4

revaz gaCeCilaZe

marTalia, saqarTvelo am regions uSualod ar ekuTvnis, magram misi istoria mWidrodaa da-kavSirebuli sxvadasxva epoqaSi axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebul saxelmwifoebTan.

XX saukuneSi sparseTis yuris irgvliv mdebare qveynebSi aRmoCnda navTobis didi budobebi, ris gamoc regionis mniSvneloba msoflio ekonomikisa da politikisaTvis ganuzomlad gaizar-da. moulodnelad Tavsdatexilma simdidrem imave saukunis meore naxevarSi msoflio asparez-ze gamoiyvana iqamde uimedo autsaiderebi, udabnoSi mdebare qveynebi – saudis arabeTi, quvei-Ti, gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi (gasi), katari, omani, bahreini. navTobisa da bunebrivi ai-ris didi maragi aqvT iransa da erays. bolo periodSi bunebrivi airis didi budobebi aRmoCnda egviptis, israelis, libanis kontinentur Selfze, xmelTaSua zRvis fskerqveS. es resursebi ze-

axlo aRmosavleTi msoflio civilizaciis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSv-nelovanesi centria. 14-15 aTasi wlis win aq daiwyo „neoliTuri revolucia“ – monadireobidan da Semgroveblobidan binadar cxovrebasa da soflis meurneobaze gadasvla. aq moiSinaures ga-reuli cxovelebi da daiwyes mcenareTa kulturuli jiSebis gamoyvana. aq gaCnda pirveli qala-qebi, Camoyalibda pirveli saxelmwifoebi, Seiqmna damwerlobis ramdenime tipi. es regioni aris sami monoTeisturi religiis samSoblo.

axlo aRmosavleTis cvalebadi geopolitika

geopolitika

I nawiliaxlo aRmosavleTis Tanamedrove politikuri geografiis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis

5

axlo aRmosavleTi

irani2farTobi – 1.648 mln km

dedaqalaqi – Teirani mosaxleoba – 81,8 mln

iordania2farTobi – 89,342 km

dedaqalaqi – amani mosaxleoba – 10 mln

iemeni2farTobi – 527,968 km

dedaqalaqi – sanaa mosaxleoba – 28,5 mln

TurqeTi2farTobi – 783,562 km

dedaqalaqi – ankara mosaxleoba – 82 mln

erayi2farTobi – 437,072 km

dedaqalaqi – baRdadi mosaxleoba – 38,4 mln

egvipte2

farTobi – 1,01 mln km dedaqalaqi – kairo mosaxleoba – 98,4 mln

gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi2farTobi – 83,600 km

dedaqalaqi – abu-dabi mosaxleoba – 9,6 mln

bahreini2farTobi – 741 km

dedaqalaqi – manama mosaxleoba – 1,6 mln

katari2

farTobi – 11,571 km dedaqalaqi – dohamosaxleoba – 2,8

quveiTi2

farTobi – 17,818 km dedaqalaqi – el-quveiTi mosaxleoba – 4,1 mln

siria2

farTobi – 185,180 km dedaqalaqi – damasko mosaxleoba – 17 mln

saudis arabeTi2

farTobi – 2.15 mln km dedaqalaqi – ar-riadi mosaxleoba – 33,7 mln

omani2

farTobi – 309,501 km dedaqalaqi – maskati mosaxleoba – 4,8 mln

libani2

farTobi – 10,452 km dedaqalaqi – beiruTimosaxleoba – 6,8 mln

kviprosi2

farTobi – 9,251 km dedaqalaqi – niqoziamosaxleoba – 1,2 mln

israeli2

farTobi – 22,145 km mosaxleoba – 9 mln

moqmedebas axdens regionis qveynebisa da regionsgare saxelmwifoebis geopolitika-ze. axlo aRmosavleTs didi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba aqvs msofliosaTvis, rogorc energetikuli resursebis mimwodebels da sxvagan warmoebuli samrewvelo (ZiriTadad samxedro) da sasoflo-sameurneo produq-ciis momxmarebels da, agreTve, rogorc po-tenciur investors, maT Soris, maRalganvi-Tarebul qveynebSi.

axlo aRmosavleTi konfliqtogenuro-bis TvalsazrisiTac msoflios erT-erTi gamorCeuli regioni gaxda. iq TiTqmis ga-nuwyvetliv mimdinareobs omebi.

siriaSi dResac samoqalaqo omia, romel-Sic CarTuli arian mezobeli da Sors mdeba-re saxelmwifoebi.

iemenSi meeqvse welia mZvinvarebs samoqa-laqo omi, romelSic regionis sxva qveynebic monawileoben.

dausrulebeli teritoriuli konfliq-tia israelsa da palestinel arabebs Soris.

cota xnis win, 2013-2018 wlebSi, erayisa da siriis teritoriaze avTvisebiani simsiv-nesaviT gavrcelda giganturi teroristu-li warmonaqmni, e. w. „islamuri saxelmwifo“, romelsac SeebrZola saerTaSoriso koali-cia islamuri qveynebis umravlesobis mona-wileobiT. magram terorizmis bolomde amo-Zirkva, rogorc Cans, jerac ver moxerxda.

axlo aRmosavleTis strategiuli mde-bareoba amZafrebs globalur konkurenci-as, romelSic aqtiurad arian Cabmuli adgi-lobrivi tradiciuli didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi – TurqeTi, irani da, agreTve, egvipte. maT SeuerTdnen bolo naxevar sau-kuneSi gamdidrebuli da samxedro Tvalsaz-risiT gaZlierebuli saSualo an patara zo-mis qveynebi – israeli, saudis arabeTi, gasi, katari. globaluri geopolitikuri meto-

arabeTis zRva

wiTel

i zR

va

Savi zRva kaspiis zRva

gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi

katari

xmelTaSua zRva

siriis samoqalaqo omis dros dangreuli qalaqi ain al-arabi

protesti Razas seqtorSi

qeebis – aSS-isa da ruseTis (1992 wlamde – sabWoTa kavSiris) interesebi axlo aRmosavleTSic ejaxeba erTmaneTs. CineTi amJamad ufro „ekonomikur intervencias“ axdens am regionSi, ise, ro-gorc msoflios sxva regionebSi – yidis Tavis produqcias, abandebs did kapitals infrastruq-turaSi. magram ekonomika politikasTan mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli da CineTis politikuri roli am regionSi gaizrdeba. evropis yofili zesaxelmwifoebis, „Zveli imperialistebis“ – didi bri-taneTis, safrangeTis, germaniis – politikuri roli ki regionSi TandaTan fermkrTaldeba.

adre da dResac msoflios yvela zesaxelmwifo axlo aRmosavleTSi atarebda mxolod saTa-viso politikas, romelic xSirad ugulebelyofda saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs. amave normebs, adamianis uflebebs an „maRal zneobas“ arc adgilobrivi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi dagideven.

ra aris „axlo aRmosavleTi“?

antikuri xanisa da Sua saukuneebis evropelebisaTvis mTeli azia „aRmosavleTi“ iyo. xmel-TaSua zRvis aRmosavleT napirs dRemde „levantis“ saxeliT icnoben, rac italiuri Levante-dan modis: es sityva „mzis amosvlis mxares“ niSnavs.

XIX saukunis SuaxanSi dasavleT evropaSi daiwyes terminis – „axlo aRmosavleTi“ – gamoyene-ba imisaTvis, rom ganesxvavebinaT osmaleTis imperiis mflobelobaSi myofi dasavleTi azia da egvipte „Soreuli aRmosavleTisagan“, romelSic igulisxmeboda CineTi, korea, iaponia, indo-CineTi.

„islamuri saxelwifos“ mebrZolebi

6

geopolitika

erayeli jariskacebi zeimoben q. abu-saifas ganTavisuflebas teroristebisagan

sakuTriv „Sua aRmosavleTis“ regionSi ki Seeguen axal saxels: arabulad is JRers, rogorc aS-Sark al-ausaT, sparsulad – xa-var-e miane, Turqulad – orTa doRu, ebra-ulad – a-mizrax a-tixon.

„axlo“ da „Soreul“ aRmosavleTs Soris, savsebiT bunebrivia, SeiZleboda yofiliyo „Sua aRmosavleTi“. aseT termins xandaxan iyenebdnen kidec, magram subieqturma Sec-domam mas geografiuli logika daukarga. saqme isaa, rom II msoflio omis dawyebis-Tanave, 1939 wlis seqtemberSi, didi brita-neTis armiis sardlobam „axlo aRmosavle-Tis“ nacvlad imave regionis saxelad, yo-velgvari dasabuTebis gareSe, daiwyo „Sua aRmosavleTis“ (The Middle East) gamoyeneba. II msoflio omis eqvsive wlis ganmavlobaSi im-droindeli presa da radio imdenad xSirad iyenebda am termins, rom is dasavleTSi far-Tod gavrcelda, Tumca amerikaSi mis sinoni-mad xandaxan isev iyeneben „axlo aRmosav-leTs“.

axlo aRmosavleTi moicavs teritorias TurqeTidan iemenamde, egviptidan iranamde. es aris 16 damoukidebeli saxelmwifo (am

2ricxvSi ar Sedis palestina), 7,3 milioni km saerTo farTobiT da TiTqmis 450 milioni mcxovrebiT, romelTa ricxovnoba swrafad matulobs.

marTalia, qarTul geografiul termi-nologiaSi damkvidrebuli „axlo aRmosav-leTi“, saqarTvelos mdebareobis gaTvalis-winebiT, mTlad zusti araa (CvenTvis es re-gioni samxreTiT mdebareobs da ara aRmosav-leTiT), mainc gaumarTlebelad mimaCnia mi-si Secvla kidev ufro arazusti terminiT „Sua aRmosavleTi“.

rac Seexeba termin „geopolitikas“, ar-sebobs misi mravali ganmarteba. rogorc sa-mecniero disciplina, is swavlobs geogra-fiul faqtorTa kompleqsis (fizikuri da politikur-geografiuli mdebareoba, bu-nebrivi da adamianuri resursebi, mosaxleo-bis simravle, ekonomikis sidide da a.S.) ze-moqmedebas qveynebis sagareo politikasa da msoflio politikaze. „geopolitikuri aq-tori/moTamaSe“ aRniSnavs saxelmwifos, ro-melic Tavis sagareo politikas warmarTavs zemoxsenebuli geografiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

sakmaod xSirad geopolitikas miiCneven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis geografiis sinonimad. magaliTad, aseTi saxeli misca Tavis wigns cnobilma amerikelma mecnierma sol bernard koenma.

saxelmwifos, Cveulebriv, aqvs sakuTari dauwereli „geopolitikuri kodi“, rome-lic asaxavs xelisuflebisa da mosaxleobis met-naklebad saerTo azrs sagareo-poli-tikuri interesebisa da am interesebisaT-vis Seqmnili safrTxeebisa da am safrTxeebi-saTvis gasacemi pasuxebis Sesaxeb. „geopo-litikuri kodi“, bunebrivia, maradiuli araa: is SeiZleba Seicvalos da maSin xdeba xolme „geopolitikuri Zvra“, anu sagareo-politikuri orientaciis Secvla.

7

axlo aRmosavleTi

8

imperiebis „geopolitikur kodSi“ Sedi-oda savaWro gzebisa da stabiluri Semosav-lis momtani nayofieri miwebis daufleba. „WeSmariti sarwmunoebis“ gavrceleba xSi-rad iyo kargi gamarTleba axali miwebis da-sapyrobad, maSin, roca mowinaaRmdege yo-velTvis iyo „urwmuno“, „urjulo“, „gzas acdenili“.

XI-XIII saukuneebSi dasavleTidan mosul-ma jvarosanma raindebma ar datoves didi kvali axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi. Tu kulturul urTierTgavlenazea saubari,

brZolis vels metoqe imperiebisaTvis, Cveulebriv, warmoadgenda sxvadasxva civi-liziciaTa mijnaze mdebare mesopotamia, si-ria, dRevandeli TurqeTis aRmosavleTi na-wili, xandaxan – samxreTi kavkasia. am geopo-litikurad mniSvnelovani sivrcis kontro-li mravaljer iyo samxedro konfliqtis mi-zezi dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT mdebare imperiebisaTvis.

aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi axlo aR-mosavleTis regionis ZiriTadi geopoliti-kuri aqtorebi – imperiebi – ebrZodnen erT-maneTs politikuri pirvelobisaTvis iqam-de, sanam TviTon gaqrebodnen saerTaSoriso asparezidan. ZiriTadi metoqe wyvilebi iyv-nen romi da parTia, bizantia da sasanianTa irani, arabuli saxalifo da bizantia, sel-Cukiani Turqebi da bizantia, monRolebi da mTeli regioni, sefianTa sparseTi da osma-leTi. Zvelad, rasakvirvelia, iyvnen ufro mcire zomis lokaluri geopolitikuri mo-TamaSeebic, romlebic, maTda samwuxarod, imperiebis „saSen masalad“ iqcnen.

XIX saukunidan regionSi gamoCndnen axa-li geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi, evropuli zesaxelmwifoebi, romelTac erTmaneTTan mZafri metoqeobac hqondaT.

imdroindelma evropelebma bevrad meti is-esxes axlo aRmosavleTisagan, TviTon ki ver moaxdines raime kulturuli gavlena regi-onze. politikuri TvalsazrisiT ki dasav-leTevropelebma gvarianad moaryies qris-tianobis mTavari burji dasavleT aziaSi, bizantia, rodesac 1204 wels aiRes da gaZar-cves konstantinopoli, iqamde cxraasi wlis ganmavlobaSi auRebeli cixesimagre.

XIX saukunis damdegs qarTl-kaxeTis an-eqsirebis Semdeg axlo aRmosavleTis Crdi-loeT periferias miaxloebulma ruseTis imperiam orjer, 1806-1813 da 1826-1828 wlebSi, warmatebiT ioma sparseTTan (orive omi sparseTma wamoiwyo) da Sedegad, mas samx-reT kavkasiis didi nawili waarTva: 1918 wels swored am teritoriebze Seiqmneba az-erbaijanisa da somxeTis respublikebi. ru-seTis imperiam ukve XVIII saukuneSi mouRo

evropis samxedro-politikuri upira-tesoba uSualod axlo aRmosavleTis regi-onSi naTlad gamoCnda mxolod XVIII saukunis miwurulSi, rodesac napoleon bonapartma ilaSqra im dros osmaleTis imperiaSi Sema-val egviptesa da palestinaSi. ufro Sore-ul miznad mas hqonda indoeTamde misvla, rac ver ganxorcielda.

geopolitika

konstantinopolis aReba, 1204,eklesiis kedlis moxatuloba, rumineTi monRolebis mier baRdadis aReba, 1258,

xelnaweris miniatura

XIX saukuneSive naTeli gaxda, rom axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi iqamde dominanti geopoli-tikuri moTamaSeebi, sparseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad CamorCnen evropas. imdroindelma globalurma hegemonma – didma bri-taneTma – daiwyo gavlenis gavrceleba am regionSic: misi mizani iyo aq Seeqmna erTgvari fari in-dostanis naxevarkunZulze sakuTari interesebisaTvis. indoeTs udidesi Semosavali mohqonda didi britaneTisaTvis da misi samrewvelo produqciis gasaRebis ZiriTadi bazaric iyo.

bolo osmaleTis gavlenas yirimsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis nawilSi, XIX saukuneSi ki dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelodanac gandevna osmaleTi.

9

britaneTis imperia gafarToebis zenitSi, 1921

axlo aRmosavleTi

yirimis omi – 1853 wels ruseTma omi wamoiwyo osmaleTis imperiasTan. am ukanasknelis mxares ki gamo-vidnen didi britaneTis samefo da im dros arsebuli safrangeTis imperia. nominalurad, maTi mokavSire

iyo sardiniis samefoc, Tumca mas omSi realuri monawileoba ar miuRia. sabrZolo moqmedeba, ZiriTa-dad, yirimis naxevarkunZulze mimdinareobda da is „yirimis omis“ saxe-

liT Sevida istoriaSi. 1856 wels mokavSireebma aiZules ru-seTis imperia damarcxeba eRiarebina.

7

XX saukunis dasawyisidanve londons am regionis mimarT geoekonomikuri interesic gauCn-da – navTobi!

1878 wlidan didi britaneTi akontrolebda kunZul kvipross, romlis formaluri aneqsire-ba moaxdina 1914 wlis 5 noembers, mas Semdeg, rac osmaleTTan omis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. uk-ve XX saukuneSi xaifas navsadgurSi (amJamad israelis SemadgenlobaSia) aseve daarsda britanu-li samxedro-sazRvao baza.

1869 wels gaxsnili xmelTaSua zRvisa da wiTeli zRvis SemaerTebeli suecis arxi, romelic umoklesi sazRvao gziT akavSirebda erTmaneTTan evropasa da samxreT azias, 1875 wlidan bri-taneTis kontrolqveS moeqca. 1882 wlidan britaneTis faqtobriv proteqtoratad iqca egvip-te (im dros nominalurad osmaleTis imperiis nawili), romlis teritoriazec gadis suecis ar-xi.

1908 wels samxreT iranSi, masjed-e soleimanTan, britanelma geologma jorj bernard rei-noldsma aRmoaCina navTobis didi sabado. 1909 wels daarsda „anglo-sparsuli navTobis kompa-

XIX saukuneSi naTlad gamoikveTa didi britaneTis geopolitikuri gegma axlo aRmosavleT-Si: londons esaWiroeboda sazRvao gzebis kontroli da strategiulad ganlagebuli navsadgu-rebi. indoeTis okeanis, bab-al-mandabisa da hormuzis sruteebis gasakontroleblad ukve 1839 wlidan adenSi daarsda britanuli samxedro-sazRvao baza.

saudis arabeTi

omani

gaerTianebuliarabuli saamiroebi

omani

irani

erayi

quveiTi

avRaneTi

pakistani

arabeTis zRva

omanis yure

sparseTis yure

hormuzis srute

hormuzis srute akavSirebs navTobiT mdidar sparseTis yures (marcxniv) omanis yuresTan da Semdeg – indoeTis okeanesTan.

okeanesTan suecis arxi (sigrZiT 193,5 km.) akavSirebs xmelTaSua zRvas wiTel zRvasTan da Semdeg – indoeTis

xmelTaSua zRva

egvipte

suecis arxi

egvipte

10

geopolitika

katari

bahreini

nia“, romelmac 1913 wels sparseTis qalaq abadanSi aaSena navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana – momdevno naxevari saukunis ganmav-lobaSi is am tipis qarxnebs Soris msofli-oSi udidesi iyo!

I msoflio omis win, didi britaneTis sam-xedro-sazRvao ministris uinston CerCi-lis iniciativiT, britanuli samxedro floti sawvavad qvanaxSiris gamoyenebidan navTobze gadavida, rac mis manevrulobas da miRwevadobas mkveTrad zrdida. amitomac am nedleuls strategiuli mniSvneloba mieni-Wa da 1913 wels britaneTis mTavrobam SeiZi-na „anglo-sparsuli navTobis kompaniis“ sa-kontrolo paketi, anu, faqtobrivad, moax-dina misi nacionalizacia. 1954 wels kompa-nias ewoda „britiS petroliumi“ (BP) – is dRemde arsebobs, amJamad isev privatizebu-li saxiT.

XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi londonis ge-opolitikuri mizani iyo ar daeSva momZlav-rebuli metoqis, ruseTis imperiis, gasvla „Tbil zRvebze“ – xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, osmaleTis xarjze, da indoeTis okeaneSi, sparseTis xarjze. aseT SemTxvevaSi britan-eTis samxedro-sazRvao da savaWro flo-tebs orive am wyalsatevSi Zlieri konkuren-ti gauCndeboda. amitomac londoni diplo-matiuri gziT cdilobda SeezRuda ruseTis imperiis eqspansia samxreTisaken, rodesac am ukanasknelTan omebSi damarcxebul (1829 da 1878 ww.) osmaleTs exmareboda teritori-uli danakargis minimizaciaSi. erTxel bri-taneTi samxedro gziTac ki daexmara osma-leTs, rodesac safrangeTTan erTad Caeba mis omSi ruseTTan („yirimis omi“).

arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT napi-risa da sparseTis yuris dasavleT napiris arab Seixebs, amirebsa da sxva memkvidreobiT mmarTvelebs londoni sTavazobda mfarve-lobas (proteqtorats), razec isini xali-siT Tanxmdebodnen, radgan mezobeli Seixis an sparseTis pretenziebi ufro aSinebdaT, Tanac londoni maT yovelwliur subsidia-sac uxdida – oqroTi! es proteqtoratebi SemdgomSi suverenuli saxelmwifoebi gax-debian da iq aRmoCenili navTobi da gazi maT msoflios umdidres qveynebad aqcevs.

XIX saukunis SuaSi Tavisi interesebi le-vantSi, kerZod, libansa da siriaSi, daafiq-

sira safrangeTma. imave saukunis bolos regionSi Zalian gaaqtiurda germania, romelic ekonomikur eqspansias axdenda osmaleTSi da gamalebiT aSenebda „ber-lin-baRdadis rkinigzas“ (osmaleTSi mas „baRdadis rkinigzas“ uwodebdnen). es satransporto arteria sabolood SeiZleba misuliyo basras navsadgu-ramde, samxreT eraySi, da iqidan jer sparseTis yureSi da Semdeg indoe-

navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana qalaq abadanSi

11

axlo aRmosavleTi

I msoflio omis win axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebobda ori aRiarebuli saxelmwifo – sparseTi da osmaleTi. es ukanaskneli rea-lurad ganagebda dRevandel sirias, erays, iordanias, palestinas, iemens, arabeTis na-xevarkunZulis dasavleT nawilSi hijazs, sadac mdebareobs islamis wminda qalaqebi meqa da medina. danarCeni arabeTis naxevar-kunZulic da egviptec nominalurad stam-

„berlin-baRdadis rkinigzis“ mSeneblo-bis damTavrebas I msoflio omis dawyebam Se-uSala xeli.

swored am britanuli aqciis Sedegad Se-iqmna da dRemde arsebobs quveiTis saxelm-wifo, romelsac isev al-sabahis dinastia marTavs: mmarTvels axla amiras tituli aqvs.

Tis okeaneSi gasvlis saSualebas miscemda rkinigzis mflobels. am infrastruqtu-rul proeqts I msoflio omis dawyebis erT-erT faqtoradac ki miiCneven.

germanuli eqspansiis perspeqtivam SeaS-foTa londoni, romelmac saswrafod miiRo winmswrebi zomebi da 1899 wels sparseTis yuris CrdiloeT nawilSi, quveiTis Rrmawy-lovan yuresTan, adgilobrivi arabuli to-mis Seixs – mubaraq al-sabahs mfarveloba SesTavaza. britanulma kreiserebma daicves Seixis samflobelo osmaleTis Semadgenlo-baSi Semavali basris valis (gubernatoris) sadamsjelo operaciisagan: am teritorias osmaleTi Tavisad miiCnevda.

baRdadi

alepo

adana

konia

basra

masjed-e soleiman

navTobis sabado

`baRdadis rkinigzis~ dagegmili marSruti osmaleTis teritoriaze

bols eqvemdebareboda, magram, realurad, egvipte da arabuli saSeixoebi londonis daqvemdebarebaSi iyvnen.

axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoTa saz-Rvrebi, ZiriTadad, dadginda londonisa da parizis samTavrobo kabinetebSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi gaavles saxazavis meSveobiT. cnobilia erTi ambavi britanel konsulTan dakavSirebiT: rodesac is gamWvirvale qa-Raldis gamoyenebiT xazavda sazRvars eray-sa da transiordanias Soris, viRacas sala-parakod miubrunda da am dros qaRaldi da saxazavi SemTxveviT Seabruna. amitomac mie-mata transiordanias sagrZnobi teritor-ia!

XX saukunis dasawyisidanve arabeTis na-xevarkunZulis Sua da aRmosavleT nawilis faqtobrivi baton-patroni gaxda anaizas tomis beladi saudianTa dinastiidan – mama-ci da Zalian agresiuli abdalaziz ibn ab-dal-rahman as-saudi.

maSin, roca iranis (1935 wlamde mas spar-seTis saxeliT icnobdnen) teritoria XIX sa-ukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde ucvleli rCeba, osmaleTis imperia I msof-lio omis Semdeg daiSala. am imperiis yofil teritoriaze warmoiSva TurqeTis respub-lika da sxva axali saxelmwifoebi. xuTi maTgani – erayi, palestina, transiordania (1946 wlidan mas vicnobT, rogorc iordani-as), siria da libani – Tavidan imarTeboda I msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoe-bisaTvis (didi britaneTi da safrangeTi) erTa ligis mier miniWebuli mandatiT.

12

geopolitika

berlin-baRdadis rkinigzis mSenebloba

meqa medina

10

Seixi mubaraq al-sabahi (1840-1915)

abdalaziz ibn abdal- rahman as-saudi (1875-1953)

ase, magaliTad, 1916-1924 wlebSi hijazi, sadac mdebare-obs islamis wminda qalaqebi meqa da medina, iyo damoukide-

beli samefo da erTa ligis wevri. 1924 wels arabeTis na-xevarkunZulze najdisa da hasas mpyrobelma abdalaziz

as-saudma daipyro hijazi da es mas SerCa, radgan lon-donsa da parizs politikuri rukidan damoukidebe-

li saxelmwifos gaqrobis gamo didi protesti ar gamouTqvamT! abdalaziz as-saudma asiric daipy-

ro da 1932 wels Tavis absolutur monarqias uwoda arabeTis saudianTa samefo (is ufro cnobilia, rogorc saudis arabeTi).

sxva magaliTia siriisaTvis mik-uTvnebuli aleqsandretas sanjayis (1938 wels gayalbebuli arCevnebis Semdeg – „damoukidebeli“ haTais sa-xelmwifo) TurqeTis respublika-sTan SeerTeba, razec 1939 wels da-Tanxmda mandatori saxelmwifo – safrangeTis respublika.

siriasa da TurqeTs Soris sazRvari dadginda safrangeTisa da TurqeTis 1921 wlis ankaris xelSekrulebiT. es sazRvari didwilad (390 km-is manZilze) miyveba „berlin-baRdadis“ rkinig-zis xazs da ar iTvaliswinebs mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobas. amitomac sazRvris orive mxares mcxovrebi qurTebi da arabebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi moxvdnen.

I msoflio omis Semdeg axlo aRmosavleTis axali sazRvrebi Camoyalibebis procesSi iyo da SeiZleba Secvliliyo erTa ligis (faqtobrivad, londonisa da parizis) TanxmobiT.

13

axlo aRmosavleTi

erTa liga – saerTaSoriso organizacia, rome-lic daarsda 1919 wels aSS-is prezidentis vud-ro uilsonis iniciativiT. misi gamocxadebuli mizani iyo msoflioSi mSvidobis SenarCuneba. magram aSS-is senatma uari Tqva erTa ligaSi ame-rikis Sesvlaze. Tavidan mTavar rols am organi-zaciaSi TamaSobdnen didi britaneTi da safran-geTi. 1930-ian wlebSi erTa ligam faqtobrivad dakarga avtoriteti da funqcia.

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1948 wels palestinis teritoriaze Seiq-mna israelis saxelmwifo, romlis boboqari istoria da politikur-geografiuli prob-lemebi calke ganxilvis sagania.

magram TviT arabebs Sorisac ar arsebob-da saerTo azri mSvidobian gaerTianeba-ze.1958 wels egviptem da siriam Seqmnes ga-erTianebuli arabuli respublika, romel-Sic Sesvlas TiTqos apirebdnen erayi da ie-meni (am ganzraxvidan darCa mxolod droSe-bi!). sirieli oficrebis ajanyebis Semdeg es gaerTianeba 1961 wels daiSala. erovnul po-litikur elitebs Zalian gansxvavebuli da saTaviso interesebi aRmoaCndaT.

1936 wels londonma aRiara egviptis da-moukidebloba. arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi damoukidebeli gaxda iemeni, romelic 1990 wels gaerTianda yofil britanul proteqtoratTan, ufro samxreTiT mdebare iemenis saxalxo-demok-ratiul respublikasTan, centriT adenSi.

arabebi abraleben did britaneTs, rom man ar dauSva erTiani arabuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. es nawilobriv simarTlea. londonma marTlac ar daaneba abdalaziz as-sauds da-epyro britanuli proteqtoratebi – spar-seTis yuris arabuli saSeixoebi ise, ro-gorc daipyro hijazi.

erTa ligis pirveli Sekreba

alepo

`alepos saxelmwifo~

laTakia

beiruTi

damasko

`damaskos saxelmwifo~

didilibani

TurqeTi

`jebel druzissaxelmwifo~

el-suvaida

safrangeTis mandatis qveS myofi siriisa da libanis administraciuli dayofa `sa-xelmwifoebad~ 1921-1922 wlebSi

geopolitika

`alavitebis saxelmwifo~

aleqsandreta

samandato erayi

samandato palestina

samandato transiordania

TurqeTi

saqarTvelo

azerbaijanisomxeTi

irani

erayi

siria

saxazaviT gavlebuli iordaniis geometri-uli sazRvrebi siriasTan, eraysa da saudis arabeTTan ZiriTadad qurTebiT dasaxlebuli

teritoriebi

arabul saxelmwifoTa ligis gerbi

saboloo jamSi, yvela arabulenovan sa-xelmwifoSi Seiqmna sakuTari politikuri da kulturuli elita, gaCnda sakuTari eko-nomikuri interesebi da Camoyalibda erov-nuli identoba. „panarabizmi“ – arabTa er-Toba – TiTqmis usagno cnebad iqca. arse-bobs „arabul saxelmwifoTa liga“ da erT-gvari zogadarabuli solidarobac, magram arabuli nacionalizmi mainc Caketilia Ti-Toeuli qveynis politikur sazRvrebSi.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi mZafri dapiris-pireba arsebobs saudis arabeTisa da kata-ris mmarTvel dinastiebs Soris. patara ka-tars SeuZlia ar Seepuos bevrad ufro did da Zlier saudis arabeTs, radgan kataris teritoriaze mdebareobs didi amerikuli samxedro baza da kataris amiras erTdrou-lad SeuZlia hqondes saudis arabeTTan gan-sxvavebuli mizezebiT dapirispirebuli ir-anisa da TurqeTis imedi.

asiode wlis win axlo aRmosavleTSi Ca-moyalibebuli politikuri geografia did-wilad „evropuli memkvidreobaa“, Tumca am-Jamad arsebul saxelmwifo sazRvrebs yvela qveyanaSi „maradiulad arsebulad da wmida-Tawmidad“ miiCneven!

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axlo aRmosavleTi

Raza

golanis maRlobi

dasavleTi napiri