.amuy+r 01 m d ~ y a m r uo&+ ~ I W Y (WP r w w rrwu. .pwJ rat m p q v m ap Y

rr1uarw8m.p u m a ~ / o jam utniod o o ~ r r ~ w ~ a d u ~ r r c o u n g m 01 md arpnvow ornl lm o f r p r w w u u ~ d w ~ LI/W n p , n / i w / q a p r w w p u a w q 7 r w ' p n ~ ~ ~ o r q q r u t d m p ma.! ap wuarmnwrmfo.p n n b ~ m n f r a u n t r J r ~

l,r*fIl+Bp UDS.<od m ~ l f ~ q l r u > J O 1 N I 13 w11;)npoad 01 ~ n s ~ 3 t ) w l o d ~ )Ddwl ln3J r p s 3 U I W ~ ~ p l s u 0 3 l r r r r r r,rnua/ss-J .anbr,JV w l rw np u n l ~ w r p s r u z w luor~miwl r a ~ r w p rmrr-lnpnnf "1 u m l l p u q p s-qq *rrlr~bm ' a j p ~ r ~ 1 1 . 1 p r a l ' ~ j 1 1 i j l P j o ~ laSouj)wqp o n b r r o ~ d rrru>~?Jf'p raf rrrep U ~ I I O J I U ~ W I X U ~JP-J

a ~ n l a t v h p +-UUD ua ~JUDIIJJJM uoff-1qmad dun z t r u o ~ v l r;l r ~ o m n u j e u w fa t u n u n x a w t w u p w r u n ~ a l m m r u s r o ~ w p uotj>npo~dap nuq-11 a7 w r v n p o ~ d 01 o swtl --J a 1 rtran>rl?wo no rupn,mrw w IID IWWPWI I W ~ V D ~ u3 r m z S ~ I W D ~ ~ W J S.U A J I W W J ~ S r p JUOJIPYUU~ I R ~

. a ~ w 7 ~ ap wnbrmrd rap n p r q m w np pwd?p ~ i w np w*r>mpo~d ~1 ap wimmrpurv. 7 ogonb?~ / *.r.ra~ryap r+ mb nutu npstuory;ru&r w u p aruuAssd cap~nr1na r w r m q d o up 'pr np rruaqyur ? r r l ~ t ~ a f m , t n o w q rnaulpp rm42 p ~ n q r ~ ~ r o ma san0.1 ap r n b t ~ j y w pnuuu r a m n n w ap rnv~ a ~ m f .*'I r q ~ m - r w n p a r d o ~ g n w z rap j)tmomqd o n m [ DI o w r a ~ n m ~ d qos m o o n q ap r u n lv-4 Ilw a 7 : a n b t l j v t 1 a l u 3 w a p u a A a1 J W 1 1 ! q m l ~ m $ 3 ~ a 1 1 1 a w ~ n l w I U m P s a J I I ) 1 n J 3p e a n b l l m a d

.uot.ia~ a u u d - r y l n u ~ p rryr U I qqrrmaj A ~ U rpln.~ ~ R D I S

I.cltr I,.B-,JU~ .untt~nrr lnwruo h r r n 01 r . p r puny l u o r l .a tnrrr pun xlrrrr rl.ryl /rl ' L J ? ~ ~ U . ' / .+yl arnadurf n>r~/t.. I b . 8 1, /o W I ~ O J J puu.rtu+r 241 Jb s,aw~ul' / / .pnrn>rrp .nu w m . n a~n~ro .ar r l o arn dyr .+zrwrr~/u my1 r u r c r n d tt,r.rnrrlwl -r>rrrro/,d-u,norr, ry j ur .rjrlrpolro.w ~ t a y r p u o v o r r ~ n ~ , d w, r>odaur ~r,rrua~rd ray^ fo rurar ' 1 1 r , . , v r r t ~ r , r . r .,rn r,ojln[.wat1~~ . n > r ~ / l /b F Q ~ J ~ dur n,ri-i w/~rur ofm mu .+I+J or uc,runpzd u//rru lualo*rirvr I I . ) ~ r , , o l r u r r r , .,.rr,y p1r~t.' IUI,I c~.>rr>nrri ju.ruraduuuur do,, PUP .lWs .II?IIUJ/ C ~ I I > U ~ ~ d o d c t q ~

.crna i a r t n u lojirs N I ~ I J I . ~ atuen. .+.a~.,omnX YO 110an pt~,j+ ayj U I P/.+,< ~ Z I ~ U I I D U I

1 ' / ' R a t p , r u , r # r < r t ~ ~ r r ~ . r r l f n ~ ~ , f 2 - y . r . r , n u w . r d u.>rcrfgwr.f .,yr du , l o~d lu t do .iuruiorurr,ur puu s p p ~ t ~p jo l s "rr~pr .urrJa~~ym M f s R W V I aray~ >u)v>r>w m y , n>rr~wrri malurahuoru pun /orr>mtu ruotrl u r ~ * p d r p uns .'T*>IJ w ~ p w p r n u ~ d w l . r y o ~ u d jy.itrup juanbar) pun .swrrrruJu lurnj/ru t p r u ~ j u n puo p j ~ w r l '.t:rpru/

@*erl rwaayu~ ~ r m t ~ o / w r y r o ~ p r r n y f ~ r r r n u o r A , un>r~/-y ma ryr vt rrv, yz.norj w r v n p ~ n l ~ o s u v ~ "01 ' % I .-,rrforr p r m . r u r zyr)n b w r o l ~ / u ~ o r no1 pun rlroc r x r l J ~ J nr lvr!npn / r # a ~ a , .af,lnw rr .7 r l p w l t u a ~

ma!JJV u! laII!lMI IJmad J o Ll!l!qlr)~ PP!A putt play& asttamu~ 0 1 s a ~ n ~ s ~ ~ ~ a u r a t r u a ~

Pearl mrlkt (Pcnnmum MCIICMUS) u l i ~ p L c a rea l best Ldaptcd to the bw fmrllty w l h mod tnquently drought-prow ocmc-ud I r o p W d M ~ and l n d ~ r 14 18 grown on an uuautcd 27 mtltlon h. m these two repom. wtlh 56% of I& prodMlOI1 Afrtu ( F A 0 19858) In Afnu . mqor p u r l mllW growrng a r c u a n tn W u t Alma (83%) .MI the Sudan (8%). m thc Sahcltan (MD-(100 mm annual rnnhll) and chc Sudanun (600-WO mm) blodlmalu zones Of the 11 mdt~on ha grown In West Afn-. N~gcna (28%) u the I a r p t produar, followed by N~ger (2296). and Ma11 (1096) The d~scusnon paper e confined to ~ m p l ~ a t l o n r for these pnnc~pal m~llct-growing rcgronr of Afnca

Of all the natons ol sub-Saharan Afnca (SSA) West Afnca has rhoun the rlowol growth rate for total food producnon, msbnly due to the ver) In* produccron rate of the mqor stapler soaham and m~llet and the declrne In the groundnut cash crop produalon (Fpcncer and Slvakumar 1987) The small Increase In total food productton hm b-n a I m m exclusively due to tncrcasn In cu~llvaled arc. (Swlndajc 1985) Thc new land tendsto be in poorer. marginal cropptng .nu T ~ I S sugsests tshnoloclc- .I change hm had bttte impact on food produalon In general. and mtllct produrnon In p a n l c u l ~ Early deccnpt~onr (Dumls 1905) of mtlkt fartntng S W e m In the regton dtfier litlk from current farming methods Pmrr (lPB5a)c11ci FAOStatUIlQth~~tndl- caw lor Afrtca to meet 11s food meds In the year MOO. creased productton wilt haw to come from increased ylcld per h a t a x (SIW), rather than from crpandcd~ultlvmlcd arws(279b). or from more than onc crop per year on thc samc land (22%)

Mzllet IS trad~t~onally rtrerved for ltght rand\ low fert,lrry sotls In areas where rainfall n low and drought common Fcw ycld-mncrcs~ng 1npu1s arc "red Manlgcmcnt strsteglcs using mainly hand labor. are cxttnsive rkthcr than lnlcnslw The crop ,, w~th low plant poputattom. normally In association wrth other crops. pmrcubrly c0Wpc.s ( Vtgna ungu~culata [L 1 Walp ) and sofghum (Sor- ghum b~color [L 1 Mocwh) M~llcL graln S used primarily for human consumplaon. howcvcr the straw 1s Important tor constructton and as standlnn dry fodder for antmal product~on systcm

Improved millet produn~on In the West A f n c ~ n semi-and cropla (WASAT) should wly on man- agement p r a c t w that lncrcuc y~eMs. when PosSl- blc. w h ~ k bmprovlng pmdunton stabd~ty m both coed and poor rainfall y u n Farmcn' producclon

uabeu.blluod .--,-.------ y*ld- tion from y u r - 1 o . w . md W mmrnsl a un)aa of r u n from good to poM 7

A l t b o d E @ u m b ( l P f ) ~ . N ~ ~ . I (1912). and Njoku uld M ~ j m d d t (lW haw pmpaad other Lmtttn~l.Oorr. the ~ U I b o n amn&S c1p.1 f r a o n bmttmg m t l k errrcMs m U AS AT to bc In o r d n of pnonty (I) u l k m t Lo* b ffmw. Itm~ced and u n t d y ar l tunl p-. .od (3) lk frcqucnt occurnno, 01 drought pcnods T k tba two facton arc more l ~ m r t i q Ibm moytws la mou p r s In w a n ohm d . I l Is m d e q ~ t e . waIu-usc e K ~ c m m and )uldr u n bc lmprovsd by i n p w lhu addme these two f m o n fbc tmprovnncm ol millet produalon otll rclr onmanw=ni p""Kn thm overcome thue l lm~ulton, w h ~ k iruuncll)rrld ttabll~t\ and mnnlcnancr or lmprovrmcni of rhc produnlon mourcc base lnpurr b3 -ty. *dl have to be a,.tlahk to the resource-poor f u a r r

Fertilitv Mnnsgemcnt of Millet Production Systems

The poor fcntlity of mtllel seals In W ASAT a 1 pnnc1p.l Itm~tat~on to mcn8sCd d k l PC&

matter (OM). ava~lablc phosphorous (P), told t ropn (N), and the callon cxchanp upp.ar).(CE arc all low (re+ Tabk 4, Spe"en ud 1987) Conststently low v l d s pr hoauc rn I regton arc tndtcatiw ofthu poor fentllly T r d W ally. farmers haw mmagcd thtrc poor SO&

Enasolr and Alfisolr, b y extended faUowa(. Ti permas hutld up of avmlablr N. P, and OM (a m u 1972, Nve and Gmnland 1 9 6 0 , J o a a d W 1975) Thc increase In land use duc to tlon and population growth has reduced or elin naled the fallou pcrlod and farmen h** be f o r d to cult~vate marenal lands

MJlet produmon a largely dncnntad bY ' a\utabrlrt) of P and N In the so11 W- (Fa I). and moisture The Dutch-Mak- PW' productton secondarn (PPS) conclvdal ' prmclpal limttlng factor to anlmrl a d P- 4' ttonm the Sahcl x p o n was l~Wr~tlfm*rY pd dcfrcmnc~sare morc limlungthan low ratnfaII(PcnntngdcVwS and b t e F 1982). H@ l~clds and ~ntenstfied use pat1ernswU em nvtnents and dcpletc the rtWUm b.rffftWN loutng crop, unkrr the nutwnts rrplOOk $ pri%tngt:ly. thtr scenano ha5 h.d Ill* nattond lenllxzer use In sub-s.hWn AfW IS the l o m t In thc W M I ~ at 6 4 L;Oh.-IFA0

Si m l m u n roll l c n ~ h y W h ~ k tmmcdute rot1 fcntItty ~mPmvrmcn1 WI)~ h r ~ l ) come lrom ddcd fkunm fcnlhzrn the Incarporargon of cmp rcmducr .MI manun Inlo the produn~on s p t m rrr rrakd to Insum 11s rt*btlay (Purl I9$Sa)

Althoulh other nulncnu such u sulfur. may "SUmc tmportme m sonramas only p.6 N rrll

C o M d e ~ d ~ C ~ U S C 01 thegeneral and pmponder. ant Ilm~tat~ons lhcy p l w on prodwtlon

Phosphorom F1fure ' "mddilm o'N~~OWL P b S -

Marked P d c h c ~ n c a In thr MI*^ pradmni uh pb-.Ddpand (Worr 1%)

- on pcut Inin* Cmin Y* of WAqAT arc u+ll documcn~cd Rcwarch by the French sovcrnmcnl Troprcal Agronomy Rcrc.rth Imcftutc InS111ul dc Rcfhercha Agronom~qm Tropt- C J ~ el d o Cultum \'lvrltrcs (1RA7) and the ~ ~ n ~ f ~ n l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ a ~ ~ h a h o u n h ~ t ~ o a WASAT n.l,ond pograms r.unlh

~ ~ m a l o r c o n ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ o m ~ l k ~ ~ ~ ~ u n l o n m U . ~ ~ * T uvrL of Ihr Intr~n~tranal F ~ ~ ~ I , ~ ~ lkvelopmcnl iMu108ho IqB5) The P r W K C of m* Cenler(lFDC)rnd lCRj(*T shon,thrr lhcmqc,r

cl'ni "'I' * 1nco190ra~ln~ $1 . COmPOqi mrlkl producing %oil ~ I a u p , am bu In p RAT mulch Or manure docs help 10 repicnlsh P dnd 1971 Barlono .I I P & S ~ I ) ~ ~ , ~ ~ 1910.19~1 mll,cl h mml*ln tlclds ( C h a ~ a u rlcou 1.71 responded W C I I 10 l m p m c o m b l d ,,hosph.lc

19'1 pEhOr W74 Can* 1978 C n ~ l r z e r ~ l B ~ ~ i o n o c ~ s l 1985) A J ~frr,ljun,gr,,n 1985a and Ganry and ieklr8r10 IS pwsthk (Fig 1, and plchot ~~k

knhcau) Addltlond *nfiu occur u hen kntitzer 1972) such .u~slmllal

Imw, h, hn and OM malnlenane lechnlsv. us* u h ~ v e d ~ t h I W ~ I . .,,,j .lot. 10Bethcr(F1(1 2). but the llmrlcd avarlab~l~ty of thew

M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , 1k ,.,.ld suyrlooly of lmpmd cultl- Pr*'as m t m I* a p p ~ ~ ~ o n of lhfi s l - l e ~ 10 vanpnera j jymun In ~ k p r e y n E L o ~ ~ e q U ~ t e I O I ~ P (Fussell, personal communrcatlon)

several countrlcs of WASAT have natural rock CR - Crop Residue F - Fert i l tzcr phosphale (RP) depos118 The use of RP for drrcct

2M)o

- 1600-

-E

2 1200- - 0 - U

; aw- - 9

400-

A r I'bhed lo market f ahow RP lhc adoptton nlc by

farmem h a km low 'bw Effm * g n u r- n Part1.l x tdu l . t r l nc reus the . ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ t y ~p

Ig madue W*.un (Sadre. M ~ n s u w a better 1nrt18l r a p o w h *on- b 1985) ""On crop such as mlllcl Recent -h In N ~ p r

SE CR + F a p p l ~ ~ t l o n aPPated lo k an econnmtc means or P

I

F

-

CR I

Control

fcrtlhzatlon +ha eneoura~td enrlir researchm ro look 81 RP u a Prourcc Uones 1973. Truonget a1 1978) The t f l ~ ~ l l v c n ~ s ~ of RPdepnds on IU chcml- cal and mlncral compoeitlon, sol1 factors and thr C ~ O P grown Lnfonunarcly. early research on ths fits1 Afrtcan RPs found thca agronomtc c f f c ~ ~ ~ ~ ness llmltcd due lo low rcartivlt), u ~ t h a rcrultsnl jnahlllty to SUPPI) adequate P tn thc so11 soluiron (TrU0n.g el 81 1978) honetheless, the RPr 01 Mall (TlJemsr R P) m d h~ger(Tahoua RP) aresuTT,rrenr~y soluble to be used for dtrect appl~caeon L I F ~ OI

inflml response lo the added U P dtuouraped thelr In Nlpr even though ~ p t ~ o n a ~ product~on. dl*.

trlhuf~on and cxlcnslon efforts have been enlab-

-

SSPH a phrwal form u m r h 10 SLP arr a p p l d plant~np x ~ t h thc fint suktantul r u m to optlmu ..-...-...- CunraUy. m N y r a n d B u r h a F u o i a u l h o r t -

m~ncnlued 'r uptaAr and v*Ms ( G m l a n d 1954 t t o are conrdmng loul producr~on and dnlnhu- Jones and W lid 1975. bh . r t r b . 19791 ... -- ~ton d .obuhed RP /

0 I I I I I 1

15 30 4 5 60 7 5 90 0

Fate PzO$ (kg ha-')

F l~u re 3. Effect of phosphow wourcn and ra la on milk: pin yield ISC, Niger. rainy s e w n 1985. (SSP = slngle superphosphate; SSPN - SSP + nltro(m. TSP - Triple rupcrphospbte; PA 50 and PA 2s: parthlly neidulmlcd rock ~ h w ~ h . t e t r u t d with 50 or 25% rutfurlc a d ; PRA - rock phorpbrte appllcd aonwOy;

shows that most RPs, such as found at Pare-W and Kpemc. Increase yields up to 9% 17 5% of Stn$le 9upcr Phosphate added (cqul\alent quan:lO of P) when [hey arc 5(Wbac1dulated(Flg 3. and Bat~onoct al 1985) More than three-fold Increases In millet vleld hare been produced on Ent~sols In Niger Slm- ~ l a r results have bccndemotUlrated In Malt Burklna Faso, and Senegal (Batlono el *I 1985)

Flnd~ngs at the farmer level habe been less spec- tacular (44-13% yleld 1ncreaseS) but economical even In the scvcrest droughl years (ICRISAT 1985) Flnanclal returnswere hlghen at 24 hg hclOf acldu- Iated RP when m~llct wassown wtlhthc first rams of 169 and 422 mm In two vtllages In western Niger Moreover, there were Important rcs~dualelfccts of P In the second year becauw unused P undcrgocs llllk learh~ng as compared to N Thls a consistent wlth other rtsults (ICRISAT 1985)

The Importaw of mvcorrhlzal act)\ tr\ lo Improve P a\a~lah~l i t \ In WASAT IS under tn\e%u~al~on bv ICRISAT Prcllmlnaq data ~nd~catc h~gh lewls of mycorrhlzrl actl\a) Thls rexarch should rmlvr a high pnontb In the hght of the good crop responw to small appl~uttonr of P Better undcrstand~ng of m)corrhrzaI cllcets on P uptahc and In posrlbk man~pulatton should kad to more efficient wc of applled P

Suhstan~lal. financlallc fcasthlc bleld rncrcaW nrc poss~hle at the farm level through the Use pan~all) ac~dulared loul RP Adapted c ~ h l v f i u ~ t h lmprovcd fen~luu-responslrenen. wU ~"b* the farmer to tncrcwc ha return from fcrllhrer Moreo\tr. because P fcrt~l~zers can be applld ud ~ncorpontcd before plmt~ng. the add111od requlrcmcnts do not mte~ere anh c n t d p h t " L or crop maintenance operattons Anduhtcd R P m

the pmcrn ri 1974) poor11 bul loslng appl adequate r mtlk: a a lollow~np oucutrron corn1 ~ca! and plr look thc I1

cdrlt In th

URSP / /.

s

m Y - v - - 01 - a c

_ _ - c - - . CANBI

Rate N ( k ~ ha-') . - 'lure 4 ERm ofdHlnoll sources. n t a , tmc, and methods of placement o f n ~ t r w n applieacian on pearl 1Ikt F81n pdd. ISC, Ntger. n iny s e w n I985 (LRSP = urcs rpll: application; CANSP = ulcium n-um nhmc. sp* mpplfcation; CANBD = CAN banding 30 DAE, URBl = u r n broadurling with - i ~ 0 30 DAE; 1:RBD = urea banding 30 DAE; CANBI = CAh brosdcasting with incorporation IS hE).

will tmprare w i m N o applrod m s@tt dacr after planting (fig 4. and Mughoao et a1 1985). thu may run dwap b c t h c w c ( E ~ ~ ~ v b . 1978) Ustng spl~t doraga c m wdvl wtlh other mtv~tur . such u w&dlng. tf chcrr u a labor shonagc a1 thu ILmC

Organic N Sourccl

The use of kymtnour crop rotations (Pten 1985a) and Intercrop planuny wtth cereals to prov~dc N are Imponant ferc~ltty mmagemcnt pr rcum I n N ~ p r . mrlln ytclds lnnrnrtd more than two-fold where mtllet followed 1 year of grodndnuts (Brown 1978) Stmtlrrobscrvat~onn have been made In the ground- nut bum of Senegal I t IS not clear uhcthcr the t n c r e d yleldf were due to the rcs~dual effect of h' from the kgume, or the res~dual P not used by the legume(Pltr~ 1985a) Howcvcr.there~sev~dence of a comblned res~dual effect of the two (ICRISAT 1985) In low rainfall years the amount ofsymb~otlc N fixed IS reduced by as much ar 60% In a groundnut crop, but II nd l constnutes an imponant and tnex- ~ I U ~ V C source d N (Pten 1985a. who cl tn Ganry ;nd Wey)

A vtablc management strategy a to apply P to a legum~nouscash crop and follow thls with nonfenll- \zed millet Such a kgume/mdlet crop rotatton has bun w~dely p rac t l d In Sencpd for many yeas, and may In pan mount lor the hqhcr average m~llet y~clds In Senegal compared to N t ~ r I t IS posslbk that s t i~p cropplng certsls and legumes could con- tnhutc to lmorovtd wmd eroplon control ar nTll 0s . .

provtdlng a ~o r l ah l c crop rotatton system Strateg~c manrgcment of a I~$umlnOu% IntCrCrOP

In a given year can atso ~ n c r ~ m r n l \ e t yields I n Mall total crop ynld l n c r c d up to 100% wlth a mdlcli coupes system where the cowpea tnlercrop uas removed w d after the crops were sown Ir appears that Itm~tcd amounts of symb~ot~a~IIy fixed N may become avatlabk to t h ~ mtlla portron of the mter- crnp after thc courpca haws4

The product~vlty ofthe p.btoral s)ncm 1s ~mpor- tmt to the WASAT economy The w of extended fallow pernod% has been an nnponant fcmltty main-

tenance dratcgy Research on the pwslblc contr~bv- tlons of leguminous pastures to fodder and N feml- IIY kvel has been neglected Ov+rsoulng legume^ such IS Slylmnlhes into a mdkt crop a a manage- mentotrategy chat mertts stud) I t mav contribute N tothe bllowlng m~lktcrop and prov~dc hlghqualtt~ pLItures a well

Agroforestry 1s important as a w u m of N tc

malkt rroppac SvSUmr Speorr ush a A- .ib,da DCI dd up to 1 ha-' of h' to thr nopp tw

synem for mwy t r a pmrnt Tbcrr art also Imp-- tan1 wtd- e l f a (C-U ud V d a l l W ) Such V p E n o m ollclvaud a d WhC~unfSd In the trrdlt+oo.l (yr\rma and nopr undn the Ire6 )XU much hlgbLT tb.. thOI awa) from the trccs (Char- r u u and V d d 1965) H m m , tbu srtuauon could be mislmcrpidcd beuw of the mvcngng nature of the root% that are away from the 1 W . and because the tm art urcd b? blrdr for romtlnp and by cattk for rhde, mulung tn manure betng coa- centrated around the I ran (Breman ct al 198% w o n a l wm.nunmt>oa) ?\orrcthtlc$s tsuw of the imponam of agroforntr) tn reducing wlnd eroslon and mcrerrlng yr ldr (ur lalcr rectlonrl. the use of lcgumtnous lrces In assoclatlon wllh mlliet productton should he cncourapcd

Improved bcnil l l) and H alcr-Use Efftciency

l m p r o ~ d fenJ11) ma> or ms) nor lncrcsre watn UK, but 81 docs Improve water-urccfficlcnc) (WUE) In two contrutlng ratnfdl years at the ICRISAT Sahehan Center (ISC) (1964.2% mm runfall. 1985, 540 mm runfall), ml l ln crops w~th and wlthoul fer- t~hrer used slmllar amounts of water wttbln c r b year (ICRISAT 1984, ICRlSAT 1985) The of

fentl~rer produecd up to 75% more total dry maim (TDM) and g u n yeld AS a result water-w ctency was much bgher under ~mprovad Ic~tthW lmprovlng thc Ierul~t! oftbcsotl will ~rnprox WUE help stahtl~rc producuon tn poor wars. and cnlbk the crop to cxplo~t good runfall yeas

Soil Management of Miilet Production Systems

The phvncrl propenter of the sandy-lextud 'Oib uhcrc m~llct IS groun are poor Low surf= pmO* 11, seal structure. suscepltb~l~t) tocnr~lfofl* and low water-holding capncfly arc the 1 m ~ ~ ~ ~ Ilmttlnp propcrtlcr Improtcd cult~vatlOn P~M cnhanw the bencflts from the U3C of 0rgaW ad tnorgantc fenlllratton (Toune 197 1. C h m u N~cou 1911. IRA7 1975. Eghartvb. 1979. * 1W5a) E u l ~ r r r r m h e n c x p l o d bedtu 3 pnmar) t~llagc. and In rerent Fan.

I

effects oi modtfying the wt l surf.~cc conf@ haw mx~vcd attentton (N~cou and C h . m

fh hr - dfsu of ul ly l a ~ t from (MdJ byU k t ) , wbrb &aaczs rn pmuen- u" laPuung l a u k r m o w q a& tm- prmy% WUE T ~ l l y also mncurporats organr matter m-pmm vesd wntrol. and Improw ~ , l motstun comenauon Yuld m n e r t ~ g d ~ to IIII* alone qurauutrvcl) modest 1n the a k n of 01hcr nunrgcmcnr cahnqun ( F I ~ 5) T~IYMC~IS- ' " e ~ ~ o f t t h ~ ~ r n t h ddcd I cn~ l~ t y and lmproMd flnot1.p are m t l d to 11s value When 1 ~ 1 1 ~ ~ vu -ompanled by other Inputs ~ I C O U and Charmu (1985) mpondd an alTr.pr 2291 \ I ~M lncreuc from ;k dlrferml cxpcnmcnu 5 leld mdtan~rgea from Pr1m.n l l l la~r a.r rrahk or Incrcalc In the drwrl

tPlen 19858 Pmhrr caed b, Plcr~ 1 9 ~ ~ a j Raued bulk dcnsttb and I n w w d porora>

rten In ten sand\ sollc Impro\n root penrtrallon ('KOU 1974. Ch0~Wl and ~ K O U 1976, Chopan 1963. hrcou and Charrcau 1985) Poros~t~ tncrewes

normdl11 In the order of 10 2 6 t\lcou and Chafreau 19851 vhlch douhler root d n wight dur. In€ IhC first 50 d (Chopan 1983) Extcnrtve rootlng Improves to erlstmng and appl~ed I en~ l~ r y (Ch.rreau and Nrou 1971 j Stnce the plant can mom fully explolf the proCk. 11 can uu more or the 'vulabk moisture, M d may k better able to resist dmughf ( C h o w 1975) At the ISC. bulk denntm prior to t111.e uc In the order of I 55-1 65 m I After Illla& t h y arc reduced lo I U) I m J ( 1 ~ ~ 1 . SAT 1985) 1984. an extreme drought year (240 mmj. fDM y ~ l d r tncreued b) i ? - z ~ d ~ e 10 plow. InE Orrtdplng(JCR1SAT 1985) In 1985. an average runfdl war mm) tbc 11eld a n e w d m 10

'dl** In I& presence oladqrutc kn~ l t t y w u 7% at tht KC, a result of I n e n a d r m t ~ n l and improved moluuw urc I F I ~ 5 )

~ U W thc m~ l k t 10th of WASAT are KJIC. Poorly :tWturrd and b u K m , haw low eauon e~chanlrcapeltc and *ater holdlngcapac~ty. man- w n 8 thetr oreanr mauer starus IS Important fhe u* of 111llpc to Incorporate mop m ~ d u c (FIE 2). and an1m.l manures, may Improw araanm matter status

Weds s* controlkd by prlmary atd -ndary "IIPpe. ucll as through veedrng operattons ancr the clop emerged Profile-tn\erttn8 pr~mary 111.

h e . which burl= wcds. or a thorough fint w. ("6. or both operalloni comb~wd, r r d w the & ror*uhqequcnl wrrdlny thus arving labor W a . In6 a one of the crll~crl labor bortkneckr In ,,,any U AFAT tradlt~onal ~\srrrns U'lth adequate weed rnnlrol CompCtltlon for nutrlcntv and mnlrlurc

durtng the cr111ca1 secdllng cs~abl~rhment rlagc

Soil molwrc can br ronsrncd at t h ~ end or the LC-on wnh end-of-reason ullage operatlorn that ellmmrte weeds (Charrcau and htcou 1971, jones

1975, Nlcou and Charrcau 1985) Th~r may have m ImPonmt bencfiilal cflcct on the followtngcrop, the season a dry (Dancette and NICOU 1974, ctted by Dancctte md Hall 1979. Chopan m d Nlcou 1976)

The benefits oftllllge only become subsunltd fin assoflallon ulth other Improved practtms l1kc the Use 01 ~ ~ P o n M t plant matcn&lr A fcnlltrcr-m~. Porul* WnolYpe, grown wlrh adequate fertll~ty, 1mPr0vF.d tlllrgc. and unproved cultural pr.cllcu W l I I Yield rubglant~all) h~gher than the tr.dlt1on.l cultlvan ulth trad~ttonal cultural pr.ctles

elng, aa tra- '971). Mall. 10d m tcv- cludlnq the

-- ----" Only r d~ rnp IS dueused here kenwc on a macro 'h " r-

lo ICW~ I* CffeCts of radyng. Whng, and kdd1ng are - aWva'm* NiWf SImlIar At the ISC. when rnnCilralmn ram are high m h d r d ~ f * ' ~ ~ t f l ~ m ~ ~ (tn excess of IW mm h-11. the of rdmg on I.1ar *'*'"Y = * h-' w n t r o l l t ~ w~ n w o n a* prm-lng m h

I~ngs have hecn notcuonhy I n 19114 a uvcrc drought \cdr r ~ d g ~ n g ~mprovcd the stand bv 50% The comblnatton o f r~dg lng dnd thc u x of gcnCliC matcr~al ~clccled for beltcr crop cstabliahmcnt will srgn~f\cantl\ lmprovc yield Whcrc infiltration rater arc lowcr and uhcrc r~dgc \ rlrrpc r~dgcr tcnd 10

conccntratc watcr and locrcasc hoth runoff and cro slon However 'r~dgc cylng and lur rowdammlng reduce this problcm cncouragc utilform ~ n i i l t r a t ~ n n and cons~dcrably tncrcasc yalds cspcclrlly in thc drler )err\ (Laucs 1967 Knus l and Zlocklngcr 1971 Nlcou dnd Chrrrcau I9kS) I n ucttcr \carsdnd hcavlcr ao~ls crosion and udtcr rlagnallon ma) bc dggra\atcd (Koua l 1970a and h )

Rldgillg conccntratcs fcrllllty drld organlc mallcr i n ~ h c rdgc tncreahtnp 11, . r \ . i r l rb~l~t \ to thc \ecdllng (Koua l and S~ockinpcr 1973) I'crmdncnt hcd or rldpe \ \ \ lcm\ .IIW rrducc thc total drcn nrcerrrr\ to 1\11 and l imit thc comp~c t rd dlcd to thc turrou

Cirrdcd h c d ~ and furrow\ lnlpro\e ~nf i l t ra t lon b\ r lnu lnp uarcr mo\cmcn~ doun the \lop? I n addl t lon In pcrmcablc \o~lq ruch a\ those found at thc ISC conccniraung uatcr in thc furrou Incrcascs Its crfcct!\c hcad Conscqucntl\ thc nlolslurr mo\cs furthcr doun thc profilc (Klal] pcrbonal communl cation) and a less sub~cct to c\ aporation losscsthan at thc surface At thc I F C In 1984 this partl! accounted for thc advantagcs that wcrc obscncd i n plantlng on r~dgcs

Thc cffcctq of r ~ d g ~ n g on hulk dcns~t \ organic mattcr Incorporanon and improved roollng are

s~ml lar to those of plowing or othcr pnmar\ tlllagc

Thc malorlt) oftlllagc p l a n l ~ n ~ uccdlng and larm transport In U AS A T IS done h\ hand Dc \ r l op~ng ddcquatc ~ n l m a l trrcuon r\ ricrnp y. 111 ~ncrcasc human cfr~cicnc\ h\ ~ m p r o \ i n g Parmcrs abl l l i i t o mccha n17c farm opcrauons and transpon capah~l~t) Anlmdl rracllon u\c 1s rclalivcl\ uldcrprcdd In somc arcas of W A Z A T (c g thc groundnut hdsln In Zcncgal) I n rhc Sudan~an Tone t h ~ r e arc sc\cral ~n\tanccq u hcrc 11s acceptance has bccn ~nstrumcntal In ~ntensif\ lng thc croppng <\rtcrn (c g the cotton 7onc I n U a l i l Duc to thc cost of tractors and t h c ~ r malntcnancc 11 IS onl\ with animallractlon r\stcm\ that11 a possihlc to replace thc larpc scale usc of human labor as a poucr source for baslc farm opcratlons Funhcr more thc ad\antagcs o f prinlar\ tillagc l o crop grouth ma\ onl\ bc rcalizcd through lhc acccptann

01 animal traction o n a rridcrprcad suk Managc mcnt npllonr arc lncrcaKd h\ prms lon f ~ r m t n g u ~ t h lmprovcd an lma ld raun tool carrlcrr l ICR1 SAT 1983) Huband lng tracuon animais pro\?da othcr hcncfitr l o thc farmcr such meal skins cal\cs milk productlon and manure a11 o l whlch can impro\c farmcr nc l w o n h and income

Successful ~ntroducrion of cffect~vc anlmnl trac t lon s!stcms for thc fu l l r a n p of crop opcn t lonsu~ l l lncrcsrc bas~c optlona aua~lablc to U A5ATfanncn Howrvcr thcrc Is a l onp lea rn~ngrunc lor the u x o f antmal tractIan and pro\ id ing lhc cap~ta l and dc\c lop~ng the ~nfr i l r t ructurc l o suppon animal i racimn %)\tern$ arc ~ n h c r m t problcms I t 8s how c\cr the only practical mean\ ~n thc forc~ccahlc future to lncrcssc thc larmcrr cfrnc~rnc\ and thc umcl~ncsr and prccirlon of opcrdtlona

Crop Management of Mtllet P r o d u c t ~ o n Srstems

hlrl lcl crop managcmcnt hdscd on thc Cho~ce of an nppropriatc culu\ar cropplnp mclhod rotallon and cultural opcratlons can lncrcdsc producuon d the total cropplng s\stcm trnprovc U L E and pro- \ ~ d c a morc stdblc return to lhc larmcr

Tradzt~onal mlllct cu l t~ \a rs uscd b\ farmcn m WAS A T arc u c l l adap&d t o the low fenrlay and low manapcmcnl productlon r\stcms With bcttcr man apcmcni (c g P and t~ l lagc) thc choicc 01 a m11M culu\ar awumcs Importance S\ncrg~st~c cffc* occur u. th ~ h c usc 01 managcrncnt rrqponsivc cul ! ! \an i n ihcsc sltudtlons L ndcr condluons of good t~l lagc dnd managcmcnt local culti\ars malnlaln Ion bar\ c\t indlccs t H I ,205) \cr incrcasc lcafarcr and biological ) ~ c i d Undcr thesc condlt~ons IW protcd culu\ars have less Ica i pioducuon yet good blolop~cal \lclds u ~ t h hlghcr harscst l n d l m (> 35q) Their louer and more cfhc~cnr ualcr under improrcd conditions arc a rcsult of a c ~ W

rclat~onsh~p to lcafarea and T D M I houa l and Ka ram 1978 Azam A l i 1983 Azam A l l ct al 1984). Kcscarch lnloculurarslhdt ha\c a hlghcr W U E t m cultt\ars of tqu i \ akn t o c l e length uould bc p rodw II\C (hassarn and h o u a l 1975) l n ~ t l a l res~l ts calc a1 lcasl a ?Wc d~flcrcncc I n WUE betwCeVd' tnarq of cqu~\a lcnt durauon ( ICRISAT 1984)

Farmcrs nccd a cholcc o f wcll adapted ml ! l l1

t n a n of dfirmt matunt\ Fou$'.Lurc ralnfail has been k l o m rvcrap for thc k t 1'1 vun In U A S 4 1 H~gher and conslsccntlr stabk %~clds across l h c x l o x ra lnf r l l ccuon$ arc thc m u l l o l grnwlng sboncr dura l~on \arrtt#cs Thls u undcr ~ n n d a h l c a\ rhcm I< a pnqrt!\r Isnear cornlaxton heturtn crop uarcr rcqulremmls and the lenph of l k ~ o - ~ n g pcnod (Dancrttc and Hal1 I979 D.nscrtc 198') I n oplimum groulnp condlllons a 75da\ G A M duar l \ s r i n \ tGroupd Amc l~o rn t~ondu MII) uccs 190 mm of matcturr uhemas a 120da\ <anlo m1lk1 use\ 070 mm Zhort du~n t lon cu lu\dr \ o l r,i r r l t n t r ~ c l d pc>lCnlidl drc r n Imponan1 man

agrmmt stralep In drought p r o w U ASA7 u here thr p rohdh~ l~ t~c \ 01 droubh arc higP UI thc h r ~ t n n ~ n g

dnd end of rhr 'rdhon i5pcncc ~ n d S ,,Lur'ir 1%-l H c l h o d \ l h a ~ prcdtit t hcg rou inkp r tod u111 J ~ ~ O U m~ l l c t trnctlcq to k l r t lorcd to rpcc~ f~c apro c maltrcnnditionr~llancci~r lu'f I Frr l t marurlt A m ~ l l e l alsocon%cnr\ moi9lurc In thc so11 proftic !hat md\ help thc ncxt hcasoqs crop( Hall and I h n c c t ~ c l a - L I

Plantlnl: and Cu l tu ra l Techn~qucs

T~mclv crop management practices arc necessary to sustaln hlgh mlllct ylclds (Ogunlcla and Egharcvba 1981) Plantlng u ~ t h rhc first subrtant~al rains max 1m17cs gram product~on In most vcan Early wccd lngand th~nnlnpcontr~butc l o good v~cldr (Monn~er 1976 Egharcvba 19791 T h ~ s n pan~cularly lrnpor tan1 bccausc there arc posltlvc s\ncrgnstlc cffccts bctuccn ~mpro rcd so11 P and \ tillrpc uccd con lrol and h~ghcr plant populat~onr ( F I ~ 6 Tourtc and Fauchc 1Qqq Tounc and Fau-he 1955 \ t ho \ 1970 Zuasihc el a1 1962 Epharcj ha ct a1 19h4)

Crop Assoctat~ons

Mll lcl 15 trad~tionall) intcrcroppcd in WASAT I n vlgcr up l o 87% of lhc m ~ l l c l arca Is intcrcroppcd (Swlnloncr a1 1984) and slmllar figures arc rcporlcd for h ~ g c r i a ( \orman 1974) and RurL~na Fdso (Sauadogo and haborc 1984) Thc most common

asloclations arc m111~1 coupca m~ l l c t sorghum mlllcl malzc mtllcr groundnut and m~l lc t /sorgh Um coupca I n these s\slcms m~ l l c t IS normally 'Own first and acts as thc dominant crop The pcr %la@ % ~ c l d contr~but~on of thc crop o r crops K rom u l t h the m ~ l l c t dccrcaxs u ~ t h dccreau In rainfall

- 2ml N F K

F~gurr 6 Gratn ~ r e l d rnponr t 111 i n r r ra tn In plant populallon and len~l t rer I W . 'ugtr rainy sravon 1'48s Standard error for rompartng plant popula l lon mr8nr at the same or dtffcrent fcrllltrcr Ir.rrl

56 Lp ha

Mann&cmrnl r l r o l r&~r \ dcvgncd l o Incrcasc und stnh~l~zc n11llc1 \~c lds In W A S A I mubt consrdcr ~ h c ad\antnpcs of trad~tlonsl cropping pallcrnr and thc inhcrcnt product~on goals u l thc larmcr Slud!cr of there t red~t~onal svslcms ~nd~ca tc that a total y~c ld advantagccx~sts and 1h.t Intcrcrops arc morcrtablc than Solc crops(Bakcr 1978 Baker 1979, F u r x l l m d Serafinr 1985) I n gcncral mlllct ylclds arc rcduced i n an Intercrop such as wah rampant cowpea, but lhls 1s not always thc case (Fig 7 Furaeil 1985 Serafint 1985) Delayed plantlng of thc Intercrop consrstcntl\ protected cereal crop ylcldr (Scrafini 1985) I hc trcld advantages of Intcrcrop systems \ a n from 10 Iw in m~ l l c t (Fuslcll and Serafini 19h5)

Morcotcr \orman( 1974lconcludcs m~xcdcrr lp ping IS d ratlonal strdlcgy both lor prof11 maxlmlza l lon and risk mlnimlzauon Production and lncomc stab1111) arc Imponant fcrturcs ofthc ryslcm,(Abalu 1976) whlch also allcv~atc $casonal labor pcrkr (horman 1974)

The most ad~dntageous mtllct tnlcrcropprng rys temr cxplolt tcmpordl d~ffcrcncc., hclucon thc crops M ~ l l e t IS gcncrall) croppcd u l th a Idrcr maturlng specter ruch ascou pea( Fusx l l I985 Scrafinr 1985) or sorghum (RaLcr 1979) Thcrc 15 a lcmporal scpa rauon ofthc mosl c'ompctlttrc proulh periods and thc lntcrcrop 1s able to utlllzc ~hosc rcsourns not lul ly uscd b\ thc m ~ l l c l D u r ~ n g thc 1985 cropplng season at ISC thcrc ua r 11ttlc reducuon i n m~ l l c t )rclds whtlc coupea hay ylclds lncrcaud substan t~a l l y (Fig 71 Cowpca planted a week later than

ti n i l i e t h i g h d e n s i t y

A Wll l e t recomnended dens4 t y

n t e r c r o p cowpea In " !-ec-nded r n t l l e t denS,tY l n t e r c r o p cowvea In h l9h

- -I m i l l e t d e n s l t y

F I ~ C 7 P L S ~ I mttlet g r s ~ n ylcld and COWPI. h*! rapon,, In 8 v ~ . r ~ mdlct/ru*pca tntcrcropvlne rrsctm .I three e o w p a dens~t lc l ISC. Nller, rPlnY

mlllct exploited thc motrturc and nutrrcnts not used hy the millet wtthout a large rcduct~on In thc mlllct ylcld ~ ~ C ~ U S C the cowpea had a longcr growth dura t ~ o n than thc m~l lc t Such rystems u x water mom cff~c~cnt ly than sole m~l lc t (Fussell 1985) In a Year whcn drought occurs carly In the Season the crop planted first mtllet will suhstant~ally supprcss rhc non rntllct comnoncnt This protects thc productton of the staple a r e a l

M,\lcr ,ntcrcrop pcnoryptc ~ntcractbonr have not been hdcquatcl) tnvc~tigatcd Thcrc should bc plant types of both thc ccrcal and thc lreumc that contribute lo tncrcascd c f f r ~ c n c \ and producuon of lhc tntcrcrop

'rhc ~nhcrcnt flcxlbll~ty of mlllct IntercropplnE systems 1s an Important aspec! of thctr use The prcduccr a a b ~ c todecldc nhcn and how much of thc sccond crop should bc planxed bccaust mlllct a planted first Should thcrc be ancarh scason droupht thedcnstty o f t h c Intercropcan be rcduccd Orcllml nated O n the other hand II mllkl cstabllshes poorly the dcnstty of the sccond crop can he ~ n c ~ e a ~ d P trad,t,onal practrcc thc authors have observed In farmers fields In hlger and Mall

C o n s ~ d c r ~ n g thcw aspects lnlcrcropplng mlllct wtth other crops 16 consutent wtth othcr manage ment otratcglcs such as antmal tractton dcstgncd IC

The Imponanre of trees In trad118onal agr~culturr or w ASAT up\ h,ghltghtcd b) Charrcau and \ ~ d a l ( 1965) ,n research on thc r o k of A c s n a Jbnla Dcl Other frcqucnllv cnwunlcrcd rpccl" tnclUdc Bu~) rosperrnum par&,, (G D o n ) k o l w h \ OkarlleJ P u I w brflabora (Jacq ) Rcnth fnerc) Admsonr* dl# ~ r j r z l . (Baohah) a d BafiaorlC- sC.Vpllaca(L ) I k i (damcr rau,agc) T h w t m s contnbulc rubrun ttall\ to thc dl\crslI\ and produnxrtt\ of the fanu cnterpnse through productron ol 011 (larrtcl f n d d r ~ ( .q dh,dp 3-d olhcrs) fir-uood lalll (ikt (Ba* hab) food ( H ~ o h a b h t c r ~ dnd othcrs) mcdl-nc rcprllants and pot\on\ ( \ o n '.t.r\dcli IUb' Uchcf I Y - ' Urbcr rnd Ho\Lln\ 19071 Hrou<rr!?ould con trlhutc20 Z 5 q ofrhc foddcr ~ n t a k c In lhc transhum am pauorai s\\lcm for cattle ~ h c c p and g n o l r ( h ~ o u c r , ~ 1VKOi Halanccd and products\c mlkl based r\blcmr for the F u d a n ~ a n and Sahclian Zone arc those thal rxplogt the agroforcstn and llvntock contnbut~ons to thc systcm (Ta\lor and S o u m * ~ 1981)

Trccs ma\ bcncfic~all) affect thc mtcrocnvtmn mcnt of s rnlllct crop by h a \ t n ~ diffcrcnt gr0rvlnI cyclcr and uslng the r c s o u m bare dlffcrcntty thlo m,llct A alhtds IS a class\c cxamplc 11 IS d c c l d u o ~ durtng thc ralny x r r o n (Charrcau and Vldd I%% Danccttc and Poulatp 1969) and IS d c c p r d cxplotr~ng morsturc ln thc profilc bclou that IS uad b, I ~ C c c r a l Ustng thc Rambc\ (Scncgal) m p o n n an cxamplc Danccttc and Ha11 (19791 CstlmalC Lhrt 650 mnl of annual rarnlall could suppon r mllleI ,.,, uh,ch us- 400 mm of uatcr d s md .... ,. . ...-. -

groundualcr rcchangc of 100 mm Lea~lne l w m m of uatcr that would support 22 Acacra 1- h. ' Trccs crcatc alr turbulcnrr thnt lowcrs cbapor*t*'* dcmand h) reductng wmd speed provdc shadclor thccrop and protcct the roll f r 0 m c r - 1 ~ ~ (Danccttc and Poulatn 1969 Bognct1c.u 1980 L p h and Adco\C 1984) MlllCt vleldr ha* tncreascd b\ as much a 2 b q In thc p r c x m rdcquatc t m liner (BopncIIcau Vcrllndcn

Tmcr arc a h 0 tmponant In n u t n t d kachcd cattons arc redcpo~ttcd at thc ~011 Sudrcm thc form of fallcn Icsvcs and frutls FOrcxmp*,Ih p"cllce ol burnlnp Lanlc IearCs ,US1 Pno' " * nlantrnn scason rclc- K and Ca for IF 2

*' + I "C nilrofcr r i n. hub$ jcgumtnou, t m s has been d ~ r u u e d *bow am*. panlrularlt :mFnnant v k r r the eff~cuncb rate\ br .ppllcd 4 arr and thc chcmlcal forms of h arc cxptn.,vt and drff~cult lo prorum

4 d b l d i € d k n c s c o w m m $ m ~ l k r r ~ l d r In '\ A S 4 T Thr authon hr\ t notch tnstancr, ,,here ;hC\ rstlmalcd that A ulh~da colcr td mom than cDr, 0' lhr crop surfacc Allc) croppsng a)stcmr lUWslcd b> Dancrtlc and P o u b n (1%9) urlng 4 *ihrda a< ucll as 0 h c r adaplcd rrccs and shrubs arc kaslblc and ma\ k an ad\nrrl\pcouT p a n or m llct Tdndccmcni s r r rm in U \ 5 4 7

T h r r - , rr--f(,rm&n.cn ~ h c U . \ \ ~ ~ f o & ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ "1 " < : c % I- drir bulrd In par1 10 tht ,rr, I <

* duel r lhr mator \ lrplc \ < r & h l ; q ~ n d n? i i r t

t a r lhr rcglon to m-I 11% food nccds In the vcar ?inlo n :cnrcd producrton m u s ~ romr from ,ncrcd.rd

Yr u l l .lr-d \Idndgcmcn~ ~ ~ I C I I C C \ murl ~ 1 l r ~ ) d I C thr c f i ~ c l \ of Ihr printxprl frrtor, l&m,l$ng mllicl !lrldr ~nhcrcnt lou \oil icmlit\ llmarcd and unIimcJ1 cultural opcratlonr and frcqucnt droupht l r r d s The first t u o farrors arc ofrcn more I~m,ttn& than lrrcgular and ~nsufficrcn~ ra~nfall Htghcr roll fcn:llt\ and Improbed cultural practtccs W ~ I I Improve W L E and tncrcasc riclds

Cound managcmcnt prrctlccs to allcrgatc the prlrnan I~mrtat~on' ~ncludc

the use of combtncd and accdulatcd rock r h o r pbatr, thr US? or hiolog~cal sources or 4 In panlcular I c ~ u m no- cro; 77 JL oni < dtr r .nd c~~,c , , , , I nlC'CTO*p 1F dnd d&ioiiire\ir\ 5' n 9 - p ~ r a i ~ o n 01 < l o p rc\iducs and an ,m; t~

mdnUTCI ' cf5clcnl pr:mnr\ m d \rrondar\ t l l l a B ~

Jnlna: Irdcllon ~ n c l u d ~ n g land lormlnp lcchn, qucs

l thrchozct ofmanaprmcnt rcspons,,, uac cffic~cnl \annl r . larlorcd ro rhr current agrocll mauc cond :>on\ tlmcl\ crop mandgrrncnr prrcltccs .+nd

* mdlnlcnancc and nstcmlz*tlon of trecr rnd '" "b, a, d pan 01 thc m8llrr farming rtsrcm

n c r c ~ o u r k c p w r fdrmcr !r not IlLrl\ toadupt manapemen1 pranlrcs Prc,,ous cxpcrrcnccs

mdratc That farmcrr tend lo adopt and rdapl pan,

01 technlcrl pmcL.ers Thrrcforc rrsouwc m a n a p men[ wslCm< nccd l o bc dcvclopd at a n u m k r 01 Ir 'c l~ farmcn mat c h o o x nratcgscr *nd tech ntqUC$ ~ r r r n p n a l e 10 l h e ~ r spec~fic s t~uat tom In some caws lnfrrstructurc ~mpto\ rmcnts nc+d to bc m r o u r a v d and c\cn s u h s ~ d ~ r r d h\ t h c p o v e m n ~ e n ~ ~ of lhc rrt!lon ( c p r w k phnrphatc tndurtr~cr) lmprorcd roll lcn i l l~r tr the stanin* potnl or nnv mannecmcnt SIratcg) 10 ~ncrcasc mallel Y I C I ~ S tn t h ~ mDlon O ~ h c r managcmcnl options W P I I haw port ltvc ?~~ncrglsl:C c f l c ~ t ~ wlth lmprovcd lcnllttv

*ddlljc>n~! n1.ln.lprmrnt optson\ ma, result from lurthcr rr5carch

I1l~Ckdm li3l8i~nal Ihr IonR tcrmrfltrlsr,flllldgr ~ n d land Ic,rt118nl: t c ~ h n r q u ~ r ,

rholcr of lnrlCllC< holh In solr nnd lntrrcrapprnl: '\"'nI\ Ih.bt merlntt?r prodortton and H dnd

L o n rainfall docs mcan lower mlllct y l c ~ d ~ N~~~ lhclcss Ylclds and W U E can be ~rnprovcd through the ludicrous use of fcntllzcrs In he presence of ~'dcqUd1C fcrtll~ty other managcmcnt practtces will have a porlttvc lmpacl as well and w~l l tmprove stsbllrly ovcr ttmc Currenl Iradttsonal mnnagcmcnt ~racllCCS fall to tdkc advantage 01 good years k c a u s c molslurc IS nnt rhc prlnctpal Inmtttng factor Hnndscrncnl prarr8ccs arc a \a~lablc which in caw. need t o bc rcfiacd thug guamntcr pr&uctron 1" Pour Yedr\ rnd takc full ddrantayc of bctlcr rdln 'dl1 \ear$

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