qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyu iopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe rtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopa sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopa sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyu iopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe rtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopa sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopa sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl Departamentul de Învăţământ la Distanţă şi Formare Continuă Facultatea de Ştiinte Juridice, Sociale şi Politice Coordonator de disciplină: Asist. univ. Enache Mihaela Cerasela
Departamentul de Învăţământ laDistanţă şi Formare Continuă
Facultatea de Ştiinte Juridice, Sociale şiPolitice
Coordonator de disciplină:Asist. univ. Enache Mihaela Cerasela
2008-2009
Suport de curs – învăţământ la distanţă
UVTLIMBA ENGLEZA
Avizat Decan Avizat Sef Departament
SEMNIFICAŢIA PICTOGRAMELOR
F= INFORMAŢII DE REFERINŢĂ/CUVINTE CHEIE
= TEST DE AUTOEVALUARE
= BIBLIOGRAFIE
= TEMĂ DE REFLECŢIE
= TIMPUL NECESAR PENTRU STUDIUL UNUI CAPITOL SAUSECŢIUNE
Tematica cursuluianul I semestrul I
1. Lesson one – Introducing oneself(conversation)
2. Lesson two- Getting around(conversation)
3.Lesson three - Nationalities-Countries(conversation)
4.Lesson four – A student’s dailyprogramme
5. Lesson five – The family
Cuvânt înainte În condiţiile civilizaţiei actuale, când comunicarea largăîntre oameni şi popoare a devenit o realitate obişnuită, cunoaşterea uneilimbi de circulaţie internaţională este o necesitate. Dacă în Evul Mediulimba latină a fost pentru europeni limba comună a culturii şi ştiinţei, astăzi,în epoca ordinatoarelor, a zborurilor cosmice, a transformărilor urbanespectaculoase şi a dezvoltării fără precedent a schimburilor internaţionale,toţi cetăţenii lumii învaţă limba engleză pentru a se înţelege între ei. Englezaeste astăzi limba ştiinţei, a tehnicii, a comerţului. Lumea ştiinţifică şiintelectuală foloseşte poate cel mai mult această limbă, puţini fiind oameniide ştiinţă şi cercetătorii care să nu o cunoască şi să nu îşi redacteze lucrăriledirect în engleză. Ilustrările de mai sus nu epuizează nici pe departe listaposibilă. Să ne referim acum la oamenii simpli şi mai puţini simpli. Cine nua trecut prin momentul penibil când nu putem înfiripa o conversaţie cu unstrăin, când suntem reduşi la gesturi, mimică sau interjecţii? Unele persoanesunt dispuse să remedieze carenţa prin studiu, sistematic chiar. Altele, seizolează sub imperiul fricii îndărătul unor „porţi zăvorâte” şi cred că limbaengleză este inaccesibilă lor, după cum studierea ei (chiar la nivel elementar)li se pare un efort inutil sau, oricum prea mare. Unul din scopurile acestuicurs este să demonstreze că inaccesibilitatea e o prejudecată, iar efortulmerită să fie întreprins până şi de către cei din fire lenevoşi. În învăţarealimbii engleze la un nivel mediu de cunoştiinţe se ajunge fără dificultate şisperăm că acest curs conceput pentru studenţii de la forma de învăţământ ladistanţă, va demonstra că necesitatea cunoaşterii limbii engleze se poatesatisface de către oricine, uşor şi cu plăcere. Acest curs practic a fostconceput în aşa fel încât, în cei doi ani de studiu ai limbii engleze, să ajute laconsolidarea cunoştiinţelor acumulate până aici, precum şi la însuşirea de
noi elemente specifice specializării studiate. Mult Succes!
CuprinsÎnsuşirea unui limbaj de specialitate nu se poate face fără a avea o bazăsolidă, de aceea primul an de studiu universitar al limbii engleze conţine înprincipal elemente practice şi applicative la îndemâna acelora care doresc să-şi însuşească, să consolideze şi să folosească un limbaj minim de limbaengleză. Cele zece lecţii care alcătuiesc capitolul cuprind teme axate peprincipalele aspecte ale vieţii cotidiene – de muncă, sociale, culturale –având drept scop să formeze deprinderi de limbă necesare însuşirii ulterioarea limbajului legat de problematica de specialitate. Fiecare lecţie cuprinde untext însoţit de o temă gramaticală prezentată sugestiv şi concis prinstructuri, scheme şi tabele. Schemele gramaticale prezintă probleme degramatică şi construcţii pentru a căror înţelegere şi mai ales folosire,studenţii întâmpină dificultăţi. Expunerea gramaticală este urmată de diferitetipuri de exerciţii lexicale şi gramaticale menite să formeze deprinderi delimbă la cei ce studiază limba engleză.
Obiective operaţionale: după parcurgerea acestui an de studiu studenţiivor putea să:� se prezinte şi să facă cunoştiinţă cu alte persoane vorbitoare delimba engleză� poarte o conversaţie simplă, referitoare la locul natal, meserie,şi să ceară indicaţii pentru a ajunge în locul dorit;� vorbească despre programul său zilnic, despre vreme şi meseleprincipale;� poată să se descurce în diferite situaţii cum ar fi la bibliotecă şila diferite întâlniri publice;� completeze un curriculum vitae;� recunoască, să diferenţieze şi să folosească în aplicaţii practicetimpuri verbale precum prezentul simplu şi continuu, prezentul perfectsimplu şi continuu, mai mult ca perfectul simplu şi continuu;� capete deprinderi pentru traduceri din şi în limba engleză.
= 2 h
LESSON ONECONVERSATION
INTRODUCING ONESELF(PREZENTARI)
FFORMAL
J.D.: Excuse me. Who are you?S.R.: I’m Sandra Reynolds. I’m your English teacher, and who are you?J.D.: How do you do. My name’s Jane David. I’m a student.K.S.: And my name is Ken Smith. I’m a student, too.S.R.: How do you do. (I’m) glad to meet you. (It’s) nice to meet you.J.D.: It’s nice to meet you, too. Greetings.S.R.: Good morning. (Good afternoon; Good evening).
J.D.: Good evening. How are you?S.R.: I’m fine thank you. And how are you?J.D.: Very well, thank you./ Rather unwell.S.R.: Good bye. See you later.J.D.: Good night. See you tomorrow.
Atenţie! Nu se spune niciodată „Good day”, nici la întâlnire nici la despărţire. În englezamodernă este o formă de expediere a interlocutorului, ceva de felul „Poţi pleca”.
FVERY FORMAL
J.D.: Good morning, Professor Reynolds. Let me introduce myself. My name’sJane David. I’m your new student.S.R.: How do you do. Welcome to our courses. My name’s Sandra Reynolds.J.D.: How do you do. I’m pleased to meet you, Professor Reynolds.S.R.: I’m your English Professor. What are you studying this term?J.D.: I’m studying English language this term and English literature next term.
S.R.: Till tomorrow then.J.D.: It’s been nice knowing you. Good bye for now.
INFORMAL
J.D.: Hi, I’m Jane. I’m a new student. Who are you?K.S.: Hi, I’m Ken. I’m a new student, too. Glad to know you. Where are youfrom?J.D.: I’m from Canada. Are you from Canada, too?K.S.: No, I’m not. I’m from Scotland.J.D.: Oh, how nice! K.S.: See you soon.J.D.: Bye-bye for now.
I. EXPLANATORY NOTES
1. Name = First name = Christian name = Given name: Jane, Jennifer, Robert, Mary,Kenneth, Sandra etc.Surname = Family name = Last name: Reynolds, David, Bush, Smith, MacDonald,O’Casey, Roberts etc.
2. How Do We Address People?There are different ways of addressing people and of speaking:Informal or friendly – between friends, teenagers, young people (classmates),businessmen;Formal – between acquaintances and also for older people or people in higher jobs.Very formal – for people we want to show respect to.
How do we address unknown people?“Excuse me, sir (madam, officer/constable etc.)”“Ladies and gentlemen” (when addressing an audience).
How about people we know?“Hi, Ted / Hi, Betty” (more used for young people).“Hello, Fred / Hello, Barney” (it is slightly more formal).
We can greet acquaintances or people we know whether they are older or in higher jobswith “hello”, or “good morning / afternoon / evening”. At a very formal level, respectmay be shown by adding their name: ”Hello, Mr. Smith” (for gentlemen), “Hello, Mrs.Reynolds” (for married ladies), “Hello, Miss David” (for unmarried ladies), or “Hello,Mes Green” (for ladies, when their marital status is not important). If the persons havetitles, they are used in calling them: “Professor Hill”, “Dr. Brown”, “Dean Roberts” (onlyone title - the highest – is used together with the surname). For very high ranks we canuse: “Your Excellency”, “Your Highness”, “Your Sanctity”.
II. GRAMMAR1.PERSONAL PRONOUNS (Pronume personale)
Desemnează persoanele ce pot apărea într-un dialog (vorbitorul, interlocutorul)sau înlocuieşte obiectul despre care se vorbeşte.
Person Nominative Dative AccusativeSingular 1st person
2nd person3rd person
Iyouhe, she, it
(to) me(to) you(to) him (to)her (to) it
meyouhim, her, it
Plural 1st person2nd person3rd person
weyouthey
(to) us(to) you(to) them
usyouthem
2. Verb TO BE present tense – link verb (verb de legătură)
I am Am I? I am not Am I not?You are Are you? You are not Are you not?He, she, it is Is he, she, it? He, she, it is not Is he,she,it not?We are Are we? We are not Are we not?You are Are you? You are not Are you not?They are Are they? They are not Are they not?
În engleza vorbită este mai folosită forma contrasă:I’m a teacher. / I’m not a teacher.You’re a student. / You’re not a student.He’s a policeman. / He’s not a policeman.She’s an air – hostess. / She’s not an air – hostess.
It’s an animal. / It’s not an animal.We’re workers./ We’re not workers.You’re engineers. / You’re not engineers.They’re taxi – drivers. / They’re not taxi – drivers.
Verbul TO BE ca verb de legătură (link verb) se foloseşte: cu un substantiv (la singular,întotdeauna precedat de articolul nedefinit „a” sau „an”) „I am a mother”; cu unadjectiv, „He is tired” sau cu adverb de loc, „He is in the room” / „He is there”.
EXERCISES
I. Substitute the nouns in the following sentences by the personal pronouns inthe correct case.Model: I like this book. I like it.1. I am very pleased with this test paper. 2. John arrives at the faculty early. 3. Ialways give George good books to read. 4. Three students are talking about theexam. 5. The assistant-lecturer is asking Henry a question. 6. The professor islending the student a book. 7. Students are very attentive during seminars. 8. I seemy coleague going to the library. 9. Give mother a glass of water, please. 10.Read the lesson, please. 11. Let’s go and see grandmother. 12. I want to give mygrandparents a present. 13. I’ll thank father tomorrow. 14. Look at Tom and me!15. I can’t see your friends. 16. Give the cat some milk.
II. Fill in the blanks using the personal pronouns in brackets in the correctcase:
1. This is a book for ... (he). 2. John always buys text-books for ... (they). 3. Inever speak to ... (she) during lectures. 4. I am putting ... (it) on the shelf. 5. Everyday, I see ... (you) in the classroom. 6. I pay attention to ... (it). 7. I tell ... (she) notto be late. 8. She requests ... (they) to take part in the scientific session.
= 3 h
LESSON TWOCONVERSATION – GETTING AROUND
F1. (British version)Liz: Hi, Jenny, How are you?Jenny: Rather unwell this morning. And you?Liz: Oh, I’m fine, thanks, but I’m sorry for you. Why are you such in a hurry? It’spretty hot today, isn’t it? Can I help you?Jenny: I’m late for class, and I want to buy some stationery, you know, writingpaper, notebooks and a ball-(point) pen. Is there a stationer’s near here?Liz: Yes, of course. Can you see that restaurant over there?Jenny: The one on the corner?Liz: Turn at the restaurant and keep straight on up to the next cross-roads; goacross the road and take the first turning to the left. The stationer’s on the left sideof the street. You can’t miss it.Jenny: Thanks a lot. But that’s quite a distance.Liz: Yes, that’s right, but you can find there everything you need: there arewriting paper, pads, envelopes, refills for your pen, erasers and even a marvelousassortment of greeting cards and diaries. There are also glue, ink, thumbtacksa.s.o.
* * *
2. (American version)Jenny: Pardon (Excuse) me, officer. Where’s the City Bank?Policeman: It’s downtown, five blocks from here, straight ahead.Jenny: Is it on the left?Policeman: No. It’s on the right. It’s across the coffee shop.Jenny: Thanks very much.
Policeman: You’re welcome.
VOCABULARYstationery – papetărienotebook – blocnotes, carnetball-(point) pen – pixcross-road – intersecţiewriting paper pad – tampon pentru hârtia de scrisenvelope – plicrefill – mine de pixeraser – gumă de ştersdiary – jurnal (intim)glue – lipiciink – cernealăthumbtack – pioneză
Explanatory notes:1. block (in America) = “cvartal”, grup de case pătrat sau dreptunghiular între 4 străzi.block of flats / apartment house = blocdowntown = în sau spre centrul comercial al unui oraş2. Expressing GRATITUDE (expresii de mulţumire): Thanks – Thank you – Manythanks – Thanks a lot – Thanks again – Thank you very much – Thank you very muchindeed – Thank you ever much for (letting me know)… - It’s been really marvelous… 93. Possible responses, depending on the occasion (posibile răspunsuri, în funcţie deocazie):Don’t mention it (I’m glad to help you) – It’s all right – It’s my pleasure – You’rewelcome – I’m very much obliged to you.
Study and remember (expressions):Ø It takes you only ten minutes to get there – vă trebuie numai zece minute ca săajungeţi acoloØ Turn to the left/right! – Luaţi-o spre stângaØ Go straight on/ahead! – Mergeţi tot înainteØ The red light is on – Semaforul arată roşuØ Trolley buses run till … o´clock – Troleibuzele circulă până la ora …Ø Would you mind telling me the way to …? – Sunteţi amabil să-mi spuneţi care estedrumul către …?Ø Could you put me right? – M-aţi putea îndruma?Ø This way, please! – Pe aici, vă rog!Ø Take the first turning to the left/right – Luaţi-o pe prima stradă la stânga/dreaptaØ At the next crossroads turn to the left/right – La prima intersecţie luaţi-o lastânga/dreaptaØ It´s on the right hand side – Este pe partea dreaptăØ Can you direct me to …? – Îmi puteţi arăta direcţia către …?
Ø Is this the right way to …? – Acesta este drumul către …?Ø You are still some way off … – Sunteţi încă la o oarecare distanţă…Ø It´s just round the corner – Este chiar după colţØ We happen to be going in that direction ourselves – Întâmplător şi noi mergem înaceastă direcţieØ I´m trying to find my way to … - Încerc să găsesc drumul către …Ø You are going the wrong way – Mergeţi într-o direcţie greşităØ Is it much of a walk? – Este mult de mers pe jos?Ø Do I take this street or that? – Să o iau pe această stradă, sau pe cealaltă?Ø It´s quite a distance – Este destul de departeØ Which is the quickest way to …? – Care este calea cea mai rapidă către …
GRAMMAR1. Verbul TO BE exprimând existenţa – there is / there are (este, se află, se găseşte /sunt, se află, se găsesc)Cuvântul neaccentuat „there”este urmat de o formă a verbului TO BE în propoziţii careexprimă noţiunea de existenţă (este o expresie care nu există în limba română. Limbafranceză are ceva asemănător în expresia „il y a”). Se foloseşte ori de câte ori subiectulpropoziţiei este o persoană oarecare nedefinită sau un obiect, iar predicatul este verbulTO BE.Această expresie introduce noi informaţii interlocutorului:Exemple:There is (There´s) a pen on the desk.There are (There’re) two books on the table.There is a glass on the table.There are lots of interesting buildings in Edinburgh.There are writing paper pads ...There is glue in the bottle.Observaţi că:a) There se foloseşte în loc de subiect;b) There is se foloseşte înaintea unui substantiv la singular;c) There are se foloseşte înaintea unui substantiv la plural;
Interogativul se formează:Is there a stationery near here?Are there many children in the room?Negativul:There is not (isn´t). / There are not (aren t́).Observaţi că şi în acest caz există forme contrase, neaccentuate.Atenţie! Să nu confundaţi cuvântul THERE din expresiile THERE IS şi THERE ARE cuadverbul THERE care se traduce cu ACOLO. Într-o propoziţie ele pot apărea împreună.Ex. There are two chairs there. (Sunt două scaune acolo).
2. THE PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pluralul Substantivelor)ExamplesRules
Singular Plural
a. Majoritatea substantivelor formează pluraluladăugând -s la forma singularului:
bedroompicturetap
bedroomspicturestaps
b. Substantivele care se termină în -sh, -ch, -tch,-ss, -s, -x primesc -es
glassbusbrushwatchbox
glassesbusesbrusheswatchesboxes
c. Când substantivele se termină în -y precedat deo consoană, -y se schimbă în i şi se adaugă –es:
partycountry
partiescountries
d. Substantivele care se termină în -f, -fe îlschimbă pe f în v şi se adaugă -es:
leaflife
leaveslives
e. Substantivele care se termină în -o precedat deo consoană primesc -es:
tomatopotato
tomatoespotatoes
f. Substantive cu pluralul neregulat: manwomanchildtoothfootgoosemouse
menwomenchildrenteethfeetgeesemice
Terminaţia pluralului se citeşte:
[s] după consoane surde:[p], [t], [f], [k], [h], [θ]
clocks taps baths jugs towels films wages classes brusheswatches buses
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the phrase:1. There ... a teacher in the classroom. 2. There ... two teachers in the classroom.3. There ... many pupils in the classroom. 4. There ... a dog in the room. 5. There... books and notebooks on the shelf. 6. There ... books on the floor. 7. There ... ablackboard on the wall. 8. There ... many pictures on the wals. 9. There ... a mapin the classroom. 10. There ... many flowers in the garden.
II. Change these sentences according to the patterns:a) There is a large table in the room. (small) / There isn’t a small one.b) There are two black cats in the garden. (white) / There aren’t two white ones.
1. There is a short pencil in the pencil-box. (long) 2. There are three glasses on thetable. (clean) 3. There are two green books in the bag. (brown) 4. There is a youngman in the room. (old) 5. There are two large armchairs in the room. (small) 6.There is an old newspaper on the table. (new) 7. There is a white dog in theschoolyard. (black) 8. There are two red blouses on the chair (blue). 9. There is atall man in the garden. (short) 10. There are two fat cats under the tree. (thin)
III. Make questions and answers.1. There is a kitchen in the flat. (Yes) 2. There are two living-rooms in the flat.(No) 3. There is a dog in the classroom. (No) 4. There are three cats in theschoolyard. (Yes) 5. There are two books on the desk. (No) 6. There is a book onthe floor. (No) 7. There is a dining-room in the house. (Yes) 8. There are twobedrooms in the house. (Yes) 9. There are three armchairs in the living-room.(Yes) 10. There is a bookcase in the bedroom. (No)
IV. Rewrite the sentences, making the words in brackets plural:1. Our students’ club often organizes (evening party). 2. She has just put ten(tomato) on the plate. 3. All the (child) who have reached the age of six go toschool. 4. Have you already brushed your (tooth)? 5. She has bought two (loaf). 6.Have you turned off the hot and cold (tap)? 7. You go to the library after (class),don’t you? 8. She has put six (glass) on the table. 9. There are many fallen (leaf)on the ground. 10. I have never seen such beautiful (picture). 11. (Woman) haveequal rights with (man) in our country. 12. They have put the (watch) into (box)that do not exceed an overall length of two (foot).
V. Use the plural of the nouns in brackets making the necessary changes. Incase no change is possible, explain the reasons: 1. He was thanked for his(work) at the hospital. 2. They were fully aware of the (spirit) of the time. 3. Thepoet published his new (volume) at the start of the century. 4. The Chineseinvented the (compass). 5. The (information) didn’t come in time. 6. I have asmall (cactus) at home. 7. Don’t fight with him. His (force) is enormous. 8. I feela (pain) in my leg. 9. It’s a (damage) that can’t be repaired. 10. I won’t takeanybody’s (advice). 11. I don’t like his (manner) of speech. 12. Six to eight hoursof practice a day gave him a great (ability) for playing the piano in less than ayear. 13. Lots of (people) come to the Romanian seaside every summer. 14. I likethe (fabric) my husband brought me as a birthday present. 15. She has a brooch ofdiamonds set in (platinum).
= 3h
LESSON THREENATIONALITIES – COUNTRIES
FJenny: Meet my friend, Ingrid.Pedro: Hello.Ingrid: Hello. Pleased to meet you. What nationality are you?Pedro: I’m from Peru./ I’m Peruvian. Where are you from?Ingrid: I’m from Sweden./ I’m Swedish.Pedro: Is your family in London, too?Ingrid: No, my family is in Sweden and in Australia.Pedro: Oh!Ingrid: Are you in London on holiday or on business?Pedro: I’m on business. I’m a physicist. I’m working in a Research Centre forthree months. It’s not far from London. What about you? Are you a student, or apost graduate student? If not, what’s your job?Ingrid: No, I’m not a student. I’m visiting an English family for a year to brush upmy English. Are you staying in a private house, too?Pedro: At the moment I’m staying at a hotel.Ingrid: Isn’t it too expensive?Pedro: It sure is, but tomorrow morning I’m registering for a special NuclearPhysics Course, and then I’m moving to a bed-sitter. Look! Here is myregistration card. Be so kind and help me to fill it in.
* * *
MOVING IN
Because the hotel is too expensive, Pedro wants to rent a nice, small apartment /flat. So, he has two ways to find it:
1. Direct conversationPedro: Excuse me, are you Mrs. Scott?Mrs. Scott: Yes, I am.Pedro: How do you do, Mrs. Scott. I’m Pedro Gonzales your new tenant. You’rethe landlady, aren’t you?Mrs. Scott: Yes, I am. How do you do, Mr. Gonzales. Nice to meet you. This isMaggie Baxter. She’s your neighbour.Maggie: Hello, Pedro, nice to meet you.Pedro: Hello, Maggie, glad to see you, too. Can I see the bed-sitter Mrs. Scott? Isit upstairs?Mrs. Scott: Of course you can. Come in, please. It’s upstairs. My flat isdownstairs.Pedro: Oh, it’s very nice.
2. On the phone
Five three oh, four nine seven eight. Mrs. Scott: Hello?Pedro: It’s about the flat / apartment to let in the morning paper ads. Is it still tolet?Mrs. Scott: Oh yes, of course it is.Pedro: Can you tell me about it?Mrs. Scott: There are two rooms: a living-room and a bedroom, and also a kitchenand a bathroom, of course. You can come and see it.Pedro: Where is it?Mrs. Scott: It’s in the neighbourhood of the University College, near Regent’sPark.Pedro: What’s your address?Mrs. Scott: 54 Drummond Street, near Euston Station.Pedro: Oh, and how much is the rent?Mrs. Scott: Two hundred pounds / £ 200 a month.Pedro: I can come in twenty or thirty minutes. Is that all right?Mrs. Scott: Yes, of course. Oh, wait. What’s your name?Pedro: Pedro Gonzales.Mrs. Scott: Can you spell it?Pedro: P-E-D-R-O G-O-N-Z-A-L-E-SMrs. Scott: Thank you. See you in half an hour.Pedro: Good bye. See you soon.
VOCABULARYbed-sitter = bed-sitting-room – garsonieră, cameră combinatăads. – (prescurtare de la advertisements) – reclamă, publicitate
GRAMMAR
1. THE PRESENT TENSE (Common Aspect)Timpul Prezent (Aspectul Comun)
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form Negative-Interogative Form
I workYou workHe, she, it works
We workYou workThey work
I do not (don’t)workYou do not workHe,she,it does not(doesn’t) workWe do not workYou do not workThey do not work
Do I work?Do you work?Does he, she, itwork?
Do we work?Do you work?Do they work?
Do I not work?(Don’t I work?)Do you not work?Does he, she, it notwork?(Doesn’the..) Do we notwork? Do you notwork? Do they notwork?
Rules Examples1. Timpul prezent, aspectul comun, sefoloseşte pentru a arăta o acţiuneobişnuită sau repetată în prezent. 2.Adeseori este folosit cu adverbe de tipul:often, usually, never, always, every year.3. Poate arăta o acţiune viitoare, dacă esteînsoţit de un adverb de timp exprimândviitorul. In acest caz, acţiunea viitoareface parte dintr-un program stabilit. 4.Este folosit în loc de prezentul continuucu acele verbe care nu sunt întrebuinţatela forma continuă (to like, to dislike, tolove, to hate, to want, to own, to consistof/in, to belong)
Students study for their exams. Everyyear, the Academy organizes post-graduate courses. We sit for an examtomorrow. I like this book.
THE PRESENT TENSE (Continuous Aspect)Timpul Prezent (Aspectul Continuu)
Se formează cu verbul TO BE la prezent şi participiul prezent (forma în –ing) averbului de conjugat. Mai simplu, se poate exprima: TO BE + Ving ( „V” esteverbul de conjugat).
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form Negative-Interogative Form
I am (I’m)workingYou are workingHe, she, it isworking
We are workingYou are workingThey are working
I am not workingYou are notworkingHe, she, it is notworking
We are notworkingYou are notworkingThey are notworking
Am I working?Are you working?Is he, she, itworking?
Are we working?Are you working?Are they working?
Am I not working?Are you notworking?Is he, she, it notworking?
Are we notworking?Are you notworking?Are they notworking?
Rules Examples1. Prezentul continuu arată o acţiune încurs de desfăşurare în momentul vorbirii.Uneori, momentul acţiunii este fixat prinadverbe de timp ca: now, at the presentmoment.2. Prezentul continuu exprimă uneori oacţiune ce caracterizează subiectul într-oanumită perioadă de timp. Aceastarezultă din context.3. Ca şi aspectul comun, poate arăta oacţiune viitoare care a fost planificatăîntr-un moment prezent, dacă este însoţitde un adverb de timp exprimând viitorul.
They are studying for tomorrow’sexamination.We are not planning our holidays at thepresent moment.
What are you doing here in Bucharest? Iam studying economics.
They are coming to see us next week.
EXERCISES
I. Put the following sentences in the third person singular:1. We listen to courses. 2. They take down notes. 3. You study for your exam. 4. Ilike learning when I enjoy the subject. 5. You always lend me your text-books. 6.I go home at 2 o’clock. 7. I usually come to the faculty at 8 o’clock. 8. I payattention to what the lecturer says. 9. You like being in time for the courses.
II. Make the following sentences – a) interrogative b) negative
1. I leave home at 7 a.m. every day. 2. This student speasks English very well. 3.He reads very fast. 4. Students read sports magazines every day. 5. He writes his15homework in the afternoon. 6. I always go to the cinema with pleasure. 7. Helikes to watch television on Saturday evening. 8. He likes Latin grammar. 9. Hereads a few pages of Spanish literature every week. 10. You write many letters.
III. Use the verbs in brackets in the present tense (common or continuousaspect):1. Students from other countries (come) to get trained as economists at theAcademyof Economic Studies. 2. We (attend) classes regularly. 3. He (like)English. 4. Today, we (study) commercial correspondence in our English seminar.5. We (rehearse) for a show this evening. 6. They (meet) at 8 o’clock tonight. 7.She just (leave) for the mountains. 8. He (not like) to borrow the books, he(prefer) to buy them. 9. Where you (hurry)? 10. We (hurry) to the lecture-hall aswe (not want) to be late.
IV. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parantheses usingPresent Tense Simple or Continuous:1. I ... the water for coffee in a special pot (to boil). 2. Come and make the coffee!The water ... (to boil). 3. This shop ... at 8 a.m. and ... at 8 p.m. (to open; to close).4. I ... the book to read the new lesson (to open). 5. Don’t shout that loud! I ... youvery well(to hear). 6. Don’t interrupt them! They ... to a scientific broadcast (tolisten). 7. I ... what you ... (to see; to mean). 8. Wait aminute, will you? I ... themoff (to see). 9. A man ... with his nose (to smell). 10. Usually she ... a very quietchild, but now she ... naughty (to be; to be)
V. Put the verbs in parantheses in the Present Tense Simple. Notice theadverbs they are associated with:1. Mother never ... (to go out) without a shopping bag. 2. We often ... (to play)chess in the evenings.3. They usually ... (to do) their shopping at this supermarket.4. She always ... (to listen to) the concerts broadcast on the radio on Sundaymornings. 5. I occasionally ... (to read) a thriller before going to sleep. 6. Our kidsfrequently ... (to break) something while playing hide-and-seek in their room. 7.Grandmother hardly ever ... (to take) a sleeping pill. 8. They always ... (to come)in time. 9. My husband never ... (to catch) anything when he ... (to go) fishing. 10.Do your friends sometimes ... (to ask) you to babysit?
VI. Fill in the blanks with prepositions:1. Except ... Romanian students, there is also a considerable number ... studentscoming ... other countries. 2. There are canteens providing meals ... the students.4. This term, we insist ... commercial correspondence. 5. Students attendconferences ... various subjects. 6. This professor gives lectures ... politicaleconomy. 7. All higher education institutes are endowed ... libraries. 8. Thestudents spend their holidays ... the mountains.
= 3 h
LESSON FOURA STUDENT’S DAILY PROGRAMME
FThe clock has just struck six. Mary is in her bedroom. She has got up, opened thewindow and turned on the radio. She is doing her morning exercises to the music.
It is half past six. Mary has got into the bathroom. She is standing at the wash-basin. What has she just done? She has just turned on the hot and cold taps. Whatis she going to do next? She is going to pour some water into the glass and brushher teeth. Then she is going to have a shower. She doesn’t have a bath in themorning. She takes a bath before she goes to bed.Mary has already brushed her teeth with her tooth-brush and tooth-paste. She hashad a warm shower. She has dried herself on the towel and has got dressed. Whatis she doing now? She is doing her hair in front of the looking-glass.It is seven o’clock. Mary is in the dining-room. Has she already had herbreakfast? No, not yet. She is laying the table for breakfast. She has just put somecoffee-cups, a sugar-bowl, a milk-jug and some plates on the table. Is she going tohave breakfast by herself? No, she is not. She is waiting for her brother whohasn’t shaved yet.
It is half past seven. Mary and her brother have just finished their breakfast. Theyare in a hurry. They are leaving for the Academy of Economic Studies.
It takes them twenty minutes to get to the Academy by bus. They arrive there tenminutes before the bell rings. So they have a chat with their fellow-students. Onlysix students of their group are from Bucharest, the others either come fromdifferent parts of the country, or from other countries. They usually have a lot ofthings to talk about.
The classes begin at eight o’clock and are over at ten minutes to two three times aweek. Twice a week they have classes in the afternoon. They regularly attendlectures and seminars.
After classes in the morning they have their lunch at the student’s canteen. Thenthey go home on foot. On their way home they do some shopping. After a shortrest they do their homework and read up for seminars.
Then Mary prepares something for dinner and her brother helps her. They havetheir dinner at seven o’clock in the evening. After dinner they usually lookthrough some newspapers or magazines, or read some novels or listen to music, orwatch a film on TV.
On Sundays they often go to the students’ club that regularly organizes variouscultural activities such as evening parties, cinema shows, lectures on music andliterature with recitals by famous musicians and actors.
MORNING AND EVENING- What do you usually do at your office?- In the morning I receive letters and cables which I have to answer that very day.My secretary usually helps me to type the answers. Twice a week I have ameeting where we discuss different business questions with our chief manager.Almost every day I have business interviews, talks or conferences with therepresentatives of the foreign firms we have done business with lately. In theafternoon I usually make appointments on the phone with engineers of theproducing enterprises or foreign businessmen for the next day. Sometimes I makebusiness trips with a view to concluding sales contracts.- What do you usually do in the evening?- We generally stay at home and watch TV. Once a week we go to the pictures.Occasionally we go to a dance.- Have you been to the theatre this month?- Yes, we have been to the theatre twice this month.
VOCABULARYbedroom - dormitorto strike (struck, struck) – a bate, a sunato get up (got, got) – a se sculato get into – a intra to get to – a ajunge lato get dressed – a se îmbrăcabathroom – camera de baieto stand (stood, stood) – a sta în picioaresugar-bowl – zaharniţămilk-jug – cană de lapteto shave – a se bărbieriplate – farfurieto leave for (left, left) - a plecalately – în ultimul timpto do one’s hair – a-şi aranja părul, a se coafa
to turn on (the radio, the tap) – a deschide (radioul, robinetul)to pour some water – a turna (ceva) apăto dry oneself on the towel – a se şterge cu prosopulto lay (laid, laid) the table – a pune masato have breakfast / lunch / dinner – a lua micul dejun / prânzul / cinato be in a hurry – a se grăbito have a chat – a sta de vorbăto read up for seminars – a se pregăti pentru seminariito do one’s homework – a-şi face temeleto have / to take a shower – a face un duşto conclude a sales contract – a încheia un contract de vânzare-cumpărareto make an appointment – a fixa o întâlnirewith a view to (+gerunziu) – în vederea, pentru a
GRAMMAR
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE(Perfectul Compus)
Perfectul compus se formează cu ajutorul verbului to have la prezent şi cuparticipiul trecut al verbului de conjugat: TO HAVE + V3.
Common AspectAffirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative(-Negative)
FormI have finishedYou have finishedHe, she, it has finished
We have finishedYou have finishedThey have finished
I have not (haven’t)finished.You have not finished.He, she, it has not (hasn’t)finished.
We have not finishedYou have not finishedThey have not finished
Have I (not) finished?(Haven’t I finished?)Have you (not) finished?Has he, she, it (not)finished?(Hasn’t he,she,itfinished?)Have we (not) finished?Have you (not) finished?Have they (not) finished?
Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formează din forma scurtă a infinitivului,prin adăugarea desinenţei –ed, după următoarele reguli ortografice:
Spelling Rules Examples1) Verbele terminate la infinitiv în – emut pierd această vocală înainteadesinenţei –ed
to live – livedto arrive – arrivedto celebrate – celebrated
2) Verbele terminate la infinitive în –yprecedat de o consoană, schimbă y în i
to study – studiedto dry – driedto hurry – hurried
3) Verbele monosilabice terminate într-oconsoană precedată de o vocală scurtădublează consoana finală
to stop - stopped
4) Verbele plurisilabice, terminate într-oconsoană precedată de o vocală şi avândaccentual pe ultima silabă, precum şiverbele terminate în –l, indiferent deaccent, dublează consoana finală
to pre`fer - preferredto com`pel - compelledto `travel - travelled
The use of the Present Perfect Tense – Common Aspect
Rules Examples1. Present Perfect exprimă o acţiunetrecută care are legătură cu prezentul.a) Legătura poate fi temporală: acţiuneaîncepe în trecut şi continuă în present.Momentul începerii acţiunii se indicăprin cuvântul since (prepoziţie,conjuncţie, adverb) – din, de când.Durata acţiunii se redă printr-o locuţiuneadverbială introdusă prin prepoziţia for –de:b) Legătura poate fi cauzală: acţiunea s-aterminat, dar urmările ei continuă săexiste în present:
I have seen this film.
I have known him for many years.We have not seen him since Monday.He has not slept well since that night.
Mary has opened the window.She has turned on the tap.
2. Present Perfect se referă la o perioadăde timp încă în curs, ceea ce este indicatprin adverbele sau locuţiunile adverbiale:today, this week, this summer, this month,lately, of late, this morning, this year, inthe last few years.
Have you been to the theatre this month?
She has worked much this week.
3. Present Perfect exprimă o acţiune carea avut loc într-un trecut foarte apropiat.El este însoţit atunci de adverbe de timpnedefinit ca: often, seldom, ever, never,
The clock has just struck six.She has already brushed her teeth.He hasn’t shaved yet.
just, yet, always, already.
EXERCISES
I. Speak about Mary’s working day according to the plan:a) What she usually does in the morning (before breakfast).b) What she generally does at the Academy of Economic Studies.c) What she usually does after classes and in the evenings.d) How she spends her time on Sundays.
II. Complete the dialogues using the words in brackets:“When do your classes begin?” (8 o’clock; generally; in the morning)“How many classes do you have every day?” (not more than six; sometimes four)“Do you go straight home after classes?” ( not always; the library or the reading-room; sometimes)“What do you usually do there?” ( to read books and magazines; to make noteson; to look through newspapers)“And when do you usually do your English lessons?” (to have got the necessarybooks; if; to do one’s homework at home)“Do you work in the library till late in the evening?” (not to stay; late)“And how do you spend your time in the evening when you are free?” (to watchtelevision; to go to the pictures or to the theatre; to go to see one’s friends)“Do you go to bed late?” (not very; at about 11; as a rule).
III. Use “since” or “for” and translate the sentences into Romanian:1. I haven’t seen her … Sunday. 2. I haven’t seen them … 1980. 3. We haven’tseen them … ten years. 4. She has been here … morning. 5. We have been here… an hour and a half. 6. He hasn’t shaved … two days. 7. I have known him …five years.
IV. Insert:a) the past participle of the regular verbs: to open, to turn, to pour, to brush, todry, to shave, to finish, to stay, to watch, to live:1. He has just … the window. 2. She has just … on the radio. 3. She has already… her teeth. 4. She has already … some water into the glass. 5. We have already… our breakfast. 6. Has she … herself on the towel? 7. Has he already …? 8.Have you … at home and … a film on TV? 9. They haven’t … in Constantza.
b) the past participle of the irregular verbs: to see, to strike, to get up, to put, todo, to go, to come, to have, to be, to lay, to stand, to leave: 1. I have … this filmon TV. 2. The clock has just … seven. 3. George hasn’t … yet. 4. Have you … asugar-bowl on the table? 5. Why haven’t you … your hair? 6. Jane has … to thestudents’ club. 7. Has your brother … home? 8. She has just … a cold shower. 9.Have you … to the pictures this week? 10. Who has … the table for breakfast? 11.Who has just … at the wash-basin? 12. They have just … for their office.
V. Translate into English:1. Nu v-am văzut de doi ani. Unde aţi fost? 2. Cine a deschis robinetul de apăcaldă? 3. N-am luat încă micul dejun. 4. Aţi terminat micul dejun? – Da, mi-aplăcut foarte mult. 5. Cât este ora le dvs.? – Ceasul meu a stat. 6. De când sunteţila Bucureşti? – Sunt aici de duminică. 7. De când locuieşte fratele tău înBucureşti? – Din 1974. 8. De când aveţi televizorul? – Numai de două luni.
= 3 h
LESSON FIVETHE FAMILY
FMary is twenty years old. She is a student of the Faculty of the Agrarian Economyand Accounting.She lives with her parents in Bucharest. Her father is a worker. He works as awelder at a large plant. Her mother is a weaver at a textile mill. Mary has abrother. Mary’s brother, John is a doctor at the Brâncovenesc Hospital. He hasbeen working there since 1979. He has a family of his own: a wife and threechildren: two sons and one daughter. Helen, John’s wife, is an assistant-lecturer atthe Academy of Economic Studies.Mary’s grand mother and grand father are pensioners. They live in Braşov. Theirgrand sons and grand daughter often spend their holidays at their grand parents’.Mary’s uncle lives in a provincial town. He is a miner. His wife is a very kindwoman and a good housewife. Jane, their daughter, is Mary’s cousin. Mary’sgreat grand mother lives with them.
* * *
John: Where do you live?Peter: I live with my parents and grand parents in Bucharest.John: Have you got any sisters and brothers?Peter: Yes, our family is quite a big one: I have three brothers and two sisters whoare twins.John: Are they older than you?Peter: I have only one brother who is older than me. The others are all younger.John: What is your elder brother?Peter: He is a civil engineer. He lives in Constantza. He is married and has twochildren. My sister-in-law is an economist. I can tell you I’m very proud of beingan uncle. I love my niece and my nephew very much.John: Oh, I’m sure you do. Do they often come to Bucharest?Peter: No, they don’t. You see, most of our relatives live there – my uncles, aunts,and all my cousins.
VOCABULARYparent – părinte; tată sau mamăfather – tatămother – mamăwelder – sudorweaver – ţesătorson – fiudaughter – fiicăgreat grandparent – străbunic sau străbunicăgrand mother – bunicăgrand father – bunicgrand daughter – nepoată de bunică (bunic)grand son – nepot de bunic (bunică)housewife – gospodinăsister – sorăbrother – fratecousin – văr sau verişoarătwins – gemenicivil engineer – inginer constructorto marry – a căsători; a se căsătorisister-in-law – cumnatăbrother-in-law – cumnatuncle – unchiaunt – mătuşăniece – nepoată (de unchi sau mătuşă)nephew – nepot (de unchi sau mătuşă)relative – rudăin-laws – rude prin alianţăbachelor – celibatarspinster – celibatarăan only child – copil unicmill – uzină, fabrică, filatură, moară
GRAMMARI. POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
( Adjectivele şi pronumele posesive)Possessive AdjectivesSingularmy – meu, mea, mei, meleyour – tău, ta, tăi, talehis – luiher – eiits – lui, ei
mine – al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale meleyours – al tău, a ta, ai tăi, ale talehis – al lui, a lui, ai lui, ale luihers – al ei, a ei, ai ei, ale eiits – său, a sa, ai săi, ale sale
ours – al nostru, a noastră, ai noştri, alenoastreyours – al vostru, a voastră, ai voştri, alevoastretheirs – al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor
Pronumele posesiv înlocuieşte atât numele obiectului posedat cât şi alposesorului. Pronumele posesive nu determină substantive ca adjectiveleposesive, ci le înlocuiesc.
Observaţi mai jos diferenţa dintre adjectivul şi pronumele posesiv şi pronumele personalîn cazul dativ/acuzativ:
Possessive adjective: It’s my car.Possessive pronoun: It’s mine.Personal pronoun: It belongs to me.
II. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS(Adjectivele şi pronumele demonstrative)
de apropiere de depărtareSingular this thatPlural these those
1.Possessive Adjectives Possessive PronounsWhere is my book?She gave me his address.Our classroom is very nice .His coat is new.Her dress is nice.Our house stands in a quiet streetThe room is large. Its walls are white.
This book is mine.I have lost my pencil – Please, give meyours.This is not their house, theirs is biggerthan his.The new coat is his.This nice dress is hers. This house isours.The fault is mine.These seats are theirs.
2.Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative PronounsThis young man is my best friend.That house is very small.These pencils are good.Those flowers are roses.
This is my dictionary and that is hers.These are his magazines, and those aremine.
III. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE(Prezentul perfect continuu)
Se formează cu ajutorul verbului TO BE la prezentul perfect şi participiulprezent (-ing) al verbului de conjugat: HAVE (HAS) BEEN + Ving
Affirmative InterrogativeI have been working / I’ve been workingYou have been workingHe, she, it has been working/He’s been…We have been workingYou have been workingThey have been working
Have I been working?Have you been working?Has he, she, it been working?Have we been working?Have you been working?Have they been working?
Negative Interrogative - NegativeI have not been working / I haven’tbeenYou have not been workingHe, she, it has not been workingWe have not been workingYou have not been workingThey have not been working
Have I not been working?/ Haven’t IbeenHave you not been working?Has he, she, it not been working?Have we not been working?Have you not been working?Have they not been working?
Prezentul perfect la aspectul continuu se foloseşte:1. pentru o acţiune care a început în trecut şi care continuă şi în present:I’ve been waiting for him for half an hour. (I’m still waiting for him)
2. pentru o acţiune care a început în trecut şi care tocmai s-a încheiat:I’m so sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting for me for a long time?
EXERCISES
I. Enlarge upon:a) Your own family.b) Three relatives. Describe each one to a friend:- What each relative looks like.- Where he / she lives and works.- What his / her interests are.
II. Ask questions to the following sentences, according to the model:Model: I’ve been waiting for you for half an hour. How long have you beenwaiting for me?1. He has been teaching French for two years. 2. I’ve been writing the letter foran hour. 3. The children have been playing in the park since they came fromschool. 4. She has been working in the garden since 8 o’clock. 5. The boys havebeen fishing since early in the morning. 6. He has been staying with us for aweek. 7. He has been reading since I have been here. 8. I have been peelingpotatoes for twenty minutes now. 9. She has been teaching at this school for fiveyears.
III. Write the following sentences in the plural:1. This is an interesting book. 2. That clock is slow. 3. This little boy is Mary’sbrother. 4. That young man is a student at the Faculty of Trade. 5. This family is avery big one. 6. That play was very good, the acting was wonderful indeed! 7.That is a naughty boy, isn’t he? 8. This is the most beautiful crystal glass I’ve everseen. 9. That dictionary was printed in 1903. 10. This is the ring she lostyesterday.
IV. Replace the underlined words by possessive adjectives:1.John’s book is on the desk. 2. The children’s toys are neatly arranged on theshelves. 3. My sister’s room is very large and clean. 4. Where are mother’s shoes?5. Our brother’s new books are extremely valuable 6. Mary’s old flat looks quiteshabby. 7. The students’ copybooks are all on the desks. 8. Your sister’s watch isvery nice and keeps good time.
V. Translate into English:a) 1. Familia lor este foarte numeroasă. 2. Casa noastră este situată pe o stradăextrem de liniştită. 3. Familia ei locuieşte în Bucureşti; unde locuieşte a ta? 4.Fratele ei mai mare lucrează de doi ani la o uzină de tractoare. 5. Inelul lui delogodnă este aici; unde este al tău? 6. Această tânără este fata cumnatului vostru,nu-i aşa? 7. Acestea sunt darurile de nuntă pe care le-au primit tinerii căsătoriţi dela bunica lor. 8. Aceste verighete sunt pentru nunta lor de argint. 9. Florile aceleale-am cumpărat pentru stăbunica mea. 10. Apartamentul acela este încă neocupat.
Bibiografie selectivă
Bantaş, Andrei (1991) – Essential English, Ed. Teora BucureştiDe Blij, H.J.; Mueller, Peter O (2002) – Geography-realms, regions, and concepts,John Wiley&Sons, Inc. U.S.A.Clawson, David L; Fisher, James S (1998) – World Regional Geography-Adevelopment approach, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.Galiş, Livia & colaboratorii (1982) – Limba Engleză pentru învăţământul superioreconomic, Ed.Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti - Gălăţeanu-Fârnoagă, Georgiana(1993)Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Omegapress, Bucureşti - Hulban, Horia &colab.(1983)Exerciţii şi teste de limba engleză, Ed. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti -Leviţchi, Leon (1971)Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti - Nicolescu,Adrian & colaboratorii (1980)Culegere de texte pentru cursul practic de limba engleză pentru secţia geografie-geologie, Tipografia Universităţii din Bucureşti - Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum; S;Leech, G; Svartvik, J (1972)A Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman, London –
* * *(1970) - Dicţionar polyglot economic şi de comerţ exterior, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti- Institutul de Lingvistică (1974)Dicţionar Englez-Român, Ed. Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti –
