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Page 1: Massachusetts Institute of Technologysunnyday.mit.edu/papers/dfw2.pdf · 2015. 12. 11. · SR ó¼ § ª ¼ ¸k®°¸y²|µH¼P²;Å'µH±.¶m»®Ãªo ÔJÔ ÔJÔ Ô ÔðÔJÔ v

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Page 2: Massachusetts Institute of Technologysunnyday.mit.edu/papers/dfw2.pdf · 2015. 12. 11. · SR ó¼ § ª ¼ ¸k®°¸y²|µH¼P²;Å'µH±.¶m»®Ãªo ÔJÔ ÔJÔ Ô ÔðÔJÔ v

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HAZARDS

2b. ATC shall provide weather advisories and alerts

2c. ATC shall warn aircraft that enter an unsafe

to flight crews.

prevent their incursion into restricted airspace.3b. ATC shall provide timely warnings to aircraft to

REQUIREMENTS - CONSTRAINTS

atmospheric region.

1b. ATC shall provide conflict alerts.

2a. ATC must not issue advisories that direct aircraftinto areas with unsafe atmospheric conditions.

safe separation between aircraft.1a. ATC shall provide advisories that maintain

3a. ATC must not issue advisories that direct

avoiding a greater hazard.an aircraft into restricted airspace unless

4. ATC shall provide advisories that maintain

or physical obstacles.safe separation between aircraft and terrain

5. ATC shall provide alerts and advisories toavoid intruders if at all possible.

safe performance envelope of the aircraft.6a. ATC must not issue advisories outside the

the crew from maintaining safety of flight.6b. ATC advisories must not distract or disrupt

6c. ATC must not issue advisories that the pilot

continued safe flight of the aircraft.or aircraft cannot fly or that degrade the

or intersect it at the wrong place.

6d. ATC must not provide advisories that causean aircraft to fall below the standard glidepath

thunderstorm cells)(icing conditions, windshear areas,

airspace without authorization.3. A controlled aircraft enters restricted

4. A controlled aircraft gets too close toa fixed obstacle or terrain other thana safe point of touchdown on assignedrunway.

5. A controlled aircraft and an intruder incontrolled airspace violate minimumseparation standards.

airframe integrity.6. Loss of controlled flight or loss of

minimum separation standards.

2. A controlled aircraft enters an unsafeatmospheric region.

1. A pair of controlled aircraft violate

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Reading at set point /Close drain pipe

Reading at set point /Turn off pump

Low reading /Activate pump

High reading /Open drain pipe

Water Water Waterlevellow

level atset point high

level

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µO¸ ¹Ç¸=¾�µO¸=¾Üºb¹à´!³!´Oê,ê�¸=ê ¼Wêච½Õ¹Ç¸ ³O´»ºU¼�½¾�¶� È�Æ�ä�Ã�À�Æ�Ì�É%ÁWÊ�Æ�Â%Æ�Å'ÈvÃ�ÀUÂqÁ �$Ä�ÈvÂ%Á7ÔÁ7À)Å%ÉgÍ;Û�ÁWÀ?Ë7Ã�À�á�Ä�Ë#Å'È�À(ä4Ã�Ê�Á7Â%Æ�Å'ÈvÃ�À�É¢Å'ÃCÅsÍ/Ã:Ê�Æ�Â%Æ�Ì�ÌvÁ7ÌÂqÄ�À)ÍàÆ+ù�É4ÈvÀ8¿�� �

�;Ä�À)Í/Æ�ù8ËWÁ7À)Å'ÁWÂ%Ì�ÈvÀ�Á7ÉCÆ�ÂqÁ»×�Á#ÅsÍ/ÁWÁ7ÀJë�ì�Ó�Ò�ÒÆ�À�áÜÞ(ì@ã�Ò�ÒßÝxÁWÁWÅ:Æ�Ê�Æ�ÂqÅ Ù���Ó"À�Æ�Ä(Å'ÈvË+Æ�Ì¢ÔÈ�ÌvÁ7É�;Ä�À)Í/Æ�ù8ËWÁ7À)Å'ÁWÂ%Ì�ÈvÀ�Á7ÉCÆ�ÂqÁ»×�Á#ÅsÍ/ÁWÁ7À�Þ(ì@ã�Ò�ÒÆ�À�á !Eì@Ò�Ò�ÒßÝxÁWÁWÅ:Æ�Ê�Æ�ÂqÅ ëÕÀ�Æ�Ä(Å'ÈvË+Æ�Ì¢ÔÈ�ÌvÁ7É

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" # P"RXT H P�$&%&P L $WT(' R N4N�åÛ�ÈvÉ,Æ�Ê�Ê�ÁWÀ�á�È öÕË7Ã�À)Å'Æ�È�À�É�Æ»Ê�Æ�¦Å'È�Æ�Ì Ö �)��Ý�Æ�Ä�ÌvÅSÅ%Â%ÁWÁ*�SÎ�Ã�ÂXÅ%Û�Á;Ô�Ã�ɦÅ�Ê�Æ�¦Å+ì$Ã�À�Ì6ù?Å'Û(ÁCÊ�Æ�ÂqÅ%ÉÃ�Ý Ö �)�üÂ%ÁWÌ�Æ�Å%Á7á�Å%Ã+�,� Ö ÷�Æ�À�áJÊ�Æ�ÉqÉ%ÈvØ�ÁÕÎ Ö ÷-�.��Á*� ä/�6ì2Æ�ÂqÂ%ÈvØ�Æ�Ì2Å%Â'Æ�0ËßÈ�ÀÜÅ'Û�Á1�2� Ö �4365Æ�ÂqÁ+Æ7àÆ�ÂqÁ=Ë7Ã�À(É%È�á(Á7Â%ÁWá8��Ú/Á7Ë7Æ�Ä�ÉqÁUÃ�Ý©Å'Û(ÁÇÉqÈ:9WÁ=Ã�ÝgÅ%Û�Á Ý�Æ�Ä�Ì6ÅàÅ'ÂqÁ7Á�ì�Í/Á»á�Èvá8À(Ã�Å4��À�ÈvÉ%Û&ÈvÅ;×�ÄEÅÃ�À�Ì6ùOÈ�À(Ë7Ì�Ä(á�Á7áÜÁ7À�Ã�Ä(ä�ÛÜÝxÃ�ÂåÅ%Û�ÁUÂqÁ+Æ�á(Á7Â:Å%Ã�ä�ÁWÅ4ÆÕÝxÁWÁ7ÌÑÝxÃ�ÂåÍ;Û�Æ�Å:É%Ä�Ë ÛJÆÕÝ�Æ�Ä�Ì6ÅåÅ'Â%ÁWÁUÔÈ�ä�Û$ÅË7Ã�À$Å'Æ�È�À;��åÛ�Á4ɦŠÆ�À(á�Æ�Â%áÝ�Æ�Ä�Ì6ÅSÅ'Â%ÁWÁ:À(Ã�Å Æ�Å%È�Ã�À�ì�Í;Û�È�ÌvÁ;Ø�Á7¦ù�Á7Æ�ÉqùÕÅ%ÃUÂqÁ+Æ�á¢ì�È�É�À�Ã�Å,ÉqÊ�Æ�ËWÁ4Á<0ËWÈ�Á7À)Å �

�åÛ�Á;É%È=97Á;Ã�Ý�Ã�Ä�ÂSÝ�Æ�Ä�Ì6ÅXÅ'ÂqÁ7Á;Ô�Æ�á�Á;Æ»Û�Ã�Â%È=97Ã�À)Å'Æ�ÌEÝxÃ�ÂqÔ0Æ�ÅSÔ�Ã�Â%ÁåÊ�Â%Æ�ËWÅ%È�Ë+Æ�Ì(Å'Û�Æ�ÀÅ%Û�Á;À�Ã�Â%Ô�Æ�ÌØ�ÁWÂqÅ%È�Ë+Æ�Ì¢ÝxÃ�Â%Ô�Æ�Å>�

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A pair of controlled aircraft violate minimum separation.

Violation of minimum in-trail separation while aircraft on final approach to same runway.

A/C are in violation of in-trail separation standards when initially assuming in-trail relationship (merging incorrectly)

OR

being vectored to remerge with the jet traffic.Conflict between in-trail a/c and turbo-prop traffic that was split off earlier but is now

Aircraft merged incorrectly with traffic on opposite downwind

OR

OR

Violation of distance or time separation between streams of aircraft landing on different runways.

Unscheduled arrival (popup, missed approach, emergency) leads to in-trail separation violation

A/C initially established in valid trail but later violate separation standards

and resequenced incorrectly.Aircraft on downwind fails to execute a turn-to-base in timely manner

Change in closure rates causes violation of in trail separation standards

OR

Excess positive closure rate exists upon initial establishment of in trail relationshipand a/c do not maneuver sufficiently to avoid violation [a/c will compress to less thanlegal separation if continue with published procedure.]

[schedule generated by TMA contains conflicts]

OR

Aircraft fails to make turn from base to final approach

Two aircraft on final approach to parallel runways not spatially staggered.

operations violate minimum difference in threshold crossing time.Two aircraft landing consecutively on different runways in intersecting or converging

simultaneous independent ILS approaches to parallel runways.An aircraft violates the non-trangression zone while airport is conducting

Violation of minimum separation between arrival traffic and departure traffic from nearbyfeeder airports or overflight traffic.

=> A

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Insufficient or no corrective maneuvering occurs

One or more aircraft change ground speed

Pilot changes speed

Change in closure rates causes violation of in trail separation standardsA

AND

Weather disrupts aircraft trajectory (e.g., tailwinds)

TCAS advisory says to change speedOR

Autopilot error

Pilot misprograms autopilot

Pilot mishears speed advisory

Maneuver required to avoid violation of in trail separation standards

OR

OR

Insufficient speed change in leading or trailing aircraft

Pilot does not recognize problem on his/her own

AND

Controller instructions do not cause aircraft to make necessary speed change

Does not recognize visually (by see and avoid)

TCAS does not provide alertAND

Controller issues speed advisory to wrong aircraft.

Controller issues speed advisory but too late to avoid separation violation.

Controller issues speed advisory that does not avoid separation violation.

Insufficient path stretching occurs

Controller does not issue speed advisory

OR

=> A.4

=> A.5

=> A.1

=> B

=> A.6

Controller issues speed advisory, pilot receives but does not follow it.

Controller issues speed advisory but pilot does not receive it. => A.2

=> A.3

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A.1 Controller does not issue speed advisory.

Conflict alert does not cause controller to perceive advisory.

Controller believes conflict alert is false alarm.

No conflict alert is displayed.

Controller does not see conflict alert

Alert removed from screen before sees it.

Controller does not preceive conflict based on displayed information (poition, route, speed data)

Controller misinterprets displayed information

Flight data blocks in misleading position

A/c data unavailable

Not displayed at all

Data displayed but not long enough to perceive it.

Recent sensor data missing for one or both a/c (a/c displayed in coast)

Automation provides wrong a/c information

Controller does not perceive the conflict.

Controllers out of practice

Equipment not maintained

Controller preceives conflict but too late to avoid separation violation

Automation failure and backup procedures do not work

OR

Displayed a/c data incorrect with respect to actual situation (airspace state)

Controller distracted or inattentive

Controller distracted

Display delayedOR

OR

OR

Plane not identified on plan view display (no flight data block displayed)

Incorrect handoff

Loss of radar tracking data

Display failure

Automation software flaw

ta corrupted but not detected by automation

OR

OR

OR

OR

AND

OR

=> A.1.1

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A.1.1 No conflict alert displayed

Too much recent sensor data missing for one or both a/c

Controller has dirrected FAST to assign a given runway.

Automation decision not to declare conflict is incorrect.

Automation conflict detection not being executed

OR

For one or both a/c individually

For region in which one or both a/c currently displayed

For his or her entire display

Data not received

Data received but discarded as corrupted

Hard sensor failure

Sensor coverage failure

Communication failure

Software corrupted

Data corrupted (undetected by automation)

Software conflict detection logic flaw

Task not dispatched properly by operating system

Computer hardware failure.

Fast not computing trajectories (so unable to detect a conflict)

Permanent shadow zone

Transient failure (atmospherics)

Controller has suppressed display of conflict alert

Automation fails to declare conflict

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

Ù>ÓEÙ

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A.2 Controller issues appropriate speed advisory but pilot does not receive it.

Radio failure

Radio on wrong frequency

Psychological slip

Wrong label associated with aircraft on planview display

Right label on aircraft but in misleading place on screen

Pilot distracted by other alert or emergency.

Physical communication failure

Human communication failure

A.3 Controller issues appropriate speed advisory, pilot receives it, but does not follow it.

Controller issues advisory to wrong aircraft

OROR

OR

Aircraft automation causes advisory not to be followed.

Pilot enters wrong information into FMS

Information entered right, automation error

TCAS issues conflicting advisory.

Pilot does not believe based on own evaluation and believes will endanger safety of aircraftOR

OR

Advisory incompatible with aircraft automation (doesn’t react the way controllerassumes it will).

Ù>Ó�ë

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A.4 Controller issues speed advisory that does not avoid separation violation.

Doesn’t use CTAS speed advisory and miscalculates required speed.

CTAS uses inaccurate models of aircraft dynamics and propulsion system performance

CTAS uses incorrect atmospheric data.

CTAS uses incorrect algorithm.

Controller error

Automation error

OR

A.5 Controller issues speed advisory but too late to avoid separation violation.

(2 controllers set up to autoaccept and wrong one assigned aircraft)

OR

Advisory needed at handoff point and handoff delayed

Controller distracted by other problem.

CTAS does not provide information in timely manner.

Ù>Ó�ã

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B. Insufficient path stretching occurs.

Controller does not issue appropriate advisories

Automation failure and backup does not work

Controller instructions do not cause aircraft to make necessary path changesAND

Controllers out of practice

Equiptment not maintained

Pilot does not recognize problem on his own

OR

with manual methods.Increased traffic load due to automation and controllers unable to handle

Controller does not know advisory needed

Controller issues incorrect advisory.

Mental model flawed (incorrect view of situation)

Overconfidence in automation and automation error occurs

Autopath stretching tool provides wrong information

Controller misreads path stretching information

Magnetic heading displayed to capture waypoint is incorrect.

Miscalculates required delay.

Incorrect algorithm

Distracted, etc.

OR

OR

OR

OR

Controller issues advisories but too late to avoid separation violation

Controller issues, pilots receives but does not follow

Controller issues appropriate advisories but pilot does not receive them.

for speed control but PS not displayed in data block for aircraftSTA to metering gate is outside aircraft’s accessible time range

the aircraft where required delay will have been absorbed.Miscalculates position along the off-course direction in front of

Does not update location of path stretch marker inresponse to changing conditions.

required heading, speed, and latitude advisoriesController does not use path stretching tool and incorrectly calculates

predesignated capture waypoint on original route when a/c reaches marker.Controller does not issue a new heading vector that returns a/c to

Ù>Ó�Þ

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