68
2 www.greens.ge
gamocemaze muSaobdnen: giorgi maRraZe, avTandil gelaZe, rusudan simoniZe, lali gamyreliZe
dizaini: irakli guledani
publikaciis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraoba, masSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ar unda iqnes miCneuli
donorTa mosazrebebad
proeqti ganxorcielda fridrix ebertis fondis mxardaWeriT.publikaciaSi warmodgenilia avtorTa piradi mosazrebebi.dauSvebelia fridrix ebertis fondis mier gamocemuli masalebis komerciuli mizniT gamoyeneba fondis Tanxmobis gareSe. Project supported by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.The views expressed in this publication belong to the experts.Commercial use of all media published by the FES is not permitted without the written consent of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung© Greens Movement of Georgia / Friends of the Earth GeorgiaISBN
www.greens.ge 3
sarCevi
1. konferenciis organizatorebisagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadi energiis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos normatiuli garemosa da saxelmwifo politikis Sesabamisoba saerTaSoriso moTxovnebTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. saqarTvelos energetikuli seqtoris mdgomareobis mimoxilva, arsebuli problemebis Sefaseba da maTi modernizebis gzebi . . . . . . 18
4. energetika da energousafrTxoeba (ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyenebis arsebuli donisa da misi gaumjobesebis strategia) . . . . 37
5. energoefeqturoba da energodazogva _ perspeqtivebi da problemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6. saqarTvelos geoTermuli potencialis aTvisebis perspeqtivebi da arsebuli problemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7. rezolucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4 www.greens.ge
konferenciis organizatorebisagan
winamdebare krebulSi Tavmoyrilia kvlevebi, eqspertuli Sefasebebi, mrava-
li realisturi informaciis analizis Sedegad miRebuli kompetenturi daskvne-
bi da rekomendaciebi, romlebic axasiTeben saqarTvelos energetikis sistemas,
masSi damkvidrebul Crdilovan mxareebsa da „tradiciad“ qceul naklovanebebs,
saqarTvelos energouzrunvelyofis perspeqtivebs awmyosa da momavalSi, energo-
potencialis efeqturad gamoyenebisa da zogadad energetikuli sferos marTvis
evrostandartebTan miaxloebisa da integrirebis problemebs.
krebulSi Sesuli masalebi imavdroulad warmoadgens fridrix ebertis fon-
dis mxardaWeriT momzadebuli da 2014 wlis seqtemberSi Catarebuli saerTaSo-
riso konferenciis „gamowvevebi saqarTvelos energo-seqtorSi da mdgradi gan-
viTareba“ masalebs, romlebic Sesrulebulia energetikis sferos samecniero
wreebisa da eqspertTa TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis mier.
www.greens.ge 5
energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadi energiis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos normatiuli garemosa da saxelmwifo politikis Sesabamisoba
saerTaSoriso moTxovnebTan
Sesavali
saqarTvelos energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis (hidro, mze, qari, geoTermuli) didi potenciali gaaCnia, romlis mxolod mcire nawilia aTvisebuli. amasTan, qveyanaSi energiis warmoebas didi danakargebi axlavs Tan, romelsac emateba ki-dev ufro araenergoefeqturi moxmareba. yovelive es did zians ayenebs Cvens ekonomikas, radgan qveyanaSi moxmarebuli energiis daaxloebiT 60% importire-bulia, romelic mTliani importis 16% Seadgens da qvey nis savaWro balansis gaumjobesebis didi potenciali gaaCnia.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT aRebuli aqvs valde-buleba ganaviTaros energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi da xeli Seuwyos energoefe-qturi RonisZiebebisa da teqnologiebis danergvas. winamdebare naSromSi ganxi-lulia energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadi energiis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos nor-matiuli garemosa da saxelmwifo politikis Sesabamisoba saqarTvelo-evrokavSi-ris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiTa da energetikuli qartiis xelSekrulebiT aRebul valdebulebebTan. es ori xelSekruleba sxvebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT siRrmiseuli da mravlismomcvelia.
„saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba“ - saqarTveloSi gan-axlebadi energiebisa da energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb normatiuli garemosa da saxelmwifo politikis Sesabamisoba xelSekrulebis moTxovnebTan
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis parafireba moxda 2013 wlis 29 noembers, „aRmosavleT partniorobis“ vilniusis samitis fargleb-Si, xolo xeli 2014 wlis 27 ivniss moewera, ZalaSi ki 1 seqtembridan Sevida.
energetikis seqtorSi SeTanxmeba xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos energousafrT-xoebis ganmtkicebas, maT Soris evropul kanonmdeblobasTan daaxlovebas da TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas iseTi mimarTulebebiT, rogoricaa eleqtroenerge-tika, bunebrivi airisa da navTobis moZieba, mopoveba da tranziti, ganaxlebadi energia da energoefeqtianoba. aseve, SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos evro-pis energetikul gaerTianebaSi gawevrianebis SesaZleblobas.
mdgradi ganviTareba energetikaSi sxva danarCenTan erTad or mniSvne -lovan mimarTulebas aerTianebs energiis ganaxlebad wyaroebsa da energoefeqturobas.
energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis gamoyeneba jansaRi garemos SenarCune -bis winapirobaa!
energoefeqturoba ki ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis niSania, gzaa kom-fortisa da keTildReobisaken!
im SemTxvevaSi Tu saqarTvelo asocirebis SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi miuerTdeba energetikuli gaerTianebis xelSe-krulebas, asocirebis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi di-reqtivebis debulebebi unda Seasrulos energetikuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis farglebSi SeTanxmebul vadebSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi asocirebis sabWos waredgineba winadadeba axali vadis Sesaxeb asocir-ebis SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan araugvianes sami wlis ganmavlobaSi.
giorgi muxiguliSvilimsoflio gamocdileba saqarTvelosTvis
6 www.greens.ge
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis dokumentis preambu-laSi miTiTebulia, rom mxareebi „valdebulebas iReben ra, gaaZlieron energo-resursebis miwodebis usafrTxoeba, maT Soris „samxreTis derefnis” ganviTarebis meSveobiT, inter alia, saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi proeqtebis ganviTarebis waxali-sebis gziT, rac xels Seuwyobs saTanado infrastruqturis formirebas, maT So-ris, saqarTvelos gavliT tranzitisaTvis, bazris integraciis zrdasa da evro-kavSiris kanonmdeblobis (EU acquis) ZiriTad elementebTan etapobriv regulaciur daaxloebas; da agreTve, xeli Seuwyon energoefeqturobis zrdasa da ganaxleba-di energoresursebis gamoyenebas“.
xelSekrulebis mixedviT „mxareebi cnoben energetikis sferoSi TanamSromlo-bis gaZlierebis saWiroebasa da mxareTa valdebulebas, Seasrulon energetikuli qartiis xelSekruleba“. saqarTvelos mier energetikuli qartiis xelSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebi ganxilulia naSromis meore nawilSi da gaanalizebulia energoefeqturobis danergvis mimarTulebiT Tu ra gakeTda saqarTveloSi.
asocirebis SeTanxmebiT evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris TanamSromloba eyrdnoba partniorobis, erToblivi interesebis, gamWvirvalobisa da progno-zirebadobis principebs da miznad isaxavs bazris integraciasa da regulaciur daaxloebas energetikis dargSi, usafrTxo, ekologiuri da xelmisawvdomi ener-giis uzrunvelyofis saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sxva sferoebTan erTad TanamSromloba moicavs energetikis Semdeg sferoebs:(a) energetikuli strategiebi da politika;(h) energoefeqturobisa da energiis dazogvis xelSewyoba ekonomikurad da
ekologiurad gamarTlebuli gziT;(i) ganaxlebadi energiis ganviTareba da xelSewyoba, sadac mTavari aqcenti
gakeTdeba hidroresursebze, da am sferoSi ormxrivi da regionuli integraciis xelSewyoba;
(j) samecniero da teqnikuri TanamSromloba da informaciis gacvla energo-warmoebaSi, transportirebaSi, miwodebasa da saboloo produqciis gamoyenebis procesSi teqnologiebis ganviTarebisa da daxvewis mizniT, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqceva energoefeqturobas da ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT misaReb teqnologiebs;
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT saqarTvelo iRebs valdebulebas gansazRvrul vadebSi etapobrivad dauaxlovos Tavisi kanonmde-bloba evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv instru-mentebs energetikis seqtorSi. naSromSi ganxilulia mxolod energoefeqturo-bisa da ganaxlebadi energiebis mimarTulebiT SeTanxmebuli direqtivebis moT-xovnebi da gaanalizebulia saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba am kuTxiT.
2009 wlis 23 aprilis evroparlamentisa da sabWos direqtiva 2009/28/EC gan-axlebadi energowyaroebidan energiis gamoyenebis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb Semdeg ZiriTad principebsa da moTxovnebs ayalibebs:1. qveyana valdebulia gansazRvros ganaxlebadi energiebis samizne wili mTli-
an energetikul moxmarebaSi, romelsac miaRwevs 2020 wels.2. transportis seqtoris mTlian energomoxmarebaSi ganaxlebadi energiebis
wili minimum 10% unda Seadgendes 2020 wlisTvis. 3. unda Seiqmnas erovnuli samoqmedo gegma, romelSic dafiqsirebuli iqneba
ganaxlebadi energiebis samizne raodenoba/wili 2020 wlis mTlian energo-moxmarebaSi, aseve transportis seqtoris energomoxmarebaSi da eleqtroe-nergiisa da siTbos mTlian warmoebaSi. samoqmedo gegmaSi aseve gaTvaliswine-bul unda iqnas energoefeqturoba, rogorc ganaxlebadi energiis samizne raodenobis miRwevis mniSvnelovani instrumenti (energoefeqturobiT Sem-cirebul saboloo moxmarebaSi ganaxlebadi energiebis samizne wili ufro advilad miiRweva). samoqmedo gegmaSi gawerili unda iyos ganaxlebadi ener-giebis xelSewyobis meqanizmebi.
www.greens.ge 7
4. energetikuli gaerTianebis wevr qvey nebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon erTobli-vi proeqtebi energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebidan eleqtroenergiisa da siT-bos sawarmoeblad, miawodon/gaucvalon erTmaneTs ganaxlebadi energia, imi-saTvis rom miaRwion erovnul samizne raodenobas/wilsmTlian energomoxma-rebaSi.
5. qveyanam unda uzrunvelyos ganaxlebadi wyaroebidan eleqtroenergiis da gaTboba-gagrilebisTvis warmoebuli energiis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb in-formaciis xelmisawvdomoba. momxmareblebs unda qondeT informacia mox-marebuli eleqtroenergiis sxvadasxva wyaroebis Sesaxeb.
6. qveyanam unda Seqmnas saWiro infrastruqtura ganaxlebadi energiis warmo-ebis xelSewyobisaTvis. amisaTvis, unda:
a. uzrunvelyos transportirebisa da ganawilebis sistema ganaxlebadi energiebisaTvis;
b. uzrunvelyos ganaxlebadi energiis qselze prioritetuli daSveba.7. mocemuli direqtiva iTvaliswinebs biosawvavis warmoebis xelSewyobas, rom-
lis nedleuli SeiZleba damzadebul iqnas rogorc gaerTianebis wevr qve-y nebSi, ise Semotanil iqnas mesame qvey nidan. nedleuli ar unda iwarmoe-bodes biomravalferovnebiT an naxSirbadis maRali SemcvelobiT mdidar teritoriaze.
8. direqtiva moiTxovs, rom qvey nis samSeneblo kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebul iqnas meqanizmebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben SenobebSi ganaxlebadi energiebis moxmarebis zrdas. aseve unda dawesdes ganaxlebadi energiis moxmarebis mi-nimaluri raodenoba axal SenobebSi da arsebul SenobebSi, romlebic saWi-roeben aRdgenas.
saqarTvelos politika da kanonmdebloba 2009/28/EC direqtivasTan mimarTebaSi:1. saqarTvelos jer kidev ar aqvs kanoni ganaxlebadi energiis Sesaxeb, rome-
lic daaregulirebda da xels Seuwyobda energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis gamoyenebas.
2. energetikis seqtoris ZiriTad maregulirebel kanonSi „eleqtroenergetiki-sa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb“ ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebi ganmartebulia rogorc „arawiaRiseuli, mdgradi energiis yvela wyaro, romelic warmoi-Soba, magram ar Semoifargleba: bio- da hidroenergiebiT, geoTermuli, mzis, qarisa da zRvis (maT Soris, dinebebis, talRebis da Termuli) energiebiT“. kanonis mizania - xeli Seuwyos hidroenergetikuli, sxva ganaxlebadi, al-ternatiuli da bunebrivi gazis adgilobrivi resursebis upirates gamoye-nebas. igive kanoni gansazRvravs energetikis saministros funqcias, uzrun-velyos - energetikuli resursebis mopovebis gafarToeba, ganaxlebadi (al-ternatiuli) energiis wyaroebis upiratesi aTviseba, energoefeqtiani Ro-nisZiebebis xelSewyoba, romlebic dakavSirebulia warmoebis efeqtianobis gazrdasTan.
3. 2006 wels miRebul parlamentis dadgenilebaSi „saqarTvelos energetikul seqtorSi saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis“ Taobaze naxse-nebia, rom ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro Ronis-Ziebebis Seswavla da danergva politikis erT-erT mimarTulebas warmoad-gens. 2014 wels SemuSavebul energetikuli politikis winaswar/saproeqto versiaSi aRniSnulia „ganaxlebadi energetikuli resursebis aTviseba mniS-vnelovania klimatis cvlilebebis problemebis daZlevisa da qvey nis sufTa energiiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis. saqarTvelo mdidaria hidroresursebiT, ase-ve, gaaCnia qaris, mzis, biomasisa da geoTermuli wylebis potencialic, rac saSualebas iZleva Seiqmnas damatebiTi simZlavreebi, adgilobrivi da uc-xouri investiciebis ganxorcielebis gziT. amisaTvis aucilebelia sainve-sticio garemos gaumjobeseba stabiluri, gamWvirvale da aradiskrimina-
8 www.greens.ge
ciuli samarTlebrivi bazis SeqmniT; mezobeli qvey nebis energetikul baz-rebTan mWidro da stabiluri savaWro urTierTobebis gaRrmavebiT; Sesabami-si sasistemo da sistemaTaSorisi infrastruqturis ganviTarebiT; aseve, Sesa-bamisi mimarTulebebiT samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebis xelSewyobiT. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli ganapirobebs importirebul energomatareblebze damokidebulebis Semcirebasa da qvey nis energetikuli usafrTxoebis xaris-xis gazrdas“.dokumentSi calkea gamoyofili saqarTvelos, rogorc sufTa energiis warmoebisa da vaWrobis regionalur centrad gaxdomis perspeqtiva - „saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdidari hidro da sxva ganaxlebadi resursebi, Sesabamisi infrastruqtura da xelsayreli sainvesticio garemo saSualebas iZleva, Camoyalibdes qveyana sufTa energiis warmoebisa da vaWrobis regio-nalur centrad. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad aucilebelia gagrZeldes mu-Saoba samarTlebrivi bazis daxvewis, samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebisa da infrastruqturis ganviTarebis kuTxiT, raTa xeli Seewyos saqarTveloSi arsebuli sufTa energiis potencialis aTvisebas da qveyana iqces sufTa en-ergiiT vaWrobis regionalur centrad“.
4. 2008 wels miRebuli mTavrobis dadgenileba #107 „saxelmwifo programa „ganaxlebadi energia 2008“ - saqarTveloSi ganaxlebadi energiis axali wya-roebis mSeneblobis uzrunvelyofis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ 2013 wels Seicvala axali dadgenilebiT #214 „saqarTveloSi eleqtrosadgurebis mSe-neblobis teqnikur-ekonomikuri Seswavlis, mSeneblobis, flobis da ope-rirebis Sesaxeb interesTa gamoxatvis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“. wina dad-genileba Tu mxolod ganaxlebadi energiis axali wyaroebis mSeneblobaze akeTebda aqcents, axali dadgenileba zogadad, mTavrobisaTvis prioritetu-li eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobis teqnikur wesebs moicavs.
5. ganaxlebadi energiebis xelSewyobis kuTxiT „saqarTvelos socialur-ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis strategia 2020“-Si aRniSnulia, rom „mTavroba gegmavs Seqmnas efeqtiani meqanizmi sajaro-kerZo partniorobisTvis, rac gansakuTre-biT mniSvnelovania infrastruqturis da hidroenergetikul seqtorebSi in-ve sticiebis mozidvisTvis“. strategiaSi aseve naxsenebia, rom „garda hidro-resursebisa, qveyanaSi sakmaod didia qarisa da mzis energiebis potenciali. arsebobs geoTermuli wylebis maragebi, ris saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia ZviradRirebuli energoSemcveli produqtis importis Semcireba. amasTan, hidroresursebis aTviseba, misi sezonuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, Warbi en-ergiisTvis saeqsporto bazrebis da regionaluri vaWrobis maqsimalurad ganviTarebas moiTxovs“. strategiaSi gaTvaliswinebulia tyis resursebis dacvisa da racionaluri gamoyenebis praqtikis danergva.
6. miuxedavad kanonSi mocemuli ganmartebisa, xe-tyes saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva rogorc energetikul resurss, maSin roca misi wili qvey nis energo-moxmarebaSi 17% Seadgens.
7. saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis fondi amJamad muSaobs qaris meoradi kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebaze.
8. saqarTveloSi ganaxlebadi energiebis ganviTarebaze Semdegi samTavrobo in-stitutebi muSaoben:• e nergetikis saministros energoefeqturobisa da alternatiuri ener-
giis wyaroebis sammarTvelo• saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis fondi (GEDF)• saqarTvelos Tanainvestirebis fondi (didi da saSualo hesebis ganvi-
Tarebis sainve sticio xelSewyoba). 9. zemoT moyvanili sakanonmdeblo da saxelmwifo politikuri dokumentebi
ver qmnian erTian kompleqsur maregulirebel CarCos ganaxlebadi energie-bis ganviTareba-xelSewyobisaTvis.
www.greens.ge 9
10. ar arsebobs oficialuri informacia saqarTveloSi ganaxlebadi energiebis potencialis Sesaxeb, rac problemas qmnis SevafasoT 2020 wlisaTvis qvey nis mTlian energomoxmarebaSi ganaxlebadi energiebis wili.
11. saqarTvelos ar aqvs pirdapiri saxmeleTo kavSiri evrokavSiris an energeti-kuli gaerTianebis wevr qvey nebTan, Sesabamisad naklebad SesaZlebelia maT-Tan TanamSromloba ganaxlebadi energiebis miwodebis/gacvlis kuTxiT.
12. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikul seqtroSi arsebuli vertikalurad inte-grirebuli kompaniebi (e nergopro, Telasi), romlebic floben rogorc ga-nawilebis qsels, generaciis obeqtebs da amavdroulad mimwodeblebic ari-an arTuleben damoukidebeli ganaxlebadi energiis generaciis obieqtebis ganviTarebas. yovelive amas arTulebs saxelmwifosa da am kompaniebs Soris dadebuli grZelvadiani memorandumebi.
13. energoganawilebis qselebTan mierTebis SedarebiT rTuli administraciuli procedurebi da safasuri xels uSlis mcire simZlavris ganaxlebadi gene-raciis obieqtebis ganviTarebas.
14. ganaxlebadi energiebis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebas saqarTvelos mTavrobas aval-debulebs aseve dadebuli sasesxo SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebs Soris, Savi zRvis gadamcemi xazis mSeneblobisaTvis. xelSekrulebiT sesxis gacemidan 3 wlis vadaSi mTavrobas unda mieRo ganax-lebadebis kanoni (se sxis gacema daiwyo 2009 wlidan).
2006 wlis 5 aprilis direqtiva 2006/32/EC energiis saboloo moxmarebis efe-qtianobisa da energomomsaxurebebis Sesaxeb Semdeg ZiriTad principebsa da moT-xovnebs ayalibebs:1. ganisazRvros energoefeqturobis erovnuli samizne maCve neblebi, Seiqmnas
institucionaluri, sakanonmdeblo, finansuri da stimulirebis sxva meqa-nizmebi energoefeqturobis ganviTarebisaTvis, romlebic amavdroulad ga-moricxaven sabazro barierebsa da sxva xelSemSlel faqtorebs.
2. ganviTardes mimzidveli sabazro garemo energomomsaxurebis kompaniebisaT-vis, romlebic Sesabamisi programebisa da meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT uzrun-velyofen energiis dazogvas moxmarebis sxvadasxva seqtorSi.
3. qveyanam unda SeimuSaos erovnuli energoefeqturobis samoqmedo gegma (NEE-AP), romelSic gawerili iqneba direqtivis danarT 1 mocemuli meTodolo-giiT gamoTvlili, wlebis manZilze gawerili energomoxmarebis Semcirebis maCve neblebi.
4. Seiqmnas erTi an meti damoukidebeli sajaro samsaxuri an saagento, rome-lic monitorings gauwevs samoqmedo gegmis Sesrulebis process.
5. qveyanam unda daakisros sajaro momsaxurebis pasuxismgebloba energiis ga-manawilebel, sistemis operatorebsa da sacalo movaWreebs, romlebic yidi-an eleqtroenergias, bunebriv gazsa da navTobproduqtebs, sakuTar momxma-reblebs miawodon informacia energiis dazogvis programebis Sesaxeb, xeli ar SeuSalon msgavsi programebis xelmisawvdomobas.
6. ganaviTaros maRali xarisxis energoauditis sistema, romelic daexmareba momxmareblebs gansazRvron energomazogi RonisZiebebi da uzrunvelyos am RonisZiebebis Semdgomi ganxorcieleba.
7. TiToeuli momxmarebeli uzrunvelyofili unda iyos individualuri mricx-veliT da miewodebodes informatiuli samomxmareblo qviTari, romelic garda arsebuli moxmarebisa da tarifisa asaxavs sxvaobas wina wlis igive periodis moxmarebasa da tarifTan, aseve organizaciis sakontaqto infor-macias, romlisganac SesaZlebelia informaciis miReba energoefeqturobis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. individualuri mricxvelebi unda damontaJdes konku-rentul fasad yvelgan sadac teqnikurad da ekonomikurad gamarTlebulia.
10 www.greens.ge
gamomdinare iqedan, rom 2006 wlis energoefeqturobis direqtivam ver miaR-wia mizans, Seemcirebina energiis moxmareba evrokavSiris qvey nebSi winaswar gan-sazRvruli maCve nebliT 2020 wlisaTvis, 2012 wels miiRes energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb axali direqtiva, romelic damatebiT kidev sxva meqanizmebs moicavs.
2012 wlis 25 oqtombris evroparlamentisa da sabWos direqtiva 2012/27/EU energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb Semdeg ZiriTad principebsa da moTxovnebs ayalibebs:1. axali direqtiva arCevanis saSualebas iZleva 2020 wlisaTvis energoefeqtu-
robis erovnuli samizne maCve neblebi ganisazRvros pirveladi energiis mox-marebis an saboloo energiis moxmarebis, maCve nebelTan mimarTebaSi.
2. qvey nebma energoefeqturobis savaldebulo RonisZiebebis gatarebiTa da mi-zanmimarTuli politikuri meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT Seamciron energiis moxmareba sayofacxovrebo, industriul da transportis seqtorebSi 2014-2020 periodze.
3. uzrunvelyon energiis moxmarebis istoriuli monacemebis ufaso xelmisa-wvdomoba momxmareblebisTvis.
4. axali direqtiva kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs energoauditebis sistemis arsebobas, stimulirebis meqanizmebis gaZlierebas sayofacxovre-bo, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi energoauditebis CatarebisaTvis. unda Seiqmnassakonsultacio programebi SinameurneobebisaTvis energoauditebis sargeblianobisa da Sesabamisi momsaxurebebis gawevis Sesaxeb. SemuSavdes programebi kvalificiuri energoauditorebis mosamzadeblad.
5. did sawarmoebs daevaloT Caataron energoauditi yovel 4 welSi erTxel mainc.
6. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, centraluri mTavrobis gankargulebaSi arsebul Seno-bebs unda CautardeT aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, amasTan saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis wesebSi gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas energoefeqturobis kriteriumebi.
7. monitoringi unda CautardeT axali generaciis obieqtebs efeqturobis do-nis dasadgenad. axali TbosadgurebisaTvis, romelTa dadgmuli simZlavre 20 mvt.-s aWarbebs xarj-sargeblianobis analiziT unda ganesazRvroT maRale-feqturi kogeneraciuli meqanizmis damontaJebis SesaZlebloba. unda Sefas-des kogeneraciisa da raionuli gaTbobis sistemebis potencialic.
saqarTvelos politika da kanonmdebloba 2006/32/EC-2012/27/EU direqtivebTan mimarTebaSi:1. saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs kanoni energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb, romelic kom-
pleqsurad daaregulirebda am mimarTulebas da xels Seuwyobda energiis dazogvis RonisZiebebsa da energoefeqturi teqnologiebis danergvas. 2008 wels SemuSavebuli kanonproeqti energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb mTavrobam ar miiRo.
2. energetikis seqtoris ZiriTad maregulirebel kanonSi „eleqtroenergetiki-sa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb“ araa ganmartebuli energoefeqturobis mniS-vneloba, Tumca amave kanonis amocanaa: „xeli Seuwyos eleqtroenergiis warmoebis, gadacemis, dispetCerizaciis, ganawilebis, importis, eqsportisa da moxmarebis, agrTve bunebrivi gazis miwodebis, importis, eqsportis, transportirebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis efeqtianobis gazrdas“. igive kanoniT energetikis saministros funqcias warmoadgens - „eleqtroenergiis warmoebis, gadacemis, dispeCerizaciis, ganawilebis, importis, eqsportisa da moxmarebis, agreTve bunebrivi gazis miwodebis, importis, eqsportis, transportirebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis efeqtianobis gazrdis Ronis-ZiebaTa erTiani saxelmwifo programis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcilebis ko-ordinacia“.
www.greens.ge 11
3. 2006 wels miRebul parlamentis dadgenilebaSi „saqarTvelos energetikul seqtorSi saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis“ Taobaze weria, rom „samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo sferoebSi energoefeqtianobis amaRle-ba, qveyanaSi energoefeqtianobis amaRlebis sakanonmdeblo da instituciuri CarCoebis Camoyalibeba“ politikis erT-erT mimarTulebas warmoadgens.
4. 2014 wels SemuSavebul energetikuli politikis winaswar/saproeqto doku-mentSi `saqarTveloSi energoefeqturobis erTiani midgomis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba~ politikis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebas warmoadgens, ro-melSic aRniSnulia - „warmoebuli produqciis energotevadoba qvey nis eko-nomikuri siZlieris da produqciis konkurentunarianobis erT-erTi mniSv-nelovani indikatoria. aRniSnuli maCve nebeli saqarTveloSi ara mxolod evrokavSiris wevri, aramed sxva ganviTarebuli qvey nebis maCve neblebze maRa-lia. energotevadobis Semcirebis kuTxiT energiis moxmarebis gonivruli marTvis politika ekonomikuri zrdisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis winapiro-baa. energiis warmoebis, transportireba-ganawilebisa da moxmarebis swori marTva, agreTve energoefeqturobis programebi, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSo-ben qveyanaSi energiis moxmarebis dinamikis optimizaciis mxriv. aRniSnulis xelSewyobis mizniT unda Seiqmnas Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi baza; daigegmos da ganxorcieldes energoefeqturi mowyobilobebisa da teqnologiebis gan-viTarebasa da danergvaze orientirebuli RonisZiebebi; Seiqmnas da dawesdes energetikuli sawarmoebisa da momxmareblebisaTvis wamaxalisebeli reguli-reba energoefeqturi programebis ganxorcielebisaTvis“.
5. energoefeqturobis xelSewyobis kuTxiT „saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomiku-ri ganviTarebis strategia 2020“-Si aRniSnulia, rom „qvey nisTvis, energore-sursebis dazogvis mizniT, xeli Seewyoba energoefeqturobis zrdas da misi uzrunvelyofisTvis, Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebis SemuSavebas sae-rTaSoriso da evropuli normebis Sesabamisad. energiis efeqtiani gamoyene-ba, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovania rogorc energodamoukideblobis zrdis da resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisTvis, aseve, perspeqtivaSi energiaze ga-weuli danaxarjebis SemcirebisTvis“. amave strategiis dokumentSi weria - „e nergetikis sferos Tanamedrove evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad, in-stituciuri mowyobis da energoefeqturobis standartebis danergvis miz-niT, ganxorcieldeba evrokavSirTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT gaTva-liswinebuli valdebulebebis Tanamimdevruli Sesruleba“.
6. kanonebidan da saxelmwifo politikuri dokumentebidan zemoT moyvanili amonaridebi jerjerobiT mxolod formalobaa, maT praqtikaSi gansaxor-cieleblad direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli kompleqsuri programebisa da sa-moqmedo gegmebis SemuSavebaa saWiro.
7. saqarTveloSi energoefeqturobis ganviTarebaze Semdegi samTavrobo insti-tutebi muSaoben:a. energetikis saministros energoefeqturobisa da alternatiuri ener-
giis wyaroebis sammarTvelo;b. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros mdgradi
ganviTarebis departamenti (pasuxismgebelia energoefeqturobis sami ZiriTadi direqtivis ganxorcielebaze).
8. saqarTvelos ar SeumuSavebia aqamde energoefeqturobis erovnuli samizne maCve neblebi da samoqmedo gegma. Tumca, rva didi qalaqi maT Soris Tbi-lisic gaxdnen merebis SeTanxmebis xelmomwerebi. merebis SeTanxmebiT qa-laqis meria iRebs formalur valdebulebas Seamciros CO2-is gafrqvevebi energoefeqturi da ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyenebiT, amisaTvis ki amuSavebs mdgradi energetikis samoqmedo gegmas (SEAP). jer mxolod oTx qalaqs (Tbi-lisi, baTumi, gori, rusTavi) aqvs aseTi gegma.
12 www.greens.ge
9. saqarTveloSi ar funqcionireben energomomsaxurebis kompaniebi, ar arse-bobs maTi xelSewyobis finansuri da sxva meqanizmebi.
10. rTulia daakisro sajaro samsaxuris pasuxismgebloba saqarTveloSi arsebul vertikalurad integrirebul energokompaniebs, romelTa interesebsac ewi-naaRmdegeba msgavsi programebi. yovelive amas arTulebs saxelmwifosa da am kompaniebs Soris dadebuli grZelvadiani memorandumebi.
11. energoauditis sistema ar arsebobs saqarTveloSi. ar aris formaluri do-kumenti, romelic SenobebSi energoauditis procedurebs daaregulirebda. mxolod calkeuli donoruli grantebis farglebSi xorcieldeba mcire raodenobis Senobebis energoauditi, romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi auditiT rekomendirebuli RonisZiebebis gatareba ar axlavs Tan. SesamuSavebelia programebi kvalificiuri energoauditorebis mosamzadeblad.
12. eleqtroenergiis momxmarebelebis individualuri gamricxvelianeba wlebia mimdinareobs. saqarTvelos energetikisa da wyalmomaragebis maregulirebe-li erovnuli komisiis (semeki) 2013 wlis angariSis mixedviT individualu-ri mricxvelis armqone abonentebis statistika Semdegia: ss „Telasi“ – 1,3%; ss „e nergo-pro jorjia“ – 15%; ss „kaxeTis energodistribucia“ – 10,7 %;
13. tarifi, romelic swori ekonomikuri meTodologiiT dgindeba saukeTeso stimulatori SeiZleba iyos energoefeqturi RonisZiebebis danergvis. saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiisa da gazis tarifebi subsidirebulia da ima-ze gacilebiT dabalia vidre Cvens mezobel qvey nebSi. Tumca dRes arsebuli safexurebrivi tarifi garkveulwilad xels uwyobs sayofacxovrebo seqtor-Si eleqtroenergiis dazogvas.
14. energoefeqturi da ganaxlebadi energoproeqtebis xelSewyobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan finansur instruments energokrediti warmoadgens, romelic xorcieldeba 100 milioni aSS dolaris odenobis sakredito xazis meSveobiT kavkasiaSi. adgilobriv sawarmoebs da individualur pirebs qve-mse sxeblebis rangSi, SesaZlebloba aqvT miiRon Sesabamisi Tanxebi adgilobrivi partni-ori bankebidan. energoefeqturobis proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas qve-mse sxeblebs SeuZliaT miiRon sesxis Tanxis 10-15%-i sainvesticio subsidiis saxiT, romelic xelmisawvdomia evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis da misi donorebisagan. sakredito xazi warmoadgens kavkasiis ener-goefeqturobis programis nawils (CEEP).
evrokavSiris mTliani energomoxmarebis 40% da CO2-is gafrqvevebis 36% Seno-bebze modis, amitom energiis moxmarebis Semcireba da ganaxlebadi energiebis gamoyeneba SenobebSi mTavari prioritetia energodamoukideblobisa da saTburis gazebis Sesamcireblad. saqarTveloSi gacilebiT uaresi mdgomareobaa. Zvel da axal SenobebSic energiis kargvebi 3-jer ufro maRalia vidre igive klimatur pirobebSi arsebul evropul SenobebSi.
2010 wlis 19 maisis evroparlamentisa da sabWos direqtiva 2010/31/EU Senobe-bis energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb Semdeg ZiriTad principebsa da moTxovnebs aya-libebs:1. SemuSavdes Senobebis energetikuli maCve neblebis dadgenis meTodologia,
romlis mixedviTac sxvadasxva kategoriis SenobebisaTvis SemuSavdeba ener-gosistemis minimaluri moTxovnebi. es moTxovnebi yovel 5 welSi gadaixed-eba da ganaxldeba. direqtivis me-10 paragrafis moTxovniT qvey nebma aseve unda Seqmnan SenobebSi energetikuli maCve neblebis xelSewyobis arsebuli da potenciuri instrumentebis sia, romelsac yovel 3 welSi ganaaxleben.
2. axalma Senobebma unda daakmayofilon dadgenili moTxovnebi da mSeneblobis dawyebamde Seiswavlon ganaxlebadi energiis miwodebis sistemebis damonta-Jebis SesaZleblobebi. arsebuli Senobebis srulfasovani rekonstruqciisas
www.greens.ge 13
unda moxdes energetikuli maxasiaTeblebis gaumjobeseba da minimaluri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. direqtivis moTxovnebi ar vrceldeba: ofi-cialurad dacul Senobebze (mag. istoriuli Senobebi), religiuri daniS-nulebis Senobebze, droebiT Senobebze, SezRuduli droiT gamosayenebel sacxovrebel Senobebze, avtonomiur Senobebze, romelTa sasargeblo gamo-yenebis farTi 50 kv.m-ze naklebia.
3. SenobebSi teqnikuri sistemebi, rogoricaa gaTbobis, cxelwyalmomaragebis, gagrilebisa da ganiavebis sistemebi saWiroa akmayofilebdnen winaswar dad-genil minimalur moTxovnebs. aseve uzrunvelyofil unda iqnas maTi regu-laruli Semowmebis sistema.
4. Senobis nawili (mag. fanjris CarCoebi), romelsac mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs Senobis energetikul maCveneblebze, misi gamocvlis an ganaxlebisas unda akmayofilebdes winaswar gansazRvrul minimalur moTxovnebs.
5. xeli unda Seewyos inteleqtualuri samomxmareblo mricxvelebis Semotanas Senobebis rekonstruqciis procesSi. rac aseve daakmayofilebs eleqtroe-nergiis Sida energetikuli bazris saerTo wesebis Sesaxeb direqtivis moT-xovnebs.
6. 2020 wlis 31 dekembrisTvis yvela axali Senoba unda akmayofilebdes Seno-bebis mier TiTqmis nulovani energomoxmarebis pirobebs. xolo Senobebi, romlebic sajaro seqtors ukavia am moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes ukve 2018 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis.
7. unda Seiqmnas Senobebis sertificirebis sistema, romelic moicavs infor-macias Senobis energetikuli maCve neblebis Sesaxeb, maTi gaumjobesebis gze-bsa da rekomendaciebs.
8. Senobis nawilis gayidvis an gaqiravebisas energetikuli maCve neblebis ser-tifikati warmodgenil unda iqnas damqiraveblisaTvis/ myidvelisaTvis da sareklamo ganacxadSi.
9. sajaro da sazogadoebis TavSeyris SenobebSi romelTa farTi 500 kv.m-ze metia maTi energetikuli maCve neblebis sertifikati gamosaCen adgilas unda ganTavsdes (e s zRvari Semcirdeba 250 kv.m 2015 wlis 9 ivlisidan).
saqarTvelos politika da kanonmdebloba 2010/31/EU direqtivasTan mimarTebaSi:1. aRniSnuli direqtivis moTxovnebs saqarTveloSi unda aregulirebdes kanoni
samSeneblo saqmianobis Sesaxeb, Tumca masSi araferia naTqvami energoefeq-turobaze. amJamad ekonomikis saministro muSaobs „saqarTvelos sivrciTi mowyobisa da mSeneblobis kodeqsis“ proeqtze, romelic oficialuri pire-bis gancxadebiT eyrdnoba saukeTeso evropul gamocdilebas da xels Seuwy-obs saqarTveloSi sivrciTi mowyobis, qalaqTmSeneblobiTi dagegmvisa da mSeneblobis sferos kanonmdeblobis evropul da saerTaSoriso normebTan daaxloebas.
2. „saqarTvelos sivrciTi mowyobisa da mSeneblobis kodeqsis“ proeqtis winas-war versiaSi 108-e da 109-e muxlebi eTmoba Senoba-nagebobis Tboizolireba-sa da energoefeqturobas da ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyenebas (ixileT qve-moT).
3. saqarTveloSi ar aris Senobebis sertificirebis formaluri moTxovna, standarti da instituti romelic am mimarTulebiT imuSavebda. germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis saagentos (GIZ) daxmarebiT ekonomikis samini-stro muSaobs Senobebis struqturuli dizainis Sesaxeb evrokodebis gad-motanaze, Tumca jer mxolod Targmanis etapze arian.
14 www.greens.ge
muxli 108. Senoba-nagebobis Tboizilireba da energoefeqturoba1. Senoba-nagebobis SemzRudavi konstruqciebi da misi orientacia, ase-
ve, masSi ganTavsebuli aRWurviloba-danadgarebi, romelic gankuTv-nilia gaTbobis, kondicirebis, ganaTebis, ganiavebisa da Tboizo-laciisaTvis, unda xasiaTdebodes iseTi TaviseburebiT, rom erTob-liobaSi uzrunvelyofili iqnes maqsimalurad naklebi energia.
2. Senoba-nagebobis rekonstruqcia unda ganxorcieldes mxolod ener-goefeqturobis minimaluri Sesabamisobis pirobiT, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad.
3. Senoba-nagebobis energoefeqturobis normebi dgindeba „Tbomedego-bis normebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT.
4. mSeneblobis nebarTvis gamcemi organo valdebulia gasces energoe-feqturobis damadasturebeli pasporti iseTi Senoba-nagebobis mi-marT, romelic akmayofilebs am muxliT dadgenil moTxovnebs.
5. energoefeqturobis sferos momwesrigebeli kanonmdeblobis SemuSa-vebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes evrokavSiris 2010/31/EU regu-laciis moTxovnebi.
muxli 109. ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyeneba1. Senoba-nagebobis daproeqtebisa da mSeneblobisas mxedvelobaSi unda
iqnes miRebuli ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi.2. ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyeneba Senoba-nagebobaSi SeiZleba moica-
vdes Semdeg teqnikur saSualebebs:a) mzis pasiur sistemebs, mzis energiaze funqcionirebad wylis ga-
maTbobel danadgarebs, agreTve cxeli wylis momaragebis kombi-nirebul sistemebs;
b) geoTermul wyalze an sxva energomatarebelTan kombinaciaSi fun-qcionirebadi gaTbobis/gagrilebisa da cxeli wylis momaragebis sistemebs;
g) sxva sistemebs, romelic iZleva ganaxlebadi energiis efeqturad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.
2010 wlis 19 maisis evroparlamentisa da sabWos direqtiva 2010/30/EU etike-tirebis da produqciis Sesaxeb sxva standartuli informaciis miTiTebiT, ener-gomoxmarebis produqtebis mier energiisa da sxva wyaroebis moxmarebis Sesaxeb Semdeg ZiriTad principebsa da moTxovnebs ayalibebs:
1. direqtivis mizania Camoayalibos harmonizebuli CarCoebi yvela energo-momxmarebli produqtis niSandebis Sesaxeb, romelic momxarebels miawvdis sak-maris informacias energoefeqturi produqciis SerCevis mizniT. amas Tan unda axldes sainformacio/saganmanaTleblo da stimulirebis kampania energoefeqtu-robis Sesaxeb.
2. direqtiva ayalibebs valdebulebebs energomomxmarebeli produqciis mwarmoebeli/mimwodebeli yvela monawile mxarisTvis; aseve awesebs saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis wesebis kriteriumebsa da sajarimo sanqciebs.
saqarTvelos politika da kanonmdebloba 2010/30/EU direqtivasTan mimarTebaSi:1. saqarTvelos kanoni „produqtis usafrTxoebisa da Tavisufali mimoqcevis“
Sesaxeb aregulirebs saqarTvelos bazarze arsebuli produqtis usafrTxo-ebisa da teqnikur normebs. kanonis mixedviT produqtis usafrTxoebis Se-fasebisas sxva faqtorebTan erTad mxedvelobaSi miiReba produqtis etike-tireba. kanonSi araferia naTqvami energomomxmarebeli produqtebis saval-debulo niSandebis Sesaxeb.
2. aRniSnuli kanonis erT-erT mizans vaWrobaSi arasatarifo barierebis Sem-cireba warmoadgens.
www.greens.ge 15
3. zemoTxsenebuli energokreditis programis ganxorcielebis pirvel etapze did problemas warmoadgenda energoefeqturi da ganaxlebadi energoteqno-logiebis mimwodebel firmebSi momuSave konsultantebis cnobierebis dab-ali done, rac Tavismxriv arTulebda momxmareblisaTvis arCevanis gakeTebas.
2009 wlis 23 aprilis evroparlamentisa da sabWos 2009/33/EC direqtivis suf-Ta da energoefeqturi sagzao satransporto saSualebebis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb mizania kontraqtorebma, romlebic apireben satransporto saSualebis SeZenas sufTa da energoefeqturi sagzao transportis bazris mxardaWera-ganviTarebi-saTvis gaiTvaliswinon am satransporto saSualebis mier mTeli sicocxlis man-Zilze energiis moxmarebisa da CO2-is gafrqvevebis jamuri raodenobebi.
saqarTvelos kanoni „saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb“ ar iTvaliswinebs moce-muli direqtivis moTxovnas satransporto saSualebis an sxva produqtis Sesyid-visas gaTvaliswinebul iqnas satransporto saSualebis mier sicocxlis manZilze moxmarebuli energiisa da CO2-is gafrqvevebis jamuri raodenoba.
saqarTvelos sajaro seqtorSi satransporto saSualebebis Sesyidvisas Ziri-Tadi aqcenti usafrTxoebaze da komfortze keTdeba, ar iTvaliswineben sufTa da energoefeqturi sagzao satransporto saSualebebis moTxovnebs. amitom SeZeni-li satransporto saSualebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi didi gabaritebis, maRali simZ-lavrisa da araenergoefeqturia.
mTavroba gegmavs sagzao satransporto saSualebebis savaldebulo teqnikuri daTvalierebis SemoRebas 2015 wlidan, rac normalur, arakorumpirebul piro-bebSi dadebiTi efeqtis momtani iqneba.
`energetikuli qartiis oqmi energetikuli efeqturobisa da garemosTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb~ da saqarTvelos normatiuli
garemosa da saxelmwifo politikis Sesabamisoba oqmis moTxovnebTan
e nergetikuli qartiis xelSekruleba Tavisufali, sabazro da mdgradi ganvi-Tarebis principebze dayrdnobiT qmnis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv garemos en-ergetikuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. Sesabamisad xelSekruleba warmo-adgens samarTlebrivad savaldebulo mravalmxriv instruments.
energetikuli qartiis xelSekrulebas saqarTvelom xeli moawera 1994 wels da ZalaSi Sevida 1998 wels, xolo energetikis Sesaxeb qartiis oqms energetiku-li efeqturobisa da garemosTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb xeli moawera 1994 wels, romelic 2004 wels ratificirebul iqna saqarTvelos parlamentis mier.
“e nergetikis Sesaxeb qartiis oqmi energetikuli efeqturobisa da garemosTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb” gansazRvravs energetikuli efeqturobis xel-Sewyobisa da energosistemebis garemoze mavne zemoqmedebis SemcirebasTan dakav-Sirebuli politikis principebs. igi aseve Seicavs saorientacio debulebebs energetikuli efeqturobis programebis SemuSavebis mizniT, gansazRvravs TanamS-romlobis sferoebsa da farglebs erToblivi da koordinirebuli saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis.
xelSemkvreli mxareebi gansazRvraven strategiasa da energetikuli politikis amocanebs, energetikuli efeqturobis gaumjobesebis da energetikuli ciklis ganmavlobaSi garemoze zemoqmedebis Semcirebis mizniT, energetikis sferoSi ar-sebuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es strategia da amocanebi gamWvirvale iqne-ba yvela daiteresebuli mxarisaTvis.
e nergetikuli politikis miznebis misaRwevad TiToeuli xelSemkvreli mxare SeimuSavebs, ganaxorcielebs da regularulad ganaaxlebs energetikuli efeqtu-robis programebs, romlebic yvelaze metad esadageba konkretul garemoebebs.
16 www.greens.ge
e s programebi SeiZleba moicavdes iseT RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa:(a) energiaze xangrZlivi moTxovnilebisa da energiis miwodebis gegmis gansaz-
Rvra gadawyvetilebis gamotanis procesis sworad warmarTvis mizniT;(b) ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sefaseba energetikis, garemosdacviTi da
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT;(g) energiis momxmarebeli aparatebis efeqturobis gasaumjobeseblad saWiro
standartebis gansazRvra da maTi harmonizeba saerTaSoriso doneze savaWro darRvevebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT;
(d) kerZo iniciativisa da samrewvelo TanamSromlobis, maT Soris erToblivi sawarmoebis ganviTareba da waxaliseba;
(e) energetikulad yvelaze efeqturi, ekonomikurad sicocxlisunariani da ga-remosdacviTi TvalsazrisiT usafrTxo teqnologiebis mxardaWera.
(v) energetikuli efeqturobis gaumjobesebis mizniT inovaciuri midgomebis mxardaWera investiciebis sferoSi, kerZod, mesame mxareTa monawileoba da-finansebaSi da erToblivi dafinanseba;
(z) energetikuli balansebis da monacemTa bazebis Seqmna. monacemebSi detalu-rad unda aisaxos energiaze arsebuli moTxovnileba da energetikuli efeq-turobis gasaumjobesebeli teqnologiebi;
(T) sakonsultacio da mrCevelTa samsaxuris Seqmnis mxardaWera, romlebsac SeuZliaT imuSaon saxelmwifo da kerZo mrewvelobaSi an sawarmoebSi da uz-runvelyon informaciis miwodeba energetikuli efeqturobis sferoSi ar-sebuli programebisa da teqnologiebis Sesaxeb da daxmareba gauwion ro-gorc momxmareblebs, ise sawarmoebs;
(i) energiis erToblivi generirebis, raionul doneze Tbowarmoebis efeqturo-bis zrdisa da Senobebisa da sawarmoebis gamanawilebeli sistemebiT uzrun-velyofis RonisZiebebis xelSewyoba;
(k) energetikuli efeqturobis sferoSi moqmedi specializebuli organoebis Seqmna, romlebic uzrunvelyofil iqneba sakmarisi finansebiT da kadrebiT energetikuli politikis mimarTulebaTa ganviTarebisa da ganxorcielebi-saTvis.
(l) energetikuli efeqturobis programebis ganxorcielebisas, xelSemkvrelma mxareebma unda uzrunvelyon Sesabamisi institucionaluri da iuridiuli infrastruqturebis arseboba.
evropis energetikuli qartiis xelSekruleba aseve mouwodebs wevr qvey nebs ganaviTaron energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi da alternatiuli teqnologiebi garemoze uaryofiTi zianis Sesamcireblad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom e nergetikuli qartiis xelSekrulebis sxva Tavebi (vaWroba, inve sticiebi, tranziti) iuridulad savaldebuloa e nergoefeqturobis Tavis-gan gansxvavebiT, radgan e s ukanaskneli Tavisufalia Se saZlo konfliqturi riskebisgan.
saqarTvelos energetikuli politika evropis energetikuli qartiis xelSe-krulebis moTxovnebTan - energoefeqturobis mimarTulebiT:1. 2006 wels miRebul parlamentis dadgenilebaSi „saqarTvelos energetikul
seqtorSi saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi“ weria, rom qve-y anaSi energoefeqtianobis amaRlebisaTvis unda Seiqmnas sakanonmdeblo da instituciuri CarCoebi, Tumca yovelive es mxolod formalobaa Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis, programebisa da samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis-gareSe;
2. saqarTvelos araTu energoefeqturobis strategia, aramed energetikis se-qtoris ganviTarebis strategiac ki ar aqvs;
3. energoefeqturi proeqtebi mxolod donoruli programebis farglebSi xor-cieldeba, da isic mcire masStabiT;
www.greens.ge 17
4. 2001 wlis Semdeg ar gakeTebula saqarTveloSi erTiani energetikuli balan-si, romelic seqtoris analizisa da Sesabamisi programebis dagegmvis saSu-alebas mogvcemda. mxolod eleqtroenergiisa da gazis balansebi keTdeboda.
5. dadebiTad SeiZleba Sefasdes:• e nergoefeqturobis TvalsazrisiT hesebis reabilitacia, romelic bolo
wlebSi ganxorcielda . • eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis qselSi danakargebis Semcirebis dinamika;• teqnologiebis danergvis xelSewyobis mizniT sagadasaxado sistemis ga-
martiveba, sabaJo reJimis liberalizacia.
daskvnasaqarTvelos normatiuli da instituciuri garemo ZiriTadad ar Seesabameba
energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadi energiebis mimarTulebiT saerTaSoriso xe-lSekrulebebis moTxovnebs. saqarTvelosTvis, romelic evropul gzas adgas mniS-vnelovania am moTxovnebis Sesruleba da praqtikuli ganxorcieleba, rac pirvel rigSi sasargeblo iqneba qvey nis energetikuli sistemis usafrTxoebisaTvis. saqarTvelos isedac sust ekonomikas energiis araefeqturi moxmareba kidev ufro asustebs da energousafrTxoebis riskebs zrdis. araa sakmarisi samTavrobo in-stitutebis Zalisxmeva xeli Seuwyon energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadi ener-giebis danergva-ganviTarebas, am mimarTulebiT ufro donoruli programebis farglebSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi aqtiuroben.
e nergetikul kanonmdeblobaSi xSiri cvlilebebi, vertikalurad integrire-bul kompaniebTan dadebuli grZelvadiani memorandumebi, arakonkurentuli ga-remo, sazogadoebis cnobierebis dabali done kidev ufro arTulebs energoefe-qturobisa da ganaxlebadi energiebis ganviTarebas.
rekomendaciebi• e nergoefeqturi RonisZiebebisa da ganaxlebadi energiebis ganviTareba-xe-
lSewyobisaTvis saWiroa saxelmwifom kompleqsurad dagegmos da ganaxor-cielos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT savaldebulo programebi: Seqmnas kanonebi, qmediTi institutebi, finansuri meqanizmebi, samoqmedo gegma da misi monitoringis sistema, uzrunvelyos Tavisufali sabazro garemo;
• saWiroa energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadi energiebis potencialis pro-fesiul doneze Sefaseba, energetikuli monacemebis (balansebis) sistema-tizacia da analizi energousafrTxoebis riskebis Sesamcireblad;
• saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos ganaxlebadi energiebis ganviTarebas ara mxolod miwodebis seqtorSi da marto hidroresursebze koncentrirebiT, aramed sxva wyaroebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maT Soris moxmarebis seqtorSic;
• e nergiaze tarifi, romelic kargi instrumentia energoefeqturobis gazr-disaTvis ar unda gadaiqces politikuri qulebis daweris saSualebad, is arc socialuri problemebis mogvarebis saSualebaa, tarifi saukeTeso ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli meTodologiiT unda dgindebodes;
• ganviTarebuli qvey nebis energetikis maregulirebel organoebSi warmate-bul praqtikad iTvleba energoefeqturobisa da ganaxlebadi energiebis mimarTulebiT calke ganyofilebis /departamentis/ specialistTa jgufis arseboba, kargi iqneba Tu semeki msgavs praqtikas gaiTvaliswinebs;
• Senobebi grZelvadiani investiciaa da adamianebis usafrTxoebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, saxelmwifom unda moiZios finansebi energoefeqturi mSe-neblobebis stimulirebisaTvis, garda amisa xeli Seuwyos energomomsaxu-rebis kompaniebis institutis Seqmnas.
• saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis kanonSi gaTvaliswinebul iqnas da praqtikaSic gan-xorcieldes 2009/33/EC, 2012/27/EU direqtivebis moTxovnebi, rac kargi maga-liTi iqneba Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisaTvis.
18 www.greens.ge
saqarTvelos energetikuli seqtoris mdgomareobis mimoxilva, arsebuli problemebis Sefaseba da maTi modernizebis gzebi
1. saqarTvelos energetikuli seqtoris amJamindeli mdgomareoba
zogadi mimoxilva saqarTvelos ekonomikuri potencialis Sefasebis dros didi mniSvneloba eni-
Weba qvey nis saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsis ganviTarebis xarisxs, masSi Semava-li energetikuli resursebis mompovebeli, gadamamuSavebeli da gardamqmneli sawarmoebiT, bunebrivi pirobebiT da qvey nis geografiuli mdebareobiT. gansa-kuTrebuli adgili ukavia hidroenergetikul resursebsa da energiis ganaxleba-di wyaroebis potencials, romelsac hidroresursebis garda miekuTvneba ge-oTermuli, qarisa da mzis energiebi. mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTareba gulisx-mobs iseTi ekonomikuri meqanizmis Seqmnas, romelic ganapirobebs makroekonomi-kuri maCve neblebis zrdas da srulyofas, inovaciuri saqmianobis ekologiur-ekonomikuri da ekonomikuri zemoqmedebis sistemis formirebas, pirveladi energoresursebis adekvaturad zrdis gareSe. maRalganviTarebuli mrewveloba qvey nis ekonomikuri Zlierebisa da erovnuli ekonomikis mniSvnelovan seqtors warmoadgens da amis miRweva SesaZlebelia energetikuli damoukideblobis da energetikuli usafrTxoebis fonze.
ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiuli gegma unda efuZnebodes mdgradi ganviTarebis principebs da unda uzrunvelyofdes ekonomikis ganviTare-bas am principebis dacviT. yoveli ekonomikuri proeqti winaswar unda iqnes Sefasebuli misi ekonomikuri sargeblianobisa da bunebaze miyenebuli zianis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxolod da mxolod mdgradi ganviTarebis arsis da principebis dacvis farglebSi. strategiuli gegma unda iTvaliswinebdes mTavari priori-tetebis gamoyofas, mis ekonomikur da ekologiur dasabuTebas da saboloo Se-degebze orientirebuli ganxorcielebis optimaluri gzebis Ziebas. am mimarTu-lebiT erT-erT Sedegian prioritetad miiCneva ganaxlebadi energoresursebis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba (wylis, mzis, qaris, zRvis talRebis, geoTermuli wyle-bis, bio masis da sxv.). es gansakuTrebiT prioritetulia Cveni qvey nisaTvis, ram-denadac hidroresursebis arsebuli potencialis gamoyenebis koeficienti dRe-vandeli mdgomareobiT Zalian mokrZalebulia, xolo pirveladi mineraluri wiaRiseuli rebursebis baza praqtikulad ar arsebobs. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebu-lad aqtualobas iZens dRes qvey nis aRmSeneblobis grandiozuli masStabebidan gamomdinare.
1.1. eleqtroenergetikuli seqtori (aRwera):
gadacema
saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis gadamcemi qseli operirebs 500/330/220/110/35/10/6 kv Zabvaze.
saqarTvelos energosistema 500 kv gadamcemi qselis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba mezobeli qvey nebis energosistemebs:
500-kilovoltiani magistraluri eleqtrogadacemis xazi `qarTli 1~ – `qarT-li 2~ – `imereTi~ – `kavkasioni~, romelic 500kv qvesadgurebis „gardabani-500“, „zestafoni-500“ da „qsani-500“ gavliT akavSirebs saqarTvelos energosistemas
anzor dundua, nugzar uflisaSvilisaqarTvelos energo-resursebis efeqturad gamoyenebis asociacia
www.greens.ge 19
ruseTTan da saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleTiT ganlagebul generaciis msxvil obieqtebTan (maT Soris “engurhesTan”).
sse-s Svilobili kompaniis „e nergotransis~ mier aSenebulia 500kv magistra-luri eleqtrogadacemis xazi `varZia~ – `zekari~ – `mesxeTi~, romelic 500kv qvesadgurebis „gardabani-500“, „zestafoni-500“ da „axalcixe-500“ gavliT saqarT-velos energosistemas TurqeTTan akavSirebs.
500kv qvesadguridan „gardabani-500“ gadis azerbaijanis energosistemasTan da-makavSirebeli 500-kilovoltiani eleqtrogadacemis xazi „saqarTvelo-azerbaija-ni“ da 330-kilovoltiani gadamcemi xazi „gardabani-330“.
aseve, funqcionirebs farTo 220kv gadamcemi qseli, romelic dakavSirebulia generaciis sxva obieqtebTan da moTxovna-moxmarebis centralur regionebTan. saqarTvelos energosistema ruseTs, somxeTs da TurqeTs 220kv gadamcemi xazebi-Tac ukavSirdeba. arsebobs izolirebuli 110kv damakavSirebeli eleqtrogadamce-mi xazebi somxeTTan da ruseTTan.
`saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemisa~ da misi Svilobili kompaniis „e nergotransis“ balansze iricxeba:
500-220-110-35 kilovoltis 130 erTeuli eleqtrogadacemis xazi jamuri sigr-ZiT 3221.97 km. maT Soris: 500kv. xazebis sigrZe-289km; 220kv. xazebis sigrZe – 1584.41 km; 110kv. xazebis sigrZe – 856.79 km; 35 kv. xazebis sigrZe – 491.77 km.
500-220-110-35 kilovoltis 92 erTeuli qvesadguri jamuri dadgmuli simZla-vriT – 10212.6 mva. maT Soris: 500 kilovoltiani qvesadguri – 4 (jamuri dadg-muli simZlavre – 5228,2 mva); 220 kilovoltiani qvesadguri – 17 (dadgmuli simZlavriT – 4396.5 mva); 110 kilovoltiani qvesadguri – 25 (dadgmuli simZla-vriT – 421.4 mva); 35 kilovoltiani qvesadguri – 46 (dadgmuli simZlavriT – 166.5 mva).
dispetCerizacia
saqarTvelos energosistemis erovnuli sadispetCero centri ganlagebulia sse-is SenobaSi, Tbilisis centrSi. is pasuxismgebelia saqarTvelos energosiste-mis operatiul marTvaze, 500/220/110/35kv gadamcemi obieqtebis gamarTul muSaoba-sa da energosistemis mdgradobaze. erovnuli sadispetCero uzrunvelyofs en-ergosistemis, rogorc erTiani obieqtis muSaobas normalur da avariul re-JimebSi. centri aRWurvilia uaxlesi teqnologiebiT, riTac SesaZlebelia siste-mis Sesaxeb informaciis eleqtronul reJimSi miReba, sistemis distanciuri marTva da avariuli situaciebis efeqturi marTva. kerZod, erovnuli sadispet-Cero qvesadgurebidan da sadgurebidan iRebs srul informacias da mudmivad ganaxlebadi monacemTa bazis safuZvelze operatiulad reagirebs avariul situ-aciebSi.
saqrusenergo
ss gaerTianebuli energetikuli sistema „saqrusenergo“ 1996 wlis 27 maiss, saqarTvelos mTavrobis da „ruseTis erTiani energetikuli sistemis“ mier Camo-yalibda. saaqcio sazogadoebis sawesdebo kapitali damfuZneblebs Soris nawil-deba 50%-50%.
„saqrusenergos“ umTavresi amocanaa yvela mezobel energosistemasTan paral-elur reJimSi muSaoba. misi ZiriTadi funqciaa Sida sasistemo 500 kv-iani eleq-trogadamcemi xazebis meSveobiT eleqtroenergiis gadacema da mezobel qvey neb-Tan damakavSirebeli xazebis teqnikuri momsaxureba.
„saqrusenergos“ sawesdebo kapitalSi arsebuli gadamcemi xazebis mTliani sigrZea 908 km. maT Soris, saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali 603 km sigrZis, xolo ruseTis teritorize arsebuli 305 km sigrZis eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi.
20 www.greens.ge
ganawileba-distribuciaenergo-pro jorjia
s.s. energo-pro jorjia aris Cexuri energo-pro ei-e s-is mflobelobaSi ar-sebuli kompania. „saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli sadistribucio energokompaniisa“ da „aWaris energokompaniis“ aqtivebi Cexurma kompaniam ss „e nergo-pro jorjiam“ 2007 wlis ivnisSi iyida. gamanawilebeli kompaniebis aqtivebTan erTad „energo-pro jorjias“ sakuTrebaSi Svidi hidroeleqtrosadguri gadaeca. kerZod: „rio-nihesi“, „gumaThesebis kaskadi“, „Zevrihesi“, „Saorihesi“, „lajanurhesi“, „zahesi“, „orTaWahesi“ da „awhesi“. maTi jamuri dadgmuli simZlavre 368 megavats aRemate-ba. abonentebis raodenobisa da momsaxurebis teritoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, s.s. energopro jorjia warmoadgens erTerT yvelaze did kompanias amierkavkasiis regionSi. s.s. energopro jorjia aris energopro jgufis wevri; energopro jgu-fi Tavis mxriv flobs energo obieqtebs CexeTis respublikaSi, bulgareTSi, Tur-qeTsa da somxeTSi. jgufis aqtivebis sabazro Rirebuleba dRes Seadgens 650 mln evros.
ss „e nergo-pro jorjia“ saqarTvelos energobazarze erT-erTi yvelaze didi gamanawilebeli kompaniaa, romelic Tbilisisa da kaxeTis nawilis garda, saqarT-velos mTels teritoriaze maRali (110 kv) saSualo (35-10 kv) da dabali (6-0,4 kv) Zabvis qsels flobs.
kompaniis saqmianobis ZiriTadi saxeebia:•eleqtroenergiisganawileba;•eleqtroenergiiswarmoeba;•eleqtroenergiistranzitismomsaxureba;•abonentTateqnikurimomsaxureba.
momxmarebelTa momsaxureba da eleqtronuli qselebis eqspluatacia xor-cieldeba abonentTa momsaxurebis 7 regionuli filialis da 55 servis-centris meSveobiT.
„e nergo-pro jorjia“ weliwadSi 2.150 miliardi kvt/sT eleqtroenergiiT ama-ragebs 850 000 abonents. kompaniis mier eleqtroenergiis gayidvebi utoldeba qveyanaSi eleqtroenergiis saerTo moxmarebis 40%-s;
kompaniis muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: •energomomaragebissaimedooba;•momxmarebelTamomsaxurebisgaumjobeseba;•axalteqnologiaTadanergva;•qselissrulimodernizacia.
Ce xuri kompania „e nergo-pro“ daarsda 1994 wels CexeTis respublikis q. svi-tavSi. igi warmoadgens CexeTis kerZo pirebis mier dafuZnebul kompanias, rom-lisTvisac eleqtroenergiis warmoeba maTi warsuli saqmianobis gagrZelebaa. Tavdapirvelad kompania hidroturbinebis warmoebiTa da hesebis mSeneblobiT iyo dakavebuli.
sadReisod, „e nergo-pro“ flobs da amuSavebs 11 hidroeleqtrosadgurs Cexe-Tis respublikaSi. agreTve flobs hidroeleqtro sadgurebs bulgareTsa da Tur-qeTSi.
saqarTveloSi „energo-pro jorjias“ jgufis proeqti CexeTis „eqsport-import bankis“ mxardaWeriT ganxorcielda, romelic saxelmwifo sakuTrebaa. mis specializacias warmoadgens eqsportisa da Cexuri kompaniebis ucxouri investi-ciebis finansuri uzrunvelyofa.
2002 wlidan, CexeTis „eqsport-importis banki“ „e nergo-pro“ jgufis saerTaSo-riso saqmianobas afinansebs. „e nergo-pros“ sainve sticio saqmianobis mxardamWer-
www.greens.ge 21
ia CexeTis respublikis eqsportis garantiis da dazRvevis kompania (EGAPP), ro-melic saqarTveloSi „energo-pros“ da CexeTis eqsport bankis investiciebis ris-kis dazRvevas uzrunvelyofs.
Telasiss „Telasi“ saqarTvelos energobazarze sididiT me-2 gamanawilebeli kompani-
aa, romelic q. Tbilisisa da mis mimdebare teritoriebze maRali (110 kv) saSu-alo (35-10 kv) da dabali (6-0,4 kv) Zabvis qsels flobs.
kompaniis saqmianobis ZiriTadi saxea eleqtroenergiis ganawileba.
amasTan erTad, sazogadoeba eweva Semdegi saxis momsaxurebas:•eleqtroenergiistranzitismomsaxurebas;•abonentTateqnikurmomsaxurebas;•bilingisadagadaxdebisSegrovebismomsaxurebasgareSeservisuliorga-
nizaciebisTvis.
momxmarebelTa momsaxureba da eleqtruli qselebis eqspluatacia xorciel-deba abonentTa momsaxurebis centrebsa da saeqspluatacio ubanebSi, romlebic qalaqis yvela administraciul raionSi mdebareobs.
ss „Telasi“ weliwadSi 2 miliardi kvt/sT eleqtroenergiiT amaragebs 416 500 abonents. gasuli wlebis krizisuli dReebisgan gansxvavebiT eleqtroenergiis SezRudvisa da avariebis raodenoba dedaqalaqSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, gai-zarda energomomaragebis saimedoobis xarisxi, aseve moxmarebuli eleqtroener-giis safasuris amoRebis maCve nebeli. ori wlis ganmavalobaSi sabiujeto valde-bulebis saxiT kompaniam 200 milion larze meti Tanxa gadaixada.
ss „Telasis“ gamanawilebeli qseli moicavs:•110kvqvesadgurebi-23qvesadguri,45transformatori;•35kvqvesadgurebi-12qvesadguri,23transformatori;•6-10/0,4qvesadgurebi-1570qvesadguri,2032transformatori;•110kvsahaeroeleqtrogadamcemixazebi-33xazi,sigrZe284km;•35kvsahaeroeleqtrogadamcemixazebi-14xazi,sigrZe85km;•35kvsakabeloxazebi-10xazi,sigrZe17km;•6/10kvsahaeroeleqtrogadamcemixazebi-37xazi,sigrZe36km;•6/10kvsakabeloxazebi-2098xazi,sigrZe1587km;•0,4kvsahaeroeleqtrogadamcemixazebi-1206xazi,sigrZe502km;•0,4kvsakabeloxazebi-6569xazi,sigrZe739km.
kompaniis muSaobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:e nergomomaragebis saimedooba, momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba,
axal teqnologiaTa danergva da qselis sruli modernizacia.„Telasis“ aqciebis 75% mflobeli 2003 wlidan ruseTis erTiani energosiste-
maa, romelmac `Telasi~ amerikuli kompania `ei-i-e s”-isgan iyida. saaqcio sazoga-doeba `ei-i-e s ruseTi“ 1992 wels Seiqmna. kompaniis sawyis kapitalSi Tbo da hi-dravlikuri eleqtrosadgurebi, magistraluri eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi da en-ergetikuli obieqtebi, aseve energetikuli kompaniebis, samSeneblo da samecnie-ro-saproeqto organizaciebis aqciaTa paketebi Sevida.
kaxeTis energodistribuciass `kaxeTis energodistribucia“ kaxeTis regionSi gamanawilebeli kompaniaa,
romelic 2003 wlis 15 aprils s.s. `sinaTle“-s bazaze Seiqmna.kompaniis saqmianobis ZiriTadi saqmianobaa eleqtroenergiis ganawileba.momxmarebelTa momsaxureba da fuladi saxsrebis Segroveba xorcieldeba ss
`kaxeTis energodistribuciis“ 8 servis-centrSi, romlebic ganTavsebulia kaxe-
22 www.greens.ge
Tis regionis yvela administraciul raionSi. ss ,,kaxeTis energodistribucia“ emsaxureba 117 058 abonents. misi saSualo wliuri moxmareba 200 mln kvt.saaTia.
ss `kaxeTis energodistribuciis~ gamanawilebeli qseli moicavs:•10-6kv.egx-4990km;•0.4kv.egx-11359km;•10kv.fideri-192;•10-6/0.4qvesadgurebi•1669satransformatoropunqti.
warmoebasaqarTvelos energetikuli seqtori warmodgenilia mcire, saSualo da didi
simZlavris hesebiT, kondensaciuri TboeleqtrosadgurebiT da airturbinuli danadgariT.
eleqtrosadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli (salteze gacema) eleqtroenergia 2013 wels
www.greens.ge 23
Cve ns xelT arsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, eleqtrosadgurebis ZiriTadi da damxmare mowyobilobebi moZvelebulia da amis gamo maTi margi qmedebis koefi-cienti sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia. es imas niSnavs, rom danadgarebi ver iReben (aRweven) saproeqto parametrebs, Sedegad aris Semcirebuli gamomuSaveba, daqvei-Tebuli energousafrTxoeba da momatebuli ziani garemoze.
eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis komerciuli operatori
„eleqtroenergetikuli seqtoris komerciuli operatori“ (e sko) `eleqtroe-nergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis~ Sesaxeb kanonis Sesabamisad, 2006 wlis 7 agvi-stos daarsda. kompaniam funqcionireba amave wlis 1 seqtembridan daiwyo.
e nergetikisa da bunebrivi resursebis ministris 2011 wlis 10 agvistos #142 brZanebis safuZvelze, „eleqtroenergetikuli seqtoris komerciuli operatori“ saaqcio sazogadoebad gardaiqmna. misi 100%-iani wilis mflobeli saxelmwifoa.
esko-s funqciebi:• sabalansoeleqtroenergiis(simZlavris)yidva-gayidva(maTSoris,importsa
da eqsportze saSualo- da grZelvadiani xelSekrulebebis gaformebis gziT);• garantirebulisimZlavriTvaWroba„eleqtroenergetikisadabunebriviga-
zis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonisa da „eleqtroenergiis (simZlavris) bazris wesebis“ Sesabamisad;
• sabiTumo yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb erTiani bazis, maT Soris, aRricxvianobiserTiani reestris Seqmna da warmoeba;
• saqarTvelos erTian eleqtroenergetikul sistemaSi eleqtroenergiisa dasimZlavris miwodeba-moxmarebis dagegmvis mizniT dispetCerizaciis licen-ziatisaTvis Sesabamisi informaciis wardgena;
• sabiTumoaRricxvaSigamoyenebulimricxvelebisinspeqtireba;• axalieleqtrosadgurebismSeneblobisxelSewyoba;• kanoniTgansazRvrulisxvafunqciebisganxorcieleba.
24 www.greens.ge
qvey nis energetikuli strategia da politika.imis miuxedavad, rom saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 2006 wels miRebuli iyo
„energetikuli politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi“, romelSic 2008 wels Seta-nil iqna umniSvnelo cvlilebebi, mis safuZvelze ver moxerxda qvey nis energe-tikuli seqtoris fuZemdebluri strategiuli da programuli dokumentebis Seqmna (igulisxmeba mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da wlebSi gawerili konkretuli RonisZiebaTa paketebi), romlebic sakmarisi analitikuri uzrunvelyofiT Camo-ayalibebdnen seqtoris grZelvadian xedvas da gansazRvravdnen prioritetebs energetikaSi strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. nawilobriv am pakete-bis ararsebobas avsebs samTavrobo programa - ganaxlebadi energia 2008 (hidro-energia), Tumca is am funqcias jerovnad ver asrulebs. xarisxiani strategiuli dokumentebis gareSe maRalia albaToba araoptimaluri qmedebebisa da gadawyve-tilebebis miReba.
navTobis da gazis seqtorisaqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis korporaciass „saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis korporacia“ saqarTveloSi arsebuli ma-
gistraluri gazsadenebis sistemis, gazsadenebisa da navTobsadenebis eqspluata-cias da mSeneblobas axorcielebs. misi saqmianobis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTu-lebaa magistraluri gazsadenebis sistemis aRdgena/reabilitacia; axali magi-straluri gazsadenebis da navTobsadenebis daproeqteba/mSenebloba; saTanado infrastruqturis Seqmna, ganviTareba da operireba. aseve, navTobisa da gazis resursebis daZieba, maTi aTviseba, mopoveba, am samuSaoTa daproeqteba, aseve nav-Tobisa da gazis, maTi produqtebis saqarTvelos teritoriaze da mis farglebs gareT transportirebis tranzitis, eqsportis, importis, Senaxvis, momzadebis, gadamuSavebis, realizaciis da marketingis operaciebis warmoeba (kompania agreT-ve uzrunvelyofs gazis tranzits, miwodebasa da transportirebas somxeTis respublikaSi).
misi funqciaa gazis xarjvis aRricxvis warmoeba, reJimis dacva, mis siswore-ze kontrolis daweseba, gazis danakargebis mizezebis dadgena da gazsadenis usafrTxoebis dacva.
gazis transportirebis kompania eqspluatacias uwevs 1939.52 km (gazis saer-TaSoriso korporaciis sawesdebo balansis mixedviT) saerTo sigrZis magistra-lur gazsadenebsa da ganStoebebs, 85 gazgamanawilebel sadgurs, 5 gazis gamzom kvanZs. gazsadenebis mTliani saproeqto warmadoba dRe-RameSi 55 mln.m3 Seadgens, anu 20 mliard m3 weliwadSi. gazsadenebis mTliani geometriuli moculobaa 551.151 m3.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministris brZanebiT, 2006 wlis mart-Si dafuZnda „saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis korporacia“. korporaciis Semad-genlobaSi Sevida ss „saqarTvelos navTobis saerTaSoriso korporaciis“, ss `saqarTvelos gazis saerTaSoriso korporaciis“ da ss „saqnavTobis“ saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqciebis 100%. 2011 wlis seqtemberSi korporaciam samarT-lebrivi forma Seicvala da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebidan saaq-cio sazogadoebad gardaiqmna.
amJamad korporaciis aqciaTa 100%-s ss „sapartnioro fondi“ flobs, rome-lic, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia. kompaniis marTvis ufleba miniWebu-li aqvs saqarTvelos energetikis saministros.
navTobsadenebisaqarTveloSi navTobis transportireba ori navTobsadeniT - baqo-Tbilisi-
jeihanis navTobsadeniT (BTC) da dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeniT (WREP) xorcieldeba.
www.greens.ge 25
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtiazerbaijanidan „azeri-Ciragi-giuneSlis“ sabadodan mopovebuli navTobis
eqsportireba baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.BTC navTobis kaspiis da xmelTaSua zRvebs Soris transportirebis pirveli
pirdapiri marSrutia. misi mSeneblobis mTlianma xarjma 4 miliard aSS. dolars miaRwia. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze grZeli milsadenia. misi sigrZe 1768km-ia.
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeniT navTobis transportireba 2005 wlis maisSi daiwyo, xolo 2005 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da Tur-qeTis prezidentebma gardabanSi BTC-is saqarTvelos monakveTi oficialurad gax-snes.
am navTobsadenis operirebis Sedegad, proeqtis funqcionirebis periodSi, pirdapiri satranzito Semosavlebis saxiT, saqarTvelos biujeti daaxloebiT 50 milion aSS. dolars miiRebs.
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis ZiriTadi saeqsporto navTobsadenis proeqtis farg-lebSi investori kompaniebi axorcieleben mosaxleobis socialuri mxardaWeris programebs, romelTa mizania navTobsadenis derefanSi mdebare soflebis mosax-leobis daxmareba socialuri problemis gadaWraSi.
dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni (WREP) baqo-sufsis milsadenis
saxeliTaa cnobili. dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni BP-is mier gan-xorcielebuli pirveli investiciaa saqarTveloSi da 1999 wlidan funqcio-nirebs.
baqo-sufsis adreuli navTobis milsadenis mSenebloba azerbaijanis saerTa-Soriso saoperacio kompaniam daafinansa. milsadenis mSeneblobis farglebSi aseve moxda sufsis terminalis mSeneblobac. baqo-sufsis adreuli navTobsadenis sigrZe 830km-ia (saqarTvelos monakveTi 375km), sufsis terminalis tevadoba - erTi milioni bareli.
dasavleTis marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeniT xorcieldeba kaspiis zRvis teritoriaze mdebare Ciragis sabadodan, sangaCalis terminalis gavliT navTo-bis CatvirTva sufsis terminalSi. WREP-is gavliT sangaCalidan navTobi 1998 wlis dekemberSi gamouSves, 1999 wlis ianvris pirvel kviras ki saqarTveloSi Semovida.
saqarTvelos teritoria dayofilia 25 salicenzio blokad. blokebze navTo-bisa da gazis sargeblobis generaluri licenzia Ria saerTaSoriso tenderebis safuZvelzea gacemuli. dReisaTvis navTobisa da gazis Zebna-Ziebisa da mopovebis saqmianobas 12 navTobkompania axorcielebs:
• Jindal Petroleum (indoeTi)• Frontera Resources Georgia (aSS)• Strait Oil and Gas (didi britaneTi-avstralia)• Georgia Oil and gas (saqarTvelo)• Ninotsminda Oil Company (CexeTi) • Vectra Investment Private Limited (indoeTi) • Canargo Norio (CexeTi) • Canargo Nazvrevi (CexeTi) • Marine Resources (rumineTi)• ELENILTO (israeli)• Trans Atlantic (didi britaneTi-avstralia) • Strait Oil and Gas (Adjara) (didi britaneTi-avstralia)
26 www.greens.ge
gazsadenebisaqarTvelos magistarluri gazsadenis sistema 1959 wlidan funqcionirebs,
roca eqspluataciaSi Sevida amierkavkasiaSi pirveli magistraluri gazsadeni - yaradaRi-Tbilisi. sawyis etapze saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 500 mm diametris 50 km sigrZis gazsadeni wiTeli xididan Tbilisamde. eqspluataciaSi iyo gardab-nis, rusTavis da navTluRis gazgamanawilebeli sadgurebi. 1963 wels eqspluata-ciaSi Sevida orjonikiZe-Tbilisis 700 mm-iani gazsadeni, ramac saqarTvelos Se-saZlebloba misca bunebrivi gaziT ori erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli wyarodan - ruseTidan da azerbaijanidan momaragebuliyo.
1967-1968 wlebSi eqspluataciaSi Sevida yaradaR-Tbilisisa da orjonikiZe-Tbilisis paraleluri 700 da 800 mm-iani gazsadenebi.
1979-80 wlidan saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs 1000 mm-iani yazax-saguramos 89 km-iani, xolo 1988 wlidan 1200 mm-iani CrdiloeT kavkasia-amierkavkasiis gazsa-denebi.
1969 wlidan funqcionirebs saguramos, xolo 1980-81 wlebidan qveSeTis sakom-presoro sadgurebi. saqarTvelos magistraluri gazsadenebiT xorciledeba bune-brivi gazis transportireba saqarTvelos obieqtebisaTvis da satranzito mom-saxureba somxeTisaTvis. magistarluri gazsadenis eqspluatacias axorcileben yazbegis, qveSeTis, saguramos da Terjolis saxazino saeqspluatacio filialebi.
saqarTvelos magistraluri gazsadenis sistema 9 gazsadens moicavs. maT So-ris, CrdiloeT kavkasia-amierkavkasia, yazax-saguramo, yaradaR-Tbilisi, vladi-kavkaz-Tbilisi, saguramo-quTaisi, quTaisi-soxumi, rusTavi-Telavi-Jinvali, wiTe-li xidi-walka-alastani da gomi-xaSuri-bakuriani.
saqarTveloSi bunebrivi gazis gamanawilebeli qselis sigrZe Seadgens 17236.181 km-s.
q. Tbiliss emsaxureba bunebrivi gazis gamanawilebeli kompaniebi: Sps `yaz-transgaz-Tbilisi~, Sps `didi diRomi~, Sps `varkeTilairi~, ss `e nergokavSiri~, Sps `gama~ da Sps `yamari m~. 2013 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT, TbilisSi gamricx-velianebulia sul 401479 abonenti, maT Soris sayofacxovrebo – 388237 da ara-sayofacxovrebo – 13242. 2013 wels qselze mierTebuli axali momxmareblebis raodenobam Seadgina 9612, maT Soris sayofacxovreboa 8550 da arasayofacxovre-bo – 1062
2013 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT, Sps `sokar jorjia gazis~ gamanawile-beli kompaniebis abonentTa raodenobaa sul 257047, maT Soris sayofacxovreboa 250147 da arasayofacxovrebo – 6900. 2013 wels qselze mierTebuli axali momx-mareblebis raodenobam Seadgina 39224, maT Soris sayofacxovreboa 38342 da ara-sayofacxovrebo – 882.
ss `saqorggazis~ abonentTa raodenobaa sul 167063, maT Soris sayofacxovre-boa 162552 da arasayofacxovrebo – 4511. 2013 wels qselze mierTebuli axali momxmareblebis raodenobam Seadgina 6152, maT Soris sayofacxovreboa 5727 da arasayofacxovrebo – 425.
2013 wels saqarTveloSi qselze mierTebul iqna sul 62829 axali momxmarebe-li, maT Soris 60293 – sayofacxovrebo (mosaxleoba) da 2536 – arasayofacxovre-bo. sul bunebrivi gazis abonentTa raodenoba Seadgens 891117-s, maT Soris sayo-facxovrebo – 864947-s da arasayofacxovrebo – 26170-s.
bunebrivi gazis bazris wesebibunebrivi gazis bazris wesebi awesrigebs bunebrivi gazis mimwodebels, trans-
portirebis da ganawilebis licenziatebsa da pirdapir momxmarebels Soris urTierTobebs. ikrZaleba mimwodeblis an licenziatis mier bunebrivi gaziT momaragebis Sewyveta an Semcireba garda kanoniT gansazRvuli SemTxvevebisa. bunebrivi gazis yidva-gayidvisa da transportirebis urTierTobis monawileebma bunebrivi gazis miwodebisa da moxmarebis dabalansebis mizniT SesaZlebelia gaaformon ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebi.
www.greens.ge 27
transportirebis licenziati - saqarTvelos gazis transportirebis kompa-nia valdebulia: operatiulad Seasrulos mimwodeblis miTiTeba ama Tu im pi-risTvis bunebrivi gazis miwodebis, miwodebis Sewyvetis an aRdgenis Taobaze; daicvas saimedoobis standartebi da usafrTxoebis dadgenili normebi da we-sebi.
mimwodebels an bunebrivi gazis seqtoris licenziats (sul 58 kompania) uf-leba aqvs Sewyvitos momsaxureba - Tu misi momxmarebeli ar asrulebs kanon-mdeblobiT, sabazro wesebiT da xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs; gazmomaragebis Sewyveta saWiroa dagegmili an avariuli saremonto samuSaoebis gamo; Tu safrTxe emuqreba adamianis sicocxles, janmrTelobas an mis qonebas.is kompaniebi, romlebic transportirebis sistemis meSveobiT axorcieleben bunebrivi gazis yidva-gayidvas, transportirebas, miwodebas, ganawilebas an mox-marebas, valdebulebi arian iyvnen mzad sistemaSi SesaZlo deficitis gamomwvevi garemoebis Tavidan acilebisTvis. sabazro wesebis mixedviT, transportirebis sistemaSi bunebrivi gazis deficitis SemTxvevaSi, dasaSvebia bunebrivi gazis mi-wodebis Semcireba an SezRudva.
bunebrivi gazis transportirebis licenziati - saqarTvelos gazis transpor-tirebis kompania valdebulia gamarTul mdgomareobaSi iqonios mezobeli qve-y nebis sistemebTan damakavSirebeli bunebrivi gazis transportirebis qseli. agreTve ise daaproeqtos da marTos sistema, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes bunebri-vi gazis transportirebis sistemis stabiluroba maSinac ki, rodesac stiqiuri ubedurebis, diversiis, avariis an sxva movlenebis gamo mwyobridan gamova trans-portirebis sistemis erTi an meti mowyobiloba. deficitis SemTxvevaSi, bune-brivi gazi unda gadanawildes aucileblobisa da samarTlianobis principebis Sesabamisad. gazis transportirebis kompania valdebulia, pirvel rigSi, bune-brivi gaziT uzrunvelyos is pirdapiri momxmareblebi, romlebic bunebrivi gazis meSveobiT awarmoeben eleqtroenergias.
sabazro wesebis mixedviT, Tu gegmiuri saremonto samuSaoebis Catareba iwvevs bunebrivi gazis miwodebis droebiT Sewyvetas, amis Sesaxeb Sesabamis daintere-sebul pirs unda ecnobos 30 dRiT adre mainc - mocemuli proceduris darRvevis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisad moxdeba bunebrivi gazis miwodebis Sewyvetis gadavadeba.
sabazro wesi aregulirebs bunebrivi gazis nasyidobisa da transportirebis Sesaxeb ganacxadis wardgenisa da xelSekrulebis gaformebis meqanizms. kerZod, bunebrivi gazis nasyidobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis gaformebis Semdeg bunebrivi gazis gamyidveli valdebulia, transportirebis licenziats mimarTos ganacxa-diT bunebrivi gazis transportirebis Sesaxeb da aTi dRis vadaSi uzrunvelyos bunebrivi gazis miwodeba.
bunebrivi gazis moculobis Semcirebis an gazrdis Sesaxeb ganacxadi momsa-xurebis damkveTma gazis transportirebis kompanias unda warudginos minimum ori dRiT adre.
bunebrivi gazis winaswar gansazRvrul moculobaze meti raodenobiT miRebis SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivi gazis mimRebi valdebulia saangariSo periodis ganmavlo-baSi aunazRauros transportirebis an Sesabamis ganawilebis licenziats gansaz-Rvrul moculobaze zeviT miRebuli bunebrivi gazis Rirebuleba an aanazRau-ros igive moculobis bunebrivi gaziT.
sabazro wesebiT regulirdeba bunebrivi gaziT momaragebisa da bunebrivi gazis transportirebis sistemasTan mierTebis wesi. kerZod, pirs, romelsac surs transportirebis sistemasTan mierTeba, transportirebis licenziats unda warudginos ganacxadi. transportirebis kompania valdebulia uari ganacxados mierTebaze, Tu ganawilebis licenziatis an pirdapiri momxmareblis bunebrivi gazis transportirebis qselTan (sistemasTan) mierTeba aSkara uaryofiT gavlenas iqoniebs bunebrivi gazis transportirebis saerTo sistemaze. transportirebis sistemasTan im momxmareblis mierTeba, romlis bunebrivi gazis wliuri moxma-
28 www.greens.ge
reba aRemateba misi momsaxure ganawilebis licenziatis mier ganawilebuli bunebrivi gazis wliuri moculobis 15%-s, saWiroebs semekis winaswar Tanxmobas. sistemasTan mierTebuli obieqti eqspluataciaSi gaiSveba, qselTan mierTebaze gaweuli aucilebeli xarjebis anazRaurebis Semdeg.
bunebrivi gazis ukanono moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi bunebrivi gazis transporti-rebis licenziati uflebamosilia winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSe Seuwyvitos bunebrivi gazis momarageba pirdapir momxmarebels an ganawilebis licenziats.
ikrZaleba zusti aRricxvis gareSe bunebrivi gazis miwodeba, gazis mricxveli unda idges bunebrivi gazis qselze licenziatis miRebisa da miwodebis punqtebis gamijvnis wertilSi orive mxridan.
naxSirinaxSiri saqrTveloSi moipovebatyibulis maRaroSi qvanaxSiris mopovebiTi samuSaoebi daiwyo (ganaxlda) 2006
wlidan. mas Semdeg ganxorcielebuli mniSvnelovani sainve sticio proeqtebis Sedegad saqnaxSiri gaxda strategiulad mniSvnelovani da erT-erTi gamorCeuli kompania saqarTvelos industriul sivrceSi. kompaniam moaxdina maRaroebis re-abilitacia da ganaaxla qvanaxSiris mopoveba ZiZigurisa da mindelis saxelobis maRaroebSi. 2009 wels eqploataciaSi Sevida uaxlesi teqnologiebiT aRWurvili qvanaxSiris gamamdidrebeli qarxana. dRes qarTuli gamdidrebuli qvanaxSiris xarisxi yvela saerTaSoriso standarts Seesabameba.
kompania qvanaxSiriT mTlianad amaragebs adgilobriv bazars. gaformebuli kontraqtebis umetesoba grZelvadiania. 2011 wels saqnaxSirma moipova 350,000 tona qvanaxSiri da 2012 wels dagegmilia 500,000 tona qvanaxSiris amoReba. kom-pania gegmavs gazardos qvanaxSiris mopoveba 1.5 milion tonamde weliwadSi, raTa momavalSic mTlianad daakmayofilos zrdadi moTxovna adgilobriv bazarze. saqnaxSiri ar gamoricxavs Tavisi produqtis saerTaSoriso bazarze gatanas da gamdidrebuli qvanaxSiris eqsports aRmosavleT evropasa da Savi zRvis regionSi.
SeSatyes qvey nis teritoriis daaxloebiT 40%-s uWiravs. misi 97-98% bunebrivi
warmoSobisaa. tyeebis Semadgenloba, aRnagoba, zrda-ganviTarebis pirobebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi ganapirobeben mdidar biologiur mravalferovnebas - saqarT-velos tyeebSi daaxloebiT 400-mde saxeobis xe da buCqi izrdeba. dendrofloris mravalferovnebis maCve nebelia endemur merqnian mcenareTa simravle, kerZod, saqarTvelos tyeebSi 61 adgilobrivi da 43 kavkasiis regionisaTvis damaxasiaTe-beli endemuri saxeobaa gavrcelebuli.
saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg tyeebis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gauaresda - tyeebis marTva araefeqturi iyo, moiSala tyis meur-neobis gaZRolis tradiciuli wesebi da meqanizmebi. Sedegad, adgili hqonda didi moculobiT xe-tyis ukanono Wras, ar xdeboda Zovebis regulireba, gaaq-tiurda eroziuli procesebi, rig SemTxvevebSi, dairRva ekologiuri wonaswo-roba, seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna landSaftebs.
xSir SemTxvevaSi problemebi erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli da kompleqsur xasiaTs atarebs. ZiriTadi mizezebia:• tyismeurneobisgaZRolisarasworipolitika;• arasakmarisidafinansebadaSezRuduliadamianuriresursebi;• arasrulfasovanisakanonmdeblobaza;• qvey nistyisresursebisSesaxebarasrulyofilidaaraadekvaturiinfor-
macia;• ukanonoqmedebebismaRalidonedaaralegalurisaqmianobisarseboba;• saTbobiSeSisalternatiulienergomatareblebissiZvire.
www.greens.ge 29
saqarTvelos tyis fondis marTvas axorcielebs ssip erovnuli satyeo saagen-to, ssip daculi teritoriebis saagento, ssip aWaris satyeo saagento. cnobili movlenebis gamo afxazeTis a/r da samaCablos teritoriebze arsebuli tyeebis marTva da kontroli ver xorcieldeba. erovnuli satyeo saagentos marTvas daqvemdebarebuli tyis fondidan:
2006-2012 periodSi xe-tyis damzadebis specialuri licenziebi gacemulia 159.6 aTas ha-ze;• 2003-2012wlebSisamonadireomeurneobismowyobismizniTgacemulialicen-
ziebi 71.1 aTas ha-ze.
saqarTvelos energetikuli seqtoris Sefaseba da zogadi xasiaTis rekomendaciebi
analizis Sesasruleblad mTavar samizned SeirCa saqarTvelos energetikuli da ekologiuri usafrTxoeba, qvey nis mTliani meurneobis da mosaxleobis ener-goresursebiT saimedod da uwyvetad uzrunvelyofa.
energetikuli balansis analizi gviCve nebs, rom qvey nis mier moxmarebul da warmoebul energetikul resursebs Soris garRveva importirebuli sxvadasxva saxeobis energetikuli resursiT ivseba. ase, magaliTad, mTlian balansSi sakuTa-ri resursis odenoba 33,5% Seadgens, xolo 66,5% - Semodis importis saxiT.
saqarTvelos 2013 wlis mTliani energetikuli balansi
gamomdinare aqedan, imis miuxedavad, rom qveyanas gaaCnia SedarebiT ganvi-Tarebuli energetikuli seqtoris meurneoba, Tavisi infrastruqturiT, saqarT-velo aris energodeficituri da mas sWirdeba kargad damuSavebuli energodam-cavi meqanizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qvey nis mzard ganviTarebas mdgra-dobis principebis mkacri dacviT.
30 www.greens.ge
saqarTvelos 2005-2013 wlebis eleqtrobalansi (mln.kvtsT)
saqarTvelos 2013 wlis gazis balansi
2000-2013 ww saqarTvelosTvis mowodebuli bunebrivi airismoculobebi (mln.m3/weliwadSi)
qveynis reitingi da dargis mdgomareoba
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes sawyisad stabiluri socialuri mdgomareoba aris miCneuli. dRevandeli mdgomareobis statusiT saqarTvelo miekuTneba ganviTarebad qvey nebs. saerTaSoriso analitikuri kompania „Legatum Institute“-s 2013 wlis kvlevis mixedviT, saqarTvelo, keTildReobis reitingSi msoflios 142 qvey nis Soris 84-e poziciazea. reitingSi qvey nebis adgili Semde-gi 8 kategoriis mixedviT ganisazRvra - ekonomika, mewarmeoba, marTva, ganaTleba, jandacva, usafrTxoeba, piradi Tavisufleba da socialuri kapitali. kvlevis mixedviT, ekonomikuri maCve neblebis mxriv, saqarTvelo 99-e poziciazea, mewarme-obis mxriv 72-e, marTvis mxriv - 44-e, ganaTlebis kuTxiT - 67, jandacvis kuTxiT - 92-e, usafrTxoebis kuTxiT - me-60, piradi Tavisuflebis mxriv - 73-e, xolo socialuri kapitalis kuTxiT - 138-e adgilze.
aseTi reitingi ar uwyobs xels energetikaSi investiciebis farTod Semotanas da dargis Semdgom ganviTarebas.
energetikuli sistemis mdgomareoba
2013-14 w maCve neblebiT msoflio konkurentunarianobis indeqsis gansazRvris dros, saqarTvelo eleqtroenergiis miwodebis xarisxiT imyofeba 52-e adgilze (5.3 qula). es, SedarebiT mokrZalebuli maCve nebeli, ganisazRvra eleqtroener-giis ori ZiriTadi parametris: Zabvis da sixSiris (sul 14 sidide) mixedviT da momxmareblis xSiri da ukontrolo gamorTvebiT, rac metyvelebs magistraluri xazebis, gamanawilebeli qselis da eleqtroenergiis warmoebis wyaroebis gaumar-Tobaze da aramdgradobaze.
www.greens.ge 31
sadReisod arsebuli mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT, SemuSavda da uaxlo-esi 3-4 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcieldeba ramodenime `Semarbilebeli~ proeqti, romlis ganxorcielebas xuTi-eqvsi weli dasWirdeba. manamde, arasamTavro or-ganizaciebis azriT, avariuli situaciebis Tavidan asacileblad, saswrafod gasatarebelia organizaciuli da teqnikuri RonisZiebebi, maT Soris:
damoukidebeli auditis saSualebiT Sesaswavlia arsebuli teqnikuri mdgoma-reoba dargis yvela segmentSi (warmoeba, gadacema-ganawileba, distribucia), gasaaxlebelia da wesrigSia mosayvani saTanado Sidasasistemo avtomatika;
dasxvewia sakanonmdeblo baza. `aRmosavleT partniorobis~ parafirebuli do-kumentis preambulaSi miniSnebulia, rom CvenTvis prioriteti unda iyos ener-godazogva da energoefeqtianoba. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mTlianad, qvey nis energetikul seqtorSi Semavali sawarmoebi Tavisi mowyobiloba-danadga-rebiT da nagebobebiT mniSvnelovan wilad amortizirebulia, am moTxovnebis realizaciisaTvis, kanonebis radikaluri cvlilebebis garda, aucilebelia en-ergetikuli sistemis yovlismomcveli teqnikuri monitoringis modelis Camoya-libeba, realuri mdgomareobis da usafrTxoebis meqanizmebis inspeqtirebis CaTvliT.
e nergetikuli kanonmdeblobis sisrule da xarisxi gansazRvravs misi funq-cionirebis efeqtianobas da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. energetikis reformis Sedegad 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis Camoyalibebuli met-naklebad gamarTu-li energetikuli kanonmdebloba, Semdgom etapze mudmivad ganicdida konceptu-alurad mcdar, erTjerad cvlilebebs, rac mimdinare kerZo saWiroebebs pasu-xobda da ara dargis grZelvadiani ganviTarebis interesebs. Sedegad miviReT winaaRmdegobrivi, arasruli da araqmediTi energetikuli kanonmdebloba, rome-lic ver pasuxobs mniSvnelovan SekiTxvebze da iZleva gansxvavebuli interpreti-rebis saSualebas. es aferxebs seqtoris funqcionirebas da zRudavs kvalifici-ur investorTa Semosvlas. ar arsebobs mTeli rigi aucilebeli normatiuli da teqnikuri dokumentebisa. maT Soris, organuli kanonebis:
- energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb;- energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis Sesaxeb;- energetikuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb.
am kanonebis Sedegad unda damuSavdes konkretuli RonisZiebebi saTanado sa-moqmedo gegmebiT da programebiT. ferxdeba Tanamedrove standartebis miReba amisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis uqonlobis gamo.
gasaaxlebelia qvey nis energetikuli politika da strategia. energetikuli strategiis SemuSavebis aucilebeli nawilia sistemis grZelvadiani dagegmva (igulisxmeba 5-wliani da Semdgomi 10 wlis manZilze eleqtrosistemis ganviTare-bis xedva). saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad dagegmvis saSualebebis xelmisawvdomobisa, sakmarisi yuradReba ar eTmoba energetikuli seqtoris grZelvadian dagegmvas, Tanamedrove danadgarebis da marTvis sistemebis danergviT, _ rac kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom seqtoris marTvisas ver xdeba dasabuTebuli strategiuli ga-dawyvetilebebis miReba.
„evropis dedaqalaqebis merebis SeTanxmebebiT“ miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da iniciativebi ki mxolod donorebis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba. am mimarTule-biT saWiro politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas xels uSlida dabali infor-mirebuloba, sistemuri xedvis ararseboba da inovaciebisadmi Caketiloba. Sede-gad, energetikuli qartiisa da evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi aRebu-li saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi Seusrulebeli rCeba da rTuldeba saqarTve-los samomavlo harmonizacia evrokavSiris energetikul kanonmdeblobasTan, aseve ikargeba sargebeli, rac qveyanam SeiZleba miiRos klimatis cvlilebis Semarbilebel procesebSi monawileobiT. rac mTavaria, auTvisebelia energoefe-
32 www.greens.ge
qtianobis da ganaxlebadi energiis mniSvnelovani potenciali da izrdeba ener-giis importze damokidebuleba.
regulireba da tarifebis dadgenabolo periodamde ekonomikuri regulireba praqtikulad moSlili iyo. sata-
rifo ganakveTebi dgindeboda xangrZlivi periodiT, saTanado ekonomikuri dasa-buTebis gareSe, mTavrobasa da energetikul kompaniebs Soris dadebuli, komer-ciuli xasiaTis memorandumebis safuZvelze da ara semekis gaangariSebis mixed-viT. aman savaraudod ukve gamoiwvia energokompaniebis mier momxmarebelTa xar-jze mniSvnelovani daumsaxurebeli zemogebis miReba. tarifebis garSemo mimdi-nare diskusiis xasiaTi kidev erTxel aCvenebs miRebuli satarifo meTodikis da ekonomikuri principebis damkvidrebis da zedmiwevniT dacvis aucilebelobas. marTalia, sul axlaxans miRebulia tarifebis dadgenis Secvlili meTodika, magram verc es pasuxobs Cveni Raribi qvey nis moTxovnebs araTanabari dReRamuri datvirTvis grafikebis mimarT Tundac nawilobriv gaTanabrebaze, mastimulire-beli tarifis SemoRebiT.
qveyanaSi energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis da energoefeqtiani teqnologiebis danergvis mizniT, agreTve ekologiuri fonis gasaumjobeseblad, semekma unda daiwyos mwvane tarifebis SemoRebis sakiTxis Seswavla.
konkurentuli energetikuli bazrebieleqtroenergiis mwarmoebeli da mimwodebeli kompaniebi integrirebulni
arian gamanawilebel da momxmarebel kompaniebTan. 20 wlis win arsebuli qvey nis erTiani energokompania - `saqmTavarenergo~ daiSala calke mwarmoebel, gadamcem da gamanawilebel kompaniebad imisaTvis, rom ramodenime weliwadSi momxdariyo misi damaxinjebuli aRdgena energo-pro-jorjias saxiT. ar arsebobs mkafio moT-xovnebi maTi saqmianobis ganmxoloebasa da bazarze gamWvirvale funqcionirebis kontrolze. saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi myofi engurhesis iafi eleqtroenergia nawildeba arasistemurad da gaumWvirvaled saministros CareviT, amdenad saqarT-veloSi faqtiurad ar arsebobs konkurentuli energetikuli bazrebi.
informaciuli baza gadawyvetilebebis misaRebadamaze bevrjer iyo naTqvami. 2001 wlis Semdeg statistikis departamentis mier
ar Sedgenila da ar gaanalizebula qvey nis oficialuri energetikuli balansi. cnobilia mxolod eleqtroenergiis da gazis miwodebis monacemebi, isic se-qtorebSi moxmarebis informaciis gareSe. sakmarisi informaciis uqonloba ki gardauvals xdis mcdari gadawyvetilebebis miRebis albaTobas. amasTanave, Sesa-muSavebelia energousafrTxoebis marTvis erTiani sistema.
investiciebiukiduresad liberaluri sagadasaxado reJimis miuxedavad, arastabiluri da
winaaRmdegobrivi sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli baza, wina mTavrobis gadawyve-tilebebis araTanmimdevruloba, safuZvliani energetikuli strategiis da gan-viTarebis gegmis ararseboba, xels uSlis dasavluri strategiuli investorebis qveyanaSi Semosvlas da qvey nis energopotecialis, maT Soris hidropotencialis asaTviseblad saWiro investiciebis mozidvas. tenderebis da pirobebze molapa-rakebis gaumWvirvaled Catarebis praqtika xels uSlis kvalificiuri investore-bis mier saqarTvelos energetikaSi investirebas. seriozul damuSavebas saWiro-ebs energetikuli warmoebis wyaroebis struqtura, bazisuri eleqtrosadgure-bis aSeneba.
www.greens.ge 33
gamouyenebuli bunebrivi da wiaRiseuli energetikuli resursebis Zieba/mop-oveba
miuxedavad arsebuli potenciuri rezervebisa, saqarTveloSi saTanadod ar ganviTarda wiaRiseuli energetikuli resursebis daZieba. ar xdeba adgilobrivi navTobisa da gazis resursebis Ziebis da mopovebis saTanado xelSewyoba. arasak-marisi yuradReba eqceva aratradiciuli wiaRiseuli saTbobis daZiebas. qvey nis mniSvnelovan energetikul rezervs warmoadgens aratradiciuli ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis amoqmedeba. am gziT miRebuli SesaZlo energia Sefasebulia aTobiT miliardi kilovatsaaTis odenobiT, es ki eleqtroenergiis garda, zrdis qvey nis energetikul mdgradobas.
ar ganxorcielda donorebis mier momzadebuli bunebrivi gazis sacavis mSe-neblobis proeqti
am proeqtis ganxorcieleba mnSvnelovnad zrdida energetikul usafrTxoebas. gazis sacavis ar arsebobis gamo SeuZlebelia samxreT kavkasiuri milsadenis tranzitis xelSekrulebiT miRebuli gazis sakuTari saSualebebiT sezonuri da-balanseba. Sesaswavlia am funqciis kompania „sokarze“ gadacemis sakiTxi. saxelm-wifo savaraudod ver iRebs satranzito xelSekrulebidan srul sargebels.
arasakmarisi kvlevis da danergvis (НИОКР; Research and Development) samuSaoebis warmoeba
ar arsebobs qvey nis inovaciuri politika da Camosayalibebelia inovaciebis danergvis sistema - es aris qvey nis saerTo problema, romelic did gavlenas axdens energetikis seqtorzec.
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos energetikas, radikaluri gardaqmna sWirdeba, Tanamedrove pirobebidan gamomdinare, axlidanaa Camosayalibebeli damoukidebeli qvey nis sakuTari energetikuli politika.
saWiro tempiT ar mimdinareobs muSaoba energetikuli strategiis Camoya-libebaze; sruli stagnaciaa dargSi inovaciebis danergvis xelSewyobis Tvalsaz-risiT kanonmdeblobis gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebiT; ar aris gamokveTili pri-oritetebi.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 56% soflebSi da masTan gaTanabrebul dasaxlebeb-Si cxovrobs. Cve ni azriT, garda im umniSvnelo gamonaklisisa, rodesac dasax-lebuli punqtis mierTeba centraluri eleqtromomaragebis qselze ekonomikur-ad sagrZnoblad ufro momxiblavia, dasaxlebuli obieqtebis umetesoba adgi-lobrivi resursebis safuZvelze, avtonomiuri energomomaragebiT unda iyos uzrunvelyofili. cxadia, am midgomas aqvs mTeli rigi upiratesobebi: ase maga-liTad, avtonomiuri eleqtromomarageba gulisxmobs, maRali Zabvis eleqtroga-damcemi xazebis gareSe, rac SeiZleba mcire manZilze gadacemis ganxorcielebiT, adgilze eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebas. energetikul proeqtebSi CarTul eqs-pertebs miaCniaT, rom saqarTvelos soflis mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebis mniSvnelovnad gaumjobeseba, gansakuTrebiT mTis regionebSi, am etapze SesaZle-belia mxolod iseTi proeqtebiT, romelic dakavSirebulia mcire simZlavris energiis wyaroebis da maT Soris mcire hesebis mSeneblobasTan.
SemoTavazebuli (avtonomiuri energouzrunveyofis) modeli SesaZlebels gax-dis drois mcire monakveTSi mosaxleobis am nawilisaTvis energetikuli usafrT-xoeba realobad iqces, imavdroulad adgilobrivi administraciuli erTeulebi garkveul energodamoukideblobasac SeiZenen, rac srul TanxmobaSia mTavrobis mier deklarirebul damoukidebeli TviTmmarTvelobis politikasTan. garda ami-sa msgavsi midgoma gazrdis mTlianad saxelmwifos energousafrTxoebas da ener-godamoukidleblobas; savaraudod garkveulwilad Semcirdeba energomomarage-baze arsebuli tarifebi da zogadad, energoresursebi mosaxleobis farTo fe-nebisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba.
34 www.greens.ge
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, saqarTvelos aratradiciul energoresursebs Soris mcire simZlavris hidroenergetikaa. eqspertebs Soris gavrcelebuli monaceme-biT saqarTvelos 26 aTasze meti raodenobis mdinaridan seriozuli energetiku-li mniSvnelobiT mxolod 300-mde mdinare gamoirCeva, magram Tu gaviTvalis-winebT im faqts, rom mosaxleoba soflebSi Zalze meCxerad cxovrobs, avtono-miur reJimSi, maTi, mokrZalebuli odenobiT eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofi-saTvis, savaraudod, naklebad efeqturi aTasobiT mdinaris gamoyenebaa SesaZle-beli. 60-ian wlebSi qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 400 mcire simZlavris hesi funqcionirebda da maTi umetesoba yovelgvari motivaciis gareSe, saqmisadmi zerele, uyairaTo damokidebulebas Seewira. Cve ni azriT, aRniSnuli mimarTule-bis reabilitacia Zalze saSuri saqmea da mas seriozuli rolis Sesruleba SeuZ-lia soflis dasaxlebebis energouzrunvelyofaSi.
qveyanaSi ekologiuri mdgomareobis SenarCunebis erT-erTi, Tu ara erTader-Ti, meqanizmi aratradiciuli, ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis gamoyenebaa. es tendenciebi ukve mkveTrad gamoisaxa aSS-s, evrokavSiris da sxva mowinave qvey nebis energetikis ganviTarebis programebSi, sadac navaraudebia 2020-wlisaTvis, srul energetikul balansSi, ganaxlebadi wyaroebis wilis 20%-mde gazrda. ganaxlebad energoresursebze dafuZnebuli energodanadgarebi mcire simZlavreebze arian orientirebuli, maT ukve aqvT garkveuli upiratesobebi mZlavr energowyaroeb-Tan SedarebiT.
e s upiratesobebi yvelaze ufro TvalnaTliv Cans avtonomiuri energetikuli qselebis SemTxvevaSi, rac pirvel rigSi vlindeba ekonomiurobasa da ekologiis dacvaSi. energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis CarTulobas avtonomiur energomomara-gebaSi SeuZlia uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri ganviTareba, garemoze adamianis mini-maluri negatiuri gavlenis fonze da miuxedavad SedarebiTi siZvirisa maTi eqspluatacia momgebiania, Tundac socialuri kuTxiT (wylis da garemos sisuf-Tave, higiena da sanitaria), rac cxovrebis xarisxis amaRlebaSi aisaxeba.
instituciuri da profesiuli SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis problemebizemoT moyvanili problemebis warmoSobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi aris:
a) kvalificiuri kadrebis deficiti, ramac xeli SeuSala saqarTveloSi dasav-luri tipis ganviTarebuli energetikuli seqtoris Camoyalibebas da funq-cionirebas.
b) marTvis centralizebuli daxuruli stili da ganviTarebuli sistemis ma-xasiaTebeli procesebis nakleboba (dagegmva, strategiis SemuSaveba, inova-cia, informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, konkurencia da sxva.), ar iZleoda ka-drebis iniciativis da kvalifikaciis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.
dargis ZiriTadi sawarmoebis da organizaciebis personalieleqtroenergetikuli seqtori
I. specialistebis momzadeba saqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi
www.greens.ge 35
rogorc wesi, umaRlesi saswavleblebis programebiT amzadeben specialistebs zogadi Teoriuli codniT praqtikuli muSaobis unar-Cvevebis Seswavlis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare, axalgazrda specialistebi sawarmoSi misvlisas, mzad ar arian CaerTon sawarmoo procesSi da Seasrulon konkretuli saxis samuSaoebi.
II. e nergokompaniebis kadrebiT uzrunvelyofa (2014w 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT)
amisaTvis maT sWirdebaT staJirebis gavla calkeul samuSao adgilebze, rome-lic iTvaliswinebs mTel rig moTxovnas, dawyebuli im danadgar-mowyobilobebis SeswavliT, romlebic aris eqspluataciaSi am sawarmoSi, damTavrebuli saerTo teqnikuri reglamentebiT, zogadi da viwro saxis normatiuli aqtebiT, samre-wvelo sanitariiT da usafrTxoebis teqnikis SeswavliT. aseTi momzadeba mTavr-deba codnis SemowmebiT adgilobrivi komisiis mier da Tu axalgazrda specia-listi miiRebs dadebiT Sefasebas, mas dauSveben jer dublirebaze gamocdili specialistis meTvalyureobiT da Tu aqac iqneba dadebiTi Sefaseba, dauSveben damoukidebel samuSaoze. es procedura grZeldeba 3-dan – 12-Tvemde.
aris kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic gasaTvaliswinebelia dRevandel energeti-kul seqtorSi: vinaidan dargi potenciurad Seicavs safrTxeebs adamianebis jan-mrTelobisa da danadgarebis mimarT, eqspluataciis periodSi personalisTvis aucilebelia sawarmoSi moqmedi yvela saxis wesebis perioduli gaxseneba da codnis Semowmeba. amas emateba inovaciuri teqnologiebis da axali teqnikis danergva. am funqciebs unda asrulebdnen specializebuli kvalifikaciis amaR-lebis da personalis gadamzadebis centrebi, romlebis saqmianobac Sewyda 20-22 wlis win da aris erT-erTi seriozuli Semaferxebeli rgoli energetikuli se-qtoris kadrebis aRzrdis sakiTxSi.
teqnikuri universitetis mier gamoSvebuli da dargis sxvadasxva segmentSi momuSave specialistebis raodenobis Seswavlis Semdeg Cans, rom personalis bunebrivi kleba bevrad metia axalgazrda specialistTa Senakadze, rac mety-velebs imaze, rom sawarmoebSi SeiZleba gaCndes kvalificiuri kadrebis deficit.i seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs kvlevebis Camtarebeli da proeqtebis Semsrulebeli adgilobrivi specialistebis praqtikulad ararseboba. sawarmoebi, mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, ar atareben dakvirvebebs hidroteqnikur nagebobebze da
36 www.greens.ge
Senobebze, rogorc amas moiTxovs moqmedi reglamenti. amis mizezia savaldebu-lo auditoruli zedamxedvelobis ararseboba, romelic miuTiTebda aseTi dak-virvebebis Catarebis aucileblobaze.
a) sakiTxis mimarT aseTi midgoma SeuZleblad xdis droulad aRmoCenil iqnas teqnikuri da ekologiuri xasiaTis Seusabamobebi da darRvevebi. saWiroa xeli-suflebam saswrafod Seitanos moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi da normatiul aqtebSi saTanado cvlilebebi.
b) gamWvirvale da efeqturi marTvis nakleboba, miRebul strategiasa da sa-kanonmdeblo bazaze dafuZnebuli kontrolis ararseboba energetikaSi, qmnis arastabilur, gare da Sida politikuri gavlenebisagan daucvel garemos. es aferxebs rogorc seqtorSi investiciebis mozidvas, aseve saerTaSoriso energe-tikuli tranzitis ganviTarebas. ewinaaRmdegeba qvey nis damoukidebel, mdgrad da demokratiul ganviTarebas, swrafvas evrokavSirTan daaxloebisake n;
g) arsebuli problemebis simravle da sirTule moiTxovs maRalprofesiul, mizanmimarTul qmedebas, risTvisac seqtoris Siga resursebi ar iqneba sakmarisi. aucilebelia saerTaSoriso Zlieri saeqsperto daxmarebiT qmedebis drouli da-wyeba imisaTvis, rom mdgomareoba metad ar garTuldes.
ra aris gasakeTbeli pirvel rigSi?1. Sesaswavlia dargis axlandeli mdgomareoba SWOT analizis SesrulebiT, ami-
saTvis:a) unda Catardes kompleqsuri (finansuri da teqnikuri) auditi, gakeTdes
analizi da SemuSavdes RonisZiebebi dargis muSaobisa momaval axlo perspeqtivaSi (mag. 1 weli). amisaTvis SemoRebul unda iqnas energoau-ditis instituti;
b) `ekonomikis calkeul dargTan energetikuli kompleqsis organuli kavSi-ri energetikuli balansis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. energetikuli balan-si axasiaTebs am kavSirebis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv mxares. igi moicavs yvela saxis saTbob-energetikul resurss~. aqedan gamomdinare, gansaxorcielebelia saWiro gaTvlebi da oficialurad Sesadgenia 2013 wlis balansi, mis mixedviT ki unda gadaigegmos saTbob-energetikuli resursebis saWiro raodenoba 2014/15 wlebSi.
2. damTavrdes muSaoba energoefeqturobis da energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtebze da am kanonebis miReba.
3. maregulirebelma komisiam daiwyos muSaoba `mwvane~ da diferencirebuli tarifebis SemoRebaze.
4. ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos regionebis energetikuli pasportebis Sedgena.5. sayovelTaod mieqces yuradReba kvalificiuri personalis aRzrdas daviziT:
`kadrebi yvelafers wyveten! ~ 6. qvey nis energetikuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxi gaxdes erT-erTi prioritetuli
mTavrobis saqmianobaSi. daixvewos usafrTxoebis da krizisuli situaciebis marTvis sabWos ekonomikuri departamentis energetikis seqtoris sferoSi Semavali Tematika da sqema.
7. ekologiuri fonis gaumjobesebis mizniT gaaqtiurdes Sida wvis Zravebiani (pirvel rigSi saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi myofi) avtomobilebis gadayvana benzinidan – bunebriv airze.
www.greens.ge 37
energetika da energousafrTxoeba(ganaxlebadi energiis gamoyenebis arsebuli donisa da misi gaumjobesebis strategia)
yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom energiiT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens sazogadoe-bis arsebobis da ganviTarebis erT-erT ZiriTad aucilebel pirobas. energiiT uzrunvelyofa ar niSnavs mxolod eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofas.
sazogadoeba misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxvagvarad ikmayo-filebda Tavis moTxovnilebebs energiaze, dawyebuli SeSidan da cxovelebis fi-zikuri Zalidan, damTavrebuli atomuri energiiT.
mas Semdeg, rac adamianma miagno wiaRiseul saTbobs (qvanaxSiri, navTobi da bunebrivi airi) da aiTvisa maTi gamoyenebis teqnologiebi, mkveTrad gaizarda teqnikis ganviTarebis tempebi, romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs energiaze da Sesaba-misad saTbobze moTxovnilebis da misi mopovebis zrdas. energiis moxmarebam msoflioSi 2010 wels miaRwia 13 mlrd t.n.e-s anu 150 000 mlrd kvtsT-s. ele-qtroenergiis wili moxmarebul energiaSi Seadgens 15%-s.
moxsenebaSi gamoyenebuli energiis sxvadasxva erTeulebs Soris kavSiri: 1 t.n.e.=11630 kvtsT-s. 1 mlrd kvtsT ≈ 86 aTasi t.n.e.
dReisaTvis, msoflioSi warmoebuli da moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis (22 500 mlrd kvtsT/weli) daaxloebiT 65% gamomuSavdeba TboeleqtrosadgurebSi, sadac energiis pirvelad wyaros wiaRiseuli saTbobi (4,4x109 t.n.e./weli,) warmoadgens. wiaRiseuli saTbobis mopovebam msoflioSi 2012 wlisTvis Seadgina: qvanaxSiri 7900 mln tona/weli; navTobis 4000 mln tona/weli; bunebrivi airis ki 4400 mlrd m3. am cifrebis martivi analizic ki gviCve nebs, rom energetikas aqvs mniSvnlo-vani problema. kerZod, milionobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili maragebi, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, katastrofulad swrafad ixarjeba. eqspertebis Se-fasebiT, Tu es tendencia gagrZelda, qvanaxSiris maragebi amoiwureba uaxloes 200 weliwadSi, navTobisa da bunebrivi airis ki - 60-70 weliwadSi. organuli saTbobis mopovebis dinamika naCve nebia sur. #1-2-3-ze.
prof. baadur CxaiZesaqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
38 www.greens.ge
meore mniSvnelovani problema, ro-melsac dRevandeli energetika uqmnis sazogadoebas, aris globaluri daT-boba, rac gamowveulia wiaRiseuli saTbobis wvis Sedegad `saTburi gaze-bis~ (ZiriTadad naxSirorJangi da azo-tis Jangeulebi) emisiiT. saTburi gaze-bis emisiis zrdis suraTi naCve nebia sur.#4-ze.
am monacemebis Tanaxmad, bolo 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi saTburi gazebis emisia gaizarda 8-jer da miaRwia 8 mlrd tonas weliwadSi.
garda amisa, mkveTrad izrdeba fase-bi energetikul resursebze. sur. 5-ze naCve nebia navTobze fasebis dinamika bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc am monacemebidan sCans navTobze fasebi gaizarda 5-jer.
energetikis aRniSnuli problemebis gadaWris erT-erT ZiriTad gzas warmoad-gens energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis (egw) TandaTanobiTi da farTo masStabebiT aTviseba.
garda zemoT aRniSnuli problemebisa, energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis aTvi-sebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba calkeuli qvey nebis energousafrTxo-ebisTvis. qvey nis energousafrTxoebis donis ZiriTadi indikatorebia: arsebuli energoresursebis potenciali da misi gamoyenebis efeqturoba da done; impor-tirebul energoresursebze damokidebulebis done da misi importis safrTxeebi; saxelmwifo regulirebis struqtura da samecniero teqnikuri potenciali. am mxriv saqarTvelo arc Tu saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi imyofeba.
saqarTvelos organuli energoresursebis Sida samrewvelo maragebis poten-ciali (garda qvanaxSirisa) sakmaod mwiria da mopovebuli produqciis moculo-ba ki umniSvnelo. uaxloes momavalSi maTi mopovebis zrda naklebad savaraudoa. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis energiiT uzrunvelyofaSi eleqtroenergiis wili Seadgens daaxloebiT 20%-s. 30%-is uzrunvelyofa xdeba importirebuli bune-brivi airiT, kidev 30%-is SeSiT, danarCeni ki isev importirebuli sawvaviT da umniSvnelo raodenoba adgilobrivi qvanaxSiriT. 2013 wels saqarTveloSi impor-tirebuli iqna 1,9 mlrd kub.m bunebrivi airi (300 mln lari) da daaxloebiT 740 aTasi tona satransporto sawvavi. amrigad, saqarTvelos energouzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli energoresursebis importze. es garemoeba im gareSe safrTxeebis pirobebSi, romelic arsebobs regionSi, mniSvnelovnad amcir-ebs qvey nis energousafrTxoebis dones. rac Seexeba SeSas (moixmareba daaxloebiT 5-6 mln kub.m), misi mopovebis done daaxloebiT 7-jer aRemateba dasaSvebs. SeSis aseTi tempebiT moxmarebis pirobebSi da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SeSis wvis
www.greens.ge 39
dros gamoiyofa didi raodenobiT janmrTelobisTvis mavne nivTierebebi (meTano-li, ZmarmJava, acetoni da sxva) sul mokle droSi saqarTveloSi miviRebT ekolo-giur katastrofas. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo regulirebis sisustis gamo praq-tikulad aRar mimdinareobs (calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda) samecniero-teqni-kuri kvlevebi da dargSi swrafi tempebiT klebulobs profesionalebis rao-denoba.
eleqtroenergiis da sxva energoresursebis moxmarebis struqturis analizi gviCve nebs, rom energiis (rogorc sayofacxovrebo doneze, ise mrewvelobaSi) daaxloebiT 45-50% ixarjeba 50-1500C temperaturis misaRebad. saqarTveloSi mar-to cxelwyalmomaragebaze weliwadSi moixmareba 130 mln kub.m bunebrivi airi (1,5 mlrd kvtsT), 0,5 mlrd kvtsT eleqtroenergia da 2 mln kub. m SeSa (5 mlrd kvtsT). saerTo jamSi 7 mlrd kvtsT rac warmoadgens mTliani energomoxmarebis ≈20%-s. es aris is sfero, romelSic egw-m SeiZleba iTamaSos wamyvani roli.
aseT pirobebSi da im gamowvevebis arsebobis dros, romlebic zemoT iqna aR-niSnuli, TavisTavad dgeba sakiTxi energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis aTvisebis au-cileblobaze. energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi (mze, wylis nakadi, biomasa, qari, geoTermia, talRebi, okeanis Tburi energia) warmoadgenen bunebaSi mudmivad arsebul da drois mcire periodSi ganaxlebad wyaroebs. amasTan erTad, maTi gamoyeneba praqtikulad ar iwvevs saTburi gazebis emisias da ar abinZurebs garemos janmrTelobisTvis mavne nivTierebebiT.
msoflioSi energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis (egw)
gamoyenebis mdgomareobis mimoxilva
unda gvaxsovdes, rom energetika ar aris mxolod eleqtroenergetika. msofli-oSi mopovebuli energoresursebis daaxloebiT 40-50% ixarjeba sayofacxovrebo pirobebSi da sxvadasxva teqnologiur procesebSi 50-1500C temperaturis misaR-wevad. es aris is sfero, sadac pirvel rigSi SeiZleba energiis ganaxlebadma wyaroebma Caanacvlos sxva tradiciuli wyaroebi.
msoflio energetikaSi arsebuli problemebis analizis Sedegad eqspertebi da mravali qvey nis mTavrobebi mividen im daskvnamde, rom energetikis mdgradi gan-viTarebisTvis aucilebelia energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis farTo masStabebiT aTviseba. (1992 weli, rio-de-Janeiro. 1997 weli, kioto da a.S).
msoflios bevrma qveyanam, rogorc ganviTarebulma ise ganviTarebadma Seimu-Sava programebi da axorcielebs energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis TandaTanobiT aTvisebas. sur.#6-ze naCve nebia 2004-2011 wlebSi egw-s aTvisebis tempebi. am mon-acemebis Tanaxmad, 2013 wlis bolosTvis egw-s (hidros gamoklebiT) eleqtrosad-gurebis simZlavreebi gaizarda 4-jer da miaRwia 550 000 mgvt-s.
es Sedegi miRweuli iqna im mxardamWeri RonisZiebebiT, romlebic SemuSavebu-li da ganxorcielebuli iqna msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanSi. 2013 wlisTvis msoflios 140-mde qveyanaSi SemuSavebu-li da damtkicebulia egw-s aTvisebis mxardamWeri politika da Sesabamisi kanonebi.
Sedegad, qaris energetikaSi simZla-vreebi gaizarda 300 000 mgvt-mde, mzis PV sistemebiT da Termodinamikuri cikliT moqmedi sadgurebis (miuxeda-vad SedarebiTi siZvirisa) 105000 mgvt-mde, mzis cxelwyalgamacxeleblis 260 000 mgvt(Tb)-mde. xe-tyis mrewvelobis narCenebidan damzadda 22 mln tona
40 www.greens.ge
bio-briketi da „peletebi“. soflis meurneobis narCenebidan da bio plantacie-bidan 85 mlrd litri eTanoli da 23 mlrd litri biodizeli.
gamocdilebam aCve na, rom egw-s mxardamWer RonisZiebebs Soris yvelaze efeq-turia egreTwodebuli ”mwvane” tarifi. ”mwvane” tarifi eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad faqtors: egw-ze gamomuSavebuli energiis qselze mierTebis garantia; grZelva-diani kontraqti energiis srul Sesyidvaze da gamomuSavebuli energiis fiqsire-buli fasiT Sesyidvis garantia. pirvelad ”mwvane” tarifi SemoRebuli iqna aSS-Si 1978 wels j. karteris prezidentobis dros. dReisaTvis is ukve gamoiyeneba msoflios 60-ze ufro met qveyanaSi, maT Soris ukrainaSi da somxeTSi. ukrainaSi dReisaTvis ukve moqmedebs 80 mgvt simZlavris qaris eleqtrosadguri da igegme-ba mzis eleqtrosadguris aSenebac. 2014 wlis 14 aprilis informaciiT, Cinuri kompaniis New Energy Engineering Co.,Ltd-is warmomadgenlis Ceni-is gancxadebiT, Tu ukraina SeinarCunebs `mwvane~ tarifs maSin kompania mzad aris ukrainaSi energe-tikul proeqtebze ganaxorcielos 2 mlrd dolaris investicia. somxeTSi kano-nis amoqmedebidan 2 weliwadSi iranuli investiciiT amoqmedda 2 mgvt simZla-vris qaris eleqtrosadguri, daniuri kompaniis investirebiT ki moqmedebs „lusakertis“ mefrinveleobis fabrikis narCeni biomasis gadamamuSavebeli sawar-mo, romelic eleqtroenergiis garda awarmoebs soflis meurneobisTvis ekolo-giurad sufTa sasuqs. arsebobs agreTve `mwvane sertifikatebis~ sistema da mra-vali sxva kanoni Tu normatiuli aqti. magaliTad, privilegiebi bankebs, romle-bic gascemen dabalprocentian kreditebs egw-s aTvisebis proeqtebze (germania); axali Senobebis aSenebis akrZalva Tu isini ar gamoiyeneben mzis energiiT cxel-wyalmomaragebis sistemebs (israeli) da sxva.
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba investiebi egw-s aTvisebaSi. 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi investrebuli iqna 160 mlrd US$, 2010-Si ki 210 mlrd aqedan 95 mlrd qaris en-ergetikaSi. 11 mlrd US$ ki investirebuli iqna biomasis da biomasis narCenebis gadamuSavebis teqnologiebis damuSavebisaTvis.
egw-s gamoyenebis winaSe arsebuli barierebi da maTi gadalaxvis gzebi
qvemoT warmodgenilia is ZiriTadi barierebi, romlebic aferxebs egw-s far-To masStabebiT gamoyenebas. ese nia:• fsiqologiuri barierebi: Camoyalibebuli stereotipebi, arsebul sistema-
ze Segueba, axlisadmi undobloba da sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilis ener-getikuli ganaTlebis dabali done, konservatuli azrovneba.
• sakanonmdeblo barierebi: saxelmwifos mier gansazRvruli miznebi da pri-oritetebi egw-s aTvisebis kuTxiT da kanonis da kanonqvemdebare normati-vebis ar arseboba, rac iwvevs perspeqtivis bundovanebas.
• ekonomikuri barierebi: finansirebis meqanizmebis ar arseboba, investicie-bis ganxorcielebisTvis ekonomikuri stimulebis ar arseboba da a.S.
• samecniero-teqnikuri barierebi: samecnier-teqnikuri da teqnologiuri ga-dawyvetebis arasakmarisi moculoba, gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organizacie-bis dargSi teqnikuri codnis arasakmarisi done.
• informaciuli barierebi: sazogadoebisTvis informaciis miwodebis sim-cire.
qvey nebSi, romlebSic seriozulad fiqroben sakuTar keTildReobaze, usafrT-xoebaze da momavalze gaiTavises energetikaSi arsebuli problemebi da SeimuSaves aRniSnuli barierebis gadalaxvis gzebi. fsiqologiuri da informaciuli barie-rebis gadalaxviT 2013 wlisTvis msoflioSi arsebul 200-mde damoukidebeli qvey nidan 140-Si miRebuli iqna egw-s mxardamWeri kanonebi. 2005 wlisTvis es ricxvi ar aRemateboda 50-s. sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebis gatarebam gamoiwvia
www.greens.ge 41
finansebis mozidva aRniSnul dargSi da Sesabamisad ZiriTadi teqnikuri da teq-nologiuri problemebis gadawyveta.
teqnikuri da teqnologiuri problemebis gadawyvetam gamoiwvia ekonomikuri barierebis gadalaxva da egw-ze gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis da sxva saxis energiebis fasebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba. 2013 wlis monacemebiT ganviTarebul qvey nebSi gamomuSavebul eleqtroenergiaze fasebi mocemulia cxr. #1-Si.
rogorc am monacemebidan Cans, egw-ze gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia (garda mzis sadgurebisa) konkurentunariani gaxda tradiciul sadgurebTan SedarebiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mzis fotoemisiur sadgurebze gamomuSavebuli energi-is fasi bolo 15 weliwadSi Semcirda 5-jer.
saxelmwifoebis mkveTri prioritetebis da programebis gansazRvram da Sesa-bamisi mxardamWeri kanonebis miRebam gamoiwvia dargSi mniSvnelovani investicie-bis mozidava. 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi investirebuli iqna 160 mlrd US$, 2010-Si ki 210 mlrd, aqedan 95 mlrd qaris energetikaSi. 11 mlrd US$ ki investirebul iqna biomasis da biomasis narCenebis gadamuSavebis teqnologiebis damuSavebaSi.
egw-s energetikuli potenciali saqarTveloSi
hidroenergetikuli potenciali. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi egw-s kategoriaSi ganixileba mcire hesebi, romelTa simZlavre ar aWarbebs 13 mgvt-s.
mravali kvlevis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom mcire mdinareebis Teoriuli en-ergetikuli potenciali Seadgens 40 mlrd kvtsT/weli, teqnikuri ki ≈ 20 mlrd kvtsT/weli. dRevandel pirobebSi, ekonomikuri da realurad miRwevadi potenci-ali ki specialistebis SefasebiT Seadgens ≈ 5 mlrd kvtsT/weli. aqedan gamomdinare, egw-s aTvisebis realuri gegmis SemuSavebis dros gaTvalis-winebuli unda iqnas es cifri. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom hidroeleqtrosadgurebis maqsi-maluri gamomuSaveba modis gazafx-ul-zafxulze, rodesac saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikul sistemaSi ise-dac arsebobs Warbi energia. mcire he-sis gamomuSavebis tipiuri suraTi naCve nebia sur. #7-ze.
42 www.greens.ge
aqedan gamomdinare, mcire hesebis mier eleqtroenergiis wliuri gamomuSave-bis 60-70% modis 5 Tveze (aprili-agvisto). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTvelos mcire hesebis potencials miviRebT, rom maTi sruli aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi gaz-afxul-zafxulis periodSi damatebiT gveqneba 3-3,5 mlrd kvtsT eleqtroenergia.
qaris energiis potenciali. mravali wlis monacemebis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos teritoriaze qaris Teoriuli potenciali Seadgens 1300 mlrd kvtsT/weli. qaris teqnikuri da ekonomikuri energetikuli potencialis dadgenisTvis saWiro iyo damatebiTi kvlevebi, romelic Catarebuli iqna prof. g. svaniZis mier. am kvle-vebis Sedegad gamovlenili iqna qaris energetikis ganviTarebisTvis perspeqtiuli ubnebi. SemdgomSi qaris energetikis kvleviTma centrma `qarenergom~ saerTaSo-riso dafinansebiT da Tanamedrove gamzomi xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT Caatara masStaburi kvlevebi, ris Sedegad damuSavebuli iqna `saqarTvelos qaris energe-tikuli atlasi~. am kvlevebis Sedegad dadgenilia qaris energetikuli potenci-ali, romelic Seadgens daaxloebiT 5 mlrd kvtsT/weli. sur.#8-ze mocemulia potenciuri qaris eleqtrosadgurebis ganlagebis adgilebi da simZlavreebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qaris eleqtrosadgurebis gamomuSaveba (garda calkeuli gamonaklisebisa) ZiriTadad modis zamTris periodze, rodesac eleqtroenerge-tikuli sistema ganicdis garkveul deficits.
biomasis energetikuli potenciali. biomasis terminSi igulisxmeba dedamiwa-ze arsebuli mcenareuli safari da cocxali organizmebi. biomasas pirobiTad yofen pirvelad da meorad biomasad. pirveladSi igulisxmeba mcenareebi, cxo-velebi da mikroorganizmebi, xolo meoradSi pirveladi biomasis gadamuSavebis da moqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli narCenebi.
mcenareuli biomasis saxeebia: SeSa; satyeo-meurneobis eqsploataciis narCe-nebi; xe-tyis industriis narCenebi; agromrewvelobis narCenebi; energetikuli plantaciebis mosavali.
cxoveluri biomasis saxeebia: mecxoveleobis da mefrinveleobis narCenebi; gamwmendi mowyobilobebis narCenebi; qalaqebis da dasaxlebuli punqtebis myari sayofacxovrebo narCenebi.
saqarTvelos biomasis da biomasis narCenebis energetikuli potencialis sru-lyofili Sefaseba ar Catarebula. biomasis narCenebis SedarebiT sando mon-acemebi mocemulia naSromSi „narCeni biomasis energetikuli potenciali saqarT-veloSi (kadastri)“, romelic Sesrulebuli da gamocemuli iqna USAID-is dafin-ansebiT. ZiriTadi Sedegebi mocemulia cxr.#2-Si.
www.greens.ge 43
garda aq naCve nebi potencialisa, sayuradReboa soflis meurneobisaTvis ga-mouyenebel teritoriebze energetikuli plantaciebis gaSenebis da maTi poten-cialis Sefaseba. saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Tanaxmad 1000 heqtarze gaSenebuli rafsidan miiReba 900 tona biodizeli, 1500 tona koptoni da 3000 tona mSrali masa.
erTerT perspeqtiul mimarTulebad iTvleba zedmetad tenian da naxevrad daWaobebul teritoriebze mravalwliani kulturis silfias plantaciebis gaSe-neba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi naxevrad daWaobebuli teritoriebis farTi Sead-gens ramdenime aTeul aTass heqtars. silfias mosavali 1 heqtarze Seadgens daax-loebiT 20 tona mSral masas, romlis energetikuli potenciali Seadgens 68 000 kvtsT. specialistebis gaTvlebiT silfiadan miRebuli biodizelis fasi ar gad-aaWarbebs 1 lars.
mzis energiis potenciali. saqarTvelos teritoriaze, horizontalur zeda-pirze mzis radiaciis ganawilebis ruka mocemulia sur. #9-ze.
mzis saSualo wliuri radiaciis sidided saqarTveloSi miRebulia 1550 kvtsT/m2weli. aqedan gamomdinare, mzis energiis Teoriuli potenciali weliwadSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seadgens daaxloebiT 1014 kvtsT-s (100 000 mlrd kvtsT). Tbilisis teritoriaze yovelwliurad mosuli mzis energia Seadgens 700 mlrd
44 www.greens.ge
kvtsT-s, xolo quTaisis da rusTavis teritoriebze 108 da 93 mlrd kvtsT-s Sesa-bamisad.
bunebrivia, rom am potencialis (100 000 mlrd kvtsT) Zalian mcire nawili SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas Tburi Tu eleqtroenergiis misaRebad. teqnikur–ekonomikuri potencialis Sefasebis dros aucilebelia mzis energiis amTvisebe-li mowyobilobebis adgilobriv bazarze fasebis codna. mas Semdeg rac 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan importirebul heliosistemebze moixsna dRg-Ti dabegvris Se-RavaTebi, maTi fasi gaizarda da amJamad 35-40%-iT meti Rirs vidre mezobel TurqeTSi. bolo 10 weliwadSi, TurqeTSi mzis energiis gamoyenebis donem miaRwia mTlianad gamoyenebuli energiis 0,4%-s da cxadia, rom es ar aris zRvari. Tu am cifrs gamoviyenebT saqarTvelosTvis miRwevadad, miviRebT rom uaxloes wlebSi mxolod cxelwyalmomaragebis sferoSi yovelwliurad daizogeba 13 aTasi t.n.e-is toli energia (151,2 mln kvtsT anu 2,8 mln laris bunebrivi airi). saWiroa Tu ara mzis energiis gamoyenebis mxardaWera?
geoTermili energiis potenciali. saqarTvelos geoTermuli resursebis tem-peratura ar aRemateba 1100C. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRricxulia 250-mde bunebrivi da xelovnuri (WaburRili) wyaro, romelTa jamuri debiti Seadgens 60 mln kub.m-s weliwadSi. sxvadasxva monacemebiT saqarTvelos geoTermuli re-sursebis teqnikuri potenciali Seadgens daaxloebiT 1,3 mlrd kvtsT-s. am po-tencialis 80% Tavmoyrilia dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis (hidro, mze, qari, biomasa da
geoTermuli wylebi) jamuri potenciali
am ganxilvaSi ar aris naCve nebi zRvis moqcevis, talRebis da zRvis Tburi energiis potenciali, radganac isini ar aris Seswavlili.
cxr. #3-Si mocemulia saqarTveloSi energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis (egw) jamuri potenciali. am monacemebis Tanaxmad egw-s potenciali aWarbebs ≈30 (ocdaaTi) mlrd kvtsT-s.
www.greens.ge 45
saqarTveloSi egw-s gamoyenebis mdgomareobis mimoxilva
hidroenergetika: saqarTvelos mcire hesebis ekonomikuri potenciali Sefa-sebulia 5 mlrd kvtsT-iT. saqarTveloSi egw-s kategoriaSi ganvixilavT mxolod im hesebs, romelTa simZlavre ar aRemateba 13 mgvt-s. saqarTvelos eleqtroener-getikaSi hidroresursebis aTvisebis sakmaod didi da kargi tradicia aqvs. 1960 wlamde aSenebuli da moqmedebaSi iyo ≈220 mgvt simZlavris 400-mde mcire hesi. dReisaTvis (2014 weli) saqarTveloSi moqmedebs 35 mcire hesi 146 mgvt dadgmuli simZlavriT da ≈ 322 mln kvtsT-is gamomuSavebiT rac arsebuli yvela hidrosad-guris mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis ≈4%-s Seadgens, xolo mcire hesebis potencialis (5 mlrd kvtsT) ≈6,5%-s.
saqarTvelos energetikis saministros monacemebiT, mimdinare sainvesticio proeqtebis damTavrebis Semdeg mcire hesebis simZlavre gaizrdeba 63 mgvt-iT da eleqtrosistemas daemateba 340 mln kvtsT eleqtroenergia. garda amisa, samini-stros gegmebSia damatebiT 46 mcire hesis savaraudo aSeneba, romelTa jamuri simZlavre Seadgens ≈300 mgvt-s ≈1,5 mlrd kvtsT-is gamomuSavebiT. saministros mimdinare sainvesticio proeqtebis monacemebis analizi gviCve nebs, rom kapi-taluri xarjebi mcire hesebze Seadgens ≈1700÷2000 $/kvt–ze. am proeqtebis gan-xorcielebis Sedegad miRebuli iqneba damatebiT ≈1,8 mlrd kvtsT eleqtroener-gia da sabolood aTvisebuli iqneba sruli potencialis 40÷45%.
amrigad, mcire hesebis potencialis aTvisebis realuri mdgomareoba da mo-mavali gegmebi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom damakmayofilebelia, magram Cveni azriT moiTxovs Semdgom mxardaWeras. dReisaTvis mcire hesebs miniWebuli aqvT garkveu-li privilegiebi, romlebic regulirdeba Semdegi normatiuli aqtebiT: kanoni „eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb“; „saqarTvelos energetikuli politika“; „eleqtroenergiis bazris wesebi“ da „semekis normatiuli aqtebi“. am aqtebis Tanaxmad, mcire hesebi ar saWiroeben eleqtroenergiis warmoebis licenzias da ar udgindebaT tarifi, ufleba aqvT pirdapiri xelSekrulebebiT energia gayidon nebismier momxmarebelze, “e sko” valdebulia Seisyidos pirda-piri xelSekrulebebis zeviT darCenili mTliani energia da ar saWiroeben ele-qtroenergiis eqsportis licenzias.
mcire hesebisTvis miniWebuli privilegiebi TiTqos sakmarisi unda iyos maTi ganviTarebis stimulirebisTvis, magram Cveni azriT ar aris sakmarisi. pirvel rigSi es privilegiebi unda gavrceldes sxva saxis egw-ze da am privilegiebs unda daematos: iseTi tarifebis dadgena, romlebic uzrunvelyofen investiciebis maRal efeqturobas SesaZlo mokle droSi (5÷10 weli); „e skos“ mier eleqtroener-giis garantirebuli Sesyidva; mSeneblobaze, mowyobilobebis warmoebaze da im-portze SeRavaTiani gadasaxadebis daweseba da mogebis gadasaxadisgan garkveuli droiT (5-10 wliT) ganTavisufleba.
qaris energia: miuxedavad qaris energiis mniSvnelovani resursisa (5 mlrd kvtsT) misi aTvisebis done saqarTveloSi praqtikulad nulis tolia. Catarebu-
46 www.greens.ge
lia mxolod kvleviTi da mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi: gamoqvey nebulia qaris siCqareebis monacemebi mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriisTvis; Sedgenilia „saqarT-velos qaris energetikuli atlasi“; iaponuri kompaniebis (`Nichimen Corporation~ da T̀omen Corporation~) mier Catarebuli iqna SeswavliTi samuSaoebi q. quTaisis, q. Tbi-lisis da mTa-sabueTis regionebSi qaris energiis aTvisebis perspeqtiulobis dasadgenad. Sedgenili iqna `Feasibility Study Report~-ebi, romlebSic naCve nebi iqna, rom am teritoriebze qaris sadgurebis mSenebloba mniSvnelovan efeqts miscems qve-y nis energetikas. iaponuri mxare mzad iyo gamoeyo SeRavaTiani sesxi (0,75%-is ganakveTiT) am sadgurebis mSeneblobisTvis. miuxedavad aseTi dadebiTi daskvnebi-sa am proeqtebma da kidev sxva proeqtebma ganviTareba ver hpoves. USAID-is da-finansebiT da energetikis saministros mowonebiT 2010-2011 wlebSi „qarenergos“ mier daba skrasTan dadgmuli iqna 10 kvt simZlavris qaris danadgari (sur.#9), romelic unda mierTeboda „energo pro jorjias“ qsels.
miuxedavad aseTi „patronaJisa“ danadgaris qsel-Tan mierTebaze „e nergo pro jorjia“ ar daTanxmda. dReisaTvis danadgari daSlil mdgomareobaSi imy -ofeba stu-s mflobelobaSi (sur.#10). am proeqte-bis ver Sesrulebis ZiriTadi mizezebi iyo is fsi-qologiuri, sakanonmdeblo da informaciuli ba-rierebi, romlebic arsebobda da samwuxarod dResac arsebobs saqarTveloSi. fsiqologiuri barieri Zi-riTadad gamowveulia qaris energiis gamoyenebis tradiciis ar arsebobiT da Sesabamisad axlisadmi garkveuli undoblobiT da SiSiT. sakanonmdeblo ba-
rieri anu iseTive kanonis ar arseboba qaris energetikisTvis rogoricaa Tundac hidroenergetikisTvis, rac gamowveulia im dadebiTi Sedegebis ver an ar danax-viT, romelsac mogvcemda qaris energetikis ganviTareba. informaciuli barieri – sazogadoebaSi da samwuxarod bevr specialistTa Sorisac arsebobs azri, rom qaris energetika aris ZviradRirebuli siamovneba da amasTan erTad misi arare-gulirebadi xasiaTis gamo, problemebs Seuqmnis gaerTianebul eleqtrosistemas. aqve kidev erTxel unda aRvniSnoT is garemoeba, romelic zeviTac iyo moyvanili, rom dReisaTvis qaris sadgurebze miRebuli energia ukve konkurentunariania da is dRevandeli regulirebis sistemebis pirobebSi araviTar safrTxes ar uqmnis gaerTianebul eleqtro sistemas. saqarTvelos energetikis saministros mier ga-moqvey nebul „mimdinare sainvesticio proeqtebis“ siaSi Setanilia faravnis qaris el. sadguri, romelic CexeTis kompania „Wind Energy Invest“-ma eqspluataciaSi unda gauSvas 2014 wlis noemberSi. Tu davujerebT am informacias sadguris simZ-lavre iqneba 50 mgvt 70 mln kvtsT-is gamomuSavebiT. gadamowmebuli informaci-iT sadguris mSenebloba dawyebulic ar aris.
www.greens.ge 47
geoTermuli energia: saqarTveloSi geoTermuli energiis gamoyenebis sakmaod didi gamocdileba arsebobs. wina saukunis 80–ani wlebis bolomde geoTermuli wylebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda: sasaTbure miznebisTvis (caiSi, kindRi, oxurei da sxva); sawarmoo teqnologiebSi (zugdidis qaRaldis kombinati, caiSis da kin-dRis Cais fabrikebi); meRoreobis fermebSi (xobi, saberio, Tbilisi); mesaqonle-oba-mefrinveleobis fermebSi (xobi, xorga) da a.S. dReisaTvis am obieqtebma Zi-riTadad Sewyvites muSaoba. Tu ra mdgomareobaSia am obiqtebis ZiriTadi nawili naCve nebia sur. #13.
saqarTvelos geoTer-mulma asociaciam, Ziri-Tadad ucxouri dafinan-sebiT, daasrula ramde-nime proeqti, romlebic atarebda kvleviT-Sefase-biT xasiaTs: „dasavleT saqarTvelos geoTermuli sabadoebis arsebuli md-gomareobis Seswavla maTi aTvisebisa da racionalu-ri eqsploataciis reJimis danergvisaTvis da xobis raionuli saavadmyofos Tbomomaragebis sistemis reabilitacia geoTermuli energiis gamoyenebiT“ (USAID, 2010-2011wlebi); Tbilisis geoTermuli sabados xelmisawvdomi resursebis Sefase-ba da sapiloto geoTermuli cirkulaciuri sistemis mowyoba“ (UNDP 2011 weli). cxadia, rom Catarebuli samuSaoebi ar aris sakmarisi. cnobisTvis: caiSi 10 sa-bados gonivrulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi yovelwliurad daizogeba daaxloebiT 7 000 t.n.e.; arsebuli geoTermuli resursebis teqnikuri potencialis aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi ki ≈100 000 t.n.e.
mzis energia: mzis energiis gamoyenebis sferoSic saqarTveloSi sakmaod kar-gi da kvalificiuri gamocdileba arsebobs. meoce saukunis 50-ian wlebSi gan-xorcielebul iqna proeqtebi, romelTa koleqtorebis saerTo farTi Seadgenda 1600 m2. im droisaTvis organul saTbobze fasebis Semcirebam gamoiwvia maTi muSaobis Sewyveta. 70-iani wlebis msoflio energo krizisis gamo interesi mzis energiis gamoyenebis mimarT kvlav ganaxlda da 80-iani wlebis bolosTvis damon-taJebuli iqna ≈ 80 000 m2 farTis mqone mzis cxelwyalgamacxeleblebi. 90-iani wlebis cnobili movlenebis Sedegad am danadgarebma praqtikulad Sewyvites funqcionireba. dReisaTvis SeiniSneba mzis energiis gamoyenebisadmi garkveuli interesi. gamomdinare im garemoebebidan, rom saqarTvelos bazarze arsebuli mzis energiis gamomyenebeli mowyobilobebis fasebi ufro maRalia vidre mezo-bel qvey nebSi, maTi ganviTareba ver akmayofilebs moTxovnebs. miuxedavaT imisa, rom araviTari mxardamWeri RonisZiebebi ar gatarebula, kompania „mzis saxlma“ bolo wlebSi ganaxorciela 250-mde mcire proeqti (sur #14). saerTo jamSi maT mier damontaJebuli fotoemisiuri mowyobilobebis simZlavrem miaRwia 100 kvt-s, cxelwyalgamacxeleblebis ki ≈20 tona cxeli wyali dRe-RameSi. proeqtebis ZiriTadi nawili Sesrulebulia uc-xouri dafinanse-biT (80%), kerZo SekveTebi (10%) da mxolod 10% sa-xelmwifos mxri-dan, soflis daxma-rebis proeqtis farglebSi.
48 www.greens.ge
biomasa: biomasis mravalferovani saxeobebidan saqarTveloSi yvelaze inten-siurad gamoiyeneba SeSa. yovelwliurad iWreba daaxloebiT 5 mln kub.m. SeSa, rac dasaSvebs aRemateba 5-jer. amasTan erTad, SeSis gamoyenebis efeqturoba Zalian dabalia. rac Seexeba biomasis danarCen saxeobebs maTi gamoyenebis wili energetikul balansSi praqtikulad nulis tolia. ucxouri dafinansebiT gan-xorcielda mecxoveleoba-mefrinveleobis narCenebidan biogazis miRebis ram-denime sacdeli proeqti, magram sasurvel masStabebs ver miaRwia im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom ar arsebobs kanoni narCenebis gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb. am Ronis-Ziebis gatareba garda energetikuli sikeTisa mogvces mniSvnelovani efeqts ga-remos dacvis kuTxiT. sur.#15 naCve nebia saqarTveloSi arsebuli erT-erTi mef-rinveleobis fermis Semogareni sadac gaaqvT fermis narCenebi.
rac Seexeba soflis meurne-obis, sayofac-xovrebo da xe-tyis mrewvelo-bis narCenebis gamoyenebas, midgoma am mi-marTulebiT ar Secvlila bolo 50 wlis ganmav-lobaSi. am sakiTxebis gadawyveta ekonomikur efeqtTan erTad mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebda ekologiur mdgomareobas.
daskvnebi• saqarTvelos gaaCnia energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis (mze, hidro, qari,
biomasa da geoTermuli siTbo) mniSvnelovani energetikuli potenciali;• e nergiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis potencialis aTvisebis done dabalia (hi-
dro) da praqtikulad nulis tolia danarCeni wyaroebisTvis (qari, mze, biomasa da geoTermia);
• ar arsebobs egw-s aTvisebis mxardamWeri kanoni.
rekomendaciamTavrobis mier rac SeiZleba swrafad SemuSavdes da gadaegzavnos parlaments
gansaxilvelad energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis mxardamWeri kanoni.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:1. Дж. Твайдел, А. Уэйр. Возобновляемые источники энергии, Москва, Энергоатомиздат, 19902. Godfrey Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press, 20093. Г. Сванидзе и др. Возобновляемые энергоресурсы Грузии. Ленинград, Гидрометеоиздат, 19874. Б. Чхаидзе. Возобновляемые энергоресурсы Грузии. Москва, Энергия №1, 19995. b. CxaiZe. energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universiteti, 2011.6. m. gelovani da sx. saqarTvelos qaris energetikuli atlasi. Tbilisi, 20047. g. arabiZe da sx. narCeni biomasis energetikuli potenciali saqarTveloSi
(kadastri). Tbilisi, 2013.8. T. miqiaSvili da sx. mzis energiis gamoyenebis poteciali saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis cxelwyalmomaragebisTvis. Tanamedrove heliosistemebis sqemebi da klasifikacia. Energyonline #2(3), 2010.
9. energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis poteciali saqarTveloSi da misi aTvisebis RonisZiebebi. www.weg.ge
10. saqarTvelos geoTermuli asociacia. www.gga.ge11. asociacia mdgradi energiebis centri – mzis saxli. www. sun.org.ge
www.greens.ge 49
energoefeqturoba da energodazogva perspeqtivebi da problemebi
gaerTianebuli erebis genaralurma asambleam 2014-2020 wlebi gamocxada sae-rTaSoriso aTwleulad - mdgradi energetika yvelasaTvis, riTac xazi gausva ekologiurad mdgradi energodamzogi sferos mniSvnelobas, rogorc siRari-bis daZlevis da saerTod ganviTarebis donis amaRlebisaTvis. 2015 wlidan 2030 wlamde mdgradi energetikis ZiriTadi amocanaa energoefeqturobis donis gaor-mageba. investireba energoefeqturobaSi qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs, astimu-lirebs ekonomikur zrdas da qmnis qvey nis energousafrTxoebas, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT sakuTari energetikuli resursebi. energoefeqturobis amaRleba aris kargad cnobili da iolad misaRwevi amocana, romlis ganxorcieleba mTlinad gamarTlebulia [1].
mTavrobebs aqvT am problemebis gadawyvetis saSualeba Tu isini gaatareben gonivrul, Tanamimdevrul da gaazrebul ekonomikur, energetukul da ekologi-ur politikas.
deklarilebulia, rom saqarTvelo iswrafvis gaxdes evropul faseulobebze dafuZnebuli qveyana da moaxdinos evropasTan politikuri da ekonomikuri inte-gracia. aqedan gamomdinare saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo baza unda dauaxlovdes evrikavSiris sakanonmdeblo bazas. maT Soris Cveni qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTare-bisaTvis mniSvnelovania Seicvalos Cveni qveynis energetikuli pilitika.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba energoefeqturobasa da
energodazogvasTan mimarTebaSi
saqarTvelos parlamentma 2006 wlis 7 ivniss daamtkica energetikis samini-stroSi momzadebuli dokumenti da energetikuli politikis ZiriTadi mimarTu-lebebi gansazRvra. „saqarTvelos energetikul seqtorSi saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT“ gansazRvrulia, rom adgilobrivi energetikuli re-sursebis aTvisebaSi ZiriTadi adgili qvey nis mTavari simdidris hidroenergeti-kuli potencialis aTvisebas daeTmoba.
amasTan, energopolitikis grZelvadian mizans warmoadgens eleqtroenergiaze moTxovnis dakmayofileba adgilobrivi hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mier gamomu-Savebuli eleqtroenergiiT. es aris oficialuri informacia energetikis sami-nistros veb gverdidan, romelic ar Secvlila 2006 wlis Semdeg [2].
e nergetikis saministros midgoma energoefeqturobisa da energodazogvis mimarT dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli, rac gamoixateba am sfroSi samarT-lebliv-normatiuli bazis ar arsebobiT.
saqarTvelos potenciali energoefeqturobisa da energodazogvis mxriv mra-valgzis iqna Sefasebuli, magram arc erTi mTavrobis mier ar moxda am mimarTu-lebiT qmediTi nabijebis gadadgma, piriqiT, aqtiurad iblokeboda Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisake n mimarTuli aqtivobebi. saqarTvelos kanonmde-blobaSi energoefeqturobasa da energodazogvis Sesaxeb SeiZleba amovikiTxoT mxolod Semdegi: saqarTvelos kanoni eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb. Tavi I. muxli 1. kanonis miznebi da amocanebi. d) xeli Seuwyos hidroe-nergetikuli, sxva ganaxlebadi, alternatiuli da bunebrivi gazis adgilobrivi resursebis upirates gamoyenebas. (9.06.2006. N3292 amoqmeddes 2006 wlis 1 seqtem-bridan).
prof. nani mefariSvilisaqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
„erTiani energetikuli sistema da reJimi saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa ganskuTrebul gamgeblobas miekuTvneba“ _ saqarTvelos konstitucia
50 www.greens.ge
Tavi II.saxelmwifo politika eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis se-qtorSi muxli 3. eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis seqtorSi saxelm-wifo politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba) energetikuli resursebis mopo-vebis gafarToebis, ganaxlebadi (alternatiuli) energiis wyaroebis upiratesi aTvisebis, energoefeqturiani RonisZiebebis xelSewyoba, romlebic dakavSirebu-lia warmoebis efeqtianurobis gazrdasTan. (27.12.2005 N 2537).
sxva sakanonmdeblo aqti energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb Cvens qveyanas ar gaaCnia, riTac gamonakliss warmovadgenT yofili sabWoTa respublikebis Sorisac.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma 2007 wels engurhesis reabi-litaciis meore sasesxo xelSekrulebis ratifikaciisas aiRo valdebuleba, rom 2008 wlis 1 ianvrisTvis saqarTvelos eqneba sruli sakanonmdeblo paketi ener-goefeqturobasa da energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romelsac dRemde velodebiT [3].
evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos samoqme-do gegma pirdapir iTxovs „e nergetikis politikis miznebis daaxloebas evrokav-Siris energo politikis miznebTan“ kargad gaTvlili da grZelvadiani energeti-kuli politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis gziT, raTa TandaTan dauaxlo-vdes „evrokavSiris energopolitikis miznebs, energo resursebis usafrTxoebis CaTvliT“. saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar aris SemuSavebuli qvey nis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politika, romlis Semdegac xdeba energetikuli ganviTarebis po-litikis SemuSaveba. qvey nis energetikulma ganviTarebam unda moaxdinos ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis saWiro resursiT uzrunvelyofa winmswrebi tempiT. am etap-ze Cveni midgoma energetikis ganviTarebis mimarT aris sruliad gaumarTlebeli da damyarebulia zogad principze: energia zedmeti arasodes ar aris, Tu zed-metia maSin SegviZlia gavyidoT mezobel qvey nebSi. anu energetikis ganviTareba sulac ar gulisxmobs qvey nis sawarmoo potencialis ganviTarebas. unda aRiniS-nos, rom warmoebis ganviTarebisa da warmoebuli produqciis konkurentunari-anobisaTvis mniSvnelovani da aucilebeli pirobaa energoefeqturoba.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis damokidebuleba energoefeturobisa da
energodazogvis mimarT
e nergoefeqturobisadmi saxelmwifos damokidebuleba ufro negatiuria, vidre pozitiuri. saxelmwifo struqturebis moxeleebi cdiloben Tavidan ai-cilon energoefeqturobisa da energodazogvis xelSewyobisa da ganxorcielebis valdebulebebi. zog SemTxvevaSi xdeba garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba, xSir SemTxvevaSi isini atareben mxolod saCve nebel xasiaTs. aseTad SeiZleba ganvixi-loT merebis SeTanxmeba, romelzec saqaTveloSi ukve aris rva xelmomweri qa-laqi: Tbilisi (2010), baTumi (2011), rusTavi (2011), quTaisi (2011), gori (2012), foTi (2012), zugdidi (2013) da Telavi (2014). maT Soris oTx qalaqs aqvs samoqmedo geg-ma (SEAP) - Tbilisi, baTumi, gori, rusTavi. unda aRiniSnos, miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqmedo gegma arsebobs, am qalaqebis xelmZRvaneli pirebi ar arian dain-teresebulebi, an ar floben Sesabamis kompetencias ganaxorcielon es samoqme-do gegmebi.
e nergodazogva warmoadgens qvey nis erT-erT mniSvnelovan rezervs. am rezer-vis sarealizaciod saWiroa muSaoba warimarTos sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT, esenia:
• arsebul SenobaTa SemomzRudi konstruqciebis Tboizolacia da mSenebare SenobebisaTvis normativebis Seqmna;
• e nergomomxmarebeli sistemebis modernizacia;• optimaluri siTbosa da ganaTebis wyaros SerCeva.
ganskuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom Cveni qalaqebis meriis struqtureb-Si ar arsebobs energetikis samsaxurebi. Sesabamisad ar arian energetikis dargis
www.greens.ge 51
specialistebi, romlebic SeZleben merebis SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebis maRal kvalificiur doneze Sesrulebas. Tbilisze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aris gasamaxvilebeli, radgan saqarTvelos mTliani mosaxleobis 30% am qalaqSi cxovrobs (Tbilisis mosaxleoba oficialurad Seadgens 1 152 500). Tbilisis mo-saxleobis mier moxmarebuli energia q. Tbilisis meriis 2009 wlis monacemebiT aris 798.03 mln. kvt.sT., xolo sabiujto dafinansebaze myofi organizaciebis xarji Seadgens 166.59 mln. kvt.sT.-s. gamodis, rom Tbilisis mTliani mosaxleoba moixmars mxolod 4,79 jer met eleqtro energias vidre meriis sabiujeto da-finansebaze myofi Senobebi „e nergetikis mdgradi ganviTarebis samoqmedo gegma, Tbilisi“. rac Seexeba bunebrivi airis moxmarebas sabiujeto SenobebisaTvis, amis Sesaxeb monacemebi saerTod ar moipoveba.
Tavad is mdgomareoba, rom saqarTveloSi ver xerxdeba informaciis mopoveba sabiujeto Senobebis energoxarjebze, vinaidan aseTi saxis aRricxvis Catarebas saxelmwifo organizaciebi ar aniWeben prioritets. aRaraferi rom ar vTqvaT energomatareblebis gancalkevebulad aRricxvaze, anu eleqtroenergiis xarji, Tburi energiis xarji da wylis xarjis gancalkevebulad aRricxva. ar xdeba SenobebisaTvis saWiro energoxarjebis dadgena da biujeti ixdis im raodenobis gadasaxads, ramdenic daixarjeba. es pirdapir mianiSnebs sabuijeto saxsrebis uyairaTo xarjvaze. sabiujeto dawesebulebebSi 2010 wels sabiujeto organiza-ciebis (garda adgilobrivi organoebis- adgilobrivi municipalitetebi) xarji energomatareblebze Seadgenda 106 105 500 lars [4].
Cve ni Senobebi faqtobrivad ustandartod Sendeba da saWiro maxasiaTeblebi ubralod ar kontroldeba. ratomRac moxda ise, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebma organom axlad miRebul samSeneblo normebSi Tboteqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tema saerTod gamotova. argumenti is aris, rom samSeneblo biznesi saqarTveloSi yvelaze momgebia-ni biznesia da ar surdaT im zemoge-bis Semcireba, ra-sac samSeneblo kompaniebi iReben.
Tanamedrove samSeneblo teqno-logiebi iZleva sa-Sualebas moxdes nebismieri iersa-xis Senobis aSeneba, magram erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna yvela saxis SenobisaTvis gansazRvrulia sanitarul-higienuri normebiT. Cvens qveyanaSi es moTxovnebi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad es Senobebi Tavisi klimaturi pirobebiT emsgavseba qve-moT moyvanil saTburebs - maRali tenianobiT da maRali temperaturiT. garda amisa Zviri jdeba zamTarSi siTbos, xolo zafxulSi sigrilis SenarCuneba. Seno-bis SemomzRudi Seminuli konstruqciebi Zalian dabali Termuli winaRobiT xasiaTdebian, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi amisaTvis gamoyenebulia Cveulebrivi mi-napaketebi.
e nergoefeq-turobisa da en-ergodazogvis-admi saxelmwi-fos midgoma yo-velTvis Tvalsa-Cinod aisaxeba arqiteqturaSi. Cve ni qveyanac ar
52 www.greens.ge
warmoadgens am mxriv gamonakliss da bolo wlebis arqiteqtura (romliTac xSi-rad iwonebdnen Tavs Cveni politikosebi) aris TvalsaCino magaliTi finansuri saxsrebis uyairaTo xarjvisa da qvey nis imijs ayenebs seriozul dartymas. qvemoT moyvanilia ramodenime magaliTi.
saqarTveloSi Catarebuli erTeuli energoauditis Sedegebi gvaZlevs warmod-genas Tu ra raodenobis energia SeiZleba daizogos saxelmwifo saofise Senobeb-Si. es ricxvi moxmarebuli energiis 50%-60%-ia, Tumca aranairi RonisZieba am mimarTebiT ar ganxorcielebula, saxelmwifo nebis ar arsebobis gamo. sainte-resoa im gamWvirvele Senobebis energoauditis Catareba, romlebic intensiurad Sendeboda bolo xanebSi. aris meore problema - umravles SemTxvevaSi aseT Seno-bebSi ar arsebobs centraluri kondicireba, anu ar xdeba haercvla, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs adamianTa Sromis nayofierebis mkveTr gauaresebas. aseve problemas warmoadgens municipaluri da saxelmwifo marTvis dawesebulebebSi zamTris pe-riodis temperaturuli reJimi. Cen vixdiT Tanxebs biujetis Sesavsebad, riTac xdeba am SenobebSi energoxarjebis dafarva da xSir SemTxvevaSi sabiujeto dawe-sebulebebSi temperatura normaze gacilebiT maRalia, es ki 30-50% aqveiTebs momsaxure personalis Sromisunarianobas. anu Cveni fuli ixarjeba imisaTvis, rom gadavixadoT normaze maRali energoxarjebi sabiujeto dawesebulebebSi da xelfasi sabiujeto dawesebulebis TanamSromelTaTvis, romelTa Sromisunari-anoba aseT pirobebSi aris ganaxevrebuli! es im dros, rodesac Cveni moqalaqee-bis didi nawili mxolod erTi oTaxis gaTbobas axerxebs zamTris periodSi.
• aucilebelia energiis efeqturad gamoyenebis mastimulirebeli samarT-lebrivi, administraciuli da ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis erTiani sistemis Seqmna.
• e nergodazogvisa da energiis efeqturad gamoyenebis RonisZiebebi unda gaxdes raionebisa da municipaluri warmonaqmnebis socialur ekonomikuri ganviTarebis savaldebulo nawili
• e nergodazogvis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mimarTuli saxelmwifo politikis gamoyenebiT Seiqmnas momxmareblis mxridan energoresursebis da energodazogvaSi investirebaSi dainteresebis mdgradi da efeqturi sistema, romelic moqmedebis am sferoSi mosalodneli finansuri da eko-nomikuri riskebis SemcirebiT uzrunvelyofs kapitaluri dabandebis ga-cilebiT mimzidvel pirobebs.
energoefeqturoba da energodazogva kerZo seqtorSi
saqarTvelo Zveli kulturis qveyanaa, rac Sesabamisad aisaxeboda mis arqite-qturaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili Zveli welTaRricxvis droindeli qalaqebis mSenebloba, rogoricaa noqalaqevi da Zalisis naqalaqari gvaocebs mSeneblobis maRali kulturiT da energodamzogi saSualebebis gamoye-nebiT. mogvianebiT Cvens realobaSi SemorCenilia qarTuli tradiciuli arqite-qturis nimuSebi, rogorebicaa Satili, svanuri koSkebi da sacxovrisebi saqarT-velos kuTxeebis mixedviT sadac zedmiwevniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli garemo piro-bebis zegavlena da daculia sacxovreblis Sida klimaturi pirobebi. sworad aris gaTvaliswinebuli Senobis orientacia da insolacia. aRsaniSnavia Zveli Tbilisis istoriuli nawilis Senoba-nagebobebi, romlebic Tavisi Tboteqnikuri maxasiaTeblebiT akmayofileben Tanamedrove evropul standartebs.
sabWoTa periodis, gansakuTrebiT 50-iani wlebis Semdeg Seicvala mSeneblobis politika da ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda mosaxleobis sacxovrebeli farTiT dakmayofilebaze da naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda SenobaTa Termul maxasiaTeb-lebs.
masiurma mSeneblobebma axali midgoma moiTxova, gaxSirda erTferovani be-tonis kedlebis gamoyeneba. kedlebis sisqe ganisazRvreboda teqnologiur da
www.greens.ge 53
struqturul da ara TboinJinrul moTxovnebze dayrdnobiT. blokis kedlebi - 40 sm; filis kedlebi 30-sm; karkasis filis kedlebi 25-sm. fanjrebi erTmagi Semin-viT. es ganapirobebda zedmeti siTbos miwodebis saWiroebas 24 saaTiani Tbomo-maragebiT.
kerZo saxlebis ZiriTadi umravlesobac sabWoTa periodSia aSenebuli da am dros gavrcelebul praqtikas Seesabameba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi am Senobebis TbodacviTi maxasi-aTeblebi kidev ufro gauaresda. es niSnavs, rom sawyisi savaldebulo Tbodac-viTi donis parametrebma kidev ufro daiwia da am Senobebis gasaTbobad kidev ufro meti energiis moxmareba gaxda saWiro, romelic ukve iafi aRar aris. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis sacxovrebeli pi-robebi komfortis doneze bevrad dabalia, radgan igi ubralod ver ixdis ga-dasaxads. magaliTad erTi kvadratuli metri farTis gasaTbobad weliwadSi Tbi-lisSi ixarjeba 320-350 kvt/m2 energia. SedarebisaTvis, amJamad germaniaSi norma-tivebiT gansazRvrulia wliurad erT kvadratul metrze 30 kvt/m2 energia, xolo 2020 wlisTvis dagegmilia es Semcirdes 20 kvt/m2-mde.
Tanamedrove mSeneblobaSi saerTod ar xdeba arc Zveli normebis gaTvalis-wineba, xolo radgan axali normebi jer kidev ar gvaqvs samSeneblo kompaniebi aSeneben yovelgvari TbodacviTi RonisZiebebis gatarebis gareSe. darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi nagebobebis mSenebloba (zo-gierTi gamonaklisis garda) bevrad uaresia vidre sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli mSenebloba.
ucxoeTis gamocdileba energoefeqturobasa da energodazogvaSi
ekonomikuri ganviTareba moiTxovs sufTa garemos ara mxolod globalur, aramed lokalur aspeqtSi. Tu garemos degradacias ar daeTmo saWiro yuradReba, is TandaTan gaanulebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanxobriv mogebas, xolo eko-nomikuri zrda ar mogvitans aranair sargebels mosaxleobisaTvis da ver mox-deba cxovrebis donis amaRleba. amave dros energiis efeqtiani gamoyeneba gvaZ-levs saSualebas SevamciroT energiaze moTxovna, rac Sedegad moitans garemos dabinZurebis Semcirebas.
dReisaTvis energodazogva aris ganviTarebuli qvey nebis saxelmwifo priori-teti. ufro racionaluri da efeqturi energiis warmoeba da gamoyeneba, sawar-moebis da socialuri seqtoris infrastruqturis ganaxleba, inovaciuri ganvi-Tareba aris ekonomikis zrdisa da srulyofili sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis umniSvnelovanesi saSualeba.
am principiT moqmedebam mTeli rigi qvey nebisa aiyvana ganviTarebis kidev ufro maRal safexurze.
dania: samSeneblo normebis gamkacrebiT daniam miaRwia 25%-iT Tboenergiis Semcirebas 1999 welTan SedarebiT, xolo eleqtro energiis xarji darCa igive, miuxedavad ekonomikis sagrZnoblad ganviTarebisa.
iaponia: tipiuri iaponuri saxlis sxveni daaxloebiT 120 m2-ia, misi naxevris mzis elementebiT dafarvis SemTxvevaSi miiRes 6 aTasi kv/sT energia weliwadSi,
54 www.greens.ge
TiToeul saxlze anu 558 litri navTobi. kanoni energoefeqturobis Sesaxeb ia-poniaSi moqmedebs 1979 wlidan.
germania: e nergoefeqturi teqnologiebis farTo danergviT germaniam SeZlo atomuri energetikis Canacvleba, ganaviTara qvey nis ekonomika da gazis moxmare-ba Seamcira im doneze, rom amJamad qvey nis energomoxmarebaSi mas mxolod 23% uWiravs.
ruseTi: ruseTi, romelic Zalian mdidaria energoresursebiT, dReisaTvis ac-xadebs, rom energodazogva aris maTi saxelmwifos ZiriTadi prioriteti. ruse-Tis ekonomikis zrda moiTxovs mniSvnelovan energoresursebs, magram ufro mom-gebiani da ekologiuri aris energiis ekonomiurad xarjva, vidre axali energo obieqtebis mSenebloba [5].
energoefeqturobisa da energodazogvis saxelmwifo politikis
ZiriTadi konceptualuri mimarTulebebi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifom gadaudeblad unda ganaxorcielos energiis ganax-lebadi wyaroebis aTvisebis grZelvadian periodze gaTvlili efeqturi RonisZie-
www.greens.ge 55
bebi da radikalurad unda Secvalos energoefeqturobasTan dakavSirebuli ar-sebuli gaumarTlebeli politika.
Sesabamisi struqtura, romelic moaxdens energodazogvis potencialis de-talur Seswavlas mocemulia qvemoT.
energoefeqturobis saxelmwifo sainformacio sistema
(e.s.s.s.) energoefeqturobis saxelmwifo sainformacio sistema (e.s.s.s.) warmoadgens
saxelmwifo sabiujeto seqtoris energodanaxarjebis kontrolis erT-erT in-struments. misi saSualebiT igegmeba centraluri, regionaluri da municipalu-ri programebi energodazogvis RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisa da energetikuli pasportizaciis momzadebisaTvis. am RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofs 5-10%-iT energodanaxarjebis Semcirebas.
Semdgom safexurad moiazreba energopasportizaciis Sedegad gamovlenili maRali kuTri energomoxmarebis dawesebulebebSi energoauditis Catareba, Sede-gad moxdeba energodanaxarjebis 40-45%-iT Semcireba.
monacemebis miwodeba „e.s.s.s.“-Si. centraluri, regionaluri da municipalu-ri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi valdebulni arian miawodon monacemebi „e.s.s.s.“-s. informaciis miwodebis wesi, ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo dadgenilebiT - „e nergodazogvisa da energoefeqturobis amaRlebis saxelmwifo sainformacio sistemaSi CarTvis Sesaxeb“.
„e.s.s.s.“-is uflebamosileba da muSaobis principi: yvela energetikuli xar-jebis sabiujeto dafinansebaze myofi SenobisaTvis Seiqmnas specialuri blanki, romelSic asaxuli iqneba specialuri monacemebi, romlebiTac ganisazRvreba saboloo energodanaxarji. aseTebia: regioni, sadac es Senobaa ganlagebuli, Senobis SemomzRudi konstruqciis saxe da mdgomareoba, eleqtrodanadgarebis simZlavre, cxeli wylisa da gaTbobisaTvis gankuTvnili danadgarebis simZlavre da sxva.
blanki unda Seavsos pasuxismgebelma pirma, romelic mowodebul informa-cias daadasturebs Tavisi xelmoweriT.
„e.s.s.s.“-Si moxdeba mowodebuli informaciis kompiuteruli damuSaveba, ana-lizi, dargobrivi gadanawileba da Sefaseba.
energoefeqturobis saxelmwifo sainformacio sistemis muSaobis sqema
56 www.greens.ge
ganxorcielebuli samuSao iZleva saSualebas daigegmos energodanaxarjebis yovelwliuri Semcireba, aseve mizanmimarTulad moxdes saremonto da teqnikuri aRWurvis xarjebis dagegmareba.
monacemebi energoresursebis moxmarebaze
• aRricxva - obieqtebis mier moxmarebuli energiis aRricxva.• monitoringi - energoefeqturobis amaRlebis programebis ganxorcielebis
monitoringi.• analizi da prognozi - mogrovebuli informaciis analizi da energoefe-
qturobis amaRlebis Sedegad energiis dazogvis potencialis gansazRvra.• propaganda da swavleba - pasuxismgebel pirTaTvis energodazogvis sain-
formacio dokumentaciis momzadeba, specialistebis konsultacia.• regionis energoprofilis formireba - energomoxmarebis mixedviT kla-
sifikaciis miniWeba.• e nergodazogvis programebis marTva - dagegmili energodazogvis programe-
bis marTva da zedamxedveloba.• informaciis vizualizacia - mopovebuli monacemebis mixedviT grafikebi-
sa da diagramebis ageba, kompiuteruli damuSaveba.
www.greens.ge 57
qvey nisaTvis energoefeqturi teqnologiebis da programebis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofs:
• resursebis ekonomias da warmoebis zrdas; • saTburi gazebis emisiis Semcirebas da garemos gaumjobesebas; • e nergoobieqtebis ZviradRirebuli mSeneblobis saWiroebis moxsnas.
mosaxleobisaTvis: • komunaluri gadasaxadebis Semcirebas;• komfortis donis amaRlebas da Sesabamisad janmrTelobis gaumjobesebas.
investireba energoefeqturobaSi• qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs; • astimulirebs ekonomikur zrdas; • qmnis qvey nis energousafrTxoebas, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT sakuTari ener-
getikuli resursebi;• aris kargad cnobili da iolad misaRwevi amocana, romlis ganxorcieleba
mTlinad gamarTlebulia;• xels uwyobs cxovrebis donis amaRlebas.
Tu Seicvleba saxelmwifo politika energoefeqturobisa da energodazogvis mimarT mxolod sayofacxovrebo seqtorSi SesaZlebelia wliurad daizogos 1 000 000 000 (erTi miliardi) laris Rirebulebis energia (gazi, eleqtroener-gia, SeSa). saqarTvelos sabiujeto seqtorSi 70-100 (asi) milioni laris Rirebu-lebis energia.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:1. Свен Алкалай, Исполнительный секретарь Европейской экономической комиссии Организации
Объединенных Наций.2. saqarTvelos energetikis saministros politika da strategia - http://www.
energy.gov.ge/ministry.php?id_pages=12&lang=geo3. saqarTvelos parlamentis 2007 w. 15 martis #4457 dadgenileba `evropis
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis meore sasesxo xelSekrulebis ra-tifikaciis Sesaxeb~.
4. saqarTvelos finansTa saministro.5. Законодательство“, N 3, март 2010 г.
58 www.greens.ge
saqarTvelos geoTermuli potencialis aTvisebis perspeqtivebi da arsebuli problemebi
Sesavali
Tanamedrove etapze, rodesac tradiciuli organuli saTbobi resursebi Cvens Tvalwin yoveldRiurad mcirdeba da energetikuli krizisi mwvavdeba, kacobri-obis yuradReba sul ufro izrdeba energiis aratradiciuli, ganaxlebadi re-sursebisadmi.
dedamiwis siRrmuli siTbo, romelsac tradiciulad „geoTermuls“ uwodeben, ganaxlebadi energiis erTerTi uSreti wyaroa, romelic Termuli wylebis, orT-qlisa da maTi narevis saxiT amodis miwis zedapirze da SedarebiT advili xel-misawvdomia adamianisaTvis.
saqarTvelo mdidaria bunebrivi Termuli wylebiT da gaaCnia maTi gamoyenebis didi xnis istoria da tradicia, razedac, garda arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masa-lisa, migviTiTebs qalaqebisa da sxva dasaxlebuli adgilebis saxelebi (Tbilisi, wyaltubo, wyalTbila, abano da sxva). q. Tbilisis daarsebis legendac aq cxeli wylebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. Cve nSi ZvelTaganve es wylebi mxolod balneolo-giuri da higienuri miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRricxulia 30-1080C temperaturis mqone wylis 250-mde bunebrivi (wyaroebi) da xelovnuri (WaburRilebi), calkeuli da jgufu-ri gamosavali. maTi jamuri debiti Seadgens 160 aTasamde m3/dRe-RameSi. am cif-riT ar ganisazRvreba maTi perspeqtiva. dadgenilia, rom CvenSi Termuli wylebis prognozuli maragi Seadgens 350-400 milion m3-s weliwadSi. 1993 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT Termuli wylebis jamuri sabalanso maragi Seadgenda 90 aTas m3/dR-Si, anu 350-400 milion m3-s weliwadSi. winaswari SefasebebiT maTi saerTo siT-buri energia 420 megavatamdea da gamomuSavebuli Termuli energia ki 2.7 mgvt/sT/weli, rac Tavisi siTburi potencialiT eqvivalenturia 500 aTasi tona piro-biTi saTbobis (tps), an 500 milion m3 airis weliwadSi.
gaTvlebma gviCve na, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi geoTermuli siTbo nebismieri sxva gziT generirebul siTboze 5-6-jer iafia da saTanadod, dabandebuli Tanxis uku-gebis vada SedarebiT xanmoklea.
giorgi meliqaZegeol-min. mecnierebaTa doqtori
saqarTvelos geoTermuli asociacia
www.greens.ge 59
arsebuli 50 Termuli WaburRilis pirveli nawili saSualo siRrmisaa, wylis temperaturiT 40 gradusi, meore nawili ki Rrmaa, temperaturiT 80-105 gradusi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli Termuli wylebis sabadoebidan pirveli dakavSirebulia paleocen-Suaeocenuri vulkanogenur-danaleqi qanebisagan Semd-gar wyalSemcvel kompleqsTan, romelic gavrcelebulia aWara-TrialeTis naoWa sistemaSi Savi zRvidan Tbilisamde. meore - neokomuri kirqvebisa da dolomite-bisagan agebuli wyalSemcvel kompleqsTan, romelic gadaWimulia mTel kolxeTis dablobze Savi zRvidan quTaisamde. am or kompleqsTan aris dakavSirebuli Ter-muli wylis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani sabado da es ori kompleqsia yvelaze Seswavlili dReis mdgomareobiT.
dReis mdgomareoba amJamad, Termuli wylebis TiTqmis yvela sabadoze gacemulia licenzia. maTi
umetesi nawili moixmareba sasaTburo meurneobebSi da higienuri miznebisaTvis (abanoebi), mcire nawili saTevze meurneobisaTvis. cxeli wylis momaregebis si-stemaSi CarTulia mxolod mcire raodenoba 730.000 m3 weliwadSi, isic ZiriTadad lisi-saburTalos raionis mosaxleobisTvis.
regionebSi saeqsploatacio WaburRilebis Tavebi da sasaTbure meurneobebi mowyobilia primitiulad da didi danakargebiT.
dReisaTvis balansze myofi maragebi ararealuria, vinaidan ukontrolo eqsp-loataciis arsebul pirobebSi xdeba burRilebis wnevisa da debitebis kleba da calkeul SemTxvevebSi TviTdenis sruli Sewyvetac. kerZod, eqsploataciaSi myof WaburRilebze ar xdeba Termuli wylis xarjis regulireba moTxovnis Sesaba-misad da wyali mudmivad iRvreba mTeli xarjiT.
araeqspluataciaSi myofi WaburRilebi da sxva arsebuli sistemebi ubralod gamosulia mwyobridan da Termuli wyali tyuilad iRvreba, rac iwvevs wnevis vardnas horizontSi da garemos dabinZurebas.
60 www.greens.ge
problemebi• dReisTvis arsebuli sistemebi gaumarTavi da primitiulia;• sasaTbure meurneobebi araefeqturia, realurad gamoiyeneba energiis mxo-
lod mcire nawili (200C) xolo danarCeni (40-700C) tyuilad iRvreba da ikargeba;
• ar xdeba wylis xarjvis sezonuri regulireba an umeqmedo WaburRilebis daketva;
• Seuswavlelia sabadoebis realuri mdgomareoba da dReisTvis arsebuli resursebi.
perspeqtivebiTermuli wylebis sabadoebze wnevisa da debitis vardnis tendenciis SeCereba
SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mopovebul Termul wyals, misgan siTbos moxsnis Semdeg ukan CavabrunebT wyalSemcvel fenaSi, rac farTod aris danergi-li geoTermuli mrewvelobis msoflio praqtikaSi. am gziT iqmneba xelovnuri miwisqveSa geoTermuli cirkulaciuri sistema (gcs). maTi Seqmna: icavs Termuli wylis sabados daclisagan, ganusazRvreli droiT axangrZlivebs misi eqsplua-taciis vadas, inarCunebs burRilebis sawyis wnevasa da debits da rac mTavaria, icavs garemos dabinZurebisagan (daWaobeba, Termuli dabinZureba, saqvabeebis gauqmebiT naxSirorJangis emisiis Semcireba da sxva). aqedan gamomdinare, Termu-li wylebis sabadoebis aTvisebisas da damuSavebis proeqtis Sedgenisas aucile-belia daigegmos gcs-ebis Seqmna.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gamo aucilebeli Seiqna Segveswavla Termuli wy-lebis sabadoebze arsebuli Tanamedrove situacia da axleburad Segvefasebina maragebi. am mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos geoTermulma asociaciam ganaxorciela ramdenime proeqti saerTaSoriso fondebis mxardaWeriT, romlis drosac gamo-yenebuli iqna kvelevis Tanamedrove meTodebi da aparatura. qvemoT mogvyavs sami proeqtis Sedegebi. sabadoebis aRwerisas vsargeblobT rogorc pirvandeli (sa-wyisi) monacemebiT, aseve viZleviT maT dRevandel suraTs.
www.greens.ge 61
pirveli proeqti dafinansda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTare-bis programis „saqarTvelo – ganaxlebadi energoresursebis aTvisebis xelSewy-oba adgilobrivi energo momaragebis mizniT (# 00034741) 2010-2011 wlebSi
Tbilisis geoTermuli sabados arsebuli samganzomilebiani cifruli mode-lis dazustebis mizniT Seswavlili iqna „lisis“ `centraluri~ (`botanikuri baRi~ #1 da `foniWalis~ #42 WaburRilebi) da aRmosavleTi (`varkeTilis” #46 WaburRili) nawilebi. aRniSnul ubnebze ramdenime etapad ganxorcielda savele (mosamzadebeli da uSualod testirebis) samuSaoebi da reJimuli dakvirvebebi. geoTermuli cirkulaciuri sistemis realuri modelis Sesaqmnelad, lisi-sa-burTalos ubanze momzadda da ganxorcielda reinJeqcia lisi #5 dan lisi #7 WaburRilSi.
arsebuli da axlad mopovebuli masalis safuZvelze dazustda Tbilisis Ter-muli raionis samganzomilebiani cifruli modeli, romelic iTvaliswinebs ra-ionis sirTules, mis danawevrebas rRvevebiT calkeul ubnebad, maT gansxvavebul hidrodinamikur zonalobas.
kompiuteruli programebiT (Feflow 5.3, AquiferTestPro da sxva) modelirebis safuZ-velze dadginda ZiriTadi ubnebis da calkeuli WaburRilebis wyalgacemis unari da maTi energetikuli potenciali. kerZod, yvelaze kargi didi energetikuli potenciali fiqsirdeba `lisis~, xolo yvelaze cudi `varkeTilis~ ubanze.
`ubnebs~ SigniT kavSiri ufro rTulia. SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom calsaxaa hi-drodinamikuri kavSiri `lisis~ ubnis WaburRilebze #5, #6, #7 da #8 da aseve #1 `saburTalos~ Soris. gavlenis areas gareT aRmoCnda `saburTalos~ ubnis WaburRili #4, rac metyvelebs mis damoukidebel reJimze. misi formirebis pi-robebis da misi gavlenis zonis dadgenis mizniT, mizanSewonilia maTze damate-biT Catardes samuSaoebi.
modelSi gadaTvlili iqna „lisis“ ubnis Termuli wylis xarji, romelmac nacvlad 3600 m3/dR Seadgina orjer meti - 7485 m3/dR. xolo „centraluri“ ub-nisTvis wyalgacemam nacvlad 1990 m3/dR Seadgina 4467 m3/dR.
geoTermuli resursebis gamoyenebis optimaluri reJimebis dadgenis mizniT, reinJeqciis monacemebiT modelirebisas moxda sxvadasxva scenarebis SemuSaveba da ricxviTi eqsperimentebis Catareba. programuli simulaciis Sedegad ganisaz-Rvra 10 wliani perspeqtiva Tbilisis Termebis eqspluataciis yvela SemTxvevi-saTvis.
dRevandel pirobebSi eqsploatacia gamoiwvevs e.w. `horizontebis jdomas~, mxolod `lisis~ ubanze saSualo wliuri xarjis (1700 m3/dR) SenarCunebisas wne-vebi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi ecema 2-5 metramde, xolo gamoyofili siTburi ener-giis sidide mcirdeba 5.5*1020 j-dan 1.578*1017 j-mde.
ganxiluli iqna lisis #5 Wab. 300C-mde gacivebuli wylis mTliani masis (1690 m3/dR) an misi nawilis (20, 50%, 75%) lisis #7 an lisis #1 WaburRilSi Catumb-vis variantebi. yvela SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva intensivobiT, mcirdeba balansis
62 www.greens.ge
uaryofiTi saldo da adgili aqvs `horizontis gacivebisa da jdomis~ tendenci-is SeCerebas. maT Soris teqnikurad yvelaze advilad gansaxorcielebelia (arse-buli damkavSirebeli milsadenis arsebobis gamo) lisis #7 WaburRilSi Catumb-vis varianti. magram, teqnikuri problemebis daZlevis SemTxvevaSi (lisis #1 WaburRilis gadaburRva), energetikulad yvelaze momgebiani iqneba lisis #1 WaburRilSi ”Catumbvis” ganxorcieleba.
aseve, sasurvelia SemdegSi ganxiluli iqnas sxva TviTdinebiani arsebuli We-bisTvisac wyvili sainJeqcio Webis SerCeva (magaliTad saburTalo #4 da #1; lisis #6 da #8) da maT bazaze gcs mowyobis SesaZleblobis gansazRvra. amiT Cven davicavT wyalSemcvel horizonts daSrobisagan da SevamcirebT sistemidan energetikul danakargs. amdenad, rekomendirebulia gcs-ebis Seqmna da danergva yvela WaburRilze. es saboloo jamSi xels Seuwyobs maragebis yairaTian da eko-logiurad gamarTlebul eqsploatacias.
2010-2011 wlebSi amerikis fondis (USAID # ECI-GA-R2-13) mxardaWeriT Seswavlili iqna dasavleT saqarTvelos geoTermuli sabadoebis arsebuli mdgomareoba, maTi aTvisebisa da racionaluri eqsploataciis reJimis danergvisaTvis da ganxor-cielda xobis raionuli saavadmyofos Tbomomaragebis sistemis reabilitacia geoTermuli energiis gamoyenebiT.
SemuSavda da ramdenime etapad ganxorcielda savele hidro-geofizikuri kv-levebi (sacdeli testireba, reJimuli hidrodinamikuri da mikrotemperaturu-li dakvirvebebi), raTa dagvedgina ZiriTadi wyalSemcveli horizontebis Termo-hidrodinamikuri parametrebi.
savele da kameralur reJimSi Seswavlili iqna amgebi qanebis Tburi Tvisebebi da gansazRvruli iqna siTburi nakadis vertikaluri da horizontaluri zonal-oba. arsebuli da axlad mopovebuli geologiuri, hidrogeologiuri da geofi-zikuri masalis safuZvelze agebuli iqna dasavleT saqarTvelos Termuli raio-nis samganzomilebiani cifruli modeli, romelic iTvaliswinebs raionis sir-Tules, mis danawevrebas rRvevebiT calkeul ubnebad, maT gansxvavebul hidrodi-namikur zonalobas.
pirvelad dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis gamoyenebuli iqna cifruli modelire-bis kompiuteruli programebi (Feflow 5.3, AquiferTestPro) da sxva saSualebebi, ramac SesaZlebloba mogvca gangvesazRvra hidroTermuli resursebi da Segvefasebina wyalSemcveli fenebis hidravlikuri parametrebi.
modelirebis Sedegad ganisazRvra 10 wliani perspeqtiva dasavleT saqarTve-los Termebis dRevandel pirobebSi eqsplotaciis reJimSi. ase magaliTad, mTel raionSi fiqsirdeba e.w. `horizontebis jdomis~ tendencia, mxolod `zugdidis~ ubanze saSualo wliuri xarjis (1*106 m3/dR) SenarCunebisas wnevebi ecema 5 at-mosferiT, xolo gamoyofili siTburi energiis sidide mcirdeba 5.5*1020 j/dR dan 1.578*1017 j/dR mde. programis meSveobiT Catarda geoTermuli cirkulaciuri si-stemis simulacia, rodesac simoneTis Wab. #1 amosuli Termuli wyali Catum-buli iqna Wab. #1. am SemTxvevaSi modelis mixedviT adgili aqvs `horizontis
www.greens.ge 63
gacivebis da jdomis~ SeCerebis tendencias. ramac daadastura geoTermuli cir-kulaciuri sistemebis Seqmnis da danergvis aucilebloba SerCeul ubnebze (cai-Si, zugdidi, vani). es saboloo jamSi xels Seuwyobs maragebis yairaTian da ekologiurad gamarTlebul xarjvas.
ganxorcielda xobis saavadmyofos cxeli wyliT da gaTbobiT wyalmomarage-ba ekologiurad sufTa, ganaxlebadi energiis wyaros - geoTermuli energiis gamoyenebiT.
Semdeg etapad 2012-2013 wels USAID (#6371-12-10) proeqtis farglebSi ganxor-cielda caiSis geoTermul sabadoze geoTermuli cirkulirebis sistemis (gcs) organizeba da caiSis sajaro skolis Tbomomaragebis sistemis reabilitacia geoTermuli energiis gamoyenebiT. arsebuli Termuli #10 WaburRilidan mi-Rebuli Termuli wyali miewodeba skolis TbopunqtSi arsebul Tbomcvlelze sawyisi temperaturiT daaxloebiT 940C-iT. es wyali acxelebs Tbomcvlelis me-ore konturSi cirkulirebad „qselis wyals“ daaxloebiT 75-850C-mde (saWiroebis mixedviT), xolo TviTon gacivdeba 45-500C-mde. aseTi temperaturis Termuli wy-ali miewodeba meore Tbomcvlelze. am ukanasknelis meore konturSi cirkuli-rebs „sasmeli wyali“, romelic cxeldeba 40-450C-mde da amis Semdeg gamoiyeneba cxelwyalmomaragebis sistemaSi (sportdarbazis saSxapeSi da a. S.). da mas sarein-Jeqcio tumbo Wirxnis #4 WaburRilis gavliT miwisqveSa TermowyalSemcvel ho-rizontSi. aq igi iRebs horizontSi arsebul temperaturas da isev amodis pro-duqtiul #10 WaburRilSi. Sesabamisad Sesruldeba Termuli wylis cirkulaci-is mTliani (miwiszeda da miwisqveSa) cikli. ganxorcielda Termuli ubnis cifru-li modelireba da gcs efeqturobis gansazRvra. geoTermuli cirkularuli sistemis“ danergva saSualebas iZleva aRar moxdes namuSevari Termuli wylis umisamarTo gadaRvra, rac Cveulebriv iwvevs garemos Termul dabinZurebas da xSirad daWaobebas; amasTan, namuSevari Termuli wylis wyalSemcvel horizontSi dabrunebiT praqtikulad nulis toli gaxda wylis masiuri xarji. Sesabamisad aRar moxdeba wyalSemcvlel fenaSi wnevis vardna, riTac ganusazRvreli droiT gaizrdeba sabados saeqspluatacio periodi.
rekomendaciebi• Sesaswavlia geoTermuli resursebi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze axali
sabadoebis gamovlenisa da Zveli sabadoebis maragebis dazustebis mizniT • sabadoebze aucilebelia eqsploataciis Tanamedrove teqnologiuri
sistemebis danergva. • geoTermuli cirkulaciuri sistemebis Seqmna.
saWiroa mewarmeebisTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Sesaqmnelad sakanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba, kerZod:
- grZelvadiani SeRevaTiani kreditebi;- produqciis Sesyidvis garantiebi;- licenziis pirobebSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebisas SeRavaTebisa
da waxalisebis gaTvaliswineba.
rac saboloo jamSi xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi geoTermuli energetikis, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze iafi, ekologiurad sufTa, praqtikulad energiis amouSreti wyaros ganviTarebas da misi rolis gazrdas qvey nis energobalansSi. es Tavis wvlils Seitans udanakargo warmoebis ganviTarebasa da globaluri daTbobis problemis gadawyvetaSi.
64 www.greens.ge
rezolucia
saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraobis/dedamiwis megobrebi–saqarTvelos mier or-ganizebulma warmomadgenlobiTma saerTaSoriso konferenciam ganixila ra sakiT-xi – „saqarTvelos energetikis sferos gamowvevebi da mdgradi ganviTareba“– (Challenges in Energy Sector of Georgia and Sustainable Development) Seafasa saqarTvelos energeti-kis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da misi modernizaciis SesaZleblobebi, agreTve sistemis modernizaciis mizniT aRebuli saxelisuflo kursi da mivida daskvnamde, rom sayovelTaod cnobil gamowvevebTan gamklaveba ara mxolod en-ergosistemis, aramed mTlianad saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis iqneba urTulesi da yvelaze metad sapasuxismgeblo periodi, radganac qvenis mdgradi energouz-runvelyofis sakiTxi uflebamosil pirTa mier ar aris adekvaturad gacnobie-rebuli.
ufro metic, konferencia Tvlis, rom aRebuli saxelisuflo kursi mravlad Seicavs saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi damkvidrebuli kosmetikuri cvlilebebis elementebs, rac saeWvos xdis sasurveli Sedegebis miRwevis perspeqtivas da zr-dis negatiuri ukuSedegebis albaTobas. zemoT aRniSniulida gamomdinare kon-ferenciam miiRo deklaracia.
am deklaraciaze xelmomweri saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo (sazogadoebrivi) organizaciebi, eqspertebi da samecniero wreebis warmomadgenlebi, vgrZnobT ra pasuxismgeblobas da veyrdnobiT ra sakuTar gamocdilebasa da dazustebul in-formacias:
politikuri aspeqtebi:gamovTqvamT SeSfoTebas im faqtis gamo, rom saqarTvelos energetikis dargis
funqcionireba da ganviTareba xorcieldeba erTiani xedvis, politikis, kon-cefciis da Tanamedrove gamowvevebis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazisa da mdgra-di ganviTarebis principebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe;
gamovTqvamT ukmayofilebasa da aRSfoTebas imis gamo, rom calkeuli strate-giuli da sakanonmdeblo aqtebis SemuSaveba, agreTve mniSvnelovani gadawyve-tilebebis miReba, xorcieldeba „gasaidumloebul“ viTarebaSi da am procesSi monawileoba ar aris garantirebuli.
gamovTqvamT ukmayofilebas imis gamo, rom erTis mxriv, evrokavSirs da evro-pis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebsa da meores mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis teqstic sajaro gaxda mxo-lod misi parafirebis Semdeg, roca ukve SeuZlebeli iyo dokumentSi raime cv-lilebis Setana;
vTanxmdebiT ra imaze, rom mdgradi energouzrunvelyofa qvey nis usafrT-xoebis erTerTi umTavresi komponentia, migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos energosiste-ma moiTxovs fundamentur sistemur, m.S. radikalur inctitucionalur cvlile-bebs, romelTa mizani unda iyos marTvis sabWouri meTodologiis sruli demon-taJi da sakuTari, erovnuli energetikuli politikis Camoyalibeba, demokra-tiuli, sajaro da obieqturi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis garantiebis Seqmna.
viziarebeT ra evrokavSirs da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebsa da meores mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis energetikis da garemosdacviT sferoebTan dakavSirebul debulebebs, vTvliT rom umokles vadaSi unda dasruldes sakanonmdeblo vakuumis pirobebSi dargis „dreifis“ etapi da saqarTvelos energosistemis marTva (ganviTareba) unda ganxorcieldes qvey nis mdgradi ekonomikis ganviTarebasTan mWidro kavSir-Si kargad gaTvlili grZelvadiani politikis, samoqmedo gegmisa da amave xelSe-krulebiT aqcentirebuli sakanonmdeblo normebis safuZvelze bunebriv garemo-ze zianis miuyeneblad.
www.greens.ge 65
moviTxovT, rom saqarTvelos energetikisa da wyalmomaragebis maregulirebe-li erovnuli komisia gaTavisufldes politikuri, monopoliuri da yovelgvari sxva zewolisagan.
energetikis sferos marTva, energoefeqturoba:kategoriulad moviTxovT, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam dauyovnebliv SezRu-
dis erTi iuridiuli pirisaTvis miniWebuli eleqtroenergiis generirebisa da distribuciis, agreTve sxva SeuTavsebeli uflebamosilebebi da es ganaxorcie-los sakanonmdeblo doneze;
ukmayofilebas gamovTqvamT saxelmwifo (sabiujeto) seqtoris mier da zo-gadad moxmarebuli energoresursebis aRricxvis, agreTve statistikuri infor-maciis xelmisawvdomobisa da gamWvirvaleobis saqmeSi arsebuli biurokratiuli brierebis gamo;
miuReblad vTvliT saxelisuflo struqturebis mxridan energoefeqturo-bis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi energetikuli resursis, ignorirebis faqts;
ar veTanxmebiT samTavrobo argumentebs imis Taobaze, rom energoefeqturi RonisZiebebis gatarebisa da neklebad energotevadi teqnologiebis danergvis mizniT damavaldebulebeli sakanonmdeblo normebis zedmetad daamZimebs moqa-laqeebis socialur da qvey nis ekonomikur mdgomareobas;
migvaCnia, rom energiis racionaluri moxmareba da energoefeqturoba pri-oritetuli unda gaxdes, energiis generireba–moxmarebis yvela mimarTulebiTa da yvela etapze;
moviTxovT, rom umokles vadaSi miRebuli iqnas energoefeqturobasTan dakav-Sirebuli da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesa-bamisi sakanonmdeblo baza yvela sferosaTvis (transporti, Senobebi, teqnolo-giuri procesebi da sxva);
e nergoefeqturobasTan dakavSirebul axal sakanonmdeblo bazaSi intensiurad da efeqturad iqnes danergili administrirebis, ekonomikuri, finansuri da sxva meqanizmebi energoefeqturobis donis mudmivad mzardi dinamiuri procesis xe-lSesawyobad;
aratradiciuli ganaxlebadi energiebis efeqturad moxmarebagamoTvqvamT SeSfoTebas zogierTi ganaxlebadi (mze, qari, geoTermuli da
sxva) energiebis mimarT tradiciis ucvlelad gagrZelebis gamo da moviTxovT, rom 2015 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobam prioritetulad gamoacxados mzis, qa-ris, geoTermuli energiebis efeqturad moxmareba, SeimuSaos specialuri pro-grama da es programa yovelwliurad uzrunvelyos saTanado finansuri resurse-biT.
ver vurigdebiT saqarTvelos tyis resursis gadaWarbebiT intensiurad moxma-rebis faqts da saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan moviTxovT:
• dauyovnebliv gaataros iseTi mravalmxrivi reformebi, rom siRaribis, umuSevrobis, gaTbobis da sxva socialuri promlemebis umtkivneulod mogvarebis „gzebi ar gadiodes tyis masivebze“;
• daaCqaros da 2015 wels daasrulos saqarTvelos regionebSi soflebis ga-zifikaciis procesi;
• SemuSavdes ukve gaCexili da degradirebuli tyeebis aRdgenis saxelmwifo programa da gamoiricxos am procesis kampaniuroba.
energetikis sferos samecniero da sakadro potencialibolo wlebSi sruliad ganadgurda an degradirda energetikis sferoSi mo-
muSave instituciebi, m.S. kadrebis aRzrdis mimarTulebiTac, ramac ganuzomeli negatiuri gavlena iqonia dargSi inovaciebisa da axali teqnologiebis warmo-Cineba-danergvis kuTxiT.
66 www.greens.ge
aRniSnulis gamo gamovTqvamT SeSfoTebas da migvaCnia, rom energetikis sferos samecniero potencialis amaRleba da kadrebis saTanadod momzadeba unda iyos dargis ganviTarebis politikis sakvanZo sakiTxi.
1. saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraoba/dedamiwis megobrebi-saqarTvelo;2. saqarTvelos energo-resursebis efeqturad gamoyenebis asociacia;3. soflad TemTa ganviTarebis saagento;4. eqspertTa kavSiri mdgradi energia da garemo;5. saqarTvelos ekolog miwaTmoqmedTa asociacia (sema);6. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axalcixis centri;7. garemos dacvisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis centri;8. garemosdacviTi kvlevebis saerTaSoriso centri;9. imereTis regionis axalgazrduli samecniero-sainformacio asociacia
„asa“;10. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento;11. baadur CxaiZe stu profesori.
saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraoba/dedamiwis megobrebi - saqarTvelo
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, gr. muxaZis q. #16, 0162tel/faqsi: (+995 32) 2306221; el-fosta: [email protected]
Web-gverdi: www.greens.ge www.cleanup.ge
publikacia momzadda da gamoica fridrix ebertis fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT proeqtis `saqarTvelos
energetikis sferos gamowvevebi da garemo~ farglebSi.
68 www.greens.ge
