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Quá trình cài đặt đã xong, khởi động Pro/E từ nền desktop hoặc từ Start menu, ta bắt đầu làm việc.

UnivCác thẫt ngữ của Pro/E

nly - ommercial Use Prohibited –dfd

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Về chế độ mặc định để chọn đối tượng

Icon tạo đường thẳng và đường tâm

Icon để tạo hình chữ nhật

Icon tạo đường tròn, đ tròn đồng tâm, elip

Tạo cung qua 3 điểm,cung đồng tâm, tâm và 2 điềm, cung conic.

Bo góc bằng cung tròn, bo góc bằng cung elip

Icon tạo Spline

Icon tạo điểm, tạo gốc tọa độ.

Sử dụng lại cạnh của mặt, offset cạnh của mặt

Icon để tạo kích thước

Icon để hiệu chỉnh kích thước

Icon để tạo các ràng bộc giữa các đối tượng

Tạo chữ trong chế độ vẽ

Xén đối tượng từng đoạn,xén hoặc kéo dài hai đối tượng, chia đối tượng

Lấy đối xứng, quay, di chuyển các đối tượng

Chấp nhận hoặc thoát khỏi chế độ sketch

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Định nghĩa các thuật ngữ của Pro/E:

Datum plane : Mặt phẳng tham chiếuDatum axis : Trục tham chiếuDatum point : Điểm tham chiếuDatum curve : ĐườngSolid : chi tiết là một khối đặcSurface : mặtQuilt : chi tiết hình thành bởi nhiều mặt được liên kết(merge) lại với nhauTrên đây là các đối tượng hình học cơ bản để xây dựng nên vật thể, đối với các chi tiết đơn giản thì nên xây dựng trên cơ sở là solid, các chi tiết phức tạp thì nên dựng từ surface,tuy nhiên để xây dựng vật thể vừa phức tạp,vừa nhanh bạn phải kết hợp nhuần nhuyễn giữa solid và surface.

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Creating FeaturesCoù nhieàu loaïi ñaëc tröng ñeå taïo neân chi tieát. Ñaëc bieät ñöôïc öùng duïng laø ñaëc tröng khoái vaø ñaëc tröng maët. Chi tieát modeling noùi veà caùch taïo chi tieát daïng khoái vaø vaøi caùch taïo khaùc. Caùch thì theâm vaøo löôïng vaät lieäu, caùch thì tröø vaät lieäu ra. Caùch cô baûn laø theâm vaøo vaät lieäu goïi laø protrusion, tröø vaät lieäu ra goïi laø cut.

1.PROTRUSIONSÑeå taïo moät Protrusion cô baûn1. Choïn Feature > Create > Solid > Protrusion.2. Choïn phöông phaùp theâm vaøo vaät lieäu baèng caùch choïn 1 trong caùc löïa choïn töø baûng

SOLID OPTS. Caùc löïa choïn bao goàm :   Extrude—Taïo moät khoái baèng caùch ñuøn moät tieát dieän.    Revolve— Taïo moät khoái baèng caùch xoay moät tieát dieän.    Sweep— Taïo moät khoái baèng caùch queùt moät tieát dieän theo 1 ñöôøng daãn.   Blend— Taïo moät khoái baèng caùch phuû qua nhieàu tieát dieän lieân tieáp.    Use Quilt— Taïo moät khoái baèng caùch theâm vaøo vaät lieäu töø chi tieát daïng maët.   Advanced— Taïo moät khoái baèng caùch söû duïng caùc maët naâng cao.

3.  Baûng SOLID OPTS ñöôïc chia ra hai menu:   Solid—(Maëc ñònh) Taïo 1 khoái ñaëc.   Thin— Taïo 1 khoái coù beà daày.

Choïn Done töø SOLID OPTS menu.4. Define the feature as prompted by the system.

Taïo moät Thin ProtrusionSöû duïng chöùc naêng Thin trong SOLID OPTS menu ñeå taïo caùc tieát dieän ñôn giaûn coù beà daøy ñoàng daïng baèng caùch duøng caùc chöùc naêng nhö: extruded, revolved, swept, imported, or blended (ñoái vôùi blends coù theå toång quaùt,höôùng taâm hoaëc kín).Ñaëc tröng Thin ñöôïc söû duïng nhö laø ñaëc tröng cô baûn hoaëc duøng ñeå caét, taïo raõnh, taïo maët ñuøn thöù hai. Baïn coù theå Baïn coù theå add material to create a thin feature to either side of the sketched section. Choose Flip or Okay from the THIN OPT menu to specNeáuy the side or Both to add material equally to both sides of the section. Baïn coù theå modNeáuy both the section and thickness after the feature is created.

Thin features follow the contour of the chi tieát Neáu an endpoint of the section is on a chi tieát edge.

Neáu only one endpoint is on the chi tieát edge, the corresponding created surface will follow that edge.

Neáu a thin section endpoint is located at a vertex, it lies on multiple edges. In this case, Pro/ENGINEER prompts baïn (with a small red circle and crosshair at the section endpoint) to select the edge that the end surface will follow.

Baïn coù theånot include text in a sketch of a thin feature.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============Tip: Sketching Multiple ContoursSau khi taïo ñaëc tröng solid ban ñaàu, baïn coù theå taïo ñaëc tröng thöù hai voùi chöùc naêng Protrusion trong SOLID menu, baïn choïn moät trong nhieàu phöông phaùp treân.

Moät maët ñuøn khoâng theå bò raøng buoäc bôûi moät caïnh.

When baïn sketch a protrusion, it is possible to sketch several sections or contours on the same sketching plane (see the following figure). These contours may not overlap, but they can be nested.

Two contours must be separate from each other and behave like two dNeáuferent protrusions. However, they have the same depth and will always be selected together.

Baïn cuõng coù theå taïo moät maët ñuøn roãng ôû trong.

Example: Different Protrusion FeaturesHình sau chæ ra caùc ñaëc tröng khaùc nhau cuûa maët ñuøn. Tieát dieän ôû beân traùi vaø keát quaû ñat ñöôïc ôû beân phaûi.

Extrude

Revolve

1 Truïc xoay

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Smooth Blend

1 Tieát dieän 12 Tieát dieän 23 Tieát dieän 3Straight Blend

1 Tieát dieän 12 Tieát dieän 23 Tieát dieän 3

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============Sweep

1 Quó ñaïo sweepExtruded Thin FeatureBeà daøy ñöôïc cho ôû beân ngoaøi.

Revolved Thin FeatureBeà daøy ñöôïc cho ôû beân trong.

Ñaëc tröng Thin theo ñöôøng bao cuûa chi tieát neáu ñieåm cuoái cuûa tieát dieän naèm treân moät caïnh cuûa chi tieát.

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Terminating Thin Feature Edges

1 Veõ ñöôøng line naøy2 Taïo ñaëc ñieåm treân3 Beà daøy line theo ñöôøng bao ban ñaàuNeáu coù moät ñieåm cuoái naèm treân caïnh chi tieát, beà maët caïnh ñöôïc taïo töông öùng vôùi caïnh chi tieát.

Thin Feature Endpoint on a Single Edge

1 Ñaëc tröng töï ñoäng taïo theo caïnh naøy2 Ñieåm cuoái cuûa tieát dieän ban ñaàu3 Tieát dieän ban ñaàu

To SpecNeáuy the Direction of Feature CreationTröôùc khi baét ñaàu, Pro/ENGINEER seõ nhaéc baïn xaùc ñònh höôùng prompts ñeå vaät theå ñöôïc keùo daøi, hoaëc höôùng nhìn cuûa maët phaúng veõ phaùc.

1. Pro/ENGINEER seõ hieån thò muõi teân ñoû treân maët phaúng veõ phaùc ñeå chæ ra höôùng maëc ñònh cuûa vaät ñöôïc taïo. Höôùng cuûa muõi teân phuï thuoäc vaøo höôùng cuûa chi tieát.Neáu höôùng cuûa chi tieát maø baïn taïo höôùng vaøo phía trong maøn hình thì baïn seõ thaáy ñuoâi muõi teân höôùng veà phía baïn (xem hình). Neáu höôùng cuûa chi tieát maø baïn taïo höôùng vaøo phía ngoaøi maøn hình thì baïn seõ thaáy ñaàu muõi teân höôùng veà phía baïn (xem hình).

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Trong tröôøng hôïp khaùc, baïn seõ thaáy toaøn boä muõi teân.Höôùng muõi teân

2. Pro/ENGINEER cuõng hieån thò menu ARROW FLIP . Choïn Flip ñeå chæ höôùng ngöôïc laïi hoaëc choïn, Okay ñeå chaáp nhaän höôùng ñaõ chæ ra.

3. Note: Ñeå ñieàu chænh kích thöôùc muõi teân, choïn configuration option "flip_arrow_scale". Kích thöôùc maëc ñònh laø 1.

4.CUTSTo Create a Cut or Slot1. Choose Feature > Create > Cut (or Slot), or Insert > Cut.> Slot.2. Choose the desired option from the SOLID OPTS menu. 3. Pro/ENGINEER displays the appropriate dialog box. Proceed creating the feature according to the

chosen form, and the solid or thin option.Note: The Slot option on either the SOLID menu or the Insert > Cut menu is available when the

configuration file option allow_anatomic_features is set to yes.

To Create a Cut (streamlined)Using a Sketched Datum Curve1. Select a sketched datum curve.2. Choose Insert > Cut > Extrude/Revolve. (Neáu baïn choose Revolve, the datum curve must

have an associated centerline. Neáu the section contains more than one centerline, then one must be declared an axis of revolution.) A cut, created with blind depth or variable angle, will appear in the feature.

3. Use the handle to change the depth or angle. Note: Baïn coù theå also modNeáuy the depth or angle by double-clicking on the dimension value and either entering a new value or selecting a value previously used in the current session.

4. To complete the feature creation, click the middle mouse button or choose another command. The system regenerates the feature automatically.

Using a Datum Plane or Planar Surface1. Select a datum plane or planar surface.2. Choose Insert > Cut > Extrude/Revolve. The sketcher will open. 3. Sketch the section. (Neáu baïn are creating a revolved cut, baïn must also sketch a centerline.

Neáu the section contains more than one centerline, then one must be declared an axis of revolution.)

4. A cut, created with blind depth or variable angle, appears. Use the handle to change the depth or angle. Note: Baïn coù theå also modNeáuy the depth or angle by double-clicking on the dimension value and either entering a new value or selecting a value previously used in the current session.

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5. To complete the feature creation, click the middle mouse button or choose another command. The system regenerates the feature automatically.

Indicating the Location of a CutTo create a cut to remove material, baïn use the same techniques as when baïn add material.

Neáu baïn have sketched an open section, the system displays a red arrow indicating the side where material is to be added or removed.

Use the Flip and Okay options in the SEL SIDE menu to specNeáuy the side.

Example: Specifuying the Side for a Cut FeatureThe flip arrow points toward the area to be removed. Use the Flip and Okay options in the SEL SIDE menu to specNeáuy the side.

1 Flip arrow 

Okay

Flip

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5.EXTRUDED FEATUREAbout an Extruded FeatureThe Extrude option in the SOLID OPTS menu creates a feature that is formed by projecting the section straight away from the sketching plane.

Baïn coù theå also create a streamlined extrude feature by selecting its references and using the Extrude option on the Insert > Protrusion menu.

It is the most basic and frequently-used form option.

To Create an Extruded Feature1. Choose SOLID OPTS > Extrude > Done. 2. SpecNeáuy the location of the extruded feature with respect to the sketching plane. The choices

are as follows:   One Side—SpecNeáuy the depth of the feature to one side of the sketching plane.   Both Sides—SpecNeáuy depth for both sides of the sketching plane separately.

3. SpecNeáuy the sketching plane.4. SpecNeáuy the direction of feature creation.5. Orient the sketching plane.6. The system places baïn in Sketcher. Select model references for placing the section.7. Sketch the section, then choose Done.8. Neáu prompted, specNeáuy the side to add or remove material using Flip and Okay.9. Define the Depth element. 10. Click OK in the dialog box.

To Create an Extruded Feature (streamlined)Using a Sketched Datum Curve1. Select a sketched datum curve.2. Choose Insert > Protrusion > Extrude. A protrusion from the sketched datum curve will appear,

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Note: Baïn coù theå also modNeáuy the depth by double-clicking on the dimension value and either entering a new value or selecting a value previously used in the current session.

4. To complete the feature creation, click the middle mouse button or choose another command. The system regenerates the feature automatically.

Using a Datum Plane or Planar Surface1. Select a datum plane or planar surface.2. Choose Insert > Protrusion > Extrude. The sketcher will appear. 3. Sketch the section, then choose Done. A protrusion from the sketched section will appear, with

the Blind option as default. There will be a green handle to dynamically adjust the depth.4. Use the depth handle to change the depth.

Note: Baïn coù theå also modNeáuy the depth by double-clicking on the dimension value and either entering a new value or selecting a value previously used in the current session.

5. To complete the feature creation, click the middle mouse button or choose another command. The system regenerates the feature automatically.

To Create a Thin Extruded Feature1. Choose SOLID > Protrusion > Extrude > Thin > Done.2. Choose One Side or Both Sides.3. Select a sketching plane and orient the section.4. Sketch the feature section. Remember that thickness is being added automatically, so baïn coù

theå use a simplNeáuied "stick figure" approach to the sketch.5. Choose a thin feature direction using the THIN OPT menu.6. Enter the thickness of the thin section. 7. Choose a depth option and enter a depth, Neáu required.  

Note: Neáu an endpoint of the sketched feature terminates on a chi tieát vertex that causes ambiguity, baïn must select the terminating edge or surface for the highlighted endpoint of the sketched section.Otherwise, the thin feature will be terminated with its end face normal to the sketched section—it will not follow the chi tieát contour.

Attributes of an Extruded FeatureNeáu baïn choose One Side, the feature starts from the sketching plane and is extruded in the direction of feature creation according to the selected depth option.

Neáu baïn choose Both Sides, for options other than Blind, baïn must define the from and to sides of the feature. Which side is considered "from" or "to" depends on the direction of feature creation.

Note the following rules for the "both sides" features:

   For a Blind feature, the depth baïn enter is divided symmetrically by the sketching plane.   The system applies the through options with respect to the sketching plane. For example, Neáu

baïn select Thru Next from the SPEC FROM menu, the system looks for the next valid surface from the sketching plane, in the direction opposite to the direction of feature creation.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============   Up to options allow baïn to locate the feature completely aside from the sketching plane. They

also allow baïn to use vertices, edges, datum planes, and non-planar surfaces as termination references.

Open and Closed Sections for Extruded FeaturesExtruded sections can be open or closed. Note the following:

   Open sections cannot have more than one loop. All open ends should be explicitly aligned to the chi tieát edges.

   Closed sections may consist of one or more closed outside loops, or of one outside loop with one or more inside loops. In the last case, Pro/ENGINEER takes the largest loop as the outside, and each other loop is considered to be a hole in the large loop. The loops must not intersect each other.

To SpecNeáuy the Depth AttributeKhi baïn define the Depth attribute of a feature (for example, a protrusion, cut, slot, hole, or surface feature), the SPEC TO (or SPEC FROM) menu appears with the following options:

   Blind—Enter a dimension for the feature depth. Baïn coù theå then control the feature depth by changing the depth dimension.

   2 Side Blind—Ñuøn tôùi hai phía vôùi chieàu saâu chæ ñònh.   Thru Next—Ñuøn tôùi maët gaàn nhaát.   Thru All—Ñuøn heát taát caû.   Thru Until—Ñuøn tôùi khi gaëp moät maët chæ ñònh.   Pnt/Vtx—Duøn tôùi moät maët phaúng chöùa ñieåm, ñænh chæ ñònh.   UpTo Curve—Ñuøn tôùi moät caïnh, truïc hoaëc datum curve chæ ñònh.   UpTo Surface—Ñuøn tôùi moät maët chæ ñònh. Notes:

   Ñaëc tröng Blind feature has a user-defined depth dimension that aûnh höôûng governs its depth.

   A 2 Side Blind feature has two depth dimensions with respect to the sketching plane.    In the special case of a sketched blind hole, the depth is indicated in the feature section.

The "Through" OptionsThe system creates a "through" feature from the placement surface until its intersection with the specNeáuied termination surface.

Consider the following rules for using the through options:

   For all through intersections, the feature being created must lie entirely within the surface (or quilt) on which it is terminated.

   When baïn use the Thru Until option for an extruded feature, the feature cannot terminate on a datum plane. Use the UpTo Surface option to select the terminating datum.

   When baïn use the THRU UNTIL option for a blend, baïn coù theå select a datum plane to terminate the feature, but the datum plane must be parallel to the sketching plane.

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   Thru Next, Thru Until, and Thru All are not available when baïn create surface features.   Thru All is available for protrusions only Neáu the chi tieát has existing geometry.

Some tips for using the "through" options:

   Use a through option (Thru All, Thru Until, or Thru Next) when baïn want the feature to terminate on a specNeáuied surface.

   Use Thru Next when the feature should stop at the first surface it reaches.    Use Thru All when the feature should stop at the last surface it reaches.    Use Thru Until when baïn want to pick the termination surface.   Through features do not have a parameter associated with the extrusion depth. ModNeáuying

the terminating surface alters the depth of the feature.

The "Up To" OptionsThe "up to" options are available for extruded (protrusions, cuts, and slots), revolved, and surface features.

When baïn use the UpTo Surface option, baïn coù theå select an existing surface or create a datum plane. Choose the desired method by selecting one of the following options:

   Select Surf—Select any chi tieát surface, quilt (composed of one or more surfaces), or datum plane.

   Make Datum—Create a datum plane be used as an Up To reference.For solid features, baïn coù theå select the surfaces of the following types:

   Another chi tieát surface, which need not be planar    A datum plane, which need not be parallel to the sketching plane   Quilt composed of one or more surfaces

When creating features in Assembly mode, baïn coù theå select geometry of another component as references for the "up to" options.

Using a quilt as the terminating surface allows baïn to create features intersecting with multiple surfaces. This is very useful for creating patterns consisting of multiple terminating surfaces.

Example: Extruded FeaturesThe following figures illustrate some sketched extruded features.

Closed section, multiple contours (Protrusion)Before

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After

Open section (Cut)Before

After

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Location of a blind feature relative to the sketching planeOne side

Both sides

Thru options for both sides

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1 SPEC TO option Thru All2 Direction of feature creation3 Sketching plane4 SPEC FROM option Thru Next 

Valid depth options for removing material in holes, cuts, and slots

a. Thru Nextb. Thru Untilc. Thru All

 1. Next surface2. Until surface (Blend) or UpTo surface (Extrude)3. Thru All surface

 

Valid depth options for adding material

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a. Blindb. Thru Nextc. Thru Untild. Thru All (Blend)

 1. Placement surface2. Next surface3. From surface From To (Blend), or UpTo surface (Extrude)4. To surface5. Thru All surface6. Until surface

 

Using a datum plane as an "up to" reference - using both sides and Up To SurfaceOriginal chi tieát (sketch on datum plane)

1 From surface2 Up To surface

Same view after feature creation

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Side View after feature creation

1 Sketching plane2 Up To Surface3 Feature created using Both Sides

6. REVOLVED FEATURE To Create a Revolved FeatureThe Revolve option creates a feature by revolving the sketched section around a centerline.

A revolved feature can be created either entirely on one side of the sketching plane, or symmetrically on both sides of the sketching plane.

To create or redefine a revolved feature, specNeáuy the elements in the following order:

   Attributes   Section   Direction   Angle

To Create a Revolved Feature (streamlined)

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Using a Sketched Datum Curve1. Select a sketched datum curve. The curve should have an associated centerline. Neáu the section

contains more than one centerline, then one should be declared the axis of revolution (system default is the first sketched centerline).

2. Choose Insert > Protrusion > Revolve. A revolved protrusion appears with the default angle set to Variable.

3. Use the handle to change the angle. Note: Baïn coù theå also modNeáuy the angle by double-clicking on the dimension value and either entering a new value or selecting a value previously used in the current session.

4. To complete the feature creation, click the middle mouse button or choose another command. The system regenerates the feature automatically.

Using a Datum Plane or Planar Surface1. Select a datum plane or planar surface. 2. Choose Insert > Protrusion > Revolve. The sketcher opens. 3. Sketch a section to revolve, and a centerline to revolve around.4. A revolved protrusion appears with the default angle set to Variable. Use the handle to change the

angle. Note: Baïn coù theå also modNeáuy the angle by double-clicking on the dimension value and either entering a new value or selecting a value previously used in the current session.

5. To complete the feature creation, click the middle mouse button or choose another command. The system regenerates the feature automatically.

Sketching the Revolved Feature SectionTo create a revolved section, create a centerline and the geometry that will be revolved about that centerline.

Rules for sketching a revolved feature:

   The revolved section must have a centerline.   The geometry must be sketched on only one side of the axis of revolution.    Neáu baïn use more than one centerline in the sketch, Pro/ENGINEER uses the first centerline

sketched as the axis of rotation.   The section must be closed.

SpecNeáuying the Angle of RevolutionUse the options in the REV TO menu to specNeáuy the angle of revolution of the feature, and whether that angle is to be measured entirely on one side of the sketching plane, or symmetrically on both sides of the sketching plane. The options are as follows:

   Variable—SpecNeáuy any angle of revolution less than 360 degrees. The angle is controlled by a dimension that the system displays when baïn modNeáuy the chi tieát, and in drawings. A corresponding dimension will not appear Neáu baïn choose a preset angle.

   90—Create the feature with a fixed angle of 90 degrees.   180—Create the feature with a fixed angle of 180 degrees.   270—Create the feature with a fixed angle of 270 degrees.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============   360—Create the feature with a fixed angle of 360 degrees.   UpTo Pnt/Vtx—Create the revolved feature up to a point or vertex. The revolved feature ends

when the section plane reaches the point or vertex (see the next illustration).   UpTo Plane—Create the revolved feature up to an existing plane or planar surface that must

contain the axis of revolution. Neáu baïn are revolving to a datum plane, identNeáuy the plane and use the flip arrow to indicate on which side of the axis of revolution to stop revolving when the feature reaches the datum plane (as it is created in the direction of revolution). The feature ends when its revolving section plane reaches the plane. Neáu baïn are revolving to a non-datum plane surface, indicate the side by the location at which baïn select the surface as a reference (see the next illustration).

Attributes of a Revolved FeatureThe ATTRIBUTES menu elements One Side and Both Sides are available for all but the first feature. For Both Sides (see the next illustration), the feature will be revolved symmetrically in each direction for one half of the angle specNeáuied in the OPTIONS menu, whether preset or variable.

Revolved Cut or Slot—Both Sides Option

1 Axis of revolution2 Sketching plane

Example: Creating a Revolved FeatureIn the next illustration, the revolve feature is created using the UpTo Plane option by selecting DTM1. Depending on the direction of the axis of revolution, baïn will get two dNeáuferent results.

Creating a Revolve Feature with UpTo Plane Direction of the axis of revolution is the same as the direction of feature creation.

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1 Axis of revolution2 Direction of feature creation3 Section 

Direction of the axis of revolution is opposite the direction of feature creation.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============1 Axis of revolution2 Direction of feature creation3 Section Revolve Cut or Slot

Before

1 Section2 Axis of revolution 

After

SWEEPS,BLEND and ADVANCED FEATURES

1. SWEEPSAbout SweepsA sweep is created by sketching or selecting a trajectory and then sketching a section to follow along it. Baïn coù theå create more advanced sweeps using the Advanced option.

Rules for Defining a TrajectoryA constant section sweep can use either a trajectory sketched at the time of feature creation or a trajectory made up of selected datum curves or edges. As a general rule, the trajectory must have adjacent reference surfaces or be planar.

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When baïn define a sweep, the system checks the specNeáuied trajectory for validity and establishes normal surfaces. A normal surface is the surface whose normal is used to establish the Y-axis of the trajectory. When ambiguity exists, the system prompts baïn to select a normal surface.

Depending on the type of chain selected as a trajectory, the system behaves as follows:

   All chain segments reference edges—The normal surfaces are the adjacent surfaces of the edges. Neáu the edges are two-sided, the system prompts baïn to choose one set of surfaces.

   All chain segments reference entities that belong to a datum curve, created by referencing surfaces (for example, by using the Projected option)—The normal surfaces are reference surfaces of the curve. Neáu the curve references two sets of surfaces, the system prompts baïn to choose one.

   All chain segments reference a sketched datum curve—the normal surface is the sketching plane of the curve.

   The chain of edges/curves is planar (other than a straight line)—The normal surface is the plane defined by the chain.

   Datum curves that baïn select for the trajectory must be created with one of the following options:SketchIntr. SurfsUse XsecProjectedFormedOffsetfromSrf2 Projections from any curve that lies in a plane

Consider the following special cases:

   Neáu a datum curve and its adjacent surfaces were bent by a toroidal bend feature, baïn coù theå use that curve as a trajectory.

   Neáu baïn extend the chain with Trim/Extend in the CHAIN menu, the system accepts that chain Neáu it is planar.

Note that a sweep may fail Neáu

   A trajectory crosses itself   Baïn align or dimension a section to fixed entities, but the orientation of the section changes

when its is swept along the 3-dimensional trajectory   An arc or a spline radius is too small, relative to the section, and the feature intersects itself

traversing around the arc.

To Create a Swept Feature1. Use the command sequence Feature, Create, Solid, Protrusion.2. Choose Sweep and Done from the SOLID OPTS menu.3. Pro/ENGINEER displays the feature creation dialog box for sweeps.4. Sketch or select the trajectory using a SWEEP TRAJ menu option. The trajectory can be open or

closed. The options are as follows:   Sketch Traj—Sketch the sweep trajectory using Sketcher mode.

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   Select Traj—Select a chain of existing curves or edges as the sweep trajectory. The CHAIN menu allows baïn to select the desired trajectory.

5. Neáu the trajectory lies in more than one surface, such as a trajectory defined by a datum curve created using Intr. Surfs, the system prompts baïn to select a normal surface for the sweep cross section. Pro/ENGINEER orients the Y-axis of the cross section to be normal to this surface along the trajectory.

6. Create or retrieve the section to be swept along the trajectory and dimension it relative to the crosshairs displayed on the trajectory. Choose Done.

7. Neáu the trajectory is open (the start and end points of the trajectory do not touch and baïn are creating a solid sweep, choose an option from the ATTRIBUTES menu, then Done. The options are as follows:    Merge Ends—Merge the ends of the sweep, Neáu possible, into the adjacent solid. To do this,

the sweep endpoint must be attached to chi tieát geometry.   Free Ends—Do not attach the sweep end to adjacent geometry.

8. Neáu the sweep trajectory is closed, choose one of the following SWEEP OPT menu options and Done:   Add Inn Fcs—For open sections, add top and bottom faces to close the swept solid (planar,

closed trajectory, and open section). The resulting feature consists of surfaces created by sweeping the section and has two planar surfaces that cap the open ends.

   No Inn Fcs—Do not add top and bottom faces.9. Choose Flip, Neáu desired, then Okay from the DIRECTION menu to select the side from which to

remove material for swept cuts.10. Select OK in the dialog box to create the sweep.

Sweep GeometryThe sweep will have a mitered corner Neáu the trajectory has straight line segments that form an angle (see the following illustration).

Sweep with Mitered Corner

1  Angles in sweep trajectories create sweep cornersNon-Tangent Trajectory SegmentsSweeps can be made along trajectories consisting of non-tangent entities. However, as the section is swept along, the resulting geometry should not have any gaps. This is shown in the following illustration.

Sweeping Along Non-Tangent EntitiesCorrect Sweep

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1 Trajectory 

Incorrect Sweep

1 Trajectory2 Gap in the sweep geometry

 Three-Dimensional SweepsWith Pro/FEATURE, sweeps can be created along a three-dimensional path with a three-dimensional spline for the sweep trajectory. That is, Pro/FEATURE allows baïn to modNeáuy the Z-coordinates of spline points. All other Sketcher entities must lie on a two-dimensional sketching plane.

In all other respects, three-dimensional sweeps are created in the same way as two-dimensional sweeps. For such applications as creating springs, baïn coù theå also create an advanced feature helical sweep by sweeping a section along a helical trajectory.

Example: SweepsSolid Sweeps with Closed Trajectories Closed Trajectory, No Inn Fcs. Section must be closed.

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Closed Trajectory, Add Inn Fcs. Section must be open.

Note: When creating a surface sweep with a closed trajectory, the No Inn Fcs option may be used with an open or closed section, but the Add Inn Fcs option requires only an open section.

Constant Section SweepA constant section sweep can use either a trajectory sketched at the time of feature creation or a trajectory made up of selected datum curves or edges. As a general rule, the trajectory must have adjacent reference surfaces, or be planar.

The following figure illustrates a constant section sweep.

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a. Sweep uses as a trajectory a datum curve created from the intersection of two surfaces.A sweep may fail Neáu

   A trajectory crosses itself   Baïn align or dimension a section to fixed entities, but the orientation of the section changes when

its is swept along the 3-dimensional trajectory   An arc or a spline radius is too small, relative to the section, and the feature intersects itself

traversing around the arc (see the following illustration)Self-Intersecting Feature

a. Trajectory (Radius 1.0)b. Section (Radius 1.5)

Free and Merged Ends

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a. Merged endsb. Free endsc. The trajectory ends at intersection with solid geometry, but the sweep end is unattached.

To Create a Three-Dimensional Sweep1. Create a two-dimensional spline and dimension it to a Sketcher coordinate system.2. ModNeáuy the X-, Y-, and Z-coordinates for one or more spline points. Baïn coù theå modNeáuy

the spline coordinates manually, or by using a spline definition file.Note: Baïn coù theånot modNeáuy coordinates of the spline Neáu its endpoints are attached to other entities in the sketch.

Example: Three-Dimensional SweepSpring Created from a 3-D Spline

a. 3-D splineb. Cross section

2. BLENDSAbout BlendsA blended feature consists of a series of at least two planar sections that Pro/ENGINEER joins together at their edges with transitional surfaces to form a continuous feature.

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Blends with parallel sections can be created in basic Pro/ENGINEER, but the Pro/FEATURE and Pro/SURFACE modules are required to create blends from non-parallel sections.

Blend Types   Parallel—All blend sections lie on parallel planes in one section sketch.   Rotational—Blend sections are rotated about the Y-axis, up to a maximum of 120 degrees. Each

section is sketched individually and aligned using the coordinate system of the section.   General—Sections of a general blend can be rotated about and translated along the X-, Y-, and Z-

axes. Each section is sketched individually, and aligned using the coordinate system of the section.

To Create a Blend (basic)1. Choose Feature > Create > Solid > Protrusion > Blend > Solid or Thin > Done.2. Choose options from the BLEND OPTS menu, then Done. The BLEND OPTS menu options are as

follows:   Parallel—All blend sections lie on parallel planes in one section sketch.    Rotational—The blend sections are rotated about the Y-axis, up to a maximum of 120. Each

section is sketched individually and aligned using the coordinate system of the section.    General—The sections of a general blend can be rotated about and translated along the X-, Y-,

and Z-axes. Each section is sketched individually and aligned using the coordinate system of the section.

   Regular Sec—The feature uses the sketching plane.   Project Sec—The feature uses the projection of the section on the selected surface. This

option is used for parallel blends only.    Select Sec—Select section entities. This option is not available for parallel blends.   Sketch Sec—Sketch section entities.

Techniques Common to All Blend TypesConsider these techniques for creating blends.

Blend SectionsWith the exception of capping a blend, blends must always have the same number of entities in each section. It is possible to make surfaces of non-parallel blends and parallel smooth blends disappear using Blend Vertex.

Starting Point of a SectionTo create the transitional surfaces, Pro/ENGINEER connects the starting points of the sections and continues to connect the vertices of the sections in a clockwise manner. By changing the starting point of a blend subsection, baïn coù theå create blended surfaces that twist between the sections.

The default starting point is the first point sketched in the subsection. Baïn coù theå place the starting point at the endpoint of another segment by choosing the option Start Point from the SEC TOOLS menu and selecting the point.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============The following types of transition surfaces are used for creating the blend:

   Straight—Create a straight blend by connecting vertices of dNeáuferent subsections with straight lines. Edges of the sections are connected with ruled surfaces.

   Smooth—Create a smooth blend by connecting vertices of dNeáuferent subsections with smooth curves. Edges of the sections are connected with spline surfaces.

The "From To" Depth OptionThe From To depth option is applicable for blends only. The From To option extrudes a feature from a selected surface to another surface. It is designed to create features between sculptured surfaces, but can be used for any type of surface, with the following restrictions:

   Intersection surfaces must be physical surfaces, therefore datum planes are not allowed as "From" or "To" surfaces.

   The feature section must intersect the From To surfaces completely.

Example: DNeáuferent Blend GeometriesStarting Points and Blend Shape

1 Start pointsSmooth Blend

Straight Blend

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To Add a Blend Vertex1. Choose Adv Geometry from the GEOMETRY menu in Sketcher.2. Choose Blend Vertex from the ADV GEOMETRY menu.3. Select the vertex of an existing geometry entity. A circle will be placed there. More than one blend

vertex can be created at the same point. Each additional vertex will create a concentric circle of increasing diameter.

Baïn coù theå delete a blend vertex entity using Delete > Query Sel.

Using a Blend VertexWith the exception of capping a blend, each section of a blend must always contain the same number of entities.

For sections that do not have enough geometric entities, baïn coù theå add blend vertices. Each blend vertex adds one entity to the section. However, a blend surface can be made to disappear using a blend vertex on a sketched or selected section.

A blend vertex acts as a terminator for the corresponding surface of the blend, but is counted in the total number of entities for a section.

Baïn coù theå use a blend vertex in either a straight or smooth blend (including parallel smooth blends), but only in the first or last section.

Example: Adding a Blend Vertex

To Import a Blend1. Choose ADV FEAT OPT > From File.=================================================================================Trang 42

===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============2. Select or create a coordinate system to locate the imported blend data.3. Enter the file name. The file's extension must be .ibl.

Importing a Blend FeatureBlends can be created by reading in data points from an ASCII file. The data file defines the type of blend, as well as the Cartesian coordinates of all the blend section points. All blend section points are located relative to a single coordinate system.

Notes on Creating Blends:   Two points in a curve define a line; more than two points define a spline.   The endpoint of one curve and the start point of the next curve must be coincident. For closed

sections, this is true for the last point of the last curve and the first point of the first curve. There can be only one closed curve for each section, and that curve must consist of at least two segments.

   When the points that are used to create a blend section from a file do not all lie on a plane, the system creates the best fit plane and projects the points down onto the plane.

ModNeáuying an Imported BlendTo modNeáuy the blend created from the imported data, choose ModNeáuy and edit the blend data file. This creates a new file, feat_#.ibl, in baïnr current working directory. ModNeáuications of a blend feature do not affect the original file from which it was created.

Tip: Creating a Blend from Imported CurvesNeáu baïn are importing data points from a measuring device, baïn should import them as curves first to insure smoothness.

Baïn coù theå then make the imported curves smooth and create a blended surface from the smoothed curves.

Example: Importing Blend FileSample Blend File

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The following figure shows the resulting imported blend.

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3. PARALLEL BLENDSAbout Parallel BlendsBaïn create parallel blends using the Parallel option in the BLEND OPTS menu. A parallel blend is created from a single section that contains multiple sketches, called subsections. First and last subsections can be defined as a point or a blend vertex.

Whenever baïn modNeáuy or redefine the section for a parallel blend feature, the system displays the dimensions and contours for all the subsections.

Note: Neáu baïn make cuts in a parallel projected blend, the sections must be closed.

Parallel Blend SectionsA parallel blend section cannot be retrieved into Sketcher mode or into any feature other than a parallel blend. Baïn coù theå retrieve a saved section using Place Section only when the blend is a secondary feature and is going to be placed on an existing feature.

The retrieved section will be added to the current subsection and can be placed into dNeáuferent subsections with variations in rotation angle and size.

Projected Section BlendsProjected section blends allow baïn to create a sketch on a planar surface or datum plane and project the sections onto any two solid surfaces to create a blended feature.

Note: In Assembly mode, baïn coù theånot use an external reference as a surface to project onto.A projected parallel blend can have only two sections, each of which must lie within the boundaries of its selected surface, and cannot intersect other surfaces. When the sections are regenerated, the system projects them onto their selected surfaces, normal to the sketching plane (see the following illustration).

To Create a Parallel Blend with a Regular Section1. When baïn choose Done from the BLEND OPTS menu, the system displays feature creation dialog

box and the ATTRIBUTES menu. Choose either Straight or Smooth.2. Create the first subsection using Sketcher. Baïn determine the direction of feature creation as baïn

set up the sketching plane. 3. A parallel blend requires more than one subsection. To continue creating other subsections,

choose Sec Tools from the SKETCHER menu.4. Choose Toggle from the SEC TOOLS menu. The first subsection turns gray and becomes inactive.5. Choose Sketch and sketch the second subsection. Make sure its starting point corresponds to the

starting point of the first by selecting the Start Point from the SEC TOOLS menu. Dimension the subsection.

6. Neáu baïn are sketching more than two subsections, choose Toggle until all the current geometry is gray, then sketch the subsection. Repeat this step until all subsections are sketched. Each subsection must be fully dimensioned to define its geometry and to locate it with respect to the other subsections. Neáu baïn began baïnr chi tieát with three default datum planes, every subsection can be dimensioned to them. Otherwise, each subsection should be dimensioned to another subsection or a local coordinate system.

7. To modNeáuy an existing subsection, toggle through until the subsection baïn want is active. While baïn coù theå place or move the starting point of a subsection only when it is active, baïn coù theå modNeáuy the dimensions of any subsection at any time.

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8. When baïn have sketched all the subsections, choose Done from the SKETCHER menu. Enter the distances between each subsection in response to the prompts.

9. SpecNeáuy the Depth element.10. Choose OK from the dialog box.Note: Parallel blend sections cannot be saved and retrieved as ordinary sections.

To Create a Parallel Blend with a Projected Section1. Choose Project Sec from the BLEND OPTS menu.2. Select or create the sketching plane.3. Select the "from" and "to" solid surfaces onto which the blend sections will be projected.4. Sketch and dimension the two subsections, one for each surface, in the same order as baïn

selected the From To surfaces. The first sketch will be projected onto the first surface selected.4. NON-PARALLEL BLENDS

About Non-Parallel BlendsNon-parallel blends (Rotational and General options) have some chi tieáticular advantages over parallel blends:

   Sections can be non-parallel, but do not have to be. Parallel blends can be created simply by entering a 0° angle between sections.

   A section can be created by importing from an IGES file.

Sketched Versus Selected SectionsNon-parallel blend sections can be created by sketching them (using Sketch Sec), or by selecting three-dimensional entities (using the option Select Sec).

The restrictions for selecting section entities are as follows:

   All the entities must lie in the same plane.   For rotational blends, the planes of all sections must intersect at a single axis. For rotational

blends with only two sections, there is never ambiguity. However, Neáu more than two sections are defined and they do not form a single axis, the feature fails.

Open and Closed BlendsNon-parallel blends can be open or closed. Neáu baïn specNeáuy Closed, Pro/ENGINEER uses the first section of the blend as the last section and creates a closed, solid shape.

SpecNeáuying Tangent SurfacesBaïn coù theå create a smooth transition between the surfaces of a blend feature and surfaces of an adjacent feature on the same chi tieát. Open, smooth blends can have a tangent surface specNeáuied for each segment in the first and last sections.

To SpecNeáuy Tangency Conditions for Non-Parallel Blends1. Choose the Tangency element and Define from the dialog box.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============2. The system asks baïn Neáu the blend should be tangent to any surfaces at the first end. 3. Neáu baïn answer "yes", the system highlights each segment in the first section sequentially.

Select a surface for each highlighted entity. Neáu baïn do not want to specNeáuy tangency for the highlighted segment, choose Done Sel to move to the next segment.

4. Repeat the process for the other end of the blend.

Example: SpecNeáuying Tangency Conditions for Non-Parallel BlendsThe following figure illustrates tangent surfaces.

Blend Tangent to Adjacent Surfaces

Before

After

To Import a Section for a Non-Parallel BlendImporting an IGES feature during feature creation can produce a non-parametric feature that has no dimensions to modNeáuy interactively. Baïn coù theå use the imported feature to define a section.

1. When creating a non-parallel blend, select or sketch a section. Neáu baïn sketch a section, create a coordinate system and align the section to the chi tieát.

2. Choose Interface from the SEC TOOLS menu.3. Choose Import from the INTERFACE menu and IGES from the INTF IMPORT menu.4. Enter an IGES file name for a two-dimensional section. An Information Window displays a summary

of the IGES import data. Note: Baïn coù theå create a parametric section using an IGES file by importing the section into the

Sketcher, dimensioning the entities, and regenerating the section. This type of section is more useful, because the resulting feature is fully parametric.

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Creating Non-Parallel Blend with an Imported SectionBlends created in this way are subject to the following restrictions:

   ModNeáuying the dimensioning scheme of the feature causes Pro/ENGINEER to prompt baïn for a new IGES file name. There must be a one-to-one correspondence between existing IGES entities and the replacement IGES entities (the first entity in the IGES file replaces the first entity in the section).

   The IGES entities are placed using their absolute coordinate values. There is no option to scale or dimension the resulting sketch.

   The IGES file section must be closed and all endpoints must be matched exactly with another endpoint. Otherwise, import of an IGES file may fail.

To Cap a Blend1. For the last section of the non-parallel blend, create a coordinate system and a point entity.

Dimension the point, Neáu necessary.2. Regenerate the section and choose Done.3. Choose an option from the CAP TYPE menu:

   Smooth—Create a cap that is smooth.   Sharp—Create a cap that is sharp.

Capping a BlendThe first and last sections of a blend can each be a point. This caps the end of the blend feature with either a sharp or smooth transition to a tip. The end subsection of a parallel blend must always form a sharp cap.

Smooth and sharp caps create very dNeáuferent features. The smooth cap is created by forcing all geometry to be tangent at the point section. The sharp cap allows the geometry to flow straight towards the point section.

The best way to control the shape of the feature as it approaches the cap is to use as many sections as are necessary to achieve the desired result.

Note the following information about capped blends:

   The Z-axis is normal to the surface at the point entity. Entering rotation values for the X- and Y-axis affects the feature definition of a smooth cap.

   For a smooth cap, the point entity must be located within the boundaries of the previous section (picture where it would be Neáu baïn used the same dimensions, but had sketched it on the previous section).

To Create a Rotational Blend1. When baïn choose Rotational, other options, and Done from the BLEND OPTS menu, the system

displays feature creation dialog box with the required elements Attributes and Section. Baïn coù theå also choose the Tangency element Neáu baïn want to specNeáuy optional tangency. When baïn have selected all the elements, click Define.

2. Choose from the mutually exclusive pairs of elements in the ATTRIBUTES menu, then choose Done. The choices are as follows:

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   Straight—Create a straight blend by connecting vertices of dNeáuferent subsections with straight lines. Edges of the sections are connected with ruled surfaces.

   Smooth—Create a smooth blend by connecting vertices of dNeáuferent subsections with smooth curves. Edges of the sections are connected with spline surfaces.

   Open—Create an open solid shape.   Closed—Create a closed solid shape. Pro/ENGINEER uses the first section of the blend as the

last section.3. Use Sketch Sec to sketch the sections of the blend, or Select Sec to select three-dimensional

entities. When sketching the section, add a coordinate system using Coord System in the ADV GEOEMTRY menu.

4. For sketched sections, first enter the Y-axis rotation angle for the next section (120 maximum). After regenerating the section, the system displays a separate window for baïn to sketch the next section. After sketching and regenerating the section, choose Done from the SKETCHER menu. The system prompts baïn whether to continue to the next section. Neáu baïn reply "yes", repeat this step until baïn are done with all the sections.

5. Neáu baïn are creating a smooth blend and selected Tangency in the dialog box, create the blend with surfaces tangent to adjacent geometry.

6. When baïn have sketched or selected all sections, select OK in the dialog box to create the feature.

Creating a Rotational BlendA rotational blend is created by sections that are rotated about the Y-axis. Baïn enter angular dimensions to control section orientation and can dimension sections from their Sketcher coordinate system to control radial placement. Baïn must add a section coordinate system in Sketcher mode. Baïn coù theånot use the default coordinate system.

Neáu baïn define a rotational blend as being closed, Pro/ENGINEER uses the first section as the last section and creates a closed solid feature. There is no need to sketch the last section.

Example: Creating a Rotational BlendSketched Rotational Blend

a. Section 3 is rotated at 90 degrees with respect to section 2 about the y-axis.b. Section 2 is rotated at 45 degrees with respect to Section 1 about the y-axis.c. Section 1

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To Create a General Blend1. When baïn choose General and Done from the BLEND OPTS menu, the system displays the

feature creation dialog box and the ATTRIBUTES menu. Choose either Straight or Smooth from the ATTRIBUTES menu.

2. Use Sketch Sec to sketch the sections of the blend, or Select Sec to select three-dimensional entities. When sketching the section, add a coordinate system using Coord System in the ADV UTILS menu. For sketched sections, enter the X-, Y-, and Z-axis rotation angle (120 maximum) as prompted to determine the orientation of the next sketch, or reply "no" to the prompt (after the second section is defined) whether to continue to next section.

3. Repeat step 2 until baïn are done with all the sections. 4. After all the sections of the blend are finished, enter an offset depth value for all sections but

the first. This dimension is the straight-line distance between coordinate system origins.5. Neáu baïn are creating a smooth blend and selected the Opt Tangency element in the dialog

box, create the blend with surfaces tangent to adjacent geometry. 6. Neáu baïn are creating a smooth blend, select tangency and section options. Baïn coù theå

create the sections of the blend by sketching (using Sketch Sec), or by selecting three-dimensional entities (using Select Sec).

7. When baïn have sketched or selected all sections, select OK in the dialog box to create the feature.

Example: Creating a General BlendGeneral Blend

Sections

Blend

Cap Type Affects the Feature Shape"Smooth" cap

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"Sharp" cap

Open Blend

Closed Blend

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About a Variable Section SweepThe following table lists terminology common to variable section sweeps and swept blends.

 

OPTION DEFINITIONNrmToOriginTraj

The section plane remains normal to the Origin Trajectory throughout its length. The generic Sweep behaves this way.

Norm To Traj Two trajectories must be selected to determine the location and orientation of the section. The Origin Trajectory determines the origin of the section along the length of the feature. The section plane remains normal to the Normal Trajectory along the length of the feature.

Pivot Direction The section plane remains normal to the Origin Trajectory as it is viewed along the Pivot Direction. The upward direction of the section remains parallel to the Pivot Direction.

 

Variable Section SweepsA Variable Section Sweep enables baïn to create a feature by sweeping a section along the selected trajectories by controlling the section’s orientation, rotation, and geometry along the trajectory.

Neáu baïn have a Pro/FEATURE license, baïn coù theå define a solid variable section sweep feature using one or more longitudinal trajectories and a single section. With the optional Pro/SURFACE module, baïn coù theå select trajectories instead of sketching them and baïn coù theå create variable section sweeps of surfaces.

A variable section sweep allows baïn to create a swept feature by controlling the following characteristics:

   Baïn coù theå specNeáuy the section orientation and rotation. The section can be normal to   the Origin Trajectory—Choose NrmToOriginTraj from the SWEEP OPTS menu. This method

requires selecting the Origin Trajectory and the X-Trajectory. The X-Trajectory defines the section’s horizontal vector. The origin of the section (crosshairs) is always located on the Origin Trajectory with the X-axis pointing towards the X-Trajectory.

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   reference direction—Choose Pivot Dir from the SWEEP OPTS menu. The Y-axis of the section is always normal to the selected direction. The section normal trajectory is determined by projecting the Origin Trajectory in the Pivot Direction onto a plane normal to the Pivot Direction. This method requires selecting the Origin Trajectory and defining the Pivot Direction.

   a selected trajectory (not the Origin Trajectory)—Choose Norm To Traj from the SWEEP OPTS menu. This method requires selecting the Origin Trajectory and the trajectory to which the section will be normal.

   Baïn coù theå define multiple additional trajectories to which the vertices of the section can be aligned. As the section plane is swept along the Origin Trajectory, its intersections with the longitudinal curves represent the known points for section alignment and dimensioning.

   Baïn coù theå specNeáuy whether baïn want to vary the section as it moves along the sweep trajectories by defining the Section Type element in the Variable Section Sweep dialog box. Choose Constant from the SECTION TYPE menu to maintain the same section, or Variable from the SECTION TYPE menu to adjust the section size as it sweeps along the trajectory.

To Create a Variable Section Sweep1. Choose Advanced and Done from the SOLID OPTS or SRF OPTS menu. The system displays the ADV

FEAT OPT menu.2. Choose Var Sec Swp, then Done from the ADV FEAT OPT menu. Pro/ENGINEER displays the

feature creation dialog box and the VAR SEC SWP menu.3. Choose an option from the SWEEP OPTS menu, then choose Done. The options are as follows:

NrmToOriginTraj—Select the Origin Trajectory.Pivot Dir—Use the GEN SEL DIR menu to specNeáuy the Pivot Direction. The options are as follows:   Plane—Select a plane or create a new datum plane to which the direction will be normal.    Crv/Edg/Axis—Select as the direction an edge, curve, or axis. Neáu baïn select a non-linear

edge or curve, the system prompts baïn to select an existing datum point on the edge or curve to specNeáuy a tangent.

   Csys—Select an axis of the coordinate system as the direction. Norm To Traj—Select the Origin Trajectory and an additional trajectory to which the section will remain normal.

4. Sketch or select the Origin Trajectory using the VAR SEC SWP menu options, then choose Done. The options are as follows:

Sketch Traj—Sketch a new trajectory to use for the sweep.Select Traj—Define a chain from curves and edges (such as a datum curve) to use as the sweep trajectory.Sel Tan Traj—Define a chain from curves and edges to use as a trajectory and specNeáuy a tangency condition by selecting tangency reference surfaces. Remove Traj—Remove a trajectory that baïn previously sketched or selected. Baïn coù theånot remove the Origin Trajectory.

5. Neáu baïn chose Pivot Dir in Step 3, go to Step 8; otherwise, proceed as follows:Sketch or select the X-Trajectory, which defines the horizontal vector of the section. The sketching plane is located at a datum point or the endpoint of the Origin Trajectory. The orientation of the sketch plane is such that the positive X-axis passes from the endpoint of the Origin Trajectory through the point at the intersection of the second trajectory with the normal plane.

6. Neáu baïn chose Norm To Traj in Step 3, select the trajectory to which the section will be normal. Choose an option in the SEC ORIENT menu, followed by Done:

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Norm to Surf—Select a surface that determines the section’s upward direction, then select or sketch the trajectory that defines the section plane normal. Choose Flip an Okay to select the upward direction. This option is available only Neáu the Origin Trajectory belongs to a surface.Use Norm Traj—Select a trajectory that defines the section plane normal.

7. Neáu the Origin Trajectory has datum points, the system highlights an endpoint of the Origin Trajectory so baïn coù theå define the start point. Choose an option from the SEC POINT menu to select the start point:Origin Start—Use the highlighted endpoint as the start point for the Origin Trajectory.Pick Point—Pick a datum point on the Origin Trajectory to be its start point.

Note: For a Norm To Traj variable section sweep, the system checks Neáu the normal plane to the selected trajectory has a defined intersection with the Origin Trajectory. Neáu the intersection cannot be found, the system issues a warning so baïn coù theå redefine the normal trajectory.

8. Baïn coù theå sketch or select as many additional longitudinal trajectories as baïn want, such that Neáu the section is dimensioned to or aligned to these trajectories, the sweep feature also follows these trajectories as it travels along the origin. The trajectories can be accessed by selecting the Trajectories element in the dialog box. Baïn coù theå remove a trajectory by choosing Remove Traj from the VAR SEC SWP menu.

9. Choose Done to complete the trajectory definitions.10. Sketch the sweep section. The section can be dimensioned to known points (to the points of

intersection of the longitudinal curves with the sketching plane). The section remains aligned and dimensioned to the point as it sweeps along the curve.Use relations to create a meaningful parametric section.

11. 1Choose Done to exit Sketcher.12. 1Click OK in the dialog box.

Variable Section SweepsThe restrictions on sweep trajectories also apply for variable section sweeps. Note the following rules for selecting a trajectory:

   For NrmToOriginTraj sweeps, the Origin Trajectory can only consist of tangent entities. For Pivot Dir sweeps, projection of the entities must be tangent as viewed along the Pivot Direction (the entities themselves could be non-tangent in 3-D).

   When baïn create a variable section sweep with the Norm To Traj option, the entities in the Origin Trajectory must be tangent.

   The X-Trajectory and the origin trajectories cannot intersect, through they can meet at one of their ends.

   All additional trajectories of the feature must intersect the sweep’s sketching plane. The additional trajectories do not need to be as long as the Origin Trajectory; the sweep feature will be created as far as the endpoint of the shortest trajectory. ModNeáuying the lengths of trajectories will modNeáuy the length of the sweep.

   All trajectories must be continuous.   Baïn coù theå use a composite curve as a trajectory.

Tip: About the Variable Sweep GeometryNeáu baïn define the Section Type element in the Variable Section Sweep dialog box as Constant, the system maintains the same section geometry along the trajectory. This can be useful when the

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============section geometry references adjacent chi tieát geometry (for example, when baïn used Use Edge from the GEOM TOOLS to create the section).

Depending on whether baïn define the section as Variable or Constant, baïn get two dNeáuferent geometries of the variable section sweep (see the next figures).

Using the Constant Option

a. The section created with Use Edge follows the Origin Trajectory.b. Origin Trajectory

Using the Variable OptionFor the Variable option, the section is constantly reevaluated along the trajectory. For the section created with Use Edge, the system projects the referenced geometry at every point of the trajectory to define the section.

a. Origin TrajectoryAligning to Chi tieát GeometryConsider the following recommendation: Do not align or dimension the section to chi tieát geometry unless the alignment or dimensions can be held throughout the sweep, as this alignment may become invalid as the section is swept along its trajectory (see the next figure).

Example of invalidated alignmentAs the section is swept along the trajectory, alignment of the section side edge and the base side edge becomes invalid, and the feature fails.

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a. X-trajectoryb. Origin curvec. Sweep sectiond. Aligned entities

Notes:When baïn dimension the section to known points or chi tieát edges, consider the relative position of the X-Trajectory throughout the length of the Origin Trajectory. Dimensions that are valid at the start point of the sweep could become meaningless as the section turns around the origin. To capture baïnr design intent when sketching a variable section sweep section, baïn coù theå use known dimensions and graph evaluation. Baïn coù theå map a graph, or any function, along the variable section sweep Origin Trajectory using the trajectory parameter, trajpar, in a relation.

Example: Variable Section SweepsVariable Section SweepsThe following figure illustrates a variable section sweep that uses the Pivot Dir option. The section remains normal to the pivot plane.

Perspective view

a. Pivot planeSide view

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a. Origin trajectoryThe following figure illustrates a variable section sweep that uses the NrmToOriginTraj option. The section remains normal to the Origin trajectory.

Perspective view

Side view

a. Origin trajectoryb. X-trajectory

Orienting the Section Using the Pivot Direction

Pivot Direction selected as the X-direction of the CSI

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a. Projection of the Origin Trajectory in the Pivot Directionb. Origin Trajectoryc. Pivot Direction selected as the X-direction of the CSI

Pivot Direction selected as the Y-direction of the CSI

a. Projection of the Origin Trajectory in the Pivot Directionb. Origin Trajectoryc. Pivot Direction selected as the Y-direction of the CSI

Using Additional Trajectories

a. Additional trajectoriesb. Origin trajectoryc. X-trajectoryd. Section: section vertices are aligned to trajectories.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============To SpecNeáuy Tangency ConditionsNeáu baïn chose Sel Tan Traj to specNeáuy a tangent trajectory, baïn must specNeáuy a control surface for each segment of the trajectory. When the sweep section is created, the direction tangent to the control surface will be shown as a centerline and can be used for section dimensioning.

1. After baïn selected the trajectory, the system highlights default tangent surfaces. 2. The system displays the DEFAULT TAN menu. Choose Accept to accept all the default surfaces, or

choose Reject to select individual tangent surfaces.When baïn start sketching the sweep section, all the specNeáuied tangencies are displayed as centerlines. Baïn coù theå use them for dimensioning in Sketcher mode; this way, a sweep surface can be forced to stay tangent to the adjacent chi tieát surface.

Example: SpecNeáuying Tangency ConditionsSweep Tangent to a SurfacePerspective View

a. Origin trajectoryb. X-vector trajectoryc. Control surfaced. Additional trajectory

Side View

a. Sweep sectionb. Tangency centerline

After Creation

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a. The sweep is created tangent to the selected surface.

To Create Parametric Graph RelationsNeáu the driving graph is apt to change, baïn coù theå include the dimensions of the graph instead of absolute values in the Sketcher relations of the sweep. The sweep then updates automatically with the changes to the driving graph.

1. Before creating the sweep, choose Feat Info for the graph feature and determine the chi tieát dimension symbols corresponding to the appropriate section dimension of the graph.

2. When baïn dimension the sweep section, enter the relation for the corresponding graph dimension.

Using Relations in SweepsUsing the trajectory parameter, trajpar, in a relation for variable section sweeps allows baïn to map a graph, or any function, along the sweep Origin Trajectory. The value of trajpar changes from 0 to 1 as the section is swept along the Origin Trajectory.

When a sweep is created along a composite curve, baïn coù theå evaluate the trajpar of this curve at a specNeáuic point, the trajpar_of_pnt, and use this value in relations.

Neáu baïn set relations when sketching the section, connecting section dimensions with the trajectory parameter by some function, the section changes according to this function as it is swept along the Origin Trajectory.

Baïn coù theå also create variable section sweep features with sections driven to zero area at the endpoint, or at some intermediate point of the trajectory of the feature.

Note: The surface cannot be degenerate at the starting point of the trajectory. The dimension driven by a graph must evaluate to a non-zero value when baïn create the sweep section.

6. SWEEPS BLENDSAbout Swept BlendsA swept blend requires a single trajectory (the Origin Trajectory) and multiple sections. To define the Origin Trajectory of the swept blend, baïn coù theå either sketch a curve or select a chain of datum curves or edges.

Baïn sketch the sections to be blended at specNeáuied segment vertices or datum points on the Origin Trajectory. To orient a section, baïn coù theå specNeáuy the rotation angle about the Z-axis, and/or use the Pick XVector or Norm to Surf options.=================================================================================Trang 60

===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============Note the following restrictions:

   A section cannot be located at a sharp corner in the Origin Trajectory.   For a closed trajectory profile, sections must be sketched at the start point and at least one other

location. Pro/ENGINEER uses the first section at the endpoint.   For an open trajectory profile, baïn must create sections at the start and end points. There is no

option to skip placement of a section at those points.   Sections cannot be dimensioned to the model, because modNeáuying the trajectory would

invalidate those dimensions.   A composite datum curve cannot be selected for defining sections of a swept blend (Select Sec).

Instead, baïn must select one of the underlying datum curves or edges from which a composite curve is determined.

   Neáu baïn choose Pivot Dir and Select Sec, all selected sections must lie in planes that are parallel to the Pivot Direction.

Neáu baïn have a Pro/SURFACE license, baïn coù theå control swept blend geometry by using an area graph and by controlling the perimeter of the feature between the sections.

An area graph represents the exact area of the cross section of the swept blend at selected locations on the Origin Trajectory. Baïn coù theå add or remove points on the Origin Trajectory at which to specNeáuy the swept blend sectional area. Baïn coù theå also change the graph value at user-defined points.

The following table lists terminology common to variable section sweeps and swept blends.

 

OPTION DEFINITIONNrmToOriginTraj

The section plane remains normal to the Origin Trajectory throughout its length. The generic Sweep behaves this way.

Norm To Traj Two trajectories must be selected to determine the location and orientation of the section. The Origin Trajectory determines the origin of the section along the length of the feature. The section plane remains normal to the Normal Trajectory along the length of the feature.

Pivot Direction The section plane remains normal to the Origin Trajectory as it is viewed along the Pivot Direction. The upward direction of the section remains parallel to the Pivot Direction.

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To create a swept blend, baïn coù theå define the trajectory by sketching a trajectory, or by selecting existing curves and edges and extending or trimming the first and last entity in the trajectory.

1. Choose Advanced from the SOLID OPTS menu, and Swept Blend and Done from the ADV FEAT OPT menu.

2. Choose the desired options from the BLEND OPTS menu, then choose Done from the BLEND OPTS menu. The options are as follows:Select Sec—Select existing curves or edges to define each section using the CRV SKETCHER menu.Sketch Sec—Sketch new section entities to define each section.NrmToOriginTraj—Select the Origin Trajectory.Pivot Dir—Use the GEN SEL DIR menu to specNeáuy the Pivot Direction. The options are as follows:   Plane—Select a plane or create a new datum plane to which the direction will be normal.    Crv/Edg/Axis—Select as the direction an edge, curve, or axis. Neáu baïn select a non-linear

edge or curve, the system prompts baïn to select an existing datum point on the edge or curve to specNeáuy a tangent.

   Csys—Select an axis of the coordinate system as the direction. Norm To Traj—Select the Origin Trajectory and an additional trajectory to which the section will remain normal.

Note: For a Norm To Traj swept blend, the system checks Neáu the normal plane to the selected trajectory has a defined intersection with the Origin Trajectory. Neáu the intersection cannot be found, the system issues a warning so baïn coù theå redefine the normal trajectory.

3. A Swept Blend dialog box appears with the following elements:Pivot Dir—(Neáu selected) SpecNeáuy the Pivot Direction.Normal Traj—(Neáu selected) Select the normal trajectory.Origin Traj—SpecNeáuy the trajectory that defines the section origin.Sections—Define the sections.Blend Control—(Optional) Define how to control the blend geometry along the Origin Trajectory. Tangency—(Optional) SpecNeáuy tangency conditions for the feature.

4. Define the type of Origin Trajectory by choosing an option from the SWEEP TRAJ menu:Sketch Traj—Sketch the Origin Trajectory. Select Traj—Define the Origin Trajectory using existing curves and edges. Choose Done from the CHAIN menu when finished defining the chain.

Note: The Origin Trajectory can have sharp corners (a discontinuous tangent to the curve), except at the endpoint of a closed curve. At non-tangent vertices, Pro/ENGINEER mitres the geometry as in constant section sweeps.

5. Neáu baïn selected the NrmToOriginTraj option, the system brings up the SEC ORIENT menu. Select one of these options, followed by Done:Pick XVector—Select an axis, straight edge/curve, or plane normal to determine the section’s positive X-axis. Use options in the GEN SEL DIR menu to select a horizontal reference. The system displays a red arrow, indicating the positive direction for the X-vector. Choose Flip or Okay to determine the direction for the operation.

Note: The Pick XVector option is available only for the trajectories defined with the Select Traj option.

Automatic—The system automatically determines the section’s orientation.

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Neáu baïn select this option for the first section, then the X-axis is determined by the curvature vector at the beginning of the Origin Trajectory. When baïn select Automatic for a section other than the first, the system determines the X-vector automatically based on the previous section orientation and the behavior of the Origin Trajectory.

Norm to Surf—Use the adjacent surface section normal to determine the section upward direction. Neáu baïn select this option for the first section, then all sections use the same reference surfaces as the upward direction.

Neáu the Origin Trajectory has only one adjacent surface, then the system automatically selects this surface, highlighted in blue, as the reference for the section orientation. A red arrow appears, indicating the upward direction. Choose Flip or Okay to specNeáuy the upward direction.Neáu the Origin Trajectory has two adjacent surfaces, the system prompts baïn to select a surface for the section orientation. The default surface is highlighted in blue. Baïn coù theå accept the default surface or select the other one. A red arrow appears, indicating the upward direction. Choose Flip or Okay to specNeáuy the upward direction.

6. The system highlights endpoints and vertices along the Origin Trajectory. Use options in the CONFIRM menu to select points at which baïn want to specNeáuy additional sections.Accept—Sketch or select a section at this highlighted location. Next—Go to the next point. Previous—Return to the previous point.

7. Neáu baïn chose Norm To Traj in Step 6, select the trajectory to which the section will be normal. Choose an option in the SEC ORIENT menu, followed by Done:Norm to Surf—Select a surface that determines the section’s upward direction, then select or sketch the trajectory that defines the section plane normal. Choose Flip an Okay to select the upward direction. This option is available only Neáu the Origin Trajectory belongs to a surface.Use Norm Traj—Select a trajectory that defines the section plane normal.

8. For each vertex or datum point where baïn define a section, specNeáuy the section’s rotation angle about the Z-axis (with a value between –120 and +120 degrees).

9. Select or sketch the entities for each section, depending on whether baïn chose Select Sec or Sketch Sec, respectively. Choose Done to exit Sketcher.

10. When all cross-sections are sketched or selected, unless baïn want to define optional elements, select OK in the dialog box to generate the swept blend feature.

Example: Creating a Swept BlendCompleted Swept Blend

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Section DefinitionThe sections must be sketched at the first and last Origin Trajectory points.

a. This point was added using an Area Graph.b. Origin Trajectory

Note: Each section remains displayed as the next section is created.

To Control the Perimeter of a Swept BlendThe Blend Control element lets baïn select a method for controlling the shape of the swept blend between its sections. When baïn choose Blend Control and Define from the dialog box, the BLEND CONTROL menu appears with the following options:

   Set Perimeter—Control the shape of the feature by controlling its perimeter between the sections. Neáu two consecutive sections have equal perimeters, the system attempts to maintain the same cross-section perimeter between these sections. For sections that have dNeáuferent perimeters, the system uses smooth interpolation along each curve of the trajectory to define the perimeter of the feature between its sections. Note: Baïn coù theånot specNeáuy both perimeter control and tangency conditions for the swept blend—only one of these conditions is allowed.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============   None—Do not set any blend control for the feature.   Center Crv—Show a curve connecting the centroids of the feature’s cross-sections. This option is

available only with the Set Perimeter option.

ModNeáuying a Swept Blend Using an Area GraphThe Area Graph option lets baïn add or remove control points to/from the Origin Trajectory at which baïn coù theå specNeáuy or change area values.

The GRAPH menu options are as follows:

   Define—Define an area graph using the DEFINE GRAPH submenu. The Define Graph submenu options are as follows:   Add Point—Define a control point using the

GET DTM POINT submenu to select or create a datum point on the Origin Trajectory, then enter the area values.

   Remove Point—Select a control point to remove.   Change Value—Select a control point and enter a new area value.

Note: Neáu a value is zero on the area graph at a parameter, the swept blend self-intersects. To correct this, add control points to change the area graph value to a positive value.

   Info—Display an Information Window (see the following figure), which contains the following information:   The normalized length of a parameter (point or cross section) measured from the starting point

of the current segment of the Origin Trajectory, in the form i.rrrr. A Origin Trajectory consists of one or more segments. The integer, i, identNeáuies on which of the segments of the Origin Trajectory the parameter is located. The value of i ranges from 0 to n, where 0 corresponds to the first segment and n to the last segment. The decimal .rrrr is the ratio of the length from the starting point on the segment to the parameter location.

   The section area values at each parameter.   The driving dimension, Neáu any, for the value of a user-defined area.   The location type specNeáuies whether the area is at a section or at a user-defined point.

Example: Controlling the Perimeter of a Swept BlendUsing the Set Perimeter Option

a. Section 1, Perimeter 1b. Section 2, Perimeter 2c. Perimeter 3. Neáu Per. 1 = Per. 2, then Per. 3 = Per. 1 = Per. 2.d. Origin Trajectory

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Sample Area Graph and Information Window

a. csysb. Area valuesc. Area graphd. Solid lines at user-defined locationse. Dashed lines at fixed cross section locations

7. HELICAL SWEEPSAbout Helical SweepsBaïn create a helical sweep by sweeping a section along a helical trajectory.

The trajectory is defined by both the profile of the surface of revolution (which defines the distance from the section origin of the helical feature to its axis of revolution) and the pitch (the distance between coils). The trajectory and the surface of revolution are construction tools that do not appear in the resulting geometry.

The Helical Swp option in the ADV FEAT OPT menu is available for both solid and surface features. Use the following ATTRIBUTES menu options in mutually exclusive pairs to define the helical sweep feature:

   Constant—The pitch is constant.   Variable—The pitch is variable and defined by a graph.   Thru Axis—The cross section lies in a plane that passes through the axis of revolution.   Norm To Traj—The cross section is oriented normal to the trajectory (or surface of revolution).   Right Handed—The trajectory is defined using the right- hand rule.=================================================================================Trang 66

===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============   Left Handed—The trajectory is defined using the left-hand rule.

To Create a Helical Sweep with a Constant Pitch Value1. Choose Advanced and Done from the SOLID OPTS menu, then Helical Swp and Done. The

system displays the feature creation dialog box.2. Define the feature by selecting from the ATTRIBUTES menu, then choose Done.3. Pro/ENGINEER places baïn in Sketcher mode. Sketch the profile of the surface of revolution.

SpecNeáuy the sketching plane and its orientation, and the axis of revolution.4. Sketch, dimension, and regenerate the profile. Follow these rules:

   The sketched entities must form an open loop.   Baïn must sketch a centerline to define the axis of revolution.   Neáu baïn chose Norm To Traj, the profile entities must be tangent to each other (C1

continuous).   The profile entities must not have a tangent that is normal to the centerline at any point.   The profile starting point defines the sweep trajectory starting point. Baïn coù theå modNeáuy

the starting point using the options Sec Tools and Start Point.5. When baïn have finished sketching the section, choose Done from the SKETCHER menu.6. Enter the pitch value (the distance between the coils).7. For a surface feature, specNeáuy Neáu the feature will have closed or open ends by selecting

Open Ends or Capped Ends from the SURF END menu, then Done.8. Pro/ENGINEER places baïn in Sketcher mode to sketch the cross section that will be swept along

the trajectory. Sketch the cross section based about the visible cross hairs. Dimension and regenerate the cross section.

9. When the cross section is finished, choose Done from the SKETCHER menu.

Example: Creating a Helical SweepCross section of the Helical Sweep

a.  This circular section will be swept along the trajectory. Helical Sweep Feature with Constant Pitch

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Profile for a Helical Sweep

a. This centerline is the axis of revolution.b. This line will be rotated about the centerline to define the surface of revolution.

To Create a Helical Sweep with a Variable Pitch Value1. Complete the prerequisite steps.2. While in the profile section, sketch points to be used as the control points in the pitch graph. These

control points define how the pitch value changes along the axis of revolution. To sketch points, choose Sketch, Point, then select points on the profile geometry and dimension them. It is easier to dimension the control points Neáu baïn put them on the centerline that defines the axis of revolution.

3. After baïn regenerate baïnr profile sketch successfully, choose Done from the SKETCHER menu.4. Enter pitch values at the trajectory start and end.5. While the profile section is displayed in the original window, the system displays a subwindow with

the initial pitch graph in it.6. Finalize the graph by transferring the pitch control points from the profile sketch onto the graph.

Choose Define from the GRAPH menu. Using options in the DEFINE GRAPH menu, do one of the following:   Add Point—Add a reference point to the graph by selecting a point in the profile section, or

the start or end point. Enter the desired pitch value at this point. The system locates the selected control point along the X-axis of the graph and draws a line with the length equal to the specNeáuied pitch value.

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   Change Point—Change the value of the pitch at any selected control point, including the start or end point. Select a point in the profile section to change its value and enter the new value.

7. After the graph is defined, choose Done/Return from the DEFINE GRAPH menu. To check the graph data, choose Info in the GRAPH menu. The system displays the Information Window with the pitch data table.

8. Choose Done from the GRAPH menu. 9. Pro/ENGINEER places baïn in Sketcher mode to sketch the cross section that will be swept along

the trajectory. Sketch, dimension, and regenerate the cross section.10. When baïn have finished, choose Done.

Creating a Helical Sweep with a Variable Pitch ValueBaïn coù theå create a helical swept feature with a variable pitch.

In this case, the distance between the coils is controlled by a pitch graph. The initial graph is created when baïn specNeáuy the pitch value at the start and end points. Baïn coù theå then add more control points to define a complex curve that governs the distance between the coils along the axis of revolution.

Special considerations for using the Variable option are as follows:

   In a pitch graph, control points with dNeáuferent pitch values are connected by a monotonic curve. Control points with equal pitch values are connected by a line.

   In the resulting geometry, the average distance between coils along each portion of the axis (the segment between two control points in the pitch graph) is the average of the pitch values given at two consecutive control points.

Example: Creating a Helical Sweep with a Variable PitchHelical Sweep Feature with Variable Pitch

Initial Pitch Graph

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a. The start pointb. Distance along the axis of revolutionc. The end pointd. Pitch value

Finalizing the Pitch Graph

a. The profile section  b. Select each control point in the profile section and enter the corresponding pitch value.c. The resulting graph

Types of Helical Sweep FeaturesUsing the Constant option

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============Using the Variable option

Variable distance between the coilsUsing the Norm to Traj option

a. Axis of revolutionb. This section is normal to the trajectory

Using the Thru Axis option

a. Axis of revolutionb. This section is in a plane that passes through the axis of revolution.

Using the Left Handed option

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Using the Right Handed option

Construction Feature1. HOLES

About HolesUse the Hole dialog box to create many types of axially-revolved cutout geometries. Holes can be straight-sided, user-sketched custom shapes, or based on engineering standard fasteners. Holes can be treated with standard counterbores and countersinks, can extend to many dNeáuferent depth constraints, and can have dNeáuferent tip geometries. Holes by definition create axes of revolution. The user can choose whether to create surfaces that represent threads.

   Straight hole—An extruded cut with a circular section. It begins at the placement surface and extends to the specNeáuied end surface or user-defined depth.

   Sketched hole—A revolved feature defined by a sketched section. A tapered hole could be created as a sketched hole.

   Standard hole—A combination of sketched and extruded geometry. It is based on industry-standard fastener tables. Baïn coù theå calculate either the tapped or clearance diameter appropriate to the selected fastener. Baïn coù theå use system-supplied standard lookup tables for these diameters or create baïnr own.

The Hole feature is dNeáuferent from a cut in the following ways:

   The Hole feature has a predefined placement scheme that can be more desirable than the dimensioning scheme of a cut.

   Straight holes do not require a sketch.Baïn must select the options to determine the dimensioning scheme for placement, whether it is straight or sketched. Neáu baïn choose straight or standard, baïn must also specNeáuy where the =================================================================================Trang 72

===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============hole terminates. Baïn coù theå change the placement constraints for an existing hole and the dimensioning scheme for a blind hole.

To Create a Straight HoleAll straight holes are created with a constant diameter.

1. Choose CHI TIEÁT > Feature > Create > Hole, or choose Insert > Hole.2. The HOLE dialog box appears. In the Hole Type area, select Straight. 3. In the Hole Dimension area, enter the Diameter.4. Select the depths for Depth One and Depth Two. The depth options are as follows:

   Variable—Create a hole with a flat bottom. Neáu baïn select this depth option, baïn must then specNeáuy the Depth Value.

   Thru Next—Create a hole that continues until it reaches the next chi tieát surface.   Thru All—Create a hole that intersects all the surfaces.   Thru Until—Create a hole that goes through all the surfaces until it reaches the specNeáuied

surface. Neáu baïn select this depth option, baïn must also select the surface.   To Reference—Create a hole with a flat bottom that continues until it reaches the

specNeáuied point, vertex, curve, or surface. Neáu baïn select this depth option, baïn must also select the reference.

   Symmetric—(Depth Two only, when Depth One is variable) Create a two-sided hole that has equal depth on either side of the sketching plane.

5. In the Placement area, select the primary placement reference, which is the surface on which the hole will exist. Then select the placement type. The placement types are as follows:   Linear—Create a hole that is a specNeáuied distance from two linear references. Neáu baïn

select this placement type, baïn must then select the references and enter the distances from the references.

   Radial—Create a hole that baïn coù theå dimension relative to a reference axis. Neáu baïn select this placement type, baïn must then select an axial reference and an angular reference.

   Diameter—Create a hole that baïn coù theå dimension relative to a reference axis. Neáu baïn select this placement type, baïn must then select an axial reference and an angular reference.

   Coaxial—Create a hole that is on the same axis as a specNeáuied reference axis. Neáu baïn select this placement option, baïn must then select the axial reference.

6. Click the checkmark button at the bottom left of the dialog box to create the hole. Neáu baïn want to create another hole, click the repeat button at the bottom right of the dialog box.

Example: Creating a Straight HoleStraight Hole End Constraint Types

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a. Hole drilled up to point PNT0 on front surface of chi tieátb. Hole drilled up to datum plane DTM8c. Hole drilled up to datum curve on front surface of chi tieátd. Blind hole, drilled to specNeáuied depth

DNeáuferent Hole TypesA counterbored hole, which is a standard hole, is shown straight down from the top surface. A Thru All Straight hole is at an angle from the right face of the block.

Sketched Hole Placement ConventionsWrongThe hole cannot be placed (there is no normal surface to align with the primary reference).

RightThe bottom surface will be aligned with the primary reference and the hole cut from the chi tieát interior.

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RightThe "top" surface will be aligned with the primary reference.

To Create a Sketched HoleA sketched hole is created by sketching a section for revolution in Sketcher mode, and then placing the hole onto the chi tieát. Sketched holes are always blind and one-sided.

1. Choose CHI TIEÁT (or ASSY) > Feature > Create > Hole, or choose Insert > Hole.2. The HOLE dialog box appears. In the Hole Type area, select Sketched. 3. Pro/ENGINEER displays a grid in a subwindow. First sketch a centerline about which the section will

revolve. Then sketch the cross section of the hole and dimension it. Neáu necessary, modNeáuy the dimensions. Click the checkmark button.

4. In the Placement area, select the primary placement reference, and the placement type. The placement types are as follows:   Linear—Create a hole that is a specNeáuied distance from two linear references. Neáu baïn

select this placement type, baïn must then select the references and enter the distances from the references.

   Radial—Create a hole that baïn coù theå dimension relative to a reference axis. Neáu baïn select this placement type, baïn must then select an axial reference and an angular reference.

   Diameter—Create a hole that baïn coù theå dimension relative to a reference axis. Neáu baïn select this placement type, baïn must then select an axial reference and an angular reference.

   Coaxial—Create a hole that is on the same axis as a specNeáuied reference axis. Neáu baïn select this placement option, baïn must then select the axial reference.

5. Click the checkmark button at the bottom left of the dialog box to create the hole. Neáu baïn want to create another hole, click the repeat button at the bottom right of the dialog box.

Sketched holes must have a vertical centerline, with at least one entity normal to this axis of revolution. The system aligns this entity with the placement plane and the remainder of the sketched features cut from the chi tieát, as a revolution of the sketched profile.

When two normal entities exist in the sketch, the "top" entity (when looking at the sketch in the default sketch orientation) is aligned with the placement plane.=================================================================================Trang 75

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To Create a Standard HoleStandard holes are either tapped holes or clearance holes that have a basic shape.

1. Choose CHI TIEÁT > Feature > Create > Hole, or choose Insert > Hole. 2. The system displays the HOLE dialog box. In the Hole Type area, select Standard.3. From the Standard Hole list box, select the thread series to use (for example, UNC, UNF, or ISO).4. Select one of the following two options:

   Tapped—Use the standard lookup tables to suggest a diameter based on a threaded fastener being used in the hole. Assumes a nominal percentage of thread engagement. The drill depth for tapped holes can be Thru All or Variable.

   Clearance—Use the standard lookup tables to suggest a diameter based on a threaded fastener being used in the hole. Assumes that the thread will not be engaged. Clearance holes by default go Thru All.

5. Neáu baïn are defining a clearance hole, select the type of fit (for example, Close Fit, Medium Fit, or Free Fit).

6. From the Screw Size list box, select the screw size.7. Select Add Thread Surface Neáu baïn are defining a tapped hole and want the system to create

a surface in the model to represent the internal threads of the hole.8. Select Add Counterbore and/or Add Countersink to add these features to the geometry to be

revolved. Neáu baïn select these options baïn must fill in the appropriate fields in the graphical dimension area.

9. In the Dimensions area, enter the dimensions to define the hole geometry.10. In the Placement area, select the references and dimensions to place the hole.11. VerNeáuy the note in the Hole Note Preview area to make sure that it shows the hole as baïn

expect. Note: To change the content of the Hole Note (for example, the number of decimal places displayed), finish creating the hole, then click Setup > Notes > ModNeáuy, select the note, and edit the text. These changes will not modNeáuy the geometry unless baïn regenerate the chi tieát.

12. Click the checkmark button at the bottom left of the HOLE dialog box to create the hole.

Hole ChartsHole charts are used to lookup diameters for a given fastener size. Baïn coù theå create custom hole charts and specNeáuy their directory location with the configuration file option hole_parameter_file_path.

Note: UNC, UNF and ISO hole charts are supplied with Pro/ENGINEER. These charts are located in the loadpoint and should not be changed.

Create hole charts as space-delimited text files with names in the following format:

????.holwhere '????' is a string of no more than four characters that appears in the Thread Series list box in the HOLE dialog box (for example, UNC), and is usually the thread series for the chart.

 

Hole charts have two main portions, TABLE_DATA and THREAD_DATA.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============TABLE_DATA contains the following rows:

   PROE_VERSION—The release for which the hole chart was created (for example, 2000i2).   THREAD_SERIES—The name of the hole chart; this usually corresponds to the filename.   THREAD_CLASS—The tolerance class for the hole chart and a parameter that will be visible in the

Thread Note (for example, 2b or H).    TABLE_UNITS—The measurement system for the hole chart; value is either inch or metric.   DEPTH_RATIO—The relationship between the thread depth and the drill depth (for example,

1.25). When baïn enter either the thread depth or the drill depth in the HOLE dialog box, the other value is calculated automatically using this ratio. Drill Depth is Thread Depth multiplied by Depth Ratio. Note: Baïn coù theå override the default relationship of the depth ratio by entering both the Drill Depth and the Thread Depth values in the HOLE dialog box. The limit on the values is as follows:   Drill Depth must be greater than or equal to Thread Depth.

   CALLOUT_FORMAT—The format of thread notes created or shown in the model and drawing. This is not a place to add text to a note, but a place to define the way that the text of a note appears.

 

THREAD_DATA portionTHREAD_DATA is a table of the values for the hole parameters. The first row of this portion is the column headers, and the following rows are unique records whose first column represents the screw sizes that will appear in the Screw Size list in the HOLE dialog box according to the chosen standard. The column headers are:

   FASTENER_ID—What shows in the Screw Size list in the HOLE dialog box.   BASIC_DIAM—The fastener diameter.    THREAD—Threads per inch, or pitch (Neáu metric).   TAP_DR—Letter, fraction, number, or metric drill standard size.   TAP_DEC—Decimal size in inch or metric of the tap drill. This value appears in the diameter list

box in the Dimension area of the HOLE dialog box. (See Note below.)   PERCENT_THREAD—Ratio describing the actual engagement of fastener threads.   CLEAR_DR_CLOSE—Clearance drill, for close clearances.   CLOSE_DEC— Decimal size in inch or metric of the close clearance drill. This value appears in the

diameter list box in the Dimension area of the HOLE dialog box. (See Note below.)   CLEAR_DR_MED—Clearance drill, for medium clearances.   MEDIUM_DEC— Decimal size in metric of the medium clearance drill. This value appears in the

diameter list box in the Dimension area of the HOLE dialog box. (See Note below.)   CLEAR_DR_FREE—Clearance drill for free clearances.   FREE_DEC— Decimal size in inch or metric of the free clearance drill. This value appears in the

diameter list box in the Dimension area of the HOLE dialog box. (See Note below.)Each row requires a value in each column.

Neáu a value requires spaces, fill the space with a dash. For example, the screw size 1.125 inch (1 and 1/8 inch) should look like 1-1/8 in the THREAD_DATA table.

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Note: For the TAP_DEC, CLOSE_DEC, MEDIUM_DEC, and FREE_DEC values, the user cannot edit the value in the list box, unless the configuration file option hole_diameter_override is set to yes. The default for this configuration file option is no. To prevent overrides of the system setting, include the hole_diameter_override option in a config.sup file.

Thread Note FormattingSuper users and system administrators can determine the way that thread notes appear in the Note Preview area of the HOLE dialog box. The format of the thread note is in the CALLOUT_FORMAT field in the Hole Chart.

The thread note is a combination of the values listed in the hole chart for that hole. Use the following principles to construct a thread note:

   Each parameter is preceded by an ampersand (&).   A space should always follow a parameter name.

Note: An onscreen space that follows a parameter value should have two spaces in the formatting.

   Indicate line breaks with a slash (/).   Use control characters (for example, <CTRL-a>) to get an extended ASCII character.Neáu the hole is a member of a pattern, use the Pattern_No parameter in the thread note to indicate the number of pattern holes in the pattern.

Note: Baïn coù theå edit thread notes after exiting the HOLE dialog box. They are 3-D notes that are attached to the hole features.

 Example of UNC NoteTo display the following note,

Use the following text in the CALLOUT_FORMAT field of the hole chart:&Screw_size &Thread_Series - &Thread_Class TAP <CTRL-a>x<CTRL-b> &Thread_depth / &Number_Size DRILL (&Diameter ) <CTRL-a>x<CTRL-b> &Drill_Depth -- (&Pattern_No ) HOLE

 Example of Metric Countersink NoteTo display the following note,

Use the following text in the CALLOUT_FORMAT field of the hole chart:&Diameter DRILL THRU, <CTRL-a>?<CTRL-b> - &Cbore_diameter x &Cbore_angle <CTRL-a>?<CTRL-b> / &Metric_size x &Pitch PLUG TAP <CTRL-a>x<CTRL-b> &Tap_Depth

To Place a HoleThe placement sequence involves two steps—selecting the placement surface on which the feature is created and determining the dimension references.=================================================================================Trang 78

===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============Selecting the Placement SurfaceHoles are placed on datum planes or planar chi tieát surfaces. The hole is always placed normal to the placement surface. To create a hole directly on a curved surface, the hole must be a radial hole and the surface must be convex (cones or cylinders).

To place a hole on a datum plane:

1. Select the datum plane name.2. Select a point on the datum plane.3. For a One Side hole, the system displays a red arrow. Choose the direction of hole creation using

either the Depth One or Depth Two option.Determining Dimension ReferencesAfter baïn position the hole on a plane, Pro/ENGINEER prompts baïn to specNeáuy the dimensioning references that correspond to the chosen option. The placement types are as follows:

   Linear—Dimension the hole from two edges (using linear dimensions).   Radial—Place the hole around an axis (using polar dimensions).   Diameter—Place the hole around an axis (using polar dimensions).   Coaxial—Place the hole coaxially, by using an existing axis (no placement dimensions will be

created).

To SpecNeáuy References for a Radial Hole1. Select the placement plane.2. Select the reference axis.3. Select the reference plane.4. SpecNeáuy the angle that defines the placement of the hole relative to the reference plane.

SpecNeáuying Dimension References for Placing a HoleWhen baïn select axial references, pick on the dashed line of the existing axis. When baïn select other references, baïn coù theå pick the following:

   Any edge in a plane normal to the placement surface   Any plane normal (perpendicular) to the placement surface, including datum planesWhen baïn place a hole very close to a dimension reference, the system asks baïn to confirm Neáu the hole is to be aligned to the reference. Upon confirmation, the system aligns the hole. Neáu baïn choose not to align the hole, the system prompts baïn to specNeáuy the dimension of the hole, relative to the reference.

Linear ReferencesTo specNeáuy the references for a linear scheme, pick two edges, planar surfaces, or axes, or any combination thereof (see the next figure).

Radial and Diameter ReferencesWhen baïn create a radial or diameter hole, baïn coù theå dimension the hole relative to a reference axis by using the radial, diameter, or linear dimension type. Baïn coù theå redefine the dimension type by choosing the Dim Type element from the dialog box for this feature.

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For diameter holes, the placement dimension locates the hole with the dimension centered on the central axis.

Tip: Placing a Hole on a Concave SurfacePro/ENGINEER does not allow baïn to place radial holes directly on concave cylindrical or conical surfaces, because the hole does not completely intersect the concave surface.

To place a hole on a convex surface, use the linear dimensioning scheme.

Note that for a cylindrical concave surface, baïn coù theå use the Through > Axis, Angle > Plane datum to place the hole (specNeáuy the hole as One Side). In this case, the angular dimension driving the hole placement will be at 90 degrees to the hole’s axis.

2. FEATURE : SHAFT, NECK and FLANGE

To Create a ShaftShafts are analogous to sketched holes. Both are created by sketching sections of revolution then placing them on the model. However, shafts add material instead of removing it.

1. As with sketched holes, baïn must sketch the centerline axis of revolution as vertical, and 2. Place the topmost portion of the section on the placement plane. 3. Because material is added for a shaft, the shaft projects away from the chi tieát instead of into the

chi tieát.Note: The Shaft option on either the SOLID menu or the Insert menu is available when the

configuration file option allow_anatomic_features is set to yes.

Example: Creating a ShaftThe following figure illustrates a shaft feature.=================================================================================Trang 80

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To Create a NeckA neck is a special type of revolved slot that creates a groove around a revolved chi tieát or feature.

Baïn always create a neck on a Through > Axis datum plane and sketch it inside the chi tieát. Baïn must align both ends of the section to the revolved surface of the parent feature.

1. Choose Neck from the SOLID menu, or choose Insert > Advanced > Neck. 2. Choose an option from the ANGLE menu to specNeáuy the number of degrees in the revolution.3. Create or select a Through > Axis datum plane as the sketching plane. 4. Sketch the neck cross section open with the ends aligned to the silhouette edge of the chi tieát or

feature.5. Sketch the centerline that becomes the axis of rotation.In creating a neck, Pro/ENGINEER revolves the section around the chi tieát to the specNeáuied angle measure, removing the material inside the section.

Note: The Neck option on either the SOLID menu or the Insert menu is available when the configuration file option allow_anatomic_features is set to yes.

Example: Neck FeatureThe following figure illustrates a neck feature.

Sketching the section

Perspective view of the section

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The completed feature

To Create a Flange1. Choose Flange from the SOLID menu, or choose Insert > Advanced > Flange.2. Choose an option from the ANGLE menu to specNeáuy the number of degrees of revolution.3. Set up or select a Through/Axis datum plane as the sketching plane. 4. Sketch the flange cross section open with the ends aligned to the silhouette edge of the revolved

chi tieát or feature.5. Sketch the centerline that will become the axis of rotation.A flange is analogous to a neck, except it adds material to the revolved solid. Therefore, baïn should sketch the section outside the chi tieát.

Note: The Flange option on either the SOLID menu or the Insert menu is available when the configuration file option allow_anatomic_features is set to yes.

Example: Creating a FlangeThe following figure illustrates a flange feature.

Sketching the section

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Perspective view of the section

The completed feature

3. CHAMFERSTo Create an Edge ChamferAn edge chamfer removes a flat section of material from a selected edge to create a beveled surface between the two original surfaces common to that edge.

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Baïn coù theå select multiple edges to create an edge chamfer.

1. Choose SOLID > Chamfer > Edge, or Insert > Chamfer > Edge Chamfer.2. Choose the desired dimensioning scheme for the edge chamfer:

   45 x d—Create a chamfer that is at an angle of 45 degrees to both surfaces and a distance d from the edge along each surface. The dimension appears as "45 x d", but baïn coù theå modNeáuy the distance, d, only. Baïn coù theå create 45 x d chamfers only on an edge formed by the intersection of two perpendicular surfaces.

   d x d—Create a chamfer that is at a distance d from the edge along each surface. Neáu baïn modNeáuy the chamfer, the system displays the distance as the only dimension.

   d1 x d2—Create a chamfer at a distance d1 from the selected edge along one surface and a distance d2 from the selected edge along the other surface. The system displays both distances along their respective surfaces when baïn modNeáuy the chamfer.

   Ang x d—Create a chamfer at a distance d from the selected edge along one adjacent surface, at a specNeáuied angle to that surface. The system displays both values as dimensions when baïn modNeáuy the chamfer. Baïn coù theå use this option between two planar surfaces only.

3. Enter dimensions at the prompt.4. Select edges to chamfer and choose Done Sel and Done Refs.5. Click OK in the dialog box.

Example: Defining an Edge ChamferThis diagram shows dNeáuferent chamfer dimensioning schemes.

To Create a Corner ChamferA corner chamfer removes material from the corner of a chi tieát.

1. Choose SOLID > Chamfer > Corner, or Insert > Chamfer > Corner Chamfer.

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===========================================================Sử dụng Pro/E 2001=============2. Select the corner baïn want to chamfer.3. The system displays the PICK/ENTER menu, which allows baïn to specNeáuy the location of the

chamfer vertex on the highlighted edge. The PICK/ENTER menu options are as follows:   Pick Point—Pick a point on the highlighted edge to define the chamfer distance along that

edge.   Enter-input—Type in a value for the chamfer distance along the highlighted edge.

4. Pick or enter values to describe the chamfer lengths along the edge. After baïn have selected the first vertex, Pro/ENGINEER highlights the other edges, one at a time, so baïn coù theå place the other two vertices

5. Click OK in the dialog box.

Example: Corner Chamfer

4. RIBSAbout a Rib FeatureA rib is a special type of protrusion designed to create a thin fin or web that is attached to a chi tieát. Baïn always sketch a rib from a side view, and it grows symmetrically about the sketching plane.

Because of the way ribs are attached to the parent geometry, they are always sketched as open sections. A rib must "see" material everywhere it attaches to the chi tieát; otherwise, it becomes an unattached feature.

There are two types of ribs—straight and rotational. The following sections describe ribs in detail.

Straight RibsRibs that are not created on Through/Axis datum planes are extruded symmetrically about the sketching plane. Baïn must still sketch the ribs as open sections.

Because baïn are sketching an open section, Pro/ENGINEER may be uncertain about the side to which to add the rib. The system displays the DIRECTION menu after the rib section has been regenerated. Pro/ENGINEER adds all material in the direction of the arrow. Neáu the incorrect choice is made, modNeáuy the arrow direction using the FEAT menu option Redefine.

Rotational RibsBaïn create rotational ribs on Through > Axis datum planes. Baïn sketch the rib to the silhouette of the parent feature. To create the solid geometry, Pro/ENGINEER revolves the section about the axis of the parent, making a wedge that is symmetrical about the sketching plane. Pro/ENGINEER then

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trims the wedge with two planes parallel to the sketching surface; the distance between these planes corresponds to the thickness of the rib.

Baïn coù theå place a rotational rib on any surface of revolution. Note that the angled surface of the rib is conical, not planar.

Example: Straight and Rotational RibsStraight Rib

Side view (section sketch indicated by arrow)

Front view (Material is added to both sides of the datum.)

Result

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Top view (conical surface is indicated by arrow)

Side view (Material is added to both sides of datum.)

Result (conical surface is indicated by arrow)

Valid rotational ribs

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Invalid rotational ribsThe rib cannot be revolved about both protrusions.

The rib does not pass through the axis.

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5. SHELLSTo Create a ShellThe Shell option removes a surface or surfaces from the solid then hollows out the inside of the solid, leaving a shell of a specNeáuied wall thickness.

When Pro/ENGINEER makes the shell, all the features that were added to the solid before baïn chose Shell are hollowed out. Therefore, the order of feature creation is very important when baïn use shell.

1. Choose Shell from the SOLID menu, or choose Insert > Shell.2. The system displays the feature creation dialog box. Neáu desired, select the optional element

Spec Thick to specNeáuy thicknesses individually. Click Define.3. Select a surface or surfaces to be removed. When baïn have finished, choose Done Refs from the

FEATURE REFS menu.4. Enter the thickness of the wall. This thickness applies to all surfaces except those to which baïn

assign a dNeáuferent thickness.5. Neáu baïn chose the Spec Thick element, Pro/ENGINEER displays the SPEC THICK menu, which lists

the following options:   Set Thicknss—Set thicknesses for the individual surfaces.   Reset to Def—Reset the surfaces to the default thickness.

Choose Set Thicknss. Select a surface and enter the thickness. Continue this process until baïn have specNeáuied all the surfaces baïn want. When baïn have finished, choose Done from the SPEC THICK menu.

6. To create the shell, select OK from the dialog box (see the following figure). Neáu baïn entered a positive value for the thickness, material will be removed, leaving the shell thickness "inside" the chi tieát. However, Neáu baïn entered a negative value, the shell thickness is added to the "outside" of the chi tieát.

RestrictionsNote the following restrictions on creating shell features:

   Baïn coù theånot add shells to any chi tieát that has a surface that moves from tangency to a point.

   Baïn coù theånot select a surface to be removed that has an adjacent surface to which it is tangent.

   Baïn coù theånot select a surface to be removed that has a vertex created by the intersection of three curved surfaces.

   Neáu the chi tieát has a corner between more than three surfaces, the shell feature may be geometrically undefined; in this case, Pro/ENGINEER highlights the trouble area. The surface to be removed must be surrounded by edges (a fully revolved surface of revolution is not valid) and the surfaces that intersect the edge must form an angle through the solid geometry of less than 180 degrees. As long as this condition is met, baïn coù theå pick all the sculpted surfaces as the surface to be removed.

   When baïn select surfaces that have other surfaces tangent to them for independent thickness, all surfaces that are tangent must have the same thickness, or the shell feature fails. For example, Neáu baïn shell a chi tieát that contains a hole and baïn want the thickness of the hole wall to be

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dNeáuferent from the overall thickness, baïn must pick both surfaces (cylinders) that make up the hole, then offset them the same distance.

   By default, a shell creates geometry with constant wall thickness. Neáu the system cannot create a constant thickness, the shell feature fails.

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