ns[k*j fy[kh gSA vSvksG;ka fy[krka osGk oS lk;n êha>j* uSa HkwyX;k ykxSA

fdlksj ^dYiuk dkar* ftlk dha nwtk dfo;ka jh dfork ekFkS fopkj dj~;ka iNS jkor th jh nhBilokM+ks Qksjrh jktLFkkuh&dfork dkauh tkoSA dfork esa vkorS cnGko jS dkj.kka jh pjpk djrka oSfy[kS&

^^vktknh feY;ka iNS Hkh çxfroknh jpukoka jS ukao ij jktkoka vj Bkdjka jh T;knfr;ka vj lkowdkjkajh xjhcka uSa pwl.kSa jh ck.k jk oS twuk xhr gh xk;k tkrk jS;kA u rks jktuhfrX;k vj nwtkfo}kuka&fopkjdka vktknh jh yM+kbZ jh T;wa xjhch vj tqye&T;knfr;ka jS f[kykQ tax NSM+.kS jksgsyks fn;ks vj u fy[kkjka esa gh ok le> ckijhA ubZ feyh vktknh uSa MkVh jk[k.kS vj nsl uSa rjDdhjS jLrS vkxS c<+ko.k jk ftdk ljdkjh ukjk fnjhT;k oS lk;n fy[kkjka uSa #P;k uhaA b.k okLrS bZ b.kuofuekZ.k jk xhr fy[kf.k;ka dfo;ka uSa yksx HkkM+Srh dg*j HkkaMÓk vj bls gj dkO; uSa çpkj jks dkO;dg*j uhps Lrj jks crk;ksA nsl uSa Åapks mBk.kS jh nwth dksbZ Hkkouk uSa Hkh oS tye uha ns ik;kA b.kdkj.k dfo;ka&ys[kdka jks #ph udkj.kS jks gh jS;h Lohdkj.kS jh uhaA**

dfork esa vlarksl jks dkj.k lks>rka jkor th fy[kS&

^^vly esa vkt jks dfo ,d ?kksj vlokn jS tqx esa thoS gS ft.k jh tM+ esa m.k jS [kqn jS tho.k jkvHkko gS ftdka uSa iwj.k jk m.k jk lkèku m.k jh bZPN~;koka lwa ?k.kk fujcG vj uhpk iM+SA vk [kh>bZ vka jS dkO; jks fojksèkh lqj c.kxhA**

jkor th ekuS dS ?k.k[kjks dkO; ns[kk&ns[kh jks fy[;ks tkoSA i.k ns[kk&ns[kh jS b.k dkO; esa fiNejk oka nslka jh udy fuxS vkoS tBkjk dfo egkuxjka jS ne?kksVw pkSQsj lwa rax vkX;ks vj vkijS futwtho.k jh ?kqV.k] la=kl] vHkko] ekuoh leaèkka jS I;kj vj genjnh jh deh] vj elhu T;wa pkyrh

164

ftanxh jS pDdj lwa Åith csclh uS vkijS lkfgR; jks dF; c.kk;ks rks cka dforkoka jks dFk èkki*jvijksdh ykxSA jkor th fy[kS dS

^vk ckr fdÙkh lkQ vj lkph gS dS jktLFkku esa] tBS lgh vjFk esa egkuxj jks iwjks ,d eksgYyksHkh vsdBks dksuh] blh ckrka dj.kh fdÙkh vijksdh ykxSA leanjka jh ygjka vj jh>&[kh> jk okajk ukuk:i] vksljrh cjQ jk f<xyk] pkSQsj O;kirh èkqaèk vj dksgjS jks vaèkkjks] rksika&elhuxuka vj ceka jkèkM+kdk] vkn fiPNe jS dkO; jk [kkl midj.k jktLFkkuh Hkkse jk yksxka lk: ifj;ka vj jk[klka jhdgkf.k;ka lk y[kkoSA blk fy[kkjk u rks [kqn jS [kkrj bZekunkj gS vj u lkfgR; [kkrjA cS udyphc.k*j vki jS peRdkj lwa yksxka uS vpaHkS esa xsj ns.kks pkoSA okajh ckr dj.kh bZ c[kr uSa csdkj [kkso.kksgSA**

fopkjèkkjk jS Lrj ekFkS jktLFkkuh jS dfo;ka jh èkwaèkGh nhB uS yS;*j jkor th fy[kS&

^vki.kk vkt jk dfo;ka duSa dksbZ lkQ Å?kM+rh fopkjèkkjk dksuh nh[kSA çxfrokfn;ka jks y{; ftÙkkslkQ vj xSyks lhèkks gS] fc;ka çk; u;S dfo duSa dksbZ Bkoh eafty dksuhA oks vsd rjS lwa ijaijk lwafoæksg rks djS vj nq[kh eku[kSa jh ihM+ uS Hkh mtkxj dj.kS jh psLVk djS] i.k m.k jh dkslhlka gkyc[kk.k jh dkjhxjh] lcn vj vjFk jS fojksèkkRed peRdkj vj u;k fcacka&çrhdka jh rykl esa ghykxjh gSA*

vkt jS jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jS uoS çrhdka jh lks> ckcr jkor th fy[kS&

^vk rks [kqlh jh ckr gS dS dbZ lejFk dfo fganh fy[kkjka jk f?kL;k&fiV~;k çrhdka jh udy dS:ikarj lwa fiaM NqM+k ik;k gS] i.k okajk [kqn jk xM;ksM+k&rjkL;ksM+k fcac gky Hkh v.kx<+ lk gS vjokalwa Bhd flj vkdkj ÅèkM+S dksuhA gka] jktLFkku jh ekVh jh xaèk m.kka lwa t:j QwVh gSA*

çxfroknh dfo;ka jS folS jh lhekoka crkorka jkor th fy[ks dS

^çxfroknh dfork ft.k }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn vj [;krka jh vkjfFkd O;k[;k lwa Åith] okojx&tq)] cqf)okn] lkekftd folerk vj èkje vj bZLoj [kkrj >kG uS ,d pkSQsj fljT;ksAetwajk vj djlka lk: genjnh lkearka vj iwathifr;ka jS [kwupwl.kS lqHkko jh fuank vj u;S tqx jSu;S feu[k jh dYiuk m.k jk [kkl lqj gkA vkt Hkh çxfroknh fopkjèkkjka jk dfo uoh dfork jSekjQr oks gh dke djS gSA*

ç;ksxokfn;ka jS dfork&nhB uS oS dfo;ka jh [kht jks uke nsoS] tdks vkijS futw tho.k jh fujFkZdrkuS lekt ij ykn.kh pkoS i.k ç;ksxokn lwa Åiuh&iuih ubZ dfork rks bZLoj jh èkkj.k uSa gh HkkBSjh ewjr T;wa [kaM&[kaM dj nhA ijaijk vj vknw eksyka jks frjLdkj] uSfrd foèkku jks vuknj] vgadkjjh flLVh] Hkksxokn jh çèkkurk] fujklk vj osnuk jk c[kk.k] uqoSi.kS jks eksg vj tFkkjFk uSa mtkxjdj.kS jh fgek;r vkt jh uoh dfork jh dqy iwath gSA ok dfo;ka jS [kqn rkb± bZ fleVÓ;ksM+h gS vjm.k jh [kh> uSa gh çxV djSA vkijS futw tho.k jh fujFkZdrk uSa os lekt ij ykn.kh pkoS vj m.kuSa cnGko jh laX;k nsoSA ekuoh leaèkka vj fjLrk&ukrka jh vjFkgh.krk vj fiPNe jS vfLrRookn jSQsj esa oks m.k feu[k jh T;wa eSlwl djS ft.k jS ixka gsByh teha fljdxh gqoS vj bZLoj lwa folokl[kre gks tko.k lwa gj fN.k ft.k jh vka[;k vkxS ljcuke ukprks nh[kSA

dfork dSo.k jh prjkbZ vj dfork esa flYi jh ckr djrka jkor th jh vk ckr vsdne lgh ykxSdS

^^dfork uSa dSo.k jh prjkbZ vi.kS vki esa dfork jh vsd blh t:jr gS ft.k jh txka dksbZ nwthpht uha ys ldSA :i vj flYi ,d nwtS jk vkèkkj gS i.k dkjhxjh jh ftdh lkeXkzh gS m.k jhdVkbZ&NaVkbZ vj ltkbZ uxhuka jS tM+ko T;wa gkso.kh t:jh gSA m.k esa vsd&vsd lcn jks vjFk gks.kks

165

pkbZtS vj Qkyrw lcnka jh dksbZ xqatkbl uha jS.kh pkbZtSA**

pkok vkykspd ,Q-,l- f¶ayV jh ckr lwa lSer gksorka jkor th lcnka jS vjFkkÅ ç;ksx ekFkS tksjnsoS&

^vkykspd vsQvsl- f¶yaV ¼F.S. Flint½ u;k dfo;ka lk: b.k fgnk;r ij [kkl tksj fn;ks gS vjvsd mnkgj.k nsrk Fkdk le>k;ks gS dS fd;k ipkl lcnka jh ckr ek= nl lcnka esa gh vljnkjrjhdS lwa dS;h tk ldSA*

uoh dfork lk: Hkklk vj lcnka jS ç;ksx uS yS;*j jkor th fy[kS dS&

û;k dfo vki jk u;k lcn Hkh x<+SA dksbZ Hkh Hkklk jh c<+ksrjh lk: vj vjFk jS foLrkj jh futjlwa Hkh blh psLVkoka cèkko.k tksxh gS i.k ns[k.kh vk gS dSa oS lcn vke vkneh jk gqoS vj csfgpdokajh cksypky jS HksGk djÓk tk ldSA jktLFkkuh dfo;ka nks&P;kj lcn x<.k jh dkslhlka djh gSvj oS b.k dlkSVh ij [kjk ÅrjS gSA*

NUn & fogw.kh jpuk lk: jkor th jks vks dSo.kks vksirks gS dS

^vsd vkSj [kkl ckr gS Nanfcgw.kh c.kxV jhA ubZ dfork dksbZ eqxr Nan dS vrqdkar jpuk bZ dksgS uha] ok m.k lwa Hkh vkxS Nan vj laxhr jS gj caèk.k uSa udkj.kS okGh Hkh gS i.k vjFk jS caèk.k xSyfojk jk[k.kS esa m.k jh vkRek jks val gh cL;ksM+ks gSA HkyS bZ m.k esa xfr] y;] çokg] laxhrkRedrk]vkn D;wa Hkh er gqoks] i.k Hkkoukyksd esa eaMrh&cq>rh fNfc;ka jh] vj rdZ jS gG jh yhdka cksbZtrkeksrh lk lcn&chtka jh vsdkdkj flLVh lwa] le> jS lwjt jh fdj.kka fgjnS jks ijl dj ldS blhrkdr voldj gks.kh pkbZtSA vstjk ikmUM ;wa dS;ks gS & ^HkyS&paxS x| jk NksVk&cM+k csrqdk VqdM+kdj ns.kS lwa gh vkt jh Nanfcgw.kh dfork dksuh c.k tkoSA b.k çlax esa vkt jk jktLFkkuh dfo;kajh Nanfcgw.kh jpukoka jks lkekU; Lrj Bhd dksuh dS;ks tk ldSA*

jkor th çxfrlhy ;k dS ekDlZoknh dfork uSa uoh dfork jS eqdkcys bDdhl ekuSaA b.k ckcr oSrdZ nsoS dS

^lksísL;oknh gksrka Fkdka Hkh çxfroknh dfo ekDlZokn jS m.k fl)kar jh dnj djrk vk;k gS ft.k esacMdka jh fojklr jks lUeku dj~;ks tkoSA tho.k lk: oka jks utfj;ks LoLFk] vklkoknh vj lfØ;gSA lc Hkkar jS vU;k; vj tqye&T;knrh jks fojksèk djrk gq;k oS vkxS vko.kkGS c[kr lk: vkLFkkvj folokl c.kk;ks jk[;ksA okajk fopkj vj dke jpukRed vj okajh Hkkouk feu[kka lk: çse lwaHkjh&iwjh vj QwVjh c.kh jS;hA oS genjnh jk Hkko eSlwl djf.k;k vj vkijS vkl&ikl jh nqfu;ka lwatqM+ÓksM+k Hkh jS;k i.k ubZ dfork jS ljxe lwa vka eka;yk ?k.k[kjk lqj gh xk;c gSA b.kjk dfo;ka uSatho.k Qkyrw ykxSA ykacS&pksM+S lalkj esa okauSa vkijks jkst.kks gh I;kjks ykxSA ijaijk] fojklr]vknj&lUeku] çse] Hkkouk vkn lcn okajS dksl lwa fudGX;kA okajh dfork Hkh tho.k lwa dV*j fN.kkaesa caèkxh vj fclks gh okajks fcac&foèkku Hkh gksX;ksA ubZ dfork jk vk ekU;ksM+k y[k.kka uSa jktLFkkuhjh uwoh dfork Hkh ekurh vj ikGrh vkbZ gSA gka] dBS&dBS foæksg jk lqj FkksM+h vkl t:j caèkkoSA

jkor th foæksg jh ckr djf.k;S dfo jh [kqn jh ftanxh esa vknlZ vkpj.k ns[k.k jh mEesn jk[kSA

foæksg jh ckr djrka dfo;ka jh [kqn jh ftanxh dkuh è;ku tkoSA oS ft.k tksl&[kjksl lwa vkijStho.k&njl.k jh ckr djS vj vkijS vgadkj esa xjckoS] m.kuS ns[krka okajk vkpj.k Bhd dksuh dS;ktk ldSA dFk.kh vj dj.kh jks vks vkarjks ?k.kks U;kÅ gSA lkfgR; jS ukao ij ftdk ÅapS njtS jkfpard gqo.k jks ne HkjS oS [kqn vkijk fopkjka uS Hkh tho.k esa uha mrkj ikoSA ft.k ?kqV.k vj NViVkVjks NGkoks] vkijha yhdka caèkh dforkoka esa [kM+Óks djS ok okjSa tho.k jS usM+S&fuM+kl bZ dksuhA

jkorth fljtd jS tho.k uSa fljt.k jS eka; ns[k.kks pkoSA fljt.k esa vknlZ c?kkj j [kqn lwxyks

166

tho.k thof.k;k dfo uS* pks[kks dks ekuS uhaA

nslh BjSZ jks iOoks isaVka jk xksft;ka esa ?kkY;ka oS vkMh xfG;ka esa xqVfd;k ysrk] pk;&iku jhnwdkuka&FkfM+;ka ij [kM~Ók&----------- [kqn tekuS Hkj uSa HkwaMrk] Lo;aHkw :i èkkj~;ka [kqn esa gh exu nh[kSAoka jh vk[kks njn] lewpks foæksg vj nqfu;ka Hkj jks cnGko lbZ ek;uS esa okajS rkab± gh fleVrks ykxSAdfork uSa tho.kks blk yksxka lk: fd;ka laHko gks ldSA vly esa rks ckajks lxGks dkO; ,d lkax lksykxS ft.k uSa okajSa futw :i lwa fujokGks ns[k.ks jh dkslhl dj.kh Hkh nksjh ykxSA lq[k&lqfoèkkoka esaiGf.k;ka vj NksVh&eksVh ukSdfj;ka lwa jksth&jksVh jks tqxkM+ dj Vkcjh jks isV ikGf.k;k blk detksjyksx dns Økafr jk nwr c.k ldS] vk u eku.k jh ckr gS uS lq.k.k jhA gka] ftdk lkfgR; uSa m.kjSljtd lwa vyx&Fkyx ns[k.kks pkoS] oS pk;S ftÙkk eqyEek p<koks vj rkjhQka jk iqG ckaèkksA

jkor th jh vkykspuk i)fr jks ,d i[k vks bZ gks] ds oS jpuk uSa jpukdkj lwa U;kjh dks ekurk gkuhA fd.kh [kkl fopkjèkkjk uS eku.k jks nkoksa jk[k.kksa] i.k futw tho.k esa m.k fopkjèkkjk eqtc uhapky.kksa jkor th uS tprks dks gks uhaA dksbZ dfork tkar&ikar uS ekurks] dS iwathokn jks fojksèkdjf.k;ksa [kqn Bx fo|k esa ikjaxr gksorksa] rks m.kjh dfork HkykbZ fdrjh bZ :<+h&jhrS dg~;ksMh D;wauh gksoks] m.kkuS taprh dks gh uhaA os dfo;ka jS dkO; esa bZ uha m.kkajS futw tho.k esa bZ [kkl eksykauS vi.kko.k lk: ?k.kks vkXkzg jk[krkA jkorth dsork bZ gk dS Egs rks jpuk lwa iSyka jpukdkj jStho.k uSa ns[kwaA jpuk jks vlj jpukdkj lwa ijckjks dks gqoS uksaA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vkt jS vkykspuk lkLrj jks dk;nslj foxlko vtS gkso.kks gSA use vj dk;nkaesa ckaèk*j lkfgR; jh fd.kha bZ foèkk jh vtS lqèkh fd.kha iwjh iM+rky dks dhuh uhaA blk esa dgk.kh]dfork vj nwth foèkkoka esa bZ jkor th jks vks fpar.k jktLFkkuh jS vkykspuk lkLrj jS foxlko esa ?k.kksennxkj gkslh] ckGlkn jks dke djlh] vk mEehn lgh vj vksirh bZ gSA

17-6 jkor lkjLor % Hkklk jh ckr

vcS FkksM+ks fopkj jkor lkjLor jh Hkklk ckcr nhB ekFkS dj.kksa pkfgtSA vks fopkj nks :ika esa gksoSAiSyks rks vks dS dfo;ka&ys[kdka jh Hkklk ckcr jkor lkjLor jk dkabZ fopkj gk vj nwtks vks dS jkorlkjLor jh [kqn jh Hkklk&lSyh fdlh gh\ b.kk nksuwa :ika ekFkS vkika U;kjks&U;kjks fopkj djlkaA

17-6-1 Hkklk ckcr jkor lkjLor jk fopkj

Hkklk uSa lkfgR; jS Lrj jS tksx c.kko.k lk: jkor lkjLor yxrks vj tcjks tru djrkjS;kA Hkklk ckcr jkor th jks fpar.k ?k.kks xaHkhj gksA oS laiwj.k jktLFkku jh lS cksfy;ka jhdnj djrka Fkdka lw;ZeYy ehl.k vj ckadhnkl jS x| uS vknlZ ekurkA oS fd.kha ,d cksyhuSa Hkklk jS vkl.k ekFkS fcBko.k jS f[kykQ gkA jkor th R;kx jh Hkkouk vj [kqyS fnyfnekx lwa vsd:irk jS jLrS jk jksM+k gVko.k jS i[k esa gkA [kkl ckr gS Hkklk jhA vk lghgS ds jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks loky vBS jk yksxka jh jkr&fnu jS dkedkt jh cksypky lwatqM+ÓksM+ks gS] i.k cksyh uSa Hkklk jS vkl.k ij fcBk.kS jS ekjx esa ftdks eksgHkax] R;kx vj fnyvj fnekx jS [kqY;ks gqo.k jh t:jrka gS oka uSa rks iwjh dj~;ka bZ ljlhA

jkor th Hkklk jh vsd:irk lk: vk[kS jktLFkku jS] ys[kdka vj Hkklk fonka jk fujkbZlEesyu dj~;k gk vj jktLFkkuh jh vsd:irk lk: [kklk egrkÅ fu.kZ; fy;k gkA oSekurk gk dS Hkklk uSa fy[kkjk c.kkoSA

Hkklk uSa fy[kkjk c.kkoS] vk ckr dS;h tkoSA eksVS :i esa lkfgR; jS nk;jS esa vk ckr lkphHkh gSA oS ekuSa dS lekt jks fo.kt okSikj Hkklk ekFkS vlj xSjSA Hkklk feu[k jh uha] lektjh pht gS i.k vk ckr Hkh Hkwy.kS jh uha gS dS Hkklk lekt jh pht gS] m.k jS yksdoSokj]fl{kk&nh{kk vj jkt&dkt jh gSA b.k okLrS lekt uSa ft.k Hkklk esa <kG.kks gqoS m.k esa m.k

167

jks jkt&dkt] fy[kkbZ&i<+kbZ] O;kikj&fo.kt vj jkr&fnu jk nwtk dke dj.kk l: djnsoS rks vkxS&ikNS ihf<+;ka esa ok Hkklk vkijks jax fn[kk ldSA

b.k ckr jks nk[kyks nsorka dS fo.kt&O;kikj djf.k;k Hkklk ekFkS vlj uk[kS] jkor th fy[kSdS&

^vks lkp uha gksrh rks Qkjlh vj vaxjsth vki.h cksypky esa bÙkks n[ky uha jk[k ldrhA vkbZ ckr fganh lk: Hkh dS;h tk ldSA*

vkt jS jktLFkkuh ys[kdka ekFkS fgUnh jS vlj jks vly dkj.k crkorka jkor th fy[kS dS&

^fgUnh vkt jS i<s+&fy[ks jktLFkkuh jh cksypky vj fy[kkbZ&i<+kbZ esa bÙkh gkoh gksjh gS dSm.kjks lksp.kks&fopkj.kks vj ekaM.kks fgUnh jS vkS[kk.kk lwa U;kjks ?k.kks nks*jks pkySA**

b.k nyhy jks [kqyklks djrka jkor th fy[kS dS&

^^nyhy jks eryc vks Hkh gS dS Hkklk uSa c.kkbZ vj x<h tk ldSA laLÑr uS O;kdj.k jk iaMrkablh ckaèkh gh dS ok lSadM+ka cjlka lwa T;wajh R;wa pkyrh vkbZ gSA*

jkor th ekuS dS Hkklk uS cksyhi.kSa lwa eqxr dj.k jh tckcnkjh ys[kdka jh gSA lks Hkklk uSaxkao&xGh lwa fudkG*j m.k uSa cksyhi.kS lwa eqxr dj.kS jh t:jr gS] ft.k esa fy[kkjk jhftEeSokjh lclwa cslh dS;h tk ldSA vj ys[kdka uSa Hkklk jh jpuk jS lkFkS cksfy;ka jh[kkfl;r bZ c.kkbZ jk[k.kh gS&

^cksfy;ka jh [kkfl;rka jks fuokZg djrka Fkdka oka jS laxe jks] ,d fu[kj~;ksM+ks :i mHkkj.kks gSAm.k jS fcuk U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;ka esa fy[kht.k okGh jpukoka vkijS BsB ehBkl jS gksrka FkdkaHkh gjsd jktLFkkuh jh le> vj m.k lwa okg&okgh yso.k jh gdnkj uha c.k ldSA FkksM+hpsLVk lwa vks dke ikj iM+ ldSA*

Hkklk jh vsd :irk ckcr [kqyklks djrka jkor th fy[kS

^Hkklk jh b.k vsd:irk lwa ijS b.k jks ,d nwtks i[k vks Hkh gS dS m.k jh f[kerk uSa VaVksG.kvj m?kkM+.k [kkrj m.kuSa m.kjS ?kj esa ns[k.kh gSA iksF;ka jh Hkklk xkaoka&xfG;ka jk eksV~;kj&yqxk;kavj Vkcjka jh Hkklk jS ftÙkh usM+S gkslh fcÙkh gh ok vkijks vlj dk;e dj.kS esa lejFk HkhgkslhA m.kesa u;k fol;ka] u;S phar.k vj uoS <ax&<kGS jk rRle ;k rn~Hko lcn fd;kavsdtho dj feyk;k tk ldS vk dkjhxjh Hkh fy[kkjka jS dj.k jh gSA iP;k&ipk;k lcnHkh yksd lwa fy;k tk.kk tkbZtS] i.k rRle jS ukao ij T;wjk R;wa nwth Hkklkoka jk lcnka vjokjka vkS[kk.kk uSa idM+ ys.kk lqHkkfod uha c.k ldSA**

b.k Hkkar lqHkV nhB lwa vks fuxS vkoS dS jkor lkjLor U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;ka jh [kkfl;r uSac.kk;ka jk[krk Fkdka vj rRle lcnka uSa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS fetkt jS ijek.kS cnG*j dkeesa yso.k jk fgek;rh gkA oS Hkklk uSa vsd :i*j lkfgR; jh /kha?kkbZ jS le:i c.kko.k jS i[kesa gkA

17-6-2 jkor lkjLor jh Hkklk lSyh vj flYi

Hkklk jS ç;ksx jS ekeyk esa jkorth ?k.kka Hkkoqd gkA vks lkap bZ gS dS fd.kha lcn jS ykjS BsVvknw lwa vkork dksbZ ijaijk gksos vj m.k ijaijk jS ykjS dksbZ euksfoXuku gksosA ok ijaijk vjoks euksfoXuku ok rkdr gS tdks fd.kha lcn jS vjFk esa gksoSA blh gkyr esa ijaijk uSa NksM*jlcn jh dksbZ U;kjh lÙkk dks gksoS uh vj uha*t vjFk jks dksbZ U;kjks vfLrRo gksoSA

vly esa lcn fd.kha t fd.kha Hkko jks lsyk.k gS] m.k Hkko] :i] vjFk jS fcuk lcn jh dksbZ

168

efgek dksuhA ijaijke jh tk.kdkjh gq;ka bZ Hkklk jh pfdr dj.k okyh HkO;rk jl nsoSAtho.k jS NSyk c[kr rkabZ jkor th vk[kjka b.k v[kwV [ktkuS jh tM+ lks>rk jg~;kA oS lcnkajh ijaijk uSa idM+.k rka.kh lkafLØfrd lcn dksl c.kko.k lk: ?k.kk [kfi;k vj m.kka fujkbZlcnka jk lkafLØfrd vjFk lks/k.k jk tru bZ dj~;kA vks bZ dkj.k gks dS m.kkuS yksd jS lkapS<qY;ksM+k lcn ?k.kk ckaèkrkA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ vj MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh jks dkO; m.kka uS b.klk: l[kjks ykxrks dS m.kkajS dkO; esa twuh jktLFkkuh jk BsB lcn vj vjFk jks ÅaMkbZ esaMqcdh yxko.k jh f[kerk gS vj lR;çdkl tkslh vj lqesjflag 'ks[kkor jS dkO;ka esa yksdxhrka jk lcn vj eqgkojk T;wa jk R;wa xwaF;ksM+k gSA tkslhth jh Hkklk jh rkjhQ djrk oS fy[kS&^vly esa tkslhth lcnka jk dkjhxj gSA NkaVoka vj Vkyoka lcn tM+ko jk uxhuk T;wa vksiSA^^mLrkn** m.kka uS Hkklk jh nhB lwa bls fl[kj ij cSB~;k nhlS] tBS rd lk;n bZ dksbZ vktjks nwtks dfo iwx ldSA m.kkauS vkst vj feBkl Hkjh mLrkn jh Hkklk esa bfrgklka lwa ÅB;ksM+kvj ihf<+;ka jk ij[;ksM+k daoyk] ehBk vj :ikGk lcnka jk fprjke feGSA jkor th eqtc^BsB jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks BkB vj Hkklk jh [kjh [kerk ftlh mLrkn jS dkO; esa feGS] ckfcjyh gh gSA*

jkor th ys[kdka jh ft.k Hkkar jh Hkklk jh rkjhQ djh] [kqn jS fy[k.k esa i.k m.khat Hkkarjk lkafLØfrd lcn fy[k.k jk tru dj~;kA

jkor th blh Hkklk fy[kS ftdks ljl rks gksoS bZ vk[kS jktLFkku jS jSokfl;ka uS lksjh&lksjhle> esa vk tkoSA fMaxy jS nksjS vj Hkkjh lcnka jh BkSM+ yksd esa okijhtrk lkèkkj.k lcnkajks vksirks ç;ksx dj.kks jkor th uS #pSA Qxr vsd vapG esa okijhtrs lcn uSa okij.k lwaoS tru dj*j cpSA jkor th lafLØr jS rRle lcnka uSa jktLFkkuh jax esa jax*j okijSAfelky jS ys[kS uSuey tSu jS dfork laXkzS lxGka jh ihM+k Lokr&es?k* jh ckr djrka oS fy[kS&

^^vX;kr&vykSfdd lÙkk lk: ç.k; jh çxYHk eq[kjrk ije lÙkk esa dfo jks v[kwV HkjkslksnjlkoSA fLkzfLV jksfljt.k dj.k okGh xw<+] vX;kr] v.kar] fojkV] ije lqUnjh] ukuk :ièkkjhfujokGh lÙkk vO;Dr uSa v.kar gksorka Fkdka gh lxq.k] jlhyh vj jfr&Hkko okGh gSA euesa dlwey jax.k okGks m.kjks jax] vkax.kSa esa lqxUèk Hkj.k okGh m.kjh nsg&xaèk] dkGtk esa BaMiqxko.kokGks m.kjks ijl] usg cjlko.k okGh m.kjh lkal uSa dkGtks èkM+dko.k okGh m.kjhok.kh jh vuqHkwfr dfo uSa cjkcj gksoS gSA blS ije :i uSa] fnO; :i uSa] v.kgn ukn lq.kkorSv.kar vk.kan nsrS :i uSa ytkGw dfo vka[k [kksy*j fd;ka ns[kS\**

twuh x| ijaijk jS lkFkS fMaxydkO; jS xaHkhj X;ku jS dkj.k dBSbZ&dBSbZ jkor th jks x|eè;dky uSa phrkjSA lkearh laLdkjka esa jph&clh jkor th jh vk HkklkA ^ê: eaxy* jhleh{kk ^Nank jh vfG;ka xfG;ka* esa lkQ&lkQ futj vkoSA oS fy[ks& ^lr[kaMS egy jS>jks[ks >h.kS jsleh iM+nS jS vksGS] lkr lgSY;ka jS >wedS cSBh dksbZ eqXèkk v[kudaokj] T;wa lSaiwjjtokM+h yokteS jS chpwa&chp gkFkh jS gksnSa eqGdrS jktdaoj uSa Hkj&uS.k fuj[kS] dS ghaxGwcj.kh <ksy.kh ij vGlkd ejksM+rS HkaojiVka jS fd.kh yka>S NSy jh lh ch] T;wa vksGwa&nksGwagktjh esa ÅHkh inef.k;ka jk jax jaxhyk cslka esa fyiVh Fkdh lhlegy jk lSal&lSal dkpkaesa iydk ekjS] dS jaxegy jh jkslka esa ekaM~;k Hkkar&Hkarhyk fprjke T;wa mek;k uS.kk uSafuj[k.k jk gsyk ekjS----A* iwjks jks iwjks vkeq[k fd.kha jtokM+k esa lth&èkth xojy ftlks lksHkSA

ekSth fetkt esa fy[kh blh dha jpukoka uSa NksM+ nsoka rks jkor th lnkbZ ljy vj lqHkkfodHkklk fy[k.k jk fgek;rh jg~;kA yksd Hkklk jh lknxh esa ?kMs+Mk vj m.kjS dqnjrh feBklesa xB~;ksM+k QwVjk lcn bZ oka uS lnkbZ lqgkorkA b.k ckr jks nk[kyks egkohj çlkn tkslhjh iksFkh êFkjk* jh Hkksedk lwa ys ldkaA oS fy[kS& tkslh th vkijs pkSQsj jk lknk yksxka jh

169

ljy Hkklk esa lqHkkfod ehBkl vj dSorka&eqgkojka* lwa ltS&èktS ckr&c.kko esa yksd jks vjvkè;kRe X;ku jks ftlks jl cjlk;ks gS] oks yksd X;ku esa ÅaMks jE;ksM+ks vj Hkxon X;ku jSlkj&rRo uSa vkrek esa clk;ksM+ks gS] tks dksbZ fcjyks lar dfo bZ dj ikoSA*

jkor th lqHkkfod vj ufn jS cgko T;wa cSorh Hkklk jks ç;ksx djSA

jkor th jh lSyh vkijh lkSji jS dkj.k [kkfl;r jk[kSa m.kka jS x| jk NksVk&NksVk okD; ,dfprjke lks xwaFkSA dBSbZ&dBSbZ oS lhèkh&ikèkjh Hkklk jks ç;ksx djS] rks dBSbZ m.kka jh Hkklkeksgjka feGrh] vuqçklka gkGh] vyafØr vj tM+kÅ gS tdh daoGk] ehBk vj ekso.kkNksVk&NksVk lcnka lwa tM+h jlhyh lkso.kh gksoSA flYi jh lknxh esa m.kkjks x| lqgko.kksykxSA

17-7 lkjkal

jkor lkjLor ukeh fo}ku vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lkapk lsod gkA jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jSlaj{k.k lk: m.kka ê#ok.kh* ekfld jks laiknu dj~;kSA jktLFkkuh&x| jS foxlko esa jkor th jkslkaoBks ;ksxnku j;kSA

jkor lkjLor ?k.kha Hkkar jks x| fy[;kS ft.kesa [kkl dj ckalqjh* jks vuqokn e#ok.kh* esa Êgkjh ckr*jS uke lwa fy[;k m.kka jk laikndh; ys[k] ?k.kka lk ys[kdka jh iksF;ka esa m.kka jh fy[kh Hkwfedkoka]iksF;ka jh leh{kk jS :i esa fy[;k m.kka jk ys[k vj ft.k XkzaFkka jks m.kka laiknu dj~;ks m.k jh Hkwfedkokafx.k.k tksx x| ys[ku ekuhtSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vkykspuk jh ?k.kha vc[kk;ka gSA Nrka m.kka lxGh vc[kk;ka jks eqdkcyks dj*j ?k.khaprjkbZ lwa jktLFkkuh vkykspuk jks foxlko dj~;kS vj uok ys[kdka uSa jLrks lq>k;ksA

jkor th jS fy[;k e#ok.kh jS laikndh; ys[kka esa [kkldj*j cka eqíka uSa mBk;k gS] ft.klwa dSjktLFkkuh uSa Hkkjr jS lafoèkku esa ekurk feGSA m.kka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vdkneh jh Fkkiuk vjjktLFkkuh iksF;ka jh ljdkjh [kjhn jh odkykr djh] rks jktLFkkuh jS ys[kdka uS l[kjks fy[k.k jhlh[k i.k nhuhA jkor th lnkbZ [kjh ckr fy[kh vj [kjh ckr fy[k.k jh lh[k bZ nhuhA

jkor th dgk.;ka jh vkykspuk i.k fy[khA jkor th vkt jS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ijaijk lwa chNM+;kscrkorka Fkdka b.k jh tM+ka uSa ?k.kh xSjh dksuh crkbZA dgk.;ka esa jktLFkku jh èkjrh jks njn lesV.;Sys[kd uS jkor th lejFk ys[kd crk;ksA cStukFk iaokj] uflag jktiqjksfgr] jkes'ojn;ky Jhekyh]vUukjke lqnkek vkn uSa jkor th vkijh ckrka esa jktLFkku jh èkjrh jks njn lesV.;ka lejFk ys[kdcrkoSA jkor th BsB jktLFkkuh BkB esa ckr dSo.k jS <ax lwa m.kjh ewG c.kxV] NksVk&NksVk okD;]Qkyrw lcnka uSa VkG.k vj dFk.k jh prjkbZ ftlk xq.kka uSa xzg.k dj.k jh lh[k nsoSA jkor th ekuSdS ftdk fy[kkjk BsB xkaoka jk jSoklh gS] oS bZ xkao jh dgk.;ka pks[kh ekaM ik;k gS dkj.k dS folS vjokrkoj.k vks<+.kS jh psLVk lwa U;ko dksuh dj~;ks tk ldSA

blh ?kVukoka] ftdks ?k.kdjk lekt esa ?kVrh*t uha gqoS ekaM*j lksjks deko.k jh tqxr esa twuk eksykavj twuk laLdkjka jh èkwM+ mMko.k uSa jkor th Bhd dks le>rk gk uhaA

jkor th x| jh twuh ijaijk uSa uoS fljS lwa vktek.kSa jk fgek;rh gkA oS twuS oxr jh jl&jax&mexkajh lafLØfr jh >yd vkt jS lkfgR; esa ns[k.kh pkoS gkA

vkt jh dfork ekFkS jkor th ?k.kSa foLrkj lwa vkijh ckr ekaMh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh twuh dforkuSa jkor th ?k.kha vljnkj dfork ekurk gkA oka jks eku.kksa gks dS vkt jh jktLFkkuh dfork jh çsj.kkjS ewG esa fgUnh jh dfork bZ gSA m.kka lu~ 1940&41 esa pUæflag jS dkO; ^cknGh* uSa uoh vj twuhjktLFkkuh dfork jS tqM+ko jks dkO; crk;ksA

170

cs vktknh jS vkUnksyu vj m.k iNS jS yksdxhrka jh <+kG esa eap jh dfork fy[kf.k;ka esa x.kslykyO;kl ^mLrkn*] es?kjkt êqdqy*] jsornku pkj.k] xtkuu oekZ vj Mk- euksgj 'kekZ uSa- fljS jk dfofx.kSaA

twuh jktLFkkuh jS BsB lcnka esa Nk;koknh jaxr fy;ka ukjk;.kflag HkkVh uS jkor th ijaijkÅ eksykajk Hkkoqd vj ÅapS njtS jk dkjhxj jpukdkj ekuSaA lR;çdk'k tks'kh jS lewpS dkO; esa m.kka uS çsevj fl.kxkj jks lqj lq.khtSA

dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh dforkoka esa jkor th uSa :idka&fcack jh vèkwjh fLkzLVh dfork uSa dkO; jS nk;jSlwa ckjS dk<+j uhfr vj rRo&fpra.k jh mfDr;ka esa lekorh* fuxS vkoSA

jkor th uSa çrhd okfn;ka jk çrhd v.kx<+&lk] ç;ksxokfn;ka jh dfork esa vknw eksyka jks frjLdkjvj uSfrd&foèkku jks vuknj ykxSA çxfrokfn;ka jh dfork uS jkor th etwj vj djlka lk:genjnh jh dfork crkoSA

:i vj flYi jh ckr djrka jkor th dkjhxjh jh lkeXkzh jh dVkbZ&NaVkbZ vj ltkbZ uxhuka jStqM+ko T;wa t:jh ekuSaA Nan&fogw.kh jpuk esa jkor th Hkkoukyksd esa eaMrh&cq>rh fNfc;ka vj eksrhlk lcn cht jh flLVh lwa fgjnS uSa ijlS] blh rkdr t:jh ekuSaA

jkor th dfo jh [kqn jh ftanxh uSa m.kjS fljt.k eka; ns[k.kh pkoSA

Hkklk jS ckcr jkor th jks dSo.kks gS dS ok cksfy;ka jh [kkfl;rka jks fuHkko djrk Fkdka vsd :i vjyksd jk ipkipk;k lcnka lwa iwj.k gksoSA

jkor th jh [kqn jh Hkklk lknxh fy;ka vj çokgokGh gSA ok Hkkoka eqtc fgjnS jks ijl djrh] eka;ySvjFk&laxhr jh ygjka jks v.kgn ukn lq.kkorh jSoSA

17-8 lcndksl

lSdS & lkS cjl jks ,d lSdks gqoSAnhB & nf"VlkaoBks & [kwcc[kk.k & çlalkHkawM & fuUnk[kG&<+G ,d Hkko & Vds lSj ekVh] Vds lSj lksuk vPNs cqjs lHkh lekuktl & ;'keq[kM+k & vkeq[kckiksrh & firk }kjk çkIr lEifÙklqHkV & Li"Vekurk & ekU;rk

fueGks & detksjFkksFkk jksGk & O;FkZ dk 'kksj&xqycxr & oDr] le;] dkyvc[kk;ka & dfBukb;kagjesl@gesl & lnSofcjekaM & Ckzãk.Muhlj.kh & lksiku

171

ÅaMks & xgjkvkoxh & LorU=] O;fDrxrNM+k&chNM+;k & dksbZ&dksbZlejFk & leFkZvkHkks & vklekulkSje & lqxUèknjn & nnZlSyh & 'kSyhrh[kkl & rh{.krkeksgjk esG & vUR;kuqçkllhdkj.kks & Lohdkj djukdjlk.k & fdlkueèkjk & eèkqj

vijksxks@vijksGks & csesy] cqjk

17-9 vH;kl jk loky

1- jkor lkjLor jk x| ys[ku fdrjh Hkkar jks gS\ le>koksA

2- ^jktLFkkuh uS vki.kh çkFkfed d{kkoka esa i<+kbZ jks ekè;e c.kk.kSa jh ekax ljdkj lwa djhtk.kh pkbZtSA* jkor lkjLor jS b.k dFk.k ekFkS vkijk fopkj fy[kksA

3- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk vkykspdka lkaeh dkabZ&dkabZ vc[kk;k gS\ crkvksA

4- ^fy[kkjk xkao jS lekt uSa usMS+ lwa fuj[kS&ij[kSA* dgk.kh ys[kdka lk: dghth jkor th jhb.k ckr jS i[k;k dS foi[k esa rhu ikuka esa vkijh jk; fy[kksA

5- yksdxhrka jh lSyh ekFkS xhr fy[kf.k;ka dfo;ka jk uke fx.kkorka Fkdka crkvks dS jkor thm.kka jh dkabZ folslrkoka fx.kkbZ gS\


1- vkt jk dfo2- vkt jk dgk.khdkj3- vkt jh dforkoka4- vkt jh jktLFkkuh dgkf.k;ka5- tudfo mLrkn6- tQjukeks7- e# eaxy8- eFkjk9- lxGka jh ihM+k Lokr&es?k10- caljh ¼vuqokn½11- jktLFkkuh fucaèk laXkzS

if=dkoka

1- e#ok.kh 2- tkxrh tksr 3- ojnk 4- fo'oaHkjk 5- e# Hkkjrh 6- tGe Hkksx 7- 'kksèk if=dk

172

bdkbZ & 18

izeq[k vsdkadhdkj % ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz*bdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

18-0 mísL;

18-1 çLrkouk

18-2 ys[kd ifjpS

18-3 fparu jh ehV vj fljt.k jh nhB

18-4 fljt.k jh lk[k

18-5 fljt.k jkS lkj

18-6 vH;kl jk loky

18-8 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

18-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ esa jktLFkkuh jk pkok ys[kd ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jS O;fDrRo vj ÑfrRo ekFkS fopkjdjhT;kS gSA b.klwa ikBdka uS vsd lkfgR;dkj jS folS esa Bkodh vksG[kk.k fey ldSykA ys[kd ifjpSlwa ys;*j okajh lxGh jpukoka jh iwjh fiNk.k b.k bdkbZ esa djko.k jk tru djhT;k gSA b.klwa ikBdkauS vka ckrka jh tk.kdkjh gks ldSyk &

1- ys[kd ;knosUnz 'kekZ th fd.k&fd.k fo/kkoka esa fy[;ks \

2- oka jh x| fo/kkoka jk folS dkabZ jS;k \

3- m.kkjh jh pkoh jpukoka ftdh jsfM;ks&:id] /kkjkokfgd vj VsyhfQYeka jS :i esa vkijkS ukedj;kSA

4- ;knosUnz 'kekZ th jh ?k.kdjh jpukoka jh fojksG b.k bdkbZ esa i<.k [kkrj feySykA

vka jS vykok jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa oka jks dkabZ ;ksxnku jS;kS] b.kjks [kqyklkS bZ b.k ikB lwa gks ldSykA

18-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh ohjka jh Hkklk] dfo;ka jh Hkklk] jktLFkku jS jSoklh jh ?k.k ewa?kh ek;M+Hkklk] ft.kjh cMkbZenueksgu ekyoh; vj johUnzukFk VSxksj bZ dj;ka fcuk uha jS;kA xqM+ tSM+h ehBh i.k nqfLe;ka mjlky.k okGh b.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ftÙkks lkfgR; fy[khT;kS oks v.keksy gSA lalkj jh Hkklkoka esab.kjh BkSM+ ?k.kh Åaph vj fujokGh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS twukS l:i foØe jh vkBoha lnh lwa i|:i esa ns[k.k uSa feGSA l:vkrh jpukoka esa tSu lkfgR; jk dsbZ :i lkaeh vkoSA pkj.k lkfgR; rksb.k eka; bÙkkS fy[khT;kS dS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSa pkj.k&lkfgR; jh laKk nh tko.k ykxhA tSu lSyh]pkj.k lSyh vj ykSfdd lSyh esa vys[kwa i| :ika esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ?k.kS vljnkj <ax lwafy[khT;kSA foØe jh 13oha lnh lwa jktLFkkuh x| jkS mn~Hko ekuhtSA l:vkrh x| esa viHkzal jkSvlj jS;kSaA 13oha lwa 16oha lnh rkabZ jkS cxr twuS x| lkfgR; jkS jS;kS] ft.kesa /kkjfed x| jS eka;rkM+i=ka] VCck] Vhdk] fVIi.k] ckykocks/k] xqjjkofG;ka vknA twukS jktLFkkuh x| okrka] [;krka esacksGkbZ lwa feGSA vSfrgkfld x| lkexzh jks v[kwV HkaMkj okrka] [;krka] foxrka] oalkofy;ka] iV~Vk]ijokuk] gky] gdhdr] opfudk] nokoSr esa ?k.kkSbZ ykFkSA e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh x| esa dykRedx| jh vkijh U;kjh vksG[kk.k jS;h gsA euksjatukRed vj T;ksfrl laca/kh x| bZ b.kesa yk/kSA

173

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| jh l:vkr 19oha lnh esa gks;hA 1857 esa vktknh jk vkanksyu jh cxregkdfo lw;Zey feJ.k lÙkk/kkfj;ka uSa dÙkZO;&iqdkj lwa Hkj;ksM+k dkxn fy[;k m.kka esa uwaoS x| jkcht feGSA feJ.k jS i=ka iNS jkedj.k vklksik vj f'kopUnz Hkjfr;k ftdkS x| fy[;kS oks vk/kqfudjktLFkkuh x| esa uo&tkxj.k jkS dke dj;kSA Hkjfr;kth rks x| jh lclwa pkoh fo/kkoka miU;kl^dud lqanj* dgk.kh ^foJkar izoklh* ukVd ^dslj foykl* fy[k*j jktLFkkuh jk nhirk u[krc.kX;kA m.kka jS iNS Hkxorh izlkn nk#dk] eFkqjknkl HkV~VM+] Jhukjk;.k vxzokG] cztyky fc;k.kh]xqykcpUn ukxkSjh] lw;Zdj.k ikjhd jk uke x| ys[kdka jh fljS vksGh esa vkoSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| esa twuk x| lwa :i vj lSyh esa ?k.kkS Qjd gSA vk/kqfud x| jh l:vkrhfolS&oLrq minslkRed vj lq/kkjoknh nhB jh jS;hA ijnk izFkk] cgqfookg] nk;tk jh nk>rhvc[kk;h] csesy C;ko] lekt jh dqjhrka uS ys;*j ijnslka cSBk lkfgR;dkj vkijS iznsl esa] lekt esalq/kkj yko.k jh [kSpG djhA 20oha lnh iNS jktLFkkuh x| esa vk/kqfud lSyh jh jpukoka lkaeh vkorhjS;hA dgkf.k;ka] vsdkadh] ukVd] miU;kl] fuca/k rks ?k.kk bZ fy[khT;k] fgUnh vj nwth fo/kkoka &laLej.k] js[kkfp=] fjiksrkZt] Mk;jh] vkRedFkk tSM+h x| fo/kkoka lwa jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; ?k.kkSle) gks;ksA jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh b.kh*t vksGh esa ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jh jpukoka jkS ?k.kkSegrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;kSA vki x| jh lxGh fo/kkoka esa fy[;kSA tho.k jk gjSd vk;ke ekFkS vkijhys[k.kh pkyrh jS;hA vki jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh c<ksrjh dj ek;M+ Hkklk jh lkfgR;&lsok esaykX;ksM+k fj;kA

18-2 ys[kd ifjpS

jpukdkj ft.k /;s; vj lh[k uSa lakHkh jk[k*j jpuk djS] ok Nki vj oks njlko m.kjh lxGh jpukokaesa FkksM+ks&?k.kks i.k futj vk;ka fcuk uha jSoSA ekM+h lkekftd nlkoka jh nG&nG esa dGhT;ksM+k eku[kklwa vkijk ik=ka uS VkG*j ;kosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* m.kkajh ihM+ uS tka.kh] ikj[kh futjka lwa fuj[krk Fkdk iwjSfgaoGkl lwa m.kkajkS lkFk fn;kSA vkijk fljt.k eka; lksl.k jk fldkj gks;ksM+k ik=ka uSa iwjh lgkuqHkwfrnsorka lekt esa okauSa ÅapkS njtkS fnjko.k jh iwjh dkslhl djhth gSA ft.kuSa lekt gsBokfG;kW ekuS][kko.kh futjka vj ?k.kka lwa ns[kS] ftdkS lekt esa lko uhpyS rcdS jkS gS vj ft.kjkS dksbZ vko&vknjuha] Qxr voekuuk jkS ik= gS] m.kjS varl jh xSjkbZ esa tk;*j m.kjh nqjcGrkoka uSa idM+*j lekt jhfutjka esa m.kuSa ÅapkS mBko.k jh vkQG pUnzth jh jpukoka esa lqHkV bZ fuxS vkoSA vkijh lxGh jpukokaHkykabZ oS lkearh tqx jh] lkekftd leL;koka okGh] euksfoX;ku ;k dS iz;ksxoknh nhB jh gksoS ftdkSlkekftd] vkfFkZd ;k jktuhfrd mRihM+u lwa lSihM+k gks;ksM+k gSA

pUnzth vkt jk ys[kdka T;wa tqx&tFkkjFk] ihM+koka] nq[kka lwa >kG&cackG gkso.k okGk dksuhA oS ekuotho.k vj pfj=ka uSa lgt Lohdkj dj.k okGk ltksjk dykdkj jh Hkkr lxGk vkØksl uSa ?k.kka uSgpklwa vaxstrk Fkdka m.kjkS fuosM+kS djSA vkijS ys[ku jS isVS ;knosUnzth ?k.keq[kh izfrHkk jk /k.kh jS;k gSA

18-2-1 tye vj ifjokj jh vksG[k %

;knosUnzth jkS tye vkFkw.kS jktLFkku jS e#FkG esa cL;ksM+k chdkusj lSj esa iqLdj.kka czkã.klekt jk Åapk ?kjk.kk esa 15 vxLr] 1932 esa gks;kSA vkijS tye jkS uke pkanjru gksA vkijSfirk jkS uke pqUuhyky fcLlk vj ekrk jkS uke vklknsoh gksA ekrk vklknsoh ?k.kh f[kerkouyqxkbZ ghA vkijk cMsjk xqtjkr jS dPN Hkw&[ksrj lwa vk;*j chdkusj esa clX;kA gjSdtk;k&tyE;k jS fodlko esa eka jh Hkwfedk fljS gksoS] m.kh*t Hkkar pUnzth jS O;fDrRo uSamHkkj.k okLrS m.kkajh ekrk vklknsoh vkijh fljS Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA vkijk cMsjk jkteSyka esaM~;kS<+hnkj gkA lkearh okrkoj.k esa iky.k&iksl.k gkso.k jS dkj.k] m.kh*t jhr&ikar jS chpScMk gkso.k jS dkj.k] lkearh ÅB&cSB lwa vkijkS vkaekS&lkaekS geSl gksaorkSA lkearh jS.k&lS.k

174

vj jhrka vkijk ckGi.kka jk daoGk fg;k uSa dsbZ okj ta>sM+;kS gksoSyk \ vkS bt dkj.k gS dSvkijS lkfgfR;d O;fDrRo ekFkS b.kjkS vlj lkQ futj vkoSA

cxr dnSbZ vsd lfj[kkS fd.kh jkS dksuh jSoSA dydÙkk esa pUnzth jS cki&nknk jkS diM+k jkS/ka/kks gksA [kkork&ihork ifjokjka esa vkijS ifjokj jks bZ uke vkorkSA i.k cxr vsd.k lepSvSM+kS cnG;kS dS [kkork&ihork ifjokj ekFkS tk.kS xzg.k ykxX;kSA O;kikj esa ?kkVkS ykx.k lwaekyh nlk ekM+h gksorh xbZA gksGS&gksGS ekM+h nlk jS dkj.k vkijk ijk;k c.kX;kA O;kikjheky nso.k lwa eawMkS Qsj fn;kSA vSM+h nlk esa bZ pUnzth gkj uha ekuh vj dha dj.k jh rsoM+hApUnzth jS varl jh gwal tkxh vj vki ys[ku uSa vkijh vkthfodk jkS [kkl vk/kkj c.kk;kSA

18-2-2 C;ko vj larku %

;knosUnzth jkS C;ko caxky jh ewG jSoklh 'kkfUr HkV~Vkpk;Z lwa 1950 esa gks;kSA vkijS rhu csVkvj vsd csVh gSA vkijS csVka esa bZ ys[kd jk xq.k ckikSrh lwa vk;ksM+k gSA csVks fot;dqekj^pUnz* cky&lkfgR; fy[kS rks Ñ".kdqekj ^pUnz* jktuhfrd psruk ekFkS vkijh ys[kuh pykbZi.k ewG :i lwa nksuka jh O;kikfjd ofÙk bZ jS;hA /k.kh&yqxkbZ jS chpS ervsdrk] vki.kpkj vjehBks lhj gkso.k jS dkj.k pUnzth jh xgLFkh :ih xkM+h vkijh pky pkyrh jS;hA vkijhtksM+k;r 'kkfUr HkV~Vkpk;Z uSa bZ ys[ku eka; Hkkjr ljdkj jS ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;lwa ifjokj dY;k.k iqjLdkj feY;ksM+kS gSA

18-2-3 flDlk ¼i<kbZ&fy[kkbZ½ %

;knosUnzth jh l:vkrh i<kbZ&fy[kkbZ dydÙkk esa gks;hA chdkusj esa vki eSfVªd ikl djhvj vBS bZ îzHkkdj*] ^lkfgR;&jRu* ¼iSykS [kaM½ ikl dj;kSA i<+kbZ esa vkijh ?k.kh :fp uhagh] iNS i<.k esa ?k.kk gqaL;kj uha gkso.k jS dkj.k vkijS duS eksVh&eksVh fMfxz;ka rks dksuh i.ktho.k jh ikSlkG esa feY;k thork&tkxrk vuqHkoka lwa vki bÙkkS lh[k fy;kS dS Åaph fMfxz;kavj mikf/k;ka jkS vHkko y[kkoS bZ dksuhA

18-2-4 vkthfodk %

vkijkS l:vkrh cxr iwjkS tw>.k okGkS jS;kSA ?kjokGk rks O;kikj] futw dkjksckj vj/ka/kk uSa ikNkS ixkaik.k dj.k okLrS ?kj jk liwr pUnzth* lwa iwjh vkl jk[krk i.k pUnzth m.k/ka/kS uSa uha vi.kkorka Fkdka chdkusj uxjikfydk eaMy esa ckcw jh ukSdjh djyhA vkijSlaosnukoka lwa Hkj;ksM+ka fg;k esa vsd ys[kd cSBkS gksA ckcw jh ukSdjh ?k.kka fnu jkl uha vkbZD;wadS oS rks ys[ku uS bZ vkijkS /kje c.kk; fy;kS gksA

18-2-5 ys[kd jS :i esa ixeaM.kk %

Vkcji.kk lwa bZ dFkk&dgkf.k;ka esa rks vkijh #fp ghA l#vkrh ys[ku esa vki fgUnh jh dsbZi=&if=dkoka esa laiknd jS;k vj i=dkfjrk esa bZ tl dek;kSA ukVddkj jS :i esadydÙkk jh ikjlh jaxeap dEiuh lwa tqM+*j vki rhu cjlka rkabZ ukVd vj xhrka jh jpukdjhA

1955 bZLoh lu~ esa vkijkS lqrarj ys[ku lkfgR;&txr jS lkaeh vk;kS] ft.kesa vkiuS uwaohvksG[kk.k feGhA m.kh*t uwaoh fiNk.k jh jhr lwa vkt yx vki fgUnh] jktLFkkuh lkfgR;txr uS dha&u&dha lkfgR;&lEink HksaV djrk jS;k gSA lu~ 1971&72 esa ^ykt jk[kkS jk.khlrh* jktLFkkuh fQYe jh iVdFkk vj laokn ys[ku dj vkijh vdkneh] mn;iqj vjjktLFkkuh fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV tSM+h laLFkkoka jk lkfgR; lfpo vj ^fjlpZ QSyks* bZ jS;kA

18-3 fparu jh ehV vj fljt.k jh nhB

175

pUnzth ys[ku jS eka; lclwa egrkÅ lkap vj bZekunkjh uSa ekuSA vki dha xhrka jS lkFkS lkfgR; esax| jh fofo/k fo/kkoka ekFkS fy[;kS gSA vki lekt jk rpdk;ksM+k] gsBokfG;k] lksflr] futjka gsBS uhavkof.k;k] udkj~;ksM+k ojx uS vkijS ys[ku jkS folS c.kk;kSA vki lekt jk m.k lxGk ojxka jhHkkoukoka lkxS tqM+ko jk[k*j okajh ihM+ jk ikj[kh c.;k] m.kka jh nw[krh jx jkS vkS[kn vkijh lksp vjfljt.k lwa nso.k jh iwjh eSur djh gSA

ys[ku esa bZekunkjh] la?kzllhyrk vj LokfHkeku tSM+k xq.k rkS vkiesa Vkcji.kka lwa bZ gkA tho.k esavko.k okGh vc[kk;ka lwa uwaoh lksp] uwaok vuqHko vj vfHkO;fDr jk ekjx [kqyrk fx;kA 1944&45 esafo|kFkhZ tho.k esa vki fy[k.kkS l: dj fn;kS gksA tn vki NBh&lkroha esa i<rk] m.k cxr vsdLFkkuh; i= tkxj.k* esa vkijh iSyh fgUnh dgk.kh eSa ogha gwa Nfo*] ft.kesa vsd xjhc jh vehj nqLe.klwa cnGkS yso.k jh Hkkouk izxV gksoSA vkfFkZd vHkkoka vj tho.k jh nwth dB.kkb;ka] ifjokj jh nlkokajkS vkijS fparu lkFkS xSjkS tqM+ko vj vlj jS;kSA vki thou esa /ku] fjfi;k&iblk lwa lok;kS ekuvkRerksl uSa fn;kS vj tho.k&Hkj m.kh*t yhd ekFkS pkyrk jS;kA cxr folS esa gkso.k okGk vkanksyu]jktuhfrd cnGko] vkykspukoka jkS vlj vkijh jpukoka esa dBSbZ futj uha vkoSA var rkabZ vkim.kh^t <ax lwa ?k.kS mRlkg jS lkFkS fljt.k esa ykX;ksM+k jS;kA*

pUnzth [kqn vk ckr dSoS dS ^Vkcji.kka lwa bZ EgSa vHkkoka vj ifjfLFkfr;ka jS fojks/k esa yM+rkS vk;ks gwa]vBS rkabZ dS la?klZ jkS nwtkS uke gS EgkjkS tho.kA*

ljdkjh vj xSj ljdkjh ukSdjh jS lkFkS ys[ku esa lq[k&lqfo/kkoka rks gh i.k m.kk uSa ykxrkS dS b.kessaokajkS ys[kd eu jkth uha gS] oks vnhB :i esa dBS&u&dBSbZ vkijh xfjek [kksorkS tk; jS;kS gS] tnlqfo/kkHkksxh tho.k jh BkSM+ la?klZlhy tho.k uSa vi.kk;*j vki ys[kd eu uS ljtho.k jkf[k;kS vjyxkSyx jpukoka fy[krk jS;kA

^ltukRed O;fDrRo ds izsj.kkL=ksr* esa pUnzth fy[kS dS ^^pUnzek jS T;wa va/kkjk uS vyksi dj vkl jhfdj.kka lwa /koG pkan.kh jkS ilkjkS* bZ EgkjS ys[ku jkS /;s; gsA m.kesa bZ EgkjS ys[kd uke jh lkjFkdrkgSA** nksoM+h xqykeh lwa twa>rk jktLFkkuh eku[kk uS vki vkijh vka[;ka lkaeh ns[krk gk] b.k dkj.knfyr] lksflr] vHkkoka esa ihlhtrk lekt jh ihM+ uSa vkijh jpukoka esa mdsjhA ys[k.kh jh rh[kh/kkj lwa m.k ihM+ uS phjrka Fkdka lks>h ihM+ uSa vkijh jpukoka esa mdsjhA ys[k.kh jh rh[kh /kkj lwa m.kihM+ uSa phjrka Fkdka lks>h okGk lekt lkaeh mtkxj dj [kqn uSa xSjk lkekftd ljksdkjka lwa tksM+.kjk tru dj;kA

vkijh jpukoka esa feu[k&yqxkbZ jk laca/kka uSa ys;^j Hkkar&Hkkar lwa] gjSd iSgyw ekFkS [kklkS fy[khT;kS]ft.kesa /k.kh&yqxkbZ jS chpS izse] vi.kk;r] nkEiR; Hkkocks/k] rks feu[k&yqxkbZ jS oS/k&voS/k] laca/kka jh=klnh] jktuhfrd] NGHksn] osL;koka jkS ujxoklkS] vsd oLrq jS :i esa yqxkbZ jkS rksy&eksy] lektesa yqxkbZ jh nhu&ghu nlk vj thou jh vys[kwa vc[kk;ka uSa vkijh folS&oLrq c.kk;*j vki jpukokafy[krk jS;kA yqxkbZ jh vk[kh ftuxk.kh uSa vki Hkkar&Hkkar lwa tk.kS [kqn thoh gksoS b.k lkap vjbZekunkjh lwa fy[krka Fkdka ukjh&psruk jkS la[kukn vkijh jpukoka esa nh[kSA

ys[ku esa fofo/k izHkko % Åij fy[;ksM+k fol;ka jS vykok vkijS lkfgR; esa vapy jh folslrk]ohjizlwrk jktLFkku jh yksdxa/k rks lkearh jhr&ikar] HkzLVkpkj] twuh :f<+;ka ekFkS djkjh pksV gSAcnGrk ifjosl vj fur&uwaok eksM+ ysork tho.k ewY;ka jh iM+rky gSA ukjh jS varl&rG jh xSjh ihM+jks leanj gS vkijh jpukokaA tho.k jS gjSd iSgyw uSa] tho.k jk gjSd <ax] nkSj&nk;jk uSa vkijS ys[kujkS vk/kkj c.kko.k okGk b.k ys[kd jkS tho.k bZ la?klZ lwa lQyrk rkabZ jh vsd xkFkk gSA ok xkFkkftdh m.kkjS thoV uSa mtkxj djSA vkilwa iSyka gks;k ys[kdka] nwth Hkklk jk ys[kdka vj vkijS cxrjk ys[kdka jS ys[ku jkS vlj bZ vkijS fljt.k esa nh[kSA

176

îzsj.kk L=ksr* esa vki fy[kS dSa lclwa iSyh ys[ku jS okLrS lh[k nso.k okGh vkijh eka vklknsoh ghAm.k cxr ?kj&ifjokj vj okrkoj.k m.kkjS ys[ku jS f[kykQ gksA vkfFkZd vHkkoka esa bZ eka vklknsohvkijk xS.kka csp*j pUnzth jks ys[ku esa lS;ksx djrh jS;hA vkijS Hkk;yk teukizlknth O;kl vj[kqnjh tksM+k;r 'kkfUrnsoh jkS bZ iwjkS lkFk jS;kSA eka jS iNS tho.k jk nwtk iM+ko esa tksM+k;r 'kkfUrnsohlwa ys[ku esa Hkjiwj lS;ksx feY;kSA :[kh&lw[kh [kk;*j fujk;ar dj.k okGh] m.kesa bZ lq[k eku.k okGhvkijh /k.k vHkkoka esa lq[kh tho.k jkS ea= fl[kkorh jS;hA

18-4 fljt.k jh lk[k

pUnzth fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh nksuwa esa ?k.k[kjh jpukoka fy[khA U;kjk&U;kjk fol;ka uSa vk/kkj c.kk;*jfy[k.k okGkS ys[kd tqxnzLVk jS :i esa lkaeh vk;kSA fgUnh jpukoka esa vki 70 uSM+k miU;kl fy[;k]ft.kesa euksfoX;ku lwa tqM+;ksM+k 12 miU;kl] lkekftd psrukijd 25 miU;kl] lektoknh ekDlZoknhfopkjka jk 3 miU;kl] jktuhfrd psruk jk izfrfu/kh 2 miU;kl] vSfrgkfld ifjnL; uS thoar dj.kokGk 7 miU;kl] yksddFkkoka ekFkS vk/kkfjr 2 miU;kl vj lkearh psrukijd 18 miU;kl vkify[;kA fgUnh esa bZ pUnzth jk 29 dgk.kh&laxzS] 9 ukVd] 22 izkS<+ vj cky mi;ksxh jpukoka] vsdvkRedFkk vj nks dfork&laxzS fy[;ksM+k gSA

vkijh fgUnh jpukoka esa ika=ka jk uke ?k.kdjk jktLFkkuh lekt lwa fy;ksM+k gSA gqdh] xqykcM+h] uSudh]lqjtM+h] QjlkS] /kka/kw vknA tho.k jk lxGk vk;keka uSa vk/kkj c.kkoark ftdk miU;kl vj dgkf.k;kafy[khth okajh folS&oLrq ekjokM+h lekt lwa fy;ksM+h gSA Hkklk lwa Hkko c.kS vj ik=ka jh Hkklk lwa ykxSdS oS ekjokM+h lekt jk ik= gSA jktLFkkuh tutho.k jk ltksjk fp=ke vkijh jpukoka esayk/kSA vkijh dSbZ fgUnh jpukoka jktLFkkuh esa vj dSbZ jktLFkkuh jpukoka fgUnh esa :ikarfjr dj;ksM+hgSA jktLFkkuh miU;kl ^gwa xksjh fd.k iho jh\* jkS fgUnh :ikarj.k ôkilh* vj ^,d jkLRkk vkSj Fkk*gSA vks miU;kl tho.k vknlkZa] yksd ijEijk esa Qafl;ksM+k eksV~;kj jh vSM+h dgk.kh gS ft.kesatho.k&tFkkjFk jkS lkaxksikax fp=ke futj vkoSA tho.k jh fofp=rk uSa mtkxj dj.k okGh vkdgk.kh tho.k jk nklZfud i[k uSa m?kkM+*j ikBdka lkaeh jk[kSA vk jktLFkkuh tutho.k jh vc[kk;kavj Hkkoh gks.kgkj jh dgk.kh gSA

18-4-1 xqykcM+h %

^xqykcM+h* uke jks miU;kl iSyh ^yqxkbZ&tkr* uke jh dgk.kh jS :i esa Nfi;ksA b.k dgk.khekFkS VsyhfQYe bZ c.khA b.kjkS lkapkS vj :i cMkS djuS miU;kl jkS :i vj uke fnjhT;kSgSA ;knosUnzth jh jpukoka jk ik= vHkko jh ftuxk.kh esa bZ vkijh Bld c.kkbZ jk[k.k okGkgSA oS jktLFkku jh ekVh jk vSM+k ewa?kk eksfr;ka uS pqx&pqx*j ik=ka jS :i esa ysoS dS vkijSxqest okGk O;fDrRo jS dkj.k vS ik= ikBdka jh futjka p<S vj fg;S ekFkS vljnkj NkiNksMSA dFkk jh ukf;dk xqykcM+h eSur&etwjh dj.k okGh dqEgkjh gSA ok vkRelEeku lwatho.kkS pkoSA /k.kh uSa cpko.k [kkrj m.kuS vkijkS nw/k csp.kkS iM+SA tho.k jk dkGpØ esam.kuSa vkijks /k.kh vj Vkcj lwa foNksg ns[k.kkS iM+S i.k vkijk vkRexkSjo uSa mckj.k okLrSvfMx jSoSA lsB jkejru jk csVk fcjtw uSa nw/k iko.k okLrS gosyh tkoSA vkijh ywaBkbZ vjyk;dh lwa iwjh gSyh jh /kk; eka c.k tkoSA xqykcM+h MadS jh pksV ekFkS dSoS tdkS dj uSfn[kkoSA vk dgk.kh yqxkbZ jh ekM+h nlk uSa crkoSa i.k lkFkS bZ ys[kd vkS dSo.kh pkoS dhfgEer] uSfrd cG vj lr jS ykjS ok vk[kS lekt lwa yM+ ldS vj lekt esa vkijh BkSM+c.kk;] ejtknk lwa th ldSA vk dgk.kh ukjh pfj= jh mnkÙkrk gSA

18-4-2 tx dh jhr %

pUnzth jS b.k miU;kl ekFkS vk/kkfjr jktLFkkuh fQYe ^ykt jk[kkS jk.kh lrh* ?k.kh

177

yksdpkoh gks;hA b.kuSa njld ?k.kh nk; djh vj vk jktLFkkuh tuekul ekFkS xSjh NkiNksMhA b.kjkS dFkkud ifjokjka jk c.krk&fcxM+rk] uwaok&twuk vk/kkj gSA b.k jpuk jks ewGfolS vkS bt gS dS cxr vj ifjfLFkfr eqtc eu cnGS i.k ckjS&eka; jh [khaprk.k fcpkGStdkS [kqn uSa lq[kh ekuS oks bt vly esa lkap jh O;k[;k cnG ldS ;k lkap uSa tk.k ldSAb.k miU;kl esa vk/kqfud fopkjka okGh ukf;dk fo/kok ikjcrh ijEijk jk ixksfFk;k rksM+*jikNks C;ko dj uwaoS tho.k jh l:vkr djSA vkS vsd fgEer Hkj;ksM+kS ukjh&psruk] ukjh&tkxj.k]vf/kdkj fjN~;k jkS mnkgj.k gSA b.k dFkkud esa ukjh uwaoha laosnukoka jh laokgd c.kh gSA ok/kjrh jkS xkSjo gS] xqest gS] xhr vj cnGko jkS nwtkS uke gS ukjh A

18-4-3 ^feu[k[kksjh* %

^pUnzth* jkS iqjLÑr dFkk laxzS gS & feu[k[kksjhA b.k dFkk&laxzS jh dgkf.k;ka feu[k jhvkfne bPNkoka vj lH;rk jk c.k;ksM+k dk;nk&dkuwu jS chpS Vdjko jh dgkf.k;ka gSAvkfne feu[k rks iwjks lqrarj gks] lH;rk jk dka.k&dk;nk m.kesa Mj mitkoS] m.kuSa lksl.kjkS fldkj c.kkoSA ^feu[k[kksjh* jh ukf;dk ^gqdh* vsd jS iNS nwtk feu[kka lkFkS laca/k c.kkoSi.k var esa ok fcByk lkFkS xkao NksM*j ukB tkoSA ok vkijkS eu gksoS T;wa lqrarj jSo.kh pkoSAvk vsd foMacuk gS dS lekt jh ykt rt*j ok ft.kjS lkFkS tho.k tho.kkS pkoS oks ek.klm.kjh dnj uha djSA ^feu[k[kksjh* jh dgkf.k;ka jk ik= dSoS dS eu dSoS T;wa dj.kkS pkbtSAm.kh*t dke uSa Lohdkj.kkS tBS eu&cqf+) vj vkRek rhuka esa vsdHkko vkoSA Mj fuitko.kokGh lH;rk uha gks ldSA vkijh dFkkoka jk ik= gqdh] xkseyh] /kka/kw m.k cxr lekt jkc.kk;ksM+k lxGk dkuwu rksM+ nsoSA oS fyNe.k js[kk ikj dj tkoS tn okauS y[kkoS dSuSfrdrk] tho.k vknlZ Qxr okajS lksl.k okLrS bZ c.kk;ksM+k gSA pUnzth ekDlZoknh ys[kdgSA m.kkajkS iky.k&iksl.k vSM+k lekt esa gks;kS tBS vkt bZ lkearh ewY;ka uSa xkSjo lwa ekU;kStkoSA pUnzth lkapS vjFkka esa lkearh lH;rk jS lkaeh fonzksgh :i vj Hkko jk[k.k okGk gSA

18-4-4 ^tukuh M;ks<h* %

pUnzth jh vk jpuk miU;kl vj ukVd nksuwa :ika esa feySA jkteSyka jk BkB&ckV lwafudsoGk tho.k jk [kkjk lkapk vuqHkoka uSa mdsj.k okGk b.k dFkkud esa jf.koklka esa gkso.kokGk ukjh vR;kpkjka] lkearh okluk] ;kSu&O;kikj esa dqafBr] vew>rh yqxk;ka jh O;Fkk&dFkkb.k eka; gSA

tukuh M;ks<h jh gtk:a jkf.k;ka] nkfl;ka ewG :i lwa yqxk;ka jS varl jh ihM+ uSa mdsj.k okGhgSA vkijh vk jpuk ^lkIrkfgd fgUnqLrku* esa /kkjkokfgd :i bZ Nih gsA ^tukuh M~;ks<h*uSujl jh dgk.kh gSA ukf;dk jS uSuM+h lwa uSujl vj iNS felst uhuk c.k.k rkabZ jh vk dFkkgSA vkijh gqaL;kjh] gwaljM+kbZ] :i] tksc.k] prjkbZ jS ik.k uSuM+h tukuh M;ks<+h lwa fudG*jlSj esa felst uhuk jS :i esa vkijkS lq[kh fxjLFk tho.k fcrkoSA cnGrk lkekftd ifjnjlkaesa ifjokj jS laca/kka jk cnGrk :i] m.kjk euksfoX;ku jh lgt vuqHkwfr uSuM+h jh Hkqok jkfopkjka lwa gksoSA eka T;wa ykM&yMko.k okGh Hkqok dhdj m.kuS rhu gtkj fjfi;ka esa csp nsoS\ tukuh M;ks<h esa ikrfj;ka] ejthnkfu;ka] MkofM+;ka vj xksfy;ka jSorhA vka jh nlk ftukojkalwa bZ HkwaMh ghA b.k miU;kl jk ukjh ik=ka esa tks[kh] xksjh] :ijl] fljSdaoj] eeksy] xqycnu]ykydqaoj tSM+k ykpkj ukjh ik= gS] ftdk yqxkbZ tw.k jk U;kjk&U;kjk :ika uSa vkijS <kGS?k.kh etcwrh lwa thoSA

18-4-5 îkxh* %

ikxh jkS vjFk gS ixka jk fulka.k lwa pksj ;k dlwjokj jh [kkst dj.k okGkS [kksthA ftdkS ixka

178

jh vksG[k dj feu[k jkS irkS yxk; nsoS dS vS Qyk.kk feu[k jk [kkst gS ;k lSyka.k gSA vkjpuk bZ fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh nksuwa Hkklkoka esa feySA îkxh* jS eka; xkao jkS lkgwdkj vsd fnuîkxh* duSa vkoS vj vNwr tkr jk Nksjk lkFkS ?kj lwa Hkkx.k okGh vkijh csVh vj m.k Nksjkjh [kkst dj.k jkS dSoSA Qjlks ikxh oka nksuwa izzsfe;ka uSa lks/k ysoSA lkgwdkj Nksjk uSa pksjh jknaM esa tsG Hkst nsoSA lkgwdkj jh Nksjh Qjlk ikxh uSa dSoS dS chl fjfi;k [kkrj oks nks izsedj.k okGka jkS fcNksg djk;kS gS] okajS lqiuk jk eSy&ekfG;k rksM+ fn;kA ts oks ikxh c.k*jvkS dke uha djrkS rks dkabZ Hkw[kka ej tkorkS \ ok dSoS dS FkuSa Hkxoku vks gquj pksj] cneklkauSa idM+.k okLrS fn;ks] izseht.kka uS idM+.k vj m.kkajkS fcNksg djko.k [kkrj uha fn;kS gSAQjlk uSa m.k lkgwdkj jh csVh jk cksyka lwa bÙkkS nq[k gksoS dS oks vkijkS gquj] îkxh* jks dkegeSl okLrS NksM nsoS Qs:a bZ lkgwdkj jh Nksjh jk cksy m.kuSa nq[kh djrk jSoSA

18-4-6 ^gwa xksjh fd.k iho jh* %

;knosUnz 'kekZ jkS vkS miU;kl 18 ifjPNsnka esa caV;ksM+ks gSA ys[kd b.kuSa uwaoS <kGS lwa izLrqrdj;kS gSA gfj}kj esa ys[kd vkijk Hkk;yk xkSjh'kadj lkFkS KkukuUn Lokeh lwa vk dFkk lq.kSAchdkusj jkS jSoklh ulsckt dfl;ks dqEgkj vkijk nks; csVka Hkkuks vj ek/kks jS lkFkS jSoSA okslxGh dekbZ nk: esa mMkoS vj fcuk ckr Nksjka lkFkS ekjk&dwVkS djSA Hkkuks] vkijk NksVkHkkbZ ek/kks uSa ckcw c.kko.kh pkoSA HkkuS jkS C;ko NksVh mej esa lwjtM+h uke jh dFkkukf;dk lwagksoSA nksuwa /k.kh yqxkbZ etwjh djuS ek/kks uSa i<koSA i.k m.kuSa i<krka&i<krka Hkkuksa HkwaMhvknrka esa iM+ tkoSA nk:] twokS] osL;koka duS tko.kkS vknA oks fxfj tSM+k xqaMk&cneklka jStkG esa Qal tkoSA HkkuS jkS cki dfl;ks rkS iSyh bZ ulk jS dkj.k lqjx fl/kk;X;ks gks vcSSHkkuks bZ m.kh*t yhd ekFkS pky.k ykxX;kSA ek/kks vj ewGdh eklh uSa lxGh ckrka jkS Bk iM+tkoSA ?k.kkS djtkS gkso.k jS dkj.k Hkkuks vsd fnu ?kj NksMuS fudG tkoSA oks vkijh /k.klwjtM+h lwa vGxkS rks uha tko.kkS pkoS i.k djtnkjka lwa NqVdkjkS iko.k [kkrj deko.k jksfel ys fudG tkoSA ?kj jh ftEesokjh oks tksM+k;r lwjtM+h uSa lwai tkoSA HkkuS jS HksT;ksM+kdkxn lwa m.kjkS fBdk.kkS fxfj ?kjokGka uS rax uha djS b.k okLrS vkijh ekSr jkS lekpkj HkstnsoSA vBhuS ckck uke jS vkneh jh enr lwa ek/kks eSfVªd dj fl{kk foHkkx esa ckcw ykx tkoSAHkkuS jh ekSr iNS uha pkork Fkdka bZ lwjtM+h ih*j esa jSo.k ykxSA lwjtM+h uSa m.kjkS HkkbZ paiySuke jk vsd cnekl jS gkFkka nks gtkj fjfi;ka esa csp.kkS pkoSA lwjtM+h vkijh vkc: cpko.k[kkrj ikNh lkljS vk tkoSA ek/kks HkkHkh uSa vknj jh futjka lwa ns[krkS i.k ifjfLFkfr;ka lwale>kSrkS dj oks lwjtM+h lwa ukrkS dj ysoSA lwjtM+h vj ek/kks jh xgLFkh pks[kh rj;ka pkySghA rhu Vkcj vkax.kS esa jeS gk m.k cxr dFkk eksM+ [kkoS vj Hkkuks eksdGkS /ku] eky&eÙkkSys;*j bDdk esa cSB*j jkr uSa lwjt jh xGkabZ izxV gksoSA m.k cxr lxGk ik=ka jh euksnlkesa ftdh /kM+k&mFkG gh m.kjkS lkarjkS oj.kko ;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz dj;kS gSA lc vkikS vkijhlksp esa Mwc tkoS dS dlwjokj dq.k \ var esa Hkkuks [kqn uSa nkslh eku ysoS vj ikNk ixka fudGtkoSA fcNM+rh cxr rhuka jh vka[;ka ltG ghA ys[kd uSa iwjh dFkk dS;ka iNS LokehKkukuUn vka[;ka lwa vks>G gks; tkoS] tk.kS oS Lokeh KkukuUn bZ Hkkuks gkA

vkS miU;kl tho.k jh nq[kn ?kVuk jh vsd d#.k dgk.kh gSA lwjtM+h eSurh] ykaBh]nhu&nqfu;k lwa fujokGh ifjfLFkfr;ka lwa twa>.k okGh thoV ik= gS] i.k ek/kks jS lkFkS ?kjcLkk;*j tn vsd fnu HkkuS jS vk;ka iNS ek/kks m.kuSa ikNh HkkbZ uSa lwai.kh pkoS rks ok fg;kQwVhgks; tkoSA ck jks;&jks; ek/kS lwa oh.krh djS] m.kjS cksyka esa fdÙkh ihM+ gS & ûb±&ub± EgkjhekVh [kjkc D;wa djS \ bÙkh gsBh er uka[k! vcS gwa dBSbZ uha tkowayhA rhu&rhu Vkcjka jh ekac.k.k jS iNS dnh b.kxh vj dnh m.kxh-- ub±&ub± gwa FkkjS ixka iMwaA* ok vkxS dSoS] ^b.klwa

179

rks vkNks rwa >Sj yk;nS EgSa jkth&jkth [kk;*j lks tkowayhA* m.k fnu lwjtM+h uSa ykX;kSfrckjh jh Hkharka cklrh T;wa cG jS;h gSA ok tBS gkFk yxkoS m.kuS cGrh yk; T;wa ykxS] m.kjSlxGS Mhy esa yk; ykx*j tk.kS lUrkVkS Nk;xkSA ejeijlh osnuk jh yiVka m.kjkS :a&:ackG.k ykxhA cxr jk n;kgh.k iyka esa ok [kqn uSa ej~;ksM+h le>.k ykxhA

yw.kk?kkVh jkS [ksy] rkjkS ykx.kkS] uhph tkr esa ukrkS dj.kkS tSM+h ijEijkoka esa jktLFkkuhlaLÑfr jkS fp=ke gSA HkkuS vj ek/kS jS fcpkGS ÅHkh lwjtM+h jS varl jh fLFkfr gwa xksjh fd.kiho jh* miU;kl jS uke jh lkFkZdrk crkoSA

^gwa xksjh fd.k iho jh* vsd leL;k iz/kku lkekftd miU;kl gS] ft.kesa yqxkbZ jS ikNkS C;kodj.k jh leL;k uSa mtkxj djhT;kS gSA tqx&tFkkjFk ekFkS [kjkS mrj.k jS lkFkS b.kesaa >h.kkSv/;kRed bZ futj vkoS dS Hkxoku jh ejth jS vkxS lc uSa lhl fueko.kkS iM+SA vkijStFkkjFk :i jS dkj.k b.k miU;kl vkijh U;kjh Nki NksMh gSA miU;kl jk lxGk ik=ka jhvkNh&HkwaMh vknrka uS fy;ksM+k] iwjk foLokl jS lkFkS fp=.k djhT;kS gSA vkijh detksfj;ka jSiNS bZ oS ikBdka jh futjka esa ?kz.kka vj mis{kk jk ik= uha cf.k;k gSA ek/kks ft.k ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa lwjtM+h lwa ukrks djS mBS ifrr :i esa bZ oks ?kz.kk vj forL.kk jks ik= dksuhA oks ikBdkajS vkØksl jkS Hkktu uha c.kSA yqxkbZ jk lr uSa #[kkG.ka okGk vsd lkglh ik= jS :i esa okslkaeh vkoSA oks lgkuqHkwfr jkS ik= gSA b.k Hkkar vkS miU;kl jktLFkkuh x| jkS vsd v.keksyxzaFk&jru gSA

18-4-7 pkank lsBk.kh

ukjh Hkkoukoka lwa tqM+;ksM+kS vkS miU;kl vsd /khj] xaHkhj] ukjh jh O;Fkk&dFkk gSA miU;kldkjdydÙkk jS ifjosl esa vk ckr eSlwl djh gksoSyk \ cjlka lwa bZ ekjokM+h lsB&lkgwdkj /kudeko.k] fc.kt&O;kikj uSa c<ko.k jk ykyp esa ihf<+;ka lwa ijnsl tkork jS;k gSA /ku jk yksHkesa oS vkijh yqxk;ka uSa fojg jh yk; esa NksM*j fulj tkoSA pkank lsBk.kh* bZ vsd b.kh*t HkkarjkS miU;kl gSA lsBka jS ?kjka jh iksy b.kesa gS rks okajh yqxk;ka jh fojg osnuk] lkFkS bZ lrhRo#[kkG.k jh ckr* bZ gSA yqxkbZ jkS :[kkGkS feu[k uha] [kqn yqxkbZ vkijh :[kkGh jk[k ldSAvkijS vsdyiS cxr esa dhdj fgEer vj /khjt lwa dke ysorh pkank lsBk.kh vkijh vku&ckuvj ejtkn jh :[kkGh c.kSA pkank lsBk.kh jh Hkwfedk bZ vsd lrokn.k yqxkbZ jh jS;h gSA

18-4-8 tksx latksx %

pUnzth jks ^tksx latksx* miU;kl jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk lkfgR; laxe vdkneh chdkusj lwa 1973esa Nfi;kSA miU;kl jh dFkkoLrq b.k Hkkar gS & fnYyh jk ykyk cVqdizlkn ijpwu jh nqdkudjSA tksM+k;r jkS uke vfgY;k gS] ftdh i<h&fy[kh lh/kh&lknh yqxkbZA csVkS x.ksluoeh&nloah rkabZ i<~;ksM+kS] m.kjkS eu gksorka Fkdka bZ cVqdizlkn m.kuS vkxS uha i<k;*jnqdku jS dke&/ka/kS esa yxk; nsoSA dksbZ lksgu uke jk feu[k lkxS vkijh yqxkbZ jk Qksjk laca/kka jkS cSe gkso.k jS dkj.k cVqdizlkn m.kjkS eku uha jk[kSA eka&csVk cVqd lwa ?k.kk MjSA x.kslnqdku lwa ibZlk pksjh dj gksVyka vj flusek?kjka esa ibZlk mMkoSA m.kuSa vsd iatkch Nksjhlqjthr lwa izse gks; tkoS] i.k m.kjS lkFkS C;ko jh ealk iwjh uha gksoSA

ibZlka jS ykyp esa cVqd vkijS cSVk jkS C;ko xksdqGizlkn jh csVh jru lwa dj nsoSA mBhuSlqjthr jkS C;ko bZ m.kh*t frFk ¼rkjh[k½ esa rS gks; tkoS i.k lqjthr jS Mhy ekFkS dks< jkfulka.k gkso.k jS dkj.k cjkr m.kuSa fcuk ij.;ka bZ ikNh chj gks; tkoSA lqjthr ekLVj.khykX;ksM+h gSA vsd bZ frFk&rkjh[k uSa nksuwa jkS C;ko rS gkso.k jS dkj.k x.ksl vj lqjthr vsdnwtk jS C;ko esa tk; uha lD;kA

180

?kj jh dGS vj dq:i yqxkbZ lwa nq[kh gks;*j x.ksl vsd fnu vkijh yqxkbZ jk xS.kka vj dhafjfi;k yS;*j ?kj lwa fudG tkoSA oks dydÙkk esa tk;*j vsd caxkyh Nksjh jhuk lwa C;ko djysoSA jhuk jh eka cSekj jSoSA HkkbZ csjkstxkj gksA dkGkcktkjh dj.k okGkS bczkfge t.kS&r.kSjhuk jh iblka&Vdka lwa enr djrkS jSoSA x.ksl jhuk jS ?kj esa bZ fdjk;Snkj jS :i esa jSorksnqdku [kksy nsoSA

fnYyh esa gStks QSyS vj m.kesa cVqdizlkn] x.ksl jh yqxkbZ jru vj lqjthr jh eka lxGkej tkoSA x.ksl jh eka vj lqjthr vsdyh gkso.k jS dkj.k nksuwa lkFkS jSo.k ykxSA x.ksldkxn&i= lwa vkijS dydÙkk esa jSo.k jk lekpkj ?kjS nsoSA vBhuS jhuk jh cSekj eka bZ ejtkoS tn nqdku bczkfge uSa lwai oks fnYyh vkijS ?kjS tkoSA eka uS jhuk lwa C;ko dj.k jh ckrcrkoS vj lqjthr lwa fey.k [kkrj m.kjk dejk esa cMS+ rks ok ej;ksM+h iM+h yk/kSA m.kjS gkFkesa tSj jh lhlh vj vsd dkxn gksoSA ljhj esa dks< ?k.kkS c/k.k jS dkj.k lqjthr dq:inh[k.k ykxh ghA b.k [kkrj m.k dq:irk jS lkFkS ok x.ksl lwa uha fey.kkS pkoS vj [kqn uSafejrq jS gokyS dj nsoSA b.k Hkkar nq[kkar dFkkud jS lkFkS miU;kl jkS var gksoSA

b.k miU;kl jkS uke ^tksx la;ksx* ?k.kkS lkjFkd ykxSA x.ksl uS nqLV dlkbZ tSM+kS ckifey.kkS] iatkc.k lqjthr lwa izse] dq:ik jru lwa C;ko] x.ksl jkS ?kj NksM.kkS] caxkyh jhuk lwaikNkS C;ko dj.kkS] eka vfgY;k jh nqjnlk vj lqjthr jh vkRegR;k tksx latksx lhlZd uSlkjFkd c.kkoSA miU;kl esa fo/kkrk jk ys[k] Hkkx jh eSgek] csdkjh lwa twa>rk eksV;kj] flDlkjh csdnjh] NksVk ifjokj jh lh[k] m.kjkS eSro] /kkfeZd lfgL.kqrk] bczkfge tSM+k dkGkcktkjhjS fopkjka esa tyeHkkse jks vknj dha uwaok vj ys[kd jk [kqn jk ekSfyd fopkjka vj lw>&cw>lwa miU;kl ljko.k tksx ykxSA NksVk vj vljnkj laokn miU;kl jh [kkfl;r gSA uwaohvksiekoka vj eqgkojSnkj Hkklk lwa miU;kl esa lthork] ljlrk vkoSA dkpj jks cht] vkyhFksifM+;ka T;wa /kqd.kks] dku esa doks yso.kkS] yqxkbZ uSa [khpM+k T;wa dwV.kkS--- vSM+h vys[kwa dSorkamiU;kl jh Hkklk esa QwVjkikS ykoSA lq[k dkp jS fpGdS T;wa gksoS] cG*j jk[k gkso.kkS] ckaofG;Sjh lwGka tSM+k cksy BsB jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lcnka jkS iz;ksx] ekjokM+h] esokM+h cksfy;ka jS lcnkajh gsGHksG] uwaok /oU;kRed lcnka jkS iz;ksx jktLFkkuh jk LokHkkfod lcnka jkS tcjkS iz;ksxmiU;kl esa gks;kS gSA gka] miU;kl esa dSbZ Hkkoxr vj Hkklkxr [kkfe;ka jS;h gS i.k jktLFkkuhmiU;kl fo/kk jh c/kksrjh esa b.k miU;kl jh vkijh Hkwfedk gSA b.kjS xq.kka ykjS vkSxq.k [kklfutj uha vkoSA

18-4-9 rkl jks ?kj ¼ukVd½ %

nks Hkkx esa iwjk gkso.k okGk b.k ukVd jkS [kkl ik= nhid gS] ftdkS BkykS cSB;ks vsdeksV;kj gSA l: lwa bZ rkl jk iÙkka jkS ?kj c.kko.k esa ykX;ksM+kS gS] i.k iwjkS gkso.k lwa iSyhbZ oks ?kj /kjklk;h gks tkoSA L;kr vkt jh vO;oLFkk jkS fldkj vlarkslh nhid vlaHkodj.k jh gwal jk[kSA vkijS liuka jkS eSy c.kko.kh pkoS] fujklk esa vkl jh tksr txko.khpkoSA vkijk v/kwjk liuk uSa nhid rkl jk ?kj lwa iwj.k dj.kh pkoS i.k m.kh*t ?kM+h feu[kjS vkG&tatkG jh Hkkar oks VwV tkoSA

ukVd esa ukf;d jh Hkwfedk lko uhjl vj uha jS cjkscj gSA dsbZ nwtk izlaxka lwa ukVd iwjkSdjhT;kS gSA T;wa&nhid jkS cSekj jSo.kkS] rkjsl vj rkjk jkS izse] rkjk jS eje jkS [kqyklkS]ikM+kSlh /k.kh&yqxkbZ esa jkst jh yM+kbZ gkso.kh] ckjixh yqxkbZ vj Fkk.kSnkj jk laca/k] xcudj.k okGk vsad cw<k vkneh jks izlax] rkjsl jkS pkSjh dj.kkS] edku ekyd.k lkxS jaxfG;kaeuko.kh vj var esa nhid jkS Qkalh yxk;*j ej.kkSA vka izlaxka lkFkS ukVd vkxS c/krkS tkoSvj nhid jh ekSr jS lkFkS ukVd jkS var gksoSA vkS ukVd eksV~;kj ih<+h jS vlarksl jh dgk.kh

181

jkS ltho fp=ke gSA HkykabZ ukVd jk lxGk ik= fujkl] grkl] fujtho] lq/kck;jkvBh&mBh Mksyrk jSoSA

b.k ukVd lwa ukVddkj jktLFkkuh jsfM;ks&:idka jh l:vkr djh] vk ckr ljko.k tksxgSA pUnzth jkS vkS ukVd eksV~;kjka uS ys;*j tqx&tFkkjFk lkFkS fy[khT;kS gSA vkt jkS tqxessaif<;k&fyf[k;k eksV~;kj jkstxkj] vkijh vkthodk dekorka Fkdka fd.k Hkkar [kqn jhvkRefjN;k dj ldS \ vkS ukVd b.kjkS ewGea= gSA vkS tho.k daVhyh >kfM+;ka mueku ?k.kkSnks*jkS vj nq[knkbZ gSA Hkw[kka ejrkS vkneh vBh&mBh gkFk&ix iVdS] HkzLVkpkj] vjktdrk esaQxr feu[k jkS fg;kS NViVk; ldSA b.klwa ekufld ihM+] osnuk lkFkS feu[k esa dqaBk vktkoSA oks twa>rkS FkdkS lxGh nlkoka lwa NwV.kh pkoSA vkijh vfLerk uSa cpko.k jk tru rkslc bZ djSA okrkoj.k jS fo#) ÅHkkS gks;*j m.kesa lq/kkj yko.kh pkoS i.k oks [kwa[kkj va/kkjkSVwV.k jkS uke bZ uah ysoSA ukVd jk lxGk ik= gkFk elGrk futj vkoSA lxGk ik=csjkstxkjh] cspkjxh] Hkw[kejh] xjhch uSa esV.k jk liuk ns[kSA oS jhrk jh lh[k uSa v.kns[kh uhadj.kh pkoS D;wadS okauS nsldkG jh xfr jkS xSjkS X;ku gSA

^rkl jks ?kj* esa vsd vklkoknh lqj gS] i.k oks ^?kj* tBS rkabZ c.kSyk uha] QG lkaeh fd;kavkoSyk \ okrkoj.k jh lqFkjkbZ mBS ?k.kh t:jh gSA ik=ka jh vk foolrk gS dS HkzLVkpkj vkxSokajh oSpkfjd vsdrk [kaM&[kaM gksorh futj vkoSA oka lxGka uSa b.k ckr jkS xSjkS lnekSacSB;kSM+kS gSA MkWDVj duS bZ okajh cSekjh jh vks[kn dksuhA ck :a&:a esa cl.k okGh ihM+ukbykt gSA izlklu vj okrkoj.k jh uhao uSa bÙkkS FkksFkh vj vk/kkjgh.k c.kk;nh gS dS ik=kaesa fojks/k dj.kS jh f[kerk bZ dksuh jS;h \ lxGk ik= HkkX;oknh c.k tkoS] tBS tho.k jkSBSjko nh[kS] ik=ka jS O;ogkj esa mnklh] vsdyia.kkS] varjeq[kh jk Hkko futj vkoSA vklkokac.krh&fcxM+rh nh[kSA vkS vsd leL;k&iz/kku ukVd gSA nsldkG jh vc[kk;ka jkS thorkS&tkxrkSfp=ke b.kesa mtkxj gksoSA

ukVd jk ik= nhid jS varl jh ihM+ m.kuSa lkopsr djrh jSoS dS nqLlklu jS lkaeh foxrcfGnku jh dher uha fey ldSA b.k okLrS [kqn ys[kd m.kuSa ^ftank lghn* jh laX;k nh gSAnhid uSa b.k ckr jkS bÙkkS nq[k uha dS m.kjkS uke Økafrdkfj;ka jh gjkoG esa dksuh] m.kuSa nq[kb.k ckr jkS gS dS nwtk feu[kka vkSlj jkS vkSlk.k mBk; fy;kSA ftdk fn[kkokS djuS Økafrdkjhc.kX;k vj >wBk feu[k nsl jh vktknh iNS R;kxh&cfGnkuh c.k*j Åapk inka ekFkS jktldjSA Åapk vksgnk /kkfj;ka ?k.kkS xqest djS dS vktknh jh cxr oS nsl jk djeB Økafrdkjhgk i.k nhid tSM+k ik= jS ek/;e lwa Hkj;ksM+kS gSA m.kesa NksVk&eksVk laokn vj njlgalh&etkd jk bZ vkoS i.k ikBd jS eu jh nksxM+ feVS dksuhA oks ukVd esa Hkj;ksM+k nq[k lwackjS uha >kad ldSA

nhid] rkjsl] rkjk] eksrh] eksfgc] vflr---lxGk ik=ka jh ihM+ vkt jk fujkl] gkj~;k&FkkD;keksV~;kj ojx jh ihM+ gSA vk vsd ?kj&ifjokj ;k feu[k jh osnuk dksuh] vk[kS eksV;kjka jhvlkafr jkS dkj.k gSA ukVd esa rkjsl vkijh HkkHkh lwa dSoS dS HkkHkh] rwa fuxS rks dj--- ?kj&?kjvksbZ ys[kkS] Åij p<+*j ns[kkSA orZeku jk uo;qokoka jh vew>rh Hkkoukoka uSa lcnka esa cka/k.kjk tru djhT;k gS & ^^----eqjnka jh iwtka djf.k;ks gS Egkjks nsl] thorka uSa rks pGw Hkj ik.khbZ uha nsoS] firjka uSa nw/k&ngh lwa lhapSA** eksV~;kjka jS eu jh ihM+ vj vlarksl laØked jksxT;wa ilj~;ksM+kS y[kkoSA

isV jh Hkw[k vkneh lwa dkabZ&dkabZ uha djkoSA ukVd jk ik=ka esa bZ dsbZ HkwaMh vknrka gS] T;wapksjh] >wB] iM+iap] ulk&irk vknA lxGk ik= vsdkS dj tka.kS va/kkjk esa xksrk yxkoS] m.kkauSmckjS bZ dq.k \ jhrk jh [kSpy] m.kjh jhl] vkØksl dha dke uha vkoSA BSjko jk tho.k f[k.kka

182

esa bZ ?kz.kk] ?kqVu] rM+i] gGcGkV] lc fujklk] uhjlrk esa cnG tkoSA fujklk jh pje lhekesa nhid [kqn uSa Qkalh yxk;*j vkijh bZgyhyk esV nsoS i.k nwtk lkfFk;ka esa cq>rh vklkjh fdj.kka QwVSA nhid jk v/kwjk liuk ^rkl jks ?kj* uSa iwjkS dj.k jks ladYi ysoSA ys[kddSo.kh pkoS dS fujek.k jS okLrS fo/oal t:jh gS vj uo fljt.k okLrS foukl t:jh gSAfujklk lwa bZ ikNh vklk tkxSA nhid [kqn cq>X;ks i.k lkfFk;ka jS euka esa pkau.kkS djX;kSA

18-4-10tekjkS %

pUnzth jS dgk.kh laxzS ^tekjkS* esa 18 dgkf.k;ka gSA xkseyh] lryM+ks] Hkharka bZ Hkharka]vkoG&dkoG] vsd jS iNS vsd] tekjks] feu[k[kksjh] phapM] [kksG] uwaoks tue] ckr vsdtqye jh] NsdM+yh iwrGh] tBS futj fVdS----A yxSVxS lxGh dgkf.k;ka yqxkbZ tkr jkU;kjk&U;kjk pfj=ka] yqxkbZ ekFkS gkso.k okGk feu[k lekt jk vR;kpkjka] yqxkbZ jh vfLerk]vkc: uS :[kkG.k jh ckr] yqxkbZ jS eu jh O;Fkk&dFkk vka lxGh dgkf.k;ka esa U;kjk&U;kjkukjh ik=ka jS ek/;e lwa dS;hth gSA ys[kd jh dgkf.k;ka esa yqxkbZ eka] cSu ;k csVh jS :i esalkaeh uha vkoS] ok Qxr yqxkbZ jS :i esa] ft.kuS vsd oLrq le>h tkoSA ftdh lekt jknkosnkjka jh pksj futjka jkS fldkj gS ok csp.k vj eksy yso.k okGh dksbZ pht gSA m.kjS ljhj]dn&dkBh] :i&jax jkS eksy gSA m.kjh nsg uSa feu[k lekt ns[kS] i.k eka;yk eu uSa dksbZns[k.kh uha pkoSA ok fdÙkh ykpkj vj ijcl gS \ ok eka] cSu vj csVh c.k*j jSo.kh pkoS] vkijSdÙkZO; uSa le>S i.k tho.k esa dsbZ vHkkoka uS >syrh ok dÙkZO; iky.k esa vkijh nsg rd uScsp Ugk[kSA ys[kd jh jpukoka jk yqxkbZ&ik= nfyr vj lksflr ojx jk gS] ft.kesa ;kSu &laca/kk jh lqrarjrk crk;ksM+h gSA yqxkbZ&tkr uSa ys[kd lksflr ojx bZ ekU;kS gSA

^lryM+kS* dgk.kh esa lkearh&tqx jkS fp=.k djhT;kS gS tBS Bkdqj vkijh >wBh lku crko.kokLrS lsB lwa lryM+kS eksy yso.kh pkoS i.k duS iblk uha gkso.k jS dkj.k oks vkijh Bdqjk.khdsljns jk vkVk&lkVk dj lryM+kS uS ysoSA lkearh tqx esa yqxkbZ uSa csp.k jh jhr ghA vsdoLrq le>*j ok nwtk feu[kka uSa lwai nh tkorhA

^Hkharka bZ Hkharka dgk.kh esa yqxkbZ jh MjihT;ksM+h] ihM+hT;ksM+h ftuxk.kh jh O;Fkk&dFkk gSA HkharkaekFkS vk;ksM+h rjsM+ka] mrj;ksM+k iykLVj esa ukf;dk uSa lekt jh jhr&ikar] ijEijkoka] :f<;ka]tho.kewY;ka jkS njlko gksoSA Hkharka esa nC;ksM+h ukjh Hkkouk] vsd dSnh T;wa tho.k iwjkS djrhyqxkbZ [kqn Hkhar c.k*j jS; tkoSA m.kuSa izÑfr jh :ikGh fNc] gjh Hkjh ?kkl] ik.kh lwayckyc >hyka] rGkc] Åij lwa uhpS cSorkS >j.kkS vj jax&jaxhyh izÑfr jk njlko pks[kk uhaykxS] D;wadS m.kjkS tqM+ko Hkharka lwa gSA yqxkbZ twa.k jh ejtkn] eerk] egkurk] R;kx] /khjtvS lxGh Hkharka bZ rks gS ft.kka uS ok myka?kS rks dqyVk] dqy{k.kh dSokoSA dk.k&dk;nk vjlkekftd ewY;ka jh Hkharka uSa rksM+ ok tBS yx ckjS uha vkoSyk] rBS yx yqxkbZ uSa eqxrh jkSekjx uha yk/k ldSA vk vkRedFkkRed lSyh jh ckr gSA

^vkoG&dkoG* dgk.kh esa t;k uke jh dFkkukf;dk jkS ?kj] lxGkS lkeku] m.kjks jS.k&lS.klS dha vViVks gS ft.kesa lSax phtka f[kafM;ksM+h] fc[kj;ksM+h&lh ykxSA O;oLFkk vj <ax&<kGkSuSM+kS bZ uha nh[kSA ft.k dFkkukf;dk uSa Vkcji.kka lwa ys;*j tho.k jk gjSd eksM+ ekFkSfc[kj;ksM+h vj VwV;ksM+h ftuxk.kh feyh gksoS ok vkijkS dky dhdj laokj ldS \ ?kj esafc[kj~;ksM+k lkeku] csesy j[kj[kko] lgwjck;jkS iSj.kkS&vks<.kkS vj iNS feu[kka jh galh jkSik= c.k.kkS] m.kjS O;fDrRo fcxlko jk fc[kjko vj eqj>k;ksM+h euxr uSa njlkoSA

^vsd jS iNs vsd* dgk.kh yqxkbZ jh /kqdrh tho.k&xkFkk gSA /k.kh jS cSe jh fldkj gks;ksM+hdFkkukf;dk izHkk vkijS /k.kh jk Hkk;yk jktw lkaeh lxGkS vkQjkS >kM+S vj m.k ujxoklS lwa

183

NwV.k jkS fuLpS dj ysoSA ok dSoS] ^^gwa vBS lwa nwth txka pyh tkowayh] tBS raw ugha gksoSyk]vsd uxj lwa nwtS uxj--- nwtS lwa rhtS----A** jktw izHkk lwa izse djS i.k lkekftd vknlkZa jh[kkrj uSfrdrk jkS iwrGkS c.k m.kjS ?kj lwa fudG tkoSA

dgk.kh êku[kks* izoh.k] Mksyh] jkcVZ vj yhyk eklh jS feu[ki.kS jh dgk.kh gSA feu[k jhdksbZ tkr ;k /kje uha gksoS] m.k eka; Qxr feu[khpkjkS gkso.kkS pkbtSA

^ckr vsd tqye jh* dgk.kh esa vjktdrk jkS njlko gS] tBS [ksr :[kkG.k okGh ckM+ [ksruSa [kkoSA tBS fjN~;k dj.k okGkS bZ ekj.k okGkS c.kS] dkuwu :[kkGkS bZ dkuwu rksM+SA ljdkjhe Sdek j kojnh/kkjh :[kkGk ekSdkS fefy;ka vke turk ekFkS vR;kpkj djSA v.kif<;k] HkksGk&MkGketwjka ekFkS tqye djS rks oS j[kokGh jh vkl fd.klwa djS \ vkanksyudkfj;ka jh iqfyl lwaeqBHksM+] vkrafd;ka jS Hksl esa ojnh/kkfj;ka jkS tqye] etwjka jS ?kjka esa cM+*j okajh yqxk;ka lkFkSnqjO;ogkj] fujeerk lwa ekj.kkS vj csvkc: dj.kkSA feu[kka jk nsk; :i b.k dgk.kh esa futjvkoSA flikbZ m.k xjHkorh uSa ekj.kh pkoS] m.kjh ejtkn lwa [ksy.kh pkoS] i.k vkanksyudkjhm.kjh fjN~;k djSA ok t.k.kh vkijk Vkcj uS fja/kjksgh esa tye nsoS vj oka Økfrohjka jh lj.kesa tkoSA ûwaoks ek.kl thorkS jSoSyk rks tq) Hkh tkjh jSoSykA* vS cksy Økafrdkfj;ka jk gS]ft.kesa vkl] fcLokl jh tksr gSA

^cki vj csVkS* esa nksuwa jk mf.k;kjk feyS vj uh;r bZ feySA :a[kka tSM+k NksM+k* vj tSM+kS ckioSM+kS csVkS*A nksuwa vsd bZ Nksjh lwa fey.k [kkrj cxr fn;ksM+S eqtc vsd gksVy esa tkoS tBSnksuka jh iksy vsd&nwtS lkaeh [kqy tkoSA

^tBS futj fVdS* yqxkbZ jS varlrG jh ihM+ uS FkkSM+k*d lcnka esa mdsj.k okGh dgk.kh gSAys[kd jh vk dgk.kh FkksM+k lcnka esa ?k.kh xSjh ckr izxV djSA tBS ukjh vfLerk jh ekB vktkoS] tBS vsd eka uSa Vkcjka jh Hkw[k feVko.k okLrS nsg O;kikj dj.kkS iM+S] tBS tk;*j ok [kqnbZ [kqn lwa futjka esGkS uha dj ldS] tBS lq[k&lqfo/kk vj vHkko feV tkoS] ok lxGka jhHkw[k&frl cq>k;*j [kqn frjlh bZ jS; tkoSA ft.kuSa [kqn jh ftuxk.kh jh bZ lwx vko.k ykxS]ok [kwn jh lksp esa [kqn bZ ?kz.kk jkS Hkktu c.k tkoSA

^mdjkl* dFkk&laxzS esa NI;ksM+h ;knosUnzth jh dgk.kh ^dkap jks fpGdkS* ukjh&tkxj.k vjeqxrh jh dgk.kh gSA vkijk lkljk okGka jk vR;kpkjka uS lgu dj.k okGh dFkkukf;dk uSam.kjk /k.kh] nsoj vj lklw dqÙkk&dkxyk vj fxjt tSM+k ykxS vj ok [kqn uS ÅanjS T;waijcl vj ykpkj ekuS ftdkS dqÙkk&dkxyk vj dkaxyka jkS ckjh&ckjh lwa fldkj c.kSA okaftukojka jS :i esa [kqn jh ftuxk.kh uS ns[kS vj vpk.kpd m.k eka; uwaoh psruk tkxSA okgesl okLrS oka lwa NwV.k jkS fuLpS djSA dFkkukf;dk jk mf.k;kjk ekFkS ^dkp jks fpGdks* gksvsd] uwaoh ftuxk.kh jh vkl vj eqxrh jkS uwaokS ekjx gksA

pUnzth jh lxGh dgkf.k;ka yqxkbZ jS vksGh&nksGh fQjrh ftuxk.kh jk thork&tkxrkfp=ke gSA HkykabZ phapM+* dgk.kh jh ukf;dk thoyh gqokS ;k tekjks* jh ukf;dk gksoSA lxGhvkikS&vkijh ftuxk.kh esa mGlw;ksM+h gSA thoyh cw<k&cSekj ekbrka jh eksch csVh vj NksVkHkkbZ&cSuka jh eksVh ftEesokj cSu gSA gkMrksM+ eSur djS vj lsB jk csVk jh [kksVh fu;r] m.kjkvaVlaV cksyka uSa] nqjO;ogkj uSa lgu djSA m.kjS eu esa csVh gkso.k jkS fiNrkokS gSA nk:fM+;kvj cSekj cki ekFkS m.kjkS iwjh jhl izxV gksbZ gS] i.k eka ftdh nqf[k;kjh gS] cSekj gS] ulSM+h/k.kh jh gsBokGh gS] m.k ekFkS thoyh uS n;k vkoS b.k [kkrj ok vkijkS C;ko dksuh djSA tSthoyh ?kj esa uha gksoS rks ekbr vj uSuk HkkbZ&cSu Hkw[kka ejrka ej tkoSA thoyh uSa ykxS dS

184

vS lxGk laca/k m.kjS phapM+ T;wa fpfi;ksM+k m.kjkS yksgh ih jS;k gSA ok vew>~;ksM+h cSjks&ckoM+hdj.kh pkoS i.k vkijka jkS eksg m.kuSa ykpkj c.kk; nsoSA ^tekjks* jh ukf;dk bZ lkljk okGkajh [kSpy dj rGrfGT;ksM+h gSA ok lklw nsoj] tsB&tsBk.kh vj /k.kh lwa ukrk rksM+*j vktkngkso.kh pkoSA ok vcS iDdh gks;xh vj lxGh ejtknkoka jS ykikS yxk;*j tksj&tksj lwacksy.k ykxh] ^^FkS EguS dGik;&dGik;*j ekj.kh pkokS i.k vcS EgSa vS /kehM+k lSu uha d:aAEguSa FkkjS lkFkS jSo.kkS bt dksuhA** ^thHk twrk [kkoS*] bÙkh cksyh tn m.kjkS /k.kh m.kuSa dwVUgk[kh] ok ?kj jS ckj.kS ckM+S esa tk;*j vk;X;kSA oks m.kuS gkFkktksM+h dj euk;*j yk;kS i.kQsj bZ m.kuSa ykX;kS tk.kS vkS yqxkbZ jkS tekjkS fdrjkS fcjFkk gSA mej lSax xksyhikS fda;kadjhtS \

;knosUnz 'kekZ pUnz* jktLFkkuh jk x|dkjka esa U;kjh fiNk.k jk[kSA vkijh jpukoka ukjh&tkxj.kjk lqj gS] tqxcks/k vj lkap gSA tFkkjFk jh teha ekFkS fy[;ksM+h vkijh jpukoka esa dsbZvsdlcn jS;&jS; ijksVhT;k gSA vk [kkeh rks ?k.kh bZ y[kkoSA vsd bZ jpuk esa vsd lcnjS;&jS;uS vko.kkS] dsbZ lcn ftdk gjSd jpuk eka; vkiuSa i<.k uSa fey tkoSykA T;wadS &ekytknh] b.kxh&m.kxh] vka[;ka dk< uka[kwayk] thHk] ?k.kh miM+xh nhlS] yk;&iyhrk]Vlj&Vlj] cldka Hkjhtxh] cldka ysorh] fVDdhcac gks;xh] vkdG&ckdG vj Nka;&ekabZlcn rks i<rka&i<rka ikBd Fkkd tkoSA okD;&foU;kl esa bZ dsbZ lcnka jh BkSM+ lkofujFkZd ykxSA fta;ka & ^ÊgS Qkalh [kko.k jks usgpks dj fy;ksA** vBS usgpS jh BkSM+ fuLpSlcn gkso.kkS pkbtSA b.kh Hkkar ^Hkxoku* uSa ^Hkxksu* fy[k.kkS Hkh vViVh&lks ykxSA ^^ykacks lksQSykc iljX;ks gks**] vSM+k okD; dsbZ txS futj vkoS ft.klwa ikBdka jS eu esa ladk ÅBSA dhaoks vkijh jpukoka esa tho.k jkS lkj gSA vS [kjh&[kjh ckr uSa dSo.k okGh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklkjk x| jk c/kSik esa vkijkS ?k.kkS lS;ksx jS;kS gSA

18-5 fljt.k jkS lkj

b.k bdkbZ esa ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jS jpuk&lalkj EkkFkS xSjkbZ lwa fopkj djhT;kS gSA ukjh lksl.k jhvc[kk;ka pUnzth uSa ?k.kh izHkkfor djSA pUnzth lektw leL;koka uSa gS T;wa bZ mtkxj dj.k esa lQGys[kd fl) gks;k gSA euksoSX;kfud foLysl.k lwa vk ckr lkaeh vkoS dS tn feu[k ?k.kkS nksjks gksoSvSM+h nlk esa m.kjkS vkikS [kkso.kkS vsd vke ckr gSA tn m.kjS laca/kk ekFkS cSe djhtS] dqnzfLV gksoSdS iNS laca/kka esa [kVkl ;k laca/k VwV.k jh fLFkfr c.k tkoS rks oks VwV~;ksM+kS feu[k vLyhy lcnka]xkfG;ka lwa vkijh euxr vj jhl uS izxV djSA vSM+h euksnlk esa vk lcnka jh vkijh BkSM+ gksoSyki.k pUnzth jk ik= vkijkS vkikS uha xekoSA oS lekt jh pqukSfr;ka Lohdkj dj vsd vknlZ c.k.k jktru djSA ikBd bZ vSM+k ik=ka lwa vk vkl jk[kS dS oS vLyhy lcnka ekFkS] vkijh cksyh ekFkS vadqljk[kSA pUnzth jk ik= la=kl jh nlk esa gksalyks uha NksMS b.k okLrS vSM+k ik=ka jkS pfj= vj Hkwfedk?k.kh vljnkj ykxSA vS ik= vkijh vk[kjh lkal rkabZ ifjfLFkfr;ka lwa yM+.k jkS ttckS jk[kSA bÙkhjpukoka jh fuj[k&ij[k dj;ka Bk ykxS ds pUnzth jk ik= la?klZ jS izfr tq>k: fojfr jk[k.k okGkgSA oS xksMk Vsd.k okGk dnSbZ uha nh[kSA vc[kS cxr esa bZ lgtrk jS lkFkS m.k ifjfLFkfr lwa twa>rktkoSA vkijh jpukoka esa tutho.k jk lakpk fp=ke eaM;ksMk gSA ik=ka esa yqxkbZ ik=ka uSa ys;*j vkijhys[k.kh yxksyx pkyh gSA x| jh gjSd fo/kk esa fy[k.kkS vj ukjh ik=ka jk lxGk fdjnkj tka.kS vkijSHkksX;ksM+k lkap gSA yqxkbZ jh vsd&vsd tho.k&vc[kkbZ] ;kSu laca/kka] ;kSu mRihM+u] ;kSu vf/kdkj jhckr uS ys;*j vkijk lqrarj fopkj jpukoka esa mtkxj gks;k gSA dkedkth yqxk;ka jh dsbZ leL;koka]euksO;Fkkoka uSa mtkxj djS] rks lkearh tqx jh iwjh jh iwjh rLohj vki [kSp*j jk[k nh gSA lkearh tqxesa yqxk;ka jh fdÙkh ekM+h nlk gh] m.kjkS eje&ijlh fp=.k vkijh jpukoka esa nh[kSA lekt jk ykpkjvj fucGk ekuht.k okGk ukjh&ojx ekFkS ys[kd jh ys[k.kh <c.k jkS uke bZ uha ysoSA pUnzth jk

185

vuqHko nsldkG vj tqxcks/k jS lkFkS vSfrgkfld laØe.k lwa lEc) gSA vkijh jpukoka jk ik=izxfrlhy vkLFkkoka vj fole ifjfLFkfr;ka esa rkyesy cSBkorka uwaoka ewY;ka vj uwaoh laHkkoukoka jkSlw=ikr djrk futj vkoSA vkijh jpukoka jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; esa c/kkiks dj.k okGh vj ljko.ktksx gSA

18-6 vH;kl jk loky

lko NksVk loky

1- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jkS tye dnS vj dBS gks;ks \

2- pUnzth jS ekrk&firk jkS dkabZ uke gks \

3- pUnzth jk firk dkabZ dke djrk \

4- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jh lclwa iSyh jpuk jkS dkabZ uke gks vj ok fd.kesa Nih \

5- pUnzth jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh fdlh fo/kk eka; ?k.kkS fy[;kS \

6- ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^pUnz* jkS fdlks jktLFkkuh ukVd ^jsfM;ks&:id* jh l:vkr djh \

7- pUnzth fdlh jpuk ^VsyhfQYe* jS :i esa izlkfjr gks;h \

8- pUnzth jh fdlh jpuk ekFkS fQYe c.kh vj m.k fQYe jkS uke dkabZ gks \

9- lkIrkfgd fgUnqLrku esa /kkjkokfgd :i esa NI;ksM+h pUnzth jh jpuk jkS uke fy[kkSA

10- lekt jk fd.k ojx uSa ys;*j ys[kd jh ys[k.kh ?k.kkS fy[;kS \

NksVk loky ¼iMwÙkj 100 lcnka esa½

1- ^tekjks* dgk.kh jh ewG laosnuk vk[kjka <kGkS \

2- ^lryM+ks* dgk.kh esa fd.k tqx jkS fp=ke mdsjhT;ks gS \

3- ^Hkharka bZ Hkharka* dgk.kh jkS lkj fy[kkSA

4- ^vkoG&dkoG* jh ukf;dk t;k jh euxr uSa le>kokSA

5- ^feu[k[kksjh* esa yqxkbZ pfj= jh fonzwirk uSa le>kokSA

vkykspukRed loky

1- ^^miU;kl ^gwa xksjh fd.k iho jh* ukjh leL;k iz/kku jpuk gSA** b.k dFku jh fojksG djkSA

2- miU;kl ^tksx latksx* jks dFkkud vj m.kjh fuj[k&ij[k vkijS lcnka esa djkSA

3- ^^rkl jks ?kj* ukVd esa ;qok ih<h jh vc[kk;ka] vlarksl vj fujklk jkS lkarjkS fp=.k gks;kSgSA** b.k dFku jh O;k[;k djkSA

4- pUnzth jh ?k.kdkjh jpukoka fgUnh vj jktLFkkuh nksuwa Hkklkoka esa NI;ksM+h gSA vkijh vSM+hjpukoka jh vksG[kk.k djkokSA

5- ^tekjks* dFkk&lxzS jh leh{kk djrk Fkdka m.kjh ukjh&laosnukoka uSa mtkxj djkSA

18-7 lanHkZ iksF;ka



186

bdkbZ & 19

izeq[k vsdkadhdkj % ukxjkt 'kekZbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

19-0- mÌsL;19-1 ÁLrkouk19-2 fol; oLrq&

¼v½ O;fäRo thouh(i) tue & ifjokj(ii) Hk.kkbZ(iii) O;olk;(iv) lkfgfR;d Áfr k j© fodkl

¼c½ ÑfrRo & fljt.k[kkl jpukoka vj okaj© foLysl.k(i) bc rkS psr¨

(ii) ,d gekjk ns'k ¼fgUnh dfork½(iii) fcj[kk chu.kÈ(iv) jke feykbZ t¨M+h(v) Fkkj¨ d¢ Y;k gka(vi) bc rkS eqGd¨(vii) /kkiyh j© y¨dra=(viii) fc.ktkj¨ lkyhuks Nkiks

19-3 ukxjkt 'kekZ jS jpukoka jh fopkj&nhB19-4 klk vj flYi19-5 jktLFkkkuh O;aX; ijEijk eka; ukxjkt 'kekZ19-6 bdkbZ j© lkj19-7 vH;kl jk loky19-8 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

19-0 mÌ~sL; %

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fol; lkexzh pk;s ok dkO; lwa tqM+h jS;h ;k x| lwa tqM+h jS;h tho.k jkU;kjk&U;kjk koka uS mdsj~;k gSA jktLFkkuh jpukdkj vka jaxka vj koka uS lkeÈ yko.k esa lQy jS;kgSA lkfgR; l:i esa b.k fofo/krk jk njl.k LiLV :i lwa dj~;k tk ldSA vsdkuÈ ryokjka lwadM+drh fctfG;ka gS] fl.kxkj jh e/kjh&e/kjh :.k>q.k gS] Ádfr jh ehBh jkxka&jkxf.k;ka gS rkS nwthdkuÈ tho.k j© lkp gS] tho.k jh vc[kk;ka lwa tw>.k jh vfeV Ásjd Ásj.kkoka gSA b.kh fofo/krka jSika.k ykjyk yxSVxS ckjg l©&rSjg l© cjlka lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; b.k lekt esa vkijh Bkoh B©M+fy;ka gSAtu&tu jS fg;S eka; lkfgR; jh iSB uS Fkjfir dj.k j© Js; vBkajk ykMyk jpukdkjka uS jg~;© gSftdk vkijh ÁKk vj Áfr k lwa tu&tu uS tho.k jh vknlZ xSy&njlk;h gS vj lkap© eku[k©

187

c.k.k jh lh[k nh gSA lkfgR; jh U;kjh&U;kjh fo/kkoka vj koka jk U;kjk&U;kjk jaxka lkFkS jpukdkjukxjkt 'kekZ j© jpuk lalkj vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; Ä.k© egrkÅ gSA b.k bdkbZ esa b.klkfgR; jh vksG[kka.k djk;hth gSA

19-1 ÁLrkouk %

jktLFkkuh jpukdkjka esa ukxjkt 'kekZ j© uke vsd O;aX;dkj jS :i esa Ä.k© pko© jg~;©] dBSbZ&dBSbZokajh jpukoka esa gkL; j© iqV h feGSA dfork] ukVd] O;aX;&ys[ku vj lEiknu ukxjkt 'kekZ jhjpuk ;k=k jk Bkok vsguka.k jg~;k gSA yx©yx 28 cjlka lwa ^fc.ktkj©* if=dk j© gj cjl Ádkl.kjktLFkkuh lkfgR; lk# dj~;©M+h vkajh egrkÅ lsok gSAtho.k jh vc[kkbZ;ka&dfBukbZ;ka uS vsd jpukdkj gj kar ns[kS&ij[kS] okauS O;aX; j© vk/kkj nS; ft.k kar lkeh ys;*j vkoS tBS tho.k j© lkap OgS] folerk OgS] folerk lwa yM+.k jh lh[k OgS vj ckrdSo.k jh lSyh ljy OgS i.k ok XgSjh p¨V djSA vS lxGh folslrkoka vsd O;aXdkj jh jpuk esa gwo.khpkbtS] ukxjkt 'kekZ jh jpuk esa vS lxGh ckrka LiLV :i lwa ns[kh tk ldSA pkgs ok dfork gqo©]ukVd ;k O;aX; vkijh rh[kh nhBh uS geSl fy;ka jk[kh gSA galrk&galrk ehBh&ehBh ckrka lkFkS lkapjh xgjkbZ rkabZ iwx.k jh nhB okajS jpuk jh lQGrk dS;h tk ldSAos vkijh jpukoka esa gkL; j© Lgkj© h [kqy* j fy;© gS i.k vkS gkL; d¨j© galkoS bt uh leL;kjh xgjkbZ rd iwx m.k ekFkS djkjh p¨V h djS gSAjpukoka jh fofo/krkoka fy;ka ukxjkt 'kekZ j© jpuk lalkj tho.k jh vc[kkbZ;ka lk# fd.k kar ekjxlq>koS] vO;oLFkkoka ekFkS fd.k kar p¨V djS vj tho.k jh foæwirkoka uS fd.k kar ekaMh gS] okajhvksG[kka.k b.k bdkbZ esa djk;h tk; jS;h gSAvBS gjSd jpuk vsd uwaoh nhB uS ys; lkeÈ vk;h m.kesa vsd lkekftd leL;k mBk;h gS] lkekftdfonzwirk dkuÈ /;ku fnjkbT;© cka lxGh ckrka uS U;kjk&U;kjk mnkgj.kka lwa ns[khth gSA

19-2 fol;&oLrq

¼v½ O;fäRo & thouh19-2-1 tue %

jpukdkj ukxjkt 'kekZ j© tte jktLFkku jS ls[kkokVh jk fiykuh esa gq;©A jktLFkku jS b.kls[kkokVh [ksrj esa d¢bZ egku~ gfLr;ka j© tue gq;© gS ftdh m|¨x] vFkZ] jktuhfr vjlkfgR; jS [ksrj esa vkijh Bkoh B©M+ c.kk;h gS] b.k ë jS x©jo uS vkxS c/kk;© gSA fiykuhjk ia- ls<wjke 'kekZ jS iq= :i esa ukxjkt 'kekZ j© tue 19 ekpZ] 1932 esa gq;©A b.kk jh ekrkj© uke ljLorh nsoh 'kekZ gkSA vki vkijh jpuk/kÆerk lwa [kqn uS ljLorh j© lkp© liwrfl) dj~;© gSAifjokj vj ifjosl %

ukxjkt 'kekZ j© tue vsd laLdkjh ifjokj esa gq;©A vkijS rhu cguka vj ikap kbZ gkAifjokj j© ifjosl xzkeh.k vapG jh folslrk lwa i¨flr jS;©A vka jh lxGh fl{kk&nh{kkfiykuh esa bt gqbZA

19-2-2 Hk.kkbZ %vkijh Ákjaf d fl{kk lwa ySj ,e-,- ch,M- vj folkjn~ rd jh fl{kk fiyk.kh esa bt gqbZA b.kvsd bZ B©M+ lwa tqM~;¨ jSo.k jS dkj.k b.k Hkkse lwa XgSj© yxko vj tqM+ko jg~;© gS] vBS jh iwjhtk.kdkjh h vkiuS jS;h gSA ;ka j© [kqn j© eku.k© jg~;©* d b.k {ks= jh EgkjS ys[ku esa [kklNki jS;h gSA

188

O;olk; %laLÑfr] lkfgR; vj klk j© Áseh tho fl{kk vj fl{k.k lwa vyx dkabZ l¨p ldS b.k okLrSukxjkt 'kekZ v/;kidh j© O;olk; vaxsT;© vj fiyk.kh esa bt fcjyk gkbZ Ldwy esa pkyhlcjlka rd v/;kiu dj~;©Ab.k jS vykok lkfgR; fljt.k vkijS tho.k j© egrkÅ i[k dg~;© tk ldSA lkfgR;fljt.k O;olk; uÈ g¨; vsd O;lu c.kX;© gS ft.klwa vGx© gqo.kS la o uÈ jg~;© gSAlkfgfR;d ÁfrHkk j© fodkl %ukxjkt 'kekZ j© O;fäRo lkfgR; uS lejfir jg~;© gSA ukVd dforkoka dkuh vkij© >qdkockGi.kS lwa bt gq;X;©A bUVj* jh ijh{kk nsorka h vki vf[ky kjrh; dfo lEesyu esa kxfy;©A b.k ckcr [kqn jS vkRe dF; esa b.k kar mYys[k dj~;© gS& ^^baVj esa .kkbZ djrh&Vse vf[ky kjrh; dfo lEesyu esa kx fy;Ä lu~ 1952 esa fiyk.kh esa ,d dfo lEesyugq;© ft.k esa gfjoa'kjk; cPpu] f'koeaxy Çlg ^lqeu* vj xïkyÁlkn O;kl j© dkO; ikBgq;©A m.k egku dfo;ka jS chp jpuk i<+hA y¨xka jh nkn feyh vj vkt rd dfo lEesyukaj© pld¨ uÈ NwV~;©A vc h ;nk dnk dfo lEesyuk esa fljdr d#aA**vkijh jktLFkkuh dfork ;k=k j© ifjp; b.k kar fn;© x;kS gS îSyh fgUnh esa dfork djrï.k /khjS&/khjS jktLFkkuh dkuÈ >qdko gq;©A iNS jktLFkkuh esa ys[ku 'kq# gq;©A --- fgUnhdfork jh vsd i¨Fkh ^,d gekjk ns'k* Nih ft.k ij ^Lo- ukjk;.k Álkn kxZo iqjLdkj*feY;©A b.kjS iNS jktLFkkuh dfork j¨ pld© bL;© ykX;© d¢ n¨; i¨Fkh vsd ^fcj[kkchu.kh* nwth ^Fkkj¨ dS Y;ka gka*A vs nÜ;w jktLFkkuh gkL; dforkoka jh i¨fFk;ka NiokbZAjktLFkkuh dforkoka jS ik.k kjr ze.k dj fy;©A**dfo ukxjkt 'kekZ jh iSB gkL; O;aX; jpukdkj jS :i esa jS;h gSA O;aX; dFkkoka] laLej.k]ys[kka jS ek/;e lwa vS vkijh fopkj/kkjk uS lkeÈ yko.k j© Á;kl dj~;© gS] y¨xka uS fonzwirklwa gVk ln~ekjx dkuh yko.k j© Á;kl dj~;© gS b.kj© [kqykl© djrka os fy[;© gS&^^lkfgR; lekt j© niZ.k gSA lekt esa Q¢Y;¨M+h dqjhfr;ka uS mtkxj dj.k© vj v.k dqjhfr;kauS gVk dS lqUnj] lqxe ekxZ y¨xka uS fn[kk.k© vks gh lkfgR; j© mÌsL; gSA O;aX; ,d Áeq[kfo/kk gS ft.k jS ek/;e lwa lekt esa QSY;¨M+h folaxfr;ka ij djkjh p¨V djd¢ lekt uS uqoÈfnl nh tk ldSA Egkj© [kqn j© fol; jktLFkkuh gkL; O;aX; gS] vr% b.k kar jh jpukoka jhe¨dGk;r jSos gSA y¨xka jS eu¨jatu [kkrj chp&chp esa gkL; gh Qqgkjka N¨M+dS y¨xka uS vkuanjS txr~ esa fopj.k djk;© tkoS gSA **^fc.ktkj¨* if=dk j© Ádkl.k ukxjkt 'kekZ jh vsd folsl miyfC/k dS;h tk ldSA ykjyk28&29 cjlka lwa vk lkykuk if=dk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS aMkj esa Jhof) dj jS;h gSA b.kif=dk jS Ádkl.k jS fopkj vj mÌsL; jh [kkrj cs fy[;© gS& ^^ klk j© okLrfod ÁpkjÁlkj if=dk fcuk v/kwj© gh dS;© tklhA vkt nl dj¨M+ jh klk fcuk ekU;rk jS lko xwaxhgSA Egkjh gSfl;r jS vuqlkj if=dk Ádkflr dj.kS jh rsoM+hAEgkjk kbZ Mk- x¨j/kuÇlg 'ks[kkor vj egkdfo ijes'oj ^f}jsQ* jh Ásj.kk lwa vsd lkykukNki¨ fudkG.kS j© fopkj dj~;©A lu~ 1979&80 esa ^fc.ktkj¨* uko lwa if=dk fudkG.k© l#dj~;©A**b.k if=dk jh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa D;wa t#jr gh b.k dkuÈ vkij© /;ku nsorka if=dk jSiSyS lEikndh; esa b.k kar fy[;© x;kS &^^ykjyk dbZ fnuka lwa jktLFkkuh fljt.k vj Ádkl.k eka; vsd xfrj¨/k jh fLFkfr y[kkoSA

189

lu~ lŸkj jS vSM+s NSM+S jktLFkkuh eka; dha vSM+h jpukoka vkbZ ftdh lko cnGko uS lkEgSjk[;©] cka jpukoka jh Ä.kh pjpk uÈ gqbZ vj m.kka jh Ásj.kk lwa dha uqoÈ dforkoka jS fljt.kesa Ä.kks cG feY;©A i.k vBhuS vsd Q¢#a vsd pqIih tSM+h fLFkfr utj vkoSA vkS bZ gkyÁdkl.k j¨ gS o¨ iqLrdka jS Ádkl.k j© gqoS ;k if=dkoka jS Ádkl.k jkSA vkt vdkneh jh^tkxrh t¨r*jS vykok nwth d¨bZ fu;fer if=dk uÈA g¨ ldS if=dkoka jS v ko esa h <axj© ys[ku lkeS uÈ vkor© OgSA EgS vBS if=dkoka jh leL;koka ekFkS fopkj dj.k© h pkowayki.k lkyk.kk Nki¨ dk<+.k jh ;¨tuk t#j lkeÈ jk[k.kwa pkowaAEgkjS [;ky lwa lkykuk if=dk Ádkl.k jh nhB lwa fu;fer gq; ldS gSA b.kjS vykok lky jjh eS.kr lwa pq.kÈnk jpukoka uS Ádkl esa yko.kks Ä.kks t:jh gSA ^fc.ktkj©* vkij¨ eLrh esaÄwer¨ cxr¨ jSlh vj VkGoh jpukoka] pjpk vj lkfgfR;d nhB uS ij¨Vr© jSlhA vktif=dkoka Qxr fo/kkoka jh ckuxh N¨M*j ijS gV tkoS] m.kka esa dyk vj laLÑfr jkS o¨ :iuÈ y[kkoS td¨ lkfgR; vj bfrgkl lkFkS Ä.kks ilj~;¨M+© vj tqM;¨M+© gSA bZ leS jkSijEijkoknh :i h [k¨T;¨ tk ldS gS rkS uqoka lUnj ka esa uqoh futj lwa ewY;kadu h g¨ ldSgSA ^fc.ktkj¨* bZ i[k jh [k¨t djlh vj dha bL;k Álax vj lUnj lkeÈ Y;klhA Egkjh kouk gS dS fc.ktkj¨* jktLFkkuh dyk] laLdfr vj lkfgR; j© Áfrfuf/k Nki© c.kS vj nwth klkoka lk# vsd lUnj hA vks dke EgkjS vd¢yk jkS uÈ g¨;*j iwjS jktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkjkaj© bZ gS b± okLrS pkowa dS uqoÈ vj twuh ih<+h jk lxGk fljt.k /kj jpukdkj vkij© lS;¨xnsoS vj ^fc.ktkj©* vkijh lEiérk lwa y¨xka uS e¨; ysoSA**ukxjkt 'kekZ vkt h vkijS Á;kl esa ykX;¨M+k gS vj ;kajS ln~Á;kl lwa ^fc.ktkj©* jk 29vad gky rd Ádkflr g¨; pqD;k gSA vk O;fäxr Lrj ij djh tko.k okGh vsd [kkld¨fll gSAb.k kar dg~;© tk ldS* d ukxjkt 'kekZ j© tho.k] fl{kk vj lkfgR; uS lejfir jg~;©gSA fc.ktkj©* jk 29 lkyuk vad] 8 i¨fFk;ka vj os jpukoka ftdh U;kjh&U;kjh i=&if=dkokaesa Nih] os lxGh jpukoka okajh lkfgfR;d Áfr k jS fodkl tkrjk jh Bkoh vksG[kka.k djkoSA

c- ÑfrRo & fljt.k[kkl&[kkl jpukokajktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkj jS :i esa ÁfrfLBr ukxjkt 'kekZ jh dSbZ dfr;ka Ádkflr gqbZ gSA U;kjk&U;kjkfol;ka uS ys;*j dforkoka] ukVd] vsdkafd;ka vj ys[k l:i esa vS dfr;ka lkeÈ vk;h gS] vk Ñfr;kaj© ifjp; b.k kar fn;© tk ldS&¼i½ bc rkS psr¨ ¼lu~ 1963½ &

^bc rkS psr¨* ukxjkt 'kekZ jh Ádkflr i¨fFk;ka esa lclwa iSyh i¨Fkh dS;h tk ldSA lkekftdvj jkLVªh; psruk lwa tqM++~;k fol;ka ekFkS ikap ukVd fy[;kA vS ukVd iVdFkk jh nhB lwaÄ.kh nhÄZrk fy;©M+ uÈ jg~;k i.k QSj h dF;&lansl Ä.k© egrkÅ gSA b.kk ukVdka esa gkL;vj O;aX; j© iqV gSA b.kk ukVdka jh vk folslrk jS;h* dS U;kjh&U;kjh B©M+ bu ukVdka j©eapu h gq;©Ab.k i¨Fkh j© ifjp; b.k kar fnjhT;© gS& ^îSyh i¨Fkh lu~ 1963 esa NihA b.k i¨Fkh esa ikapukVd gS ftdk .kkbZ] lQkbZ] fuj¨x vj jkLVªh; fcl;ka ekFkS fy[;k x;k gSA ukVdka esagkL;&O;aX; jks iqV görka Fkdka d¢bZ txka eafpr h gq;k gSA ukVdka jh j¨pdrk j¨ lclwacM© Áek.k laLdj.k jks vsd lky esa bZ fcdtk.k© gSA b.k i¨Fkh jh wfedk gkL; lezkVdfooj %foeys'k* th fy[kh gSA*

190

¼ii½ ,d gekjk nsl ¼cky fgUnh dfork& 1968½ &ckydka uS lnkpkj jh fl{kk vj kjr nsl jk lkpk ukxfjd c.k.k jh lh[k nso.k jh nhBlwa fgUnh esa iPphl cky dforkoka ^,d gekjk ns'k* i¨Fkh esa laxzghr djhth gSA b.kht i¨Fkhij ukxjkt 'kekZ uS ukjk;.k Álkn kxZo iqjLdkj feG~;©A gjSd dfork jS lkFkS vsd&vsdjs[kkfp= ¼Ld¢p½ h dfork jS fol; lwa tqM+;© d¨j~;© x;© gSA b.k i¨Fkh j© ifjp; b.k karfnjhT;© gS& ^b.k ckyi¨Fkh esa 25 dforkoka Vkcjka [kkrj fy[;¨M+h gSA b.k i¨Fkh ij Lo-ukjk;.k Álkn kxZo iqjLdkj feY;¨M+© gSA dforkoka j¨pd yk dkjh vj Kku c<+ko.k okyhgSaA nsl jS Áfr Áse] R;kx] lrdje lsok vj lR;&vaÇglk ij Ä.kh dforkoka fy[kh x;h gSA*

¼iii½ fcj[kk chu.kh ¼lu~ 1969&jktLFkkuh dforkoka½ &^fcj[kk&chu.kh* dkO; laxzg esa dfo ukxjkt 'kekZ jh 24 dforkoka laxzghr gSA vk i¨Fkh n¨[k.Mka esa gSA vsd [k.M esa jktLFkkuh laLdfr vj Ádfr lwa tq³~;k xhr gS r¨ nwtS [k.M esagkL; dforkoka gSA vs dforkoka dfo uS Ä.kh Áflf) fnjk;h gSA b.k dfork laxzg j© ifjp;b.k kar fn;© x;© gS& ^î¨Fkh esa 24 dforkoka Nih gSA i¨Fkh jk n¨; kx gSA iSys kx esa13 jktLFkkuh xhr fn;¨M+k gS ft.kesa jktLFkkuh ekVh jh egd vj xzkeh.k vapy jh vsd>yd feGS gSA b.k i¨Fkh esa fcj[k&chu.kh] dkGh&ihGh vka/kh] lüS j© lwjt] gGoka&gGoka]pky x¨jMh] jl cjlkoS gS] vj fgEer er uÈ gkj k;yk*] ckoM+ dS er ns[k* Ä.kh egrkÅdforkoka gS t¨ dnS eap ij Ä.kh /kwe epk;k djrhA --- nwljS [k.M esa dfo jh 11 gkL;dforkoka gS ft.kesa cÈn dh fcan¨jh] Áse i=] vlyh lektokn vkfn O;aX; jpukoka h gSA**

¼iv½ jke feykbZ t¨M+h ¼lu~ 1972½ &jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh b.k i¨Fkh esa lkr ukVd lkfey djhT;k gSA jke feykbZ t¨M+h b.kj©[kkl ukVd gSA b.kjS vykok ^pk¡n ij gey¨*] ^thork jkS [kjp*] ^Äj jh iyV.k* ukVd hÄ.kk ljko.k t¨x gSA ukVd ^jke&feykbZ t¨M+h* jktLFkkuh ikB~;Øe eka; gky h pkyS gSAb.kk ukVdka j© fol; h iqjk.kh ijEijkoka] jhfr;ka va/kfoLokl uS gVk; uwaoS lekt jS fuekZ.kj© lansl gSAb.k lk# fy[;© x;© gS& ^ûkVdka j© fol; iqjkuh lM+h xGh :f<+;ka] va/kfoLokl]tula[;k] csesy C;ko vkfn pkyw leL;koka j¨ gSA vka leL;koka j¨ lek/kku pqVhyS laoknkajS ek/;e lwa dj~;© x;© gSA**

¼v½ Fkkj¨ d¢ Y;ka gka ¼lu~ 1974½ &jktLFkkuh dkO; ijEijk esa NUn c) vj NUn foghu jpukoka jS laxzg jS :i esa Fkkj¨ d¢ Y;kgka* Ä.kh y¨d pkoh jS;h gSA gkL; O;aX; jh b.kk jpukoka esa lekt jh dSbZ folerkoka dkuÈdfo vkijh dye mBk;h gS vj ljy rjhdS lwa y¨xka j© /;ku b.ka dkuh fnjk;© gSA b.ki¨Fkh esa 38 dforkoka laxzghr gSA^Fkkj¨ d¢ Y;k gka* i¨Fkh jh fol; oLrq j© ifjp; nsork b.k kar fy[;© x;© gS& ^êSaxkbZ] zLVkpkj] pquko] vkLoklu] pUæ;k=k vkfn d¢bZ egrkÅ fol;ka ekFkS lkjFkd O;aX; fy[;kgSA i¨Fkh esa Fkkj¨ d¢ Y;ka gka] eUuS fVdV fnokns jke] vlyh lektokn] ijsei=] lektoknhcsV¨] lektoknh jsy vkfn vusd jpukoka gSA i¨Fkh esa Nanh&vNanh nüwa kar jh dforkokalkfey djh gS vj dSbZ jpukoka ^dqaMfG;k* fo/kk ij fy[kh x;h gSA b.k i¨Fkh jh T;knkrjjpukoka blh gS ft.kk jpukoka esa eapka ij ÁLrqr dj dfo uS vsd vksir© ukao feY;© gSA**

¼vi½ bc r¨ eqGd¨ & ¼lu~ 1985½ &^bc rkS eqGd¨* jktLFkkuh O;aX; ukVdka j© laxzg gSA b.k i¨Fkh esa 15 ukVd lkfeG djhT;kgSA b.kk ukVdka jk fol; fofo/krkoka fy;ka gSA vS ukVd u;S l¨p vj fopkjka jk ukVd dS;k

191

tk ldSA ^bc rkS eqGd¨* i¨Fkh jS l#vkr esa iSyh lq.k¨ Egkj yh ckr esa ukxjkt 'kekZ [kqnfy[;© gS & ^^blS ukVdka dh dkQh deh y[kkoS ftdk jaxeap dS yk;d göS] dbZ fnuka lwaukVdka dh ekax P;k#a dkuh lwa vsd lkFk vkbZ] r¨ eu esa l¨ph fd ukVd dh rhljh i¨FkhÁdkl esa Y;kbZ tk;A bZ iqLrd esa dqy 15 ukVd gSA lkjk dk lkjk ukVd fl{kkÁn]lkef;d vj lkekftd gSA ykabZ oSX;kfud [k¨t] Lo- Á/kkuea=h Jherh bfUnjk xk¡/kh chllw=h dk;ZØe lwa lEcfU/kr ukVd] cnyko] njckjh] lektoknh Q¢jk bR;kn gSA gkL; esaÛ;wr¨*] ^cVkow&nsork*] ^rhjh er¨j¨* bR;kn eapka ij [kwc Álalk ik;¨M+k gSA**b.kh i¨Fkh [kkrj vsd ifjpkf;dk esa ifjp; nsorka fy[;© gS& ^^Ldwy vj dkystka esalkekftd mRloka esa b.k ukVdka j© eapu ckj&ckj gq;¨M+ gSA fol; uwaoka vj iqjk.kk nÜ;wbZ gSA ubZ fnlk vj uwaoh l¨p jk Áxfrlhy ukVd gSA lektoknh Q¢jk] eaxy esa taxy]fMLd¨ fnokuk Ásj.kk vkfnA --- lkj :i esa lkjk ukVd fl{kkÁn Lrjh; vj eapu t¨x gS]ft.k esa eu¨jatu d¢ lkxS&lkxS lekt uS vsd lansl gSA lkekftd dqjhfr;ka uS mtkxjdj.k¨ vka ukVdka j© mÌsL; gS vj b.kj¨ lek/kku h O;aX; jh ekjQr fn;¨M+© gSA klk ljylh/kh] pViVh vj eqgkojSnkj gSA**

¼vii½ /kkiyh j© y¨dra= ¼lu~ 2005½ &^/kkiyh j© y¨dra=* vsd O;aX; laxzg gSA feu[k jS lkeftd] jktuhfrd vj vkÆFkd thoujk U;kjk&U;kjk i{kka lwa lacaf/kr Çcnqvka uS mBkj O;aX; lkeÈ yk;k x;k gSA vkt jk pquko]jktuhfr h b.k O;aX; laxzg jk [kkl fol; gSA b.k i¨Fkh j© ifjp; nsorka m.k ij Vhify[krka d¢bZ fo}ku vkijh ckr uS ;wa fy[kh gS & y{ehukjk;.k jaxk & fxyfxyhnkj gkalh*jS vral rkabZ vlj dj.k okyk O;aX; ukxjkt th jh vkijh futw gsek.khA galh&jh pkl.khfi;¨M+h O;aX; jh rh[kh /kkj] ekj* j [kkj tk.kS chek: eku[kS] lekt* j nsl [kkrj lqxjd¨VsM fiYlA T; a vsd dqly ltZu j¨xh jS vaxka jh phj&QkM+ dj eka;yh lM+.k&xG.kuS dk<j ljhj uS lkt© rkt© djS m.kh kar kbZ ukxjkt th vkijS rh[kk* j /kkjnkj O;aX;klwa vkt jS leS lekt*j eku[kS jS vax&vax esa tyers iljrs j¨xka uS tM+k ewG lwa dkV.kjh [kspG djSAcqykdh 'kekZ b.k ckcr fy[;© gS& ^^vkijh O;aX; jpukoka ckprka vkpk;Z gtkjh Álknf}osnh jh O;aX; lk# dS;¨M+h ckr psrS vkoSA oka dS;¨ gS] ^Ô;aX; og gS tgka dgus okykv/kj¨"B esa gal jgk g¨ vkSj lquus okyk fryfeyk mBk g¨ vkSj fQj h dgus okys d¨ tckcnsuk vius d¨ vkSj mikgklkRed cuk ysuk g¨ tkrk gSA** dqjlh gfFk;ko.k lk# Ll© dhdj.k uS rS;kj jsof.k;ka ekFkS ft.k kar vki l¨/k dj;© gS m.kuS ckap&lq.k j dqjlh jh xrok gh gqoS ftdh vkpk;Z f}osnh crkbZ gSA gjsd lekj¨g esa lxGka esa [kkl cf.k;¨M+k oh-vkbZ-ih-bZ Fkkajh futj lwa NwV~;k pqD;k dühA C;ko lknh jS vkSlj ekFks cÈn lwa bZ T;knk gSfl;rjk[kf.k;¨ oh-vkbZ-ih- ee¨fG;¨ mueku fdŸk¨ uktqd gqoSA**b.k kar ns[k ldka* d tho.k jS gjsd i{k tBS h jpukdkj uS foæwirk folerk fn[kh gSo¨ vkijh dye pyk;h gSA

¼viii½ fc.ktkj¨ &jktLFkkuh if=dkoka jS Øe esa ^fc.ktj¨*vsd [kkl if=dk jS;h gSA b.k if=dk jh vk folslrkjS;h gS dS b.kjh NikbZ O;fäxr Lrj ekFkS gq; jh gS ft.kj© tl ukxjkt 'kekZ uS fn;© tkoSAvk if=dk lu~ 1980 lwa yx©yx Ni jS;h gSA gky rd b.kjk 29 vad Ádkflr gq; pqdk gSAlkfgR; jh U;kjh&U;kjh fo/kkoka eka; jpukdkj vkijh jpukoka b.kesa lkeÈ ykork fj;k gSAgj vad vi.kS vki esa [kkl gSA ^fc.ktkj¨* jh lkfgfR;d lkexzh j© ifjp; b.k ekar fnjhT;©

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gS& ^^fc.ktkj¨ jS gjsd vad esa lkB&lŸkj uwoka vj iqjk.kka jpukdkjka uS m.kjh nqyZ jpukokalesr Nki.kS jh O;oLFkk gSA dfork] dgkuh] O;aX;] ukVd ys[k vj ij[k vkfn vusd LrE gSA jpukoka esa tBS foxr jh l¨/kiw.kZ lkexzh gS oBS bZ uwoh nhB vkGh jpukoka h lkfey gSAvke ikBdka uS eu¨jatu jS lkxS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lwa ifjpS djok.k© if=dk j¨ [kkl eqn~n¨gSA l¨/k fo|kÆFk;ka [kkrj ^fc.ktkj¨* mi;¨xh if=dk c.k pqdh gSA fc.ktkj¨ bZ vsd ek=if=dk gS tdh fu;fer gS vj jktLFkkuh fy[kkjka uS vsd eap Ánku djS gSA if=dk uS tBSpkok lkfgR;dkjka j© vklhjokn feGS gS] cBS bZ ;qok lkfgR;dkjka j© v.kwr© lS;¨x feGj~;©gSA b.kjS chloS vad jS lkxS fof é kjrh; klkoka jh pkoh jpukoka j¨ jktLFkkuh vuqokn h pkywdj;© gSA --- lŸkj iLBka lwa pkyw djh x;h if=dk vkt 400&425 iLBka esa NiS vksif=dk jS fodkl jh dk.kh dSos gSA lkfgR;dkjka lwa carG vj cqtqxZ lkfgR;dkjka jklk{kkRdkj b.k if=dk jh [kkl miyfC/k gSA ft.k jh P;k#a dwaVk lkfgr jh egd gSA**ukxjkt 'kekZ jh b.k lkfgR; lsok jS dkj.kS ckauS dSbZ lEeku vj iqjLdkj feG~;k gS ftdkb.k kar gS&1- ukjk;.k Álkn kxZo cky lkfgR; iqjLdkj2- ;qok ln~ kouk lfefr vj ;wFk Dyc] fiykuh lwa lEeku3- jktLFkku lkfgR; laLFkku] >qa>quw lwa lEekfur4- fgUnh vdkneh] gSnjkckn dkuh lwa ^'kCn lezkV* mikf/k lwa lEekfur5- jktLFkkuh fodkl eap tky©j lwa Mh-fyV~ jh mikf/k6- ftyk dyDVj dkuh lwa jktLFkkuh ltu lk# lEeku7- jktLFkkuh if=dk] >qa>quw dkuh lwa d.k/kkj lEeku8- x©jh'kadj deys'k iqjLdkj] d¨Vkb.k kar dg~;© tk ldS* d ukxjkt 'kekZ j© O;fäRo vj dfrRo jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jSfodkl lk# lejfir j;© gSA ukxjkt 'kekZ jh fopkjnhB U;kjh&U;kjh jpukoka jS tfj;SlkeÈ vk;h gS m.kuS b.k kar ekaM~;© tk ldS &

19-3 ukxjkt 'kekZ jS jpukoka jh fopkj nhB &

vsd jpukdkj jh vksG[kka.k m.kjS O;fäRo lwa gqoS bZ gS i.k [kkl fiNk.k m.kjS dfrRo lwa gqoS T;wam.kjk fopkj dkabZ gS\ vj o¨ vkijS lkfgR; lwa lekt uS dkabZ fnlk nsoxh pkoSA lekt uS fd.k kar<kG.kh pkoS] lekt jh folerkoka vj fonwzirkoka uS o¨ fd.k kar ns[kS] m.kj© fd.k kar lek/kkunjlkoS vS lxGh ckrka m.kjh jpukoka uS ns[;ka fcuk uÈ le> ldkaA ;wa h gjsd jpukdkj vkijhjpuk /kÆerk esa vsd vknlZ lkeÈ ysj pkyS] vsd lqiu© ysj pkyS vj m.kh lqiuS eqtc o¨ vkijSlkfgR; uS <kGS] lqiuka jh b.k nhB uS ns[;ka fcuk m.k lkfgR;dkj j© v/;;u iwj© uÈ dS;© tk ldSAjpukdkj jh lQyrk h tnh ekuhtS tn o¨ vkijh jpukoka lwa vknlZ lekt jh jpuk lkeÈ ykoS]fonzwirkoka&folerkoka lwa yM+.k jh Ásj.kk nsoS vj okauS gVk; vsd vknlZ lekt j© [kkd© lkeÈ jk[kStnh jpukdkj jh fljt.k lk/kuk lQy dS;h tk ldSAlkfgR; uS lekt jh vkjlh dg~;© tkoS b.k okLrS lekt jh folerkoka] fonzwirkoka j© cj.kko tslkfgR; esa gqoS r¨ m.kj© n¨l h gS i.k vks n¨l tn c.kS tn d¨jh cqjkb;ka lkeÈ yk;h tkoS] okauSesV.k j© d¨bZ jkLr© uÈ fn[kk;kS tkoSA lekt jk n¨l&fx.kko.k lkFkS ckaj© funku crko.k lwa btjpukdkj lekt esa vkijh wfedk lkarjS <ax lwa fu ko dj ldSA vks jpukdkj vkijh jpuk jhlkFkZdrk h b.kh <ax lwa fln~/k dj ldSA lkfgR; jh pkgs fdlh uh fo/kk ;k jpuk j© fdlks h dkygqoS lekt lwa m.kj© xsgj© tqM+ko gwo.k© pkbtS ts m.kj© lkfgR; lwa tqM+ko uÈ gqoSyk r¨ lekt m.k

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jpukdkj uS uÈ vaxstSykAukxjkt 'kekZ jh jpukoka uS ts lekt jh nhB lwa ns[kka r¨ dS;© tk ldS* dS pkgs os dfork fy[kh]ukVd] vsdkadh fy[kh ;k d¨bZ O;aX; ys[k fy[;© lekt uS dnh vkijh nhB lwa vGx© uÈ dj~;©Aohajks lkekftd dkj.k gS* d jktLFkkuh tu&ekul ukxjkt 'kekZ uS Ä.k© vknj fn;© gSAlkfgfR;d fo/kk jh nhB lwa ns[kka r¨ ukVd&vsdkadh vj O;aX; Á/kku ys[kka lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka;ukxjkt 'kekZ jh pkoh B©M+ jS;h gSA vBS foLysl.k h x| lkfgR; j© b.k [kkl r©j lwa dj~;© tkoSyki.k QSj h okajh dÈ dforkoka jh vksG[kk.k dj.kh t#jh gSA vka dforkoka esa eku[kS jh euöfŸk;kaj© [kqy© fprjke ekaMhT;© gSA vkt jS tqx esa jktuhfr gjsd {ks= esa Ä.kh gkoh gq;xh gSA jktuhfresa lQy gqo.k okLrS pquko yM+.k©&yM+ko.kh Ä.k© t#jh gS A gjsd jktuhfrK jS tho.k j© mÌsL;ikVÊ j© fVdV yso.k© vj gj kar lwa pquko thr.k lk: lM~;a= djS] o¨ b.k okLrS fdrjkNG&Nn~e] ukVd djS] turk uS ewj[k c.kkoSA ikVÊ jk fVdV okLrS usrk fd.k kar ykykf;r jSoSvj fd.k kar ÁkFkZuk djS] gkL; j© iqV fy;ka vk dfork usrkoka jk fVdV Á;kl uS lkeÈ ykoS&^^jÄqifr jkÄo jktkjke @ esj¨ dke cuk ns jke @ t; jÄquUnu t; fl;kjke @ euSfVdV fnykns jke @xxx ,d t.k¨ esjs ysj~;ka iM+j;© @ fnYyh Qü cjkcj dj j;© @Áfr}anh c.k vka[k fn[kkj~;© @ ÅuS [kre djkns jke @ esj© dke c.kkns jke @xxx ek;k;qod [kqn Egkj¨ csV¨ @ esjh taxk itk ns jke @ mUuS fVdV fnokns jke @ esj¨ dkec.kkns jke @ bc gS j¨G¨ efgykoka d¨ @esjh iruh Hkh efgY;k gS vse ,y-,- c.k [kwcf[kySxhA xxx bc rk.kh c¨Gk ny cnG~;k @ vc esa lkld ny esa cM+x© @ lŸkk d¢xfy;kjS esa @ eSa Äky dcÏh ghj¨ c.kx¨ @ xxx fcuk fVdV dS tS jk[k©xk @ r¨ lq.kY;©gM+dk T;kÅax¨ @ ixyS dh T;wa Hkkt&Hkkt dj @ lcdh iÈMh esa dkVwax¨ @ ugÈ c.kk;ësj¨ dke @ euS fVdV fnyk ns jke @ jÄqifr jkÄo jktk jkeAA**

¼ukxjkt 'kekZ % Nank j© gydkj© %½b.k dfork esa jktuhfr jh iÿ [kÿS tBS vkt jk usrk gj lwjr esa lŸkk vkijS gkFk esa jk[k.kh pkoSAlŸkk pkgs m.kjS csVS uS feGS] ;k yqxkbZ uS jktuhfrK dqlÊ j© e¨g uÈ N¨M+ ikoSA pkgs fdlh h ikVÊgqo© gj ikVÊ esa b.k karjk usrk feGS ft.kjh iÿ dfo [kÿh gSAvkt jS tqx esa lkfgR; thoh y¨xka j© tho.k Ä.k© nq j gq;X;© gSA cs lkfgR; jS j¨lS vkij© tho.kclj uÈ dj ldS vj vxj os lkfgR; jS j¨lS thoS r¨ Ä.kk det¨j vj lxrhghu gq; tkoSAukxjkt 'kekZ lkfgR;dkjka jh b.k fLFkfr uS ns[k Ä.kk nq%[kh gSA vkijh vsd dfork esa gkL; jS lgkjSlkfgR;dkjka jh nlk j© fp= [kÈpSA gkL; jS LgkjS pkyrS b.k O;aX; esa dfo lekt lwa vihy djS dokauS lkfgR;dkjka jS Áfr dŸkO; fu ko.k¨ pkbtS* d D;wa* d lkfgR;dkj h lekt [kkrj l¨pS&

^^vsd jänku f'kfoj esadfo 'ksjÇlg jänku dj.k lS iwapxkAMkDVj dfoth jh c¨Mh uS fuj[k* j cŸ;kdfojkt js.k |¨] Fks det¨j gÄ[kwu jh FkkajS esa] NkaV düh] tk.k |Ädfojkt ljhj lwa bZ fiÌh gkAcb;ka c¨r ftÌh gk! iljxkAvj jänku vkGh ckr ij vM+xkAvkf[kj MkDVj etcwj g¨xö¨ dfojkt jS ljhj lwa vsd lhlh [kwu dkM~;©]r¨ dfo th csg¨l g¨xk]

194

MkDVj ;k gkyr ns[k Äcjk;¨]dfoth uS g¨l tn vk;¨tn m.kka jS n¨ lhlh [kwu p<k;©A**

¼jänku % fc.ktkj¨½vkt j© dfo lekt uS vkijS <ax lwa flf{kr dj.kh pkoS i.k lekt dfo uS gGdS <ax lwa ysoS b.kj© h dfo uS nq%[k gS ^<k.kh lqxuÇlg esa dfo lEesyu* esa dfo b.k koka uS njlk;k gS J¨rklaosnukghu gS vj vk;¨td Ä¨j LokFkÊ vj O;kikjh fdLe jk gS&^^dfo lEesyu lekIr g¨rka bZ @ eSa cŸ;© @ nhipUnth Msj¨ dBS] vj @ ¨tu dh O;oLFkk dBS\@ nhipUn cŸ;¨] dS d¢j~;k gS kbZ bD;kou gkGS @ rsjh esjh d¢ ckr g¨;h Fkh& @ ¨tu fljQ[kqjkdh gkGS [kkrj Fkks @ ckdh lkjk dke udnk&udnh Fkk @ rUuS n¨ vsMokal fn;¨M+k gS @ ckdhmuapkl ys T;k @ vj ngh dh tkr xSyk iknjk iM;+k lS @ FkkjS ?kjka pY;k tk@ **&

¼<k.kh lqxuÇlg esa dfo lEesyu % fc.ktkj¨%½ukxjkt 'kekZ dforkoka jS lkFkS ewG :i lwa x| fy[;© gSA jktLFkkuh O;aX;dkjka esa ukxjkt 'kekZ jhBkoh B©M+ jS;h gS cs ukVd] vsdkadh vj O;aX; ys[ku lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh lsok djh gS A vkajhx| ys[ku jh fopkj nhB vj jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jS ;¨xnku uS b.k kar ns[k ldka&19-3-1 lkekftd nhB &

ukxjkt 'kekZ vkijh jpukoka jS tfj;S vkijS fopkjka uS lkeÈ yk;k gSA lkekftd folerkoka]dqjhfr;ka] va/kfoLokl ekFkS XgSjh p¨V b.k jpukoka jh folslrk dS;h tk ldSA csesy fookg]ngst ÁFkk] csVk&csVh j© Qjd] efgyk tkxj.k tSM+k fol;ka uS ysj ukxjkt 'kekZ vkijhjpukoka lkeÈ yk;k gSA

19-3-2 lkekftd dqjhfr;ka &lkekftd dqjhfr;ka vj iqjk.kka jhfr fjokt lwa lekt j© fodkl uÈ gq;lD;© gS dqjhrkafeu[k uS Åapks uÈ mB.k nsoSA pkgs Äj esa C;ko gqoS ;k d¨bZ ejS gj B©M+ dqjhfr feu[k uSÄsj ysoS vj eku[k© m.k dqjhfr;ka uS >syr© [kqnj© fodkl uÈ dj ldSAukxjkt 'kekZ vkijh jpukoka esa vka dqjhfr;ka uS lekt lwa gVko.k okLrS lekt jS lkeÈ dÈvknlZ jk[;k gSA ^bc r¨ eqGd¨* esa ^lektoknh Q¢jk* ,dkadh esa vkn'kZ C;ko j© fp= lkeÈjk[;© gS ft.k esa uÈ r¨ ngst fy;© tkoS vj uÈ fd.kÈ kar jh dqjhfr fu kbZ tkoS A o¨ ekuSb.k esa ;qodka uS vkxS vko.k© iM+S t.kka bZ dqjhfr;ka gV ldSA b.k vksdkadh esa cÈn jktk b.kdqjhfr uS gVko.k okLrS vkxS vk;© gS&^^jes'k% D;kad¨ Áca/k! pk] ik.kh Äjka lwa djdS vk;ka gk cl ;¨ <qdko gh letY;©Ar¨j.k eaxokvks] cl lw.k bZ r¨ dj.k© gS ¼lkp dS.kwa½ eSjs r¨ ;¨ nLrwj ch düh tpS]i.k dS djka ckiwth dbZ ckrka esa ftÌ idM+h jk[kh gS tk.kÈ r¨j.k C;ko djok.kS d¨xsV ikl gqoSA

jes'k% lektoknh Q¢jk bZ djoko¨ if.Mr th] Vkbe de ykxS vj Áxfrlhyfopkjka lS ifjp; g¨ ldSA vkf[kj ;qodka uS vkidh ftEesnkjh d¨ c¨/k r¨ g¨.k¨bZ pk;sABgj¨ iafMrth eSa Q¢jk tn Y;wax© tn ;¨ ÄqaÄV gVlh ¼ÄwaÄV dkuh blkj¨½ i<+hfy[kh N¨Vh crko¨ g¨ vj ÄwaÄV esa yisV dS gtkjka cjl ihNS /kd¢y.k© pko¨ gÄesjk firkth vabZ;k dk dühA vlyh lg;¨x r¨ m.kka d¨ gSA esjk firkth tekuSdh gok fiNk.kxk gSA v.kk d¨ lg;¨x uÈ feyr¨ r¨ eSa vd¢y¨ dqN uÈ dj

195

ldr©A**va/kfoLokl lekt uS Äsj jk[;© gS vj b.kk va/kfoLoklka jS pkyrka lekt j© fodkl uÈ gqoSAfeu[k jS ej~;ka iNS m.kj© Jk) djhtS vj lky esa vsd i{k bZ Jk)&i{k fx.khtSA y¨xiafMrka uS ftekoS vj eku yS* d okajS ekbZr LoxZ esa iwxX;k ;k okaj© e¨{k gq;X;©A b.k Jk)ÁFkk j© foj¨/k U;wr©* vksdkadh esa djhT;© gS tBS vsd if.Mr [kqn uS y¨xka j© iki esV.k okG©ekuS&^îafMrth% vko¨th] vkT;ko¨ Ugk;¨ /k¨;¨ R;kj cSB~;¨ gwaA vS dGtqx esa esjS l¨rI;¨M+ cke.k dBS <wa<;© ch uÈ feysxÄ esjs ijrki lS eSy dVT;k] esjS ri lSchekjh] Hkwr Ásr vkb;ka HkkxS xxx ljkn ykX;ka nl fnu g¨X;kA Mcy U;wrk vk;kgS lnk] ij vkt ,d dkHkh njl.k nqjyHk g¨j~;k gSA gs esjk lkaofj;k tS vb;ka dktteku iSnk djsx¨ r¨ EgkjS ftlh foHkwfr;ka d¨ Hkj.k i¨l.k dS;ka g¨lhA**b.kh iafMrth j¨ csV© tn vkijS firkth uS b.k U;wrka okLrS rM+Qr¨ ns[kS o¨ dSoSd¢ U;wrka jS okLrS bartkj dj.k© czkã.kka jS iru j© dkj.k c.kr© tk jg~;© gSA osb.kjh f[kykQr djrka dSos&^^ls[kj% ckiw ;k bZ pht i.Mrk d¢ iru d¨ dkj.k fln g¨jh gSA es.kr dj dSvki&vkidh j¨Vh [kko¨] tn tk* j th.kä lkFkZd göSxÄ vkt [kqn ifjJe uÈdj j nwljka ij vklfjr g¨.kka Hk¨r Ä.k¨ iki gS firkthA b± iki dh ltk Fkkjhlarku uS Hkh Hkqxr.kh iM+lhA**

¼bc r¨ eqGd©% U;wr©½19-3-3 efgyk tkxj.k

ukjh] lekt j© vk/k¨ vax jg~;© gS QSj h lfn;ka lwa ukfj;ka uS vkS lekt nckor¨ vk; jg~;©gS] okauS ijnka esa jk[krks vk;© gSA vkS lekt okajh Áfr k uS uÈ fiNk.kh] ukfj;ka jh folslrkokauS nck; okauS pwYgk p©dk rd bt lesV* j jk[k nhAvc tqx/kkj cnGxh gS vkt jS tqx esa ukjh j© Äj lwa ckjS vko.k© t:jh gSA tqx jh ekaxgS d ok Äj lwa ckjS vkoS ejn jS lkFkS da/kk lwa da/kks feGkj dke djS m.kjS lkFkS pkySA vkt:jr b.k ckr jh h gS* d efgykoka esa ftdh folslrkoka gS okuS ckjS yk;© tkoS] okajS xq.kkauS ij[k okauS lekt esa cj¨cjh j© njt© fn;© tkoSA vkt jh ukjh vkijS gdka jS okLrS Á;kldj h jS;h QSj h vks jpukdkj vkijk ukVdka* vsdkafd;ka esa b.k rjS jk fopkj jk[;k gSft.klwa efgykoka esa psruk vkoS] vks lekt oakjS gd uS le>S] okajS egŸo uS le>SA^bc r¨ eqGd¨* vksdkadh laxzg esa ^yqxk;ka jh l k* vksdkadh esa l kifr vkijk fopkj jk[krkad¢oS&^^lHkkifr% okLro esa ;k vki.kh det¨jh gSA lc lSa iSyh vkikaauS laxfBr g¨.k©pk;s] ikNS nqfu;k dh d¨bZ rkdr ugÈ r¨ vki.k© l¨l.k dj ldSAea=h% lc efgykoka jh ;k gh jk; gS r¨ vkikauS vki.k© laxBu c.kk.k© pk;s vktgh vsd blh laLFkk c.kk.kh pk;s t¨ efgykoka d¢ vf/kdkjka dh j{kk djSA esjh jk;;k gS* d ,s laxBu d¨ uke efgyk Ád¨LB jk[;© tkoSA

ea=h% cw<+h yqxk;ka uS fopkj/kkjk cnG.kh iM+SxhA vkt vkika uS ngst ÁFkk [kredjuh gS] Hkwoka ij vR;kokj [kre dj.k© gSA vSa laxBu esa oS gh lkeG g¨ ldS gSt¨ okLro esa lekt d¨ Hky¨ pkoSA uo;qofr;ka vkxS vkoS] ;¨ gh Egkj© O;fäxrfopkj gSA** ¼vc r¨ eqGd¨ % yqxk;ka dh lHkk½

196

ukxjkt 'kekZ vkijk ukVd vj vsdkafd;ka esa b.k rjS jk ik= lkeÈ yk;k gS ftdk vkijh wfedkoka lwa lekt esa fodkl jh ckr lkeÈ ykoS] lekt esa cnGko jh ckr l¨pSA vsd uwaohcÈn.kh jS Äj esa vkorka b.k Äj esa fd.k kar j© cnGko gqoS ^jke feykbZ t¨M+h* esa vk lkeÈvkoS&^^L;¨Álkn% ys HkkbZ Ugko¨ --- oS;ka dky Ugk;k FkkA bc j¨thuka Ugk.k© iM+Sx© Äj esaubZ chu.kÈ vkxh uS --- csVk chuk] lkc.k dh cÍh Y;k;S fn[kkaAchu.kh% eq>s xknM+h D;ä dgrs g©! vktdy vkSjr fdlls de gS\ lkjs ns'k dk'kklu ra= vsd vkSjr us laHkky j[kk FkkA vius vkid¨ enZ dgus okys y¨xä dhewaNs uhph g¨ pqdh gSaAyqxkbZ vj vkneh dk vsd fopkj gq; tkoS r¨ vkS vkxS c/k ldSA m.k ifjokj j© h y©gq; tkoS vj lekt j© h y© gq; tkoSA jke feykbZ t¨M+h* vsdkadh esa ÄuL;ke vj ohu.khjk jr okD; b.k ckr j© fopkj lkeÈ ykoS&&ÄuL;ke& /ku&/ku Egkj¨ kx gS] vk;k EgkjS ykjA

feu[k tqekj¨ lqQy gS] ;¨ tho.k j© lkjAAEgS Fkk e¨Fkk ckoGk] T;wa taxG dk :a[kAFks g¨] lkxS nk;t¨] Y;k;k lkR;wa lq[kAA

chu.kh& n'kZu djd¢ vkidk] ge gSa jkth vktAvki gekjh jkx g¨] ge cu tk,a lktAAlkl gekjh ljLorh] lqlj feys xokuAuun lqjhyh ckalqjh] T; a lkr a idokuAA**

19-3-4 uwaoS lekt jh ifjdYiuk &gjsd jpukdkj jh vk ealk gq;k djS* d o¨ vkijh jpukoka lwa lekt esa cnGko ykoSA vkSlekt m.kjh jpukoka j© eÿ djSA b.k okLrS o¨ eku[kS jS lkeÈ vknlZ lekt jh ifjdYiukjk[kS ft.kuS vk/kkj c.kk feu[k vkxS c/k ldS vj lekt uS h vkxS ys tk ldSA êaxG esataxG* vsdkadh esa eaxG xzg jh O;oLFkk jh ifjdYiuk djrka /kjrh jh leL;koka fd.k karfeV ldS jpukdkj ukxjkt 'kekZ le>ko.k j© Á;kl dj~;© gS&^^fpeu¨% vki.kh /kjrh ij r¨ vkNk tqye g¨ jg~;k gSA dbZ Hkw[k ej jg~;k gS r¨dbZ U;wrk the&the d¢ isV ij Fkidh nsj~;k gSA dbZ;ka dk isV ihB lS fpidj;kgS r¨ dbZ y¨x vkidk isV Vked T;wa ctkj~;k gSA ---[ksr¨% blh vlekurk r¨ d¨bZ xzg esa düh g¨xhAd¢&2 % Egkjh tk.kdkjh esa r¨ dksuh HkkbZth! Fkkjh /kjrh ij ch /kuoku y¨x¨ uSvHkkoxzLr vknfe;ka ij ihlk [kjp dj.kk pk;SA iNS ihlk dS dke vkoSxkA[ksr¨% ej düh tk ! Egkjh /kjrh ij Hkk;k ceka ij vj yM+kbZ d¢ lkeku ij br.kïhl¨ [kjp dj~;© tk jg~;© gS--- br.k© ihl© d¢ vS ihlk lS lkjh /kjrh dh xjhchnwj djh tk ldSA**

19-3-5 ojx lekurk ij t¨j & kjrh; lekt d¢bZ oxk± esa caV~;¨M+ jg~;© gS A vs ojx tkfr /kje vj iblka jS vk/kkj ijxjhc vehj jk gSA lekt esa lekurk tn bt vk; ldS tn b.kk jk chpyk vUrj feVtkoSA gjsd mPp ojx j© vkneh uhpS dkuÈ ns[kS m.kjh lgk;rk djS] m.kjS nq[k nnZ us esVSAtn lc y¨x vsd nwts j© /;ku jk[kS r¨ lekt esa folerk feV ldSA ^njckjh* vsdkadh esa

197

vk ckr lkeÈ ykorka ukxjkt 'kekZ ;wa fy[;© gS&^^Ádk'k% --- lc t.kka vki vkid¨ thou Lrj Åap¨ dj jk[;© gSA v.k uS Çprkdüh m.k lsdM+k Ákf.k;ka dh t¨ i¨ ekg d¢ tkMS esa x¨Mka esa flj fn;ka jkr dkMnSA v.k uS Çprk düh m.k cPpka dh t¨ dqi¨l.k d¢ ÁHkko j¨xh g¨rk tkj~;k gS]lsBth Q¢:a vkilS gkFk t¨M+ vjt gS* d xkaok gkGka ij Fk¨M+© l¨ jge djÄvkt FkkuS Hkxoku l¨ dhaeh fn;© gS] Åa d¨ lnqi;¨x dj¨] tBS lS ihl¨ deko¨cBS d¢ y¨xka d¨ /;ku ch jk[kÄ ihl¨ iwjS lekt d¨ göS FkkjS ,dyk d¨ ubZA**ckr ;k gS lsBth ! vki.kS okl esa ikap lkr vkneh blk gS ftdk d¢ Äj esa nÜ;wa VSe pqYy¨ch düh cGSA m.kkuS Fk¨M+h enn dh t:jr gSA m.kk dS ;¨X; cPpk uS u©djh dh t:jtgS] ;k ckr fdr.kh vij¨xh gS fd lkj¨ xkao /kk;¨ löS os y¨x w[kk jöSA ¼njckjh% bcr¨ eqGd¨½lksl.k j© foj¨/k &oxZ sn&fo sn jS lkFks lksl.k h vsd e¨Vh leL;k jS;h gS ftdh lkekftd vkÆFkdvO;oLFkk lwa tqM+h jS;h gSA gjsd l{ke vkneh vkilwa det¨j j© fd.kh u fd.kh :i esalksl.k djSAO;kikjh vj lwn[k¨n xjhcka j© vkÆFkd lksl.k djSA C;kt lwa [kqnj© Äj c.kkoS vj fucGka j©y¨gh pwlSA ukxjkt 'kekZ vkijh jpukoka esa lksl.k j© gj kar foj¨/k dj~;© gSA ^cnGko*vsdkadh esa C;kt[k¨j lsB j© cj.kkko gS lkFkS cnGko j© ikB h i<k;© x;© gS&^^L;¨pan % ¼mNG d¢½ n¨ l© rjslB C;kt dk \ Hk¨r djM+ C;kt yxkoÄeu¨gj% ¼cgh ns[krka&ns[krka½ jS rw r¨ Äj d¨ bZ vkneh gS ugh ar¨ ruS djM+S lcndh ifjHkklk cnG.kh iM+rhAL;¨pan% ckj r¨ck r¨ Fks Äkyj~;k gÄ Egs r¨ lsBth fil.k [kkrj c.;ka gka l¨filrk b tkj~;k gkaA euS r¨ FkkjS ij n;k vkoS gS dS ,d r¨ C;kt djM+ yxko¨vj ikNS EgkjS ij b myVh djM+ fn[kkoÄeD[ku & Egkj¨ r¨ ;¨ bZ dS.k© gS d¢ m/kkj :fi;k ysof.k;¨ ch vkneh b göS gSAT;knk eruka pwl©AoSnth & [kSj D;wa r¨ vlj gq;¨ C;kt düÈ N¨MS r¨ csxkj r¨ düÈ ys vj dkedjokoS r¨ ihlk nsosA vS fopkj ifjorZu ij lsB FkuS c/kkbZA**¼cnyko% bc r¨ eqGd¨½

19-3-6 jktuhfr ekFkS O;aX; &jktuhfr vkt jS eku[kS jS tho.k j© egrkÅ vax c.kxh gSA iSyka y¨x jktuhfr lwa vyxkojk[krk i.k vcS cs jktuhfr lwa vGxk uÈ gq; ldSA vkt jktuhfr lsok uÈ c.k* j O;olk;c.kxh gS vj b.kesa d¢bZ cqjkb;ka vk;xh gSA usrk jktuhfr uS vkijh ci©rh c.kk; b.kuSihf<+;ka j© /ka/k© c.kk;© gSA

jktusrkoka jh ÁofŸk;ka lwa tqM~;k dSbZ Áalxka ij ukxjkt 'kekZ vkijh dye pyk;h gSA uhfr;ka]fl)kUrka vj ukjka j© ft.k kar l:i cnGr© tk; jg~;© gS] vkijS O;aX;ka lwa okaj© inkZQkl dj~;©gSA jktuhfr j© d¢Uæ pquko vj pquko iNS lŸkk j© ykyp lxGk b.kh jS vksGk&n¨Gk fQjS ukxjkt'kekZ fy[;© gS&^^dqjlh jh n©M+ esa Hkkjr jk y¨x jkr&fnu vsd dj jk[kh gSA e©d¨ feG;¨ vj gfFk;k;hdqjlhA xxx vlyh ekulwu jh rjt ij vks pqukoh ekulwu Hkh vfuf'pr bZ gSA dnS leS

198

ij vkT;k] dnS iSyka vkT;k vj dnS vkoS bZ uÈA ekulwu jS vkoarka bZ vi.kS nqHkkZX; uSl©HkkX; esa cnG.kS lk: dqjlh jh n©M+ esa Q¢:a ykxT;kA xxx Ä¨l.kkoka jh cj[kka lwa o¨Vjkaj© eue;wj fMld¨ fn[kko.k ykxSA** ¼tura= vj dqjlh % vsd v/;;u½^dqjfl;¨* O;aX; esa dqjlhÁlkn j© fprjke [kÈP;© gS vks fprjke fd.kh vsd jktuhfrd j©bZ uÈ de¨cs'k lxGk jktuhfrKka j© gh gS && Û;k;ikfydk vj dk;Zikfydk dqjlhÁlknjh nklh g¨xhA dqjlh Álkn gh dkuwu c.kxÄ xxx foj¨/kh v.k ij d¢bZ Ä¨VkGk j¨ ukeyxk;Ä lh-ch-vkbZ- d¢bZ Ä¨VkGk idM~;kA dqjlh Álkn eq[;ea=h in lwa bLrhQ¨ ns;fn;©A fo/kk;dka c.kjh yqxkbZ us eq[;ea=h c.kknhA dqjlh Álkn uS tSy g¨xhA dqjlhÁlkntsy esa Hkh dqjlh düh N¨M+hA U;k;ikfydk ls lEeku djrk Fkdka dqjlhÁlkn tsy esacSB~;© /keZiRuh lŸkk jS ekjQr m;ka gh jkt pykj~;© gSA dqjfl;S jh gkj lŸkk nsoh esafoyhu g¨* j vejRo dkuh pky iM+hA** ¼dqjfl;¨ % /kkiyh j© y¨dra=½efgyk vkj{k.k lwa jktuhfr esa efgykoka j© Áos'k gq;X;© gS i.k vlyh lŸkk iq#"kka jS gkFkesa bt gS ^/kkiyh j¨ y¨dra=* esa b.k ckr uS ekaM~;© gS& ^^lxG¨ xkao /kkiyh jS Hkkx uSljkor©A feÇVx gqorh tn ck rkjkpUn uS iwN* j tkrhA dq.kl¨ ÁLrko Çd;ka ikl dj.k¨gS] c¨ dke rkjkpan jh j.kuhfr jS eqtc görÄ --- Qxr Á/kku cnG~;© ckdh y¨dra=vkijh j¶rkj lwa pky.k ykxjS;¨ gÄ ljdkjh ibZl¨ rkjkpan jS dq.kcS esa iSyh jh rfj;kabZ vko.k ykxX;Ä Qjd Qxr brj¨ bZ dS lxGS ykHk eka; lwa 25 fQlnh fgLl© dV.kykxX;¨ ftd¨ Jherh /kkika nSoh jS fodkl okLrS r; dj fn;¨ x;Ä** ¼/kkiyh j¨ y¨dra=½b.k kar ns[k ldka ukxjkt 'kekZ vkijh jpukoka jS ek/;e lwa tho.k jh U;kjh&U;kjh leL;koka us mBk;hgS vkijS O;aX;ka jS ek/;e lwa leL;koka us lkeÈ yk;k gS vj dBS&dBS okaj© lek/kku h dj~;© gSA O;aX;kajS lkFkS gkL; j© iqV fn;© gSA gkL; vj O;aX; jS b.k lqesy lwa jpukoka Ä.kh lgt c.kxh gSA

19-4 Hkklk&flYi %

jpukdkj vkijh ckr vj vkijk fopkjka uS klk vj flYi jS ek/;e lwa lkeÈ ykoSA klk jh ljyrkvj lSyh jh lgtrk jpuk uS y¨d lwa t¨M+sA y¨d m.kh jpuk uS vaxstS vj fg;S lwa Lohdkj djSftdh ljy vj LgSt gqoSA klk vj flYi jh nhB lwa ns[kka r¨ ukxjkt 'kekZ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk lQy x|dkj dS;k tkldSA ukxjkt 'kekZ jh klk ljy jktLFkkuh jS;h gSA b.k klk ij 'ks[kkokVh cÿh j© Á ko LgStns[;© tk ldSA ukVd vj vsdkadh esa klk ik=kuqdwy jS;h gSA ik=kuqdwy klk j© Á;¨x jpukdkjjh folslrk dS;h tk ldSAftdk ik= fgUnh cÿs mBS fgUnh j© Á;¨x djhT;© gSA i<~;k&fy[;k ik=ak jS lkFkS&lkFkS nwtk ik= h cÿpky jk vaxzsth 'kCnka jka lQyrk lwa Á;¨x dj~;© gSAlSyh jh nhB lwa ns[kka r¨ O;aX;kRed jpuk gqo.k lwa O;atuk lSyh j© Á;¨x djhT;© gSA O;aX; BhdljtBS p¨V dj.kh gS mBS p¨V djS ft.klwa ckr j© vsdne lgh vlj gqoSA O;aX; jS lkFkS&lkFkS gkL;j© iqV O;aX; jS rh[kkl uS de dj~;© gSAukxjkt 'kekZ vkijh ckr] vkijk fopkjka uS vketu vj vke ikBd rd iwxko.kh pkoS vj vkijS b.kmÌs'; esa os iwjk lQy jg~;k gS dfo vj O;aX;dkj jS :i esa okajh iSB b.k ckr jh lk[k jSA

19-5 jktLFkkuh O;aX; ijEijk eka; ukxjkt 'kekZ &

O;aX;] vO;oLFkk ekFkS xgSjh p¨V djS nwth dkuÈ gkL; jS iqV lkFkS Fk¨M+© *d xqnxqnkoS h gSA O;aX;ijEijk dkuh ns[kka r¨ lkQ y[kkoS *d lekt jh gjsd Ádkj jh vO;oLFkk ekFkS O;aX;dkj p¨V djSvj nwtka uS l¨p.k okLrS etcwj djSA jktLFkkuh O;aX; jpukdkjka jh jpukoka esa b.k kar jh lkexzh

199

gS *d oS xqnxqnkoS h gS vj vO;oLFkk dkuÈ l¨p.k jS okLrS etcwj h djSAjktLFkkuh O;aX;dkjka jh dye x| jS {ks= esa [kkl r©j lwa pyrh jS;h gSA d¢bZ i=&if=dkoka esa vj d¢bZi¨F;ka h O;aX; lwa tqM+h cj©cj Ádkf'kr g¨rh jS;h gSA M‚- eu¨gj 'kekZ] M‚- uÇlg jktiqj¨fgr]lkaojnb;k] cqf)Ádk'k ikjhd] vEcw 'kekZ] cqykdh 'kekZ uS [kkl r©j lwa O;aX;dkj jS :i esa fx.kk;k tkldSA cqykdh 'kekZ j© ^dfo dfork vj ÄjvkGh*] ^bTtr esa btkQ¨*] psru Lokeh jh lEikfnr i¨Fkh^jpko*] lkaojnb;k jh ^bD;kou O;aX;*] M‚- eu¨gj yky x¨;y jh Êgkjh tey¨d ;k=k* ';ke x¨;udk^xknM+ cMX+;¨* [kkl jpukoka fx.kh tk ldSA b.kjS vykok ';ke tkafxM] jkefujatu 'kekZ] rkÅ'ks[kkokVh] M‚- mn;ohj 'kekZ] ';kelqUnj kjrh vj pUnyky pdokyk j© uke h mYys[kt¨x gSAb.k lxGk jpukdkjka esa ukxjkt 'kekZ j© uke b.k okLrS mYys[k t¨x gS *d os vkijh jpuk jh/kkjk uS dnh e¨M+h uÈ gS ;k nwth dkuÈ uÈ ys;X;k gSA os yx©yx vkijh x|&i| jpukoka jS tfj;Svsd dkuÈ y¨xka uS galkork jg~;k gS r¨ nwth dkuÈ lekt jh p©[kwaV O;oLFkk esa dBS h [k¨V fn[khm.k ekFkS p¨V dj.k esa pwD;k uÈ gS os vkij¨ jpuk /kje fu kork vk;k gS b.kh dkj.k jktLFkkuhO;aX; ys[ku ijEijk esa ukxjkt 'kekZ j¨ uke pko© vj Bko© gSA

19-6 bdkbZ j© lkj &

jktLFkkuh x| vj i| jh ijEijk U;kjk&U;kjk fol;ka lwa tq;¨M+h jS;h gSA b.k lkfgfR;d ijEijk esaykjyk ckjgl©&rsjgl© cjlka lwa lkfgR;dkj fljt.k djrk vk; jg~;k gSAjktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh b.k ijEijk jS vk/kqfud tqx esa x|&i| esa gkL; vj O;aX; jh [kkl&[kkljpukoka jk fljt.kdrkZ ukxjkt 'kekZ jS O;fäRo vj dfrRo jh vksG[kka.k b.k bdkbZ esa djkbth gSAokajh jpukoka lkfgfR;d lkp jh lk[k jS vj vsd jpukdkj jS lkpS drO; uS fl) djSA ukxjkt'kekZ y¨xka uS vkijS gkL; lSyh lwa galkoS gS r¨ nwth dkuÈ O;aX; jh rh[kh p¨V lwa vO;oLFkk ekFkS Ágkj h djSA okajh jpukoka jk mnkgj.k b.k rF; uS fl) djS gSA


1- ukxjkt 'kekZ jS O;fäRo jh vksGjoka.k djko©A2- ukxjkt 'kekZ jS dfrRo jh vksG[kka.k djko©A3- ukxjkt 'kekZ jh jpukoka j© ewy Loj dkabZ jg~;© gS\ le>ko©A4- ukxjkt 'kekZ jh jpukoka esa O;aX; jS lkFkS&lkFkS gkL; fd.k kar lkeÈ vk;© gS\ LiLV djÄ5- ukxjkt 'kekZ jh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij fd.k kar O;aX; dj~;k gSA le>kokSA

6- jktLFkkuh O;aX; ijEijk esa ukxjkt 'kekZ jS ;¨xnku uS js[kkafdr dj©A

19-8 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

1- bc r¨ eqGd¨ % ukxjkt 'kekZ2- jke feykbZ t¨Mh % ukxjkt 'kekZ3- Fkkj© d¢ Y;k gka % ukxjkt 'kekZ4- /kkiyh j© y¨dra= % ukxjkt 'kekZ5- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % Ásj.kk lz r ÁofŸk;k¡ % M‚- fdj.k ukgVk6- jktLFkkuh k"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLdfr % M‚- dY;k.kÇlg 'ks[kkor

200

bdkbZ & 20

vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh ukVd % mn~Hko vj fodklbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

20-0 mísL;

20-1 çLrkouk

20-2 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk fofo/k twuk :i

20-3 ukVd jh ifjHkklkoka

20-4 lkfgR; jh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh pjpk

20-5 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS vk/kkj fol;

20-6 jktLFkkuh jk ikSjkf.kd ukVd

20-7 jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa euksfoX;ku jkS i[k

20-8 jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa ijaijkoka ekFkS pksV

20-9 jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa Hkklkxr iz;ksx

20-10 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS ;ksxnku & 1- Hkklk lwa yxko 2- vki.kk law esG&eqGkdkr 3- dqjhfr;ka jkS var4- euxr esa cnGko 5- ukjh&tkxj.k 6- lekt xkSjo jh fjN~;k 7- iSpk.k jh fjN~;k 8- ijaijk jhfjN~;k 9- euksjat.k jh iwjrh 10- lkfgR; jh b.k fo/kk esa c/kkikS A

20-11 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS dFkklkj vj leh{kk & 1- dslj foykl 2- QkVdk tatkG 3- cq<+kiS jh lxkbZ4- <+Grh&fQjrh Nk;k 5- dydfr;k ckcw 6- egkHkkjr jkS fljhx.ksl 7- tSiqj dh T;kS.kkj 8- ehjk¡9- jaxhyks ekjokM+h ¼jkew&pu.kka½ 10- rkl jkS ?kj

20-12 milagkj

20-13 lkjkal

20-14 vH;kl jk loky


20-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ uS Fkkol lwa Hkf.k;ka iNS vkiuS

l vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVdka jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jks bfr;klw tk.kdkjh OgS tklh A

l vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVd ys[kdka jh tk.kdkjh feGlh A

l vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh tk.kdkjh nwlh A

l vk/kqfud ukVdka jh folS oLrq lwa okQd gks tklksA

l vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk dFkkud lwa tk.kdkj gks tklksA

l vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh tk.kdkjh gks tklh A

20-1 izLrkouk

ukVd feu[k jS lkFkS lnho lwa tqfM+;kS FkdkS gSA vsd fonslh fo}ku jh jk; eqtc ^tn ckGd [kqnlwa vyx [kqn uS ns[kko.k jh [kIir djh] ukVd jkS tye lk;r m.k ?kM+h lwa gks;kSA* v/;kRe jh Hkklk

201

esa dSoka rks & feu[k jkS lxGkS tho.k vsd ukVd bZ gS A vly esa feu[k jh thok&tw.k esa ukVdjkS [kkl eSro jS;kS gS A vkika t.kka ds feu[k tho.k ?k.kh vcdk;ka lwa Hkfj;kS gSA vBS tye ys; uSfeu[k vkijkS tho.k lnhi likV bZ uha thoSA txr esa lxGS eku[kka jkS tho.k vsd ljh[kkS uha gqoSAvBS de yksxka uS lq[k&lqfo/kkoka feGSA ?k.kdjk yks.k rkS vc[kk;ka jkS tho.k bZ thoSA b.k jSlkFkS&lkFkS vk ckr bZ vBS fopkj dj.k jh gS ds feu[k tho.k dksbZ nks&P;kj fnuka jh ckr uha] cfYdyEckS vj dB.k gSA ukVd feu[k tho.k jh dsbZ ckrka uS] dsbZ t:jr uS iwjh djSA dnSbZ /kkjfedmÌsL;] dnS bZ lkekftd vc[kk;ka uS mtkxj dj.k jkS mÌsL; rks dnSbZ eufcYHkkoA dnSbZ dqjhfr;kaEkkFksZ pksV] rkS dnSbZ xjchyS bfr;kl jh >ydA vka lc vj vSM+h vkS#a bZ dsbZ nqfc/kkoka&leL;kokajh iwjoh ukVdka jh ekjQr feu[k iwjh djSA

jktLFkkuh ukVd lkfgR; ckcr vkxS ckr&crGkc lwa iSyka t:jh gS dS vkika ukVd ijEijk ckcrFkksM+h&?k.kh tk.kdkjh gkly djka A Hkkjr esa ukVd&lkL= jk iz.ksrk Hkjr eqfu ukVd uS îape osn*crk;kS gSA vBS lxGh Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka eSa ftrjk ukVdka jh jpuk gqbZ gS] oka lxGka jkS vk/kkj laLÑrokM+~e; jS;kS gS A nwtk lcnka esa b.k ckr uS b.k Hkkar bZ dS; ldka dS vktjk ukVd nwtk nslka jS izHkkolwa yxSVxS vNwrk jS;k gSA bfr;kl jh nhB lwa ukVd ijEijk jkS fodkl tk.k.k jh dksfll djka rkSlkQ y[kkoS dS laLÑr ukVdka jks izHkko izkÑr vj viHkzal lwa jktLFkkuh esa vk;kSA b.k ckr uS FkksM+hfuHkGkbZ lkxS dSoka rks ;wa dS; ldka ds jktLFkkuh ukVdka EkkFkS ftrjkS izHkko laLÑr ukVdka jks ifM+;kSm.kjh rksy fiNeh nqfu;ka jkS izHkko uha jS cjkcj gS A l#&l# esa tdk jktLFkkuh ukVd fyf[k;kx;k] cka ukVd ys[kdka laLÑr jk ukVdka jh lkL=h; ijEijk jkS [kkl /;ku jkf[k;kSA i.k vkxStkorka tdk vk/kqfud ukVd fyf[kft;k oka ekFkS FkksM+h&?k.kh fonslh ukVdka jh Nh;ka jk y[kkoklqHkV futj vkoSA

20-2 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk fofo/k twuk :i

jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS mn~Hko vj fodkl jS rgr fopkj djka rkS tdh ckrka vkika jS lkeh vkoS] oS b.kHkkar gSA b.k nhB lclwa iSyh ckr rkS vk dS jktLFkkuh ukVdka ckcr tdkS dha] vj tSM+h dSM+htk.kdkjh vckj rd vkika jS lkaeh mtkxj gqbZ gS] m.k eqtc jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS ukVdka jk ftdk twuk:i esa vksG[kk.k feGS] oka eqtc [;ky] reklk] jker] jkl] Qkx] ppajh] bR;kn uke lwa dkO; :ikaesa vka lcnk c[kka.k feGSA vka ukVdka esa ukp jh vj xhrka jh izeq[krk jSbZ gSA jktLFkkuh ukVdka ckcrvckj rkbZa gqbZ [kkst&lks/k jS vk/kkj ekFkS ckr djka rkS lkQ&lkQ dS;ks tk ldS dS jktLFkkuh jkl#&l# jk ukVd fujrka&xhrka jS :i esa gh lkaeh vk;kA [;ky&reklk bR;kn esa tBS Hkkar&Hkkarjk xhr vj cka jS lkaeh vk;k [;ky reklk bR;kn esa tBS Hkkra&Hkkra jk xhr vj ck jS lkFkS lkFkS dsbZHkkoka jS lkFkS fujr bZ gks;k djrk] rkS vka jS HksGi esa] dsbZ oGk dsbZ dFkkoka jkS esG Hkh t:jh gksorksAvj ok esa t:jr eqtc laokn bZ gksrkA vS laokn xhr &dfork esa uha gks; uS x|kRed laokn jS :iesa gksorkA

vkika uS ns[k.k uS feGS dS jktLFkku jk dsbZ xkaoka vj dLcka esa vkt bZ [;ky&reklk jk ?k.kk :ins[k.k uS feG vkoSA vka esa ls[kkokVh vj chdkusjh [;ky rkS ?k.kka pkok gSA b.k nhB lwa fopkj djkarks tks/kiqjh dS ekjokM+h reklk esa FkksM+h&?k.kh [kM+h cksyh jh >kabZ y[kkoSA b.k Hkkar foxlko jh nhBlwa jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk Hkkar&Hkkar jk #i vkika jS lkaeh ijr[k gksoS] oka esa [;ky] reklk] jker] jkl]Qkx ppZjh bR;kn fljS gSA

20-3 ukVd jh ifjHkklkoka

vc rka.kah vkika ukVd jkS mn~Hko vj fodkl jS rgr ijEijk vj jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk fofo/k #itk.kck jh [kIir djh] vc vkS t:jh gks tkoS dS ukVd fo/kk uS lkfgR; jh nhB lwa HkyhHkkar tk.kck

202

[kkrj nslh&fonslh fo}kuka jh ukVd ckcr ifjHkklkoka uS tk.kck jh dksfll djka A ukVd jhifjHkklkoka vj fo}kuka jh nhB b.k Hkkar gS &

[kM+h cksyh jk pkok fo}ku HkkjrsUnq gjh'kpUnz jS eqtc & ûkVd lcn jkS eryc gS uj yksxka jhfØ;kA uj dSoS fo|k jS izHkko lwa [kwn uS vj fd.kh pht jS izHkko uS m.k jS :i esa Qsj&cnG djns[k.k okGS uS] vj [kqn jh nhB njlko uS cnG nso.k uSA ukVd esa ik=&x.k vki jkS :i cny uSjktk bR;kn jkS :i /kkj.k djS vj Hksl&cnG uS jax Hkkse esa [kqn jk dkjt & lk/ku iwj.k dj.k[kkrj fQjSA*

fgUnh lkfgR; esa vsd vknjtksx uke t;'kadj izlkn jkS gSA oka dsbZ ukeh ukVdka jh jpuk bZ djhgSA ^dkO;slq ukVda jE;a* uS vki jh ckr jkS vk/kkj ekurk Fkdk fy[kS dS & ^dkO; vsd dyk gS vjyfyr dykoka esa dqekj dyk gSA rn vkSj Hkke.kksa iM+kSY; dS ukVd lwa dyk jkS laca/k bZ uha i.k okSdkO; jkS fodflr :i gSA fgjnS uS vuqHkwfr djko.k [kkrj dyk jk uo }kjk gS A dku vj vk¡[k vBhuS vka jh vuqHkwfr nh[k.k vj lq.k.k lwa Hkh gqoSA*

vsd ukeh fo}ku cnzhukFk HkV~V jk ukVd ckcr fopkj b.k Hkkar gS & ûkVd feu[k lekt jSdke&[ksrj jkS iM+fcac gSA okS vsd nji.k gSA m.k esa vki ft.k cxr jkS ckS ukVd gS] m.k cxr jSfeu[k&lekt jh nlk lkQ&lkQ ns[k ldkSA*

b.kh ikar esa fgUnh Hkklk jk ukVddkj fo".kq izHkkdj ukVd jh ifjHkklk ekso.kk lcnka esa djh gSA oSfy[ks & ukVd gS Hkh dkabZa \ feu[k jS eka;yS vj ckjyS la?klZ jh dgk.kh gS] tdkS eap Åij lwa izLrqrdjh tkoSA b.kh dkj.k ok brjh lcGh gS vj b.kh dkj.k ok feu[k lekt ekFkS vkijkS vlj UgkdSA*

vka fo}kuka jh ikar esa lc lwa iSyka ukVdlkL= jk fpÙksjk Hkjr eqfu jk lcnka esa ukVd jh ifjHkklkb.k Hkkar gSA os fy[kS & ûkVd lq[k&nq[kkRed gS vj jle; gS vj iwj.k&or vj vusdfo/k pfjrjks ik/kjks njlko gSA*

vka lxGh ifjHkklkoka uS Hkf.k;ka iNS lkj:i dS;kS tk lds dS tBS lxGk fo}kuka ukVdka uS vki vkijh nhB eqtc ifjHkkflr dfj;k gS] cBS vsd ckr lkQ gS dS lxGk fo}ku b.k ckr ekFkS rks de lwade vsd er gS dS ukVd chth lkfgR; jh fo/kkoka jS tksM+k tksM+ m.k cxr jS lekt jkS iM+fcac gSAb.k dkj.k ukVd esa vki&vki jS cxr jk njl.k gSA

20-4 lkfgR; jh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh pjpk

jktLFkkuh ukVdka ckcr ftL;kS dS iSyh crk;kS ds ijEijk jh nhB lwa rkS vkika uS vkajk dsbZ :i feGSA[;ky] reklk bR;kn uS ys;^j ok pjpk vkika vkxwap dj bZ pqD;k gkaA vc lkfgR; jh nhB lwajktLFkkuh ukVdka jh jpuk ckcr pjpk djL;kaA

vly esa chth Hkklkoka jh cjkcjh jh nhB lwa fopkj djka rks jktLFkkuh esa lkfgR; jh nhB lwa jpuk?k.kS cxr iNS gqbZA MkW- jkeLo:i O;kl jS lks/k xazFk esa fn;s gokys eqtc mx.khloha lnh jS var esadfo Ñikjke jS gkFkka vsd ukVd fyf[k;S tko.k jk ckoM+ gSA i.k yksxka uS m.k ukVd jS [ksy.k jhtk.kdkjh uha feyhA iksFkh :i esa m.k jkS izdkl.k uha gq;kS] b.k dkj.k m.k uS iSykS ukVddkj uhaekfu;kS tk ldSA ftdk izdkflr ukVd iksFkh :i esa vkika uS feGS] m.k vk/kkj ekFkS lkQ rkSj lwaf'kopUnz Hkjfr;k uS bZ jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk tuenkrk dS ldkaA vkika tk.kka dS Hkjfr;k th laLÑr]fgUnh] ejkBh vj jktLFkkuh pkj Hkklkoka jk ekuhr fo}ku gkA oka pk:a Hkklkoka esa dksbZ u dksbZ jpukdjh] blh tk.kdkjh feGSA oka jh jpukoka Hkf.k;ka ykxS ds oka jS eu esa ekjokM+h lekt uS lq/kkj.k jhizcG bPNk ghA vkijh b.kh eaNk uS iwj.k djck [kkrj oka jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ukVd fyf[k;kAHkjfr;kth jkS ukVd ^dslj foykl* laor~ 1957 esa izdkflr gq;kSA m.k iNS ^cq<kik jh lxkbZ* 1963

203

esa rhu vadka esa Nfi;kSA vkS ukVd lekt lq/kkj jh nhB lwa fyf[k;kSM+kS laLÑr jh lSyh ekFkS vk/kkfjrgSA b.kh jS yxksyx laor~ 1964 esa vkajkS fyf[k;kS ikap vadh; cMkS ukVd ^QkVdk tatkG* lkaehvk;kSA Hkjfr;kth vS lxGk ukVd lekt lq/kkj] uS [kkldj ekjokM+h lekt lq/kkj jh nhB lwafyf[k;k gkA m.k cxr vka ukVdka jh cM+h /kwe jSbZA i.k vQlksl jh ckr vk gS dS Hkjfr;kth iNSjktLFkkuh esa ukVd fy[k.k jh xfr e/kjh iM+xhA tnfi tdk bDdk&nqDdk ukVd fyf[kft;k] okajkS folS bZ lekt lq/kkj jS vkSGs&nksGS bZ jS;kSA vka iNS b.kh vkSG esa 1979 esa ukjk;.k vxzoky jk dsbZukVd lkaeh vk;k] oka esa ^cky C;ko jkS QkslZ* ^vdy cM+h ds HkSal* ^fo|k&mn;* ^HkkX;ksne* ^nku/keZ ukVd* êgkjk.kk izrki*] ^ljLorh fot;* vj êgkHkkjr dks Jhx.ksl* bR;kn fljS gkA vka jSvykok 2000 rd jk ukVdka esa êkjokM+h ekslj* vj ^lxkbZ tatky* bZ feGSA b.kh cxr jS fcpkGS dhaegrkÅ ukVd vksj Nfi;k tka jkS mYys[k fd;kS tk ldSA vka esa lc lwa pkokS ukVd ^t;iqj dhT;kSa.kkj* jS;kSA b.k uS yksxka ?k.kkS ilan fd;kSA lu~ 2000 jS cxr esa vsd vknjtksx HkjrO;kl jkS ukegSA b.kkajk ^ckck jkenso] ckck jh ykM+yh /k.kh&yqxkbZ* bR;kn ukVd fQYeka jS :i esa vkika jS lkehvk;k] i.k vS lc jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lkfgR; jh nhB lwa fyf[k;k ukVdka jh bZ nsu gSA

lkj :i esa vBS vj ,d dS.kh Bhd jSlh ds ^jktLFkkuh ukVd ijEijk [;ky&reklk lwa l: gkso.kjk izek.k vkika uS feGS i.k f'kopan Hkjfr;k vka lwa U;kjks] lekt lq/kkj uS ukVdka jkS folS c.kk;kS vjm.k flYi uS vk/kqfud lkfgfR;d ukVdka jh tksM+ jk c.kko.k jh dksfll djhA

nsl lqra= gks;ka iNS vj vktknh jk vkUnksGu dky esa bZ jktLFkkuh ukVd lkfgR; esa cjkscj fljt.kgksorks jS;kSA b.k cxr rd jktLFkkuh ukVd vkijS ijEijkxr :i esa cnGko ykrk Fkdkavk/kqfudrk jS vkoj.k esa [kklks&?k.kkS eatX;kS gkSA b.k cxr jk ukVdka ekFkS nsl jh gkyr jkS tka>kSizHkko iM+ j;kS gksA 1947 esa dsbZ egrkÅ ukVdka jkS izlkj.k gq;kSA vka esa HkjrO;kl jfpr jxhykS&ekjokM+h]vej flag jkBkSM+] <ksyk&ejo.k bR;kn uke mYys[ktksx gSA

20-5 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS vk/kkj folS %

vc vBS b.k ckr uS vthc latksx bZ eku.kkS pghtS ds jktLFkkuh jk iSyk vj izeq[k jpukdkj lxGkizoklh jktLFkkuh gkA caxky] egkjk"Vª vj xqtjkr esa jSo.kokGk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk fo}kuk b.kckr jkS v.kqHko fdj~;kS ds vkika jkS lekt fdrjkS fiNfM+;kSM+ks gSA cka uS ykxkS ds nwtk lektka jS rkSyjktLFkkuh lekt ?k.kks ykjS gS A oka jk eu esa b.k ckr uS ys; uS [kklh ihM+ mith vj oka vkijhm.k ihM+ uS vkijh lq/kkjoknh dye ukVdka jS vkSGkoS vkijk lekt jS lkaeh /kj.k jh dksfll dghAb.k jh [kkl otS rkS vk NS ds ukVdka jh ekjQr lekt jk xq.k nkslka uS lgt :i lwa lakeh yk;kStk ldS gkA nwth ckr vk ds ukVdka jh ekjQr vki jh ckr ?k.kka yksxka rd yksxka rd iwx ldSAvly esa ukVdka jk ik= lekt jk bZ rkS fgLlk gqoSA b.kh ckr uS nhB esa jk[k*j m.k leS jk ys[kdkaukVd fo/kk jkS pq.kko fd;kSA

jktLFkkuh jk lekt lq/kkj fol;d ukVd

m.k cxr ftdk jktLFkkuh ukVd fyf[kft;k] oka jkS izeq[k folS rkS vBka jk [ksrj jkS lkekftdtho.k] vBka jh dqjhfr;ka uS vBka jS eku[kS lkeh jk[k.kks gksA i.k Qdr lekt lq/kkj jk ukVd bZfyf[kft;ka] vSM+h ckr bZ uha gS] bfr;klw v/kZ&bfr;klw vj ikSjkf.kd ukVd bZ m.k cxr lkeh vk;kAlkekftd ukVd ftrjk fyf[kft;k] ck jkS ewy folS rkS [kkldj ekjokM+h lekt jh dqjhfr;ka uSmtkxj dj.kh vj oka jS lq/kkj ckcr dha vknjlka dkauh ladsr dj.kkS gksA vka ukVdka esa fd.kh bZlkekftd dqjhfr uS vsd cqjkbZ jS :i esa lkeh yko.k jh dksfll djhth uS lkFkS bZ m.k cqjkbZ uSfeVko.k [kkrj jha vknlZoknh ladsr bZ lekt jS lkaeh jk[khT;kA

vka ukVdka esa tdh leL;koka ckj&ckj mBkbZth] oka esa izeq[k :i lwa ô) fookg*] ^cky fookg*]

204

^vuesG fookg*] dU;k foØ;*] vflDlk*] ^lV~VkS*] fQtwy[kphZ*] ^QSlu jh yr*] ^fejrw Hkkst*] ôsL;kfojfr* bR;kn [kkl ghA vka esa ?k.kdjk ukVdka jk uke bZ oka esa mBkbZ dqjhr ds iNS leL;k jS <+koSbZ gkA Hkjfr;k th jkS ^cq<+kik jh lxkbZ*] vj ^QkVdk tatky*] Hkxorh izlkn nk:dk jkS ^cky fookgukVd*] ô) fookg ukVd*] vj ^lfB.k lq/kkj ukVd*] xqykcpUn ukxkSjh jkS êkjokM+h ekSlj* vj*lxkbZ tatky*] ckyfdlu ykgksVh jkS ^dU;k fcØh* vj ukjk;.knkl lkjM+k jkS ^cky C;ko QkslZ*bR;kn b.kh rjS ukVd gSA vka lxGk esa minsl jh fojrh [kkl jSbZA ^QkVdk tatkoknh* minslkRedlq/kkj ukVd jS :i esa pkokS gq;kSA b.k ukVd esa vsd ik= bX;kjg ikuka jkS ykackS Hkkl.k minsl :iesa eap ekFkS fn;kSA ckdh bZ dha ^bDdk&nqDdk* ukVd b.kh lekt lq/kkj jkS vkSG esa fyf[kft;k] i.koka esa law dsbZ rkS iksFkh :i esa lkaeh bZ uha vk;k vj Qdr eapk rd bZ jS;X;kA

20-6 jktLFkkuh jk ikSjkf.kd ukVd

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS l:vkr lekt lq/kkj fol;d ukVdka jS ys[k.k lwa gqbZ i.k ftL;kS dsrikl dfj;ka iÙkks pkyS] m.k cxr lekt lq/kkj fol; lwa vyx bZ dsbZ ukVd fyf[kft;kA oka esavsd uke ikSjkf.kd ukVdka jkS bZ fy;kS tk ldSA b.k nhB laor~ 1981 esa ekjokM+h Hkklk izpkjd eaMy]/kke.k xk¡o lwa Jhukjk;.k vxzoky jkS fyf[k;kS ukVd êgkHkkjr dks fljhx.ksl* jkS uke [kkl~ :i lwafy;kS tk ldSA b.k ukVd jh Hkwfedk vj nwth b.kh xkao jh laLFkkoka fcuk ukjh ik= jks lgkjkS fy;kvkijkS edke fd;ka glky dj ldS vks] crk;kS gSA b.k ukVd esa tnfi JhfØl.k uS Hkxoku ekfu;kgS] i.k uha rks oka jS fd.kh peRdkj jkS b.k esa njlko gS] vj uha fd.kh Hkkar jh minslkRedrk jkS lgkjkSgSA b.kh Hkkar jk ikSjkf.kd bDdk&nqDdk ukVdka jh tk.kdkjh vkS:a gS] i.k iksFkh :i esa lkaeh uhavko.k lwa oka jkS ftdj uha fd;kS tk lfd;kSA cka fnuka lekt lq/kkj jS vykok bZ dsbZ ukVdfyf[kft;kA

jktLFkkuh jk bfr;kfld ukVd %

vckj rkabZ vkik ^jktLFkkuh jk lekt lq/kkj fol;d* ukVd vj ikSjkf.kd ukVdka ckcr fopkj djpqD;k gkaA vc bfr;klwa ukVdka ekFkS fopkj dj.k jh tqxr djL;kaA jktLFkkuh jk bfrgklw ukVdkaesa Jhukjk;.k vxzoky jkS uke iSykS gSA vka jkS ukVd êgkjk.kk izrki* jktLFkkuh jkS iSykS bfr;kfldukVd ekfu;kS x;kS gSA b.k iNS êgkjk.kk izrki jh tho.kh* uS vkxS jk[k uS laor~ 2015 esafxj/kkjhyky lkL=h îz.kohj izrki* ukVd jh jpuk djhA b.k ukVd esa egkjk.kk izrki uS bfr;kljh nhB lwa vsd lgt LokHkkfod ekuoh; ik= jS :i esa bZ izLrqr fd;kS gSA b.k esa vsd ckr jkS [kkl/;ku jkf[k;kS gS] oks gS ik=ka jS vuqdwy cksyhA ft.kHkkar ds egkjk.kk izrki vj oka jk lkFkh&lsodesokM+h esa ckr&crGko djSA vj iFohjkt jkBkSM+ chdkusjh jktLFkkuh cksySA b.kh Hkkar vdcj vj m.kjk dkfjank mjnw Hkklk jkS mi;ksx djsA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk bfr;kfld ukVdka esa vKkpan HkaMkjh jkS fyf[k;kS ukVd iUuk /kk;* jkS uke fy;kStk ldSA vkika tk.kka ds iUuk/kk; esokM+ jS xjchyS bfr;kl jkS vsd ÅtGks uS ifo= ik= gSA b.kvkSG esa cnzhizlkn iapkSyh jkS fyf[k;kS ukVd îk.kh iSyh ?kky* jkS uke fy;k tk ldSA b.k Hkkar b.kikar esa vkS: bZ dsbZ bfr;klw ukVdka jk uke fy;k tk ldSA

vka fcUnqvksa esa vc rd vkika jktLFkkuh jk lekt lq/kkj jk ukVd Hkf.k;kA b.kh nhB dsbZ ikSjkf.kdukVdka jkS ftdj b.k vkSGkokS fd;ks x;kSA b.k iNS dha ^jktLFkkuh bfr;klwa* ukVdka jkS ftdj Hkhvkika fd;kSA fol;ka jh fofo/krk jh nhB lwa vka jk vkS:a Hkkx fd;k tk ldSA

;wa ns[kka rks nwth Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jk ukVdka jh BkSM jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ukVdka jh l:vkr ?k.kh iNSgksbZA D;wa ds vkika tk.kk m.k cxr flDlk jh deh eksdGh gh] b.k dkj.k l:vkr jk yxSVxS lxGkukVd izoklh jktLFkkfu;ka jS gkFkka fyf[kft;kA b.k lwa b.k ckr jkS ladsr bZ feGS ds vk/kqfud ukVdka

205

jh l:vkr vBk jk yksxka jS nwth Hkklkoka jS laidZ fd;ka iNS gqbZA

20-7 jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa euksfoX;ku jkS i[k %

lkfgR; jh dksbZ lh fo/kk gqokS] ck euksfoX;ku fcgw.kha uha gq; ldSA pk;S uR; pk;s nL;] ek/;e pk;SdksbZ gqokS] m.k esa fd.kh u fd.kh :i esa] fd.kh u fd.kh ifjek.k esa euksfoKku jkS FkksM+kS&?k.kkS esGvol gqoSA lekt jh tdh tSM+h euxr gqoS] m.k jpuk jh euxr bZ m.k lwa vyx uha gks; ldSAjpukdkj vkijh jpuk uS mÌsL;&ijd c.kko.k [kkrj iSyh m.k jk lkekftd ljksdkj tksoSA oka jkScj.kko djSA okS lekt jh euxr uS i<SA m.k uS le> m.kka jh nqc/kkoka uS le>S vj vkijh jpukesa m.k jkS mi;ksx djSA

jktLFkkuh ukVdka ckcr bZ vk ckr [kjk[kjh dS;h tk ldS gSA vc rkabZ tdk jktLFkkuh ukVdfyf[k;k tk pqD;k gS] oka jk ik= vki&vki jk pfjr uS iwjh euksfoKkfud nhB jS lkFkS lekt jS lkaehjk[kh gSA nwtk lcank esa dSoka rkS lekt jh euxr] m.k jh nqfo/kkoka] m.k jh [kjkfc;ka uS le>korkaFkdka m.kka jk lek/kku uS vkijh lkfgfR;d euksfoX;ku nhB lkFkS mtkxj fd;k gSA lkj :i dS;ldka ds jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa euksfoKku jkSa Hkjiwj mi;ksx gq;kS gSA

20-8 jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa [kks[kyh ijaijkoka ekFkS pksV

fd.kh bZ jpuk jkS fljt.k dksbZ uS dksbZ mÌsL; fy;ksM+ks vol gksoSA dksbZ jpuk mÌsL; fcgw.kh uha gks;ldSA b.k nhB lwa jktLFkkuh ukVd bZ mÌsL; fcg.kk uha jS;k gSA vkt rkabZ ftrjk bZ jktLFkkuh ukVdfyf[k;k x;k gS] cka jkS mÌsL; lkQ&lkQ izdV gksorkS jS;kS gSA vckj rd tdk ukVd lakeh vk;kgS cka jkS lqHkV mÌsL; tqxka twuh ijaijkoka] tdh cxr jS lkFkS vki jkS egrk xek; pqdh] i.k vtSbZ vkijh dqjhfr;ka ykjS yksxka jkS ykjkS uha NksM jS;h] oka ekFkS pksV dj.kkS bZ jS;kSA jktLFkkuh esa lektlq/kkj jh nhB lwa ftrjk ukVd fyf[k;k x;k gS] oka esa ?k.kh&cSlh rkS tM+ gqbZ ijaijkoka ekFkS pksV bZfljS gSA b.k nhB dS; ldka ds jktLFkkuh ukVd fljt.k esa tdk mÌsL; izeq[k jS;k] oka esa iqjk.kh[kks[kyh gqbZ ijaijkoka ekFkS pksV bZ [kkl gkA

20-9 jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa Hkklkxr iz;ksx %

lkQ gS dS jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa lqHkV jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS iz;ksx gks;kS gS i.k Hk.kkbZ vj lks/k&[kkstjh nhB lwa fopkj djka rks ckrka lkaeh vkoS] os b.k Hkkar lwa Hk.kh&xq.kh tk ldSA vckj rd tdkjktLFkkuh ukVd lkeh vk;k gS] oka lc jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh bZ gS] i.k oka uS [ksrj jk iqV lwa tk.khtk ldSA ft;kau dS ts dksbZ ys[kd ls[kkokVh [ksrj jkS gS] rkS m.k jk ik=ka jk laokn ls[kkokVh [ksrjjh cksyh jk gSA ys[kd esokM+ [ksrj jkS gS rkS m.k jk ik=ka jk laokn esokM+h izHkko fy;ka gSA b.kh Hkkarft.k [ksrj jkS ys[kd ukVd fyf[k;kS gS] ukVd jh Hkklk] m.k jk laoknka ekFkS izHkko c<ka jh cksyh jkSifM+;ka fcuk uha jS;kS gSaA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh b.k Hkkar jh cksfy;ka tn fyf[kr :i esa Ni uS lkaeh vkoS] rkS jktLFkkuh Hkklkjh lxrh izdV gqoSA lkFkS bZ vk ckr bZ lkQ gqoS ds ?k.kdjkS Hksn rkS cksy.k esa bZ gSA ckdh FkkSM+s ?k.kSQjd lwa lxGh cksfy;ka vsd ljhlh bZ gSA lkj :i dS;kS tk ldS ds Hkklk jS iz;ksx jh nhB lwajktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lxGk ukVd ys[kd yphyk jS;k gSA oka uS vBS ftdkS lcn cjrkc Bhd ykX;kS]os cBS m.k uS cjr.k lwa pwfd;k uha gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ukVd ys[kdka laokn ys[k.k esa fd.khnslh&fonslh lcn jS cjrko lwa t:jr eqtc ijst uha dj~;ks gSA i.k ukVdk jh eq[; Hkklk rkSjktLFkkuh bZ gSA

20-10 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS ;ksxnku

206

fd.kh bZ jpuk jS fljt.k ykjS dsbZ mÌsL; ijks[k&vijks[k gksoSA nwtk ?k.kdjk mÌsL;ka jS vykoka vsdmÌsL; iblks deko.kkS vj uke deko.kkS bZ gksoSA ys[kdka ftrjka mÌsL;ka uS nhB esa jk[k*j jktLFkkuhukVd fyf[k;k] vka ukVdka dekscsl oka lxGk mÌsL;ka jh iwjrh rkS djh bZ] i.k m.k cxr jkjktLFkkuh lekt jS mRFkku esa bZ vka ukVdka jkS ;ksxnku dksbZ de uha jS;kSA lkj :i ckr djka rkSjktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS tdkS egrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;kS] m.k uS uhps eqtc fcUnqvks jS vk/kkj ekFkS lef>;kStk ldS&

1- Hkklk lwa yxko & jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS lc lwa cMkS ;ksxnku izoklh jktLFkkfu;ka jk fgjnS esvki jh ek;M+ Hkklk jS izfr yxko iSnk dj.k jkS jS;kSA ijnsl esa dekork tdh deh oka uS lc lwa cSlhv[kjh] ok gh vkijh ek;M+ Hkklk cksyf.k;k jh dehA vka ukVdka jh ekjQr oka jh b.k deh jh iwjhlgt bZ OgS tkorhA

2- vi.kka lwa esy&eqykdkr & izoklh jktLFkkuh vki&vki jk dkedkt lwa vGxk&vGxk jSoSAvSM+h vc[kh gkyr esa cS vkijh Hkklk nhB vsdyk iM+ tkrkA ukVdka jS eapu jS nkSjku os lxGk vsdgksrk] vj b.k vkSGkoS oS viljh esa eqykdkr djrk vj vsd&nwtS jS uSMS+ vkrkA b.k Hkkar vkiljh esaeqykdkrka gksrh vj okjkS vkiljh esa gsr&izse c/krkSA

3- dqjhfr;ksa jkS var & m.k cxr jk jktLFkkuh lekt esa ?k.kh dqjhfr;ka gh] ft.k dkj.k lektnwtka jh tksM+ fiNfM+;kSM+kS ekuhtrkSA ukVdka jh ekjQr lekt esa QSyh dqjhfr;ka cM+s vkNS rjhds lwanjldka lkaeh vkorhA thoar njlko jkS izHkko lekt jk yksxka jk euk ekFkS iM+rkS] vj oS m.k lwa eqxrgkso.k [kkrj lksprkA jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS jktLFkkuh lekt uS vkS i.k&egrkÅ ;ksxnku NSA

4- euxr esa cnGko & jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS vsd cM+kS ;ksxnku jktLFkkuh lekt jh euxr esacnGko yko.k jkS j;kS gSA tdks lekt vsd <jsZxr iqjk.kh vj ukdkjk iksaxkiaFkh esa Qafl;kS m.k uSbZ Bhd lgh eku.kkS] vk ukVdka jh ekjQr m.k jk eku[kS jh euxr esa cnGko vk;kS] vj cka b.k ckcrlksp&fopkj l: fd;kSA

5- ukjh tkxj.k & bfr;kl b.k ckr jkS lk[kh gS ds vBS ckrka Hkyka bZ eksVh&eksVh gksorh] i.k lkapckr rkS vk gS dS vBS ukjh lnho lwa nwljS njts ekFkS jbZ gSA ukjh uS vBS lnho vsd Hkksx jh oLrqekuh tkrh ghA jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh ekjQr ukjh fl{kk vj ukjh mRFkku jh ckr bZ vkxs vkbZA b.knhB lwa ukjh tkxj.k jS [kSrj esa bZa jktLFkkuh ukVkdka jkS cM+kS ;ksxnku jS;ks gSA

6- lekt xkSjo jh j{kk & bfr;kl b.k ckr jh lk[k Hkjs dS cxr jS ok;jS esa ?k.kdjh phtk mM+tkoSA lekt bZ vSM+h dsbZ phtka uS NksM nsoS ft.k lwa lekt xkSjo vj ejtknkoka jkS guu gkSosA vkaukVdka jh ekjQr bZ vSM+h dsbZ fcljkbZ ckrka jh ;kn ikNh fnjkbZ tha ft.k dkj.k lekt dS xkSjojh j{kk gks ldSA ft;ku dS Hkklk lekt jkS xkSjo gksoSA osl&Hkwlk lekt jkS xkSjo gksosA ukVd jhekjQr vSM+h dsbZ ckrka] tdh dky [k.M esa Hkwyht tkoS] ukVd ikNh oka uS ;kn fnjk; nsoSA

7- iSpk.k jh j{kk & cjlka&cjl izokl jS dkj.k vkneh dnS&dnS m.kh [ksrj jkS gks; uS jS; tkoSAurhtu /khjs&/khjs m.k jh futrk] m.k jh ewG fiNk.k bZ feV tkoSA uha Hkklk cpS uh Hksl&HkwlkAbfr;kl jh vSM+h vc[kh csGk esa b.kxr jk ukVdka jkS egrkÅ ;ksxnku jSoSA igpk.k jh j{kk esajktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS bZ ?k.kkS egrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;kS gSA ukVdka lwa izHkkfor gks; vBka jks feu[k vkijhfutork vj iSNk.k dk;e jk[k.k [kkrj lkopsr gkS lfd;kSA

8- ijaijk jh j{kk & jktLFkkuh lekt esa dsbZ ijaijkoka cxr ijok.kS vkijS mÌsL; law HkVd uS[kks[kyh gks;xh A rkS ukVd fy[kkjk oka FkksFkh ijaijkok ekFkS vkijk ukVdka jh ekjQr pksV djh i.kdsbZ pkS[kh ijaijkok vj vknlZ tdk uwaoh ih<+h jk yksx ikarjX;k] cka uS vka ukVdka jh ekjQr vkijhvknw vkj xjctksx ijaijoka uS ikNh ;kn djkbZA b.k nhB dS; ldka ds vBka jh xjchyh ijaijk jh

207

j{kk vk jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh ekjQr cjkcj gqbZA

9- euksjtau jh iwjrh % feu[k vkijk fur jk dke&dke lwa ?k.kkS mdrk tkoSA feu[k tho.k ?k.kkSvc[kk;ka lwa Hkfj;kS gSA feu[k dnS&dnS vka lc lwa rax vk tkoSA rn feu[k oS iy tksoS ft.k lwam.k jkS eujat.k gksoS vj tn okS euksjatu [kqn jh Hkklk esa gqoS iNS dkabZ dg.kkSA b.k nhB jktLFkkuhukVdka jh ekjQr uha Qdr euksjatu bZ gks;kS] b.k vkSGkoS turk [kqn jh laLÑfr lwa tqM+ko Hkh gq;kSA

10- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; fo/kk esa c/kkikS % fd.kh bZ Hkklk lkfgR; jkS lueku tn c/kS tn m.k esagjsd Hkkar jkS fljt.k gqoSA vkijh lkfgR; iksfFk;ka jh ekjQr bZ ok nwth Hkklkoka jh iksfFk;ka jStksM+k&tksM+ cSB uS xjc lwa vkijkS ekFkkS Å¡pkS dj ldSaA b.k nhB dS; ldka ds jktLFkkuh ukVdka jhiksfFk;ka jS ik.k vBka jk lkfgR; esa c/kkikS gq;kS vj b.k fo/kk jh iksfFk;ka esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA dS; ldka dsjktLFkkuh ukVd vkijk nwatk mÌsL;ka jh iwjrh jS lkFkS lfgR; uS c/kko.k jkS dke fd;kSA

20-11 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh dFkk vj leh{kk

vc rd vkika jktLFkkuh ukVdka jS mn~Hko vj fodkl ckcr dsbZ fcUnq i<+ pqdk gkaA vc Bhd jSlhds vkika vc rd fefG;k jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa lwa dha [kkl ukVdka jh oka jS dFkkud eqtc tk.kdkjhgkly djkaA b.kh jS lkFkS vkS bZ t:jh gS dS vkika vka ukVdka jkS v/;;u leh{kkRed nhB lwa bZ djkaA

1- dslj&fcykl ¼lu~ 1900½ % jktLFkkuh jk iSyM+k ukVd ys[kd gkso.k jkS tl f'kopUnz Hkjfr;kuS tkoSA oka jks vkS iSyks ukVd lu~ mx.khl lkS esa lkaeh vk;kSA Hkjfr;kth jkS laca/k osL; vxzokyifjokj law gkSA oS ewy:i lwa jktLFkkuh NS] i.k oka jkS ifjokj D;wa ds izoklh NS] b.k dkj.k oka jks tGegSnjkckn esa gks;kSA Hkjfr;kth laLÑr] jktLFkkuh] ejkBh rhu Hkklkoka jk fo}ku gkA vka jkS jktLFkkuhesa ukVd ys[k.k jkS lqj lekt jh cqjk;ka dkauh yksxka jkS /;ku [kkap.kkS NSA

ukVd jkS dF; % ^dslj foykl* ukVd jkS dF; jktLFkkuh lekt jh m.k cqjkbZ dkauh ladsr djS]ft.k dkj.k lekt esa vkSj ?k.kh cqjkb;ka iui tkoSA cs vsd vuesG fookg jh dFkk ns[kck okGka jSlkaeh /kjSA b.k ukVd esa fn[kk;kS x;kS gS dS lkB cjl jS t;ukjk;.k jkS C;ko ckjg cjlka jh dsljlkFkS gks tkoSA ukVd esa b.k v.kesG fookg jkS urhtkS vkS crkoS ds dslj jkS vuSfrd laca/k m.k jkikMkSlh jkefoykl lkFkS gks; tkoSA b.kh chpkGS ?kV.kk&Øe vkxS c/kS vj t;ukjk;.k jh eka] ;kuhdslj jh lklw ej tkoSA b.k jS FkksM+k bZ fnuka NsM+S t;ukjk;.k jkS cki nwljkS C;ko dj ysoSA dsljvkijh tokuh jS tksl esa jkefoykl lkFkS eqEcbZ Hkkx tkoSA cBS ok xyr yksxka jS gRFkS p<+ tkoSAvf[kj tksou <fG;ka ikNh vkijh eka duS vk; jSoS vj ikNyk fnu dkVSA

leh{kk %

^dslj fcykl* ukVd jh dFkk jktLFkkuh lekt jh vknw nqc/kk gSA iSyM+S cxr esa yksxka esa fl{kk vjX;ku izlkj jh deh gh] b.k dkj.k vSM+h lkekftd cqjkb;ka jk ifj.kke yksxka uS futj uha vkorkAi.k Hkjfr;kth ft.k cxr esa vkS ukVd fyf[k;kS] m.k cxr uS vk/kqfud tqx jS uke lwa tk.;kS tkoSAHkjfr;kth jh /kkj.kk gh dS vk[kh nqfu;k jS lkFkS vk/kqfud tqx esa izosl dkj.k okGS jktLFkkuh lektuS bZ de lwa de vc rkS vSM+h cqjkb;ka lwa mcj tko.kkS pkbtSA b.k lxGS ukVd esa Hkjfr;kth jh nhB^dslj* jS vkSGkoS ukjh jS cgqjaxh pfj= ekFkS jSbZ gSA i.k ukjh vsdGh bZ rkS ftEesnkj uha gqoS laxGhlkekftd vuSfrdrk jhA ukVd ys[ku esa vj m.k jh izLrqfr esa pk;S ftrjh dfe;ka gksokS] i.kjktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ukVd fy[k.k jh l:vkr dj.k jkS tl rkS Hkjfr;kth uS bZ gSA

2- QkVdk tatkG % dksbZ lekt vPNkb;ka vj cqjkbZ;ka lwa vNwrkS uha gSA vk ckr ft.kHkkar nwtklektka ekFkS ykxw gksoS] m.kh Hkkar ekjokM+h lekt lkFkS iwjh rjS ykxw gksoSA nwth dsbZ cqjkbZ;k jSlkFkS&lkFkS /ku jh cksGkbZ bZ vBka jk jktLFkku okfl;ka jh /ku jkS iznlZ.k izeq[k j;kS gSA tn gkFk

208

[kqykS gksoS rkS vkS:a bZ dsbZ ma/kk dke lakeh vkoSA lV~Vk&QkVdk vSM+h bZ vsd ekjokM+h lekt jh dehjSbZ gSA

ukVd jkS dF; &

lV~Vk&QkVdk jh yr bZ m.kh Hkkar [kksVh ft;ka uls jh yr gksoSA b.k ukVd esa lsB Jhfdlu jkS HkkbZcztyky laxr jS vlj ik.k lV~Vk&QkVdk l: dj nsoSA b.k pksj /ka/kS esa ?kkVS&ij&?kkVkS yxrkSjSoSA b.k ckr uS ys; uS nksuwa HkkbZ;ka esa vkiljh esa fur >ksM+ gksoS vj var esa rax vk; uS JhfdluvkijS HkbZ cztyky uS U;kjkS dj nsoS i.k b.k lwa rkS cztyky iwjkS lqra= gks tkoS vj vkS:a cSlhÅ¡/kk &/ka/kk dj.k ykxSA okS egcwc chch jS izse&pDdj esa iM+ uS lxGkS eky] vj tdks dha m.k duSgkssoS] okS mM+k nsoSA urhtu m.k jkS fnokGkS fudG tkoSA okS fnokfG;ks gks tkoS vj nj&nj jh Bksdjka[kko.k ykxSA b.k lwa mGV m.k jkS HkkbZ Jhfdlu lekt esa QSyh cqjkbZ;ka jkS fojks/k djS vj uqokS dGdkj[kkukS yxkoSA b.k lwa m.k jh dekbZ esa cksGkS btkQkS gksoS vj lekt esa m.k jh bTtrc/kSA var esa cztyky uS m.k jk cqjk dkeka jS ik.k tsG gksoS rkS m.k jkS HkkbZ Jhfdlu m.k jh lk;rkdj m.k uS NqM+koS vj uSBko lwa le>k; jk[kSA Bhd bZ dS;h gS ds fnu Hkj jkS HkwykS&HkVdkS lka> rkb±?kjS vk tkoS rkS okS Hkwfy;kS dksuh dSokoSA

leh{kk % QkVdk&tatkG [kkl dj uS /ku jh cksGkbZ jS dkj.k iuih cqjkbZ dkauh ladsr dj.k okGkSukVd gSA vkika tk.kka ds ekjokM+h lsB lnho lwa /ku deko.k esa lc lwa vxkM+h jS;k gSA vBka jk lsBlkgwdkj /kje&dje vj nku&iq.; esa lnho lwa vkxhok.k jS;k gSA vkijh eS.kr jS ik.k Hkqtcy vjvdy gqafl;kjh jS ik.k dek;ksM+kS lnSo QyhHkwr gksos] i.k xyr rjhds lwa /ku deko.k jh tqxr dnSbZQyhHkwr uha gksoSA b.k ukVd esa nks Hkk;ka jS pfj= jh rqyuk dj uS vPNkbZ jh cqjkbZ ekFkS thr crkbZgSA

3- cq<+kis jh lxkbZ % f'kopUnz Hkjfr;k jkS ukVd cq<kiS jh lxkbZ] ftL;kS ds uke lwa bZ irkS pkytkoS] feu[k eu esa iGrh&iuirh ukjh nsg jh vkbZ dkeuk jS vksGS&nkSGS ?kweSA

ukVd jkS dF; % b.k ukVd jkS ik= gjukjk;.k nks C;ko dj pqdkS gS] i.k vtS ukjh nsg jh Hkw[km.k jk eu ext lwa iwjh uha gqbZ gSA vc okS iUukyky jh cSu jru* lwa C;ko djck [kkrj ykoka iVdSAtndS b.k cxr gjukjk;.k jh mej ipiu cjlka jh gS] okS i.k vk rdkr fopkj uha djS dS jru jhmej m.k jh csVh ojxh gSA vkS fjLrkS dhdj gkslh \ i.k dSoS dS ts vaVh esa uk.kka OgS rkS cw<kS ?kksM+hQsj p<SA rkS jru jk eka&cki vkS fjLrkS fjfi;k jS ykyp esa rks dj nsoSA i.k tn m.k jS HkkbZ uS b.kckr jh tk.kdkjh gqoS] rkS okS vkijh cSu jkS fjLrkS ik[rh jk xk¡o esa jkefdlu th jS csVs txUukFk lkFkSdj nsoSA vUriar iapk;r cSBs vj ok QSlykS djS dS b.k rjS jk v.kesG C;ko uha gkso.kk pkfgtSA

leh{kk % flopUnz Hkjfr;k jk lxGk ukVd lkekftd cqjkb;ka jS vklS&iklS fQjrka y[kkoSA b.k ckrlwa irkS pkGS dS m.k cxr vk dqjhr vsd cM+h lkekftd leL;k :i esa ys[kd jS lkaeh jSbZ gkslhAukVd jk ik=&pfjr vki&vki jS eqtc euxr lwa dke djSA vka lc ukVdka vj [kkl dj b.kukVd esa vsd ckr tdh Hkjfr;kth mdsjh gS] ok vk gS dS lekt pk;S fdÙkkS bZ lEiUu D;aw uha gkstkoS] ukjh jkS lueku gjsd tqx esa nkao ekFkS j;kS gSA pk;S ^dslj foykl* jh ekjx lwa HkVdh dsljgqoS] pkgs jru gqokS] nqjxr lnSo ukjh jh bZ gksorh vkbZ gSA

4- <Grh fQjrh Nk;k & ^<Grh fQjrh Nk;k* ukVd jk ys[kd Hkxorh izlkn nk:dk gSA tSM+kSdS b.k ukVd jS uke lwa lkQ gS ds /ku tkscu <Grh&fQjrh Nk;k gSA v/;kRe jS b.kh Hkko uS ijxVdjrkS vkS ukVd] cxr tn pkS[kkS gksoS] rn vkijh [kky esa jgckS pkS[kkS jh lh[k nsoSA

ukVd jkS dF; & cxr fd.kh uS uha NkSMSA cxr fd.kh jkS lkFkh&laxGh dksuh gqoSA cxr fd.k cxrfd.k uS dkabZ c.kk nsoS] b.k ckr jkS irks dnSbZ vkxwap uha pkGSA vkS cxr bZ gS tdkS jktk uS jad] vj

209

jad uS jktk c.kk nsoSA pkS[kk fnuka esa ?k.kdjk yksx vkijh vkSdkr Hkwy tkoSA Hkwy tkoS ds gok jkS>kSVkS fd.k cxr dkabZ dj nsoSA b.k ukVd jkS uk;d vsd O;kikjh gS] tdkS vkijS /ku jh b/kdkbZ jSfetkt esa iM+ uS vkijk tkr Hkk;ka uS gh.k le>SA oka uS nqrdkjSA cka uS QhVk uS uhpk le>SA i.kcxr jS ck;jS tn m.k jh vc[kh csGk vkoS] rkS oSbZ tkr HkkbZ m.k jh enn djSA m.k jS vkMS cxresa oS bZ m.k jS dke vkoSA

leh{kk % jpuk pkgs dksbZ gqokS] ok dksbZ u dksbZ mÌsL; fy;ka vol gksoSA b.k nhB ys[kd Hkxorhizlkn nk:dk jkS fyf[k;kS ukVd ^<Grh fQjrh Nk;k* bZ vkijk mÌsL; esa lqHkV gSA vk/;kRe [ksrjesa lar dSork vk;k gS fd ^/ku&tkScu jkS xjc uh dj.kks* i.k feu[k vkijh vkSNh fcjrh lwa ckt uhavkoSA pk;S jktk gqokS pk;sZ jad] okS lekt fcnw.kkS uha jS; ldsA var esa tn dke iM+s rks lekt bZdke vkoSA ukVd esa ys[kd feu[k jh vs.k fojrh jkS fp=.k fd;kS gS] tdkS lVhd gSA

5- dydfr;k ckcw & ftL;kS ds b.k jS ukae lwa y[kkoS] ds ^dydfr;k ckcw* fd.kh O;aX; jS rgrvkS uke lakeh vk;kS gSA vkneh /ku deko.k [kkrj dkabZ&dkabZ uha djSA /ku jh ckij gks;k feu[k esadsbZ&dsbZ dqcnka jkSa] dsbZ&dsbZ dqck.kka jkS oklks gks; tkoS] vkS lqHkV b.k ukVd esa ys[kd Hkxorhizlkn nk:dk njlk;kS gSA

dF; & cjlka iSyh jktLFkku jk ckflank] vj [kkldj vBka jk lsB yksx deko.k [kkrj fnlkojkax;kA b.k ukVd jkS vsd vSM+ks pfj= ys[kd vkika jS lkaeh jk[kS tdkS fnlkoj tk; uS /ku dekoS] i.kcs dydÙkS esa dydfr;k ckcw c.k uS jS; tkoSA okS vk rdkr Hkwy tkoS ds ykjS m.k jh ckVka tkso.kokGh bZ dksbZ gSA vkijk /ku vj vkijS thou jS uls esa okS vSM+h lxGh ckrka Hkwy tkoSA i.k tnlrktksx uha /ku jSos vj uha tkscu rkS ikNkS vkijS ?kjka vk; cSBsA tBS m.kjh yqxkbZ mMhdrh gksoSA

leh{kk % vly esa b.k ukVd jS vkSGkoS dydÙkS jk /kfud ojx jkS [kkdkS ys[kd isl fd;kS gSA ;wab.k fel b.k fcjrh uS ikS[kf.k;ka izokfl;ka dkauh bZ ys[kd jkS blkjkS [kjk[kjh gS i.k var esa ys[kdns[k.k okGka uS b.k ckr jh fl{kk nsoS ds tokuh vj /ku jk en esa pk;S fdÙkk bZ HkVdkS] i.k ?kj fcukdBS bZ nj uha gSA

6- egkHkkjr jkS fljhx.ksl & ukVd dslj foykl* lu~ 1900 esa Hkjfr;kth fyf[k;kSA dydfr;kckcw*] Hkxorh izlkn nk:dk 1922 esa fyf[k;kSA jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh tkxka vBS vkrka&vkrka ckbZlcjlka jkS yEckS vkarjkS rS fd;kSA bÙkS yEcS cxr fcpkGS bZ ukVdka jk fol; lekt jh dqjhfr;ka jS vksGSnkSGS bZ jS;kA b.k vsdjlrk uS rksM+h Jhukjk;.k vxzoky vj oka êgkHkkjr jkS fljhx.ksl* uke lwavsfrgkfld ukVd fyf[k;kSA

dF; & b.k esa eq[; uk;d rkS Hkxoku Jhfdlu th gSA b.k esa Hkxoku fljhfdlu uS dkSjo&vjik.Mo vkijk iap Fkjir djS vj ckr jkS lqG>kM+kS dj.kh pkoSA i.k bfr;kl b.k ckr jh lk[k HkjSds dkSjo xGrh ekFkS gksrk Fkdka bZ vkijh ftn ekFkS vfM+;k jSoS vj Vl lwa el uha gksoSA variar ft.kjkS urhtkS egkHkkjr tSM+kS Hkkjh tq) gqoSA b.k tq) esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr jk dsbZ vknlZ /oLr gq;k vj[kkl dj ukjh jS eku uS Bcd ykxhA

leh{kk & ys[kd vkijS fd.kh u fd.kh mÌsL; uS iwj.k dj.k [kkrj fd.kh fo/kk jkS LgkjkS ys; uS fd.khjpuk jkS fljt.k djSA êgkHkkjr jkS fljhx.ksl* ukVd bZ mÌsL; fcgw.kkS uha gSA b.k ukVd jS vkSGkoSys[kd ns[kck okGk uS b.k ckr jkS lansl ns.kkS pkoS ds fd.kh xGr ckr ekFkS gB >ky.kkS Bhd ckruha gSA tn [kqn uS dha ckr le> esa uha vkoS rks fd.kh eksrcj jh ckr rkS eku.kh bZ pkghtSA

7- t;iqj dh T;kS.kkj & b.k ukVd jk ys[kd enueksgu fl) gSA iqjk.kk yksxka esa ?k.kh vkNh ckrkaNS] i.k dsbZ ckrka vlh Nh ds m.k ckcr oS fcuka dh lksfp;ka & lef>;ka vM+ tkorkA iNS Hkyka bZb.k vkSGkoS ckajh f[kYyh bZ D;wa uh mMrh gksokSA

210

dF; & cky C;ko vBka jS lekt jh vSd ckSr cM+h deh jSbZ gSA lc ckrka tk.krk Fkdka dS cky C;koesa fdrjh cqjk;ka gS] yksx b.k dqjfr dkuh lwa vka[;ka ehap ysoSA vBka jkS feu[k vKku jSva/kkjS esa thosA cks fcuk dha vkxkS&ikNkS lksfp;ka tdh Hkze esa vkoS ok dj xqtjSA b.k ukVd esa vSM+SckGd jS C;ko jh dFkk gS] ds ft.k fnu m.k jkS C;ko gks.kkS gS] m.kh fnu m.k jh ijh{kk bZ gS] lkQgS ds Vkcj jk eka&cki b.k ftEesnkjh lwa vsdne csijok gSA ;wa djus oS vkijS cPps lkFkS] m.k jS HkfollkFkS&lkFkS f[kyokM+ dj jS;k gSA b.k law iSyk eka vj nknh jh ftn dkj.k the.k c.kSA cBS bZ dhBk&fBdk.kks uhaA rhu&cqyk;k rsjg vk;kA the.k [kwV tkoS vj yksx ykMw pksj&pksj jokuk gqoSA cM+kSgalksM+ utkjkS gksosA

leh{kk & dF; vj izLrqfr jh nhB lwa ns[kk rks ^t;iqj dh T;kS.kkj* vsd gkL; ukVd y[kkoS i.kb.k jkS fol; xaHkhj gSA ;kuh ds galh&fBBkSyh jh ekjQr lekt jh b.k HkwaMh jhr dkauh blkjkS fd;kSgS] ukVd esa ys[kd cMk yksxka jh ykigjokgh dkauh lqHkV blkjkS fd;kS gSA b.k ukVd esa b.k ckrjkS bZ lkQ [kqyklkS gq;kS gS ds vkt jS b.k vk/kqfud tqx esa bZ yksx vKku jk va/kdkj esa thoS gSA

8- ehjka & izoklh jktLFkkfu;k jS vykok bZ m.k cxr dsbZ ys[kdka pkS[kk vj izHkkoh ukVd fyf[k;kAbL;kS bZ vsd pkokS&BkokS uke gS ia- lw;Zladj ikjhd jkSA vka jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa lkfgR; jkS Lojlq/kkj.k jkS vj b.k fo/kk uS xfr nso.k jkS egrkÅ dke fd;kSA oka dsbZ ukVd fyf[k;k] i.k ehjka okajkS lc lwa egrkÅ vj pjfpr ukVd j;kS gSA

dF; & b.k ukVd esa ehjka jkS pfjr vsd ÅtGS u[kr jh Hkkar pedrks ijr[k gks;kS gS] ukVd jhl:vkr jktegy esa fx.kxkSj iwt.k jS njlko lwa gqoSA b.k esa ehjka fx.kxkSj iwt.k lwa lQk uV tkoSAehjka jS b.k Hkkar fx.kxkSj iwt.k lwa uV tko.k jS dkj.k m.k jS ifjokj okGk ?k.kk nq%[kh vj ukjktgqoS i.k jk.kkth ehjka uS dha uha dSos vj ehjka [kkrj Hkxoku j.kNksM+ jkS feanj c.kk; uS lwaiSA var esaehjka jk.kkth lkaeh nwtS C;ko jkS izLrko jk[kSA vka vj vSM+h lxGh ckrka jS dkj.k jk.kkth jkS HkkbZfcØe v.kwrkS jhlka cGS vj okS ehjka uS rax djSA b.k xr ukVd jkS dFkkud vkxS c/kSA b.kh chpkGSvsd vkS:a uoknh ckar gkSosA vk dS jk.kkth jkoth jh csVh izHkk ekFkS eksfgr gks tkoSA i.k vk ckr gks.kSlwa bZ iSyka ehjka izHkk jkS C;ko eankj dqekj lkFkS dj.k jkS cpu izHkk jS firk jkoth lwa yS; ysoSA vBhuS jk.kkth bZ C;ko jkS ukjsG jkoth duS Hksts] i.k jkoth] vkijk opuka jS ik.k uV tkoSA iNS ok bZgqoS tdh jktiqrkuk esa b.k vkSGkoS vkt rd gksrh vkbZ gS jk.kkth jkoth ekFkS p<kbZ dj nsoS vjizHkk uS ys; fpÙkkSM+x<+ iwx tkoSA izHkk eankj dqekj uS vkijk d{k jkS njoktkS [kqykS jk[k.k jkS dS;nsoSA b.k law eankj dqekj izHkk duS iwx tkoSA b.kh cxr jk.kkth bZ iwx tkoSA jk.kkth eankj dqekjuS ekj.k ykxS rkS izHkk chp&cpko esa vk; tkoSA urhtu izHkk ekjh tkoS A m.k iNS eankj dqekj vjjk.kkth bZ ej tkoSA vkxS foØe uS iwjh NwV fey tkoSA okS ehjka ekFkS ?k.kk vR;kpkj djSA m.k lwarax vk; ehjk¡ fpÙkkSM+x<+ NksM+ uS oUnkou vk; tkoS vj vkijk vkjk/; Hkxoku fxj/kj ukxj esafoyhu gks; tkoSA

leh{kk & ehjka ukVd rd vkrka&vkrka jktLFkkuh ukVd ys[k.k esa [kklkS cnGko vk;X;kSA lkfgR;jh nhB lwa vc ukVdka esa cka lxGh ckrka jkS [kklrkSj lwa /;ku jk[kh.k.k ykxkS] tdkS jaxeap vj eapujh nhB lwa t:jh gSA ikjhd th jkS vkS ukVd vsd bfr;kfld ukVd gS] vj b.k nhB Hkjiwj jkspdvj tk>h laHkkoukoka fy;kSM+ks gSA jk.kkth jh euxr] ehjka th Hkxrh vj foØefla?k jh [kyuk;dhvS lxGh ckrka b.k ukVd uS ?k.kkS egrkÅ c.kk nsoSA

9- jaxhykS ekjokM+h ¼jkew pu.kk½ & fQYe txr jk ukephu xhrdkj ia- Hkjr O;kl jkS fyf[k;kSvkS ukVd jktLFkkuh ukVdka jS [ksrj esa ;wa dS; ldka ds ehy jkS iRFkj lkfcr gks;kSA b.k ckr uS ;wadS; ldka dS jktLFkkuh ukVd ys[k.k [ksrj esa b.k ukVd iNS] vsd uqaoh l:okr gksbZA vsd uaqaoh

211

jkSud jk y[kk.k uhaxS vk;k A O;kolkf;d nhB uS /;ku esa jk[k uS fyf[k;kS vkS ukVd brjkS pkokSgq;kS ds iNS b.k ekFkS fQYe c.kh tdh ?k.kh yksdfiz; gqbZA

dFkk & vkS ukVd vly esa vsd jktLFkkuh izsedFkk ekFkS vk/kkfjr gS b.k jh dgk.kh dha ;wa gS dSxkao jS lqukj jkS yM+dkS vj Bkdqj jh yM+dh esa vkiksljh esa izse gks tkoSA m.k tekus esa vk ckr fd.khiwtrs Bkdqj ?kjk.kS jS xGs fda;ka mÙkj ldrhA b.k ckr jkS irkS tn Bkdqj uS pkyS rkS oks lqukj uScqykoS vj vkijS csVs uS ikcan dj.kS jkS dSoSA /kedh nsoS dS uha rks okS m.k jk csVk uS ekj nsosxkAurhtu lqukj vkijS csVs jkew uS opuk esa ysoS dS ckS Bkdqj jh csVh pu.kk lwa dnS bZ uha feGSykA okSvkijk csVk uS ?kj esa dSn dj nsoSA i.k pu.kk vk/kh jkr jk vk tkoSA nksuwa t.kka HkkxS rks Bkdj okajkS ihNS djSA nksuwa t.kka vkijkS var vsd lkFkS dj vkijS izse uS vej dj nsoSA

leh{kk & ftL;kS dS izse dFkkoka esa gjckj gksoS] nks vyx&vyx tkfr;ka ;k iNS vyx vyx Lrjjk Nksjk&Nksjh esa viljh esa izse gksoS] vj iNS oka jS lkaeh dsbZ Hkkar jh vM+puka vkoSA b.k dFkk esa bZok bZ lnho okGh ckr jSbZ gSA dFkk esa Nksjs jh xjhch] m.k jS ifjokj jh etcwjh uS m.k jh tkr vkMhvkoSA cBhuS Bkdj jkS ncnckS uS m.k jkS tkfrxr ?ke.M vkS izse lQy uha gkso.k nsoSA

10- rkl jkS ?kj & feu[k jh fcjrh vthc gSA ?k.kdjkS rkS okS tFkkjFk lwa vyx vj vGxkS lqiukjh nqfu;k esa bZ thoSA vlkS bZ dyiuk yksd esa tho.k okGs dFkk uk;d jkS ik= gS & ukVd jkS uk;dgS nhid] tdkS cSBkS rkl jk ?kj c.kkoSA

dFkkud & nks vadka esa iwj.k gkso.k okGS b.k ukVd jkS uk;d gS nhid tdkS gj cxr rkl jkS ?kjc.kkoka esa ykX;kS jSoS] i.k rkl jkS vkS ?kj gesl iwjkS gkso.k lwa iSyka bZ HkjHkjk; uS gsVS iM+ tkoSA b.kewG ckr uS vra rd ys tko.k jS chpS vkS:a bZ dsbZ dFkk izlax tqM+rk tkoSA nhid jkS cSekj iM+.kkSikM+kSfl;ka lwa >xM+kS] Fkk.ksnkj lkFkS jaxjsfy;k] vj var esa nhid jkS Qkalh yxk uS vkre gR;k bR;kn?kV.kkoka lwa ukVd iwjks gksoSA

leh{kk & jktLFkkuh fgUnh jk pkok&<kok ys[kd ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^panz* jkS fyf[k;kS vkS ukVd feu[kjh m.k liuk thoh fcjrh uS mtkxj djS] ft.klwa caf/k;kS geslk lqiuk jk ?kj c.kkoS] i.k tFkkjFk jk/kjkry ekFkS uha thoSA vSM+k feu[kka jkS tho.k] fd.k dnj dGsl esa chrs] vj tn rkl jkS ?kj gsVsfxjs] uS liuk jk egy Hkax gksoS] rkS m.k jkS var fdrjkS nq[knkbZ gqoS] vkS bZ b.k ukVd jh ekjQrcrk;kS gSA

20-12 milagkj

jktLFkkuh esa ukVd ys[k.k lu~ mx.khl lks lwa l: gks;kSA jktLFkkuh jkS iSykS ukVd flopUnzHkjfr;k ^dslj foykl* uke lwa fyf[k;kSA m.k iNS m.k cxr vkS:a bZ dsbZ ys[kdka ukVd vki.khek;M+] Hkklk jktLFkkuh esa fyf[k;kA l:vkr esa tdk ukVd lkeha vk;k] oka jk fy[kkjk izoklhjktLFkkuh bZ jS;k A b.k jkS dkj.k vsd vBS flDlk vj iksfFk;ka jkS vHkko dS;kS tk ldsA i.k[;kyka&jEerka esa rks vBS ukVd jk rRo ekStwn gk bZA dSo.k jkS eryc vkS ds fd.kh u fd.kh cgkusvj fd.kh u fd.kh uke lwa vk fo/kk yksxka jh tFkktksx vxqokbZ vol djrhA dnS bZ euksjatu] rkSdnSbZ bfr;kl jk i[kk uS mtkxj dj.k jkS dke [;ky&ukVd&jkl jEer bR;kn jS vkSGkoS cjkcjgksorkS jsorkSA

l:vkr jk ukVd laLÑr] vj vkxS izkÑr viHkzal law izHkkfor Hkyka bZ jS;k gksokS] i.k vkxS pky*jvk ekFkS fonslh ukVdka jkS izHkko bZ vol ifM+;kSA tn vBka lwa yksx nsl&fnlkoj deko.k uS x;k]rks oka jkS laidZ nwth Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jS lkFkS&lkFkS vaxzsth lwa Hkh gks;kSA b.kh laidZ jkS izHkkojktLFkkuh esa fy[kht.k okGS lkfgR; ekFkS bZ ifM+;kSA ojreku rd vkrka&vkrka rkS vkS izHkko vkS:a

212

c/kX;kSA vt tdk ukVd fyf[k;k tk jS;k gS] oka ekFkS nslh&fonslh lxGk ukVdka jkS izHkko vsdB:i nh[kSA

iSyM+S nkSj esa tdk jktLFkkuh ukVd fyf[kft;k] oka jkS fol; yxSVxS vsd ljhlks gSA m.k cxrekjokM+h ¼jktLFkkuh½ lekt esa tdh dqjhfr;ka cSlh :i esa vj ijr[k gS] tdk jhr&fjokt [kks[kykuS ukdkjk gks; x;k gS] oka lc jS ekFkS pksV dj.kh vj lekt jkS /;ku oka dfe;ka dkuh fnjko.kks bZizeq[k jS;kSA

iSyh jktLFkkuh ukVd ys[kd jh l:vkr izoklh jktLFkkuh ys[kdka djh] i.k vk/kqfud dky jhl:okr cBSbZ FkexhA vkt de izoklh ys[kd gS tdk lkfgR; fljt.k djSa vc ?k.kdjks ys[kujktLFkku esa cSBk vBka jk clf.k;ka bZ djSA ukVd ys[ku jkS flyflykS tdkS pkfy;kS m.k rgr dsbZegrkÅ ukVd lkaeh vk;kA oka esa ^<ksyk&ejo.k* ¼ys- HkjrO;kl½] pwuM+h ¼ia- bUnz½] fcdkÅ VksjM+ks¼QwypUn Mkbp½] u;h fcu.kh ¼teukizlkn ipsfj;k½] iUuk/kk; ¼vkKkpan HkaMkjh½] xqokM+ jh tk;sM+h¼lR;ukjk;.k izHkkdj½] ik.kh iSyh ikG ¼cnzhizlkn iapkSGh½] ekjokM+h ekslj ¼xqykcpUn ukxkSjh½]ekgs'ojh iapk;r jkS ck;Ldksi ¼iafMr BkdqjnÙk n/khfp½] jEek je.k ¼eFkjknkl HkV~VM+½] jk;ka jk Hkkojkrs x;k ¼calrdqekj nÙkk½] jxr vfHklsd ¼MkW- txeksgu flag ifjgkj½] tUekr jsMfi ¼tqxy ifjgkj½]vjt.k leji.k ¼cnzhizlkn iapksyh½] rhljkS eapk.k ¼vs-oh- dey½] eqxrh&xkFkk ¼vtZunso pkj.k½] bdjktk bd jad ¼nyir ifjgkj½] pk:erh ¼ch- vsy ekGh v'kkar½ nl gkL; ukVd ¼ukxjkt 'kekZ½]cgq:fi;kS ¼y{eh ukjk;.k jaxk½ bR;kn izeq[k gSA

20-13 lkjkal %

bdkbZ if<;ka iNS jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk twuk :ika jh tk.kdkjh gks;xh gkslhA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkl:vkrh ukVdka jkS vk/kkj folS le> esa vk;kS gkslhA jktLFkkuh ukVdka esa lekt lq/kkj] bfr;klvj euksfoX;ku jk vk/kkj folS le> esa vk;k gkslhA lekt ekFkS ukVdka jkS izHkko vj lekt eSukVdka jkS ;ksxnku le> vk;k gkslhA izeq[k jktLFkkuh ukVdka jkS dFkklkj vj leh{kk le> vkbZgkslhA

20-14 vH;kl jk loky

1- jktLFkkuh jk twuk ukVdka jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

2- ukVdka esa lekt lq/kkj fy[;kS x;kS gS \ le>koksA

3- lekt esa ukVdka jkS ;ksxnku crkokSA

4- dksbZ nks ukVdka jh dFkklkj vj leh{kk fy[kkSA

5- jktLFkkuh ukVdka ekFkS fuca/k fy[kkSA


1- jktLFkkuh ukVd % mn~Hko vj fodkl ¼Mk- lq[knso jko½

2- jktLFkkuh Hkklk ,oa lkfgR; % MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor

3- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed ,oa fodklkRed bfrgkl ¼Mk- jkeLo:i O;kl½

4- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR; % MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k

213

bdkbZ & 21

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVddkj % vtqZunso pkj.kbdkbZ jkS eaMk.k

21-0 mn~nsL;

21-1 izLrkouk

21-2 vk/kqfudrk jkS vjFkko

21-3 vk/kqfudrk jh O;k[;k

21-4 ukVd dh ifjHkklk

21-5 jktLFkkuh ukVd ijaijk % vsd nhB

21-5-1 ijEijk vj izHkko

21-5-2 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk twuk :i

21-6 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVddkj vtqZunso pkj.k

21-7 vtqZunso jk dha nwtk ukVd % vsd tk.kdkjh

21-7-1 nks ukVd vkt jk 1- ladfj;kS]

21-7-2 xokM+h

21-7-3 cksy Egakjh eNyh bÙkks ik.kh

21-7-4 Fksa jktk EgSa iztk

21-7-5- tsBok&ÅtGh

21-7-6 /kjetq)

21-7-7 eqxrhxkFkk

21-8 ukVd tkrjk] vsd nhB

21-8-1 ukVd ^tkrjk* jh dFkk

21-8-2 ^tkrjk* jk ik=

21-8-3 ukVd ^tkrjk* jk egrkÅ laokn vj O;k[;k

laokn 1 O;k[;k

laokn 2 O;k[;k

laokn 3 O;k[;k

laokn 4 O;k[;k

laokn 5 O;k[;k

21-8-4 lcnka jk vjFk

21-9 bdkbZ lkj

21-10 vH;kl jk loky


214

21-0 mn~nsL;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vk vsd egrkÅ bdkbZA b.kjS rgr vkika jktLFkkuh jk vk/kqfud ukVddkjvtqZunso jh ukVd ^tkrjk* ckcr pjpk djL;kaA b.k bdkbZ uS Hkf.k;ka iNS vkiuSA

1-1 vk/kqfudrk jkS vjFk le> vk tklhA

1-2 jktLFkkuh ukVdak jS mn~Hko us fodkl jh tk.kdkjh gkS tklhA

1-3 ukVdka jh ifjHkklkoka jh tk.kdkjh feGlhA

1-4 jktLFkkuh ukVd ijaijk jh iksfFk;ka jh tk.kdkjh feGlhA

1-5 ukVddkj vtqZunso jh jpukoka jh tk.kdkjh gkslhA

1-6 ukVddkj jS leS jh tk.kdkjh gks tklhA

1-7 tkrjk ukVd jh Hkklk jh ckuxh lkaeh vklhA

1-8 ^tkrjk* jS ik=ka jh euxr lkaeh vk tklhA

1-9 ^tkrjk* ukVd jkS mn~nsL; ir[k gks tklhA

21-1 izLrkouk

yksxka lwa lh/kkS tqM+ko dj.k lk: ukVd vsd lcGh fo/kk gSA feu[k vsd lkekftd izk.kh gSA lektdSbZ Hkkaarjk us dSbZ rcds jk yksxka jS vsd lewg jkS uke gSA lekt vj b.k jk yksx tqxku&tqx jSbfrgkl lwa gksork Fkdk vkt jS tqx rkabZ iwxk gSA b.k fodkl tkrjk eka; lekt jS lkaeh dSbZvc[k;ka] vj dsbZ nqc/kkoka vkbZ us vkt bZ gSA dSbZ /kje] jktuSfrd ny] tkrka us m.kjk jhfr fjoktgSA vka lcka eka; dSbZ pkS[kh gS rkS dSbZ HkawMh gSA lekt jk yksx dSbZ Hkkar jk dke&/ka/kk djSA vki vkijk /ka/kk eka; dSbZ yksx bZekunkjh lwa dke djS] rkS dSbZ csbekuh jh lhao ikj dj tkoSA i.k variarlekt m.k uS bt ekurk nsoS tdkS vkijh yhd ij pkySA tdkS feu[khpkjkS jk[kSA tdkS vkijk dkeus bZekunkjh lwa lGVkoSA

tqx jh vkik/kkih] m.k jh cqjkb;ka uS yksxka lkaeh yko.k jkS vsd lcGkS ek/;e ukVd gSA ukVd ns[k.kokGk jS eu&ext ekFkS lh/kkS vlj djS] us vkijkS izHkko NksMSA ;wa leS vj t:jr eqtc ukVdka jkfol;] mn~nsL;] uS dSbZ :i gks ldSA ukVddkj leS ijok.kS vka jkS ys[k.k] us vka jh izLrqfr vka jkSiznjl.k yksxka lkaeh djS] us vkijkS mn~nsL; iwjkS djSA

ukVd ^tkrjk* vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh fx.krh eka; vkoSA ft.k Hkkar dksbZ bZ jpuk vki jkSmn~nsL; ys uS pkyS] tkrjk* ukVd jkS bZ vsd mn~nsL; gSA b.k ukVd jh fpUrk vk gS ds vkt lektjkS :i fc[kj j;kS gSA b.k fc[kjrs lekt uS fc[kj.k lwa jksd.k [kkrj êkuoh; ewY; lkeh jk[k*uSvkijh dksfll djS] us b.k jS rgr okS] vsd lkQ&lqFkjh O;oLFkk jh HkkG eak; fudGSA i.k vkijhtkrjk jS rgr tn okS lekt uS lkjFkd :i [kkrj Fkjir laLFkkoka jk vlyh m.kh;kjk ns[kS] rkS m.kjk rkS gksl bt mM+ tkoSA vSM+h eq[kkSVkoknh laLFkkoka êkuoh; ewY;ka* jk fgek;fr;ka uS bt nkslhdjkj nsoS uS vBk jh U;k; O;oLFk vSM+h nksxyh laLFkkok jh fgek;r djSA oS êkuoh; ewY;ka* uS btvijk/kh ?kksflr dj nsoSA ekuoh; ewY;ka uS mej dSn jh ltk lq.kkbZ tkoSA

b.k iwjS ukVd jkS lwrz/kkj ekjx* gS] tdkS vki dkauh lwa dSbZ lkjFkd loky ÅHkk djSA lwrz/kkj ekjxfonzksgh fojrh jkS gSA okS lkap jkS lcGkS lkFkh gSA êkuoh; ewY;ka* ekFkS gkso.k okGk vR;kpkj okS lguuha dj ldSA urhtu okS fonzksg djSA okS O;oLFkk jS vlyh :i uS ns[k m.kjS lkaeh yM+.k [kkrj [kM+kSgkS tkoSA okS îzsDld* jh vk[;ka eka; vk¡[;ka ?kky m.k lwa loky djS dS êkuoh; ewY;ka* uS [kredfj;ka iNS dkabZ Fkka [kqn fulax jS; ldksyk \

215

ekuoh; ewY; cfp;ka bZ vk lzLVh cp ldSA i.k ft.k rjS lwa] ftrjh tYnh bl /kjk lwa ekuoh; ewY;kajkS ukl gks jS;kS gS] m.k uS ns[krka dS;kS tk ldS dS vkS lzfLV jS foukl] gkso.k jkS ladsr gSA vkS foukljS vsd uqoS [krjs dkauh ladsr gSA vkt jkS lekt iwjh rjS laosn.k&gh.k gks; x;kS gSA ^tkrjk* ukVdfeu[k jh [kre gksorh laosn.kk uS txko.k jh vsd ukUgh lh vkQG gSA vkS ukVd feu[k uS Hkhrjlwa >d>ksjS us m.k uS lkopsr djS vko.k okyS [krjS lwaA feu[kk tw.k folaxfr;ka lwa Hkfj;ksM+h gSAO;oLFkk jS nksxyS pfjr jS ik.k] uS b.k jh va/ksj xjnh jS dkj.k êkuoh; ewY;ka* jk gj.k uS foulcjkcj gks j;k gSA b.k vko.k okGS [krjS dkuh lkQ blkjkS djS ukVd ^tkrjk*A

21-2 vk/kqfudrk jkS vjFkko

tn vkika i<k dS vk/kqfud dgk.kh] vk/kqfud dfork] vk/kqfud ukVd bR;kn] rkS fopkj.k tks.k ckrgS dS vkika iSyk vk/kqfud lcn jS eka; fNfi;ksMS vjFkko lwa okdQ gksokaA b.k Hk.kkbZ eak; dha vkxSix /kfj;ka vsd likV vjFk tdkS lkaeh vkoS] m.k eqtc vk/kqfud* jkS vjFk gS vkt jkS ojrekuA i.kb.k vjFkko jS lkFkS vsd eksVh nqfc/kk gS dS tdkS vkt gS] oks dky ^Hkwrdky* jS [kkrS eak; tk uS dkGjS xjHk eak; lek tklhA oxr pyk;eku gSA b.k lzfLV jS b.k dkG pdz uS dksbZ uha jksd ldSA b.knhB vSM+h dksbZ frFk rS dj.k jkS eih.kkS uha gS dS ft.kjS ika.k b.k dkG [k.M jh uklhao r; djh tkldSA

^vk/kqfud* lcn jk tdk dkslxr vjFkko crk;k x;k gS] oka eqtc ^^vktdky jkS] orZeku jkS] uqaoStekus jkS] uqokS] ojreku leS jkS] uohu] lEizfr** bR;kn lcn lkaeh vkoSA vk/kqfud lcn jS vjFkkouS le>kork uS b.k lcn jh O;k[;k djrk fo}ku MkW- pUnzHkku fy[kS& ^vk/kqfud lcn jkS ikjaifjdvjFkko gS] vkt jS oxr jS lkFkS gsGesG gks; tk.kkSA b.k jkS lqHkV vjFkko gS] vkt jS oxr jS lkFkSgsGesG gks; tk.kkSA vjFkko gq;kS] ledkyhu fopkjka] vuqHkwfr;ka laosxka uS Hkklk eak; m.k jS cj.kko]m.k jh vuqHkwfr;ka eak; vkijkS lqj feGko.kkSA m.k eka; vsdesG gks.kkSA**

21-3 vk/kqfud vj vk/kqfudrk jh O;k[;k

gj tqx eak; vk/kqfudrk jkS vjFk] us m.k jh ifjHkklk cnGrh tkoSA vkxyS oxr eak; lkLrj vk/kqfud gk] rkS yksx m.k ckr jh fgek;r djrk] tdh lkL= lEer gksorhA vkt foX;kau jkS tqx gSAvkt yksx m.k ckr ekFkS Hkjkslks djS] tdh foX;ku lEer gksoSA b.k nhB vkt okS bZ lkfgr izklafxdgS] tdka foX;ku jS tqx jh vc[kk;ka] nqc/kkoka] fparkoka vj m.k jk ekuoh;] m.k jk lkekftd ljksdkjkauS ijr[k djSA ukVd bZ lkfgR; jh vsd lcGh fo/kk gSA vkt oS bZ ukVd vk/kqfud gS] izklafxd gS]tdk vkt jS lkekftd ljksdkjka jh O;k[;k djSA ukVd ^tkrjk* eq[kkSVkoknh lkekftd laLFkkoka jkSeka;ykS us vlyh pfjr mtkxj djS] b.k dkj.k b.k uS vsd vkèkqfud ukVd dS;kS tk ldSA D;wa dstdh jpuk vkijS ojreku uS vkijh vka[k lwa ns[k] m.k ekFkS foX;ku] lEer fopkj djS] nwtk lcnkaeak; euksfoX;ku lEer fopkj djS] vkt jS oxr eak; ok bZ iksFkh vk/kqfud gSA vk/kqfud vjvk/kqfudrk jkS vkS bZ vjFk gSA

21-4 ukVd jh ifjHkklk

ikBdka vj Hk.kck okGk uS le>ko.k jh nhB lwa fo}ku lkfgR;dkj lfgR; jh Hkkar&Hkkarhyhfo/kkoka uS vki vkijh nhB eqtc ifjHkkflr vj O;k[;kf;r djrk jS;k gSA b.k nhB ukVd fo/kk jhdsbZ ifjHkklkoka tqx jS eqrkfcd vkika jS lkaeh gSA b.kka eak; dsbZ nslh&fonslh fo}ku vki&vki jhjk; ijr[k djh gSA

[kM+h cksyh jk pkok Bkok fo}ku HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz ukVd uS vj ukVd ys[k.k jh lhao uS vki jklcnka eak; fy[kh gSA oka eqtc ukVd lcn jkS eryc gS] uV yksxkaa jh fØ;kA uV dSoS fo|k jS izHkko

216

lwa [kqn uS us fd.kh pht uS m.k jS :i eak; Qsj cny dj nso.k okGS uS] us [kqn jh nhB&njlko uScnG nso.k uSA ukVd eka; ik=&x.k vkijkS :i uS jktk bR;kn jkS :i èkkj.k djS] vj Hksl cnGuS jaxHkksHk eak; [kqn jk dkjt lk/k.k iwj.k djck [kkrj fQjSA**

fgUnh lkfgR; eak; vsd vknjtksx uke t;'kadj izlkn jkS gSA oka lfgR; txr uS dSbZ DyklhdyukVd bZ fn;k gSA ^dkO;slq ukVd jE;a* uS vkijh ckr jkS vk/kkj eku os fy[kSA ^^dkO; vsd dyk gS]us yfyr dykoka eka; vsd lqdqekj dyk gS! rn vkS eku.kS iM+Syk dS ukVd lwa dyk jkS laca/k bZ uha]i.k okS dyk jkS fodflr :i gSA fgjnS uS vuqHkwfr djko.k [kkrj dyk jk uo }kj vkika lkaeh ijr[kgSA dku vj vka[k lwa vBhuS vka jh vuqHkwfr nh[k.k vj lq.k.k lwa bZ gksoSA**

21-5 jktLFkkuh ukVd&ijaijk vsd nhB

vkneh tn vkijh futw igpk.k uS vkSGS jk[k] m.k uS fNik; m.k lwa vyx dha O;ogkj djS] rks vkikadSoka ds ukVd er dja] lkQ ckrdjA erGc ds okS tdkS gS] m.k lwa vyx djS rkS okS ukVd gSA dSo.kkSoktc jSlh ds ukVd feu[k tho.k jS lkFkS lnho lwa tqfM+;kS FkdkS gSA vsd fonslh fo}ku jh jk; eqtc^^tn ckyd [kqn lwa vyx [kqn uS ns[kko.k jh [kIir djh] ukVd jkS tGe lk;r m.k ?kM+h lwa gks;kSA**ts vkika v/;kRe jh Hkklk eak; dSoka rkS feu[k jkS lxGkS tho.k vsd yhyk] vsd ukVd bZ gSA tnbZ rkStho.k lekIr gks;ka vkika dSoka dS yhyk lekIr gks;xhA vly eka; feu[k jh thok tw.k eka; ukVdjkS fols[k egr jS;kS gSA vkika tk.kka dS feu[k tho.k ?k.kh vc[kk;ka lwa Hkfj;ksM+kS gSA vBS tGe ys; uSfeu[k vkijkS tho.k lnho likV bZ uha thoSA uS vkS bZ vsd [kjkS lkap gS dS lxGk feu[kk jkS tho.klnho vsd ljh[kkS uha gksoSA vBS de yksxka uS eu pkgh lq[k&lqfo/kkoka feGSA ?k.kdjk yksx rkS vc[kk;kajkS tho.k bZ thoSA b.k jS lkFkS&lkFkS vk ckr bZ vBS fopkj dj.k jh gS ds feu[k jh tho.k tkrjk dksbZvsd nks fnu jh ckr uha] i.k vkS tho.k ?k.kkS dB.k vj dkaVka Hkfj;kS gSA ukVd jh ekjQr feu[k jhdsbZ vc[kk;ka uS ekjx feGSA b.k jk tho.k ekjx eak; pku.kkS gksoSA dnSbZ b.k lwa /kkjfed mn~nsL;ka jhiwjrh gksoS] rkS dnS bZ FkkD;ksM+h thok tw.k jkS eu fcyeko.kkS gksoSA dnSbZ ukVd lkekftd laLFkkoka jkSudyh psgjkS mrkj m.k jh vlfy;r uS csudkc dj.k jkS dke djSA dnS bZ dqjhfr;ka ekFkS pksV] rkS dnSbZ xjchyS bfrgkl jh >yd nsoSA vkS lc] us b.k jS vykok bZ dsbZ leL;koka nqc/kkoka jkS ltho cj.kkoukVdka jh ekjQr gksoSA jktLFkkuh ukVd bZ vkijh tGe tkrjk eak; vSM+k bZ txtxrk lokyka uSvaxStrkS ijksVrkS vkt jS edke rkabZ iwxkS gSA

21-5-1 ijaijk vj izHkko

fd.kh vsdy ukVd vj ukVddkj ckcr ckr dj.k lwa iSyka t:jh gS ds ukVd fo/kk jhtGe tkrjk ckcr FkksM+h ?k.kh tk.kdkjh gkly djkaA FkksM+h ukVd ijaijk uS le>kaA Hkkjreka; ukVd lkLrj jk iz.ksrk ^Hkjr eqfu* ukVd uS îapeosn* crk;kS gSA vBS vBkjh lxGhHkkjrh; Hkklkoka eak; ftrjk ukVdka jh jpuk gqbZ gS] dg.kkS oktc jSlh dS oka lxGk ukVdkajkS vk/kkj laLØr okM~e; jS;kS gSA b.kh ckr uS nwtk lcnka eak; ;wa dS; ldka dS vBk jkiSyM+k ukVd fiNekn ¼fonsl½ jS izHkko lwa yxSVxS vNwrk bZ jS;k gSA bfrgkl jh nhB lwaukVd iajijk jh fodkl tkrjk tk.kck jh dksfll djka] rkS lkQ y[kkoS ds laLØr ukVdkajkS izHkko izkØr vj viHkzal lwa gksorkS jktLFkkuh eak; vk;kSA l: eak; tdk jktLFkkuhukVd fyf[kft;k] ok ekFkS laLØr ukVdka jkS lkLrjh; izHkko lqHkV y[kkoSA vkxS pky uSfiNekn ¼ik'pkR;½ ukVdka jkS izHkko jktLFkkuh jk ukVdka ekFkS ifM+;kS ykxSA

21-5-2 jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk twuk :i

jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk twuk :ika jS rgr [;ky] reklk] jker] jkl] Qkx] pjpjh bR;kn ukelwa dkO; :i lcnka jk vSuks.k feGSA vka ukVdka eak; ukp jh xhrka jh izeq[krk gksorhA eryc

217

ds l:okr jk jktLFkkuh ukVd fujr xhrka jS :i bZ lkaeh vk;kA [;ky] reklk bR;kn eak;tBS Hkkar Hkkar jk xhr] us oka jS lkFkS&lkFkS dSbZ Hkko vj dSbZ yVdk&>Vdk fy;ka fujr bZgksorkA b.kh jS lkFkS oka fujr xhrka chpkGS fol; lwa esG [kkorh t:jr eqtc dFkkoka jkSHksG bZ gksorkSA us tn dFkkoka gksooh rkS nh[krh ckr gS ds oka jS chp chp esa laokn bZ gksorkAvS laokn xhr dfork eka; uha gks; uS x|kRed :i eka; gksorkA

21-6 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh ukVddkj vtqZunso pkj.k

jktLFkkuh jk vk/kqfud ukVddkjka eka; vtqZunso pkj.k vsd Hkjkslsean uke gSA vka jk ukVd vkt jStqx jh leL;koka uS] lekt jS nksxyS pfjr uS vj lkekftd laLFkkoka jS eq[kkSVk jS eka;yS lkap uSm?kkM+ yksxka lkaeh ijr[k djSA vka jkS dksbZ ukVd lkekftd ljksdkj fcgw.kh uha gksoSA vtqZunsovkijk fyf[k;k ukVdka jkS fujnsl.k [kqn djSA ljdkj jh [ksrjokj Hkklkoka uS îzeksV* dj.k jh uhfrjS rgr bZ vka jk ukVdka jS iznjl.k uS LgkjkS fefG;kSA ukVddkj vtqZunso pkj.k ckcr FkksM+htk.kdkjh uhps eqtc gSA

flDlk & vse-vs- ¼fgUnh½ ih,p-Mh-

iksfFk;ka & fja/kjksgh] /kjetq)] eqxrh xkFkk] fojklr] cfynku] vtS lS ckdh gS] ?kj rkS vsd uke gSHkjkslS jkSA jktLFkkuh dgk.kh] ijEijkvj fodkl] cxr jh ckj[kM+hA

iqjLdkj & lkfgR; vdkneh] u;h fnYyh] jktLFkku laxhr ukVd vdkneh] jktLFkkuh Hkklk]lkfgR; vso laLØfr vdkneh] e: ijEijk] pSUubZA

^tkrjk* ukVd ckcr [kkl & b.k ukVd jkS vuqokn fgUnh] mjnw] dksad.kh] vaxzsth us iatkch esa gks;kSA

ukVd ^tkrjk& jkS eapu & bykgkckn] mn;iqj] xksok] dsjy] dksydkrk] vgenkckn] u;h fnYyhbR;kn tkxk gq;kSA

vkt jk jktLFkkuh dfo;ka eka; vsd BkokS uke gS vtqZunso pkj.kA

21-7 vtqZunso jk dha ukVd % tk.kdkjh

b.k bdkbZ jkS eq[; fol; ukVd ^tkrjk* jkS v/;u gS] i.k vBS ukVddkj jk nwtk ukVdka ckcr bZFkksM+h ?k.kh tk.kdkjh ys.kh Bhd jSlhA ys[kd jk dha ukVd uhps eqtc gSA

21-7-1 ^nks ukVd vkt jk^

^nks ukVd vktjk* ukae lwa vtqZunso jh ukVd iksFkh 1979 eka; Ni*uS lkaeh vkbZA b.k eka;ftL;kS ds uke lwa bZ lkQ gS] nks ukVd gSA b.k iksFkh jkS iSykS ukVd gS ladfj;kS*A b.k ukVdjkS vk/kkj&fol; lkearh O;oLFkk vj m.k jkS fojks/k gSA b.k ukVd jh vsd ik= jk/kk ladfj;SjS gdka jh ckr us m.k jh fgek;r djS] i.k L;ke m.k jh dS;h ckr jh FkksM+h bZ fxujr uhadjS us m.k jh ckr uS ckj&ckj VkGrkS jSoSA L;ke jkS b.k rjS VkG.kkS jk/kk uS vaxS nk; uhavkoSA vsd fnu vSM+h gksoS ds L;ke jk/kk uS vsdyh NksM+ uS ijkS tkoSA vc jk/kk ?kjka vsdyhjS; tkoSA vc ?kj jk/kk uS laHkkG.kkS iM+SA tn jk/kk ?kj laHkkGS] rkS ok bZ L;kae jh Hkkar bZlksp.k ykxSA variar gksoS vk ds vsd fnu ladfj;kS fonzksg dj nsoSA

21-7-2 xokM+h

^nks ukVd vkt jk* jh iksFkh jkS nwtkS ukVd gS ^xokM+h*A vkS ukVd] ftL;kS ds b.k jS uke lwalkQ gS] vkS ukVd ^xokM+h* ;kuh ds ifjokj jh ekurkoka jS vxkM+h&fiNkM+h ?kweSA b.k ukVdeka; pkj Nksjk] tdka jk uke gS ekf/k;kS] efx;kS] vewdM+kS] vj ckcwM+kSA vS pk:a vkijSvk[krh&ik[krh gkso.k okGh ?kV.kkoka uS vk/kkj c.kk; m.k ekFkS tksjnkj cgl djS] us fd.kh

218

fuj.kS ekFkS iwx.kh pkoSA i.k oS iwx uha ldS fd.kh vsd fuj.kS ekFkSA dkj.k ds oS vkijh ckrdBS lwa l: djS vj dBS tk uS vkVdS] dha irkS uhaA ft.k Hkkar ds oS vkijh ckr l: rkSMwaxth vj lwjtdh jk vuSfrd laca/kk lwa l: djSA iNS Mwaxth vj Hkh[kth jk >xM+k ekFkScgl djSA vka jh ckr djrk djrk nks usrkoka jh gkj thr ekFkS cgl dj.k ykx tkoSA iNSoS vkijS pkok gkso.k jh tqxr jk tdk elwack ft.k Hkkar cka/kS] okS lxGkS cj.kko cM+kS jkspdcf.k;kS gS ukVd ^xokM+h* eka;A

21-7-3 cksy Egkajh eNyh bÙkkS ik.kh

vtqZunso jkS ukVd ^^cksy Egkajh eNyh bÙkkS ik.kh** 1984 eka; vk;kSA lkap cksy.kkS vBS vsdvatl jS;kS gSA i.k dnS bZ vSM+h gksoS dS lkap cksy.kkS fd.kh vkneh jh tku jh tks[ke c.ktkoS] m.k jkS xGkS dVk; nsoSA rkS dnS bZ lkap cksy.k jkS urhtkS vkS gksoS dS lkap cksyf.k;SuS jktk lwa jad c.kk; nsoSA vSM+kS bZ dha jklkS ?kV.kk&ijlaxk gksoS lkap cksy.k jh vk[kM+hysof.k;S pksj lkFkS cksy Egkajh eNyh bÙkkS ik.kh&ukVd eka;A gksoS vk ds pksj vkijk xq: jSdS;ka eqtc pkj ckrka jh vk[kM+h ysoSA okS vkijh le> jS ik.k vSM+h vk[kfM+;ka lksp&le>uS ysoS dS tdh dnSbZ iwjh bZ uha gks; ldSA T;wa dS lksus jh FkkGh eka; uha thek jh vk[kM+hAdnSbZ lksus jh vackM+h gkFkh jS gksnS uha p<.k jh vk[kM+hA dnS bZ jk.kh jS ekapS uha p<.k jhvk[kM+hA dnS bZ fd.kh jkt jkS jktk uha c.kck jh vk[kM+hA vsd vk[kM+h vkijk xq#th jSdSo.k lwa ys; ysoS gesl lkap cksy.k jh vk[kM+hA pksj uS vS lkap bÙkkS pkS[kkS ykxS ds vsdfnu m.k uS vS pk:a phtka fey.k jkS volj feGS] i.k okS vkijh vk[kM+h ik.k vka uS vaxhdkjuha djSA b.k VkG okS dkG jk xky eka; leko.kkS Bhd le>SA

21-7-4 FkSa jktk EgSa iztk

^FkS jktk EgSa iztk* vsd O;aX;kRed ukVd gSA lkearh izFkk eka; dsbZ vSM+k jktk bZ gks;k] tdkauS vika fofp= fojrh jk tho dSoka rkS dksbZ vxwrkbZ uha gksoSykA b.k ukVd eka; vsd bL;Sjktk jh dgk.kh gS] tdkS vkijk jkten eka; uha tk.kS dkabZ&dkabZ djrkS jSoSA okS jktk fd.koxr dkabZ lkspuS uS fd.k oxr dkabZ fuj.kS dj ysoS] dha irkS bZ uhaA okS vkijk eu ekfQdnkslh uS fujnksl] us fujnksl uS nkslh djkj ns; ikM+rkSA oks jktk vkijk jkt eka; nhoku]lsukifr] jktdfo] jkt tksr[k vj vBk rkabZ ds lxGh iztk lk: ftu[kjka jh cksyh cksy.kjh ikcanh yxk; nsoSA ts dksbZ jkt njckj eka; ckr djSyk] rks vkxS jktk jkS uke tksM+ uSckr djSykA b.k ukVd eka; jktk vSM+k mGVk lh/kk fu;e c.kkorkS HkkaxrkS jSoSA O;aX; jSdkj.k ukVd jkspd c.k lfd;kS gSA

21-7-5- tsBok&ÅtGh

vtqZunso jkS vks ukVd 1995 eka; vk;kS] tdkS /kjetq)* iksFkh eka; ladfyr gSA tsBok&ÅtGhjktLFkkuh jh pkoh izse&dFkk gSA dFkka dh b.k Hkkar gS dS vejkS pkj.k Hkk[kj jS [kqM+dS vsd>waiM+h eka; vkijh csVh ÅtGh lkFkS jSorkSA vsd leS jh ckr] ds esg&va/kkjh dkGh&cksGh jkro.kka jh >waiM+h jS ckj.kS vsd cVkÅ ?kksM+s ekFkS vpsr ifM+;kS nhf[k;kSA vBh uS gkyr vk ds>waiM+h eka; tksr txko.k uS uha rsy ckrh us uha Bkjh esV.k uS cGhrkSA rkS bZ cki&csVh feGuS m.k vpsr v.ktk.k cVkÅ uS mBk; uS >waiM+h eka; ykosA HkGS dha lk/ku uha gkso.k lwa ckicsVh uS vkijk ghy jkS fuokl nso.k jkS dSoSA cki jS gqde eqtc csVh bL;kS djS us cVkÅ jhtku cpkoSA cki ckjS cSBkS ik.kh eka; HkhtrkS cki Bj uS ej tkoSA v.ktk.k cVkÅ uS gkslvk;ka okS /kqeyh jkS jktdaoj tsBok jS :i eka; vkijh fiNk.k nsoSA tsBok ÅtGh chpS izsegks tkoSA tsBokS cBS bZ js; tkoSA vk ckr jktk dhdj lgu dj ldSA okS tsBok uS canh

219

d.kk; ikNS ys; vkoSA ÅtGh tn mMhdrh mMhdrh Fkkd tkoS rkS ok tsBok lwa feGokuS tkoS i.k jktk tsBok jS nwtS C;ko jkS gokykS ns; m.kuS tsBok lwa fey.k uha nsoSA var eka;tsBok&ÅtGh leanj eka; dwn uS vsd lkFkS izk.k R;kx nsoSA b.k Hkkar oka jh izhr vej gks;tkoSA

21-7-6- /kjetq)

ft.k nsl eka; ukjh uS nsoh jkS njtks gkfly gS] cBS jh ukjh jS eku&lueku jh vlfy;rdkabZ gS] b.k ckr jkS [kqyklkS ukVd ^/kjetq)* eka; gks;kS gSA vlfy;r vk gS dS vkt ukjhvkijh vkSG[k [kkrj vsdy FkqM+SA vkt rkabZ m.k jh dksbZ vyx fiNk.k dksuhA m.k jS X;kujh us m.k jS dke jh dksbZ dnj dksuhA vSM+h bZ dsbZ txtxrh ckrka ekFkS loky mBkorkSukVd ^/kjetq)* jkS dFkkud gSA eap ekFkS xk;d jS vko.k lkFkS bZ ukVd l: gksoSA m.khlk;r eap ekFkS eka vkoS us /kje&dje uS ik[k.M crkoSA oka tqxka lwa gksorS vU;k; jkS gokykSnsorh vkijh csVh inek jh dgk.kh lq.kkoSA inek vkijk dha loky tkslhth lkaeh jk[kSA i.ktkslh rkS vdy jkS vka/kkSA inek jh ckrka] m.k jk loky tkslh jh le> lwa ckjS jh ckr gksoSAgksoS vk ds okS inek jS X;kau jkS cnGkS yso.kh pkoSA b.k dsbZ ?kV.kk&ijlaxk lwa gksorh] dFkkvkxS c/kSA variar okS bZ gksoS] tdkS ds b.k iq#[k iz/kku lekt eka; gks ldSA erGc ds inekuS cnuke dj NksMS us U;k; jkS vf/kdkj tkslh th jk gkFkka lwaiSA iNS tkslh jh lq.kkbZ ltkeqtc yksx inek uS HkkVk ekj&ekj uS ekj nsoSA

21-7-7 eqxrh xkFkk

vtqZunso jk dha ukVd eqxrh xkFkk* feu[k fojrh jS vsd foM:i lkap uS ijr[k djSA vktfeu[k ft.k vkG&tatkG eka;] ft.k vGw>kM+ eka;] vc[kk;ka uS Mj jS ft.k tkGS eka;Qafl;ksM+kS rM+QM+kV dj jS;kS gS] okS lxGkS m.k jkS [kqn jkS bZ fljft;ksM+kS gSA lekt jh tdhik[kaMh fcjrh gS] m.k jkS ftEesnkj okS [kqnkS[kqn gSA ejtknk us uSfrdrk jS uke ekFkS vBS[kaM&[kaM ik[kaM ilfj;ksM+kS gSA vSgM+h vc[kh fcfG;k eka; feu[khpk jS lkaeh [kqn jkSmf.k;kjkS fNik; jk[k.k VkG dksbZ tqxr dksuhA

b.k tx eka; eqxrh jh dkeuk eu eka; ikGf.k;ka lkaeh ?k.kh vc[kkbZ gSA izhr vj tq) nkSNksj gS] ft.k jS chpS ckiM+kS feu[khpkjkS v/kj >wy eka; yVd jS;kS gSA oks M:Q:a gS [kqnjh bZ ?kfM+;ksM+h nqfu;k lwaA vkt jh b.k vc[kh fcfG;k eka; njdkj gS vsd vSM+S ÅtGSpfjÙkj jh] tdkS] lk;arh] n;k] d#.kk gsr&izhr uS vi.kk;r [kkrj vkFkM+SA b.k ukVd ek;ajk.kh uS izhr bZ vsd ekjx eqxrh jkS ykxSA tq) b.k jkS bykt dksuhA b.k vkSGkoS ok vkijS/k.kh jS cjf[kykQ ÅHkh gks tkoSA

21-8 ukVd tkrjk % vsd nhB

feu[k tdkS nh[kS okS vyx gksoS] vj tdkS gksoS] okS vyx gksoSA vk vkxS pkyka rkS feu[kka jS vsdBlewg jkS uke bZ lekt gSA rkS lkQ gS dS feu[kka jS lewg lwa cf.k;kS lekt bZ tSM+kS nh[kS] oSM+kS gSdksuhA us tdkS gS] ckS vly eka; feu[khpkjS jS iks[k.k [kkrj c.k uS bZ feu[kh pkjS jkS nqleh gSA

ukVd ^tkrjk* vtqZunso jkS uqaokS ukVd gSA vly eka; ukVddkj b.k ukVd jS vSGkoS vkt jSlkekftd tFkkjFk jh vlyh rlohj vkijS ^lkekftd* lkaeh mtkxj djSA b.k ukVd eka; lektjS f[kaMrS l:i lwa fpafrr êkuoh; ewY; vsd vknjl O;oLFkk jh HkkG eka; tkrjk ekFkS fudGSAvkijh b.k tkrjk jS vSGkoS lekt uS vsd vknjl vj lkjFkd :i nso.kokGk jh eka;yh vlfy;ruS ns[kSA tn poM+S gksoS rkS Bk iM+S ds vka jS pSjka jh ykjyh vlfy;r rkS nwth bZ gSA ^tkrjk* ukVd

220

iksFkh jS Q~ySi ekFkS Nfi;kS ukVd jkS lkj b.k Hkkar gSA

^^vkS uqaokS ukVd lkekftd tFkkjFk jh vlfy;r vkijS lkekftd* lkaeh izLrqr djSA b.k ukVd eka;lekt jS fc[kjrS :i lwa fpafrr êkuoh; ewY;* vsd vknlZ O;oLFkk jh HkkG eka; fudySA vkijh b.ktkrjk eka; oS lekt uS lkFkZd :i nsof.k;ka jk vlyh mf.k;kjk ns[kSA vSM+h laLFkkoka vkijk LokjFkiwj.k dj.k lk: êkuoh; ewY;ka* uS bt vkradh BSjkoSA vkikajh U;k; O;oLFkk êkuoh; ewY;k* uS okajS dfj;kSM+S vijk/k ¼feu[kh pkjS jh fgek;r½ lk: mej dSn jh ltk lq.kkoSA b.k iwjS ukVd jkSlw=/kkj êkjx* ekuoh; ewY;ka ekFkS gksorS vR;kpkj uS ns[k fonzksg dj nsoSA okS vkijS izsDld lwalh/kkS loky djS ds vka uS mHkj dSn jh ltk lq.kk; dkabZ Fks lqjflDr jS; ldkSyk\**

vly eka; ^tkrjk* ukVd jkS lwrz/kkj [kqnjh tkrjk jS vkSGkoS ns[kck okGka uS bZ vkijS lkFkS tkrjkdjokoS] fpar.kk jh ft.k va/kkjh xfG;ka eka; tkork tu lk/kkj.k veweu ?kcjkoSA dS iNS dUuh dkVtkoSA

21-8-1 ukVd iksFkh ^tkrjk* jkS dFkkud

eap ekFkS gydS pku.kS lkFkS ukVd l: gksoSA b.kh fcpGS ekjx jkS vko.kkS gksoSA eap ekFkSekjx vkoS vj vkijkS ifjpS nso.k uS [kiSA ekjx dsoS ds vkSy[kkS EguSA ekjx vkijkS ifjpSnsorkS dSos ^^dq.k tk.kS fdrjk tqxka iSyh b.kh va/kkjS lwa fudfG;kS gkS] iSykS feu[k us m.kjSikoaMS ej.k jS lepS mift;kS gks EgSa m.k jS eka;A** vkijh vkSy.k fn;ka iNS ekjx vkijS vko.kjkS mn~ns; crkorkS dSos& ^ÊgSa vk;kS ckjS ds nSowa m.k jk ixka uS xfr] eu uS gwal us futj uSpku.kkSA**

b.k Hkkar eap ekFkS pku.kkS gkso.k jS lkFkS ekjx jS izsDld vj m.k jS oDrO; lwa] m.k jSmn~cksèku lwa ukVd l: gksoSA ekjx b.k Hkkar vkijh tGe xkFkk uS vkijS vko.k jkS mn~nsL;izdV fd;ka iNS bZ vkijkS cksy.kkS tkjh jk[kS us dSoS ds tn iSyks feu[k tGfe;kS] rkS ^^tqxkatqxka rkabZ Egsa m.kjS lkFkS nkSM+rkS jS;kSA okS EguS tBh ys; uS x;kS] EgSa mBhuS pkfy;kSA** b.khvkSGkoS ekjx b.k oxr vBS vko.k jkS dkj.k crkorkS dSos& ^^vki vBS lxGk ukVd ns[k.kuS HksGk gks;ksM+k gkSA nwtka jS nq[k uS ns[k FkksM+h tst vkijS eka; bZ elkf.k;kS cSjkx tkxSyk]Egkajh iwB ekFkS lokj gks; ok;jS lwa ckrka dj.k ykxSykA lkaph ckr gS vSM+h BkSM+] EgkajkS dkbZdke \ i.k ckr dh vSM+h gks;xh ds EguS vko.kkS ifM+;kSA gks;kS vkS dS vkiuS vBS iqxk; ikNkStkorkS gkS dS EguS ikap&lkr Nha;koka vkijS [kaoka ekFkS dh mpka;ka ekjx VkG tkorh nh[khABk uha D;wa ok uS ns[k EguS v.k[k.kkS y[kk;kS vj b.k lwa iSyk dS EgSa oka jS duS iwxrkS os vyksigks;xhA**

ekjx vkijkS vkre oDrO; lq.kkorkS gksoS] ds bÙkS eka; m.k uS ikap&lkr Nha;koka tksr gkFkkaeka; mBk;k lkeh vkorh fuaxS vkoSA ekjx oka ikap&lkr Nha;koka uS <c uS iwNS dS FkS dq.kgkSA rkS Nha;koka iMqrj nsoS dS ^Fkwa dqa.k gS iwNf.k;kSA* b.k Hkkar Nha;koka loky iwNS us ekjxgjsd ckj crkoS dS okS dq.k gSA ft;kads ekjx dSoS ds ÊgSa jktk gw¡A* ds ÊgSa gkde gw¡A* dnSbZdSos ikSgjsnkj gwwaA b.k Hkkar Nh;ka us ekjx chpS laokn pkyrk jSoSA dnS bZ ykxS ds laokn uha]ekjx us Nh;ka vsd nwtS uS vkfM;k iwN jS;k gSA i.k iwjS ukVd eka b.k Hkkar jk vjFkko jhxSjkbZ us lkjFkd mn~nsL; fy;ka laokn pkyrk jSoSA dFk.k esa ekuoh; ewY;* vsd lkQ&lqFkjhO;oLFkk jh rykl eka; fudGS] i.k laLFkkoka jS eka; >kfd;ka m.k uS flok; fujklk jS dh gkFkuha vkoSA txk&txk ns[kS ok ckM+ [ksr uS [kk jSbZ gSA jDld bZ HkDld c.k jS;k gS] HkzLVkpkjhekSt ek.k jS;k gS] us feu[kh&pkjkS t: gks j;kS gSA lekt vj lekt jk fu;ked fgek;fr;kajS fgjnS lwa feu[ki.kS jkS] feu[kh pkjS jkS yksi gksiX;kS gS] us feu[k fojks/kh lxfr;ka jh rkdr

221

c/krh tk jSbZ gSA lkjFkd laoknka jh ekjQr bfr;kl jS b.k vc[kS dkG [k.M eka; vyksigksorkS feu[khpkjS uS ikNkS psrko.k jh tqxr gS ukVd ^tkrjk* b.k ukVdkj eka; ys[kd nksfojks/kh i[kka jkS fljt.k dj lekt jh xSG rksM+.k jh] m.k jh Åa?k mMko.k jh lkaoBh [kIirdjh gSA vkt ekuoh; ewY;ka jh iquj Fkji.kk vj m.k jh HkkG djf.k;ka jh tdkS nqjxr gksjS;h gS] m.k jS vkSGkoS ukVddkj feu[k jS eka; jh pkiG rksM+h gSA ukVddkj b.k ukVd eka;ekjx jS] vkSGkoS yksxka lkeh uha] i.k cqjkbZ jkS HkzLVkpkj jkS ikS[k.k djf.k;k lkaeh txtxrkSloky NksM+s ds ekuoh; ewY;ka uS t: fd;ka] m.k uS dSn fd;ka iNS dkabZ Fkka lqjfDlr jS;ldSykA ukVddkj jh b.k /kkj.kk eka; lkap gS dS b.k /kjrh ekFkS ts vPNkbZ lqjfDlr uha jSbZ]rkS cqjkbZ uS iks[kf.k;ka bZ lqjfDlr uha jS; ldSA vkS dFk.k bZ lxGS ukVd jkS lkj gS] ft.kuS izHkkoh <ax lwa ukVddkj vkijS ^lkekftd* lkaeh izLrqr fd;kS gSA

21-8-2 tkrjk jk egrkÅ laokn vj O;k[;k

ukVd iksFkh ^tkrjk* jh fcls[krk gS m.kjk egrkÅ laokn us oka eka; fNfi;kS lkjiwj.kvjFkkoA bdkbZ eka; b.k fcUnq jS rgr vkika bL;k bZ egrkÅ laokn Hk.kkayk us oka jh O;k[;kjS vkSGkoS oka Åij ckr djkaykA

laokn % 1 ¼ikap lkr Nh;koka jkS gkFkka esa tksr ys; uS vko.kkS½

ekjx % <ckS&<ckS dq.k gkS Fksa \ ;wa NkuS NkuS fl/k tkokS gkS \

Nha;ka % ;wa dq.k gS iwNf.k;kS \

ekjx % Egsa------ \ EgSa jktk gw¡A

Nha;ka % ;wa jktk uha gks; ldSA

ekjx % D;aaw \

Nha;ka % jktk dnSbZ egy lwa ckjS uha vkoSA vkoS rkS m.k jS vkxS vj ykjS iwjkS yoktekS pkyS&FkkjS nkabZ vsdykS eaxrkS gksoS T;wa uha ÅHkS] lef>;kS \

ekjx % rkS EgSa------- EgSa gkde gw¡A

Nha;ka % Fkwa gkde uha gks; ldSA

ekjx % D;wa \

Nha;ka % gkde jh vkWf[k;ka ekFkS ikVh ckaf/k;ksM+h gksoS & okS ok bZ pht ns[kS tdkS nwtk m.kuS crkoS] gkde c.k.kkS gS rks iSyka vkaf[k;ka ekFkS ikVh cka/k uS vk---- tk----A

ekjx % uha&uha& EgSa tkowyk uhaA EgSa FkkuS idM+.k uS vBS vk;kS gwaA EgSa&EgSa ikSjsnkj gwaA

Nha;ka % Fkwa ikSjsnkj uha gks; ldSA

ekjx % D;wa \ uha uha ;wa uha pkySyk & EgSa Fkkjh nks ckrka ekuyh rkS vsd ckr Egkajh eku.khiM+SykA

Nha;ka % dksbZ tksj tcjnLrh gS \

ekjx % jhlka D;wa cGkS HkkbZ FkkauS NkuS&NkuS tkork ns[k uS vkS cSe erS bZ mit tkoS dS FksdksbZ pksj gksA

Nha;ka % pksj gksork rkS NkuS D;wa tkorkA pkSM+s/kkM+S ÅtGk xkHkk iSj fudGrk FkkajkS bZewaMkS&ehBkS djkorkA

lcnka jkS vjFkko % ekjx&ekxZ] Nha;k&Nk;k] lS&lc] tksr&T;ksfr] ys;uS&ysdj] vko.kkS&vkuk]

222

<ckS&:dkS] dqa.k&dkSu] Fksa&rqe] NuS&NuS&pqidS&pqids] fl/k&dgka] uha&ugha] gks; ldS&gksldrk] lwa&ls] ckjS&ckgj] pkyS&pyrk gS] eaxrkS&fHk[kkjh] ÅHkS&[kM+k gksrk gS] D;wa&D;ksa]ikVh&iV~Vh] cs;&og;] ewaMkS&eqag] pkSM+S /kkM+S&ljs&vke] ÅtGk&mtys] xkHkk&diM+sA

O;k[;k

^Nh;k* us êkjx* jS chpS gq;S b.k izrhdkRed laokn jS vkSGkoS ukVddkj O;oLFkk jS vnhBpSjS dkauh blkjkS fd;kS gS] tdkS lekt jS ek;yS tFkkjFk lwa tk.krka cw>rka v.ktk.k gSA

Nha;ka uS ekjx tn dSoS dS Êgsa jktk gw¡* rkS Nha;k m.k jS jktk gkso.k ekFkS ladk djrh tdkSdha dSos& okS laokn fopkj dj.k tksx gSA Nha;ka tn dSoS ds Fkwa jktk b.k dkj.k uha gkS ldS]D;wa ds jktk dnS bZ egy lwa ckjS uha vkoSA b.k BkSM+ jktk jh txk vkt pq.kko thfr;ksM+Sfd.kh usrk uS] fd.kh ea=h uS jk[k*j ns[kkS] dS vsdoGk pq.kko thr uS laln jS xfG;kjS ?kqfl;kaiNS ikNkS turk uS vkijkS ewaMkS bZ uha ns[kkoSA vly eka; fd.kh jS bZ lÙkk gkFk eka; vkoS rkSok turk jS ik.k bZ vkoSA iNS pk;S okS jktk gksokS dS iNS ea=h gksoSA rkS tn Nh;ka dSoS ds^jktk egy lwa dnSbZ ckjS uha vkoS] rkS izrhd :i eka; m.k jkS lkQ blkjkS vkt jk tuizfrfuf/k;ka lwa gSA b.kh jS lkFkS Nh;ka ekjx uS vsd ckr vkS:a dSoSA dSoS ds vBS rkS m.k jSvkxS us ykjS iwjkS yoktekS pkySA lqHkV blkjkS gS ds pk;S jktk gksokS pk;S tu&izfrfuf/k] lÙkkjS xqM+ ekFkS] ekf[k;ka&edksM+k gesl fpfi;ksM+k jS;k gSA HkkbZ Hkrhtkokn] tkfrokn] ifjokjoknjS vkSGkoS Egkajh Egkajh NkfG;ka uS nw/k ngh ikÅa] vkS[kk.kS jkS iks[k.k gksorkS jS;kS gSA vSM+k yksxlk/kkj.k tu jh vlyh gkyr vj gkykr rkabZ lÙkk uS dnSbZ iwx.k bZ uha nsoSA b.kh Hkkar tnNha;ka dSoS ds Fkwa gkde uha gks; ldS] D;wa ds gkde jh vkWf[k;ka ekFkS rkS ikVh ckaf/k;ksM+h gksoSArkS lkQ gS dS Nha;ka jkS blkjkS l: lwa ys; uS vkt ojreku tqx jh ikaxGh uS vka/kh U;k;O;oLFkk dkuh gSA dS fd.k Hkkar vkt jh U;k; O;oLFkk xok;ka ekFkS fVfd;ksM+h gSA ds m.k uSvk¡[;ka lkaeh nh[krkS lkap dksuh nh[kSA m.k uS Qdr okS bZ nh[kS] tdkS xok;ka m.k uS ns[kkoSA

izrhdka jS b.kh vkSykoS Nha;ka tn ekjx uS dSoS ds ^pksj gksork rkS fNi uS D;wa tkork] pkSM+s/kkM+s ÅtGk xkHkk iSj fudGrkA] rkS vkt jh HkzLV O;oLFkk jkS pSjks lkaeh vk tkoS] dS vktHkzLVkpkjh lkaijr[k poM+S /kkM+S fc.kk fd.kh ykt&lje lQsn iksl c.k lekt jS chpkGSL;kau lwa jSoS !

ukVddkj vka laoknk jS vkSGkoS lekt vj lÙkk jkS vsd foM:i lkap lekt lkaeh ijr[kdj.k jh lkaoBh vkQG djh gSA

laokn 2

ekjx % rn rkS Fks Egkajk HkkbZ gkS & EgSa ekjx gwa Fksa \

Nha;ka % EgSa ekjx ?kkyf.k;k gka & ftrjk ewaMk] mrjk uke gS EgkajkA dksbZ EgkuS vknjl dSoS]dksbZ ewY; dSoS] dksbZ uSfrdrk dSoSA dksbZ lnkpkj dksbZ bZekunkjh dSoS] dksbZ lkap] dksbZvi.kk;r dksbZ izhrA eryc vkS dS EgSa feu[k uS feu[k c.kk;k jk[k.k jk tru djka! vcS FkkjStpS tdkS uke Fkwa jk[k nSA

lcnka jkS vjFkko % rn&rc] Egkajk&esjs] ?kkyf.k;k&Mkyus okys] ftrjk&ftrus] lkap&lR;]vi.kk;r&viukiu] jk[k.kjk&j[kus ds] tru&;Ru] tpS&taps] tdkS&tksA

O;k[;k % ijdr jkS larqyu lzfLV jS tGe lwa ys; us vkt rkabZ dk;e gSA vBS vxu gS] rkstG bZ gSA dkGkS gS rkS /kkSGkS bZ gSA Qwy gS rkS dkaVk bZ gSA lkap gS rkS >wV bZ gSA /kje gSrkS vèkje bZ gSA vPNkbZ gS rkS cqjkbZ bZ gS] uS feu[k gS rkS dqek.kl bZ gS] dSo.k jkS eryc

223

vkS gS dS vk lxGh lzfLV vkijS futw larqyu ekFkS fVfd;ksM+h gSA rkS ts cqjh lxfr;ka vkijkSdke djS] rkS vPNh uS lqHk lxfr;ka vki jkS dke djSA

vBS ekjx tn vkijh vkSG[k nsorkS dSoS dS ÊgSa ekjx gw¡*] rkS vBS b.k jkS lh/kkS vjFkkovPNkbZ jkS ekjx gSA lkapkS us lnkpkj jkS ekjx gSA jkLrs jkS] ekjx jkS eryc bZ vkS gksoS dsokS dBS u dBS iwxkoSA i.k ekjx jh nqc/kk vk gS ds okS iqxkoS rnbZ] tn dksbZ m.k ekFkS uSBkolwa pkySA ekjx jh vc[kk;ka uS lgu djSA i.k b.k lwa t:jh gS feu[k uS lgh ekjx ekFkS?kky.kkSA lekt eka; vkS dke ekuoh; ewY; djS] tho.k vknjl djSA lnkpkj djS bZekunkjhdjSA lkap djS us vi.kk;r djS] izhr djSA vS lxGh ekuoh; lxfr;ka gS tdh cqjk;ka lwa]>wV lwa] HkzLVkpkj lwa yM+S] us feu[k uS feu[k c.kk;kS jk[k.k jk tru djSA vsd vknjllekt O;oLFkk Fkjfir dj.k jh vkQG djSA vk ckr vyx gS dS feu[k jh LokjFkh fojfr;kam.k jS ekjx eka;] m.k jh tkrjk eka; vc[kk;ka ÅHkh djSA m.kkjkS ekjx jksdSA

laaokn 3

ekjx % EguS ykxS FkSa Egkajh ckr lef>;k dksuh EgSa Fkka us tkuojka lwa FkksM+h feGkowaA EgSa rkSFkka uS feu[kka lwa feyko.kh pkowa feu[kka lwaA

Nha;ka % feu[kA vkS bZ rkS gS okS [kwa[kkj ftukoj ft.k jS uke lwa b.k flzfLV jk lxGk ftukojMjS gSA gkFk eka; gfFk;kj vj vkaf[k;ka eka; [kkj fy;ka ÅHkkS vkS ftukoj iwjh lzfLV uSefV;kesV dj.k jk ealwck ikGS gSA EgkauS ftukoj lwa Mj uha ykxSA m.k jh Hkw[k le> eka;vkoS i.k b.k ujHkk[kh jh Hkw[k dq.k tk.kS vtS fdrjk Hk[k ys bZA

O;k[;k % vk ckr vsdne lkap gS dS feu[k vkijS ekau jS vk/kkj ekFkS vkijS gkFkka b.k /kjrhjkS :i laokfj;kS gSA lq.kh gS dS okS dnS bZ b.k /kjrh uS lqjx jh tksM+ nh c.kkbZA i.k vkS vsdchfr;ksM+kS lkap gSA ykjyS fd.kh tqx jkS lkap gSA

vkt jkS lkaoGkS lkp vkS gS ds vkt b.k /kjrh ekFkS feu[k jh lH;rk jkS] feupkjS jkS] lkapjkS /kje jkS] lnkpkj jkS] vknjl jkS tks dksbZ lc lwa cM+kS nqLe.k gS] rkS okS feu[k bZ gSA

foX;ku jh izxfr jS lkFkS&lkFkS vk[kh nqfu;k uS vkijh eqB~Bh eka; jk[k.k jh Hkw[k] izkØfrdlainkoka ekFkS /kf.k;ki jh ftn] gfFk;kjka jh gksM] ijek.kq laink ekFkS vsdkf/kdkj jh ftn]bR;kn vSM+h euksfoX;kfud chekjh gS] ft.k otS vkt jkS feu[k tkoj lwa vkxS vsd fgaldilq c.k uS jS; x;kS gS] tdkS /kje feu[k ekrj uS ljy vj lnkpkjh c.kkoS] m.kh /kje jSuke ekFkS b.k /kjrh ekFkS lc lwa ?k.kk tq) gks;k gSA vkt gkyr vk gS ds fd.kh uS tkuojekFkS Hkjkslks vk ldSA D;wa ds m.k jh Hkw[k] m.k jh t:jr le> eka; vko.k jh pht gS] i.kfeu[k jh fojrh] m.k jh Hkw[k m.k jh uhr fd.kh vsd jS bZ le> jS ckjS jh ckr gSA dksbZ vsdtkuoj HkhaHkj tkoS rkS lk;r vsd nks tku ys uS lkar gks tkoS] i.k feu[k tkr jkS bfrgkllk[kh gS ds fd.kh vsd feu[k jh lud dnS bZ ukfnjlkg] dnSbZ paxst [kka] dnS bZ fgVyj]rkS dnS bZ ln~nke gqlSu c.k uS lkaeh vkoSA us urhts eka; fgjksflek] ukxklkdh rkS dnSbZvjc blzkby] rkS dnSbZ vQxkfuLrku jk uDlk vkika jS lkeh ijr[k gks; tkoSA b.k nhBNha;k jS vSGkoS ukVddkj Bhd ckr dgh gS ds EgkuS ftukoj lwa Mj uha ykxS] i.k b.kujHkk[kh ¼ujHk{kh½ jh Hkw[k] dq.k tk.kS vtS fdrjk Hk[k ys bZA**

lcnka jkS vjFkko % EguS&eq>s] ykxS&yxrk gS] Egkajh&esjh] pkowa&pkgrk gwa] ftukoj&tkuoj]ft.k&ftl] jS&ds] b.k&bl] lzfLV&lf"V] lxGk&lc] ikGS&ikyrk] ujHkk[kh&ujHk{kh]dq.k&dkSu] vtS&vHkh] Hk[k&cfyA

224

laokn 4

tt % vBS vko.k okGkS gj vkneh [kqn uS lkapkS dSosA vnkyr ts lxGka jh ckr jkS ifr;kjkSdjyS rkS U;k; dhdj gksoSyk \

Nh;ka % dkabZ tt duS lkap ?kj >wV uS vkSG[k.k okGh futj dksuha \

tt % vnkyr ns[kS dksuh Qdr lq.kSA lq.k uS QSlykS nsoS ds xquSxkj dq.k gSA

Nh;ka % vka/kk jh cLrh eka; lwjt jS gkso.k jh ckr dSo.k okGkS rkS xquSxkj bZ cktSyk ttlkcA

tt % EgSa Fkkjh Hkkouk le> jS;kS gw¡A i.k vnkyr jh futj eka; vk FkksFkh Hkkoqdrk gSA

Nh;ka % ft.k uS FkSa nsl Hkxrh dSokS oka dkabZ gS \ ft.k uS FkSa u;k; jh nsoh dSokS] ok dkabZa gS\ft.kuS FkSa xhrk jh lkSxu dSokS] ok dakbZ gS \ vk vk[kh flzfLV ft.k pht ekFkS fVfd;ksM+h gS]m.k jkS vnkyr jh futj eka; dksbZ vjFk uha gS \

odhy % Hkkoqdrk lwa cp.k lk: bZ U;k; jh nsoh vkijh vka[;ka ekFkS ikVh ckaf/k;ksM+h jk[kSA

Nh;ka % /kje jS vkl.k ekFkS /kzrjkLVª uS cSBkokSyk rkS egkHkkjr gkso.k lwa dksbZ uha cpk;ldSykA

O;k[;k % vly eka; U;k; jh nqc/kk vk gS dS m.k jS vka[;k uha gksoSA gksoS rkS bZ vka[;ka ekFkSikVh cka/k jk[kSA iNS Qdr dku [kqyk jSoS] tdka lwa okS lq.kSA gksoS vk dS tdkS vkijk lkèkuus tqxkM+&tqxr jS ik.k vkijS i[k eka; ftrjk xokg ÅHkk dj ldS] ftrjk cksyf.k;k] vkijSi[k eka; ftrjk fgek;rh ftrjk odhy ÅHkk dj ldS] okS pk;S >wVdiV bZ D;wa uha gksokS] okSQSlykS vkijk i[k eka; djk; yksoSA ckiM+kS lkap vnkyr eka; ÅHkkS jksorkS jSoSA

b.k xr v/;;u Hk.kkbZ jh nhB law ns[kk rkS tqok ukVddkj vjtq.k nso pkj.k jh ukVdtkrjk lnho fodklkRed jSbZ gSA ^nks ukVd vkt jk* lwa ys; uS ^tkrjk* rd ys[kd jhfutj lekt us lekt eka; gksorS feu[khpkjS jh deh ekFkS lnho jSbZ gSA ukVdka eka; dF;jh dlkoV] oxr ijok.kS fol; jkS pq.kko nenkj uS lkjFkd laokn] vuqHkoxr laoknvnk;xh] us ukVdka jkS mnsL; iwj.k us lkekftd ljksdkj lwa tqfM+;kS gkso.kkS vka ukVdka jh[kkfl;r gSA

laokn & 5

ekjx & b.k ?kV eka; dkabZ fytkokS gkS \

Nha;ka & gseka.kh gS& vka jS cMsjka jhA

ekjx & rkS b.k uS lwai nkS lkFkS ys; uS dhdj tk ldkS \

Nha;ka & dksbZ yso.k uS R;kj gksoS rkS cdkj ySA

ekjx & dkabZ ckr djkS] dq.k uha ysoS vkS /kuA feGS dBS gS vktA lkr yVdk djrk ysoSAykA

Nha;ka & ts vka uS iwNfy;kS rkS vkS FkkjkS Hkje VwV tkoSykA vly esa ckr vk gS dS FkkjS esavj b.k jS;r esa ?k.kkS Qjd dksuh] nksuwa] xkMjka nkabZ ?kkaVh uhph dfj;ksM+k bZ pkykSA dnsbZ b.kjS eka; mrj uS ns[k&iNS ts Fkwa vkajS ixka fcN tkoS rkS EgkuS dSbtSA

ekjx & HkkbZ vkt rkS FkSa lko uoknh ckr crkbZA vkika rkS gka b.kh lk: dS vka jS lq[kka esadksbZ deh uha vkoSA

225

Nha;ka & lq[k vj nq[k rkS eu jk eeksfy;k gSA oS rkS ?kSjkS tBhus f?kjSA [kqn jS lq[k jk vcSvkajS duS Hkkar&Hkrjk lk/ku gSA iSyh vS dcwrjka uS pqxk; lq[kh gksork vcS dqÙkk ikG uS lq[khcktSA tj] tehu vj tkS: jkS /kf.k;ki bZ vcS vka jS lq[k jkS ekikS gSA b.kh /kf.k;ki lk:vS tehu] tG] ok;jkS vxuh vj vkHkSrkabZ uS [kafMr dj ukafd;kS gSA

ekjx & i.k EgSa rkS b.kuS tn&tn bZ ns[kwa nq[kh ns[kwaA

Nha;ka & vkS nq[kh b.k lk:a gksoS dS b.k jkS iM+kSlh lq[kh D;wa gS \ vsM+S nq[k jkS rkS dBS bZ dksbZbZykt dksuhA

lcnka jkS vjFkko % ?kV&?kM+k] dkabZ&D;k] gsek.kh&cikSrh] dhdj&fdl rjg] cdkj&yydkj]dq.k&dkSu] dBS&dgka] b.k&bl] jS;r&iztk] ?k.kkS&cgqr] dksuh&ugha gS] xkMjka&HksM+ksa] nkabZ&rjg]ikaVh&xnZu] dfj;ksM+k&fd;s gq,] bZ&gh] dnSbZ&dHkh Hkh] b.k&bl] eka;&vanj] lko&,dne]uoknh&ubZ] eeksfy;k&ohjcgwVh] Hkkar&Hkkar] rjg&rjg] vcS&vc] /kf.k;ki&feyfd;r]ekikS&iSekuk] us&vkSj] uS&dkSA

O;k[;k % gksbZ vk gS dS nsl uS vktknh fefy;ka iNS FkksM+k&?k.kk [ksrj fodkl fd;k gksoS]i.k Hkkoqdrk] lpkbZ] vkLFkk] foLokl] vnjl] /kje] feu[khpkjkS] nsl Hkxrh] bZekunkjh]bR;kn ekuoh; ewY; vi.kS vki eka; vsdyk iM+X;k gSA vkt >wV&diV] Ny&LokjFk jS i[keka; gtkj ÅHk.k uS R;kj gS] i.k lkap lko vsdykS ÅHkkS gSA fr.k ij dks< eka; [kkt okGhckr lvk dS U;k; jh nsoh jh vka[;ka ekFkS ikVh ca/kh gSA U;k; jh dqM+lh ekFkS b.k jk izrhd/kzrjkLVª cSBk gSA ^tkrjk* ukVd eka; Nha;ka] tdh vsd vknjl O;oLFkk jh HkkG eka; fudGS]HkzLV O;oLFkk m.k uS vkradoknh djkj ns; mej dSn jh ltk lq.kk; nsoSA vkt fd.k rjSeu&?kM+ar dsl c.kS] flikbZ Fkk.kSnkj laokn b.k jkS lcGkS izek.k gSA

lcnka jkS vjFkko % vBS&;gka] lkapkS&lPpk] ts&;fn] lxGh&lkjh] ifr;kjkS&Hkjkslks]dhdj&fdl rjg] vkSG[kk.k&igpku] okGh&okyh] futj&nfLV] FkksFkh&[kks[kyh] lkSxu&lkSxUèk]/kje&/keZ] vkl.k&vklu] vk[kh&iwjhA

lkj %

b.k eka; dksbZ nks jk; uha dS lfgR; leS jh vkjlh gksoSA gj vsd dky&[kaM eka; fd.kh ufd.kh Hkkar jkS lfgr fljt.k gksorkS jS;kS gS] us m.k oxr jh vc[kk;ka] vPNkb;ka cqjkb;ka] m.kckr jkS /kje dje] m.k oxr jk jhfr&fjokt] dk.k&dk;nk [kk.k&ik.k] U;k;&uhfr O;ogkjbR;kn jh O;k[;k lkfgR; jh fd.kh u fd.kh fo/kk jS :i eka; gksorh jSbZ gSA dnSbZ[;ky&reklk rkS dnS bZ ukVdka jS :i oxr&dkG jh ckrka] yksxka lkeh vkorh jSbZ gS usyksxka jkS Hkhrj txkorh jSbZ gSA

vk/kqfud ukVddkj vtqZunso pkj.k vsd ;qok ukVddkj gSA oS vkijh jpukoka eka; dsbZ jaxjk ukVd ns[k.k okGk jS lkeh yk; pqdk gSA ^xokM+h* ukVd jh ekjQr vkt jS ;qok ojxjh fnlkgh.k euxr jh ckr dsgh gSA b.k ukVd eka; pkj Nksjk gS tdk pkj ojxk jkS izfrfuf/kRo dj.k jk izrhd :i gSA vka pkjka jh vsd xokM+h gSA vS ckr dBS lwa l# djS us dBStkork [kre djS dh ifr;kjkS uhaA i.k b.k FkksFkh cgl jS vkSGkoS lekt jk dksbZ i[k lkaehvkoSA ^cksy Egkajh eNyh bÙkkS ik.kh*] lkap jh vk[kM+h ekFkS fnz< jSof.k;ka uS tku xeko.khiM+.kS jh ckr lkaeh jk[kSA b.k eka; vsd ckr vkS#a vkoS dS vkt jS b.k oxr eka; pksj tSM+kpfjÙkj bZ lkap jh vk[kM+h ikG ldSA ^ladfj;kS* ukVd vkika jS lkaeh tqxka lwa pkyrh vkbZlkearoknh O;oLFkk jS fojks/k jS :i eka; vkika jS lkaeh vkbZ gSA b.kh rjS ^Fksa jktk EgSa iztk*jS vkSGkoS ukVddkj ckoGh fpRr&fojfr jk lkldka jkS vsd fprjke ns[k.k okGk lkaeh isl

226

djSA tsBok&ÅtGh jktklkgh jh fueZerk jkS izrhd gS] rkS /kjetq) vkt jk lekt eka;vkijh vkSG[k] vkijS vfLrRo [kkrj vkFkM+rh ukjh jkS izrhd gSA ^tkrjk* ukVd rdvkrka&vkrka ukVddkj lekt eka; gksorS ekuoh; ewY;ka jS dkj.k dkuh eqfM+;kS gSA jkt]lekt] U;k;] dkuwu O;oLFkk bR;kn eka; izkIr HkzLVkpkj jk lqHkV fprjkae ukVd tkrjk eka;ns[k.kokGk lkaeh vk;k gSA

O;k[;k

feu[k uke m.k uS bZ QkcS] ft.k eka; feu[kh pkjkS gksoSA feu[k [kqn uS feu[k dgko.k [kkrjdkabZ&dkabZ tru uha djSA b.k [kIir okS la;e cjrSA R;kx djSA ri djSA vsd lkQ&lqFkjSlekt jkS fujek.k djSA vsd lkQ lqFkjh O;oLFkk jkS ikS[k.k djSA ?kj lekt eka; vknjlkajh Fkji.kka djS] us m.k uS thorh jk[k.k uS vkijk vknjlka uS vkijh vkxyh ih<h uS laLdkjnsoSA i.k oxr cMkS cyoku] ds okS lnho vsd ljh[kkS uha jSoSA feu[k tn LokjFk jkdknk&dhp eka; dGht.k ykxS] rn ckiM+kS feu[kh pkjkS ej.k ykxSA [kqn LokjFkh lxfr;kabrjh izcG gkS tkoS dS feu[khpkjkS ckoM+kS tho cpkorkS fQjSA fQjS dkbZ] vly rkS tdka eka;feu[khpkjS jk FkksM+k&?k.kk d.kwdk cfp;k gksoS] oS b.k cq>rh tksr uS cpko.k jh vkQG djSus m.k uS fojks/kh lxfr;ka lwa cpkork fQjSA oS b.k fparka ?kqGS dS cMsjka jh vk gsek.kh fd.kuS lwaiSA tndS pkSQsj jkdlh lxfr;ka feu[khpkjS uS xVd.k [kkrj] thHkka yiyik jh gSA

vly ckr ds feu[khpkjS jh vk tksr txex jk[k.k jh fpark fx.krh jk fopkjoku yksxka uSgSA cS vkijh [kIir b.k uS feu[k fojks/kh lxfr;ka lwa cpkork fQjrk gkai&dkai jS;k gS] D;wads vkt jh nksxyh O;oLFkk eka; vka/kh&U;k;&O;oLFkk jh nhB eka; vSM+k psruk jk /k.khnslnzksgh gSA vkt jh lq[koknh ih<h jk yksxka vki jS LokjFk [kkrj gok&ik.kh us tehu rdjk VqdM+k dj Ugkfd;k gSA vSM+k yksx [kqn jk lq[k lwa mRrk lq[kh dksuh] ftÙkk ds ikM+kSlhjk lq[k lwa nq%[kh gSA okS ikM+kSlh pk;S ?kj gksokS ds nslA

ys[kd jh fpark vk gS ds feu[khpkjS jh vk tksr] vk psruk] vk vxuh] vk gsek.kh fopkjokuyksx vkijh vkxyh ih<h uS lwai.kh pkoS] i.k ts b.k gsek.kh uS dksbZ uha vaxstSyk] rkSfeu[khpkjS jkS dkabZ gksoSyk \ vkS loky vkt lc jS lkaeh gSA

21-8-3 lcnka jk vjFk %

tkrjk&;k=k] tFkkjFk&;FkkFkZ] Fkkfir&LFkkfir] fuorkS&U;kSrk] fcPpS&chp esa] vkSy[k.k&igpku]ukuk.kS&ufu[ky] vSuk.k%&fu'kku] futj&nhB] ejtkn&e;kZnk] ia[ks:oka&if{k;ksa] ika[kka&ia[kksa]fdrjk&fdruS] tqxka&;qxksa] mift;kS&iSnk gqvk] pku.kkS&mtkGk] mBhuS&m/kj gkfy;kS&pyk]m.kjS&mlds] fnlkoka&fn'kk,a] mtklrkS&mtkyk djrk] [kjh&iDdh] eka;&Hkhrj] fddj&fdlrjg] ekjx&jkLrk] fdrjk&fdrus] vSM +k&,sls] iwB&ihB] BkSM+&txg] vBS&;gka]v.k[k.kkS&vlgt] gks;xh&gks xbZ] cSjkx&oSjkX;] ikNkS&okilA

21-9 lkjkal %

b.k bdkbZ uS Hkf.k;ka iNS &

1- vk/kqfud ukVd ijaijk jh tk.kdkjh gqbZ gkslhA

2- jktLFkkuh ukVdka jh QkSjh tk.kdkjh gqbZ gkslhA

3- vtqZunso jk nwtk ukVdka jk fol; tkf.k;k gkslhA

4- ^tkrjk* ukVd jkS dFkk&fol; tkf.k;kS gkslhA

227

21-10 vH;kl jk loky

1- vk/kqfudrk jkS vjFk us O;k[;k djksA

2- ukVd jh dksbZ vsd ifjHkklk fy[krk Fkdka jktLFkkuh ukVd&ijaijk crkokSA

3- jktLFkkuh ukVdka jk twuk :i crkokSA

4- vtqZunso jkS ifjpS fy[kkS us oka jk fd.kh nks ukVdka jkS ftdj djkSA

5- ^tkrjk* ukVd jkS dFkkud fy[kkSA

6- ^tkrjk* ukVd jk fd.kh vsd laokn jh] lizlax O;k[;k djkSA

7- ok dq.klh gsek.kh gS] tdkS ekuoh; ewY; vkijh vkxGh ih<h uS lwai.kh pkoS \


1- ^tkrjk* & vtqZu nso pkj.k

2- jktLFkkuh Hkklk ,oa lkfgR; & izks- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor



5- jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % MkW- f'koLo:i 'kekZ

6- vkykspuk jh vka[kw lwa % MkW- dqUnu ekyh

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