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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb 1. wmwfK GWz‡Kkb n‡jv- K. gvbeZvi wk¶v L. PwiÎ MV‡bi wk¶v M. Av`k© wk¶v N. MYZ‡š¿i weKvk|
2. wmwfK GWz‡Kk‡bi wfZ M‡ob †K? K. m‡µwUm L. †cø‡Uv M. Gwi÷Uj N. iy‡kv|
3. Encyclopedia of Educational research MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K? K. n¨vwik L. †Rvnvb †nbwiK M. Rb wWDB N. iy‡kv|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. wmwfK GWz‡Kkb ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb? 2. wmwfK GWz‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
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mnvqK MÖš’ Robert Ulich, History of Educational Thought, New York, The American Book Company, 1950
Cortcr V. Good. Dictionary of Education, New York, The Mcgraw Hill Book Company, 1951
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weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-13
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb 1. `~iwk¶Y KvRwU g~jZ- K. N‡i e‡m †kLvi KvR L. wb‡R wb‡R †kLvi KvR M. eB covi KvR N. †iwWI †kvbvi KvR| 2. gWz¨jvi cvVmvgMÖx †Kvb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i ? K. wk¶‡Ki L. eB‡qi M. eB I wk¶‡Ki N. we`¨vj‡qi| 3. BDwbU nj- K. GKwU cvV L. GKwU Aa¨vq M. f‚wgKv N GKwU gWz¨j| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. `~iwk¶Y ej‡Z wK eySvq ? 2. `~iwk¶‡Yi mvaviY ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 3. gWz¨jvi c×wZ Kv‡K e‡j? DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. M I 3. L| mnvqK MÖš’ 1. W. G‡K Gbvgyj nK, mvjgv Kwig
cvVmvgMÖx cÖYqb e¨envwiKv, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq -1995 2. Walter Perry and Greville Rumble, A Short Guide to Distance Education, Londn: IEC
England.
GmGmGBPGj
wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-14
bvMwiKZvi ¯̂iƒc
D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb− � bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � wØ-bvMwiKZ¡ wK− Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � bvMwiKZvi we‡jv‡ci KviYmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mvaviY A‡_© bM‡ii Awaevmx‡K bvMwiK ejv nq| †hgb−Bmjvgvev‡`i bvMwiK, w`jøxi bvMwiK, XvKvi bvMwiK BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ RvZxq iv‡óªi D™¢‡ei d‡j bvMwi‡Ki cwiPq ivóª‡K †K›`ª K‡iB wba©vwiZ nq| †hgb− evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK, cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK, fvi‡Zi bvMwiK BZ¨vw`| ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK GwióU‡ji g‡Z, †mB e¨w³ bvMwiK †h bMi iv‡óªi kvmbKv‡h© mwµqfv‡e Ask MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi mvg‡b wQj bMi iv‡óªi Av`k©| wKš‘ AvaywbKKv‡j wecyj RbmsL¨v wewkó RvZxq iv‡óª mKj bvMwi‡Ki cÖZ¨¶fv‡e kvmbKv‡h© Ask MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB bvMwiKZvi aviYv cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Ges bvMwiKZv kãwU e¨vcK A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| eZ©gvbKv‡j †h iv‡óª ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm K‡i, iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i, ivóªKZ©„K cÖ`Ë mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i Ges wewbg‡q iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i Zv‡K bvMwiK ejv nq|
gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, mgvR e¨e¯’vi µgweKvk I cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ bvMwiKZvi aviYvI cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| GKwU mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvbyl †h ivR‰bwZK gh©v`v †fvM K‡i ZvB bvMwiKZv| cÖvPxb MÖxK mf¨Zvi hy‡M bvMwiKZv e¨vw³i ¸Y I gh©v`vi m‡½ RwoZ wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gvbKv‡j ev AvaywbK mf¨Zvq iv‡óªi mKj m`m¨B bvMwiKZvi m‡½ Kg-†ewk RwoZ| Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹i g‡Z ÔÔbvMwiKZv mve©¶wYK Kj¨v‡Yi R‡b¨ e¨w³i mywPwš—Z wePvi eyw×i cÖ‡qvM|ÕÕ
AvaywbK wePv‡i bvMwiKZvi ˆewkó¨ • iv‡óªi m`m¨ nIqv, • ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Kiv, • iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv I AvBb †g‡b Pjv • ivóª cÖ`Ë mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM Kiv • iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb Kiv
bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZmg~n `yÔwU c×wZ‡Z bvMwiKZv AR©b Kiv hvq; h_v− 1. Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b 2. Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b
Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b hviv Rb¥MZfv‡e (by birth) bvMwiKZv AR©b K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiK ejv nq| Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi `yÔwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q− GKwU Rb¥bxwZ AciwU Rb¥¯’vbbxwZ|
GKwU mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvbyl ivR‰bwZK gh©v`v †fvM K‡i ZvB bvMwiKZv|
cvV 4
weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-15
Rb¥bxwZ Rb¥bxwZ Abymv‡i gvZv-wcZvi bvMwiKZ¡ ØvivB mšÍv‡bi bvMwiKZ¡ wba©viY Kiv nq| Giƒc bvMwiKZv wba©vi‡Yi gvb`Û nj i‡³i m¤úK©| mšÍvb †h ¯’v‡bB Rb¥MÖnY KiyK bv †Kb gvZv-wcZv †h †`‡ki bvMwiK mšÍvb †m †`‡ki bvMwiK e‡j MY¨ n‡e| BZvwj, Rvcvb, d«vÝ, cvwK¯Ívb cÖf…wZ †`k bvMwiKZvi †¶‡Î Rb¥bxwZ AbymiY K‡i _v‡K|
Rb¥ ’̄vbbxwZ Rb¥¯’vb bxwZ Abymv‡i Rb¥¯’vbB mšÍv‡bi bvMwiKZ¡ wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡K| G bxwZ Abyhvqx mšÍvb †h iv‡óª Rb¥MÖnY K‡i †mB iv‡óªi bvMwiKZv jvf K‡i| gvZv-wcZvi bvMwiKZ¡ mšÍv‡bi Dci †Kvb cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡ibv| hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª cÖf…wZ †`‡k G bxwZ Abym„Z nq|
Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b hviv Aby‡gv`‡bi gva¨‡g bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiK ejv nq| KZK¸‡jv kZ©mv‡c‡¶ Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b Kiv hvq| K) weevn Kiv L) `xN©w`b hver emevm Kiv M) PvKzwi MÖnY Kiv N) m¤úwË µq Kiv O) †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb Kiv P) fvlv Rvbv Q) B”Qv cÖKvk Kiv BZ¨vw`
wØ-bvMwiKZ¡ GKRb †jvK GKB mv‡_ `yÕwU iv‡óªi bvMwiK nIqv‡K wØ-bvMwiKZ¡ ejv nq| Rb¥bxwZ I Rb¥¯’vbbxwZ− GB DfqbxwZ cÖPwjZ _vKvq wØ-bvMwiK‡Z¡i m„wó nq| †hgb− d«vÝ bvMwiK‡Z¡i †¶‡Î Rb¥bxwZ AbymiY K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K gvwK©b hy³ivóª Rb¥¯’vb bxwZ AbymiY K‡i| d«v‡Ýi †Kvb mšÍvb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j †m mšÍvb d«vÝ I hy³iv‡óªi Dfq †`‡ki bvMwiK e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Gfv‡e wØ-bvMwiK‡Z¡i m„wó nq| wØ-bvMwiK‡Z¡i †¶‡Î wkïi e‡qvcÖvwßi ci †m †h iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡Z Pvq †mB iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
bvMwiKZvi we‡jvc bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi †hgb wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb KZK¸‡jv Kvi‡Y bvMwiKZv we‡jvc n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZt wbæwjwLZ Kvi‡Y bvMwiKZv wejyß nqt
1| iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv I ¯^ve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i weiy‡× †Kvb Aciva ev lohš¿ Ki‡j bvMwiKZv wejyß n‡Z cv‡i|
2| †Kvb bvMwiK †¯^”Qvq bvMwiKZ¡ Z¨vM Ki‡j Zvi bvMwiKZ¡ †jvc cvq|
3| mvgwiK evwnbxi †Kvb †jvK ivóª‡`ªvnxZvg~jK KvR ev ¸iyZi Aciva Ki‡j Zvi bvMwiKZv wejyß n‡Z cv‡i|
4| †Kvb bvMwiK `xN©w`b hver wbR ivóª †_‡K Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j Zvi bvMwiKZv †jvc cvq|
5| †Kvb ¯¿x‡jvK hw` Ab¨ iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡K we‡q K‡i Z‡e †m wbR †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ nvivq| Aek¨ Rvcv‡bi †Kvb gwnjv‡K Ab¨ †`‡ki cyiyl we‡q Ki‡j Zv‡K Rvcvwb bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| cyiyl Zvi wbR †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ nviv‡e|
GmGmGBPGj
wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-16
mviK_v : †h e¨w³ iv‡óª ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm K‡i Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i, ivóªKZ©„K cÖ`Ë mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i Ges wewbg‡q iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i Zv‡K bvMwiK ejv nq| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb
1| ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK K. m‡µwUm L. †cø‡Uv M. Gwi÷Uj N. Av‡jKRvÛvi|
2| Rb¥¯’vb bxwZ AbymiY K‡i K. BZvwj L. cvwK¯—vb M. hy³ivR¨ N. Rvcvb|
3| RvZxq iv‡óªi D™¢‡ei d‡j bvMwi‡Ki cwiPq N‡U− K. mgvR‡K †K›`ª K‡i L. ivóª‡K †K›`ª K‡i M. bvMwiK‡K †K›`ª K‡i N. ms¯’v‡K †K›`ª K‡i|
4| Rb¥bxwZ AbymiY K‡i− K. hy³ivR¨ L. hy³ivóª M. cvwK¯Ívb N. fviZ|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1| wØ-bvMwiKZ¡ ej‡Z wK eySvq? 2| bvMwiKZv we‡jv‡ci KviYmg~n wjLyb| DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. M, 3. L, 4. M|
mnvqK MÖš’t 1| wbg©j KvwšÍ †Nvl, AvaywbK ivóªweÁv‡bi f‚wgKv (KwjKvZvt Qvqv cÖKvkbx 1983)
weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-17
GmGmGBPGj
wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-18
mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx I wek¦bvMwiKZv D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb− � mybvMwi‡Ki msÁv I ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � wek¦bvMwiKZv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvaviYfv‡e MYZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri weKv‡ki Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq ¸Yvejx †h bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb Zv‡K mybvMwiK ejv nq| GKwU †`k RvwZi myL¨vwZ I AMÖMwZ‡Z mybvMwi‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| mybvMwiK †`k I RvwZi g~j¨evb m¤ú`| GKwU iv‡óªi gvb-gh©v`v I †kŠh©-ex‡h©i RjšÍ cÖZxK n‡jv mybvMwiKe„›`| GR‡b¨B wewfbœ wPšÍvwe` I ivóªweÁvbxMY mgv‡Ri mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Y mybvMwi‡Ki KZK¸‡jv ¸Yvejxi K_v we‡kl ¸iy‡Z¡i m‡½ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| mybvMwiK Qvov mgvR my›`i I mv_©K n‡Z cv‡i bv| Aa¨vcK B, Gg, †nvqvB‡Ui g‡Z mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx n‡jv− Ávb, cÖÁv I wbôv| mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx m¤^‡Ü jW© eªvB‡mi AwfgZ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| Zuvi g‡Z mybvMwi‡Ki wZbwU ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| ¸Y¸‡jv n‡jv eyw×, AvZ¥mshg I we‡eK| jW©eªvBm I Bg, Gg †nvqvBU mybvMwi‡Ki ˆewk‡ó¨i P‚ovšÍ we‡køl‡Y GKB ai‡bi Dw³ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
eyw×
eyw×gËv mybvMwi‡Ki GKwU we‡kl ¸Y| bvMwiKe„›` eyw×gvb n‡j GKwU RvwZ `ªyZ MwZ‡Z DbœwZ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv Rvwb eZ©gvb we‡k¦ hy³ivóª weª‡Ub Rvcvb I Rvg©vbxi bvMwiKe„›` eyw×gËv w`‡qB DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| eyw×i Øviv gvbyl A‡Pbv‡K wPb‡Z cv‡i ARvbv‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e Ki‡Z cv‡i| miKv‡ii Kg©Kv‡Û, bxwZ wba©vi‡Y Ges bvbvwea RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavbK‡í weP¶Y I eyw×gvb bvMwiK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKgvÎ eyw×gvb bvMwiKB RvwZ‡K mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z m¶g|
we‡eK we‡eKevb gvbyl n‡”Qb Av`k© bvMwiK| we‡eK gvbyl‡K AšÍwb©wnZ m‡Z¨i mÜvb †`q| we‡e‡Ki gva¨‡gB gvbyl mZ¨-wg_¨v, b¨vq -Ab¨vq, fvj-g‡›`i hvPvB-evQvB Ki‡Z cv‡i| wbtm‡›`‡n GK_v ejv hvq †h we‡eK m¤úbœ bvMwiK n‡”Q †`k I RvwZi kw³ | iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi †¶‡Î we‡eK I cÖÁv bvMwiK‡`i‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i| AZGe bvMwiK‡`i Kvw•¶Z f‚wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B we‡eK I weP¶YZv m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e| we‡e‡Ki Avnev‡b bvMwiK Kzc_ †Q‡o myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ nq| ¯^vaxbZv I ¯^ve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶v Ges RvZxq ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î we‡eK Zvi AZš¿ cÖnix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
AvZ¥mshg AvZ¥mshg gvby‡li GKwU gnr ¸Y| AvZ¥mshgx gvbyl †jvf-jvjmv, bxPZv- nxbZv, ¯^v_©ciZv Rq K‡i †`k I RvwZi †mevq wb‡R‡K wewj‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| mgv‡Ri kvwšÍ I DbœwZi R‡b¨ bvMwiK‡K Aek¨B AvZ¥mshgx n‡Z n‡e| cvwievwiK mvgvwRK I RvZxq Rxe‡b G‡K A‡b¨i gZvgZ mn¨ Kivi mshg I mnbkxjZv cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| MYZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ bvMwiK‡`i Aek¨B mshgx n‡Z n‡e| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡Lbv †h AvZ¥mshgx I mnbkxj RvwZB we‡k¦i †kªô RvwZ| AvZ¥mshg ïay e¨w³ Rxe‡bB bq mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxe‡bI e‡q wb‡q Av‡m kvwšÍ, m¤úÖxwZ Avi Kj¨vY|
mybvMwi‡Ki j¶Y nj eyw×, we‡eK I AvZ¥mshg|
mybvMwiK †`kxI RvwZi I g~j¨evb m¤ú`|
cvV 5
weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-19
G wZbwU †gŠwjK ¸Yvejx QvovI mybvMwiK‡K AviI KZK¸‡jv mvaviY ¸Yvejx AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb− 1| mywkw¶Z nIqv; 2| mgv‡Ri I iv‡óªi wbqg-k„•Ljv †g‡b Pjv; 3| bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv; 4| mnbkxj I ˆah©kxj nIqv; 5| iv‡óªi cÖkvmwbK wel‡q Ávb jvf Kiv; 6| ¯^vaxbZv I ¯^ve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶v Kiv; 7| ˆ¯^ivPvi I Ryjy‡gi weiy‡× RbgZ m„wó Kiv; 8| †`k I RvwZi Kj¨v‡Y AvZ¥wb‡qvM Kiv; 9| mr Kv‡Ri Av‡`k Ges Amr Kv‡Ri wb‡la Kiv| wek¦bvMwiKZv AvaywbKhy‡M bvMwiKZvi aviYv RvZxq I bMi iv‡óªi mxgvbv AwZµg K‡i wek¦bvMwiKZvi iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| bvMwiKZvi aviYv AvR mxwgZ MwÛi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| Avgiv GKw`‡K †hgwb GKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiK Ab¨w`‡K Avevi wek¦bvMwiK| iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Avgiv mKj AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôv‡biI m`m¨| Ávb-weÁv‡bi RqhvÎv, Z_¨-cÖhyw³i Afvebxq AMÖMwZ Ges †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi †¶‡Î weivU mvdj¨ AwR©Z nIqvq gvby‡l gvby‡l RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z Nwbó m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi myeY© my‡hvM G‡b w`‡q‡Q| †Kvb m‡PZb bvMwiKB we‡k¦i mgm¨vejx m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| c„w_exi †Kv_vI gvbeZv we‡ivax Kvh©Kjvc msNwUZ n‡j mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx cÖwZev` DÌvwcZ nq| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ †Kvb bvMwiK ev ivóª wew”Qbœfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î †Kvb ivóªB AvR mqsm¤ú~Y© bq| Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ GRb¨B bvMwiK‡`i AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e wPšÍv fvebvi Dc‡i we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| GKRb mybvMwiK‡K ïay †`k I RvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi K_v fve‡jB Pj‡e bv| Zuv‡K wek¦gvbeZvi gyw³ I kvwšÍi R‡b¨ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| GK_v mZ¨ mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡k Ges gvbe RvwZi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi †¶‡Î wek¦bvMwiKZvi †PZbv‡eva LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G mygnvb Av`‡k© DØy× n‡q we‡k¦i gvbyl RvwZms‡Ni wek¦Rbxb Av`‡k©i cÖwZ HK¨gZ I AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Q| mviK_v: cÖÁv-`xß, wePvi-eyw× m¤úbœ m”PwiÎevY bvMwiKB nj mybvMwiK| GKwU †`k I RvwZi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZ‡Z mybvMwiK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| bvMwiKZvi aviYv AvR mxwgZ MwÛi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| Avgiv GKw`‡K GKwU iv‡óªi m`m¨ Ab¨w`‡K Avevi wek¦ bvwMwiK| mybvMwiK‡K Aek¨B wek¦ kvwšÍ I Kj¨v‡bi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv GKw`‡K GKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiK Ab¨w`‡K wek¦bvMwiK|
GmGmGBPGj
wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-20
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt mwVK DËiwU wjLyb 1| mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb− K. B. Gg. †nvqvBU L. Mvb©vi M. jvw¯‹ N. †M‡Uj| 2| eyw×, we‡eK I AvZ¥mshg mybvMwi‡Ki G wZbwU ¸‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb †K ? K. jW©-K¬vBf L. jW©-KvR©b M. jW©-eªvBm N. jR©-evb©vWk| 3| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiyb K. Aa¨vcK B. Gg. †nvqvB‡Ui g‡Z mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx n‡jv− Ávb, cÖÁv I ----| L. ------------ Zuvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡ib| M. we‡eKevb gvbyl n‡”Qb -----------| N. eZ©gvb we‡k¦ †Kvb bvMwiK ev ivóª ------ emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ: 1| mybvMwi‡Ki ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2| wek¦bvMwiKZv wK? e¨vL¨v Kiyb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœt 1| mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| 2| jW© eªvBm mybvMwi‡Ki †hmKj ¸Yvejxi K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv eY©bv Kiyb| DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. M, 3. K-wbôv, L-mybvMwiK, M-Av`k©, N-wew”Qbœfv‡e| mnvqK MÖš’t 1| GgvRDÏxb Avn‡g`, ivóªweÁv‡bi K_v (XvKvt evsjv‡`k eyK K‡c©v‡ikb, 1990) 2| wbg©j P›`ª fÆvPvh© Ges k¨vgb Kzgvi PµeZx©, AvaywbK ivóªweÁvb (KwjKvZvt BwÛqv
B›Uvib¨vkbvj, 1971)
