University Of Alberta

Art

3eparzxezt of A r t a2c 3es:gr

National Library 1+1 of Canada Bibliothèque nationale du Canada

Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques

395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K I A ON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada

The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de

reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique.

The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in uiis thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be p ~ t e d or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimes reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation.

ABSTRACT

Acknowledgment s

Table Of Contents

Chaptelr Twc * .

;oo.crz~ O ÿ c w a r d : G e r ~ i a h e Xooaie - - ZF-2 the Faces or =ce Norzh

Illustrations

Figure P a g e

M y s e l f ka Esquino W o r n a ~ , l922-24. 2hocograpker znk~own (;xa 3 ~ i r . à ~ ~ ) . 3eprodiiceà ir, A Mounty's W i f e , pq. 148

10. Chescerfiela Z s ~ i n o s . Tke Boy is " S c o x y , " 1 9 2 2 - 2 4 . 2hoïographer znknow- ( L x a Mü~àay) .3eprodi~ceà i r i A Mounty's W i f e , pg. 148

SC). Co,r.,posite hJ.W.X.3. PostcarC, 1897. ,3,iioto by G e r a l c i n e Xoocie. 3 . C . K . 2 . Nüsew., Moocie f i l e 9 3 4 . 5 . 2 1

21. "Shoof ly Corner" ( Z s k i ~ ~ o Wonac iz Gzla 3 r e s s ) , 1 9 0 3 - 0 4 . 3oto by A . ? . Low. Na~ionaL Arckives of Cznaaa, A - 5 3 5 4 8

Introduction: Selective Views the N o r t h

2 --;-: - - - - ,,a,,y co--ec t 5 e Xor t ' iwes t !!40~r-,ea ? o l i c e - (N.W.X. ?. ) wher iz was forme6 In 1873 , =7,e z o rce was giver. . - . the eesignazior ' X o y o l ' iz 1904 ~krougk a c ï ~ ~ c a z i o ~ of

* * :ke C o r o n a z i o r ROIIOLYS L s c . 1- 1 9 2 0 , when 1-e X-~zaays w e r c

roszalgia," wkez focüsec oc w o a e r , car. w o r k to

- . . . . . aec3niexcüa,:ze an6 ronzxrcize z n e l r experle-ce of

. - - ' Suc:? - ï~-:ca=lor,s as R e d Serge Wives (1974; l 9 8 5 ) ana Klondike Zoner. (1989) are exxnples of z h e -kenorneroz.

- . - - . . - or' Iss-zes 5x0~ . the c:rricül=y of skysical access to sccrz-

Margaret Scrobel, Etiropezn Miorneri, and the Second British Empire (Bloo~.ingto~: InEiâna J~iversïzy T r e s s , 19911, Ix; Zanaki Nair, "3~coverlng t h e Zezaxa: V l ~ I o ~ s of 7 1~6Laz Woma2hood L? English Woxer's Wrizings 1813-1900," J o u r m l of Women's History 2 , r-o. 1 ( 1 9 9 0 ) : 8 - 3 4 .

3 .. . 3 roày 's observatlo~ tkiat, " :Canada] was . . aete-mine6 :O incluue zhe vast Arccic n:ncerlan9, no= oz ly

. 3 .

w x n x I t s geographical £ronciers, DU: wizkiz i ~ s moral anc legal Ùoun3aries as weil, " is cicec Sy Olive Dickasoc, Ir Canada's First Nations: A History of - F o u n d i n ~ Peoples irom Earliest Times. (Toronto: McClelland & S~ewart, 19921, 3 6 9 . A ~ t h o r s S C C ~ as Diamonc! Jemess, L.Z. Xameiin an6 Szrbarz Kelcey 5ave argued chat zhe his~ory of CanaClan Tresenze iz . . . =he 'iorth ünfoidea piecemeal, begixriing wizh ï h e & X I S ~

hanaovez of t h e Axctic ~rchipelago to Canaaa i 2 1880.

To z r e a ï ? 4 ~ ~ a a y ' s azc Xooaie ' s p h o t o g r a p k i c p r a c t ices

O - - .S . MacLctreri , "Co~meztary: T'ne Aesthetics of 3ackfs . . W r z l n g and Paizci -ig fror;, the Overlad b p e a i ~ i o z iz Arctic Artist: The Zoxrnoï âne 2a i r i t l ng of George Back, Kicshigrna,-

. w x ~ FrazK1111, L 8 1 9 - 1 8 2 2 . eè. C . S t x z r ~ Z o ~ s t o z , ( M o ~ r e a l :

- . Hersche l IslanC ir, the Westen Arctic azoilzc :ne sane tirne

par t of the effort by the Feàe~al govecnmerx to e s ï a ~ l i s r i

Canadia: law, a ~ à Canadian sovereigxy, across the Sorzh

' 3 .E .C. Sro rne , Canada C l a i m H e r Own,

T h e Canadian Polar Expedi t i o n (Ottawo: L g O L ) , 5.

s y s t er.

. . These l àeas a r e exmlnec by Zohz Tagg, " . . . ~ e c r z . x a ~ ,

. . . . cïitïral aca c=szorrcel process iz w c x l parcic=lar optical and c h e ~ . i c a l aevices a r e s e c C O w o r k :O orgacise

- . experience an.a 6 e s i r e and proàuce a xew rea-iry--ïhe Ta-er a w c k f z ro ïgk . yez f u r t h e r processes, m a y becone - - r n e a n i n g f ~ l ir a,, s o r c s of w a y s . " ( B u r d e n of Represen t a ti on : Zssays on Photographies and Hi s t o r i es [Lonaon: Macni.llar. Ec~cation, Li& . 1 9 8 8 ; repr in ï Mkneapol is : Zriversiiy of Mirx?esoca, 1 9 9 3 1 , 3 - 4 ) . Xar-,:?a Rosler. " Ir.. arounà, an6 af ter;houghcs (or, d o c - ~ m e r x a - y photography)," Iri * ! r t h a Rosler: 3 tv'orks (Halifax: The Press of t h e Nova ScocFa College of 3eslqz, 1981 an i "Noies gn Qüoïes, " Wedge 2 (Fa11 1 9 8 2 ) . -3esrir,iced iz The Contest of Meaning: Cri t i c a l H i s to r i e s of Pnotogra@y, ea.

3ickard Solior (Ca_.3ziage: K T ?ress , 1989 3 0 3 - 4 3 ; 3osalizd K r z ~ s s , "%otographyls 3isc3~rs ive S s a c e s , " Art Journal 42 ( W i r x e r 1982). 3eprixteà is T h e Contest of Meaning, 2 8 7 - 3 0 3 .

- P - b . - - a - . - . Gi-iles Zoss, " W k i a i m g , ,nrr;t, A1a The Arczic

Islands," L 2 A Centu-ry of Canada's Arctic Islands 1 8 8 0 - 1980, ed. Morris Zaslow. (0i:awa: ïhe Royal Society of Canada, 1981), 5 0 .

. - - - William R . Mozriso-, Showing the F lag : T h e Mounted Pol i ce and Canadian Sovereignty in the N o r t h , 1894-1925 . . (Vancor;ver: g~iversity of' Sr i=~s , i Colw>lz, 1 9 8 3 ) , 1.

- -

IZ Condon, "The Hisco-y And Developmex of Arccic ?Rocograpny," Arctic Anthropology 26, no. 1 (1989) 5 9 . CI - . 2ar:ler Dut largeiy unsuccessful attempïs at photogra-ning i~ tne North incluae t he Arnerican Elisha Kext Raxe (1853),

. - . D r . David WalMer 02 C a p t . McClintock's Fran~Iiz Searck m e c i c i o n ( 1857 -59 ) . George Simpsor . McTavish, zn zn-taïeüx phocographer and 5 . B . C . t racer an6 Zdwara W. Xeisoc, an etnnologisc an6 ~ ~ i ï h o l o g i s t working for the Smithsorian - ~rstitution, made phorograpkic stuùies of the Alaskzx an6 LaDrauor Izuit with better r e s u k s . Eiobezt B e l l ' s work F s inciuaed here as a m o r e relevani coEtern-ora-y example of chis period of Norzhern ghotograsky. I D ï c i . , 5 1 - 4 .

aria

. - -' Jin 3crant e t a l - , "?O 3ocograpi7, The Arczic

Froztier P a r = V , " Tne Archivist 4 , no. 5 ( 1 9 7 7 ) : 3 - 5 .

- 7

-' The aepar ïmect of Xarine an6 Fisneries assigzea C F . . - George Calàwell, seerningly as ar a f t e r t h o ü q ~ ~ , as orrrc:~,

photogrzpher. 31&, 6.

. - - c w e i g k y reporz e x i L c e a The Crxise of the Nepirine, was

s t y l e " 35 t5e Neptune - I cx re s à e ~ . o r ~ s t r ~ t e " :- ' ,?e

h - a a r i z e z h e project cria? abo:;t t h e conduct of

photographie sessions that year. The Inage e m i t l e c

A i v i l i ~ m u i t Women (Figure 2 1 , r p i c a l of the por t ra i î -d re

. . * - . - - . - Lbiü . , 6 . W. G ~ ~ r e s Xoss, "CanaCiaz Soverelgn~y F n

~ k e A r c L i c : The N e p t u n e Zxpe6itiori of 19G3-04, " Arctic 2 9 , CO. 2 ( 1 9 7 6 ) : 91.

. - Moocie . - ' As 3icàarC. G r o v e r kas c k s e r v e c ,

- - - I,,,erests r e p r e s e r z e e o r voyaqes norrk. F m r t h e xic-

- ... - ' Xorris Z a s l o w , " A u ~ ~ i r i i s t e r b g The Arctic Islancs

1880 -19 -40 : ?olicemer,, Xissionaries, Fxr T r a d e r s , " Lz A Century of Canada's Arctic I s l a n d s , 6 2 - 3 .

- - - e . - Flichard S . Grover, "2nper;a- hndscapes : ?hozography, Geography an6 aritish Overseas E ~ l o r a ï L o n , 1858-1872, " i n Geography and Imperialism, ed. Korag SeTl, Sabin Sctlin 2nd Michaei Eieffer?ac (Xancnester: Mancheszer Gniversity Press, 1995), 7 3 .

(Fig-re 2 1 A i v i l i , m i u t Women, F d l e r t o n , Hudson's Bay, l 9 0 3 - 1 9 0 4 . ?ho t0 by A . ? . Low. Geological Sarvey of Canada, #2804

. - . ana customs fees, played a sigzirica~t r o l e ir

( ~ i g r r e 3 ) Sskimos on t h e Neptune, Arctic, 1884. Photo by Roberz 3ell. Geological Suzvey of Canada $7633

16

- ?

-' Xckasor., Canada's F i r s c Nations: A AViscory of - - -

Founding Peoples frorn E a r l i e s t T i m e s ( T o r o r x o : ?tcC-e-,a,-,c m.C Stewax, Y92), 378, 369. 3lcKasor, e s t i ~ . a z e s t he I 1 c I z pogu:aziox I z ~ h e 1880's =O have beer. a-prox:r-.âcely 10,003 azC cürren~ly + . i ~ w a r c s of 2 5 , 0 0 0 . I3ia. , 3 6 6 .

2 c C-lem Wright, 3CM3 X i s t o r L c ~ i S e c ~ i o r , , Otcawa,

inzerview by a x h o r , Dy telephone, 1 Z u r e . 1997.

and " F ro j e c t ing Images of ïhe Nat ioz : The Imr.igrac ioz I r og ra ,~ . - and its Use or' Lantern Slides, " The Archivist 111 (1996) :13.

- 7 -' L a t e r , members suc5 as Sergeant A r t h c r Tkorr izhwaite

(aczive 1 9 2 0 ' s - 1 9 3 0 ' s ) . Paacy Earnilton. F i d e y M c L r x e s ( 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 3 0 1 s ) , and mar iy ozhers cook pnocograpks z o w valuec as recoras cf earlier tirnes i n zhe Nor::?. Glenz Wrigtc, 3.C.Y. 7. Yis~orical Section. Ot=awa. i a c e r - z l e w ky a-zhor. by teiephone, I Jiixe, 1997.

2 3 - - iIügki 3rody qxoted Ir, O ~ l v e 3icKâson, Canaca's F k s t

N a t i o n s , 3 6 9 .

2: . . - Keit? dalaeri, Visions o f O r d e r : The Canadian

Mounties i n S - d o 1 and -Myth (Tororco: 3u=ze~wor~ , " : & Co., 1982), 3 1 .

7 < - d C a r 1 Berger , Nationalism in Canada 1966 , 3-24; X . Firman L e ~ i l l nnexa t ion and British Conneetion, Address c o brocher Jonathan ( 1 8 8 9 ) quoïea i n A n a &rat T h e Iniage of Canaaa Iconological Sources of Canadiaz Par>clar S ~ b o l l s m : Ninereenrh C e z t u r y Soïvenir Pho=ographsM (15.3. ciss, Concoreia JziversLsy, ;991), 231, 284-85.

- - - - ' C e x a i r r ecc r r i ng p a ï c e r x s i n ;he 'noi;r.riel SC&

g e c r e 30Lnc =O bock t h e v â h e s a r k ?rocesses behinc t he c o n s ~ r r c ~ i o n of t k e f o r c e ' s inage. 0r.e exm.ple I s zhe ~ y r k s

- . - - - sc r rou-c lng ~ k e f x e of Iris-eccor E ~ z g e r a ~ c or Los=

- . Y ~ k o r i pa~ro; . 30 a c c o ï n z s , al~hough. r: f =y-one years &parc , i iescriàe che c e r i t r a l 5gure t s choice of norzherz se rv lce

. . . . over xazriage i r r s x u l z r cens: as che zesülr of h:s F .

rlancee's inabilicy t o " f u l i y unaerscana chas he was al reaCy affiazcea CO t haz inexorable brise, ~ h e x o r t k " (T. M o r r i s Longstreth, T h e S i l e n t Force: Scenes f r o m the L i f e of the Mounted Police of Canada [New York: Cerzu-ry, 19271 2 6 2 ) and becaüse ";he girl cocid hardly k5ow o r nnàerscand + L..a~ .n h e r E i a n c e ' s soc1 was alreaày capxreii by . . . =he vasï

i a n d of t h e norther? foresis. " ( X c k N o x h ' s T h e Lost P a t r o l ' Imchorage: The Aiaskan Norihwest , : 9 7 8 ; reprix Vancouver: Xaincoasz Books, 19951 36 :page c l t a c i o n s a r e t o ;ne repr inc ed i t i0 r . j ) Such ae~iccions locace ;ne feminlne as ~reachero-cs ana ciearly ouc of p lace i n ;ke sro-s. of ~ h e 'aouc~ies' Xorthezz aavencures.

kas süqges zec:

i- the s e v e x y - t w o y e z r s af z e r cozf eaerzzior s p p r o x i . a ~ e & -

. - . f o x ?üzcrec anc s ê v e x y w l l t e w o r e c x v e C o r c o z C ü c z e c

C r z i g aboar6 t h e Arctic i z 1923, M r s - Kargz re ï C l a y a:

- -. 3iarllond Jer-~ess , E s k i m o A d m i n i s t r a t i o r ; 31. Canada.

. - l e c ~ k x c a i a p e r , no. 14, ( 2 . p . : lLrctic Insci~cte of N o r ~ k A m e r k a , 1 9 6 4 ) , 2 2 .

. . azrnara Kelcey, "Uingo Selles, C i n q 0 B e l l e s , 3asnsng Tkroagk the Snow: white W o r n e r , anc %?>ire or, Canaaa's A z c ~ i c - C T r r o n ï l e r " (2h.a. aiss., university of Macizoba, L994), 16.

2 9 6 , , ., 2 1 . K e l c e y ' s dlssertatio~ inclades a2 - .

excensive ~rstlcg of nm-es, a x e s and iocaiions or' ~ h e s e . - . . . - -. . T

rzolv:a=iia,s. AXC. , 2 3 - 3 4 .

Wives

35 - - . -b:e. , 2 4 -5 . A f z c z o r 01 r . l zo r i ~ . p o r z rs zhe sco-e e - or 7-er s z x c y wkict. excl-~aes 5 o s ê 9osxec :O z5.e ' k k c z GXC

. - Northerr, 2 ~ o v i z c i ~ - ce~cc~?me,~1,-,s. r )~orr . i?erz 3-S.W .X. 3 . w i v e s Li

- - . . k e r e izc-,ce z e z r l e z tz C o r ~ s c a r t ixe a ~ c Tar-ris S t r i c k l z z C , Dawson i 8 9 5 - 9 8 . (Eeleze 2 o b r o w o l s k y , Law of the Yukon [WnizeRorse: Los: Xoose ?cbliskinq, 19941). C o x s ~ a ~ z i z . e w z s an a m a t e t z ghotogra-ker w h o m a i i e images of t h e 2eace Xiver- - - Y u K o r ~ Patzol, 2 e a r e a arourki Lesser Slave Lake, zow calle6 Grouaza, ana o ~ k e r - s ï b j e c t s n o w a= trie R.C.K. 3 . M , S ~ ~ ~ ,

- . G i e n D o w ana MzrLoz21 Archives. Caroilne AugüsEa ,Tanes - .

Sander 's C i a q o r ,riez 1 9 2 7 e>meziences ( G l e r h o w -lise-ir. oxc . .

Archives), 2 l y E x ~ p z n e s McIlree's d ia r l e s of 1884 ( 3 . C . M . 2 . M- se-LT.) ZAC 1 8 9 2 ( G L e ~ h o w Museux anc Archives) , while ontside cr ie scope of tkis scuày deserve rnentior, as representations of =he experiexe. Tkanks CO Dr. Kachezine C a r t e r f o r 3rLnging these =O rny a t t e r x i o n (personal commu~ication, 16 Sepzerrker, 1997) .

. . - WZL-e ack?owleaqmer,z of womer i 's place I r _ suc?

North proauced by womer,

- - . . -' They mighc be incluaed 12 zhe group of

Suss describes in Mapping Ourselves: Canadian

- - t c rns üp a ve-ry srnail

, European Women, Lx.

- - - . w o n e n Se l e r Women ' s - 7 A~l tobiography in English as "caiighi ir, [reslsï:zql

. . psychoiogicai positions ana tiscorical o-gorcu-:=:es,"

r r . . _ . f o r c e o r other o r r x x i 30aies PZ -5ey were excluaec fxor.

- . . - p . . - ,,riex gezaer ana ünorzicia, s ~ a z ü s zza ac t h e sarne r k e

were freq-~e,-,:ly associatec wit? zkle staxCaràs ana càe

praccices of Noocie and Munaay Ln chronological orcier,

Beca~se tne f o m a t of Mi;naayls represemat io r , ailotvs for a

nore direct ana arciculaïe v o i c e , rea i iers may wror-qly

. - - (Mon t rea l : X c G i i ~ - Q . ~ e e z ' s J ~ i v e x s k y ? e s ~ , 1993), 124.

2 5

- - . of N o r z h e r - i r d i g e z o ~ ~ s scb jec t m a t t e r 5s G v 1 r t ü ~ - z x q e

Detweer t h e two practices, Münday a d Xoocie w o r k e c ir

- . - . . F - civergerx traaxions, 6ezrzing z h e l r approackes iz t k e

broaaesc ïel_rns, by a,-, inwara verstrs ar: oü twarE focüs. LXEZ

3 -: S t a t ~ s I s complicated by praczices s w h as hos se of geologist A . - . Low and whallng captziz. George Corner who hela professionai üesignacio=s in other fielas am5 naae . - phoïograpns in the course of cheir work. L ~ l y Kol:üz, Private R e a l m s of L i g h t (Markharr.: F k z h e n r y Wkiteside, 1 9 8 4 1 , 56. Munday's notes recall ~ h e praccice of nany womer, i r ~ ~ h e North W ~ O , with the restrlctio~s or' ari azrii;zl mail exchange, wrote w i t k : the exyectatior,~ of a serai-

. . public circulation of tnex accouxts as a s h o r t cc: = O r - - corresponüence wiîh friends and r a r ~ r l y . (Rekey, 20. )

m .L, . - -

,--e s i c ~ c i r i c a ~ c e of t he wrizce- w o r c i- X ü ~ C i ~ y ' s

skocagrzphic r e g r e s e x a z i o ~ s is one elezezt zkaz

6: - s- Llxq~ishes - - e x praczice f z o ~ Xoocie's. L t z o ~ g k - . 20

- . - . . P . so-lc G L C Z I S C Z ~ O Z 0 2 crie pho:ogza~hs caz be zzae ~ a s e c oz

- - - .- . - 7 - - . LA-e izro--nat:or, cürz-er t iy ava:iaa,e, =z.e aü=,n,ozs,.i1p or :,rie

inages Ls zot i~ aock t . X~nday's refere-ces C O h e r cw-

- . Y . - r . photoqirapiiic a c z i v L ~ y , wzzie chey verlry t h e tact o r ze r

owr. p r a c ~ i c e , ào not pe r t a i r . directly CO ckese Inages.

Sacher 5e r a ~ c h o r i z a z i o r of ~ h e images is eszzblishec ir

. . che î r placemen: ic t he book, ~ h e i r composx io r ana LE zhe

pcrposefclly r>ossessive language thzt weaves =hem i ~ t o zhe

f i a ~ r a z i v e . The c a p t i o z accompa~ying eack pho=ogrzpb

proviaes f e w specifics of dace and l o c a ~ ï o c ; eack czpx lo r

praccices o p e r z c i ~ ~ g beyond che f r x i ~ e s of :-ose people anc

lanuscapes ' c a p x r e d ' in che w o r k of Moocie a l a W x a a y caz

Y =

The amocrx anci p m x l n l t y of pko~ograpkic acïlvlïy az che srnall post nave createu aifficxlty ir cietex.izing ax'riorship for some researchers. The images izclzaed iz . . t ~ s study are solidly attribu~able to Moodie or. ~ h e basls of visible slgr,at7dres or aoc-mer ioc ion a= :he Xaz io r i a l Arc?--ives of Cazada .

60 rio less.

Chapter 1 A Memoir: Luta Munday Pictures Herself in the North

* - - * . - Iz Visions of Order , K e i t n Walaen declines =O

separate fit- ,local an6 no^-fictional accoszrs OR she &sis + L h a ~ such categor~zatio~s do not azzect F - the S i Z 3 C E ÿ r e o r

f-xxiioc of ~ h e symbol, 13.

In Mapping O u r s e l v e s , Helec Suss aesc r ibes her as . -

" t h e self-effacing L c t a Kanday, who aisplaces her i c e x l = y i ~ i 0 ner husba~d's even i ~ , her titieu (i24).

-7 ,.S. !4acLarez1s s u g g e s ~ i o ~ chai che fronris~iece . . image is significanc for i c s abilicy io posx:on an a ï c h o r

(specifically 3aïl Kane) for a readership 5s asplicable zo t h l s instance.

The usual Unaress Oraer of chis aay consis=ea of ::le forage cap, M u e jackec, pancaloons, knee booïs or acide boozs w i ~ h leggings and jack spurs. Tt was ïo be w o n ac

- - . R . K . W . X . 2 . parades, inspectior of barracks and f o r ozzlce atxies. (James J. Boultor,, U n i f o m s of the Canad ian Mounted Police, [North Bat: lef ord: Txrner-Wa-wick ?~blications, 1 9 9 0 1 , 2 6 3 . )

( F i g a r e 4 ) Ocrseives As We Are, 1 9 3 0 . Photographer xknown. Reprodxed i n A Hoiintyfs Wife, fro~tispiece

K a r s n a 3-ryant, i n i r o ~ u c ~ i o ~ zo Photo-Textuali t i e s : Read ing Photographs and Li terature, ed. Marska 3-yanz ( N e w a r k : Uc ive r s i t y of Delaware ? r e s s , L 9 9 6 ) , '1- Othex arg7aer, ts or, t h e s ü b j e c ~ i x l ~ d e 3o;and 3 a r c h e r s laeas OC

. 9 - zhe "discursive hierarchy" In which cexi I s grlvi-eged 2 s - the more p r e c i s e rnediirn; (q-aoted ir: Bryact , -rxro&czion zo Photo-Textualities, 13), and Johr, Tagg's cal: for rnore s tudy of t h e photographie i m a g e "as a r h e t o r i c a l conscruCCion" i~ i t s e l f an6 foc invescigacion of ' t h e interpexetra~io~~ of viscal anci verbal codes" izsteaü of their r i g id s e p a r a t i o ~ { The Surden of Representation

- - h i g a i - Solornon-Goaeau, "Who Is Speakixq ~ Ü S ? " 52

Photography at c h e Dock: Essays on Photographic H i s t o - y , Institutions, and Fractices, by Abigail Solomon-Godez;; (Minneapo~is: ü~iversiiy of Minneso~a ? r e s s , 1 9 9 1 ) . 1 8 2 .

5 Tagg, The Burderi of Representation, 1 8 7 .

--

' K e v h C - , s i , T h e .?lteznaiive Vision: L e w k Fine's Yer , a"Lork and t h e 3onirzant C : l t i l r e I M quotea is 3ryarit, i r i t roduct ioz to Photo-textualities, 13.

I C 20x1 cor,, Uni iorms Or' T h e Canadian Mount ed Police, 185. W a l t e r Xdnday's service f i l e at ~ h e National Arckives o f Canaiïa i s javned. witt pettzions fron: tis a-parenzly - - . . . we~,-connecree i no the r - t~ - l aw and nany of h e r p o l x r c l a - frieràs i nqz i r ing aboür promot~ons , xore s ~ a b i e .sos=inçs and becter l i v i n g conditions. (Nazional Arc-ives of Canaua, Officer's XecorC of Service , 3G 1 8 , vo l . 3 4 5 6 , P . .

21-e 0-2L7, p z . 2 ) .

voice, separaze frorr- ,tl.3r,àay cts rhe sübjec: of -ioisier_

Sergeaz t Yxnaay's w k k e fo rage cap r e=z fo r ces the

- 7 Nznciay, by emphasizïng h e r affiliatior, w r t r - the

. . X . C . M . 3 . through =ne visual and textr;aL e lements iz EELS

- . - - ; m e s Goodwin, Autobiography: The S e l f Made T e x t

( N e w Y o r k Twayne, 1 9 9 3 ) , 1 4 7 .

- . - - G o o c w i r . p ~ i n i ~ OZ: chaz " [a] s ?.arra~Lve. . -

aurobiography erralis relatio~ships wictir che wrlter's experie~ce and ide rx i iy s c r u c t ï r e d o r pâzcerneà by =he passage of ~ i n e , " 10.

- e X n & y , wko aescribes herseir as er. ovLd reaCer , was

n ,ennysoc, 3yror axa Xckezs a r e pzaisec f o r keegizg - e r L E

. . . . E O U C ~ wlth "c~vl-izacior," 2ar ry a r c SCOK o r e 1â~aea 2 s

L 4 This reference 5 s to i6eolopy aria aoes no: - . r C c i i z z e r e ~ t l a i e betweer. sides in the àehte over whetker Canada snould àevelop ics ïies CO a r i ~ a i n (izperialisr or inperial Eeueratio~) or i ~ s OWE p o l l c i e s (la=iocalisr)

. - - carrie6 on betweec che r i .6 1880's ana 1914. E s s ~ E ~ ~ L , ~ ci

poli~ical p o i r ~ , both positions were aLmeà az Eazloz- büilding bu t aavocacea cifferecï neazs. ( C a r 1 aerger, ec., l~troàuccion to I m p e r i a l i s m and N a t i o n a l i s r n , 1884-1914: -4 C o n f l i c t i n Canadian T h o u g h t , IZI Issues Lr i Cazaàiar, X i s~o- ry , [Toronto: Copp Clark P-&l isk l rg , 19691, 1 - 8 . )

privare r a z h e r =ha= 2xblic pers-eczive; I z so coing, she

- - - W ~ n à a y r e c a l l s Lauc passing ::?roïg.l. C-amberlanc F - Xouse dcring her cime chere, ana gathering some "fearru-

and mzrvellous =aiesv frorr. its resiaents. She creaits Lzct witk Seing "the first i~ Canaaa

. . . wealïk of romactlc n ~ s t o - r y thot ana expioring of the ir..iacle and Mounty's W i f e , 5 4 ) .

to realize the ~ n a z i n g Lay back of the openir-g zp far West of Canada" ( A

Chescerfielü Inle: i,ri 1 9 2 2 , a week a f t e r h e r arrivai (Munday, A Mounty's Wife, 138). Va,-ious nembers seem =O have revislted perioàicolly ("The Conïrol of che A r c ~ i c Regions , " Co~~issioner ' s Reporc Session Paper no. 21,

- - . - - - . - vol-zres GI ZICLIO~, eüzobiogrcp?..,y . e Cecl,

e = , S z z Steele, C.2. C o r s t a ~ ~ i r i e ) az6 ~ 3 z y COT'-V&~,=IO~G~

- . r - r s z o z i ~ s (?e=kerszoza .qk , Lorgs=v~tk, Xzc3ezi) ,

e .

c ' r i a ~ a c z e r l z a z ~ o , r s or tc.2 work a-ïc zexbers 0 2 ' z k e fczce '

16 m . - -he nost c c r s o r y of scrveys proaiices book z ~ z - e s

suck as The W i l d North Wind ( 1 8 7 3 ) , Thrilling Tales of the Frozen North (1894), T h e Wild North Land (1896), Lorus of the N o r t h (1920), The Land of Silence (1921) anc The Mysterious N o r t h ( 1 9 5 6 ) .

- P -' Sïa r : ïiorrall, The ~ i c t o r i a l gistory of c n e R o y a l

Canad ian Mounted Police (Toro-to : McGraw-Eill 3 y e r s o ~ , 1 9 7 3 ) l i 8 , q - ~ o t e d ir, W a l a e r , , 1 5 3 .

- - . . . . wives aca ~ . o = k e r s w k o r . rke 5oys :azc me2 - e r z . oenicà. - . As r o a c e r s , =he>- w e r e ~.arqi-a-:sec, s izce wrlzers azc

. - . . . . x;=l-rs_clers ref,seZ =a zck-owlecge cher. 5 y t i r i = = ~ a

- . . - . - ex--:crt--,. t~ cr : o z :---ex.--

Police quoteà

3 . C . Fe=kerszûr!.augk, T h e Roya l Canadian Mounted - . (New Y o r k : G o r a e r , C k y b s 1940), 187, - - LE W z l a e r , L .

Richarà Ihilllps, Mapping Men and Empire: A

-- -

Geograpny of Adventcre, (Lonaor: 30-.xLeuge, 1997), 8 9 .

7 : I - - - -

IC EWO episoaes Munday reca,,s keing nic~n&,?iea "esqiasis" or " li-c c L l e g i r l " by C r e e neig5bo~zs azü - - niiscaKen f o r a school girl wkick. she noLes " 2 r e x - y o ï g k t to have Beerrn by Wfices a c Cunberland Fosse. (Mxiaay, A Mounty's Gu'ife, 2 9 - 3 0 ) .

, . kàamese Isla~der, L ~ s i s t or, dressing ,.iï,r. i , r ? a stznaarc

. r - - - nzrine xnlro-m, as a xears of "provià [ I cg ris. bouy . . -

2 4 3avid Tcmas , Transcul t u r a l Spaces And Transcul t ürd Beings (aoclaer: Westview Press, 1996) , 2 6 - 2 7 , 7 9 .

"[her:seif". zhe main süb jec ï of t h e phocograpt, arû z h e

2 3 - . Secause ~ h e images a r e no= a r r e c ~ l y re ferencec i 7 - - P r . t h e text it is d i = = i c - ~ l t to p i 5 aowr-, a_r_ exac-, tirne ZEC

place.

(Figure 5 ) Myself in Indiar, Clothes, undated. Photographer unknown. Reproduced in A Mounty ' s Wif e, pg. 94

4 7

- - . - - W k ~ e i h e exact locatior, . . . - .

p o s s r m i x y is suggesced 1~ i h e cele~ia~e& the 2 5 0" amive r sa -q

I s no: given , oEe . .

3ea River Pageant s wcxk of che izcor~oratioz of

~ h e H~csor's B a y Compacy. Field din. 1920 ic Victoria, Vancower , Eàn io r r o~ , Calga-ry ana Winriipeg , zhey f e a z ~ r e e siagec zn6 weli àoc.~,'~~eri:ed ceremorries orrà cia-,ces l,r:

cornmernoraïion of che ' 3a r r ne r sh i p t becweer ~ 3 - e com2ar.y azë anoriginal peopies . (3ecer Geiler, Niiuason's 3ay Coïnpazy Inaians" i n Dressing iz Feathers: ï5e ConsïruccFoc of t h e - ~ n a i a ~ ic Arnerican Popdar C t i k c r e , ed. S. Elizabezk 3 i r c [ S o ~ l a e r : Wes~view lress Inc., 1 9 9 6 1 , 65.)

(figcre 6) Noon Meal Witk Our Inàiar Guides, unaateà. 2no~ographer u ~ k n o w n . Reproauced il A Mounty's W i f e , opposite pg. 98

stooc

e c c e

2 C The NT~zcays were postec to C m - P e r l c t n C Souse, SosMatchewar b e t w e e r 1 9 0 6 and 1908 a ~ d ;O The 'as, Manitoba (ther, Korthwesc Terrizories) betweez 1908 anc 1914. ICubIic Arckives of Ca~aaa, Of£lcer1s 2ecord of Service, XG i8, vol. 3 4 5 8 , f i l e 0 -217 gx. 2).

negotiatioz of t h e image of worner ir, ~e~reser=z:io;.,s of

-- -- --

. * + &

' hiüzday, A M o u n t y ' s W i f e , 3 3 , 3 4 .

- .. . , - - 3 a ~ i e l F r z n c i s , The I m a g i x a r y I n d i a u ; T h e Image of

the I n d i a n in Canadian Cuiture (Vonco~ver : Arsecal 2:1? P r e s s , 1 9 9 2 ) , 61.

- - . niernoirs w r l ~ t e ? by s c i e ~ ~ i s ~ s , ~ r a a e r s a rc police o z r x e r s

t a K i n g place for women writing or. the Norck . Efforzs =O

por t ray oneself as an adven ture r axï a 'p roper L a e y ' a r e

- e v i à e r x iz several such niernoirs DY womer : axkors. IZ =e-T.s

of v i s ~ a l represerxatiocs, C h e phenornenon has beec

àescribed as " ' w o m e n ir, m e n t s clothizg"' denoting rhe r.ix

- - . . - - P i s , Mapping Men and Empire, 9 0 .

3 4 Ib id . , 1 0 4 .

. - a ~ k o r s a viable persoca. :hzre were f e w oprio-s aval-able

- - T - 3oziel Z r a z c i s , Tkie -imagina-ry I n d i a n , LZLYO~~LCZ ioz, - .

passim; ?.oberc 3 a i r c , " G 0 i r . g I n a l a n : 2iscove--y, Ado-rioz, an6 5enzr.ir.g Towarc a ' T r u e Anericaz, ' 5ro-r. 9eershiyer ~o Dances wi th Nol ves, " 12 D r e s s i n g i n Feathers, 1 9 6 -9 9.

3 6 - LZ ~ k e l a t e 1 9 2 0 ' s ana eazly 1 9 3 0 ' s anocher

P F pror.ineni f i g u r e , 3~rralo Ckilc Locg Lance, appearec oz zhe social scene. Eis auïobiography was pcblishec iz 1 9 2 8 . along w i ~ h Men of the Last Frontier, t h e f l r s : book by Grey Owl . (Francis, The I m a g i n a - I n d i a n , l31. ) G r e y Owl. who was. of coiirse, on-Nacive, appearea i-. "fcll p h m e

. . ana DucKsKin," on zis 1935 lecc~re t o c r of 3 r F t a i ~ . The p o p c l a r k y of G r e y Owl's books, and k L s image, w e r e Lasea

- . - on cïrreri not ions of t n e roman=icizeÜ " n a ï - ~ r â l " ~~resryle ne was ~hought t o represent. ( Z . E Xeynolàs, A Book Of Grey O w l : Pages f r o m the W r i t i n g of W a - s h a - w o n - a s i n , w k -

. - ar, i n t r o d a c ~ i o r , by Zugk Ezyers [Toronto: Xacnil~an, 1 9 3 8 : ,

. - These a r e t k e f m e d :kat the niortz zas zaxec +.e . *

"?.iders of the ?lains, " / And c h e i r s is zhe r . igni a z c P . che m e a n i n g and ïhe s t r e n g c k or z r e ~xllàog's jaw,/

Wkile they keep che peace of ~ h e people an5 zke . . . -

honocr of 3r~t:s~ ,aw.

Xoreover , Jonnson wroEe a short story enci~iea " X o ~ h e ~ O'

xvi . ) - -

3ar.iel ' rancis, The Irnaginary Indian, 114.

? C - 7 - . laul~ne uor2s~~, "3iiiezs of z h e 31aFzs" 2- Flint and Feathez-: The Complete Poems of ~ a r r l i n e Zon~so r ,

T . - , (Torocto: ~4ussez, l5l2), 12-20; 3. T a - ~ ~ i n e d ~ z . ~ ~ ~ , "MotL,er i3 ' z h e Mer, " i r i T h e Moccosin Maker, witk ar. - L.-,_OGJC~~OII, F t v Rrr,oca=loz, on6 Bibiiograpky by La'Joxe

P 3rom Rzorr ( T - x s o r , : u ' z i v e r s i ~ y of Xr2zona Zress , 1987 ) - . - - - 180-94. Xotes, 249-53 . Ar a r t r c l e erit:t~ee "3iàers or t z e

- . . 'laizs" by Mrs. W. Garianc " o s t e r appearixg iz a- edltloz . - . of t5e S c a r l e t and Gold, t h e magazine pi.m-:sheC by ~ h e

. . 3 . N . W . M . P . Veterax's Asscciaîion, with the s-xceaciing " 3 e Fiortk W e s t Mocrxed ?olice G r e a ï Favorites of che l ~ . a i a ~ - . Coeress, ?a-~~:ne Zohson. Xow She Secsrec a Sca lp . O r l g i z

C O- 'The X i a e r s of ihe ?lai~s,'" p rov i ae s a2 izterestirq s2apsnot of Zohnsoxts public perso~-a. Scariet and G o l d , 14 ( 1 9 3 2 ) , unpaginated.

- .. a .. d d M-mazy, A Mounty's W i f e , 4 5 .

4 c S . Elizzbezk. Sir& i n ~ r o i i u c z i o n to Dressing I n Heathers, 4 .

rYa j o r R e t u r n - -- rcm T r i p

>id2 t e r

. - - . - - - C h u r c h ~ l ( " l gx re 7 3 Ir, jüst s ü c ar, ~~tri:. 1~ 2 ~ - 2 ~ - -

- - szow coverea grouzc. decrizg a =oz-Lssue 5:- c o a t ,

. Klonàike s z y l e 5 - ~ r cap acc x-toccaslcs, he -O_& a wkis L c

. . :?is hana, engagizg ~ 5 . e viewer, tne M ~ n a a y s ' .se: àog 3y 21s

i l . . . 30th ~ h e concerF- wlïz msge anc sower of l rLaqes is evlncee by 8oulton1s scazernex cha t , " 1 m: - enbers of the F o x Smith S-~b-3ivis lor . . . . ; wore: zat lve footwear with e-nbroiaered an2 beaaeü aesigns, an6 wo~ld have c o c t i n u e c C O do so z x i l phocograpks i a k e c ir the Spring of 1958 were circxlatec, snowing a11 rneinbers of t h e 6etacbz.er,z wearinç cative rnoccaslns" ( U n i f o r m s , 3 9 4 ) .

(Figure 7) Walter and Major on their Return fror. a 1400 Mile T r i p to Churchill, undated. Photographer unknown. Reproducea in A Mounty's W i f e , opposite pg. 76

- . - recollections of Xunaay's 1922-24 s:ay ac Ches~errle-a

- - IrLei. A: t k l s 3 o L x ~ h e z-em~:er.ess O S -ocaEior, azC

.. . . a .

.C.ars;=?ess of zhe c-lrnare a r e iseà :a Z e l g x e r . ~ h e a r m a 05

her experience. A l z k o c g i ~ c h e Ir;eï haà Deez 2arz of r k e

7 - ~ l l e r t o n aetacknerx patrols sirce 1903, an8 boastea a

- -

4 2 . - BOU~EOF, Uxroms, 158-59. 'The force exper~mezzec w i - L Süf falo, l h s K i r , , c a l f s k i c , and racoor coats of

vario~s s z y i e s over :ke decades. Sergeacc Münàay's coac - - àoes not rese.mbie any orricial aesigz. ( I b i c . 89, 115.)

- . - 5esc r i be s as "very frlencly, poor so~is, ~ s i , oh, so ~ . - c e

. , " - j 4 e i

- . - . , 4 . Ir, CLS 500k T h e Nûtive R a c e s of t - S e - - Empire, S i r GoCfrey Lagae r . izcl-des a-. exa~.?le or :ne cor,temporzy ckeory =kat ext rene ternperztqcires f o s t e r extzeze cernpeiar-enïs : "The f arcker soctk ikese [?ïorc,? . . 7 Arnericaci a b o r r g x e s penetrate6. :ne higher w a s rne:r

. - . . . . civl-lsation, WRicZ was CO De expecxed as c h e i r environme~t ir, tne s o ~ t h was far m o r e Cavoxrable han ~ k a z of ~ h e fax r o r t h . Tne Zsoÿirr.aux renais t h e mosc p r i r . i ï i v e - - of al-, and have changed ïhe leasc dcring the passing of the cenïur=es. 'I ( l 6 7 ) Articles Ir ïhe pop~lar press of he r zïme carried editoriais onà serials wiih such c l i l e s as

-. - - "Why Zskirnos C a ~ ' r Underscand Chriscianicy . . . P r e f e r to Xeaver, Ca='= Conceive of a YinC Goa, aza Eave X a n y Cuscoms Thac Outrage Civilized Zeople" ( u n t i t l e c aatee 1 9 3 6 3y Rnerican Weekly, Inc - [?rovincizl Archives of Alberta, Ernesï Browr, C o l L e c t l o r , 7 4 . 1 7 3 / 4 5 7 , 4 5 3 , speeches and Ilotes by Ernesc Brown, unüaieü]).

Chesterfield. Ourselves i n Zsq-uimo Clothes ( F i g u r e 8 ) .

. Z ~ C C 2s aressed from heaci CO toe LX ,zLrc clotkizg:

4 5 Munaay, A Mounty's W i r ' e , L 4 7 .

4 5 rp ,he Q a e r ~ i ~ i u ~ ~zauicional axer g a r k is nocable - . f o r i ï s p a t i e m of i~ght and aark 2anels ana lezgths of f u r ' fringe' attached at t h e sho~lder of ~ h e worneK1s s - ~ i t . (Zudy Hall, Jiil Ookes , Saily Qirnmix ' naaq Weàster, Sanatujut: P c i d e in Women's Work [mil : !!ksel.xr. of Civillzation, 1 9 9 4 1 , 41.)

descri-rions w k i c i ~ ii~eraily s u r r o ~ n a the ixage 12 the

book, c o u c x r ics message. A k h o u g t cke re is an izziza~ioc

. . of priàe ln ~ e i n g piccured ir. clo~hes, Muncïay's

o v e r d 1 assessrnent of the ~raaitions she appropr la tes 1 s

negai ive.

(F igure 8 ) Ourselves in Es-imo Clothes, no date. Photographer unknom. Reproduced in A Mounty8s Wife, opposite pg. 104

- - - - a f Y-mp . . . Bu= I was so ofter , a block of ice tkzt I COLLC

zoc W e a r ligkcer azC m o r e ztt~actlve

. - Ycnday, A Mounty's W i f e , l4l.

4 6 K e l c e y , "Zlngo Selles," 4 3 -

. . - . kanas pzssively aç L n e l r sides, zhe bec&C aesigcs or zze

;? r-L..day, Ml.rl A Mounty's W i i e , 151. 3 a r ~ a r a Kelcey's

statis~ics on wkite women i~ che Norzh noce :le p r e s e z c e . r of a Mrs. Xzrry Forc, an H.3.C. maE's wrre, ac

Chesïerfiele I n i e c in 1 9 2 3 . Munàayls repea~ed i c s i s ~ e x e chai she w a s rhe firsc and o ~ l y whiïe womar. ir. rhe conur?u=i=y m a y inaicate an atcempt io heighïer . che àrma of isolacion. (Kelcey, ;ingo Belles. 26. )

; r - U Conïact betwee~ the ~ivilingmiuz azC Q a e r n i m i x peoples, increased. during whaiing, resükeà ir. a Xenaing of clothing styles. Trade gooas such as g lass beaàs also facilicaced scyle cnanges. Bali, OaXes, Webster, Sanatujut, 91.

( F i g u r e 9 ) Myself an6 Esqü i rno Womar,, 1922-1924. Photographer unknown. Reproduced in A Mounty's Wife, opposite pg. 148.

apron is a visüai r e z e r e x c e CO the x e z - A S Z E ~ zix c z r r y i r q

of chilàren before b L r t h .

" P . * The beaawork on zhe mact ik follows a se= oz r a ~ r ~ y

d - 3ernaeetce 3 r i s c o l i , "Sapa,.rga:: IIIUIL 3eaàwork In the Canadian Arctic," Expedition 26, no. 2 ( 1 9 8 4 ) : C 2 .

by z3e aesig~s, i e r aescriptioc of cke f-LT-ccio- of :he

- . Tne bea~tlfxlly beadeà s~its wkich some or ï z e womex W e a r a re very of ter , hariàed Qowr, fron xother to

m - àaxghter .... m e pztcerns iz che beaà-work a r e of . . arïicles whick ~ h e y :se, süch as c n e x lznps, hives,

; 7 a & aernadette Drîscoll, " P r e c e n C i ? g zo be Carlbo~,"

ix The S p i r i t S i n g s : Artistic ~raditions of Canada's First Peoples (Toronto: McCle'lcine and Stewart; Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta I n s t i ï x e , i987), 200.

of =ne tirie she is gresenteü as t h e nameless other

. - - . . agoinsc whox Y ~ ~ à a y is portrayed, not as the wire r z Z Z L S

co,?iposit lor, bct as a white womar, , Of f - ~ x n e r relevance L O

- -, " Xunàay, -4 Mounty's W i f e , 1 7 2 .

3 4 Ibid., 1 7 3 .

c k r â c t e r s

- - - - herse~r as s~3jecz of k e r oc s t o r y . " - -

. - - . . . . - . C e r t a i z - y , ira es=a5-iszlzq i e z s - ~ l z a k - ~ t y :O

- . - Norzherz ,ire, Y ~ z S z y 32irs herself ~ L E ? , ozke r peogle a=

varloLs porzzs IZ z k e r,àrracive. O z a wrzzer trip ou: fzoïr.

. - - - . - The l a s she ex-lcizs z k a i , w h - e travei-izg wicz a

. . constable, a wcrze w o x z z . ze ighbo*~r anc a Karive g-~ iae , she

drove he r o w dogs azc sied, zar, cwenty ,riiles ir, a day anà

- arrived an kour before t h e o t h e r s . ,n axoïher episode she

remenbers "hx~ïizg a g r e a ï aeal w L z h ïhe boys zna ~ r a p p i n g

z 5 -' iielen Buss, Mapping Ourselves, 9 3 .

ex&";.: nec

. - As z i e wire of a i . X . X . X . 2 . sergean= s k was

Barbara

A few of the ~-.,zzives . . . k n e w t he LorE's ? raye r . - c - 3efore I L e x - gathereci them t oge tke r a26 hâc a - . - - + : --,,,e Loik wirk t hem. They promisec to rernember wkct

. - zhey k n e w ar,d to enüezvoux to p r a c t i s e i~ -,n-,ii o2e of occ xissioraries c o ~ i 6 go a.mong ~kiex..

- - . n - " W m à a y , A Mounty's W i f e , 8 2 - 3 , 9 5 , 9 3 .

- . , ive F rew

Chesterfield I r i e z from 1923; neither is ackcowleàgec iz

- - t h e book."

To emphasize her accornp l i shen~s , Münàay claims ïo

- . 02 c k e ends or r2e groü3 z r e ~ r i x a ~ e 6 by :he p i c - i r e ' s

edge a z C ~ w û faces skow evlae~ce of heavy :?andeC

recouciizg. klihougk he is i z c l d e à wick che g r o - ~ p ïnàer

subjeccs is ï h e boy "Scotiy."

5 ; Mu~day, A Mounty's W i f e , 150.

(Figure 10) Cnesterfield E s q ù i m o s . The Boy is uScotty,m 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2 4 . Reproduced in A Mounty's Wife, opposite pg. 148

~ F F - .IbLL-ed - 7 C h e s t e r f i e l d . Myself At T h e

kneels beside a

. - .. - er,t=rAe6 Chesterfield Esquixros. S~mier Camp, ( l igüre ,L)

N a t i v e s , Ciearing G o g g l e s , wi th a Sziling S l e C g e , ( Z L g ~ r e

. - glacernent of t he l a t t e r c w o w l z k i r , ckapcers er,-,:t,ec

precominantly descriptive zather thar: n a r r t t t i v e Ln

. . . by echnic affiliation 2nd activlties, e ~ p h a s i z e s the

(Figure 11) Myself at the Entrance of an Igloo, 1922-1924. Photographer unknown. Reproduced in A Mounty's Wife, opposite pg. 168

(Figure 12) Chesterfield. Zsquimos S u m e r Camp, 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2 4 . Photographer unknown. Reproduced in A Mourityts Wife, opposite pg. 156

79

(Figcre 1 3 ) ~squimos at Chesterfield, 1922 -1924 . Photographer unknown. Reproduced in A Mounty's Wife, opposite pg. 178

(Figure 14) Natives, Wearing Goggles, with a Sailing Sledge.1922-1924. Photographer unknown. Reproduced in A Mounty's Wife, opposite pg. 184

book she recalls t h a t ,

One day when :ne gcide came i~ ha6 tL; .,,s cïog LE the kitcher- eatirig oct of rr.y harie. T'ne g~iàe yelled zkzt

+J 7 - he woclc b i ~ e me aza DacKec qilc1uly OLE . . . ,L - e Walter ve--y soor, begar, a r lv i r ig zke Üogs h i n s e ~ z w h e z he learned t h a t azy anourit of ?etzing ai6 ~ O T hzm. =hem, bct, oz t ne coztrary, nade then betzer Üogs. Fe afterwaids became -,ne bes: aog ariver ir, t3e

6 4 WsIder,, Visions of Orüer, 6 1 .

- - '= Knud Xasmusser, ï~troauction to Across Arctic

America: Narrative of che F i f t h T h u i e Expedirior? ( N e w York : G.C. P~tnar r . ' s Sons, i 9 2 7 ) , vi.

i c W ~ n a a y , A Mounty's W i f e , 2 9 .

. r of cris co~ple belzg auopce9 by 3lacKfoot cnlez Calf 2oDe (zndatea) ic a p ~ X i c ceremony. (Zezn Gocsell, I W a s No Lady . . . I Tollowe& the Cal1 of the Gv'ild :Tororrto: The

C . 2yersoc F'zess, 1959:, rac;ng

:ç - - - , * :rancis W e y , i~ wkat he ca,,s "les CO-?-q~êces . - *

pacizrqzes" o r t k e ~ e z c e f ~ d conqxesï of the O r l e x by z i n e t e e n ~ h - c e z ï 7 z y Zxropeans, ~iscüsses t h e proa~czior of xazipclated views of various Z a s t e r n c7.iic-~res . S x r e z Lalvazi p o i n t s to sxck ar- ins~ance as A e ~ i x e ~ e e r i h - cex;i-ry phenorne~oz i~ which the proauctior cr,C colleczior of photoqraphic iaages of ZOR-Wester~ fwomer) was a

7 - . . *

popiilar aeans of "possessin~" o r ~ o ~ t r o ~ ~ z g a visior of exo~ica . 130th a r e Included i n Slirer- Lelvari, Photography, V i s i o n , and the Production of Modern B o d i e s (A làa ry : S r a ï e -- - UT-rverslsy of Kew York ?ress, 1996), 7 0 - 9 .

Chapter 2 Looking Outward: Geraldine Moodie and the Faces of the N o r t h

c ia r ies of George Caxez i reL=e~c-,ss a cox~~or: assess~er-z of

- . . . - pcposes, NooCie's 'üllertoz work, xsck or wzicz -as coae

- 3oss . An ù r c t i c idhaling D i a r y : George Corner in H ~ d s o n Bay 1903-1905 Toronto sress. 1984), 186, z . 9 .

; Xooaie also made photographs at Chcrchill, Tier . . .

s u b s e q x m posting. Mostly cancic lmages of h ~ i t act:vi::es ana ianasca-es of the surrounaing axez, rnaw axe noc sigzec; tnose that have been a i t r ibu ted are held at ihe I\joxhwest Territorial Archives. R . C . M . I . Museurn ana ir. privaïe collec~ions. Sesides c w o line arawings basec on Nooaie ghotograpns reproduced in The Hudson Bay Route: A Compiiation of Facts wi th Conclusions by J .A.S . Mckenna (aepartrnent of the Interior. Oxawa: G o v e r n m e r i : r)rlr,t

Bureac, 1908) they are not w i a e i y circulated. (3onriy White, ince,rview by telephone by aüthor 2 SepteInber, 1997. )

- . i io~.es i ic s s a c e ye: s h o w st clezx ex-.-kasis o r zke ecz.r,ic

. - . Alchougk she w a s ar esta~ilsnec srof essiozal

photograpkier by the c l n e she t r a v e 2 e d . r io r th ir 1904

Moodie joinea the e x p e d i t i o z ic t h e capacity of a'

- - ofElcer's wife; ro mentior or z e r cma5dacy for ~~e joE of

expedition pkio~ographer is recordes.' While inceea excl~aeu

Scpc. Mooaie's offlcial reporz noces chaz, on aegarting Quebec oz. Septefier 1 7 , 1 9 0 4 , 5.e Arctic "kac or.

- . - - and 3 . C . X . 2 . Ycs~';LT. na- G l e r ~ o-e tû cirrezerces jezweer.

. . r_;iy~,;,i. aria c l o s e fra. irq LC ner gor~raix corveys a se-se

- - -

7 7 . . . - . r r . boar6 ix a a c x l o n :O Capt. Ber~ier, sarling m i s t e r , o r = x e x s and s ;? ipts CO-a~y, I x p . 3elletier. S . S g c . Eayne, 2 CO-vorals, 6 const&les of the Royal N o x h - w e s t Moünzeà Police. K r . Vanasse, his~oria~. Kr. K c K e a z . pho~ographer, and Y z . A . 3 . Noocie, s e c r e ï a r y . " ( S L ~ L . 2.3. Moodie, "Reporz Of Siqer inten6ent C.3. Mooaie. Xüason &iy.'' Sessional Paper No. 28, 1906, 3 . )

r

J in 3 z a n ~ e t zl., "To Photogra-h The Arzic F r o z z i e r P a x VI, " T h e Archlvist 6 , vol. 1 (1978) : 3 .

%ooCLels iz:.zlges have beer, Q r a c rrpo? iz t h e S r o c e s s oz'

e.npa15.y azc respec t for kex s k j e c z s less eviaerit Lr: z k e

= Two m a i ? c o l l e c t i o n s o r e h e l d a-, ïhe KAC. A . - c o l l e c z i o ~ of irEividually zrt-eC images uzaer acc. 1 9 8 6 - 0 9 4

a r e â se l ec t i on of views, C r e e portraits and cerenoriies r o m - .

Mooaie ' s B a ï t l e f ord days . The X o y d CanaCa- M o ~ n t e c 20-:ce Col lec t ion , froni which the ~ w o images 6iscussec.i here were

C . 7 - cakefi , acc. 1976-243 , conpr i ses ,r;u~ portraiïs wizk c saal- nunber of o~zàoor views of r he Ful le r ton area. This co l l ec t i on w a s copied f o r the 3.C.M.P. h i s c o r l c â l secElon. Tne R o h e y Howse co l lec t io r i acc. 1990-511 has ~ e e ~ deaccessionea from t h e archives; it consisrs of porzrci~s ana pho~ographs of some of zhe a c t i v l t i e s of fnult 9eople a t

. - - Chcrckx- and ' c i l e r ton .

, . withir close proxlxicy -,O eack ozke r , Ir, a,-, ercloseà

- a . . . stxdio setzing, agaixst a p ~ a x , wzite cazvas backürop. A

C m1 . - -ne excezzs are qco ted ir,, respective-y: Sxsar, Close, "Frarning I à e ~ t k y : 2kotogzaphs by Maztie Gxizenan an6 -- . Geraiàize !400aien (M.A. thesis, Carletoz ~ ~ i v e x s l t y , 19951, 177; Lily Koltu-?, Private R e a l m s of L i g h t , 53 ; 3onzy ~hize, "C-eralài~e Moodie : A Siogrrapkical Sketch, " Wornen Toget . ! !er Magazine (Febilra,~ 1 9 9 3 j : 1 5 ; 3urarit et al. , "To ?ho~ogzz>5

. - - -7 The Arczrc rron~ier Fa r t VI," T h e Archivist 3, vo,. , (1978): 2 .

- . . A::gl, iz Easzerz Arctic dia lec t Is ~ h e worc for =ne - . wonec's k n e r 3 5 - k . The ce-rns a?Ia-x:.c (sinq~lar) o r amauriz

(plr ; ral) r e f e r s =O i:?e same ga-ment wiïk a Large hood or . -

anaut asea f o r ca r r -~ ing :zrants i s a ~ t a c R e C , enlarged o r . . . .

uzzied frorr, a rollec pos:c;on. 3ziscol1, The Sp~ziz S i n g s , 182-6 ; Driscoll, Sapangat,G3-5; Jilliac 3 . Oakes, Copper anC Caribou I n u i t Skln C l othing Production, C a z a c i a r Zt?cqology Se-rvice Fercüry Secles 2aper No. 118 (Zci.11: C a x a à l a ~ ivruse~~,

1991), 9 8 .

. - . . ( F i g x e 15) Iwr-i~ Woxer, E u à s o ~ ' s Bay , 1 9 0 4 - 0 5 . ?hot0 by Geralài-e Moooie. Nacional Arckives of Cazada, C - 0 8 9 3 4 7

9 3

siae

- . . -rg-zt soürce 5

?Xi sgellings, except giver -,ames, are =aker_ frorn . . _ . . - . . . A i v l l i x p i u ~ ~ r i c x Langtiage (Laval : Associac ior, Iri-~Ksiilt i;t

. . . .. - . I K a c L m a ~ ~ : t , uxiversite Laval, 1 9 7 6 ) .

(Figare 16) Inck W i d o w with Ctildrec, Hudson's 9ay. 1 9 0 6 . Photo by Geraldine Mooâie. Naïionai Archives of Canada. C- 0 8 9 3 5 1

space;

Westeirz. f & ~ . i l y s t ruc t r ; re . %e stable t r i a r - g - d a r

C . composition or the zhree f l g - ce s , wL-- L A - ne l7.other '

. - . . f o r r i n g zhe apex axa che c h r l a r e ~ iz close -roxrmxy, is

. . rernlniscent of t h e p o r t r a y e l of rnothexhooa L c S ~ r o p e a ~

. . . g - ~ i a e l i z e for lzvesriga_loz of Xoocie ' s n y x ~ c

? ?rom rke maaor--?as of the Renaissance EO :Re '?aï-.--' -,a- ' farnily of eighr,eer,ck-certu-ry French paix:izg, ~ k e s u b j e c

. . ana cori?posic:on are well exzenckea iz Suropeaz visu& cultures.

: r, i n a a Kochlin, foreworC CO Phocography Ac The D o c k , x l v .

. - - - - . - . 1903 zwo N.W.N.2, posts were es-,aD,:shec ir. z k e - Wes~ern Arc~ic, at Eerschel IslanC a x C r o r t XclMersoz. - - - G e - ~ e s ~ , Eskimo Administration II, :8 - ) The r ü - ~ e r t o r -

C . . - . a e ~ a c h e n t was rrrx esEam~s5ea c h a ~ s m e year; qaarzers

. - were z e f ~ r P s h e C for SaperL,r,tei?aent Moodie an6 k i s f a-~.i,y 1 9 0 4 . (Xoss, An Arctic Whal ino dia-^, 2 7 c. 3 . ) The

. . - - , a e ~ a c h e - , t r e l oca teu =O Chu~ccr-~ a f c e r 1905 :O follow

. - . growinq popiilacion. (Wrilm.m ?.. Morison, Showing the Flag: T h e Mounced Police and Cznaàian Sovereignty in the N o r t h , -- . . 1894-1925 [Var,coilver : ur, iversl ty of 3ri::sk C o l - ~ m b i a . ?ress, 19851 , X I O . ) M O O & ~ acconpa~iec her iusbaxi :O t h a ~ ?os= a r a conz l ~ ~ ~ e i i 20 photograpk ~ h e r e .

- . sozs ez-1st as c s?eclzl constable- ( S - ~ s t . XooEie, C O ~ U X ~ C Z ~ ~ O Z z c Corr.?=xolle=r Whi~e, 9 3ecerrtoer, 1903 [?LAC XC-

- . - 3 - - 1 8 , vol, 2 8 1 12-e 6 , x , 6, q~oted Lx Xoss, Arctic

r r . . - . - Whol ing d iadry , 2 7 r,. 2 . ) . Che Arccicl s O Z Z ~ C L E ? , n x i r e s t - . ~ l s t s X e x Xoocie as secxeta-~y, Kackean 2s -,;iocogzapher ar,c Fabien Vanasse 2s h i s ~ o ~ l a n . (J.3. Nooaie, Report of Superintende~t Z . 2. Moodie on Service in Hudson Bay: 2ez SS . Arctic, - 9 0 4 - 3 ir: l z r x IV Sessional Paper No. 28 A . i1906: . )

. - - d 3 u r a x e t al. , Robert Flaherty Photographer/

fiimmaker: The 1 z u . i t 191 0-1922 (Va,-cocver : Vancozver A r z Gallery, 1980), 7 8 .

- . - -, B u r ~ ~ t et al. , "To 2hozog~aph

9 9

V I , " The A r c i i i v i s ~ 5 , v o l . 1 (1978) : 2 .

-. . . . - . - ~ ~ i c . Noodiels comglai~t may be have been jxst:r;ea: e k o s t mc,iilriq of M a c k e a ~ ' s wo+k seems to have s - ~ r v i v e c azc whaz

. ?

- 5 m. ~ n e r e are sone z e p o r z s =ha= Mackeari maae photographs of Izirit iz groq porzralts anC experimeriec w l ~ k indoor

. . - - sectings Sut, w x n ~ h e exceptioc of one image occasiozz--y atzrlbuze6 CO boïh an^ Corner, no sach g r i n c s circcla~e. S~ra-rit ef al, "To -3kro:ograph the oI,Yc=?c Fro~tiec, " Ro~ert F l a h e r t y Photographer /Fiimmaker, 79; Xoss, An Arctic Whaling D i d r y , 2 6 4 .

Moocie

. - - Yo,&?a Dorior,-Xo~i~aLle, Captai,? J . Z . E i l r 2 i e r ' s

Contrib~tion t o Canadian Sovereignty In the Arctic (Ozzewo: IzaFac ana Xorchern Affairs, 1978), 4 3 . 3 e r x l e r l a r e - repor ted t h a t , i n addition CO zhe ha rboxr , " ~ h e keaàlzne w a s

. - riamea Cape S i r Wilfriâ Laurier, ar,d Zhe 1siaz6 o r t h e W e s t

- 1 . siàe of the e n t r a x e , W h i t e Island, af=er Colone, Wnrte, Comptroller of the Mouncea F o l i c e . " ( C a p c L E . , Sernier

- . Arctic I s l a n d s , 3 3 0 . ) Ar, LncLicatiori i à a z che -=ir:: w e r e r . . z m ~ l i z r w i r h t ne area is fourra ic Sup t . Mooeie's r e p o r r t k a t on entering t h e harbour " : f ] oar n a t i v e s came o ~ t f r o r the islana a î ~ h e entrance,ir kyaks (sic), ana were taken oz board," where they were a ~ i e t o a n s w e r quesîio~s a5oi;t

- . freeze up c o n d i t i o n s . This renaming overlaia the -n-xt d e f i r i t i o n of the area " (Reporc of S u p e r i m e r à e r x J.3. Mooàie, " Sessional Paper No. 28, Hxasoz 3ay, 1 9 0 6 , 4 . )

( F i ~ u r e 1 7 ) Prefontaine Harboür, 1 9 0 4 - 0 6 . Photo by Frank Douglas MacXeac . National Archives of Canaea, P A 4 9 7 9 3 8

Moocie ' s - - - r ouncec

- . oz g r o f e s s i o - a l exseriercs, b e z e z x e c f r o x access zo

- - . - . adLoweC w a s a less z i g i c aC~erer,ce to esta~i:skeC

- . - or-gs E a---alzg

,,le aocbc ~ n a c Xooàie was a conpetert ï h e r e is Li-+-

phot ogrâpher verseà way s nctrket i n g

- c . . - KeIcey, 150. In 1938 wher Marioz Grange 3o~nec the 3orrikio? Goverxmentls Arsiua: Zaster-r! Arctic 2atrol as ~ h e r . r r . . -, - . r z s t or=rclal w o m m ~ ~ s t o r i c , she encouxereC resls~ance JZ r . -rom O f r x e r - i z - C h a r g e , Xajor 3.L. McKeand or. t h e basis ~ h a t a woma? w o - d C not cnàerscand rne traaltions whick gxiàec ~ o r t k e z n a&~.i,-,iscratlo~. I b t G . , 1 6 3 - 6 4 .

- . Frog Lake anc O~ioc Lake w e r e r e q ~ e s = e a . - -

- . . rP selectlor of s o r t r a i t s of local Cxee persoza-izies. -wo of

- ,7 L u B r o c k Silvexsiàes, "Moodie; Through A Wora~'s Zye , "

E p i c 1, no. 1 (March 1991) :28-30; 3or,riy Wki~e, "Geralcke Nooaie : A Blograpàical Ske~ch, " Women Together Magazine (Feb-r;a,ry 1 9 9 3 ) : 14.

- . L - S l l v e r s l d e s , "!fooÜie: Tkiroug-", A Womzz's Eye," 2 8 . The

. - f a c ~ t ha t rnany of these s i c e s were importam iz t h e 31e-

. . Rebeïlion suggests ïhe possibility of pol~tïcal overtones, of the g r o j e c t . Showing these Locatio~s as peaceable anc

. . reaey f o r wnite settlernex= may 3âve ~ e e r ! o2e air. of zhe

- - - - S c s z n C l o s e , "Frazing I d e x l t y , " chop. 4 -assix. 0-e

phoïograpk of a Naiive nocher ana chiid I s àiscïsseC by C l o s e as a,? exangle of Mooaie's secsitive approack. The sa,TCi.e inage, h o w e v e r , appears i~ h e r cornposiïe poszcara above r h e r i z l e A Dusky M o t h e r . This porcrait of Pine 3ay musc have

. . - been one of a series, a ï least cwo o t h e r images of xr. nelà ac the 3 . C . F . 2. muse-m; one, - ~ ~ t k l e c , is a üoubie p o r z r a l z cf he ana Rab-Xe-Yo-Mi-Sick-Wzy scanàing s i d e by siae agai~s: the s m e backarop. The o t h e r shows h i n t s r x e a L n

. - . ~ h r e e - q a a r ï e r pose, os~ensl5ly offering a m ~ x a - r y s a L u ~ e CO

someone Deyonà the frame. A note appendea CO zhe - o r z r a l t of Fac-Sic-Wasis a c k ~ o w l e à g e s che University of ,eïb3riàgefs Dr. ~ k h a e l Wilson's suspicion that ~ h e clothing he w e a r s nay have Deer, provicec by the sc,üdio/Moocie.

2 3 The composite as a whole beazs he r signat.c;re azc a=

. . leasï six of ïwency-e~gfic images are clearly icerxi f iable as Moodie photogicaphs. Plloreover t h e presertaziori ,-esembles accoamzs of h e r u s z l proauct. ( 3 r o c ~ Siiversiaes, "MooCie: T k r o ~ ~ h A Womarls Z y e I t 1 2 8 - 9 . )

( F i g x - e 1 8 ) Fat-Sic-Wasis, ~ n a a t e & Phoco by Geralcine Mooaie. Sazior.al Archives of Canada, ?A-028839

(Figrre 1 9 ) Kah-Me-Yo-Ki-Sick-Way, o r "Fice 3ay," sndated. Photo Dy Geraldine Moodie. National Archives of Canada, 3 A - 0 2 8 8 3 7

(Figure 2 0 ) Untitled. (Composite N . W . K . P . Postcard) , 1897. Photo Geraldine Noodie. R . C . M . P . Maseum, Moodie f i l e 934.6.21

. - . 5 e z e w l l r - p r o f e s s i o ~ a l i s e c social azc s c i e x ~ r x

. - - disci-lines. -t becam a z o o of observatioz. cxZ xefo-T.;

- r . eelimic -,he ïerrain of =he other, c o aer2ne D O L ~ ~ k e

generallzed look--the ~ypology-and ~ h e contingent

- - ,,A> - - - instance of àevia~ce and social r>atholooy. ~rrect~ve-y,

-, 4.7 Jokm Tagg, The Burden of Representation, 36.

7 2 L. i Original emshasis. Allan S e k u l a , "The 30ày anc zhe

Archive, " iz The Contest of Meaning: Critical Histories of

Photography, d. 3icharC 1 9 8 9 ) , 3 4 5 .

3olton (Ca,mbriàge: MI- 2 r e s s ,

"The Parallei Xistories of A~zhro~ology and ho~ograpky,~ III Photography and Anthropology 1860-1920, ed. Zlizabeth Z d w a r d s ( N e w Xave?, CT. : Y a l e U r i v e r s l t y Press, 1 9 9 2 ) , 82 ; Tagg, The Burden of Representation, il.

2 - , . . -erence Wrignt, "Lhocography: T h e o l r i e s of R e a l i s r r , ans Converi~lor,, " Iri Anthropology and Photography 1860-1 920, 20 .

. . note6 ,ha= tke ü n à l s p ~ x e c objectrvity o f the -iosograph

2 â - . 3ammar-, working ir, 1870 for the 3er-:-, S o c l e t y for Anthropology, E t ~ h ~ o l o g y anC Ear ly H i s t o - T , proacceà selr les of pstirea froxtal profile photogzaphs of sübjec~s f o r

r . simila- purposes "as part of a project ïo dezine racial Iypes. " ( Z o h ~ PUltz, T h e Body and the Lens: Photography 1839 to the Present [New York: 5arry N. Abrm.s, 1 9 9 5 1 , 2 4 - 2 6 . )

the c m e i a , :O szy zothizg of its = s e s f o r

3 2 Taqg, The Buràsn of Representation, 5 , passirr..

Royal Anthropological Institute of Great B r i t a i n and Ireland Journal 22 ( 1 8 9 2 - 9 3 ) : 184, 2 0 0 . Later pzragraph a l s o quoïed

Real Lsm

l o ca ï i ons was ~ h e emergence of a Doày of pho~ograghy ;ha:

.- - exemplifiec t h e c o z x ü e z c e of ethnograpkic, ~ravel anc

- - . . '- Richarc E. Grover,"Z;nperLal Lanàscapes: ?hotograp?-y,

Il :F Geograpny ana Bzitïsk Overseas Zxploracioz, 1858-1872, - - a - - Geography ana Imperia1 i s m eàs . Moraq Bell, 3obir 322i12 a 6 Michael Xeffernan (Manchester: Nancheszer Jciversizy 3ress , 1 9 9 5 ) , 5 7 .

was

ne w~ts ":O aevise ~cstrüctio~s for the '50-'?r.ctiori of

- . 2 .i 2zic EireiiPzrt, A W o r i d on Display: pnotographs from - - . the St. Louis World's F a i r 1 9 0 4 (Alb~quelrqie : u x v e r s i z y of

New Mexico 3ress, 1 9 9 7 ) , 2 , The Gerharo sisters too were . - . - , .

responaing io the commercial 2 0 s s r m - i t ies 0 5 rzK:ng no2ey from portraits of exotic "types." Cnaries Ca-erxer was working ori a,i?thropo1ogiczl material b c ~ useC a m o r e aestnecic approach th- aocmentation of 3eals anc ~ob~stor,. ( I ~ i c . , 11,)

- - . - - a 8reitbart, A World on Display, 3 5 .

3 6 E i s resporse w a s the sys=ernatizea anthropomorphic approach to ethogrraphic phocograpky . (Pu: tz , The Body and the L e n s , 2 4 . S i r Godfiey Lagaesr, T h e Native Races of the

- - . -, - Empire :33;l6ori: W. Co--iris S o ~ s & CO. LCC., 1924:-) - - , - 6

- - Niviazsiaq, clso callea Skoofly , repor reü l -y ~ r a a e C

. . . . - . cloc?- oroügkï Dy s r z p s f rom c5e soc:- :O l?e w o n e n or :ne - - co~m.üzizy f o r PeaEworK wkich Corner zker. ~3-,ec~ea azc s e x - - _ . sou~ki , -reçunaMy to =ne Amerlcaz l4use.n of :La-- c-ra- ZLSZC-T.

(Dorotky Eazley Zber, When T h e Whalers Sv'ere Lip North: I n u i t Nmories fzon the Eastern Arccic :Ki_r)lgs~oz: YcGill -Q~eecl' s -- . ~ n ~ v e r s i ~ y Press, 1 9 8 9 1 122.) If capta i r Corner hac a- . - ' ünaers~andixg of ihe slgxlricance of =he a,maücii =O zhe cuk7xes it never sxrfaced I x 3oas1 or any otner publications O £ t h e tirne. A . ? . ;ow also collected st~. oczer Qaerci-miuc parka. ( Z a l l , Ozces, Webscer, Sanatu j u t , 4:. )

Süpt. Mooaie i ~ i t i a l l y foiba~e Arctic nembers from -izrchaslng arsifacts from ~ h e :nui-or, t h e b a s l s of wkat ne believec were Ins~ructions from Conptroller white. A k e r cozrespondinq on ïhe rnacïer, Noodie permitzed kis mer anc zhe shipls crew C O acquire "souvenirs in reasonable quanticies . . . for cheir rnorhers, wives, s w e e t - r i e a r t s . " (Norrlsoz, Showing ~ h e F l a g , 97 - )

- - - . . - . . Xoocie wax-c , : . ~ e ~ y have àp~reclz:ec the clo=~:zg f o r l z s

. . aesthetic q~alit~es, aeslgr, and crctfz as cic zhe ozher

. . * . phocographers at Fu: iercor- b ~ t , wic?o~t an xzoers ~a-aizg

, - . - . . - o r -,rie ,ZYL~ lariguage o r rniick of the c i i l r u r e zo ~Z=O,-T;! àer

F . selectior, of s ü b ~ e c z rnaczer, what sïatiis cic tiïe riqüres

. , o f woxe,.i in ~heir a m a u t i k s 5014 in f ier w o r K ? 3orotk.y

- 1 Fiazley i se r has c o m e ~ t e a or. Moodie's i~terest iz

Incli icing azmxi: i,-, her photographs: "Some of G e r a X L z e ' s

aspect of portz~i~üre aone by an6 for Z ü r o p e a ~ s or

sxck iking; the i ss~ae of nzning is corr.piica~eü by t k e

. . 3 E Eber, " A ?~~..rr.:ne Focus O n The Las: F r o x i e r , " Arctic

C i ~ c l e 5 (Spring 1 9 9 4 ) :20 .

( F i g - z e 21) "skoofly Coner." ( E s K ~ ~ o Womac ir Gala k e s s : . 1903-04. ?ore by A.? LOW. Nationdl Archives of Cazada. ?A-53548

> i- -.u y - . . C . se Sterzherg, "The 3ricrsh 9x.e~";. i 2 r a r = = Anc . , Coloria: Copyrlgzz 3eposiz, " Bri cish L i b r a r y J o u m d 1 7 ,

20. l ( 1 9 9 2 ) : 6 4 - 6 3 . A l ~ k o u g h an I ~ c e r n a t L o n a l Copyrlgkc wzs . - - . . establishe6 through rhe 3erne Conven~ior- anc ï z e =ng,rsE Cosyrighc Ac: of 1886, r h e colonial s e c r e t a r y , oz jelalf of

. . F C . . - tke 3r:zrsh. W ~ s e w . , lokbiea Canacian orrrc:a,s ~o re:ci--, z i e Yusem. aeposiz r e q . A r ~ n ? e r x Ir, =he upcoming CaxaCiz-?,

C Copyright revision, as he sa id , f o r ,avo=rs galnee 3y Canadiari ac~hors and a r r L s r s Ln zhe z e w 3 r L t l s h A c t . (3ez-ry R. Clayron, Anglo-Canadian Copyright w i th S p e c i a l Reference to the Canadian Act, London, 1889 [Lo~dor,; K e w Y o r k : Novello, h e r ] , 12 ; S ï e r r 3 e r g , 6 5 . )

. - . . - . . . . - - - . . . - . . - . inalvla1.z-:zinq rzr -r;ence or r,a;r,es 2s nlg-.-:g,r,=ea whec

CI . - . . zber, Dy c r o s s - r e f ezexcing names liscec 02 x . a ~ v i a . i a :

. . portraiïs r'rorr. the 3ritLsh W ù s e l ~ i . collecziori, ~ ~ s t s the

4 : 3oxothy Harley Zber, When the Cihalers Were Up North, 178, z.16. E D e r has ~oted elsewhere t h a t C h e aeposiz

" " c o i ~ e c ~ i o ~ is mi-e and not a replica o r replicatea in z x y collection ir Canada. ( " A Ferr-inine Foccs O z The Las= Fron~ier, l' 18.)

(Figure 22) Group of Eskirno Women, no aate. Photo by Geraldine Moodie. R . C . M . P . Museu~ , Koodie file, 934.6.40

4 2 -- ~ D e r , W h e n the Whalers idere UD North, 107. O n e - - icalviàual porrraic of a wornac L n the 3 . C . X . T . CO--ectior!. I s OoktooK bc: appeniec w l z h a ïype8 xote wksick bears the -;--

r o provenance/ aerivatlon COY the a m o t a t i o n is availabLe. C . Niviazsianaq Fs zhe centra' r igare In Moocie's Iwilik Women

EU-rneà to show the bacK of her m a ü c l k , a gameni chat woxlcL Pecome one of Che nazy artifacts Lri 3oas' collectio,-i, (Driscoll, "Pretending to be Cazlboc," 1 9 9 . )

4 7

" E b e r t " A Fexin i r ie Focus Or. The Last Fror,tier, " 18; A n a r e w Xoger, Naciorol Archives of Canaaa, i x e rv i ew 3y

- 1 author , by telephone, Otzawa, 5 A 1 9 9 7 .

woik. The few w o m e c pno~ographers of EoKe, sücA as klice

r

" Naomi Roserhkm, A History of Women Photographers (New York: AbbevL11e Fress, 199E), 59, 7 4 - 5 ; L a - z a Jones, Rediscovery: Canadian Women Phocographers 1 8 4 2 - 1 9 4 2 LonCor : Lonàor, Regional Art Gallery, 1983), 5 .

. - " N a o r r i R o s ~ x ~ ~ T , A H i s t o - of Women Photographers,

8 2 .

4 e *. C e r t r ~ c e > - c s e L i e r ' s -hotograpks of xozhers a-c . . - - czriareE ap-ezrec cz z h e FhiiaCelphia s a l o ~ of 1899, A a e k i a e Eanscorr. '~ geEre portraits were featcreà in 1903 azc l 9 0 6 issues of Canera Craft, C-race Cook, A l i c e Aus',ir, and . - - - Ma~hilàe Wei- a,, ~rofessionâi pho~ogzophers aroilnc zhe tzzn of ~ h e cezzx-y - ,~ockceC m a n y photographs with rnaternal themes, IR sairt as àepe~dable sources of izcome . ( 3 0 s e ~ k C n . , A 5 i s t o r y of W o m e n Photographers, 8 2 - 4 , ) Mattie Guxe -mar ,

photographeirs whose work m i g k i t have ~ e e ~ k~own to Mooaie.

4 - . - Rarrsay COOK, "The Tuiumph and T l r ~ a i s of Materiali srb L9OO-l9C, " Ir, The Illustrated H i s t o r y of Canada, ec. Craiq - . . . Browr, (Torozo: Leszez ? ~ b ~ ~ s n n g , l987), 3 9 7 - 9 8 .

- * ? . - loveà ones, b - a oz -,ne pro-irii~ence of the raz~.:-y - x i ~

. . * . S - x e z Lalva~i, w r x r n g oz t h e proacctlox or t n e moderz

- . - body I z phocogvapky, aescribes ~ h e r m x y p o r z a i t as

cornor- means th-ro-sgh whick t h e r io~ior ! of the L ' z T L ~ ~ ~ as 2

central =nit of proàuctio~ was establishsc:

- . - Moreover, Ir, portrait af ~ e r p o x r a i t , t he rzz i -y

have

porntea w i a o w

. - -Er - - + - . - - - ~ r r c r t - ~ W ~ L I ~ S O E , C m s m i n q P a s s i o ï x : The mnmics

" - of Popu2ar C u l tiire (Lonàoz: Yarlori 3oyars, 1985) , --6; q ~ o t e c i,ri L a l v z r , l , Photograpny, Vision, anà the Productior, of Moaern Bodies, 6 5 .

:? Kaj 3 k k e t -Smizh, The Caribou Eskimos : Material and Social L i f e and their Culturai Position, vol . 1, Repor t of +L. L-le F i f t h Thule Expeaizion 1 9 2 1 - 2 4 : The Dacisn W e c i ~ i o n to

Arctic Norrs ' t i Arnerica L r i Charge of i?asn?cssez., vo. 5 Koperihage~: Glyàeddalske 3ogharde1, Moraisk F o r l a g , 1 9 2 9 ) 2 9 2 - 9 3 ; Franz Boas, The Eskimo of B a f f i n Land and Hudson Bay, p a r t s 1 & II, 3 X l e t i n of tne American Museun 05 Nacural 3isto,ry, v o l . 1 5 , 1 9 0 1 ( N e w Y o r ~ : by O r d e r of the Trustees, 1901), 13-18; Eber, " A Z e m i ~ i n e Foc-~s On The - r roncler , " 21; A r t h c r Ray, "Wken Two Worl6s Met, " 67-9 .

- *

'' Lee C-aemple, Inuit Adoptior;, N a z l o n a l -Jl;lseix. of Yaz. 'lercu-ry S e r i e s , Ca-riaaian Ei'n,?oLow Service Taper '50. 4 7 . - - (Oxzawct : Na~ior,al %seuns of Canada, 19791 , 23. 3 e -F.Jkt A i-.. LL;L + WOYC "cigüaqt t uroughly ana logous t o t h e ze-x.

. . . C . 'aaoptee"' is ne:-,ner age nor genaer speclrx. ( I D L C . , 3.)

- - '- As early as 1577 the F r o j i s h e r e x p e d i ~ l o r , capiürea ar.

. ù r , r e l x e c Ix~it coxple L z an azzenipc to observe s e r a i be5aviocr. Richara C. Davis eC., R u p e r t 's Land: A Cui tural . - Tapestry (Waterloo: W i ~ f rie Lacrier 'Jniversity ?ress , 1 9 8 8 ) , 57.

- , -- - r r a c z ~ O Z S , The Eskirno Of B a f f i n Land And Hudson Bay, - .. 1-7.

Thzc is zot to say ï k a c Xoocie wiskes ;O e rase axy

- . - - cizrerences becweer, che Irxit ske p i ccu res am5 zhe

- - 3 3 Ssrwooa S t e d e excerpzs Supt . ?400&ie1s o f f i c i a l

. m . reporc, specrxally: "Ee fox116 h a r C l y aEy c r h e 1st S a f f i r , j . The greates: was z,ie Esicin.o1s mosc connor,: 'The easy way 1x whlch the natives ~ a k e womez as wives ana the eqüaliy easy s t y l e ic which chey discar6 then. ' " (Sa-wooc5 Steele, Policlng the A r c c i c : The S t o r y of the conquest of the Arctic by the Royal Canadian (Fomerly the North-Yest) Mounted Pol l ce [Toronto : The Ryerson Press, 19351, 100. )

- - y . - . . - . . * .

:-=,SE ,:v:nq CO~C:Z:OZ.Ç 01 :ne ~ecisle . Xooaie's focxs or,

is suggesïeü by ~ k e existence of two pko~ogr -ks she xace

- IFigxre 2 4 ) Szvzqe 3 o y s . ?oza's I r i e z , ~ l y , 1 8 8 8 . ?hot0 by Walter L i v i n g s ~ o z e - L e z n o ~ z k . N a c o n a i Archives of Cazaaz C - 0 8 8 3 5 9

- - - - .. - - - 3orothy r,ax,ey saer, When rhe Xhalers hiere U p Norch, 7 7 ; Z b e r , " A Fexinine Focus O r The Last ?ror~ier, " 21.

; r; " Xoss, "FcThaLing ,Lx.d The 3ecline O f Nacive

?op~latior,s, " Arctic Anthropoloay 1 4 , no. 2 (1977) : 4 . This porcrzit is part of the 3e rn ie r collecrLoz (acc. 1967-l23) at =ne XAC; -the captioz reaàs "Zwarc receives ct lessoz-,".

- ( ' i g - z e 2 6 ) i dwa ra àor.nar.~ sa Lecoz, F ~ l l e r t o r . , NWT, Avril 1905. 2hoto by G e r a i d i n e Mooàie. Na-' Llonai Arch ives of Canaaa P A - 0 6 1 5 2 5

w e r e

P - made CE oraer zo "grove" ' ~ h e e x i s ï e ~ c e oz t z e P . . "a%covered" c a ï i v e s o r a s proo f oz tzex

"possessior," by t h e goverrnent r r e p r e s e ~ t a t i v e s , a r e r a r e l y irlornizl p i c tu res reflecting - e r s o n a l i ï i e s . The fact cha t these photloglraphers were n o t lzcimate wlth ~ h e i r sübjects is evident- 5 É

Abigail Solomon-Godeau, however, warrs agaizst a too

' ' J o k ? c l ~ z , The Body and the Lens, 2 3 . 5 E Z o a x ~ a Cohan Scherer, P i c t u r i n g Cul tures : H i s t o r i c a l

Photographs in Anthropological Inqui-ry, Vis~al Axhropology, vol. 3 , no. 2 - 3 , (Chur [ S w i t z e r l a , r i d : ; N e w York: Harwood Acaaemic PublisYexs, 1990), 1 4 3 .

. - - . the I n x i t geopie aroma ?-~llerto~ :nclüc:zg t k e coKcuct of

- - ïhe w a y ïhey irxeracteâ witk zhe X.C .X .? . ga r ry . ze haa a

ionqer scanding and more intlmate rrelatiozst=ip char, o:her

E n r o C a n a d i a r x with i h e Aivilingmixt anC Q a e r r i e - ~ , i - ~ z

c o r r m ü r , i t i e s , and a grzisp of the I n a l c t i t ü ~ langüage zhzc

3 2 . . . - - . K . Gr--:es 2oss, "Georae Corner, Frzxz 3oas, - -. . Anezican Xcsezr. of ?Xa-,üra- ,-,rscoz-f, " I n u i t Scucies

( 1 9 8 4 ) : 1 4 8 - 4 9 .

znc t h e 8, no. I

- L - ^ -z zhe l a t e 1 8 8 0 1 s , ~~~kropoIoglsz Zra-z ~ O Z S zac

passed zhroxgk: :ne regior- z-ryirig CO zake photoq,rag,;iç of zhe i7izbi~ants wner, he me-, Corner. The wkaiing ca-caix thex zoo2 over the p t o j e c t frorr. B o a s whose atzempts kras been less =han successful. Richard 3. Co?co,r,, "The S i s ~ o - y anc 3eveiogmer,: of Arcric ?hotography," Arctic Anthropology 26, 20. I ( 1 9 8 9 ) : 5 0 . While Clark Wissler, Soas ' szccessor, placea a scro,-iger eniphasis on photography as a cool of arthropoloqy,

. . from zhe ear ly aays of t h i s associ~tio~ to x s iasr k y s I z Xxasor, Say ( 1 9 1 5 ) Comer maae hcncreds 05 photoqrap,?~. (Xoss, "George Corner, Fcanz 302s axa =ne Anerican Musem. or' ' l a t u r d

- 7 ' * 7 - ELSZO-ry," Etudes/Inuit/Studies, 8 , Ko. I [1984j:146, - 3 3 ;

Xoss, "The Use and Misüse of E i s t o r l c a l Photographs: A Case Stüdy "rom 3 ~ a s o z Bay, Caxada, " Arctic Anthropoloa)r, 27 : 2 , 9 6 . )

02 . . * - 3 0 r 1 o z - ~ a = i t ~ ~ , e , Captain J . Z . aernier's C o n t r i b u t i o r ï , to Canacian Sovereignty In the Arctic, 45; Steele, Policina t h e Arctic: The Story of the conquest of the Arctic by t-+e Zoyül Canadian (Fomerly the North-West) Mounced Police (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1 9 3 5 1 , 9 6 . B e r n i e r hela a gzu6oe againsr Süpt. Xooaie eveE Sefo re zhe Arctic had l e f z h a r ~ o r i r ; h i s ase~-ns of leadirig o p o k r e q e a i c i o c were cashec wnez Mooaie was pur iri chciarge of zhe Arctic i.2 1 9 0 4 . 3obblr, Fraze r , Captain LToseph-Clzear Bernier North of 60 Degrees: Dean of Arctic Expiorers and rlrchi tect of Canadian Sovereignty in the Arctic. (Ottawa: Iriciar, azc Northerx A f f a i r s , 2980 , 5 . )

9 - d .

i zc~üc i r ig t he z'r_ree f roz. Xooc le ' s Iwil-k iv'omer,, a r e

. . r5yckY~. of 50-ms. What might have D e e ~ a group p o s x = o ~ e a

c - o r oEe phozographer has likely b e e ~ c ü r ~ e a for t h e

- . Denerx of axother. The main süb jec t of t h e phorograpk 5s

t h e f ac i a l cattoos wo-2 3y the woxec. The worcisg o f

(Figure 27) Aivilik Women with Tattooed Faces, Fullerton, Hudson's B a y , 1903-04. National Archives of Canada PA 38271

- - . . - Corner's CLZ-T e-z r i es aza orrrcra- geologica l anC pol ice

. . . m . - . r e p o r c s . The z c z i v ~ ~ ~ e s or zze whzlers, zhe 90-:ce GPC zwo

. . - eaployec by Coxer enc the wkalers ir wizzer XE:,~ i h e

- < 5 Qaerne-~,?.x workea for -,,;ie X . W. ,Y,. r .

m. -2e relaziczskip b e i w e e r , z h e Ir,r;ic c c 9olLce welre of

c - c 2 - - - A. 3. LOW wro'ce zhe ro-lowtng &IOCE t h e aririval of C h e

- - . Neptune iz 1903: " S h o r z l y af~er o ~ r a r r r v a l x e r,c?zives

- . congrega~ed abc~t ~ h e ships, anc io avoia ~. isxnàers tanc i -g , a2 agreement was xade witk Capmir Corner, thaz he shoc3i

- 9 - . . . +

care for ihe Aivilli~ rrlbe, wnl-e zhe K e n i p i t - L z x a e woxic belong CO c h e Neptune." ( A . ? . Low, The Cruise of the Neptune 1 9 0 3 - 0 4 , or Report on the ~ o m i n i o n Goverment Eqedltion to Hudson Bay and ~ h e ùrct ic Islands on Board the D. G. S. ' N e p t u n e ' 1903-04 [Ottawa: G o v e r ~ m e r x 2 r L x i n g 3sreac,

7 . C r

X O 6 ; , 2 7 . ) Ir- kis 1 9 0 4 diazy, Coxer a : i r e r e ~ i a t e s b e t w e e r - OU^" and "~heir eskirnos," meazing of course zhose groüss w o r k i n g and Living cear iris s k i s anc those rear t h e A r c r L c . The meE were ezgageà by bot5 crews t o g rocu re meat ana perform general l aboxr w h i l e zhe wornen maae winter c l o z k i n g f o r them. (Xoss, An Arctic W h a l i n g ~ i a r y , 9 0 . )

6 6 Merno from Cornptrol ler I Augus-, 1904, C o r n p t r o l l e r ' s O f f i c e , O f f i c i a l Corresponaence S e r i e s , 1 8 7 4 - 1 9 1 9 , Nat ional Archives of CanaCa, R o y d Canaa ian K o ï - z e 6 P o l i c e ?apers, v. 2 9 3 ; quoced Ln Showing the, 97.

. r . ;~s~rr~ccttio,-, f o r t h e i,.rte,-vencio,r: of the sonewkat

- . . - - policies ic t h e regior.'

1 - - . r C =rve cirrere~t e t ix ic g rocps ka5 rracitiozzl

ccstorna-ry for wnalers zo e ~ . p l o y r.e= frorr. t h e k z a s as

the women helped t h e mec anc maae cio~hing for the c r e w s .

excerpc fïom the 1 9 0 4 aznxa: 2.N.W.K. ?. r e p o r t ;loies

- T *

the zo~~owicg:

6 7 P . . . O n e of Superintenderit Moocie's rxst prok-.,ini~io,-,s was or; cne hu~t ing of rriusk-ox; ne feared that che I R L ~ ~ w e r e or, t h e verge of over-harves~lng the a,?,imals ana abo.+ c*c CO c a ~ s e a fmirre. (Moririsor, Showing the F l a g , 9 3 . )

- - T pkotoqrapkic sessions axe izc~raec. A çrazcaüg,;i:er of

- . - . I s ,rt=,e zarc e v l c e n c e z b o - ~ t zhe zarüye of Xoocie's

r . a ~ c Low's images, ïkey ao rit o t h e i criteria ~ h e

6 2 * . Canaaian Farliament, Sessional a p e x , " 3 e p x x or :ne Xoyal North-West Mounze6 Police," 1904-1919, O;=awa, 1905- 1 9 2 0 , lieport, i9O4, IV, 5; T J O E ~ ~ iz. Morrisor,, Showing the F l a g , 9 5 .

6 9 Corner's prresence aria pho~ograpny sessions jegct,-! ir, - . . . - .

1 8 9 3 - 9 4 . Whalers haa ~ r v e a axong the A r v ~ ~ l z g m i t l t 02 anc off since 1864. (Xoss, An Arctic Whali-rio Diary, 20, 40 , r , . 2 . )

Cree porrrzi~s izciccte c ~ e e n e r icterest oz =he ? a r t of

7 1i

" FLr er,:--y 1r. Caner's cia-ry 30irxs C O a r x k e r . . - 7 conver,tior,al a c t z v x y for :he tirne "..., nave beez working

ca-ving ou-, sorne aesi-s on wolr~s zusks on5 took -,hep. over to show M r s . Moocie, who is L n t e r e s ~ e C L 2 s x h work as she is at w o r K carving woodwoz~ stlch as ~ r z y s , " . (ROSS, An Arctic W h a l i n g Diary, 1 6 3 . )

- - . . scno-ozskip 22s note& the 9erceivek ob ject r v x y of

su-press

- - - - * . . - . . - -nuit - a r t i r r p - t s oz x e Apri, 1996 CO-f erezce i m a g i n i n g the A z c ~ i c : The Native Photoaraph in A l a s k a ,

. . Canada and Greenlaad, ac the BrLcisn Fuseuri of !%axk:rr& ca l leà f o r access t o such h i s t o r i c a l c o l l e c t i o n s ,

. . ?arcicularly foi szb:eczs and c o ~ . ~ ? i = i e s phozographeà but

. . aen,ieà C ~ S C Z ~ D ' A E ~ O E conirol o r reniiïercitior, f o r t he l l r r o -es . Xolly L e e , " I m a g k L n g t h e Arctic: The Nacive Photograph iz A k s M a , Ca~aaa axà Greenla?& " Inuit A r t Quarterly 12, no. I (Sprizg L 9 9 7 ) : 4 4 . inal speaker Simeo~ie Keexainajc rouchea . . . Y

or, -,,;le cifferences ir viewpoirx Setweez suc5 rxszorica- , .

prac~ices a3a 21s owr, as a h - a x e r , former 3 . C . N . F . ~ L r f l c e r ctna coztemporci-y mit photograpner . (Makiv i k N e w s 3 9 [Sumxer 1997; : 9 . )

- - ' ?üitzt s , T h e Zody and the Lens, So1orno~-GoCeai;'s,

?hotogra-ky a t t h e 3ock an6 Kar tha 3oslerts Ic, Arox2c2,

sub jecc natter. Frnpfiasis or, - o r t r a i t s as zhe

and Aft erthougnt s (OE Docu~'~.en"~a,ry ?hocogvapky the idea at some le~gth.

- . - . - - . - . . + - erso oz:^ 1czz10z or x e z - s rc t -zer z - z z - oz IZCIVLC-22,

. - . . - . a , corr3i-ec wrzr zhe zot ioz of ezzzlc ' =-ses ' ,

- . - - . F . racr,:ze=ec z z e acce-ta---ce or rxager fro~. ECWZYC Y . C~7ziç

-- . - - arrc zi-e =-anerzys iz =,;ie years c f t e ~ LIoocie's Fü-,erzo~,

3e r i oC .

- . . - Qxite ,IK~-y Xxzcay's aza XooCie's e x g e r k z c e of

- . C - . Xor~kezr , àetac~ .ez : ,rre, a~zz.o~.~g?- ' 1 ~ le as^ a aecaae

. . - . - a p a x , w e r e sr^.:-az; as CES of zke f e w 2 : =oc ï k e or-ly

. . - . . ? . - . Wz;~e wo-nex _ L ' L T I _ T ~ ir, locz~io~s xarkee k y -.z-raT:-:z

. . 2kysiccl axe cxl z-xal se==L-as, w:zzo=: s, cor=,~: .x i~y of

- - - r -

peers, bozk wo-LC :ze-.r.selves kave r e - t ariC Deez :rec=eC as

- . represer-tatives oz w r x e S o x 5 . e ~ ~ woT.ez. X G Z ~ O V P ~ , = ? e i r

. . 7 - r o l e F z c k e c o ~ x . ü ~ ~ c ; e s woülE zzve 3eer Üefizec -a rge ly by

C . , - - . -, .

,~e:r air:~:atlor wi=h the force .

n . . . ,,rie pz,-=:CL-azior of go7rerrdxer,z ager,c,es ir, =.;ie

. - . c L s s e ~ i z a z i o z of Xoo6le's Laages is s i g c ~ r x z x . A s

zepreser, tarior,s of whaz cozst it--- cL,eà z ' f z o r t i e r ' iz ze-TLS

of Soxtherr , Ca l r i ad i a2 F n s z L z x i o z a l c=lk.;re, t h e izages of

- - . . x e x p o r t r a y e a ir, t he i x i m a t e , s ~ a b l e c o , . r ~ o s i t ~ o z s :kat

C C . e she proaüced might have beer par: of a- e r r o r t =O j z s ~ i z y

C . - . the presezce o r -,ce C a n a c l a ~ goverxier,: i n rhe , ~ v e s of

the indigenous people.

emphasis or. inier-ersonal reiationships aKd

7 4 Marcha Xosler, "In, Arocnc and Afterzhougkts," iz The

- 3

Contest of Meaning, 321. A l s o quote6 in ,?higai, Solomoz- Goaeax, Photogrraphy at the Dock, 1 8 0 .

c m - ,-,=

? . r â c l c ~ l l y foxeioz zs2eczs or x e c ï l z - ~ r e a r e kepz o ï z of

groüps, a r e , a= zhe same ~ h e , 'o~?ieiec'- The two

photograaks discussea here nerray Xoocie's preserce iz the

apparent influences of traditions of czovel anà

echnogxaphic photography an6 ~ocndaries of social

co~ventioc, and so in zhe c ~ r c ~ o s i t i o ~ of k e r images.

Conpare6 t,o Münday's ernghasis O-, he r oW identity ir A

- - Mounty's W i f e , Mooüie's practice renders h e r aii bilt

L ~ v - l s i b l e .

. . - S - c e n L a l v a r - i nas suggesced chat "=ne Inventioc of phoïography is a c n c i a l momenc ir. che developrner.: of a nioaerc s c i u c c z r e of vision an6 I s bozh conscitutive of axC constizuzed by a modern ocïlar g a r a d i p . " (Lalvani, Photography, Vision and the Production of the iyodern Body, 2 .

Z - - - .- -elen Bxss , Mapping O u r s e l ves, 124.

governxex, COT-z.ertlal, researck aria law ezforcemer,~

r e p r e s e x a z i v e s 1 - 3 e r e g i o ~ foxme6 pz r ï of zhe -ove =O

. . ictegrate t h e M o x r . :==O zhe bocnaaries of Canada; such

instituîiors aczively shaped soüther~ perceptlo~s of zhe

regioc by f rarr.ii,q k o w l e d g e of it .

T h e shape of ghotographic p r a c t i c e a: zhe tu r r of

frorr. ~ k e secse or" exozic~ a-r?_B x5qüe r i ess c o x e c z e c wizk

t l r e renoze:ess cf loca:ior,. XOE o c l y was regLsc,-cilor- of

i i e ~ a i i inportax iz 5 e lnages but, as ~ k e y w e r e Docnc for

were the

, . - . 2 L c z o r ~ a - x x n i ienoted by eviaent negatlve o r s c - f a c e

manipulations szch as soft focxs to por t ray s ~ b i e c t s o r . C . F . lanascapes as persox=:ca:lons of nythic o r r x t l o z a l

themes appearea in the wozk of Ottawa an6 Tororzo ghorographers as e a z l y as L896. Koltxr , , Privâte Realms of L i g h t , 3 2 .

156

century w e r e expecteu, f o r ~ h e m o s ~ pstrt, to D r i z g che

. - ' Ricnarc 2. G r o v e r . "Imperla- Lariàscapes," 5 7 . y-: C, - . , 53

157

azbiguoüs Srocess by w_;iic^_ zkese s c o r i e s w e r e -roaüce&

- . - - - wives of =he 3 . C . X . 2 . " " 3eczq~se iz rai-ec zo izc;~ae

- - accoxzcs or - o r q N o r t k e r r 2 a t r o l s o r a r r e s t s of ~ o t o r i o ü s

of ' ,-ielpriate ' , wkose calre of t h e aomesiic eri,vLrormer,z

C . s-mporre6 a kusbazd's activity i~ z?e zield. Kary

reini~iscences ir, R e d Serge Wives describe t h e süpporc

a.-; UL,es, f r o ~ . zeea~nq - - . ana g-ararng - . g r i s o n e r s to cleacixg

Walcen, V i s i o n s of Order, ana R . G . Mac3eth quozec iz Waiaez, 3 7 - 8 .

@ Red Serge Wi ves , =7 .

159

Y . =ne legacy or t2e woxer.. 3oois cnC articles fro. = - e

. . Scarlet an6 GOIS a z C o ~ k e r c e l e b r a ~ o v Force z l s t o r i e s

?-c,a-~e 5 r i e f l y c c c ~ k z o w l e a g e c t h e roles of w o n e z , sxck 2s zhe

TD rhe spienàlC wornen of ' K o - a x e c ? ~ l i c e ' . . . [ w h o s e l - .

exile in the wilüs, ïheir endura~ce , t n e i r . . a~negaïion, ïheir labor, zkie i r n â r a s k i p âne t n e l r

4 Duncan, Red Serge Wives, passim; Munaay, A M o u r x y 's W i f e , passim.

* ,-

- " T.F..E(, T.~xr,er S c a r l e t and Gold 16 ( 1 9 3 5 ) : 4 2 .

- - of breakixg away frorr. the stereotypica~ly s ~ o i c gersona F s

. . . - . - . accepti2g responslDl~~ty for the 6arKer siàe or t ~ c ~

: 2 Winnipeg Free Press, 20 F e b r u a q , 1 9 2 7 , obizuary of - - ~errietta Cozstaxine.

- - -' Manitoba Free Press 13 Iecember, 1030, review of A

Xoucty ' s Wi f e . - r - rn 7 . - .R- T x r n e r , Scarlet and G o l d 16 (1935) : 1 9 3 4

. - - i - Xzzaay, A Mounty 's X i f e , fwci.

161

. . - - . X~zaay's sü~=i=-e, One Mttaced c o t h e Force bct not or L E .

. - vocakla-ry azc witk '2roprLe:y ' L r t he socia l one. " - '

- - - - - Joarina T x - o ~ l o p e , Britannia 's D a u g h t e r s : Women of the British Enpire (Londor,, Er;=ckiinsor, & C o . 1983), 112.

162

a r e

- - - = U . - - .

3elica~e" was zhe t e m vsea by W. G~,,ies Xoss to à e s c r l b e Moo6ie1s work (Zoss, An Arctic W h a l i n q Diary, 186 , r. 9 ) . Laüra ;ozes k a s suogesteC t k a t $1 r D - .- . rofessiorraliy, ~ortrait-ze was cire area xos: osen io women. I t was =houghc cha t women coula xaKe ~ h e i r siïters . , especizlly con;for=able, and -,haï womer, w e r e xore sezsx lve - :O chilü-en . . . . ~ e w woïneE were lacascape ~hoïoqraphers." (.7or,es, Rediscovery, S . )

: 4 Kol~az, Private A9ealms of L i g h t , 5 9 . 3 a r ~ a - a Xelcey ( 2 0 ) an6 Heler 3 ~ s s ( 3 7 - 8 ) , among o c h e r s , arq-de =kat w o a e r . . WY -AL;ng - - diaries, especially in rernoce locaïio~s, àiri-g ~ h e nineteexh anü early twentieîh cenx i ry , ofzen aie so wizk- at leasc serti-public circ-da~ion ic xizc. T h i s was

. . consiâered ar. a k e r n a z e way of comunicaïinq w x r . l a roe groxps of fzni ly and friends, especiaily 1- areas of - . - . - ~ x - ~ t e d naii service.

2 G Correspon6ence beîween Munaay an2 the Socieiy f o r F . che 3ropagacior of Chriscian mowledge, a Brznc5 or Eze

Shedoz 3 r e s s in Zngland, the co-publisber of A Mounty's Gt'ife w k h the Macmillan Cornpa+?,y of Toro~co, riotes cha= -,!--e . . . - x x z ; ~ ~ 3riïish p r inc rxn was 5 0 0 copies ~ n a ~ h a ~ zhe

L64

gho~ographs w e r e reczi~ed by =ka= press. ( L e x e r :O W . K . Lowther Cla rke , S . P . C . K . , Lonàoz, Karcn 2 3 , 1 9 3 0 , W.

. - y . - 9 . Munàay f i l e , MacMi~-ar. a r c h i v e s , Kiils M e n o a a ~ L l ~ r a - T . p . - McMasrer 7riverslty [box 123, =:le 16j.)

*. L * -

-2 a~ article for -" ~ , , e Nat ional R e v i e w , Mxnaay wroïe P . . . - -

or ze r fascina~iori w = ~ , . i the s-rimer =-owers on zhe barrens Y

arourd Chesterfield Inlet: "Of coürse , - ai2 no t icow t h e names of ariy of chem, so I gathorea spec i rne~s azd seeas of . . c t l l 1 foünc and secc cher. CO one of t h e .;r,ive=rsxies to be lden~ified." (LuCa Xunday, "The 3eauïy of the Arczlc," National R e v i e w 52 LSpzing 1 9 3 4 : :SÇl. )

22 ,. ,ne overarcking motivatioc for police presence L x =Fe North. parclcularly :Se f a r North, was c k e SCP~OX of sovereigncy clairns while p lans on a snaller scale, s-xr- as tne Fezce River-Yukor Z a ~ r o l , were gezree to che neecs of

- - . Saira, 3ober:. "Gcizo -zcia,-,: 3 i s c o v e , r y , ACopt io , " - , zr-6 3!en&~.i,-ig Toward a ' ?-de A~.er lcar i , ' f r o r . 3 e e r s l a y e r to Dances wi t-5 W d ves . " - ,z D r e s s i n g i n Feathers : t h e C o n s ~ r u c t i o n o f the i n d i a n i~ .%ne,-ican P o p u l a r C x l t u r e , ec. S . Slizaberh 3izc 3 o ~ l â e r : Wescvlew Fress I n c . , 1 9 9 6 .

3 a r + ~ . x s t , Keviz C. "The Alternative Visior: Lewis E i ~ e ' s - M ~ E a= W o r i and t h e 3 o r r . i x a ~ t C L ~ = - L Z ~ . " -2 P-boro- Textuali ties: Read ing Photographs a n 2 L i t e r a Cure. ec. Xzrska 3 ~ y a r t . N e w a r k : Zr- iversi ty or' 3elaware Z r e s s , 1 9 9 6 .

Berger, Carl, ed. Imperiaiism and N a t i o n a i i s m , 1 8 8 4 - 1 9 1 4 : -9 C o n f l i c t i n Canadian Thought . Issues Ic Canaciar, S i s to ry . Toron to : Copp Clark cbliskizg, 1 9 6 9 .

- 3 i r c , EIizabech. ,r,zroârict ior, t o D r e s s i n g i n F e a t h e r s : the C o n s t r ü c t i o n of the I n d i a n in American Popular Culture, ed. S. Elizabeth 3i-a. 3oc iaer : Wescview E-ess Inc., 1 9 9 6 .

S r e i = D a x , Eric. -4 W r l d on D i s p l a y : photographs frorr. r,?e - - . Sc. Louis W o r l d ' s Fair 1 9 0 4 . A l b ÿ c i i e r q - ~ e : ,-:vers l z y

of New Mexico ;>ress, 1 9 9 7 .

Sroày, ü T h e People's Lana: W h i t e s and t h e E a s t 2 r x .qrccic, X-:c,rxo~dswortk: ?errg;liri ~ookcs, 1983.

- . - - 3~0wne, ?.E.C. The Canadian Po la r Expecitio~ o r f i ? ~

Canada C i a i r n Her 3wn. Ottawa: z .3 . 1901.

- 3 r y a ~ t , X Z ~ S ~ G . ,,-i-,roaxtio,r, =O Photo-Testxali c i e s= R e a d i n g Photographs and Literatüre, ea. Xzrskz B-ryznt. Newark: Zriversity of 3elaware Fress , 1996.

- . 3ürant, &n, Mary ?SIXKG m a Goy W i l l i a , ~ s , C O - o r a x m z e c by

Clauae Minotto. "To Pnotograpk The A r c t i c F r o z c i e r a r t 11." T h e Archivist 4, no. 2 , (May-:ür,e 1 9 7 7 ) :11- 15.

"To Pnotograph The Arctic F r o x î e r F a r t IV," The Archivist 4 , no. 4 (Seprember-October 1 9 7 7 ) : 3 - 6 .

"To ?hotogzaph The A r c t i c F r o x i e r ?zrt V . " The Arckivist 4 , n o . 5 (Nove.nber-Dece-nber 1 9 7 7 ) : 6 - 8 .

C~'~i.ero,r,, Agnes 3eazs. T 3 e Xew ,hJOrtA: 9einq Some Accoun;: of a womar?'~ Journsy Tkrough Canada r o the - 4 r c c i c . New York: 3. A-slezo- zzc Co., 1909-

Clayco r , I3err-y 3 . "Aqglo-Canadian Copyright with S p e c i a l Seference c~ z.+e Canadian -4cc cf 1669." 3.eprlxzeÜ

- . . frox The Mgsica, T h e s S e ? = e 5 e r , 1, 1 8 8 9 . ( x i c r o r rcce C C x o . S 3 0 5 3 . ) .

. - . Cook, X a n s a y . " 5 e T r i . x p h and T r i a l s of Xaterialisrr. 1900-

l945. " In T h e I2lüstrated Histozy of Canada , ea. C r a i g Browr,. Toroczo: L e s t e r T ~ k l l s h i ~ g , 1996. 3 7 5 - 4 6 6 .

3icKasor,, O l i v e ? a c r i c i a . Canada ' s F i r s t Nations: A H i s t o - r y of Found ing P e o p l e s from Earliest T i m e s . m ioronto: McClellazd & Siewart, 1992.

- - . - . = o s t e r , w rs . W. G a r l a ? C . " R i c i e r s or :Re XGI?S: The X o r z k

West Yocrzec F o l i c e G r e a c F a v o r i t e s of :fie Iceia- ' o e c e s s , ?axliie ;ohson. i!iow SRe Secï rec a S c a l p

. . 0 z : g ~ z of 'The Xiders of ~ h e Xairs . Scariet and Gold, l3 (1934) : 8 9 - 9 0 .

- r razcis. >aziel. r i e I m a g i n a - y Ind ian; T h e Image of ~ h e

I n d i a n i n Canadian C u l c u r e Vaccoïver : Arse?-a: 2-lp ?ress , 1 9 9 2 .

- - - . - - - . e l . " Ixages O:: c z e X o x k . " Iz Tnre , r_ rec ing Canada 's North : Sel ecr ed Zeadings, ecs . Xe,-,,-,ezk S . Coates azà W i ' l l i m . 3 . XorrLsoz. T o r o r x o : Co^? C l z r k 2ittmar1, 1989. 7-16.

- * 1 ? n O ~ r E i - + , S t a r , . T h e Pictorial History of the Royal Canad ian

* - - - Mounted Police. Soror.=o: Y c G r a w - , - , i l Xyerso~, 1973.

Mina. Woman ' s Unkn o w n L a b r a d o r . N e w

ti - dnagiring ï h e Asctïc: The Xative ?b.ocogra-h iz Aleske,

Canada an6 G r e e d a n d . " M a k i v i k News 3 9 ( S i ~ m n e r 1977): 8-13.

Sagaer., S i r G o à f r e y . Tne Native Races of the Empire. Lo~aoz: W. CollLzs Sozs, 1 9 2 4 .

; a lvar i , Sxrer.. Photography, Vision, a n c the Production of Modern B o d i e s . Albany: S t a c e Zciversicy of New Y o r k Z r e s s , 1996.

. . Lee, Moiiy. " I a a g r ~ x g ~ h e krciic: The Narive Ihocogrzpk

iz Alaska, Canada an6 Greeria~a. " I n u i c Art Quarterly 1 2 , no. 1 ( 1 9 9 7 ) : 4 4 - 6 .

Lorigstretk, T. Morris The Silent Force: Scenes from the L i f e of the Mounted Police of Canaaa. rjew York : C e z t ~ r y , 1 9 2 7 .

. . C S , 3ober: azc Z . , . K . Szaqer i . C k e s z e r f i d C

I n l e t , W . 7 . -4 Sackgrocni Report on i t s Sociai a n c Z c o n o ~ i c Developmenz . . T o l a r C a s S o c l o - E c o - o ~ l c 2rogrctr. . ' \Ja~co-~-der : S . 2 . , l 5 7 8

- . - . Xazio~al . i r cz~ves of C a ~ a c z . 3ecorcs of sr z - e - .

? . o y ~ l Cczacizri %ox.ted 2 o l i c e . Co,n .s txol lez ' s C o r ~ e s p o ~ c e r i c e . X o o c ï i e to Wkite, 9 3ecerber 1903, 3G

- . - X I v o l . 281, r i x 716, s z r t 1.

F . . N a c l o r a l Archives o f C a r a a a . Xecorcs o r =ne 3 o y a l Canaàiar Mo-mted Cornp~roller's C o r r e s p o - a e ~ c e Series, 2874-1919 2olice Fapers, vol. 293.

- . "Xeport of S ~ p e r i n c e n a e ~ t .3. XooCie or- Service KL&OE B a y : 2er S . S . Arczic, 1 9 0 4 - 3 . "

- . DOIT-iriior, of Canada. p-rmal 3epor t o r t z e Xoyal C a n a C i a r , Po l i c e Sessional Paper N o . 28 A, P a r t IV, 3 -

- 7 7 . Xorrison, W x i l a n , 3. Showing the F l a g : The Mauntee P o l i c e and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894-1925. Vaf icoxver: ' i ln ivers i~y o f 3~ltish CoLx":.bia ?ess, 1985.

. - . - 0 - - o c -rzcct. L, . -~roatrc t ioz to Photogr-aphy at :,Se D o c k :

Essays on Phot ographic - V i s to--y, Ins t i C E tio~s, an6 - .

Prac~ices by Abiqaii Soiornon-Godeau . YLz.-zezgo-:s : -- ? . ~ r , ~ v e x s i z y or M x c e s o t ~ . T r e s s , 1491.

. - - . Oakes , Z ~ - : a r , . Copper and Caribou Inuit S K i n C l o r h i n g

Proauctio~. Cazauian 3tknoloay Service X e r c x - ~ Ser ies , 2aper Pio. 1 1 8 3211: cana dia^ M i i ~ e r i ~ . of CLvilizzrlo~, 1991.

. - - Ici~lips, Xickard. Mapping M e n and % p i r e : A Geography of

Adventure. Lor .60~: Xoucleage. 1997.

Xoserbl-LT., Naoni . ..A H i s to,r/ of F?orne,n 2.kocographers. X e w Y o r k : Abbeville ?ress , 1 9 9 4 .

Docme~ta,-y 2hotograpZiy) . " Ir: Martha Rosier: Three iVorks, Halifax: The Press of t he Nova Scociz College of Art ana Iesign, 1981 and "Noces oc Qaotes," L z Wedge 2 (Fall 1982). Reprlr-ted in The Contest of Meaning: Critical Histories of Photography, eà. X i c h s r r d Bolzon. Carbr idge : MIT ?ress, 1 9 8 9 . 3 0 2 - 3 3 9 .

Glilies, W. "Canaaim Sovereignty ic ~ h e Arctic: The Neptune Zxpeaition of 1903-04," -Arctic 2 9 , 20, 2 ( 1 9 7 6 ) : 8 7 - 1 0 4 .

* . . - Solornon-Goaeaï, Ps:qa: - . "Who is Speaking Th ïs? I r o b l e x s -P o f 30c'~~.ezc_c-y 3ractice. -z The Event Horizon:

E s s a y s on Hope, Sexualï t y , S o c i a l Space, a n c Media ( t ion) , e6. Lorrre Falk am5 Saxbaro F i s c h e r . Torozto: Coock "ozse Zress , L987.Xeprintec 1- Photography a t the Dock: E s s a y s on Photograpnic H i s t o r y , I r . s c I t i . t i o n s , and Practices, e d . ADigail

1 . Solonior.-GoSeaï. Nirxeapc-1s: Üriversi~y of K i n n e s o ï a Press , L W : . 1 6 9 - 8 5 .

S t e e l e . Harwooà. Policing t h e Arctic: Tne Story of Che conquest of the Arctic by the R o y a l C a n a d i a n (Fonnerly t h e North-West) M o u n t e d Police. Tororxo :

T h e 2yersor ? r e s s , 1 9 3 5 .

- . Togg, ~ 0 2 ~ . The h r u e n of Representatio~: Zssays on

Thotographi es an6 -k!i s t o r i es. Corn.-zzicaz ioz SEC

?ornas, 35tvla. Tz-ansculrtrral Spaces 3 ~ 1 2 T r a n s c r i l t u r a l B e i n g s . 3oÿ lâer : Wescview ?ress, 1996.

T-. - e y- , O e e The North-wesc Mountec! F o l i c e 1 8 - 3 - 1 8 9 3 , Vol. I. O ~ ~ o w a : KFxg's L r i z ~ e r , 193.

- Vancouver Art G a l l e , ~ . " T o ?hotogra@z =he Azczic r r o - : l e r , " 7 4 - 8 0 . Ir R o b e r t Flaherty P-%ot ographer, / 'Fi ilrmaker: The

- - I n u i t 1910-1972. Vzncouver: Vancocver Azz G a - l e r y , 1 9 8 0 .

Waldec, Keitk. Visions of O r d e r : The Canac ian Mounties in Symbol and Myth. Toro~to: %XC~-VOYZ~ & Co. , 1982.

Whiie. D o r ~ y . "Geralaine Moodie: A Biograpkical S k e x : 1 . " Women T o g e t h e r Magazine (Febrxary 1 9 9 3 ) : X - L 5 .

- . WrFqhc, T e r r e r c e . "?hoîograpky: Theorles of Xea-LST. za,r,C

CowerzLo,-, . " Ix Photography and rlnthropology 1860 - 1920, eC. Zlizabetk SCwarCIs. Xew &.ver,: Yale

C - . ucrversizy 'ress, 1 9 9 2 . 28 -31 .

' - - Zas l o t ~ , Xor-5s. "Aa";?-ir-is:ering The AZCEX LSX,?,ÜS 1 8 8 0 - O : o e e E Missionaries, Z-LX Traaers . l1 3 A Centu-ry of Carï-ada's Arctic I s l a n d s 1 8 6 0 - 2 9 8 0 , ea. "/.orris Zaslow. 23'i Syx-~osi-LT of the 90yaL socieïy of Cazaaa. Octawa: t h e 3oyal SocLery of Czzada, 1981. 61-78.

r - - . - 3 5 3111 3eaher1, z~stor~cai Sectioz, X . C . M . ? . 5eadqxartecs. Interview by celephone 17 e 1997.

G h n c Wright, Eistoxicol Seccioc, R . C . 3 - 2 . Z e a ü ~ ~ r t e r s . Interview by zelephone 1 Z n ~ o , 1997.

Doriny White, Assis~ant C- rato or, Medicine Eat -Iilseum. - ~nïexview by ceiephorie 2 Septerber, 1997.

IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (QA-3)

APPLIED 4 IMAGE. Inc - = 1653 East Main Street - -. - - Rochester. NY 14609 USA -- -- - - Phone: i l W4432-0300 -- -- - - Fax: i l 6/288-5989

O 1993. Applied Image. lnc.. All Rights Reserved