ajrjrKyfrdifk ;a=umif jrefh rmEdifk iHwGif vlom;csif;qdifk ...€¦ · 1 ajrjrKyfrdkif;a-umifh...

ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&m xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;

TtpD&ifcHpmudk *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) u ('DpDat) rdkif; v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (DCA Mine Action) . enf;ynm yHhydk;r_jzifh ðypkxm;onf?

2011

1

ajrjajrjajrjajrjajrjrrrrrKyfrdkif;a-umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&mKyfrdkif;a-umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&mKyfrdkif;a-umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&mKyfrdkif;a-umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&mKyfrdkif;a-umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&m

xdcdkufoufa&mufr+rsm;xdcdkufoufa&mufr+rsm;xdcdkufoufa&mufr+rsm;xdcdkufoufa&mufr+rsm;xdcdkufoufa&mufr+rsm;

20112011201120112011

2

rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum

• tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf 3

• twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm; 5

• jrefrmEdkifiH wdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;. trnf 7

• aus;Zl;wifv$m 8

1? ed'gef;ESifh aqmuf&Gufr_enf;em 10

2? aemufcHta=umif;tcsufESifh tajctae 14

ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; toHk;ðy=uyHkordkif; 14

xdcdkufepfemae&aom a'orsm; 15

xdcdkufepfemae&aom &yf&Gm vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm; 18

xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm; 21

3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; 24

epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;udk tultnDay;jcif; 29

rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; 31

ajrjrKyfrdkif; qef@usifa&; wdkufwGef;pnf;&Hk;r_ 33

rdkif;rsm; &Sif;vif;jcif; 36

4? rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ tvm;tvm&Sdolrsm;odk@ yHhydk;ay;jcif; 39

5? ed*Hk; 42

6? t=uHðycsufrsm; 44

7? aemufqufwGJrsm; 49

3

tpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyftpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyftpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyftpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyftpD&ifcHpm tusOf;csKyf

ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&majrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&majrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&majrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&majrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlom;csif;qdkif&mxdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;

&&SdEdkifor#aom tcsuftvufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH 1 wGifajrjrKyfrdkif;'%foifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm; &Sdae+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf urBmay:wGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;'%fjy\em }uD;av;pGm &ifqdkifawG@ñuHae&onfh Ed kifiHwpfckjzpfa=umif; azmfjyaeygonf?Tjy\emtwdrfteuf/ vlxkrsm;tay: rnfr# xdcdkufoufa&mufr_ &Sdaeaponf/ &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;. rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vkdtyfcsuf rsm;/ rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif rnfodk@aomtiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufvmEdkifonf qdkonfh udpPrsm;tay: tenf;i,fr#om od&ygonf?

jrefrmtpdk;&onf ajcaxmufjywfcJh&olrsm;udk taxGaxGusef;rma&; tpDtpOfatmufrSwqifh ajcwkwyfay;jcif;vkyfief;udk tuef@towfjzif h tultnDay;jcif; rSvGJIrdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ rnfonfhyHkpHrsKd;udkrqdk ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;ygonf? rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udktpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u wpfpdwfwydkif;/ odk@r[kwfvHk;0xdef;csKyfxm;onfh a'orsm;wGifom aqmif&GufEdkifygonf? epfemcJh&olrsm;udk tultnDay;jcif;/ ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; tpdk;&. cGifhðycsufr&SdbJESifh aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?

2006 ckESpf rdrdwdk@ vkyfief;rsm; pwifcsdefrSpI *sDeDAm awmif;qkdcsuftzGJ@ESifh ('DpDat) rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@wdk@onf a'oqdkif&mESifhtjcm;aom EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@yif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufvdkaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tuef@towfjzifhom cGifhðyxm;onfh vlom;csif;pmemr_ uGufvyfe,fy,fatmufwGif rnfodk@rnfyHk taumif;qHk; aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk azmfxkwfowfrSwfcJh&ygonf? rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;pwif&ef tpdk;&. cGifhðycsufr&&Sdjcif;ESifh rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfemae&onfh a'orsm;udk oGm;a&muf&efcufcJjcif;udpP (2)&yfrSm

rdrdwdk@vkyfief;twGuf t"dutcuftcJ t[ef@twm;tjzpfv_yf&Sm;olrsm;u azmfxkwfowfrSwfcJh=uygonf? rdrdwdk@vkyfief;tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh &vmonfh tcGifhtvrf;=um;wGif jy\em0da&m"d xif&Sm;pGm &Sdaeaoma=umifh *sDeDAm awmif;qkdcsuftzGJ@ESifh ('DpDat) rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiH ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\emESifh ywfoufI tpD&ifcHpmwpfapmif xkwfjyef&ef/rdrdwdk@ awG@&Sdxm;onfh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfudk vltrsm; tm¶Hkxm;rdvm=uap&ef pOf;pm;cJh=uygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmudk 2010 ckESpf/ ZGefvrS pufwifbmvtwGif; aqmif&GufcJhonfh okawoevkyfief;rsm;tay: tajcðya&;om;xm;ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH/ xdkif;EdkifiH/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH/w¶kwfEdkifiHwdk@&Sd yg0ifywfoufae=uol (32) OD;wdk@udk awG@qHkar;jref;I ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\ema=umifh vuf&Sdumv/ tv,ftvwfumvESifh a&&Snfumvwdk@wGif a'ocHjynfolwdk@tay:oufa&mufxdcdkufEdkifr_wdk@udk ydkrdkem;vnfod&Sd&efESifh =um;0ifaqmif&GufI &Edkifonfh yifrv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ar;jref;avhvmcJhygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlowfrdkif;rsm;. rlvtponf vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm; pwif&m q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmuyif &SdvmcJhygonf?,ckwd ki f Ed ki fi H. tcsK d @aomae&mrsm;wGif qufvufIwdkufyG Jrsm; jzpfyGm;aeqJ&S dygonf? vlowfrd kif;rsm;onf,ckumvwdkif jrefrmtpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrawmfESifh/trsKd;rsKd;aom tpdk;& r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;/ xdk@tjyifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;

2 ESifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u qufvuf

oHk;pGJae=uqJ jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. wdkif;ESifh jynfe,f (14)ckteuf (10) ckwGif rdkif;rsm; wnf&Sdaeygonf? xdkif;EdkifiHESifhe,fedrdwfcsif; xdpyfaeonfh ta&S@ydkif;a'o&Sd jynfe,fESifh wdkif;

1 1989 ckESpfrSpI EdkifiH. w&m;0iftrnfudk t*Fvdyfbmomtm;jzifh jrefrm(Myanmar) tjzpf ajymif;vJcJhonf? ,cifu bm;rm; (Burma) [k ac:wGifcJh+yD; tcsKd@aom EdkifiHrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjyify&Sd tiftm;pkrsm;uqufvufoHk;pGJae=uqJ jzpfonf? ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif trnfESpfckpvHk;udk oHk;pGJxm;ygonf? Tod k @oH k ;p G J jci f ;onf E d ki fi Ha&;&y fwnfcsuftjzp fazmfjyjcif;r[kwfyg?

2 w&m;r0if vkyfief;rsm;wGif rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwfvkyfolrsm;/ a&mif;0,fazmufum;olrsm;/ ukeful;olrsm; pojzifh trsKd;rsKd;aom vkyfaqmifolrsm;&Sdae =uygonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;udk &Hzef&Hcg Todk@aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif“pD;yGm;jzpf-rdkif;” rsm;tjzpf toHk;csae=uygonf? atmufazmfjyyg tcef;(2)udkvnf; =unfhyg?

4

rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh rdkif;rsm; xlajympGm&Sdyg onf? b*Fvm;a'h&SfESifh w¶kwfEdkifiHe,fpyf tcsKd@aomae&mrsm;wGifvnf; rdkif;rsm;&Sdaeygonf? Tae&mrsm;wGif rdkif;a=umifh rawmfwq xdcdkufr_rsm;&Sdaeygonf? òrd@e,frsm;wGifaexdkifol cef@rSef;ajc vl(5)oef;cef@rSm rdkif;rsm;&Sdaeonfh tE W&m,f¹yGrf;aom a'orsm;wGifaexkdifae=u&ygonf? olwdk@. tE W&m,f&SdEdkifaom trltusifhrsm; yaysmufapa&;twGuf rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;vnf; vdktyfaeygonf? rlvuwnf;u xdcdkuf'%f&m&xm;olrsm;twGuf tultnDay;r_rsm;vnf; vdktyfaeygonf?

,Hk=unf&avmufaom tcsuftvuf a'wmrsm; r&Sdaeaoma=umifh/ rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&ol rnfr#qdkonfh ta&twGufudk ,ckwdkif aocsm&Sif;vif;pGm razmfjyEdkifyg? odk@aomfvnf; tpD&ifcHpmu awG@&S d&onfrSm tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfh a'orsm;wGif rdkif;'%f&m&olrsm;Y uav;rsm; ododomom rsm;jym;aeonfudk awG@&Sd&ygonf? Tae&mrsm;wGif uav;ppfom; &mcdkifE_ef;rsm;onfhtwGufa=umifh jzpfEdkifygonf? u&ifeD (u,m;jynfe,f) wGifuav; (2)a,mufv#if wpfa,mufrSm uav;ppfom; jzpfaeygonf? u&ifjynfe,fwGifrl uav; (4)OD;v#if wpfOD;rSmuav;ppfom; jzpfaeygonf?

rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&u cGifhðycsufcsray;jcif;ESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonfhtwGufa=umifh vlom;csif;pmemr_ &nf&G,fcsufjzif hrdkif;&Sif;jcif;vkyfief; vkyfaqmif&ef wu,fhae&mr&Sd jzpfae&ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@aom rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrawmfESifh tpdk&r[kwfonfhtiftm;pkrsm;u vkyfaqmifae=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf;Tvkyfaqmifr_ rsm;onf ppfa&;&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf rdkif;&Sif;jcif;avm/ vlom;csif;pmemr_ &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdkif;&Sif;oavm[lonfrSm ruGJjym;yg? xdk@tjyif jynfwGif;tajctae ¶_yfaxG;aeonfhtwGufa=umifh zufpHkaxmifhpHk ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;ðyvkyf&efvnf; tajctaeray; jzpfae&onf? &yf&GmvlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm; ðycJh+yD;/ awG@&Sdcsufrsm;t& rdkif;rsm; ododomom xlajymaea=umif; awG@&yg

onf? Tppfwrf;rsm;onfyif trSefwu,f tajctaeudkxif[yfazmfjyaecsuf !$ef;udef;rsm; jzpfaomfvnf;/ yx0Dtaetxm;t& ae&mtuef@towf &Sdygonf?

,ckumvwGif a'ocH&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHtqifh tJef*sDtdkrsm;onf ukvor*~ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;xufpmv#if rdkif;rsm;&Sdaeonfh a'orsm;odk@ ydkrdkoGm;vmxdawG@cGifh &Sd=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; a'ocH&yf&Gmtajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHtqifh tJef*sDtdkrsm;. t"duOD;pm;ay;vkyfief;onf rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsr_ ynmay;a&;/rdkif;'%foifholrsm;udk tultnDay;a&;r#om jzpfaeygonf?ta=umif;rSm rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;vkyfudkifr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufItpdk;&u uef@owfxm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? Todk@v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;onfyif rxifr&Sm; odrfarG@pGm aqmif&Gufae=u&jcif; jzpf+yD;/ rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;oifwef;rsm;udk taxGaxGtE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; oifwef;acgif;pOfrsm;atmuf/ usef;rma&;tpDtpOfrsm;atmufwGif aqmif&Gufae=u&jcif; jzpfonf? rdkif;'%foifhol tultnDay;a&;rSmrltaxGaxG roefrpGrf;tultnDay;r_ tpDtpOfrsm;atmufYaqmif&Gufae=u&onf?

vlowfrdkif;rsm; wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif ydwfyifwm;qD;a&;ESifh rdkif;udkt"du oHk;pG Jaeonfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;.ydwfyifwm;qD;r_rsm;onf teD;qH k; tem*wfumvwGifvufawG@jzpfvmzG,f r&Sdao;yg? rnfodk@yifjzpfap a'oqdkif&mtvdkuf vlowfrdkif; ydwfyifwm;qD;a&;/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaemufydkif;a'orsm;wGif aqmif&Gufxm;Edkifr_onf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm=um jynfwGif;ppfyGJ/ yÉdyuQrsm;ESifh eyrf;vHk;cJh&aomjrefrmEdkifiHwpfckvHk;twGuf tm;ustwk,lzG,f/ taumif;zuftðyoabmajymif;vJr_rsm;. tpysKd;jzpfvmapEdkifygonf?

5

twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm;twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm;twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm;twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm;twdkaumuf a0g[m&rsm;

AP vlowfrdkif;

ARNO &cdkif ¶dk[if*sm trsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk;§ ¶dk[if*sm trsKd;om;wyfrawmf

BGF e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@

CBO &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;

CNF/CNA csif;trsKd;om; wyfOD;§wyfrawmf

DCA ('DpDat) rdkif; v_yf&Sm;r_

DKBA wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om; wyfrawmf ('DaubDat)

ICBL ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; ydwfyifa&; EdkifiHwum urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_

ICRC tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceD aumfrDwD

IDP jynfwGif;Y tdk;tdrfpGef@ypf xGufajy;ae&ol (jynfwGif;'kuQonf)

IED vufvkyf azmufcGJa&;ypPnf;

IMAS EdkifiHwum rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ pHE_ef;owfrSwfcsuf

INGO EdkifiHwum tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

KIA ucsif vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf

KIO ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@

KNLA u&iftrsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf

KNPLF u&ifeD vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfOD; (uvvw)

KNU u&if trsKd;om;tpnf;t&Hk;

6

LDF vm;[l trsKd;om;wyfOD;

MAG rdkif;udpP t=uHay;tkyfpk

MIMU ukvor*~ ,ltJef'DyDatmuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH owif;tcsuftvuf pDrHcef@cGJa&; ,lepf

MRCS jrefrmEdkifiH =uufajceDtzGJ@

MRE rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;

NGO tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

NMSP rGefjynfopfygwD

NSA tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;/ v_yf&Sm;olrsm;

NUPA &cdkiftrsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD§ &cdkifwyfrawmf

PPLO/ PPLA ytdk@0f jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@§ ytdk@0f jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf

PWG umuG,fr_ay;a&; tvkyftzGJ@

PSLF yavmifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;

SPDC EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;tzGJ@ (etz)

TATMADAW tpdk;& vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ (wyfrawmf)

UNHCR ukvor*~ 'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;¶Hk;

UNMAS ukvor*~ rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_tzGJ@

UXO raygufuGJ&ao;aom ,rf;rsm;jrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiH

7

jrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiH

wdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;. trnfwdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;. trnfwdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;. trnfwdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;. trnfwdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;. trnf

(jrefrmbmomjzif h ac:qdk&mwGif trsm;pkrSm wlnDaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomjzif h pmvHk;aygif;&mwGif uGJvGJaejcif; jzpfonf?)(jrefrmbmomjzif h ac:qdk&mwGif trsm;pkrSm wlnDaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomjzif h pmvHk;aygif;&mwGif uGJvGJaejcif; jzpfonf?)(jrefrmbmomjzif h ac:qdk&mwGif trsm;pkrSm wlnDaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomjzif h pmvHk;aygif;&mwGif uGJvGJaejcif; jzpfonf?)(jrefrmbmomjzif h ac:qdk&mwGif trsm;pkrSm wlnDaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomjzif h pmvHk;aygif;&mwGif uGJvGJaejcif; jzpfonf?)(jrefrmbmomjzif h ac:qdk&mwGif trsm;pkrSm wlnDaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomjzif h pmvHk;aygif;&mwGif uGJvGJaejcif; jzpfonf?)

¶dk;&mpOfvmtrnf¶dk;&mpOfvmtrnf¶dk;&mpOfvmtrnf¶dk;&mpOfvmtrnf¶dk;&mpOfvmtrnf (wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pktzGJ@rsm;/ tpdk;&r[kwf tpdk;& w&m;0iftrnf tpdk;& w&m;0iftrnf tpdk;& w&m;0iftrnf tpdk;& w&m;0iftrnf tpdk;& w&m;0iftrnf (etz ppftpdk;&/onfh tiftm;pkrsm;/ e,fpyfjyify&Sd tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ jynfy&Sd owif;rD'D,m ukvor*~/ Oa&myor*~/ &efukef&Sd

Xmersm;u trsm;tm;jzifh toHk;ðyonf?) EdkifiHwum tdkiftJef*sDtdkrsm;u toHk;ðyonf?)

{&m0wDwdkif; (Irrawaddy Division) (Ayeyarwady Division)

yJcl;wdkif; (Pegu Division) (Bago Division)

csif;jynfe,f (Chin State) (Chin State)

ucsifjynfe,f (Kachin State) (Kachin State)

u&ifeDjynfe,f (Karenni State) u,m;jynfe,f (Kaya State)

u&ifjynfe,f (Karen State) (Kayin State)

rauG;wdkif; (Magwe Division) (Magway Division)

rE Wav;wdkif; (Mandalay Division) (Mandalay Division)

rGefjynfe,f (Mon State) (Mon State)

&cdkifjynfe,f (Arakan State) (Rakhine State)

ppfudkif;wdkif; (Sagaing Division) (Sagaing Division)

&Srf;jynfe,f (Shan State) (Shan State)

weoFm&Dwdkif; (+rdwf-xm;0,fwdkif;) (Thanintharyi Division)

(Tanasserim Division) (Mergui-Tavoy Division)

&efukefwdkif; (Rangoon Division) (Yangon Division)

8

aus;Zl;wifvaus;Zl;wifvaus;Zl;wifvaus;Zl;wifvaus;Zl;wifv$mmmmm

*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) tzGJ@taeESifh befaumufòrd@&Sd aemfa0oH¶Hk;udk ,ck pDrHcsufrsm;tay: pdwftm;apwem

xufoefpGm axmufyHhay;r_twGuf txl;aus;Zl;wif &Sda=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? xdk@tjyif ,cktpD&ifcHpm jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf

wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom tjrifrsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ay;cJh=uaomolrsm;udk aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sda=umif;vnf; azmfjyvdk

ygonf? tu,fI xdkolrsm;. jznfhqnf;r_om ryg0ifygu ,cktpD&ifcHpm xGufay:vm zG,fr&Sdyg? aemufqHk;taejzifh ('DpDat)

rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@udkvnf; aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? xdktzGJ@. t=uHay;rsm;ESifh enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m

u|rf;usifol 0efxrf;rsm;u tcsdefay;I t=uHrsm;ay;I ulnDcJh=uygonf? xGuf&Sdvmaom T&v'frSm vmrnfhESpfrsm;twGif;

*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@ESifh ('DpDat) rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@twGuf olwdk@a&S @vkyfief;pOfrsm; qufvufcsrSwfaqmif&Guf

Edkifa&;tay: rsm;pGm taxmuftulðyvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmudk enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf toHk;csI tjcm;aom

tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh ydkrdk wufºuGpGm yg0ifaqmif&Gufvmap&ef/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif txl;vdktyfaeonfh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_

rsm;udk wdk;Iaqmif&Gufvmap&ef wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmfEdkifvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?

9

3 ‚if;udk qGpfEdkifiHOya't& tusKd;tjrwfr,lonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcktjzpf rSwfyHkwifxm;ygonf?4 “vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;”[k *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@u oHk;E_ef;&mY EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum

vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;. pHwefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkyg &nf!$ef;ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygonf? vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm; odk@r[kwf vufeufudkif t=urf;zufr_ tajctaewGif Twefzdk;xm;csufrsm;udk tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uyg av;pm;vdkufemap&ef rnfodk@taetxm;&Sdonf jzpfap/ vdkufemapmifhpnf;=uap&ef&nf&G,fjcif; jzpfygonf?

5 Oyrmtm;jzifh- qm[m&m0D tm&yf 'Drdku&ufwpforRwEdkifiH (Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic) ESifh tufbfcgZD,m (Abkhazia Republic)

orRwEdkifiHwdk@ jzpfygonf?6 ukvor*~ vHkðcHa&;aumifpD? “vufeufudkif yÉdyuQtwGif; t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk umuG,fay;a&;twGuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. tpD&ifcHpm”/7 ajrjrKyfrdkif; ydwfyifwm;qD;a&;twGuf tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;udk xdawG@qufqHjcif;? *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. vkyfief;wdk;wufr_ tpD&ifcHpm/

tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;tpD&ifcHpma&;om;olrsm;

*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) tzGJ@tzGJ@tzGJ@tzGJ@tzGJ@

*sDeDAmawmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) tzGJ@onf =um;ae bufrvdkufaom vlom;csif;pmemonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfygonf?

3 tpd k;&r[kwfonfh vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;ESif h qufoG,fI aqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyf+yD; Ed ki fiHwum

vlom;csif;pmemr_Oya'ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm; 4 . wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemvmap&ef oHEMdXmefcsrSwfaqmif&Gufaeygonf? rdrdwdk@tzGJ@ tpnf;u EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm; xdef;csKyfr_jyifywGif vHk;0uif;vGwfpGm &S daeonfh/tpd k ;&r[kwfonf h tiftm;pkrsm;ud k t"duxm; csO f;uyf+y D; / TtzG J @tpnf;rsm;onf yifrta=umif;tm;jzif hEdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;rsm; tygt0if/ wpfpHkw&m w&m;r0if tm%m&SdaeonfhtzGJ@rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumu todtrSwfrðyxm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;/ odk@r[kwf wpfpdwfwydkif; todtrSwfðyxm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;yg0ifygonf? 5 rdrdwdk@tzGJ@u v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk bufrvdkufa&;/ =um;aea&;/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr_&Sdapjcif; ponfhpHE_ef;rsm;twdkif; vdkufemtaumiftxnfazmfygonf? xdk@tjyif yGifhvif;jrifomr_&Sdjcif;onfvnf; rdrdwdk@tzGJ@. yifrpHowfrSwfcsufwpfck jzpfygonf? pHvkyfief;aqmifwmwpfck taeESifh rdrdwdk@tzGJ@u oufqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm; tygt0ifyg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;udk today;I/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;ðyygonf?

*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) tzGJ@onf 2010 ckESpf/ rwfvu tzGJ@. (10)ESpfajrmuf wnfaxmifjcif; tcrf;tem;udkusif;yEdkifcJhygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh (10)ESpf=um tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufqHaqmif&Gufonfh tawG@tñuHrsm;&Sdxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? Tvkyfief;e,fy,fwGif pOD;aqmif&Gufolrsm;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm rdrdwdk@. u¾aygif;pH kwGifaqmif&Gufcsuf/ atmifjrifr_&v'frsm;a=umifh ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf

6 tygt0if/ vlowfrdkif; toHk;csjcif;/

odkavSmifodrf;qnf; xm;jcif;/ xkwfvkyfjcif;/ v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;udk wm;jrpfa&;ESifh ‚if;wdk@udk zsufqD;ypfa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf (aemufydkif;wGif vlowfrdkif;wm;jrpfa&; pmcsKyf[k qufvufac:a0:oHk;pGJygrnf?) tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;/Oa&myor*~/ tmz&duor*~ tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;xHrS todtrSwfðyr_rsm; &&Sdaeygonf?

7 vlowfrdkif;wm;jrpfa&;pmcsKyfwGif

wdk;wufr_rsm; &&Sdvmaoma=umifh/ urBmwpf0Srf;&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ,Hk=unfr_udk &,lEdkifjcif;a=umifh

10

*sDeDAmawmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) tzGJ@taejzifh rdrdwdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk yÉdyuQumvtwGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;udk umuG,fr_ay;a&;/ vdifr_qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm; wm;jrpfa&;ponfh jy\emrsm;zufodk@ qufvufcsJ @xGifcJhygonf?

*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) tzGJ@onf 2006 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ywfoufI pwifvkyfaqmifcJhygonf?vlowfrdkif;rsm; wm;jrpfa&;ESifh ywfouf+yD; tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh pwifqufqHaqmif&GufcJhonf? TtcsdefwGifrdrdwdk@taejzifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if/ a'ocHv_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;ESifh,Hk=unfr_wpfpHkw&m wnfaqmufEdkifcJh+yD; jzpfygonf?

(Dan ChurchAid) ('DpDat)('DpDat)('DpDat)('DpDat)('DpDat)

(Dan ChurchAid) ulnDa&;tzGJ@udk 1992 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJh+yD;/ ,cktcg 'def;rwfEdkifiH. a&S@aqmif vlom;csif;pmemr_ ulnDay;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;wpfcktjzpf &yfwnfaeygonf? a'ocH rdwfzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&muGef&ufrsm;/ c&pf,mefausmif;awmfrsm;/ bmoma&;uif;onfh t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vufwGJI tqif;&Jwumhtqif;&JqHk; jynfolrsm;udk ulnDay;&ef urBmwpf0Srf;wGif aqmif&Gufaeygonf? ('DpDat) tzGJ@. a'oqdkif&m ¶Hk;cGJrsm;udkta&S@tv,fydkif;/ tm&S/ tmz&du/ awmiftar&duwdkufrsm;wGif zGifhvSpfxm;+yD;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tajccHonfh csOf;uyfyHk/vdifrcGJjcm;bJ wef;wl&nfwl &Sdapr_jzifh vkyfief;rsm;udk e,fy,f (5)ckwGif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufaeygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm-pm;eyf&duQmvHkðcHa&;/ tdyfcsftdkifAGD§ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g/ EdkifiHa&;0ef;usifzefwD;r_/ vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m wkH@jyefaqmif&Gufr_ESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfygonf?

('DpDat) . rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_udk 1999 ckESpfrS pwifaqmif&GufvmcJh+yD;/ t,fvfab;eD;,m;/ tif*dkvm/ bl&Gef'D/ 'Drdku&ufwpfuGef*dkorRwEdkifiH/ tD&Dx&D;,m;/ aumfqdkAdk/ tD&wf/ vufbEGef/ ql'ef ponfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif aqmif&Gufaeygonf? rdrdwdk@uajrjrKyfrdkif; tºuGif;tusefrsm;ESifh ppfyGJrS usef&Sdonfh ypPnf;rsm;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf tcuftcJ&SdaeonfhEdkifiHrsm;udk EdkifiHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm vufwGJaqmif&GufI rdrdwdk@Ed kifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;+yD;onfhwdkif/ qufvufajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef EdkifiHwpfckvHk;tqifh t&nftaoG; jr‡ifhwifay;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;ygonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;ESpfppfvufeuf tºuGif;tusefrsm; &Sif;vif;z,f&Sm;ay;onfhtjyif/ rlvurdkif;rsm;a=umifh xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm;xH olwdk@ajrudkjyefvnftoHk;csEdkifatmif aqmif&Gufay;¶Hkr#ru/ tus,ftjyef@aom zGH@òzd;r_tusKd;cHpm;Edkifap&efvnf; ulnDyHhydk;ay;aeygonf?('DpDat) rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@onf rdkif;rsm;&Sif;vif;¶Hkr# omru/ a&&SnfwnfwHhonfh zGH@òzd;r_udkvnf; aqmifusOf;ay;ygonf?

11

1? e d'ge f ;E Si f h aqmuf& Gufr _enf;em1? e d'ge f ;E Si f h aqmuf& Gufr _enf;em1? e d'ge f ;E Si f h aqmuf& Gufr _enf;em1? e d'ge f ;E Si f h aqmuf& Gufr _enf;em1? e d'ge f ;E Si f h aqmuf& Gufr _enf;em

vlowfajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. vufeufudkif yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;&Sd jynfolrsm;tay: vufiif;

umvwGifyif txl;tE W&m,f &Sdaeapygonf? r=umao;rDu &&Sdonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; (2008 ckESpf) t& rdkif;a=umifh

xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm;onf urBmay:wGifyif tjrifhqHk;EdkifiHrsm;wGif wpfckjzpfaeum jrefrmEdkifiHxuf ausmfvGefaeonfh EdkifiH[lI

tmz*efepPwefEdkifiHESif h udkvHbD,mEdkifiHrsm;om &Sdygawmhonf?8 vlowfrdkif;rsm;udk tpdk;&u xkwfvkyftoHk;ðyae+yD;/

vufeufudkiftpdk;& r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (NSAs)uvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrS pwifvmcJhonfh jynfwGif;ppftwGif;Y

toHk;ðyaeygonf? TtwGufa=umifh qdk;usKd;rsm;rSm rsm;vGef;vSygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif òrd@e,f (325)ck &Sdonfhteuf (34)ckwGif

ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; &Sdae=uygonf?9 rdkif;rsm;oifhaeonfh òrd@e,frsm;&Sd vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm10 txl;ojzifh vlowfrdkif;rsm;a=umifh

xdcdkufepfemae=u&um/ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; apmifha&Smufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk vlaomif;ESifhcsDI toHk;csae=u&ygonf? wenf;

tm;jzifh vdktyfr_&Sdae=uygonf?11

2006 ckESpfwGif vkyfief;rsm; pwifaqmif&GufcsdefrSpI *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@ESifh ('DpDat) rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@wdk@onf

tjcm;aom a'oqdkif&mESifh EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uJhodk@yif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufvdkcJhygonf?12

odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaeonfh tuef@towfjzpf cGifhðyxm;aom vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnDay;Edkifonfh cGiftwGif;rS

rnfodk@rnfyHk taumif;qHk;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk owfrSwfI óud;yrf;azmfxkwfcJh&ygonf? rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;

pwif&ef tpdk;&xHrS cGifhðycsufr&&Sdaoma=umifhESifh rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfemae&onfh a'orsm;udk oGm;a&muf&ef cufcJjcif;a=umifh

TudpP (2)&yfrSm tcuftcJ t[ef@twm;tjzpf v_yf&Sm;olrsm;u azmfxkwfowfrSwfcJh=uygonf? rdrdwdk@ vkyfief;tusKd;pD;yGm;

ESifh &vmonfh tcGifhtvrf;=um;wGif jy\em0da&m"d xif&Sm;pGm &Sdaeaoma=umifh *sDeDAm awmif;qkdcsuftzGJ@ESifh ('DpDat)

rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ tzGJ@wdk@onf jrefrmEdkifiH ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\emESifh ywfoufI tpD&ifcHpmwpfapmif xkwfjyef&ef/ rdrdwdk@awG@&Sdxm;onfh

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfudk vltrsm; tm¶Hkxm;rdvm=uap&ef pOf;pm;cJh=uygonf?

EdkifiHwum rdom;pku jrefrmEdkifiHta&;tay: txl;vufaES;wkH@qdkif;ae=ujcif;13 ESifh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_ uif;rJhae=uaom

a=umifh/ tvSL&Sifrsm;. yHhydk;ay;r_uvnf; vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnDrsm;ESifh tvm;wlyif/ rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;

8 ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor.

9 Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU).2010. Townships with Known Hazards of Antipersonnel Mines.

1 0 DCA Mine Action estimate based on MIMU map Estimated Population Density with Townships and Urban Areas (2007).

1 1 &efukef&Sd tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajcwk toHk;ðyae&oludk cef@rSef;xm;cJhygonf?1 2 rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ (vlom;csif;pmemr_jzifh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_[k vlodrsm;aom) vkyfief;onf ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ESifh ppftwGif;u usef&pfaeonfh aygufuGJ

apwwfaom ,rf;rsm; (usnfrsm; tygt0if) a=umifh jzpfonfh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufepfemr_rsm;udk av#mhcsEdkif&ef &nf&G,fygonf?

International Mine Action Standards 04.10, Second Edition, 1 January 2003.

rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_wGif t"duvkyfief; (5)ck yg0ifygonf? rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;r_/ vlom;csif;pmemr_ &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdkif;&Sif;jcif;/ rdkif;ESifhppftwGif;u usef&pfaeonfh aygufuGJapwwfaom,rf;rsm; (ERW) ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;/ ajryHkxkwfjcif;/ trSwftom;ðyjcif;ESifh &Sif;vif;jcif;/ jyefvnfemvHxlapa&;ESifh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&; tygt0if xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm; tultnDay;jcif;/ pkyHkodrf;qnf;xm;r_rsm; zsufqD;jcif;/ajrjrKyfrdkif; (vlowfrdkif;) toHk;ðyaer_ESifh ywfoufI wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;jcif; vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifonf?

1 3 &efukefwGif EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&mwGif ,ckudpPudk jr‡ifhwifajymqdka&;onf 2008 ckESpf/ em*pfqdkufuvkef;rkefwdkif; wdkufcwf+yD;aemuftultnDtwGuf EdkifiHwumaxmufyHhr_ &&Sd&efpnf;¶Hk;&onfxuf rsm;pGmcufcJvdrfhrnf[k xifjrifa=umif; ajym=uygonf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh a[wDivsifumvu obm0uyfab;wGif Tr#tcuftcJ rawG@cJh=u&yg?See also Myanmar Times article, Volume 26, No. 521, at http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/news/521/news09.html

12

tay:wGifvnf; tuef@towf&Sdaeygonf?14 jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf &efyHkaiG tenf;i,fr#udkom

+yD;cJhaomESpfrsm;twGif;u axmufyHhay;cJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; r=umao;rDu tcsKd@wdk;wufr_rsm; &SdvmcJhygonf? om"u

tm;jzifh- 2008 ckESpfwGif tar&duef a':vm (1)oef;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf axmufyHhay;cJhygonf?15

2007 ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm (183˜800) &&Sdae&mrSqdkv#if ododomom wdk;wufvmr_yif jzpfygonf? odk@aomfvnf;

rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef cGifhðyxm;aom tjcm;rdkif;'%foifhEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#if rsm;pGmenf;aeygao;onf?

ajrjrKyfrdkif;/ odk@r[kwf raygufuGJao;aom ,rf;ypPnf;rsm; &Sdae=uonfh uarBm'D;,m;/ vmtdk/ tD&wfESifh tmz*ef epPwefEdkifiH

wdk@wGif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf axmufyHhay;&mwGif yHkrSefay;aeovdk/ yrm%t&vnf; rsm;pGmrsm;jym;ygonf? 16

xdk@r#ru &efyHkaiGenf;yg;ae&onfhtjyif/ EdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;&Sdonfhae&mrsm;udk oGm;a&muf&ef cufcJjcif;ESifh vkyfudkif&ef cGifhðycsuf

r&jcif;wdk@a=umifh rdkif;qdkif&m pDrHcsufvkyfief;rsm;udk tuef@towfjzifhom taumiftxnfazmfcGifh&ygonf? EdkifiHwum

tJef*sDtdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHwGif;&Sd tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;17 wGif &efyHkaiGtuef@towfjzifh &&Sdum/

rdkif;tE W&m,fñuHawG@ae&aom jynfolvlxkrsm;. tenf;tusOf; tpGef;tpr#udk rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsr_ ynmay;oifwef;rsm;/

rdkif;'%foifh&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;udk tultnDay;jcif;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?18 odk@aomfvnf; Ttoif;tzGJ@rsm;

onf ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;a=umifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf vdktyfaeol vl (4)OD;v#if wpfOD;r#udkom ulnDay;Edkifygonf?

usefaom rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm;rSm ajcwkrsm;udk jyifyaps;uGufu ydkI}uD;aomaps;E_ef;ESifh 0,f,l&jcif;/ 0g;vHk;/ opfom;/ a&ydkuf

odk@r[kwf ajcwkudk vkyf,lwyfqif&jcif;/ odk@r[kwf csKdif;axmufoHk;I oGm;vm&jcif;ðyae&onf?

TtpD&ifcHpm. &nf&G,fcsufrSm rdkif;'%foifhI xdcdkufepfemae&onfh vlxkrsm;xHodk@/ &Sdaeaom tpdk;&. tuef@towfrsm;ESifh

qufvufjzpfay:aeaom yÉdyuQrsm;=um;rS/ EdkifiHwGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;u rnfodk@rnfyHk ulnDaxmufyHhEdkifrnfudk

&SmazGwifjy&ef jzpfygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;rsm; tE W&m,f&Sdaeonfhae&m rnfr#&Sdonfudk a'wm owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tjynfhtpHk r&&SdEdkifovdk/

rdkif;'%foifhI xdcdkufepfem&ol rnfr#&Sdonf? &yf&Gmrnfr# tultnD vdktyfaeonfudk tjynfhtpHk od&SdEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg?

ta=umif;rSm rdkif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;aumuf,lI A[dkwpfckwGif pkpnf;rnfh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_

tm%mydkiftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;rxm;jcif;a=umifh jzpfygonf? rdkif;jy\emESifh ywfoufI tpdk;&u todtrSwfðy&ef wGef@qkwfaer_a=umifh

,ckwdkif EdkifiHtqifh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tm%mydkiftzGJ@udk rxlaxmifEdkif&ao;jcif; jzpfygonf?

1 4 urBmhb%f. tcsuftvufrsm;t& w&m;0if zGH@òzd;a&;tultnD&&Sdr_ pkpkaygif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfyEdkifiH&yfjcm; tultnD Overseas Development

Assistance (ODA) tjzpf 2008 ckESpfwGif vlwpfOD;v#if (11) a':vmom &&Sdygonf? uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGifrl vlwpfOD;onf (51)a':vmESifh vmtdkEdkifiHwGifrlvlwpfOD;v#if a':vm (80) &&Sd=uygonf?http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS

1 5 ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor T&efyHkaiGrsm;udk e,fpyfjzwfausmfI rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif; ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ESifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm; ulnDr_twGuf txl;ojzifh u&ifjynfe,fESifh u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,fwdk@wGif oHk;pGJcJhygonf? &efyHkaiGtenf;pkudk weoFm&Dwdkif;/&Srf;jynfe,fESifh csif;jynfe,fwdk@wGifvnf; oHk;pGJcJhygao;onf?

1 6 ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor. See also chapter 2.1 7 &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (CBOs) qdkonfrSm yHkrSeftm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk wpfckckESifh qufEG,fr_&Sd+yD;/ vlom;csif;pmemr_ ulnDa&;u,fq,fa&;

tzGJ@rsm;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@rsm;/ trsKd;orD;/ vli,ftzGJ@rsm;tjzpf cGJxkwfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?1 8 See calculation in chapter 2. See also chapter 3.2.2.1. “Prosthetic legs for mine victims”, ICBL Landmine Monitor, 2009.

13

a'wm owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEdkifr_ tuef@towf

&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ ,cktpD&ifcHpmonf yg0ifywfoufaeol

trsKd;rsKd;ESifh wdkuf¶dkuf awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;ðyI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif

rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfaeyHkudk xif&Sm;

&Sif;vif;pGm ¶kyfyHk azmfEdkif&ef óud;yrf;cJhygonf? Todk@ awG@qHk

ar;jref;cJhonfh yg0if ywfoufaeolrsm;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh

tzGJ@tpnf; (8)zGJ@/ EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdk (5)zGJ@/ a'oqdkif&m

tJef*sDtdk (5)zGJ@/ &yf&Gmtajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf; (7)ck/ bmoma&;

tajccHtzGJ@tpnf; (3) zGJ@/ aq;¶Hk (2) ck/ jynfwGif;Y ajymif;a&$@

xGufajy;ae&onfh 'kuQonfpcef; (1)ck/ owif;rD'D,mtzGJ@

(2)ck/ ukvor*~Xme (4)ckESifh tvSL&Siftpdk;&rsm; (3)ck (olwdk@

. a'oqdkif&m oH¶Hk;rsm;rSwqifh) wdk@ yg0ifygonf? TawG@qHk

ar;jref;r_rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH/ xdkif;EdkifiH/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ w¶kwf

EdkifiHrsm;wGif ('DpDat) rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@. ynm&Sif

wpfOD;u aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ('DpDat) rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_

enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m t=uHay;wpfOD;u uGif;qif;avhvm

jznfhqnf;I ulnDay;cJhygonf? ukvor*~/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;

wm;jrpfa&; EdkifiHwumv_yf&Sm;r_ urfydef; (ICBL)19

/ EdkifiH

wum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ jrefrm EdkifiHwGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\emESifh

ywfoufI azmfjyxm;onfh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;

rsm;. tpD&ifcHpm/ owif;rsm;ESifhvnf; wdkufqdkifppfaq;

t=uH&,lcJhygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;oifwef;

rsm; aqmif&GufcJhonfh/ rdkif;jzifh xdcdkufepfem&oludpP ppfwrf;

aumuf,l&mwGif yg0ifcJh=uonfh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/

&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzG J @tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;& r[kwfonfh

tiftm;pkrsm; ponfh yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm; tm;vHk;vdkvdk

udk awG@qHk ar;jref;cJhygonf? yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;onf

rdkif;jy\em&Sdaeonfh a'orsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufxdawG@Edkif&ef

tuef@towf&Sdaeonfhwdkif/ awG@qHkar;jref;cef; toD;oD;rS

pkaqmif;vmrdonfh owif;tptersm;u ,ae@EdkifiHtwGif;

&ifqdkif ñuHawG@ae&onfh rdkif;jy\emudk aumif;pGmazmfjy

EdkifcJhygonf? jrefrmtpdk;&onfvnf; aemufxyf ta&;}uD;

onfh yg0ifywfoufaeol wpfOD;jzpfum/ ajrjrKyfrdkif; jy\em

ESifhywfoufI v$rf;ðcHtjrifudk azmfjyay;Edkifygonf? odk@aomf

vnf; ,cktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf okawoevkyfief;rsm; aqmif

&Guf&mwGif ,ckjy\emESifh ywfoufI tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;

ESifh w&m;0ifawG@qHk&ef rjzpfEdkifa=umif; ydkIxif&Sm;&Sif;vif;pGm

odvm&ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ar;cGef;v$mwpfckudk tpdk;&

xHodk@ wifjycJhygaomfvnf; rnfonfhwkH@jyefr_rS jyefrvmcJhyg?

odk@twGufa=umifh ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;ESifh ywfoufI

tpdk;&.tjrifrSm EdkifiHwum rdom;pkESifh tpdk;&t=um; ajrjrKyf

rdkif;udpPESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG; ajymqdkae=uonfhtay:rS

oHk;oyf&,ljcif;om jzpfygonf? wdkuf¶dkufawG@qHk ar;jref;I

&&Sdvmaom &v'fr[kwfyg?

yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;r_ wpf0ufeD;yg;cef@rSm

jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; aqmif&GufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? usefawG@qHk

ar;jref;r_rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiH/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ w¶kwfEdkifiHrsm;wGif

aqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ rdkif;rsm; xlajymonfh a'oòrd@e,frsm;rSmvnf;

e,fpyfESifh eD;uyfaeonfh a'orsm;jzpfygonf? typftcwf

&yfpJa&;ðyxm;onfh tzGJ@rsm;a&m/ typf&yfr[kwfonfh tzGJ@

rsm;rS yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;udk xnfhoGif;ar;jref;cJhygonf?

awG@qHk ar;jref;r_wGif ar;jref;cJhaom ar;cGef;rsm;wGif olwdk@

a'otwGif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;. qdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI awG@qHk

ar;jref; cH&ol. udk,fawG@tawG@tñuH/ rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsr_

ynm ay;a&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; awG@&Sdxm;r_ &Sd-r&Sd/

ajrjrKyf rdkif;jzifh '%f&m&olrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;/

wdkufwGef;Ed _;aqmfr_ESif h rd kif;&Sif;vif;a&; aqmif&GufEdkif&ef

tcGifhtvrf; jzpfEdkifacsrsm;tay: tjrifwdk@ jzpfygonf?

xdk@tjyif (&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpf[k

od=uonfh) a'wmabhpfrS jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;rsm; ysH@ESH@wnf&Sd

aeyHk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;

1 9 ajrjrKyfrdkif; ydwfyifwm;qD;a&; EdkifiHwum urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_ International

Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) qdkonfrSm EdkifiH(90)ausmf yg0ifaom urBmvHk;qdkif&m uGef&ufjzpf+yD;/ urBmay:wGif vlowfrdkif;rsm; uif;&Sif;apa&;ESifh ya'omAHk;usnfrsm; (cluster munitions) uif;&Sif;apa&;twGufaqmif&Gufaeygonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;ESifh ya'omAHk;usnf '%foifh&olrsm; b0udk jynfh0pGm cHpm;&&SdEdkif&ef &nf&G,fonf? www.icbl.org

14

azmfjycJhygonf?2020202020

rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdk

wpfcku axmufyHhxm;onfh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;

rsm;. a'wmabhpfwGif rdkif;tE W&m,f&Sdaeonfh ae&m (166)ck

udk yg0ifazmfjyxm;aomfvnf;/ wpfEdkifiHvHk; v$rf;ðcHazmfjyonfh

tajctae yHkum;csyfudkrl razmfjyEdkifyg? ta=umif;rSm &yf&Gm

tajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u xdawG@owif;&,lEdkifaom

ae&mtuef@towf &Sdaejcif;ESifh rdkif;rsm;&Sd&m a'orsm;wGif

ppfyGJrsm; qufvufjzpfay:aejcif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH wdkif;&if;om;

vlenf;pkrsm; aexdkif&m a'orsm;twGuf a'wmowif;

tcsuftvufrsm; &Sdraejcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfygonf? (&yf&Gm

tajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;

a'oudkom xdawG@Edkif=uygonf?) xdk@tjyif rSwfcsufðy&efrSm

a'wmabhpf&Sd owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;

vlenf;pk tkyfpkrsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;tay:rSom txl;

rSDwnfxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.

a'wmaumuf,lr_ESifhvnf; qufpyfaeygonf? axmufyHha&;

ESifh tjcm;aom vHkðcHa&;ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh &yf&Gmtajcðy

vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf a'wmaumuf,l&mwGif tjcm;a'o

rsm;odk@ xdk;azmufxdawG@Edkifjcif; r&Sd=uyg? yHkrSefqdk&rnfqdkv#if

u&if &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; u&ifvlxkrsm;udk

awG@qHk ar;jref; +yD;/ csif; &yf&Gm tajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;u

csif;vlxkrsm;udk ar;jref;=uygonf? tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;

vlrsKd;pkrsm;vnf; tvm;wl aqmif&Guf=uygonf?

Tvkyfief;rsm;. tuJqwfr_ oabmobm0a=umif h

(vkyfief;udpPrsm;udk v#Kd@0Suf aqmif&GufcJh&ygonf?) yg0if

ywfoufaeonfh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;tay:

oufa&mufEdkifonfh vHkðcHa&; aemufqufwGJ tajctaersm;

a=umifh rdkif;wnf&Sdae&ma'orsm;ESifh ywfoufI tpD&ifcH

pmrsm;/ vlwpfOD;csif; rdkif;'%foifh xdcdkufepfem&r_ tpD&ifcH

csufrsm;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; tE W&m,f&Sdaeonf[k rouFm&

onfh ae&mjy ajryHk/ rdkif;aygufuGJonf[k oHo,&Sd&onfh ajryHk

ponfwdk@udk TtpD&ifcHpmwGif xnhfoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif;

r&Sdyg? oufqdkif onfh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS

óudwifcGifhðycsuf r&&SdbJ a'wmabhpf/ owif;tcsuftvuf

rsm;udk xkwfjyefay;Edkifrnf r[kwfyg?

20 &yf&Gm tajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpfwGif tzGJ@tpnf; (7) cku2006 ckESpfwGif awG@qHk ar;jref; pkaqmif;cJhonfh rdkif;xdcdkuf'%foifh&olrsm;.tcsuftvufrsm;/ 2006 ckESpfrS pwifI pkaqmif;cJhaom rdkif;rsm;wnf&Sd&ma'orsm; yg0ifygonf? TawG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;wGif rdkif;jzifh xdckduf'%f&m&ol(850)/ rdkif;tE W&m,f &Sdaeonf[k oHo,ruif;&aomae&mESifh ywfoufItpD&ifcHcsuf (166) ck/ (vlaygif; 38˜000 OD;) wdk@udk rdkif;tE W&m,f av#mhcsa&;ynmay;udpPrsm; yg0ifonf?

Credit : DCA

15

2?2?2?2?2? aemufcH aemufcH aemufcH aemufcH aemufcHta=umif;tcsufESifh tajctaeta=umif;tcsufESifh tajctaeta=umif;tcsufESifh tajctaeta=umif;tcsufESifh tajctaeta=umif;tcsufESifh tajctae

ajrjrKyfrd ki f;rsm; toHk;ðy=uyH k ord ki f;ajrjrKyfrd ki f;rsm; toHk;ðy=uyH k ord ki f;ajrjrKyfrd ki f;rsm; toHk;ðy=uyH k ord ki f;ajrjrKyfrd ki f;rsm; toHk;ðy=uyH k ord ki f;ajrjrKyfrd ki f;rsm; toHk;ðy=uyH k ord ki f;

jrefrmtpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ (wyfrawmf) a&m/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uyg yÉdyuQumvwav#mufvHk;[email protected]&;udk aygufajrmufap&ef rdkif;rsm; toHk;cscJh=uygonf?

2222211111 &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rdkif;owif;tcsuf

tvufrsm; (a'wmabhpf) wGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;&mY yxrOD;qHk; rdkif;toHk;ðyr_onf 1950 ckESpfrsm;uwnf;u &SdcJhygonf?1990 ckESpfrsm; tv,fydkif;rwdkifrDwGif tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;a&m/ puf¶Hkxkwfrdkif;rsm;yg toHk;cscJha=umif; (a'wmabhpf) owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& od&ygonf? tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;url tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;a&m/ puf¶Hkxkwfrdkif;rsm;yg toHk;cscJh=uonf?Trdkif;rsm;udk uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHrS wifoGif;vm+yD;/ oifwef;avhusifhay;&ef/ ppftajcpdkufpcef;rsm;udk umuG,f&efESifh twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk xdk;ppfqif wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf toHk;cscJh=uonf? jrefrmwyfrawmfu tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;udkwdkufcdkuf&ef rdkif;udk toHk;cs=uonf? xdk@tjyif twif;tusyf a&$@ajymif;&ef apcdkif;onfh vlxkrsm;udk ae&yf&if; jyefrvmEdkif&efwm;qD;ydwfqdk@r_tjzpf toHk;cs=uonf?

22 tpdk;& ppfwyfua&m/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uyg ppfpcef;rsm;udk

umuG,f&ef rdkif;axmifxm;onfudk awG@&Sd&wwfonf? ppfpcef;rsm;odk@ oGm;onfhvrf;rsm;ESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh e,fpyfrsm;/aus;&Gmrsm;twGif;ESifh teD;w0dkuf/ jynfwGif; a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&onfh 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;teD;/ a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;/aumif;uif"mwftm;óud;vdkif;/ wdkifrsm;ESifh wHwm;rsm;uJhodk@aom tajccHtaqmuftOD;rsm;teD;ESifh a'ow0dkufwGif rdkif;axmifxm;wwfonfudk awG@&Sd=u&onf?

2 3

1990 ckESpfrsm; tv,fydkif;rSpI rdkif;rsm; toHk;csyHkonf wpfenf;wzHk ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tcsKd@/txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiH ajrmufydkif;ESifh taemufydkif;&Sd tiftm;pkrsm;onf tpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ðyEdkif=u+yD;aemuf rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ ododomom avsmhenf;oGm;onf? TtcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiH awmifydkif;a'owGifrl tcsKd@aomtiftm;pkrsm;url ajrjrKyfrdkif;udk wdk;ItoHk;ðyvmonfudk awG@&Sd=u&onf? odk@r[kwf rawmfwq rdkif;jzifh xdcdkufr_ta&twGufwdk;wufvmonf[k qdkv#ifvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?

24 txl;ojzifh u&ifjynfe,fESifh u,m;jynfe,f (u&ifeDjynfe,f)/ &Srf;jynfe,f

awmifydkif;a'orsm;/ rGefjynfe,fESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;wdk@wGif jzpfonf?

jrefrmhwyfrawmftaejzifh puf¶Hkxkwfrdkif;rsm;udk toHk;ðyavh&Sd+yD;/ yJcl;wdkif; taemufydkif;&Sd anmifajcaxmuf rdkif;xkwfvkyfa&;puf¶HkrS xkwfonf? odk@r[kwf w¶kwfESifh ¶k&Sm; tygt0if tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS wifydk@onfh rdkif;rsm;udk toHk;ðy=uonf?

25 wzufwGifrl

tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u vuf&SdtajctaewGif vufvkyfrdkif;rsm;udkom toHk;ðy=uonf? TypPnf; (rdkif;) rsm;udk&Hzef&Hcg tdkiftD;'D (IED) (vufvkyfaygufuGJapwwfaom ypPnf;) [kvnf; ac:qdk=uonf? TtpD&ifcHpmtwGufrl vlESifhxdawG@v#if aygufuGJapaom tdkiftD;'Drsm;udk vlowfrdkif;rsm; (AP mines) [k ac:qdkoGm;ygrnf? 26

2 1 ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor.22 Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@xHrS pkaqmif;&&Sdonf?2 3 CBO Database (txufazmfjyyg atmufajcrSwfpk -20 wGif tus,f&Sif;vif;csufudk =unfhyg?)2 4 rawmfwq rdkif;jzifh xdcdkufr_ wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmjcif;onf rdkif;udk wdk;ItoHk;ðyjcif;a=umifh jzpfvmonf[k aocsmwyftyfrajymEdkifyg? odk@aomfvnf;

a'wm owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ydkIaumif;rGefpGm ay;ydk@vmEdkifaoma=umifh/ odk@r[kwf jynfwGif;Y aexdkifolrsm; a&$@ajymif;oGm;vmr_ wdk;vmaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?

25 Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@xHrS pkaqmif;&&Sdonf?26 vlxdawG@v#if aygufuGJapaom tdkiftD;'D (IED) qdkonfrSm xdawG@v#if/ odk@r[kwf vl&Sdaev#if/ odk@r[kwf tem;a&mufvmv#if aygufuGJapaom ypPnf;jzpfI

vlowfrdkif;[k owfrSwfEdkifonf? ‚if;udk rdkif;wm;jrpfa&;pmcsKyf (EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf) wGif wm;jrpfxm;onf? trdef@ay; cvkwfESdyfrS aygufuGJapaomtdkiftD;'D (IED) qdkonfrSm toHk;ðyolu rnfonfhtcsdefwGif aygufuGJaprnfudk qHk;jzwfonf? ‚if;udkrl pmcsKyfwGif wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? odk@aomfvnf;Tvufeufrsm; toHk;ðyr_onf &Hzef&HcgwGif EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_ Oya'udk csKd;azmuf&ma&mufygonf? txl;ojzifh t&yfom;rsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;wdkufcdkufonfh tajctaersKd;wGif jzpfonf? trdef@ay; cvkwfESdyfI&aom AHk;rsm;ESifh (tdkiftD;'D) rsm;udkvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh owif;rD'D,mrsm;/ ppfwyfrsm;/tpdk;&rsm;u “ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;” [kyif ac:a0:oHk;pGJ azmfjy=uonf?ICBL,http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Universal/MBT/Non-State-Armed-Groups, accessed 8th December 2010.

16

tpdk;&wyfESifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u toHk;ðyae=uonfhtjyif/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;uvnf;pD;yGm;a&; &nf&G,fcsufESifh toHk;ðyae=uygonf?

27 aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;uvnf; umuG,fay;r_AsL[mt& vnf;aumif;/ cdk;qdk;

vk,ufr_rsm;rS umuG,f&efvnf;aumif; toHk;ðyae=uygonf?

xdcdkufepfemae&aom a'orsm;xdcdkufepfemae&aom a'orsm;xdcdkufepfemae&aom a'orsm;xdcdkufepfemae&aom a'orsm;xdcdkufepfemae&aom a'orsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif òrd@e,f (325)ck &Sdonfhteuf (34) ck (10² 5µ) wGif rdkif;'%foifhcHae&ygonf?28 Tòrd@e,frsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;

vlenf;pkrsm; t"du aexdkif=uonfh a'orsm;wGif wnf&Sdaeygonf? trsm;pkrSm xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf uyfvsufwnf&Sdonf?tcsKd@aom b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH/ w¶kwfEdkifiHESifh e,fpyfuyfvsuf òrd@e,frsm;rSmvnf; rdkif;'%foifhcHae&ygonf? (azmfjyyg yHk-1udk =unfhyg?) Ta'orsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm; jzpf+yD;/ awmxlxyfonf? tajccHtaqmuftOD;vnf; enf;yg;ygonf?(o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;twGufudk a&vrf;/ ajcoGm;vrf;wdk@udkom tm;xm;ae=u&onf?)

Tòrd@e,fwpfckcsif;pD. vlOD;a&yrm%udk twdtus &&dSEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg? odk@twGufa=umifh ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrdkif;'%f oifhxdcdkufepfemae&ol vlOD;a&udk azmfjycef@rSef;&mY ukvor*~ pm;eyf&duQmESifh pdkufysKd;a&;tzGJ@ (UNFAO) vlOD;a&pm&if;udkom tajcðyazmfjy&ygonf? vlOD;a& (50²2) oef;&Sd&m/

29 (10² 5µ)aom òrd@e,frsm;wGif rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfemae=u&

onfhtwGuf tcsKd;uswGufcsufv#if cef@rSef;vlOD;a& (5 ²2) oef;onf rdkif;'%foifh xdcdkufepfemae&onfh òrd@e,frsm;wGifaexdkifae=uygonf?

30 odk@aomfvnf; vufawG@taexm;wGifrl rdkif;'%foifhI xdcdkufepfemae&aom òrd@e,frsm;wGif aexdkifae

=uol vlOD;a&onf tenf;i,fr# Txufavsmhenf;Edkifygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pDrHcef@cGJr_pepf (MIMU) . ajryHkt&wpfpwk&ef;uDvdkrDwmwGif aexdkifolusJyg;a=umif; azmfjyxm;+yD;/ rdkif;'%fuif;&Sif;aom a'orsm;wGif vlaexlxyfygonf?

31

&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzG J @tpnf;rsm;/ Ed ki fiHwum tJef*s Dtd krsm;ud k awG@qH kar;jref;r_rsm;t&ESif h tzG J @tpnf;tcsK d @.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t& 2007 ckESpf rwdkifrDu/ csif;jynfe,fESifh ucsifjynfe,f&Sd òrd@e,frsm; tygt0if tjcm;aom òrd@e,frsm;wGifvnf; rdkif;rsm;&Sdaeonf[k ouFmruif; jzpf&onf? rdkif;ESifh rawmfwqr_rsm; &SdcJhonf[k azmfjy=uonf? Tòrd@e,frsm;udkrljrefrmEdkifiH owif;pDrHcef@cGJr_pepf (MIMU) . ajrjrKyfrdkif;tE W&m,f&SdaeqJ òrd@e,frsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg? 32

27 v_yf&Sm;aeoltrsKd;rsKd;wGif rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwfvkyfaeolrsm;/ a&mif;0,f ukeful;aeolrsm;/ arSmifcdkxkwfaeolrsm;vnf; yg0if+yD; ajrjrKyf rdkif;udk toHk;ðyae=uonf?Todk@ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsKd;udk olwdk@. xl;jcm;csufudkvdkufI “pD;yGm;jzpf rdkif;rsm;” [k ac:qdk=uonf?

28 ICBL Landmine Monitor reporting on Burma/Myanmar since January 2007 and Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) map dated

15 June 2010 “Townships with Known Hazard of Antipersonnel Mines” available at

http://themimu.info/MapsInfo/Hazard/MIMU195v02_Myanmar_Antipersonnel_Mine_(Bilingual)_100615_A4.pdf29 UNFAO. 2009. The size of Burma/Myanmar’s population is 50,200,000. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.asp?lang=en&iso3=MMR

30ICBL Landmine Monitor reporting on Burma/myanmar since January 2007 and Myanmar information in MIMU map dated 15 June 2010

31Based on DCA Mine Action assumption on the map dated 15 June 2010 “Townships with Known Hazard of Antipersonnel Mines

“available at http://themimu.info/MapsInfo/Hazard/MIMU195v02_Myanmar_Antipersonnel_Mine_(Bilingual)_100615_A4.pdf and the

map entitled “Estimated Population Density 2000 with Townships and Urban Areas” accessed 8 December 2010 at

http://www.themimu.info/MapsInfo/Population/MIMU002_EstPop2000_A3.pdf3 2 2007 ckESpfrwdkifrD owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf òrd@e,ftqifhwGif r&&SdEdkifjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf? (wdkif;ESifh jynfe,ftqifhwGifom &SdaeEdkifonf?) odk@r[kwf

EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ajryHkxkwf&mtqifhwGif rdkif;tE W&m,fwnf&Sdaer_udk xnfhoGif;azmfjy&avmufatmif rjynfhpHkonfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf?

17

Disclaimer: The names shown and the boundaries used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. rSwfcsuf/ þajryHkay:&Sd trnfrsm;ESifh e,ferdwfrsm;onf ukvor*¾rS w&m;0iftwnfjyKvufcHxm;onf[k t"dyÜg,fraumuf,l&/

yHk-1? vlowfrdkif;rsm; tE W&m,f&Sdaeonf[k od&Sdxm;aom òrd@e,frsm;

18

KACHIN STATE

SAGAING DIVISION

CHIN STATE

SHAN STATE (NORTH)

SHAN STATE (SOUTH)

MAGWAY DIVISION

KAYIN STATE

SHAN STATE (EAST)

KAYAH STATE

RAKHINE STATE

MANDALAY DIVISION

TANINTHARYI

DIVISION

AYEYARWADY DIVISION

BAGO DIVISION

(EAST)

BAGO DIVISION

(WEST)

YANGON DIVISION

MON STATE

79

61

75

278

93

184 72

78

91

74

66

68

76

183

81

59

67

201

162

272

89

1

222

60

56

63

57

80

263

95

65

229

6

271

219

249

223

225

236

77

194

62

70

178

257

234

196

69

94

244

31

233

18

188

40

27

261

280

232

90

96

73

216

55

177

180

268

203 64

204

71

195

226

270

35

197

246189

88

262

58

247

254

264

34

47

98

168

255

250

239

217

5

37

82

186

253

146

48

224

193

220

92

109

17

259

87

23

161

9

148

190

114

85102

103

211

8

240

111

2

164

106

115

16

187

256

151

127

20

42

84

116

279

218

251

125

141

33

241

86

273

14

163

7

277

202

228

149

191

150

112

238

260

105

28

3

126

266

252

210

243

12

221

152

101

166

318

142

167

24

185

269

83

104

15

52

29

100

25

274

113

46

137

13

214

294

209

212

227

97

208

179

143

99

39

19

160

108

41

135

248

139

205

258

118

245

26

50

265

173

230

22

128

11

154

132

174

169

107

136

32

38

192

171

120

213

117

181

131

276

242

134

207

133

324

158

36

155

130

206

43

323

138

44

145

215

157

200182

235

198

237

170

30

21 4

45

110

51 53

119

147

49

159

275

267

303

10

300

301

165

199

296

54

321

299

144

295

172

153

175

231

121

308

176

289293

156

288

290

122

284

MYANMAR

Estimated Population Density 2000

with Townships & Urban Areas

1:5,500,000

2007, Map prepared by the IASC Information Management Unit (MMR001, Estpop_2000.pdf)

1

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

1415

16

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

27

28

2930

3132

3334

353637383940

4142434445464748495051525354

555657585960616263

646566676869707172737475767778798081

828384

85868788

89909192939495

9697

9899

100101

102103

104105

106107

108109

110111112

113114

115116

117118

119120

Bogale

DanubyuDedaye

EinmeHinthada

IngapuKangyidaunt

KyaiklatKyangin

KyaunggonKyonpyaw

LabuttaLemyethna

MaubinMawlamyinegyun

Myanaung

MyaungmyaNgapudaw

NyaungdonPantanaw

PatheinPyapon

ThabaungWakema

YegyiZalun

Bago

Daik-U

KawaKyaukkyi

KyauktagaNyaunglebin

OktwinPhyu

ShwegyinTantabinTaungooThanatpinWawYedashe

GyobingaukLetpadanMinhlaMonyoNattalinOkphoPadaungPauk KaungPaungdePyayShwedaungThayarwadyThegonZigon

FalamHakhaHtantlangKanpetletMadupiMindatPaletwaTiddimTonzang

BhamoChipwiHpakanInjangyangKawnglanghpuMachanbawMansiMogaungMohnyinMomaukMyitkyinaNogmungPuta-OShweguSumprabumTanaiTsawlawWaingmaw

Bawlakhe

DemosoHpasawngHprusoLoikaw

MeseShadaw

Hlaingbwe

Hpa-AnHpapun

KawkareikKyain Seikgyi

MyawaddyThandaung

AunglanChaukGangawKammaMagwayMinbuMindonMinhlaMyaingMyothitNatmaukNgapePakokkuPaukPwintbyu

SalinSaw

SeikphyuSidoktayaSinbaungweTaungdwingyiThayetTilinYenangyaungYesagyo

Ayeyarwady Division

Bago East Division

Bago West Division

Chin State

Kachin State

Kayah State

Kayin State

Magway Division

227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244

245246247248249

250251252253254

255256

257258

259260

261262

263264

265266

267268

269270

271272273274275276

277278

279280

Shan State (North)

Shan State (South)

Tanintharyi Division

HopangHseniHsipawKonkyanKunlongKutkaiKyuakmeLashioLaukkaingMabeinMantonMongmaoMongmitMongyaiMuseNamhsanNamphanNamtu

NanhkanNawnghkioPangsangPangwaunTangyan

HopongHsihsengKalawKunhingKyethi

LaihkaLangkho

LawksawkLoilen

MawkmaiMonghsu

MongkaungMongnai

MongpanNansang

NyaungshwePekon

PindayaPinlaung

TaunggyiYwangan

BokpyinDawei

KawthoungKyunsu

LaunglonMyeik

PalawTanintharyi

ThayetchaungYebyu

281282283284285

286287288289

290291

292293

294295

296297298299300301302303304305306307308309

310311

312313

314315

316317

318319320321322323324

325

AhloneBahanBotahtaungCocokyunDagon

Dagon Myothit(East)Dagon Myothit(North)Dagon Myothit(SeikkanDagon Myothit(South)

DalaDawbon

HlaingHlaingtharya

HleguHmawbi

HtantabinInseinKamaryutKawhmuKayanKungyangonKyauktadaKyauktanKyeemyindaingLanmadawLathaMayangoneMingaladonMingalartaungnyunt

North OkkalapaPabedan

PazundaungSanchaung

SeikgyikanaungtoSeikkan

ShwepyitharSouth Okkalapa

TaikkyiTamweThaketaThanlyinThingangkuunThongwaTwantay

Yankin

Yangon Division

Sagaing Division

Shan State (East)

121

122123

124125

126127

128129

130131

132133

134135

136

137138

139140141142143144145146147148149150151

152153154155156157158159160161

162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178

179180181182183184185186187188189190

191192193194195196197198199200201202203204

205206

207208

209210

211212

213214

215

216217

218219220

221222

223224

225226

Mandalay Division

Mon State

Rakhine State

Amarapura

AungmyaythazanChanayethazan

ChanmyathaziKyaukpadaung

KyaukseLewe

MadayaMahaaungmyay

MahlaingMeiktila

MogokeMyingyan

MyitthaNatogyi

Ngazun

Nyaung-UPatheingyi

PyawbwePyigyitagonPyinmanaPyinoolwinSinguSintgaingTada-UTatkonTaungthaThabeikkyinThaziWundwinYamethin

BilinChaungzonKyaikmarawKyaiktoMawlamyineMudonPaungThanbyuzayatThatonYe

AnnButhidaungGwaKyaukpyuKyauktawMaungdawMinbyaMrauk-UMunaungMyebonPauktawPonnagyunRamreeRathedaungSittweThandweToungup

AyadawBanmaukBudalinChaung-UHkamtiHomalinIndawKale

KalewakanbaluKaniKatha

KawlinKhin-UKyunhla

LaheLay Shi

MawlaikMingin

MonywaMyaung

MyinmuNanyun

PalePaungbyin

PinlebuSagaingSalingyiShweboTabayinTamuTazeTigyaingWetletWunthoYe-UYinmabin

KengtungMatmanMonghpyak

MonghsatMongkhet

MonglaMongpingMongtonMongyangMongyawngTachileik

Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)Center for International Earth Science Information Network(CIESIN) Columbia University, Global Population of the World 3using "The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, 1983Population Census, Ministry of Home and Religious Affairs, Immigration and Manpower Department, October 1987."

"Although the State (administrative 1 level) population data for 1985and 1990-1997 were based on the 1983 census, the 1983 census was not directly used for computing growth rates. It is believed thatartifically high rates are produced when the 1983 census is incorporated into the calculations. This is partially because the state of Kawthulei (Karen) had a population that doubled from 1983(633,000) to 1985 (1,109,000), but from 1985 the increase in population is gradual. Also, it was reported that there wereapproximately 1,183,005 persons residing in inaccessible areas during the 1983 census, Kawthulei may have been one of theseareas. Thus growth rate at level 1 from 1985 to 1997 were applied to 1983 level 2 (township) population to estimate 1990, 1995 and 2000."

Source:

Note:

Last Year of Reference

NSO-Based Estimated Population, 1990 ('000)



UN FAO adjusted Population, 1990 ('000)



1997

38,942

42,770

46,979

40,517

44,352

47,749

National Population Estimates

Urban Areas

Estimated Population 2000

density-per square kilometer

High : 40,404 people per km2

Low : 83 people per km2

States/Divisions

Townships

yHk-2? cef@rSef; vlOD;a& odyfonf;r_ (2000)ckESpf ESifh òrd@e,frsm;/ òrd@jya'orsm;

19

&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& rdkif;tE W&m,f&Sdonf[k ouFmruif;&onfhae&m (166)ck &Sdygonf? Tae&m (16)ckrSm &Srf;jynfe,fwGif &Sdygonf? (ae&mtm;vHk;wGif rdkif;axmifxm;onf?) usefonfh(rdkif;rsm; &Sdaeonfh oHo,&Sdonfh (134) ae&mESifh raygufuGJao;onfh ,rf;ypPnf;rsm; &Sdaeonfh ae&m 16-ck) ae&mrsm;rSmu&ifjynfe,f/ yJcl;wdkif; tcsKd@a'orsm;/ rGefjynfe,fwdk@wGif &Sdae=uygonf? TtpD&ifcHpmwGif rdkif;tE W&m,f oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdonfh cef@rSef;ae&m yrm%udkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; tawG@tñuHt& Todk@udpPrsKd;udkenf;ynm ru|rf;usifolrsm;u ppfwrf;aumuf,l&mY rdkif;oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdonfh ae&mrsm;udk ydkvGefI cef@rSef;azmfjyxm;wwfonfudk awG@&wwfaoma=umifh/ ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? tu,fI enf;ynmu|rf;usifoljzifh 'kwd,t}udrf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ aqmif&GufEdkifrSomv#if rdkif; xlajympGm&Sdaeonfh ae&mrsm;udk aocsmwGufqEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

xdcdkufepfemae&aom &yf&Gm vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;xdcdkufepfemae&aom &yf&Gm vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;xdcdkufepfemae&aom &yf&Gm vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;xdcdkufepfemae&aom &yf&Gm vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;xdcdkufepfemae&aom &yf&Gm vlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;'%fa=umifh rnfr#twdkif;twmtxd vlr_a&;-pD;yGm;a&;t& qdk;usKd;oufa&mufae&onfudk a'wm owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tjynfhtpHk r&&Sdyg? odk@aomfvnf; &&Sdxm;or#aom tuef@towfjzifh owif;tcsuftvufudk toHk;ðyI&yf&Gmvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay:wGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&yHkudk “wdkuf¶dkuf xdcdkufepfemapr_” ¶_axmifhrS aomfvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf “EdkifiHa&;t& oufa&mufr_” ¶_axmifhrSaomf vnf;aumif; avhvm=unfhEdkifygonf?

“wdkuf¶dkufxdcdkufepfemapr_” ¶_axmifhrS =unfhonfqdk&mY vlxktrsm;tjrifzufrS =unfhjcif;jzpfygonf? rdkif;rsm;a=umifh pdkufysKd;csdef/ &dwfodrf;csdefrsm;wGif olwdk@. v,f,mrsm;odk@ roGm;Edkif=uawmhonfhtjyif/ jzpfaeonfh vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifhvltrsm; xGufajy;=u&csdefY touftE W&m,fyg &Sdapygonf? xdk@tjyif awmawmifudk jzwfI ay:wmxrf;&&mY vnf;aumif;/tajctae at;aq;I rdrd&yf&Gmjyefvm&mwGifaomf vnf;aumif; touftE W&m,f&Sdapygonf?

33 &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@

tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpf (owif;tcsuftvuf) rsm;Y rdkif;'%foifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh v,form;rsm;jzpfaeI tpm;tpmvHkðcHa&;tay: rsm;pGm oufa&mufr_&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? rdkif;'%foifhcHxm;&olu v,fxJuGif;xJtvkyfvkyf&mY ,cifuxuf ydkI av#mhenf;+yD;om vkyfudkifEdkifygawmhonf? xdk@tjyif rdom;pktay:ESifh &yf&Gmtay:wGifrvdkvm;tyfonfh/ tydk0efxkyf0efyd k; jzpfapygonf? rd kif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;ynmay;r_twGuf ppfwrf;aumuf,lavhvmolrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuft& rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm;onf olwdk@ v,fxJuGif;xJ qif;I &yf&Gmvkyfief;. wpfpdwfwydkif;tjzpf tvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhaoma=umifh &Sufonf[k ajymqdk=ua=umif; od&onf?34 rdkif;'%foifh&olESifh ol.rdom;pktay:pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&m 0efxkyf0efydk;ESifh ¶dk;&mtpGJwpfcka=umifhvnf; ydkIqdk;&Gm;aponf? T¶dk;&mtpGJrSm rdkif;'%foifh&olonfol@bmom rdkif;eif;rdI tE W&m,f&Sdjcif;r[kwfbJ/ tcsKd@u ‘usifh0wfazmufjyefI jypf'%fcwfcH&onf’[k jrif=uonf? ,ciftwdwfb0u raumif;aom jypfr_usL;vGefaoma=umifh bmoma&;t&/ usifh0wft& uH0ÉfaºuG;udk cH&onf/ odk@r[kwf,ckb0wGif wpfckck trSm;vkyfrdI Todk@jypf'%fcH&onf[k jrif=uonf?

35

pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;a&m/ e,fpyfa'orsm; teD;wGifyg aexdkif=uol &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;u ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyjcif;udk ‘t"dujy\em’ tjzpf xifjrif=uovdk/ wpfpHkw&m tumtuG,f[kvnf; ,lq=uonf? (odk@aomfvnf;t&yfom;xdcdkufr_ tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdapygonf?) xdkif;-jrefrm e,fpyfwav#muf ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;!Gef@aygif;tzGJ@}uD;

3 3 ppfwyftwGuf t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk twif;tusyf qifhac:I rdkif;rsm; xlajymonfh a'orsm;wGif ypPnf;rsm;/ 0efrsm; o,faqmif&ef cdkif;apwwfonf?Todk@ qifhac:onfudk ay:wGJqGJonf[k ac:onf?

34 2010 ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif (MRE) udpP ppfwrf;aumuf,l avhvmonfhtzGJ@acgif;aqmifESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf?35 2010 ckESpf/ ZGefv (14) &ufwGif (MRE)udpP aqmif&Gufol &yf&GmtzGJ@tpnf; nd‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf?

20

(wDbDbDpD). 2009 ckESpf jynfwGif;'kuQonfta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmwGif &yf&Gmvlxk vHkðcHa&;twGuf t"du+cdrf;ajcmufr_tjzpfppfwyf. vSnfhuif;ppfa=umif;rsm;ESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;[k tdrfaxmufpk ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ ajz=um;ol (40µ) u azmfjy=uygonf?

36 2007 ckESpf pm&if;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#if 29µ wdk;rsm;vmjcif; jzpfygonf? 2007 ESifh 2009 ckESpf ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;wGif

tjcm;aom +cdrf;ajcmufr_jy\emrsm;u Tr#twdkif;twmtxd r}uD;ae=uyg? odk@aomfvnf; u&if&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckrS 0efxrf;wpfOD;u ajymjy&mwGif “ ajrjrKyfrdkif;awG[m usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufvmr,fholawGtwGuf twm;tqD;=um;cHjzpfygw,f? ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh &yf&GmxJu aoqHk;&wJholvnf; ydkvdk@enf;ygw,f? ajrjrKyfrdkif;awGom r&Sd&if (tpdk;&ESifhr[mrdwfðyxm;onfh ppfwyfzGJ@rsm;) owfjzwfwma=umifh ydkvdk@aoqHk;&rSmyg? “ [k qdkygonf?

37

typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;ESifh twdkuftcdkuf ydkenf;onfh a'orsm;wGifrl t&yfom;jynfolrsm;onf ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ESifhywfoufI onf;nnf;cHEdkifonfhpdwf ydkIenf;ygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orS &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;0ifwpfOD;uajymjy&mwGif “weoFm&Dwdkif;rSm&SdaewJh t&yfom; b,folwpfOD;urS ajrjrKyfrdkif;awGudk olwdk@udk umuG,fr_ay;wJht&mvdk@,lq=uw,fvdk@ usaemf rxifygbl;” [k qdkcJhonf?

38 Todk@ azmfjy=uonfhtwdkif; t&yfom; vlxkrsm;t=um;wGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;

rsm;onf umuG,fr_ay;a&; ypPnf;ud&d,mwpfckavm- [kwf/ r[kwfqdkonfudk txiftjriftrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;ae=uygonf?xdk@tjyif ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyjcif;ESifh ywfoufI umuG,fr_ay; a&;qdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm;teuf wpfcktjzpf toHk;csae=uyHkudk“yÉdyuQESifh &Sifoef&yfwnfr_? jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S @awmifydkif;wGif rdrdbmomumuG,fckcHa&;” (csmorfa[mufpf) tpD&ifcHpm

39

ESifh “zdtm;rsm;atmufY rdrdbmom umuG,fa&;/ u&if jynfe,f ajrmufydkif;a'owGif t&yfom;rsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;wdkufcdkufaejcif;ESifh a'ocHrsm;. wkH@jyefr_” (KHRG) ponfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif awG@&Sd&onf?

40

wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pk (tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;)ESifh jrefrmppftpdk;&t=um; rcdkifjrJvSonfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsuf &,lEdkifcJhaoma'orsm; (jrefrmEdkifiH. ajrmufydkif;ESifh taemufydkif;) wGifrl awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t& a&m/&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. a'wmabhpf (owif;tcsuftvufrsm;)t&yg rd kif;a=umifh xdcd kuf'%f&m &r_av#mhusoGm;onfudk awG@&ygonf? Todk@ rkdif;a=umifh xdcdkufr_ av#mhusoGm;&jcif;onf wpfpdwfwydkif;wGif tdrfvkyf rdkif;rsm;odk@r[kwf tdkiftD;'Drsm; oufwrf;ukefqHk;oGm;jcif; a=umifh[k qdkEdkifonf? puf¶Hkxkwf rdkif;rsm;onf olwdk@. aygufuGJr_tpGrf;udkq,fpkESpfrsm;pGm=um xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif=u aomfvnf; tdrfvkyfrd kif;rsm;rSmrl axmifxm;+yD;onfhumvrS (6)vr#omcHwwfygonf? 41 odk@aomfvnf; ('DpDat) tzGJ@ESifh rdkif;qdkif&m t=uHay;tzGJ@ (MAG)

42 wdk@ tqdkt& (6)v=um+yD; aemufwGif

'Dwdkaewm aygufuGJap&ef tvkyfrvkyfawmh[k qdkonfhwdkif Trdkif;onf tjcm;tajctaewpfckatmufwGif aygufuGJEdkifygao;onf? tyla=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ yGwfwdkufr_a=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ aygufuGJ,rf;rsm; "mwfajymif;(Crystallisation) aoma=umifh vnf;aumif; "mwfzGJ@pnf;r_ rwnf+idrfjzpfvm+yD; aygufuGJEdkifygao;onf?43 tcsKyfqdk&v#iftpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm; toHk;rðy=uawmhonfhwdkif/ TypPnf;rsm;a=umifh aemufxyf rawmfwqxdcdkufr_tE W&m,frsm; vHk;0csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yD[k rqdkEdkifyg? xdk@tjyif rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&ol ta&twGuf usqif;oGm;&

36 Thailand Burma Border Consortium, November 2009. www.tbbc.org37

2010 ckESpf/ ZGefv (12) &ufwGif xdkif;EdkifiHY &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf?38 Ibid.39 Conflict and Survival : Self-protection in south-east Burma, Chatham House, September 2010. The full report is available at

http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files

17343_0910pp_burma_es.pdf40 “Self-protection under strain: Targeting of civilians and local responses in northern Karen (Kayin) State”, Karen Human Rights Group,

August 2010. The report is available at http://www.khrg.org/khrg2010/khrg100441 awG@qHkar;jref;cJhonfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tqdkt&/ tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;wGif aygufuGJaprnfh 'Dwdkaewmudk pGrf;tifay;&eftwGuf w¶kwfEdkifiHvkyfaps;aygaom atat-"mwfcJrsm;udk toHk;ðy=uonf? awmxJwGif ESpf0ufcef@=um+yD;aemufwGif aygufuGJap&ef rD;yGifhay;EdkifaomtpGrf; r&Sdawmhyg?42 rdkif;qdkif&m t=uHay;tzGJ@ (MAG) qdkonfrSm +AdwdefEdkifiH tajcpdkuf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_ tJef*sDtdk tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfygonf?(www.maginternational.org)43 According to MAG briefing document “Residual hazards of improvised landmines” prepared specifically for Geneva Call, and to DCA

Mine Action Technical Adviser field visit.

21

jcif;onf typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;wGif vlrsm; a&$ @ajymif;aexdkifr_ usqif;oGm;+yD;/ wdkufyGJrsm;a=umifh vlrsm;xGufajy;aep&m rvdktyfawmhonfhtwGufa=umifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf?xdk@tjyif typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'o&Sd vlxkrsm;u tE W&m,f&Sdaeonf[k od&Sdxm;onfh a'orsm;udkvnf; a&SmifuGif;oGm;vmEdkif=uygonf? Tae&mwGif tE W&m,f&Sdaeonf[k &yf&Gmu todtrSwfðyxm;r_ raysmufrcsif;/ aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;urarhav#mhrcsif; umvwpfpHkw&mwdkif roGm;=uawmh&m/TtwGufa=umifh xdcdkufr_enf;jcif;vnf; trSefjzpfygonf?odk@r[kwfygu ajrjyifay:wGif wpfpHkw&m ajymif;vJoGm;ygu/odk@r[kwf olwdk@. &Sifoef&yfwnfa&;twGuf r0ifrae&xdka'owGif; 0ifa&muf&rnfqdkygu tE W&m,f&SdEdkifygonf?

“EdkifiHa&;t& oufa&mufr_” ¶_axmifhrS =unfhrnfqdkv#ifjrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;-ppfa&; tajctaeudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm a&;om;aecsdefwGif jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;t=um; yÉdyuQav#mhusqif;oGm;p&mta=umif; a&wdkumvwGif rawG@&yg?xdk@tjyif TtcsufESifhqef@usifI ydkwdk;vmzG,fyif &Sdaeygonf?1990 ckESpfrsm;u typftcwf&yfpJxm;=uonfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tcsKd@aom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJrsm;yif jyefIjzpfvmygonf? typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnD=uonfh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm; (NSAs)/ (tiftm;tawmifhwif;qHk;tzGJ@rsm; tygt0if) u e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf toGifajymif;zGJ@pnf;&ef tpdk;&. awmif;qdkcsufudk jiif;y,faecJh=uygonf?44

Todk@ ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;+yD;ygu tpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ (wyfrawmf) . xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif xm;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? Tjy\emudk zdtm;ay; aqmif&Gufvmaoma=umifh&efvdkwdkufcdkufr_topfrsm;vnf; jyefIpwifvmzG,f &Sdaeonf? jrefrmEdkifiH taetxm;wGifrl tawG@tñuHrsm;t&vufeufudkifwdkufyGJtopfrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;onf rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ESifh qufpyfae+yD;/ aemufxyf xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_topfrsm;vnf; xGufay:vmzG,f&Sdonf?

2009-2010 ckESpfwGif txl;ojzifh ucsifjynfe,fY (&Srf;jynfe,f tygt0if) tcsKd@aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm; jyefvnfpwif&ef jyifqifr_

rsm; &SdaecJhonf? olwdk@u vlowfrdkif;rsm; csxm;jrKyfESHjcif;/odk@r[kwf rdkif;cif;&eftwGuf jyifqifjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifae=uonf? owif;&if;jrpf (4) ckrS azmfjycsufrsm;t& tenf;qHk;vl (10)OD; (ucsifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf-autdkifat

45 rS 9-OD;ESifh t&yfom; 1-OD;) onf +yD;cJhonfhESpf

twGif; ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; topfaxmifxm;aom rdkif;rsm;a=umifh '%f&m&&SdcJ honf? 46 tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyf(wyfrawmf)uvnf; ppftwGuf jyifqifaeonf? 16-ESpfwmumvtwGif; yxrOD;qHk;t}udrftaeESifh tpdk;&u xdef;csKyfxm;onfh owif;rD'D,mwGif ucsif vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@(autdkiftdk) ESifh vufeufudkifwyf (autdkifat) udk “aomif;usef;ol” [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJvmcJhonf? ,cifu oHk;pGJovdk+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;[k roHk;pGJ=uawmhyg?

47

owif;rD'D,mtzGJ@rsm;. azmfjycsufrsm;t& tjcm;aomtypftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;onfvnf; “aomif;usefolrsm;”tjzpfodk@ jyefIajymif;vJzG,f &Sdaeonf? typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;jzpfonfh ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (KIO)/ rGefjynfopfygwD(NMSP)

48/ &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (ajrmuf) (SSA-N)

ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; rðyxm;&ao;aom u&if trsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk; (KNU)

49/ u&ifeD trsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD

(KNPP)/ csif; trsKd;om;wyfOD; (CNF) wdk@u “zuf'&,fwyfrawmf” xlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcJh=uonf? typftcwf&yfpJxm;aomtzGJ@rS cG JxGufvmonfh wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk; ('DaubDat)

50 uvnf;

4 4 e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@ qdkonfrSm tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;udk tpdk;&vufeufudkif wyf (wyfrawmf) atmufxnfhoGif;zGJ@pnf;ap&ef jzpfygonf?

4 5 ucsifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (autdkiftdk) onf 2010 ckESpfwGife,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf toGifajymif;a&;udk jiif;qefxm;onfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@wpfck jzpfonf?

46 ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; tvkyfvkyfudkifaeonfh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdk0efxrf;wpfOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf (arv / 2010 ckESpf)

4 7 “The Burmese junta described the Kachin Independence Army

(KIA), a cease-fire group which operates on the Sino-Burmese

border, as “insurgents” in state-run-newspapers on Friday,

ceasing to call them a cease-fire group which they have done

since signing a cease-fire agreement with the KIA in 1994" quoted

from The Irrawaddy, October 15, 2010. For the full article, see

http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=197434 8 rGefjynfopfygwDonf 2010 ckESpfwGif e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf toGifajymif;

a&;udk jiif;qefxm;onfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@wpfck jzpfonf?49 u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk; (autJef,l) onf typftcwf&yfpJa&; rðy&

ao;aom tzGJ@wpfck jzpfonf?50 wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk; ('DaubDat)/ u&if

trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (autJef t,fvfat) rS cGJxGufvmonfh tkyfpkwpfck jzpfonf? twGif;wGif acgif;aqmifr_ pkpnf;nD!Gwfr_ r&Sdyg?tcsKd@aom ('DaubDat) rsm;u e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf vufcHtoGifajymif;cJh=uonf?

22

tpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh jyefvnfpwifI wdkufcdkufaeonf? 0jynf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;wyfrawmf (UWSA) uvnf; jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf&ef tvm;tvm&Sdaeonf? 51

aemufqHk;taeESifh “pD;yGm;jzpfrdkif;rsm;” [k ac:qdkae=uonfh (obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwf,l&ef/ a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;twGuf qnfrsm;/ "mwftm;aumif;uifóud;wdkifrsm;/ wHwm; rsm; umuG,fa&;twGuf/ typftcwf&yfpJa&; a'orsm;rSmtygt0if toHk;ðyae=uaom) rdkif;rsm;onf &yf&Gmvlxkrsm; twGuf aemufxyfpdk;&drfylyefzG,f udpPwpf&yf jzpfygonf?“2009ckESpf rSm ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; axmifxm;wJh rdkif;awG[m pD;yGm;a&;udpP awGtwGuf axmifxm;wmcsnf;yJ?” [ktypftcwf&yfpJa&; a'o&Sd &yf&GmtajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rS yk*~dKvfwpfOD;u TtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf okawoeðyaepOfumvYajymygonf? olu typf&yfxm;onfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;udka&m/ typftcwf &yfrxm;onfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;udkyg typfqdkyg onf? olwdk@ obm0&if;jrpf xkwfvkyfr_rS 0ifaiG&ap&ef Todk@ rdkif;rsm; cif;ae=uonf[k pGyfpGJygonf?od k @aomfvnf; Tazmfjy csufud k avhvmoltrsm;pku oabmrwlnD=uyg? tpd k;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uoHk;aomrdkif;rsm;onf olwdk@ wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkjynfolrsm;udk umuG,fay;&eftwGufom rsm;aomtm;jzihf cif;=ua=umif;jiif;qdkajym=um;=uygonf? r=umao;rDumvu ucsifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;a'owGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckuajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;udk olwdk@a'o olwdk@umuG,f&eftwGuf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;xH jzef@jzL;xkwfa0ay;cJhygonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif; toHk;ðyr_ESifhywfoufI topfjzpfay: wdk;wufr_rsm;wGif u|rf;usifr_r&Sdonfh t&yfom;rsm;udk aygufuGJapaom ,rf;ypPnf;rsm;jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;vnf; wpfcktygt0if jzpfygonf? (tcsKd@u Todk@aomrdkif;rsm;a=umifh xdcdkuftemw& &SdapcJha=umif;azmfjy=u+yD;) pdk;&drfzG,f tajctaevnf; jzpfonf?

52

tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; +yD;onfhaemufwGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;udk qufI toHk;ðy=uOD;rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;&m a'orsm;wGif rdkif;jzifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ trsm;tjym; =um;odae&ao;aomfvnf;/ &yfqdkif;vdk[ef r&Sd=uonfhtwGuf vmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;jzifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdr_ wdk;wufrsm;jym;aeOD;rnfyif jzpfygonf?

xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm;xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm;xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm;xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm;xdcdkufepfemae&olrsm;

rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;twGuf wpfEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m pm&if;Z,m;rsm; r&Sday? (ICBL) . ajrjrKyfrdkif; avhvmapmifh=unfha&; 2009 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;csuft& 1999 ckESpfrS 2008 ckESpf=um;wGif xdcdkufr_aygif; (2˜ 325)r_&SdcJh+yD;/ (175) OD; aoqHk;um/ (2˜002) OD; xdcdkuf'%f&m &&SdcJhonf/ (148) OD;. tajctaeudkrl twdtus rod&yg?)tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@ (tdkifpDtmpD) u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajcaxmuf-vufjywf&olrsm;. ta&twGufudk cef@rSef;&mY(12˜000)cef@ &Sdrnf[kqdk+yD;/ trsm;pkrSm ajrjrKyfrdkif;'%foifholrsm; jzpfygonf? 53

&yf&GmtajcðytzGJ@rsm;. rdkif; a'wmabhpfonfvnf; rdkif;'%foifh&ol umu,H&Sifrsm;udk od&SdEdkifaom aemufxyf t&if;tjrpfjzpfygonf? Ta'wmabhpf tcsuftvuf rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf;ESifh xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;wGif; &Sdaeolrdkif;'%foifh&ol vl (850) . tcsuftvufrsm;udk awG@qHkar;jref;I pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? TrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif u&ifjynfe,f/

5 1 “Karen rebels go on offensive in Myanmar”, Asia Times, 16 November 2010. The full article can be viewed at

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LK16Ae02.html

52 See also “Self-protection under strain: Targeting of civilians and local responses in northern Karen (Kayin) State”, Karen Human Rights

Group, August 2010. http://www.khrg.org/khrg2010/khrg1004

5 3 2010 ckESpf/ ZGefv (29) &ufae@wGif &efukefòrd@Y tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@ (ICRC) ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;&mY jrefrmEdkifiH =uufajceDtzGJ@. zm;tHòrd@&Sdajcwkvufwk aq;cef;rsm;xHrS 2008 ckESpfwGif ajcwkvufwk &&Sd=u+yD;olrsm;. (67µ) rSm ajrjrKyfrdkif;'%foifhcH&olrsm; jzpfygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'owGif tjcm; ajcwk-vufwk aq;cef; 2-ck &Sdae+yD;/ olwdk@ ukoay;or#aom vlemrsm;rSm rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm; jzpfygonf?

23

u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;twGif; rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm;. udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifygonf? Ta'orsm;onf ‚if;tzGJ@rsm; oGm;a&mufxdawG@Edkifaom a'orsm;vnf; jzpfygonf? Ta'wmabhpf tcsuftvufrsm;wGif atmufazmfjyyg udpPrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?

• jzpf&yftrsm;pkonf tpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;u axmifaom rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&jcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf;tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u axmifonfh rdkif;rsm;a=umifhvnf; xdcdkuf&r_ ta&twGuf ododomom&Sdygonf?

54 (tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;[k qdk&mwGif tpdk;&udk vdkvm;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;a&m/ qef@usif

aeonfh tiftm;pkrsm;yg yg0ifygonf?)

yHk-3? xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rjzpfyGm;rD tvkyftudkif (rl&if;&yf&Gmtajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rdkif;a'wmabhpf)

yHk- 4? xdcdkuf'%f&m&pOfwGif vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaer_ (rl&if;&yf&Gmtajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rdkif;a'wmabhpf)

5 4 &yf&GmtajcjyKtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. rdkif; a'wmabhpft& (2000-ckESpfrS 2008-ckESpftwGif;) u&ifjynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif;/ yJcl;wdkif; a'otcsKd@ESifh rGefjynfe,fa'otcsKd@wGif rdkif;a=umifh '%f&m&&Sdol (293)OD; yg0ifygonf? '%f&m&olrsm;. (37 µ) u tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;a=umifh '%f&m&&Sdonf[k ajymqdkazmfjy=u+yD;/(25µ) url puf¶Hkxkwfrdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&onf[k qdk=uonf? usef&Sdol (38 µ) url olwdk@ xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdr_onf puf¶Hkxkwfrdkif;a=umifhavm/tdrfvkyfrdkif;a=umifhavm [lonfudk wdwdusus azmfjyEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uyg?

24

• jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'otwGuf a'wmabhpf tcsuftvufrsm;. tenf;qHk; wpf0ufwGif t&yfom;jynfolrsm;udk xdcdkufjcif; jzpfygonf? tjcm;xdcdkuf'%f&m&ol wpf0ufrSm ppfom;rsm; - wdkufcdkufa&;orm;rsm;jzpf+yD; xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ jzpfyGm;pOfwGif ppfa&;wm0ef xrf;aqmifae=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? (azmfjyyg yHk-2 udk=unfhyg?)

• rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&oltrsm;pkrSm t&G,fa&muf+yD; a,mufsm;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ olwdk@u xHk;wrf;pOfvmt&rdkif;tE W&m,fydkrsm;aom 0ef;usifwGif pGef@pm;I vkyfudkif=u&olrsm; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- olwdk@ rodru|rf;aomae&modk@ c&D;oGm;a&muf&jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf?

• ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm;. (35²1) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sda=umif; Ta'wmabhpfuazmfjyaeygonf? tjcm;tE W&m,frsm;aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif c&D;xGufjcif; (24² 0) &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh csufðywf&eftwGuf xif;ckwfjcif; (10² 5) &mcdkifE_ef;/ tpm;taomuf &SmazGjcif; (11² 0) &mcdkifE_ef; (v,f,mvkyfudkifjcif;/ig;zrf;jcif;/ trJvdkufjcif;ESifh wd&dp>mefausmif;jcif;wdk@ tygt0if jzpfonf?) wdk@ yg0ifazmfjyxm;onf?

• tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;&m a'orsm;wGif odomxif&Sm;onfh rdkif;'%f&m&olrsm;rSmuav;ppfom;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,fwGif uav; (2)OD;v#if wpfOD;rSm uav;ppfom;jzpfae+yD;/ u&ifjynfe,fwGifrl uav; (4) OD;v#if wpfOD;rSm uav;ppfom; jzpfaeygonf?

• u&ifjynfe,f/ u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,f. a'otcsKd@ESifh yJcl;wdkif;wdk@wGif rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdr_rsm; 1990 ckESpfrsm; ESpfv,fydkif;rSpI ododomom wdk;wufvmaecJhygonf?

rdkif;&Sif;vif;aepOf xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ jzpfyGm;ygu ydkIjyif;xefpGm cHpm;&onf? ta=umif;rSm rdkif;&Sif;vif;onfholxHwGiftumtuG,f0wfpHk/ 0ef;usifrsm; r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?

Credit : DCA

25

3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;3? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;

2004 ckESpfrSpwifI jrefrmtpdk;&onf ukvor*~/ EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom jyifytiftm;pkrsm;. rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk jiif;y,fxm;cJhygonf? ‚if;umvrwdkifrD ESpfrsm;wGif tm%mydkifrsm;u rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm;twGuf ajcwk vufwkwyfay;aom aq;cef;rsm;/ rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;/ cGifhðyxm;cJh+yD;/ EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdkrsm;uvnf; zGifhxm;ay;onfh TtcGifhtvrf;udk toHk;cscJh=uygonf?55

2009 ckESpfwGif ukvor*~'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;¶Hk; (UNHCR) . umuG,fay;r_qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@ (PWG)

t=uHðycsufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtajcpdkuf ukvor*~rpf&Sif¶Hk;u ajrjrKyfrdkif;qdkif&m tzGJ@i,fudk tpysKd;aqmif&GufcJhonf?Tvkyfief; tzGJ@i,f xlaxmifEdkifr_a=umifh (UNHCR) ESifh jrefrmtpdk;&t=um; ajrjrKyfrdkif;qdkif&m aqG;aEG;ajymqdkr_rsm;&Sdvmonf? odk@aomf 0ef}uD;XmeESifh tjcm;tpdk;&Xme (5)ckESifh qufoG,faqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf;/ rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef Ed kifiHawmf tqifh tm%mydkifrsm;u cGif h ðycsufcsay;jcif; r&S dao;yg? 56 Ed kifiHawmftm%mydkifrsm;xHrSrdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;r_ESifh rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;twGuf cGifhðycsuf&&Sd&ef óud;yrf;aeaom tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSmvnf;,ckwdkif cGif h ðycsuf r&&S d=uao;yg? xdk@tjyif ajrjrKyfrd kif;udpPrSm jrefrmEd kifiH. qdk;&Gm;usqif;aeonfh tjcm;aomvlr_a&;tajctaersm;ESifhtwl tjcm;jy\em rsm;. v$rf;rdk;r_atmufwGif &Sdae=uonf?

cGifhðycsufay;jcif; r&SdonfhtwGufa=umifh vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnDay;onfh udpPrsm;tay: &wufrat;jzpfae&ygonf?odk@twGufa=umifh tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdktzGJ@rsm;u jzpfEdkifonfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk &Sm=uHI xdcdkufepfemae&aomjynfolrsm;xH tultnDay;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfwGif;rS aomfvnf;aumif;/ e,fpyfjzwfausmfI axmufyHhaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; =uHaqmifvkyfudkifae=uygonf? EdkifiHwumrSaeI rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; (txl;ojzifh rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfemcJh&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;twGufESifh rdkif;tE W&m,f av#mhyg;apa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;) twGuf tultnDay;Edkif&eftvm;tvmrSm 2005-2006 ckESpfumvrsm;txd Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if ar#mfvifhzG,f awmufyaecJhygonf? xdktcsdefutjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@ (tdkifpDtmpD) u ajcwkvufwk aq;cef;wpfckudk zGifhvSpfxm;EdkifcJh+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sdtpdk;&ydkifaq;cef; (6)ckodk@ yHhydk;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m tultnDrsm; ay;aecJhygonf? (tdkifpDtmpD) tzGJ@tpnf;taeESifh rdkif;'%foifhI 'kuQa&mufae=uonfh &yf&Gma'otcsKd@xHodk@yif a&S@wef;¶Hk;cGJ (5)ckrSwqifh oGm;a&mufxdawG@EdkifcJhygonf?uGif;qif;ppfwrf; aumuf,lavhvmcsufrsm;tay: tajccHI (tdkifpDtmpD) tzGJ@. rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;udk jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;. cGifhðycsufjzifh jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif pwifaqmif&Gufawmhrnfh tajctaeyif&SdcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; 2005 ckESpfwGif jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;udk cGifhðycsuf¶kyfodrf;cJh+yD;/ 2006 ckESpfwGif (tdkifpDtmpD) tzGJ@. ¶Hk;cGJrsm;udkyg ydwfypfap&ef trdef@ay;cJhygonf? zm;tHòrd@&Sd ajcwkvufwkaq;cef;udk jrefrm=uufajceDtoif;xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJh&ygonf? Taq;cef;wGif ,cktcsdefwdkif ajcwk vufwkrsm; qufvufxkwfvkyfaeqJ jzpfygonf?

55 tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@ (tdkifpDtmpD) onfomv#if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajcwkvufwkrsm; axmufyHhay;ae+yD;/ rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf uGif;qif;ppfaq;r_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifaom EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdk tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfygonf? rdkif;qdkif&m t=uHay;tkyfpk (MAG) uvnf;jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;oifwef;tcsKd@ tuef@towfjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf?

56 yg0ifywfoufaom 0ef}uD;Xmersm;rSm vlr_0efxrf; 0ef}uD;Xme/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ e,fpyfa'ozGH@òzd;a&; ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;zGH@òzd;a&;0ef}uD;Xme (ewv) ESifh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmewdk@ jzpfygonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t& umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeonf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_twGuft"duxm; qufoG,f&rnfhol jzpfygonf?

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2004 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (18) &ufae@wGif tpdk;&twGif; zGJ@pnf;yHktajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh ,ckuJhodk@ jrefrmtpdk;&zufrSoabmxm;rsm; ajymif;vJoGm;cJhjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifp&mta=umif;&Sdygonf? EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ aysmhajymif;onfh oabmxm;&Sdol[k xifjrif,lq=uaom/ 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udk ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uxkwfy,fcJhonf? (etz) ppftpdk;&. 'k-OuUX 'k-AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;u tJef*sDtdkrsm;tay:wGif oabmxm;wif;rmonf/&efvdkonf[k ,lq&+yD;/ wif;usyfpGm uef@owftkyfcsKyfvdkonhf oabm&Sdygonf? 2005 ckESpfrSpI rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;tiftm;wdrf;yg; usqif;vmcJh&+yD;/ wzufwGifvnf; tpdk;&u EdkifiHtwGif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\emudk todtrSwfðy ajz&Sif;&efjiif;y,faer_udk xif[yfazmfjyaeygonf? vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vHk; “Oya'abmiftwGif;” a&mufvmrS/wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&; &&SdvmrSom jzpfEdkifajc &Sdaeygawmhonf? 57

odk@twGufa=umifh EdkifiHwumrS 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufolrsm;rSm vkyfief;taumiftxnfazmfr_ tusyftwnf;ESifh ñuHawG@&ygonf? wzufwGif jrefrmEdkifiHu ‚if;tay: '%fcwfydwfqdk@xm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;rSvm+yD;/ EdkifiHtwGif; tajcðyxm;onfh EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS tultnDrsm;udk rvdkcsifhvdkcsifESifh vufcH&,laeonf? TonfrSm wzufwGif pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfydwfqdk@r_jy\emESifh oufqdkifae+yD;/ wzufwGifvnf; “wyfrawmf tpOftvmt&” tpdk;&u csOf;uyfðyrl aqmif&GufyHkrsm;ESifhvnf; oufqdkifaeygonf? &efukefòrd@wGif awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t& tpdk;&u wyfrawmfudk ppfwyfzGJ@wpfckxufydkI t&mxm;ae+yD;/ ‚if;udk vltrsm;u apwemh0efxrf;pdwfjzifh wm0efxrf;ae=uonfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcktjzpf ,lqonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh-obm0uyfab;rsm; ñuHawG@&mwGif vlrsm;udk ulnDu,fq,fay;r_rsKd; aqmif&Gufonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;vnf;jzpfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;xHrS tultnDrsm;onf tðyoabm jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;xuf/ +cdrf;ajcmufr_wpfck[kxifjrif,lqaeonf? jyifyrSvmonfh tultnDrsm;udk wyfrawmfrS ulnDay;onfxuf omvGefonfh tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf xifjrif,lqoGm;rnfudk tpdk;&u pdk;&drfpdwfuJaejcif; jzpfonf? tcsKyfqdk&aomf EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;urdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh tajctaerSm rsm;pGmtuef@towf &Sdae+yD;/ jynfwGif;rSaeI vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufae&onfh taetxm;wGif rdkif;rsm;'%foifhae&aom jynfolvlxkESifh a'orsm;odk@ ra&muf&SdEdkifbJ jzpfae=uonf? tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm;xHodk@ EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdkrsm;/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHjcm;&if;jrpfrsm;rSay;aom e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDrsm;udk a&muf&Sd&avatmif EdkifiH.ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;wGif aqmifusOf;ay;Edkif=uonf? usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfpOf;pm;rnfqdkygu e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_onf tvkyfjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; vkyfief;rsm;wGif jzpfonf?xdk@tjyif rdkif;rsm;&Sdaeonf[k ouFmruif;jzpf&aom òrd@e,frsm;rSmvnf; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh uyfvsuf e,fpyfa'orsm;wGifwnf&Sdae=uonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onfom rdkif;'%foifh&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;xH axmufyHhay;Edkifrnfh trSefwu,f enf;vrf;rsm; jzpfaeaomfvnf;/ e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_ESifh ywfoufI atmufazmfjyyg tuef@towfrsm;/ jy\emrsm;vnf;ñuHawG@ae&ao;onf?

• qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm;a=umifh oGm;a&mufxdawG@&r_ tcuftcJ&Sdaeum/ odk@twGufa=umifh&Hzef&HcgwGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;. vufeufudkif tapmifhta&Smufrsm; vdkufay;&ef vdktyfaeonf?Todk@qdkv#if a&muf&SdtusKd;&Sdrnfh jynfolvlxkrsm;tay:wGif oufa&mufr_&Sdaeygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm ‚if;tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;u vdkvm;onfh jynfolvlxkrsm;om tusKd;&v'f &&Sd=urnfjzpfonf? 58

57 (ICBL) . okawoend‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;ESifh 2010 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif awG@qHkar;jref;r_?58 csmorfa[mufpf (The Chatham House) . tpD&ifcHpm Conflict and Survival: Self-protection in south-east Burma wGif e,fpyfjzwfausmfI

aqmif&Guf&aom vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh jy\em pdwfac:csufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/17343_0910pp_burma_es.pdf

27

• typftcwf&yfpJa&; ðyvkyfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xdef;csKyf&ma'orsm;wGif e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;ae=uonfh &yf&GmtajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm; 2006 ckESpfrSpwifI ta&twGuf usqif;vmygonf? txl;ojzifh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif txl;ydkI usqif;av#mhenf;vmygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- u&ifjynfe,fwGif wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ('DaubDat) u e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_rsm;udkydkIwif;usyfae+yD;/ xdkolrsm;u rlvu tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkwpfckjzpfonfh u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk;(autJef,l) . e,fajrrsm;udk wdk;I xdef;csKyfvmaeygonf? (autJef,l) tzGJ@u e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDrsm;udkydkIvufcHvdkpdwf &Sdygonf? 59

• ukvor*~/ Oa&myor*~ ESifh tvSL&SifEdkifiHtrsm;pku jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odk@ tpdk;&&efyHkaiGrsm;udk e,fpyfjzwfausmfItultnDay;r_rsm;udk cGifhrðyvdk=uyg? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;onf e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;onfh udpPtwGuf 60 txl;tm;wufoa&m axmufcH=uol EdkifiHrsm;jzpf+yD;/ 2007 ckESpf rS 2009 ckESpf=um;wGife,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_rsm;vnf; trSefwu,f wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsKd@aomOa&myEdkifiHrsm;u e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_tay: wGef@qkwfvmaeonfudkvnf; wdk;I awG@jrifae&ygonf?

61

&efyHkaiG axmufyHhay;r_t&vnf; cufcJ¶_yfaxG;r_rsm; &Sdaeygonf? rdkif;rsm;wnf&Sdae&m a'oodk@ aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdkif;'%foifhxdcdkufepfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;xHodk@ aomfvnf;aumif; xdawG@cGifh&&ef cufcJjcif;a=umifhvnf; vuf&SdtultnD pD;qif;r_udkjrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'orsm;&Sd rdkif;a=umifh epfemae=u&aom jynfolrsm;xH a&muf&Sdap&ef tcuftcJ jzpfay:aeapygonf?vuf&SdtajctaewGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vlwpfOD;csif; &&Sdonfh tultnDaiGESifh ywfoufI vlwpfOD;v#if wpfESpf tar&duefa':vm (11)r#om &&Sdae+yD;/ tjcm;aom ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'o&Sd zGH@òzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfv#if tvGefedrfhusaeonf[kqdkEdkifygonf?62 jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd rdkif;rsm; xlajympGm&Sdaeonfh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;rsm;twGuf ulnDaxmufyHhr_onf ydkI edrfhyg;Edkifygonf?jrefrmEdkifiH owif;tcsuftvuf pDrHcef@cGJa&;,lepf (MIMU) . azmfjyxm;onfh ajryHkt& “2009 ckESpfwGif vlwpfOD;twGufEdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;u oHk;pGJaomaiG” onf (azmfjyyg yHk-4 udk =unfhyg?) vlwpfOD;v#if wpfESpf/ rGefjynfe,fwGif tar&duefa':vm (0²680)/ u&ifjynfe,fwGif tar&duefa':vm (0²117)/ yJcl;wdkif;wGif tar&duefa':vm (0²005)r#om &Sdygonf?Todk@ tultnDrsm;twGuf uGm[csuf jzpfay:ae&r_onf EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;tay:wGif tpdk;&u uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;r_rsm;a=umifh jzpf+yD;/ rdkif;rsm;r&Sdonfh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;rsm;wGifom EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;udk vkyfaqmifcGifhðyxm;ygonf?odk@twGufa=umifh rdkif;rsm; xlajympGm&Sdaeonfh wdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;rS epfemae&ol jynfolrsm;rSm taxmuftyHh r&&SdEdkif=ubJ&Sdae&ygonf? Todk@ uef@owfxm;r_twGuf tjcm;&Sif;vif;csufwpfckrSm rdkif;rsm; xlajympGm&Sdaeonfh a'orsm;onf vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ae&m a'orsm;jzpfonfhtwGufa=umifh tpdk;&u EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdkrsm;udk 0ifa&mufywfoufr_ rvdkvm;[kvnf; qdk=uygonf?

tHh=ozG,f r&SdonfhtcsufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf &&Sdaom &efyHkaiGonf tjcm;aom ajrjrKrdkif; ESifhraygufuGJao;aom ppftºuGif;tusef ,rf;ypPnf;rsm; &Sdaeonfh EdkifiHrsm;ESifh Ed_if;pmv#if rsm;pGm enf;yg;aejcif;yif jzpfygonf?2009 ckESpf/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m ajrjrKyfrdkif;wm;qD;a&; urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (IBCL). azmfjycsuft& 2008 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHu rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf axmufyHhaiG tar&duefa':vm wpfoef;r#om &&SdcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf; txufwGif

59 u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd &yf&GmtajcjyK vlr_tzGJ@rsm; aqmif&Gufaeonfh rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;tzGJ@ 6-ckteuf 2-ckonf taxmuftyHh r&&Sdaoma=umifh/ &yfqdkif;cJh&ygonf? u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,ftwGif; rdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhcsa&; ynmay;aqmif&Gufonfh udpPrsm;rSmrl vufeufudkif ÉdyuQtay:rlwnfI tajymif;tvJ &Sdaeygonf?

60 tpdk;&&efyHkaiGrsm;udk e,fpyfjzwfausmfI tultnDay;cGifhjyKonfh EdkifiHtenf;i,fwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ ,lEdkufwufuif;'rf;/ aemfa0/ 'def;rwf/csuf orRwEdkifiH/ pydefESifh uae'gwdk@ yg0ifonf?

6 1 tvSL&Sif EdkifiHrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t&62 World Bank data on net official development assistance per capita at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS

28

azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiHu rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_wwd,tjrifhrm;qHk; EdkifiHwpfckjzpfaeygonf? (2008 ckESpfwGifjzp f&y faygi f ; (721) c k & S dc J hy gonf?)

63 tjcm;aom rdkif;tE W&m,fqdk;&Gm;pGmñuHae&onfh EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl &efyH kaiG yd kI rsm;jym;pGm&&S daeygonf? tmz*efepPwefE d ki fi HwGi f tar&duefa':vm(105˜000˜000) (2008 ckESpftwGuf rdkif;'%foifhjzpf&yf 992)/tD&wfEd kifiHtwGuf tar&duefa':vm (35˜ 000˜ 000) (2008ckESpftwGuf rdkif;'%foifhjzpf&yf263)/ uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiH twGuftar&duefa':vm(28˜000˜000) (2008 ckESpftwGuf rdkif;'%foifh jzpf&yf 269)/ vmtdkEdkifiHtwGuf tar&duefa':vm(13˜000˜000) (2008 ckESpftwGuf rdkif;'%foifh jzpf&yf 100) toD;oD; &&SdcJh=uygonf?

&efyHkaiG&&Sdr_ Todk@ tvGeftrif; uGmjcm;aejcif;onf wenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&u rdkif;&Sif;vif;r_ vkyfief;rsm; cGifhðyay;jcif;ESifhrsm;pGm oufqdkifaeygonf? ,cktpD&ifcHpmu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf &efyHkaiG wdk;wufay;&efwdkufwGef;vdk+yD;/ odk@rSom vltrsm;. toufudk u,fwifay;Edkifrnf/ rdkif;'%foifhI xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;. b0tajctaeudkwdk;wufvmaprnf jzpfygonf? jzpfEdkifonfh tajctaewdkif;wGif TudpPaqmif&Gufae=uonfh tiftm;pkwdkif;u yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=uyg&efvnf; wdkufwGef;vdkygonf? odk@rSom wpfEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twmjzifh yl;aygif;nd‡Ed_if;Edkifrnfh tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfray:aygufvmrDtcsdefY/ EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpHE_ef;rsm;twdkif; vkyfief;rsm;udk jynfhrDatmif aqmif&GufEdkif=uvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf?

Todk@ tcuftcJrsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf;/ tenf;qHk; 2006 ckESpfrSpwifI jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a'oqdkif&m/ odk@r[kwf EdkifiHtqifhtzGJ@tpnf; (15)cku rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pwifvkyfaqmifvmae=uygonf? tzGJ@rsm;pGmonf tuef@towfr#ESifhomvkyfaqmif Edkif=u+yD;/ tcsKd@uvnf; tcsdeftuef@towfwpfckjzifhom aqmif&GufEdkifcJh=uygonf? atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onfhZ,m;wGif rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_Y yg0ifaqmif&Gufae=uonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfief;trsKd;tpm; taxGaxG cGJjcrf;oHk;oyfcsufESifh ‚if;wdk@. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?

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2008 ckESpftwGuf rdkif; xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm; 2008 ckESpftwGuf rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ (100˜ 000 a':vm)

6 3 ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor.

29

yHk-5? 2009 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;u vlwpfOD;csif;twGuf toHk;p&dwf

30

X = TtzGJ@tpnf;udk rl0g'rsm; avhusifhoif=um;ay;I uGif;qif; vufawG@aqmif&Gufaponf?

(X) = TtzGJ@tpnf;udk rl0g'rsm; avhusifhoif=um;ay;+yD;aomfvnf;/ uGif;qif;I vufawG@aqmif&Guf&ao;jcif; r&Sdao;yg? ta=umif;rSmrjrifomaom vHkðcHa&;qdkif&mta=umif;rsm; uef@owfcsufa=umifh jzpfonf?

tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;wGif &Sdaeaomolrsm;xHodk@ ulnDay;r_udk xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; r&Sdyg? Tazmfjyyg pm&if;wGif2006 ckESpf rwdkifrDu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aqmif&GufcJhonfh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?

rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;jcif;rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;jcif;rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;jcif;rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;jcif;rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;ay;jcif;

txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm;ta=umif;ESifh olwdk@. vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wdusjynfhpHkpGmod&SdEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg? Todk@aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vpf[maeonfudk jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGuf &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tkyfpkwpfcku xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm;ESifh ywfoufI owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;cJh=uygonf? Towif;pkaqmif;jcif;vkyfief;rSm &yf&Gmtajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; a'wmabhpftwGuf rdkif;rsm; xlajympGm&Sdaeonfhae&mrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifEdkif&ef aumuf,lpkaqmif;&if;/ vkyfief;wpfpdwfwpfydkif; taejzifh aqmif&GufcJh=ujcif; jzpfygonf? Tokd@ typf&yfa'orsm;twGif;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; rðy&ao;onfh a'orsm;twGif; owif;tcsuftvuf aumuf,lpkaqmif;jcif;/ ppfwrf;aumuf

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2 (CBO/NGO) X (X)

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4 (CBO/NGO) X

e,fpyf jzwfausm fI typf&y fe,fpy f jzwfausm fI typf&y fe,fpy f jzwfausm fI typf&y fe,fpy f jzwfausm fI typf&y fe,fpy f jzwfausm fI typf&y fxm;aom tpd k ;&r[kwfonf hxm;aom tpd k ;&r[kwfonf hxm;aom tpd k ;&r[kwfonf hxm;aom tpd k ;&r[kwfonf hxm;aom tpd k ;&r[kwfonf htiftm;pkrsm; ae&m tiftm;pkrsm; ae&m tiftm;pkrsm; ae&m tiftm;pkrsm; ae&m tiftm;pkrsm; ae&m 11111

5 (CBO/NSA) X (X) X

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31

jcif;udk jynfwGif;rSa&m/ e,fpyfjzwfausmfIyg aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; rSwfcsufðy&efrSm typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;twGif;&Sd rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfemolrsm;ta=umif; ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_udk “jynfwGif;rSwqifh” aqmif&GufcJh&+yD;/jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u txl;ojzifh rdkif;'%foifhI xdcdkufepfem&olrsm;udk ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_ rvdkvm;onfhtwGufa=umifhodkodyfv#Kd@0SufI aqmif&GufcJh&onf? xdk@tjyif xdcdkufepfem&r_ ta=umif;t&if;udk ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_Yvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;u cGifhðyzG,fr&Sdaoma=umifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;uvnf; wpfenf;wpfzHk jyifqifxm;oifhygonf? 64

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufay;r_rSmvnf; tenf;tusOf;r#om &&Sdygonf?,cktcg &efukefòrd@tajcpdkuf tzGJ@tpnf; (2)cku usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_vkyfief;udk oG,f0dkufaom enf;vrf;jzifh aqmif&Gufay;aeonf? jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;a'o&Sd rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm;xHodk@ aiGa=u; axmufyHhay;aomenf;jzifh oG,f0dkufaqmif&Gufae&jcif; jzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk@teuf tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcku '%f&m&ol vlemwpfOD;v#if tar&duef a':vm (100)E_ef;jzifhusef;rma&;ukor_p&dwftwGuf worwfwnf; axmufyHhay;aeygonf? tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckurl rdkif;a=umifh '%f&m&olrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_p&dwftwGuf b¾maiGudk axmufyHhay;aomfvnf;/ jzpf&yfwpfckcsif;tvdkuf aiGa=u;

yHk-7? aq;cef;rsm;tvdkuf ajcwkvufwk wyfqifay;Edkifaom vlem ta&twGuf

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(uvvw) aq;cef;/u&ifeDjynfe,f

(CIDKP) aq;cef;/u&ifjynfe,f

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50

200

100 617

tenf;trsm; uGm[r_&Sdygonf?65 tjcm;aom e,fpyfjzwfausmf ulnDay;aeonfh tzGJ@tpnf; (2)ckurl typftcwf&yfpJa&;rðyxm;&ao;onfh a'orsm;wGif rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&olrsm;udk usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_ay;aeygonf? Tapmifha&Smufr_rsm;wGif rdkif;'%f&m&+yD;aemuf ueOD; usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufay;r_ay;jcif;ESifh ajcjzwf&+yD;aemuf usef;rma&; ðypkapmifha&Smufjcif;wdk@ yg0ifonf?

EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ EdkifiHtqifh tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh &yf&Gmtajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ajcvufjywfawmuf&olrsm; twGuftultnDay;Edkifr_rSm vuf&Sdcef@rSef;csufrsm;t& ajcwkvufwk vdktyfcsuf. (24µ) udkom jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifygonf?66 usefaom

6 4 jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd roefrpGrf;olrsm;ta&;aqmif&Gufay;aeonfh EdkifiHtqifh tzGJ@tpnf;wckESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf? (atmufwdkbmv 25 &uf/ 2010 ckESpf)65 jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;r_rSmvnf; }uD;av;onfh jy\emjzpfonfudk rSwfom;oifhygonf? txl;ojzifh wpfEdkifiHvHk; a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yawmh

rnfh umvESifh eD;uyfaeonfh tcsdefrsKd;wGif jzpfonf? jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u TtzGJ@tpnf;wpfckudk rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&aeolrsm;tm;aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;aer_ &yfqdkif;yg&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? tenf;qHk; 2010 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (7)&uf a&G;aumufyGJ +yD;qHk;oGm;onfhwdkif apmifhqdkif;yg&efajym=um;cJhonf?

66 tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDtzGJ@ (tdkifpDtmpD) . cef@rSef;csuft& ajcvufjywf&ol (12˜000) &Sdaeygonf? ajcwkvufwk toHk;jyKol rsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh(3) ESpfv#if wpf}udrf ajcwkvufwk topfwpfck vJvS,f&ef vdktyfygonf? (odk@qdkv#if wpfESpfv#if cef@rSef; (4˜000) r# vdktyfygvdrfhrnf?) vuf&SdwGifjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;Y ajcwkvufwk xkwfvkyfr_E_ef;xm;rSm (rJaqmuf&Sd aq;cef; tygt0if) 967-ckom &Sdae+yD;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;a=umifh ajcvufjywf&olrsm;ta&twGuf. (24µ) udkom v$rf;ðcHr_ &Sdygonf?

32

olrsm;rSm csKdif;axmufudk aomfvnf;aumif; (tcsKd@aomtJef*sDtdkrsm;§ &yf&Gmtajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u csKdif;axmufaxmufyHhay;ygonf?) jyifyaps;uGufrSaeI ajcwkvufwk0,fIaomfvnf;aumif; (olwdk@wwfEdkifonfh aps;E_ef;xufydkrsm;ygonf?) odk@r[kwf tdrfvkyf ajcwkvufwkrsm;udk 0g;/opfom;/ yvyfpwpfa&ydkufrsm;udk t0wfp/ om;a&/ pufbD;wdkif,m pojzifhwdk@ESifh qufpyfðyvkyfI wyfqifae=u&ygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tpdk;&aq;¶Hk aq;cef;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduaq;¶Hkrsm;wGif t&yfom;rsm;twGuf ajcwkvufwkrsm;udk aps;E_ef;ydk}uD;I awmif;qdkygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm. &nf&G,fcsufwpfpdwfwpfydkif;onf yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;u¾rsm; yg0ifywfoufaer_udkvnf; =unfh¶_avhvm&ef &nf&G,fxm;ygonf?EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;u axmufyHhay;xm;onfh a,bk,stm;jzifh ajcvufjywfawmufolrsm;udk =unfh¶_ukoay;aeonfh aq;cef;rsm;tcsKd@u rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh '%f&m&onfjzpfap/ rnfodk@yHkpHrsKd;jzifh '%f&m&Sdaeonf jzpfap/ ukoapmifha&Smufay;ae+yD;/ aq;cef; (2)ckrSm tpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfh a'owGif &S dygonf?(u&ifjynfe,f/ zm;tHòrd@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH [email protected];cef;&Sd+yD;/ u&ifeD (u,m;jynfe,f)/ vdGKifaumfòrd@ u&ifeDvlrsKd;aygif;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (uvvw) xdef;csKyf&mae&mwGif aq;cef;wpfck &S dygonf?) 67 tjcm;aq;cef;wpfckrSmtypftcwfr&yfpJxm;onfh a'owGif&Sd+yD; xdkif;e,fpyfteD;wGif &Sdonf? jynfwGif;Y a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&onfh u&if'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m aumfrDwD (CIDKP) u u&ifjynfe,f/zmyGefc¶dkifwGif zGifhvSpfxm;onfh aq;cef;jzpfonf? usefwpfckrSm xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf rJaqmufòrd@&Sd rJawmfaq;cef; jzpfonf?

‚if; EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS ajcwkvufwk ukor_&&Sdolaygif;rSm wpfESpfv#if (967)OD;&Sdygonf? yHk-6 wGif aq;cef;tvdkuf ajcwkvufwk vufcH&&Sdaom vlemta&twGufudk cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;ygonf?

rdkif;tErdkif;tErdkif;tErdkif;tErdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;

awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom ywfoufaeol tiftm;pktm;vHk;u&yf&Gmvlxk todkuft0ef;rsm;t=um;wGif rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonf[k xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? “ t&yfom;jynfolawGudkyJ rdkif;tE W&m,fynmay; vkyfzdk@vdkwm r[kwfygbl;/ vufeufudkiftkyfpkawGtwGufvnf; rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;awG aqmif&Gufay;zdk@vdkygw,f?”[k weoFm&Dwkdif;rS a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;wpfOD;u ajymqdkcJhonf? 68 tenf;qHk; vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om; &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; (6) zGJ@onf2006 ckESpfpI jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&dS typftcwf &yfpJxm;aom a'orsm;twGif;ESifh vuf&dS jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aeaoma'orsm;twGif; rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifay;cJhonf? pkpkaygif; vlaygif; (38˜000) cef@twGuf ynmay;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifEkdifcJh+yD; jzpfonf?

rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;tm; EdkifiHtqifhtm%mydkifrsm;u w&m;0if cGifhðyxm;jcif; r&dSaoma=umifhynmay;vkyfief;rsm;udk a'ocHvlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om; tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um odkodkodyfodyf vkyfaqmif&onf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&avh&dSonf? rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&; vkyfief;trsm;pkudk e,fpyfjzwfausmfI rkdif;'%foifha'orsm;twGif;oGm;a&mufvkyfudkifonf? xdkodk@oGm;a&muf&onfh ta=umif;&if;wpf&yfrSm rdkif;'%foihfa'orsm;odk@ oGm;a&muf&mwGif txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;odk@ oGm;a&muf&mwGif &efukefrS oGm;jcif;xuf e,fpyfa'orS oGm;a&muf&efvG,fulaoma=umifh jzpfonf? e,fpyfjzwfausmf rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;wGif vlr_todkuft0ef; yg0ifr_t& =unfhygu typf&yfa'orsm;wGifxuf jynfwGif;jzpfay:aeaom a'orsm;u ydkI&v'faumif;rsm; xGuf&dScJhonf?typf&yfa'orsm;wGif rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;t}udrf tenf;i,fom aqmif&GufcJhonf? yl;aygif;yg0ifr_ rwl

67 u&ifeD vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (uvvw) onftypftcwf&yfpJa&; tzGJ@wpfckjzpf+yD;/ 2010 ckESpfwGif e,fjcm;apmifhwyftjzpf toGifajymif;cJhonf?

68 xdkif;Ed kifiHwGif;&S d a&$@ajymif;vkyfom;ynmay;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckrSa&$@ajymif;tajccs vkyfom;wpfOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf (ZGefv / 14 &uf/2010 ckESpf)

33

uGJjym;&jcif;rSm typf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;twGif; &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;u tm%mydkifrsm;. ta&;,lr_udk pdk;&drf&jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@twGufa=umifh rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tkyfpkvkduf yg0ifr_twGuf twm;tqD;wpfck tjzpf wnf&dSaeonf? ,if;a'orsm;twGif; rdkif;ynmay;jcif;udk wpfOD;csif;pDtvdkuf ‚if;wdk@aetdrfrsm;wGifvkdufvHvkyfaqmifay;&jcif;a=umifh &v'fudk wdkif;wm&ef ydkIcufcJonf?

rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;tm; jynfwGif; ESifh e,fpyfa'oESpfckpvHk;twGif; typf&yfa'orsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ppfqufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;Y wef;wl aqmif&Gufjcif;onfu taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfonf? xdkrSomtodynm&&dSolOD;a& ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmEdkifum ynmay;vkyfief;. tus,ft0ef;udkvnf; &Edkifor# wdk;csJ@Edkifrnf jzpfonf?vHkòcHa&;jy\em/ EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh xdyfwkdufawG@qHkEdkifonfh jy\emrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf typf&yfa'orsm;ESifh tpdk;&xdef;csKyfa'orsm;wGif rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;tm; tjcm;usef;rma&; (odk@r[kwf)tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; tpDtpOfrsm; atmufwGif xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufoihfonf?

jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;twGuf ajrjrKyfrdkif;udpPonf vHk;0txdrcH tuJqwfaom udpP&yfwpfckjzpfaoma=umifh rdkif;[k acgif;pOfwyfI woD;woef@ rvkyfaqmifoifhay?

69

rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;tm; typf&yfa'orsm;ESifh tpdk;&xdef;csKyfaom a'orsm;twGif; vuf&dS&dSqJtpDtpOfatmuf xnfhoGif;aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;u vufcHEdkifaom vkyfief;trsKd;pm;rsKd;udkom vkyfaqmifoifhonf? vkyfief;tpDtpOfudk trnfay; ac:a0:&mwGifvnf; oD;jcm;ay:vGifaom toHk;tE_ef;rsKd; rjzpfoifhay?2008 ckESpf em*pfrkefwdkif; wdkufckduf+yD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHonf obm0ab;tE W&m,fudk wkH@jyefaqmif&Guf&mwGif jynfhpHkpGmumuG,fr_ay;Edkifjcif; r&dS[laomtcsufudk EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;u &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmaygufcJhonf? “obm0ab;tE W&m,f qdk;usKd;avsmhyg;a&;” (odk@r[kwf) “tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&;” toHk;tE_ef; a0g[m&rsm;onf EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;twGuf ydkrdkvufcHEdkifp&m tac:ta0:rsm; jzpfvmapygonf? xdk@a=umifh “rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;tpDtpOf” [k qdkonfxuf tajctae wnf+idrfoGm;+yD;jzpfaom ae&yfa'orsm;odk@ jyefoGm;rnfh v,form;rsm;twGuf“tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; vkyfief;tpDtpOf” (odk@r[kwf) “temw& jzpfr_avsmhyg;apa&;” pojzifh vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;udkyHkazmfaqmif&GufEkdifonf?

typfcwf&yfpJxm;aom a'orsm;twGif; rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh ywfoufI aus;&Gmwpf&GmpDtwGuf wm0ef&dSolwpfOD;pDtm; rdkif;ynmay;qdkif&m avhusifh oif=um;ay;I xdkolrSwqifh oufqdkif&m vlr_todkuft0ef;&yf&GmtwGif; jyefvnfydk@csay;&ef [lI t=uHðyxm;onf? jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;&m a'orsm;twGif; vlr_todkuft0ef; wpfckrSwpfckqDodk@ oGm;vmum rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief; aqmif&Gufae=uaom rkdif;ynmay; tvkyftzGJ@rsm;twGuf ,if;enf;vrf;u ykdIoabmuszG,f jzpfonf? tu,fI EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrS EdkifiHjcm;om; 0efxrf;wpfOD;uatmufajcvlr_todkuft0ef; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; rkdif;tE W&m,fta=umif; oif=um;ay;rnfqdkyguvnf; ,if;oifwef;udkrdkif;'%foifha'orsm; (jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;rsm;wnf&dSaom òrd@e,frsm;) wGif rvkyfaqmifoifhbJ ydkrdk=um;aejzpfonfh ae&m/om"utm;jzifh &efukefòrd@uJhodk@ ae&mrsKd;wGif vkyfaqmifoihfonf[k typf&yfa'orsm;wGif tajcðyaom vkyfief;wltzGJ@rsm;ut=uHðyxm;onf? ,if;t=uHðycsufonf wjcm;EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;. vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;. “tawG@tñuHrS xGufay:vmaom oifcef;pmrsm;”/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm;udktajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf? tm%mydkifrsm;u xdcdkufrcHEdkifaom a'orsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;om;0efxrf;rsm; &dSaeygu oufqdkif&mvkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf jy\em&dSEk difovdk/ tm%mydkifrsm;uvnf; a'ocH0efxrf;rsm;tay: rvdkvm;tyfaomoHo,rsm; &dSEkdifonf[k wifjyr_rsm;&dScJhonf?

69 Tt=uHðycsufrsm;onf ukvor*~ESifh &efukefwGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aom EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;&mrS od&Sdvm&jcif; jzpfygonf?

34

ajrjrKyfrdkif;qef@usifwdkufzsufr_ wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_ajrjrKyfrdkif;qef@usifwdkufzsufr_ wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_ajrjrKyfrdkif;qef@usifwdkufzsufr_ wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_ajrjrKyfrdkif;qef@usifwdkufzsufr_ wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_ajrjrKyfrdkif;qef@usifwdkufzsufr_ wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_

jrefrmtpdk;&onf rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif oabmwlnD vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;jcif; r&dSay?urBmhukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu rdkif;toHk;ðyr_wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyftm; tjynfjynfqdkif&m pmcsKyfwpfckjzpfvmapa&; awmif;qdkr_tay: 1997 ckESpfrSpI rJray;bJ awmufav#mufaevmcJhonfh EdkifiHaygif; (18)EdkifiHwGif jrefrmEdkifiHyg0ifonf? jrefrmtpdk;&onf rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyfqdkif&m tpnf;ta0;rsm;odk@ wufa&mufr_&Sm;yg;onf? odk@aomf 2003ckESpf befaumufòrd@ESifh 2006 ckESpf *seDAmwGif usif;ycJhaom rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif;oabmwlpmcsKyfqdkif&m pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm; tpnf;ta0;odk@ avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufcJhonf? 2009 ckESpf/ {+yDvbefaumufòrd@wGif usif;ycJhaom rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyf 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;uGefz&ifhtwGuf jyifqifa&;tpnf;ta0;odk@vnf; jrefrmtpdk;& wufa&mufcJhonf? odk@aomf pmcsKyfwGif obmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;rnfh t&dyfta,mif jyo cJhjcif;r&dSay? jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyjcif;udkawmhtpdk;&u udk;um;ajymqdkcJhonf?

2000 ckESpfrSpI ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ydwfyifa&; EdkifiHwum urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_ (ICBL) tzGJ@0iftzGJ@tpnf;wpfck jzpfonfh EdkifiHwumt=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (Nonviolence International)

70 u jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlowfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_ ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;

v_yf&Sm;r_wpfck vkyfaqmifcJhonf? (Nonviolence International) onf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;xHodk@ jrefrmbmomodk@ jyefqdkxm;aom rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceDaumfrwD (ICRC)

&Sif;vif;csuf pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; ay;tyfcJhonf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&dS rkdif;'%foihfolrsm; ta&twGufudkvnf;ay;tyfcJhonf? (ICBL) onf ‚if;. EkdifiHjcm;rpf&Siftjzpf (etz) ppftpdk;&

71 ESifh xdawG@qufqHcJh+yD; &efukefòrd@wGif oufqdkif&m

0ef}uD;rsm;ESif h tpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyfcJ honf? xd kif;Ed ki fiHtajcpd kuf (ICBL) Ed ki fiHtqif h urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_¶H k;uu&ifhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (KNLA)

72/ (etz) ppftpdk;&ponfh zufESpfzufpvHk;ESifh qufqHr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh+yD; wdkufckdufr_rsm;

tqHk;owfapaom oabmwlnDcsufwpfckckjzifh ajrjrKyfrkdif;udpP&yftay: ESpfzufpvHk;u ta&;w,lðy=u&ef wdkufwGef;xm;onf?

vGefcJhaom (12) ESpftwGif; (ICBL) . ESpfywfvnf ajrjrKyfrdkif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&; tpD&ifcHpm. jrefrmEkdifiHqdkif&mtcef;tm; jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfa0cJh+yD; (etz) ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; jzef@csDcJhonf?

twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfckjzpfaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyr_ aumfrwDu rdkif;toHk;ðyr_wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jrefEkdifor#tjrefqHk; oabmwlyg0if&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? 73

atmufajctqifhwGif wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_vkyfief; atmifjrifaeqJjzpfonf? 2003 ckESpfrSpI tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pk(6)zGJ@u vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfa&;ESifh rdkif;qkdif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. &yfwnfcsufESifh vkyfief;twGuf oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_74 wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ajrjrKyfrkdif;toHk;ðyr_udkpGef@v$wf&efESifh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufrnfh ‚if;[email protected];udk azmfjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf?

70 EdkifiHwumt=urf;rzuf v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (ta&S@awmiftm&S y¶dk*&rfrsm;ta=umif;) ydkrdkod&Sdvdkygu - see http://nonviolentinternational.net/?page_id=1147 1 EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;aumifpD (etz) State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) qdkonfrSm jrefrmppftpdk;&. w&m;0iftrnf

jzpfonf?72 u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (KNLA) qdkonfrSm u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk; (autJef,l) tzGJ@. vufeufudkifwyf jzpf+yD;/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;

oabmwlnDcsuf &,lxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?7 3 EdkifiHwum ajrjrKyfrdkif;wm;jrpfa&; urfydef;v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (ICBL) ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; avhvmapmifh=unfha&;okawoe nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufa&;rSL; (wm;jrpfr_

rl0g'qdkif&m- tm&Swdkuf) ESifh ('DpDat) rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ tzGJ@ (DCA Mine Action) 2010 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (7) &ufae@wGif tD;ar;vf qufoG,fr_t&7 4 *sDeDAmawmif;qdkcsuf (Geneva Call) t& vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0ydwfyifa&;udk pGJjrJvkyfaqmif&efESifh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifyg&ef oHEMdXmef

csrSwfvkyfaqmifr_ (The Deed of Commitment for Adherence to a Total Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines and for Cooperation in Mine Action)

qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwum pmcsKyfwpfckuJhodk@ rSwfwrf;taxmuftxm; jzpfonf? TrSwfwrf;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;r_ wefzdk;rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemygrnfhta=umif;/ w&m;0if vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk csrSwfvkyfaqmifrnfhta=umif; uwdðyjcif; jzpfonf?TqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vdkufem&ef wm0ef,ljcif; jzpfonf? aemufqufwGJ (c) wGif =unfhyg?http://genevacall.org/Asia/Burma-Myanmar/burma-myanmar.htm.

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• &cdkif ¶dk[if*sm trsKd;om;tpnf;t¶Hk;§ ¶dk[if*sm trsKd;om;wyfrawmf (2003 ckESpf)

• &cdkiftrsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD§ &cdkifwyfrawmf (2003 ckESpf)

• csif;trsKd;om; wyfOD;§wyfrawmf (2006 ckESpf)

• vm;[l trsKd;om;wyfOD; (2007 ckESpf)

• ytdk@0f jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@§ ytdk@0f jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf (2007 ckESpf)

• yavmifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (2007 ckESpf)

xdktzGJ@rsm; vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaom tcsdefwGif tzGJ@tm;vHk;rSm typfcwf&yfpJxm;aom tzGJ@rsm;r[kwfonfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtiftm;pkrsm; jzpf=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif ,if;wdk@teuf tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@ oabmqENtavsmuf ysufjy,foGm;=u+yD;

75 tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ,ae@txd tywftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDr_&,lxm;jcif; &dSao;ovdk/ tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;

rsm;u vHk;0wnf&dSjcif; r&dSawmhay? vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@rsm;teuf wpfzGJ@u zsufodrf;cJh+yD;/ trnfaemufwpfrsKd;jzifhjyefvnfpkzGJ@cJhonf?

,cktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifaepOftwGif; oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_wGif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;aemuf rwlnDaom vm;&mESpfck xGufay:cJhonf? yxrwpfckrSm yavmifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (PSLF)

tajcpdkufaom/ vm;[l 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (LDF) ESifh ytdk@0fjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (PPLO/ PPLA) tajcpdkufaom(LDF) udk zsufodrf;cJh+yD; vm;[l 'Drdku&ufwpftpnf;t¶Hk; (LDU) atmufwGif jyefvnfpkzGJ@cJhonf? ytdk@0fjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@ (PPLO/PPLA) u wjcm;wpfzGJ@jzifh yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?) jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@jcrf;a'owGif ajrjrKyfrkdif;toHk;ðyr_qufvuf&dSaeao;onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tpkd;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ tygt0if vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;qufvufwnf&dSaejcif;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pktzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;u oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;r&dSao;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? odk@aomf vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;aom tzGJ@0if tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk,fwdkifurl rkdif;axmifjcif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;r&dSawmhay? wjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;rsm;axmif=ucsdefwGif oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_ vufrSwfa&;xdk;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u oufqkdif&ma'orsm;twGif; jynfolvlxkrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&eftwGuf rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&;ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_ vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;aemufjrefrmEdkifiHtaemufzufjcrf;a'orsm;wGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_ avsmhusvmonf[k awG@&dS&onf? ar#mfrSef;xm;onfh twdkif;yifxdka'otwGif;&dS vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (ARNO, NUPA ESifh CNF/CNA) u ajrjrKyfrdkif;axmifjcif;udk&yfqdkif;cJh&m pdwf0ifpm;p&myif tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;uvnf; rdkif;toHk;ðyr_udk &yfqdkif;cJhonf? ESpfzufpvHk;rS rdkif;toHk;ðyr_avsmhusvmapaom ta=umif;&if;rSm vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfa&;ESifh rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. &yfwnfcsufESifh vkyfief;twGuf oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_wGif oufqdkif&m tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u vufrSwfa&xdk;vdkufjcif;. wdkuf¶dkuftusKd;&v'fwpfck jzpfEdkifonfhtjyif vufeufudkif yÉdyuQESifh ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh jzpfEdkifonf?

jrefrmEdkifiH taemufzufjcrf;wGif vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0 ydwfyifwm;jrpfa&;ESifh rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf*sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. &yfwnfcsufESifh vkyfief;twGuf oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_udk vufrSwfxdk;xm;aom tzGJ@rsm;u

75 vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;wcku awG@qHkar;jref;r_wGif 2008 ckESpfY (etz) ppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf &yfpJa&; oabm wlnDcJhonf[kazmfjyonf?

36

oabmwlcsufESifh ywfoufI &v'faumif;rsm; xkwfazmfjyaeaomfvnf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@bufjcrf;&Sd jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom t"dutiftm;}uD; tkyfpkrsm;t=um; r=umciftcdsef tawmtwGif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_ ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;pmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqI r&Edkifay? tcsKd@tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_ ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;wGif vufrSwfrxdk; uef@uGuf=uonf? ta=umif;&if;rSm ‚if;wdk@ ppftajcpdkufpcef;rsm; odk@r[kwf jynfwGif;'kuQonf(IDPs) pcef;rsm; tumtuG,fay;&eftwGuf ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif xkwfvkyfaom tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm; toHk;ðy&ef vdktyfonf[kta=umif;jyjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; tvm;wl tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;teuf tcsKd@aomtiftm;pkrsm;urdkif;toHk;ðyr_a=umifh t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tay: oufa&mufr_&Sdonfudk em;vnfvufcH=uonf? xdk@a=umifh rdkif;toHk;ðy&mwGifwif;=uyfaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfjcif;/ rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif tm;jznfhaqmif&Gufay;jcif;jzifh t&yfom; jynfolrsm;tay: rdkif;qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_ avsmhyg;oGm;ap&ef óud;yrf;aqmif&Guf=uonf?

,ae@umv tcif;tusif;atmufwGif w&m;0ifjzpfap odk@r[kwf w&m;r0ifjzpfap a'owpfckcsif;tvdkuf ajrjrKyfrdkif; toHk;ðyr_wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;oabmwlcsuf &,ljcif;onf EdkifiHawmftqifh oabmwlnDcsufwpfck &&Sda&; apmifhqdkif;ae&onfxuftcsdefwdkumvwpfcktwGif; t&yfom;jynfolrsm;. vHkðcHa&;ESifhywfoufI &v'faumif;rsm; jrefjrefqefqef &&SdEdkifrnfhoabmaqmifaeonf? wdkif;jynf. pOfqufrjywf jzpfyGm;aeaom yÉdyuQtwGif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; toHk;ðyaejcif;tay: t&yfom;jynfolESifh vufeufudkifwyfrsm; (tpdk;&wyfzGJ@ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;) u r=umc%qdkovdk pdwfysufrd=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; ajrjrKyfrdkif;udpPonf EdkifiHa&;t& xdcdkufrcHEdkifaom tuJqwfonfh udpPjzpfaoma=umifh vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uay? “jynfolvlxku ppfwyfawGudk ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyaewmawGudk &yfwef@apcsifw,fqdk&ifajrjrKyfrdkif;awG toHk;rðyygeJ@vdk@ ajym&wmxuf wdkufcdkufr_awG tqHk;owfay;ygvkd@ ajym&ygw,f” [k u&ifjynfe,frS t&yfom;wpfOD;u ajymjycJhonf?

ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_udk &yfwef@ypfjcif; w&m;0if &yfwnfcsufrlwpfck xm;&dSEdkifjcif;u taumif;qHk; enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfonf?om"utm;jzifh tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm; a&maESmxdef;csKyfonfh jynfe,f (odk@r[kwf)wdkif;wpfck. tpdwftydkif;wpfck pojzifh tedrfqHk; atmufajctqifhwGif w&m;0ifrlwpf&yf xm;&dSEkdifjcif;jzpfonf? aemufxyfjzpfEdkifaom enf;vrf;wpfckrSm ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_ &yfwef@a&; ESpfzufoabmwlnDcsufwpfcktm; a'owGif; tvGwfoabm&,ljcif; jzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@ tvm;wl ESpfzufoabmwlnDcsufrsKd;udk wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpk wpfckwnf;rSm typf&yftzGJ@ESifhtypfr&yftzGJ@t=um; &,lcJhzl;onf?76 odk@aomf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u ,if;uJhodk@ oabmwlnDcsufrsKd;tm;vlod&Sif=um; xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef vufwGef@=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u typf&yfxm;aomtzGJ@tm; typfr&yf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tvGef;eD;uyfaeonf [laom tjrifrsKd; rxifapvdkaoma=umifhjzpfonf? 77

76 u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf (KNLA) ESifh wdk;wufaom Ak'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (DKBA) wdk@=um;wGif tjyeftvSef

v#Kd@0Sufem;vnfr_ &Sdxm;onf? ‚if;rSm tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif wdkufcdkufr_ rvkyf&efESifh u&ifppfom;rsm; tcsif;csif; &nf&G,fI rdkif;axmifjcif;rsm; rðyvkyf&efwdk@

jzpfonf? owif;rl&if;- Committee for Internally Displaced Karen People (CIDKP).

77 rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;ynmay; vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeonfh &yf&Gmtajcðy tzGJ@rsm;ESifh 2010 ckESpf/ ZGef-Zlvdkifvrsm;wGif avhvmapmifh=unfhr_t&?

37

rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;

oHo,&dSzG,f rkdif;cif;xm;onfha'orsm; ppfwrf;avhvmcsufudk jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;aeaom a'orsm;wGifom t"duxm;Ie,fpyfausmfjzwfvkyfief;tjzpf vkyfaqmifae&onf? typf&yfa'orsm;twGif; oHo,&dSzG,f rkdif;cif;xm;onfh a'orsm;ESifhywfoufaom tpD&ifcHr_rsm;u tuef@towfjzifhom &dSonf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;wGif ajrjyifwnfae&mjypepf (GPS) ud&d,mrsm;/ ajryHkqGJrSwfom;jcif;ponfwdk@ yg0ifaoma=umifh ppfzufqkdif&m vkyfief;wpfcktjzpf tjrifvGJoGm;Edkifojzifh jynfwGif;rS ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_rsm;onf tuef@towfjzifhom vkyfaqmif&onf? rdkif;cif;ae&mrsm;. yx0Dwnf&dSr_udkv#Kd @0uS pf paf &;owi;f tjzp f owrf wS xf m;aoma=umi hf *syD tD upf pf ep f (GPS) taxmutf uðl yrygaom rikd ;f ppwf r;f aumu,f lr_rsm;onfyif tvGeftE W&m,frsm;onf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;rS vkyfief;wlaqmif&Gufzufrsm;tm; avhusifhoif=um;ay;jcif;(odk@r[kwf) oHo,&dSzG,f rkdif;cif;xm;onfha'orsm; ppfwrf;aumuf,l&mwGifvnf; taxmuftulðy ud&d,mrsm; wyfqifay;xm;jcif;r&Sdao;ay? &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tjyif tenf;qHk; u&ifjynfe,fESifh u&ifeD (u,m;) jynfe,f&dStpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pktcsKd@u oHo,&dSzG,f rkdif;cif;xm;onfh a'ojyajryHk ðyvkyfxm;onf? odk@aomf ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;onf v#Kd@0Suftcsuftvufrsm;jzpfI jzef@a0jcif;r&dSay?

typfcwf&yfpJa&;rvkyfxm;aom a'orsm;twGif; tzGJ@tpnf; (3)zGJ@u oHo,&dSzG,f rkdif;cif;xm;onfh a'orsm;udk owday;qd ki f;bkwfrsm;ud k tuef@towfjzif h vkyfaqmifaeonf? &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzG J @tpnf;ESi f h tpd k ;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm;onf tpdk;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaoma'owGif rdkif;cif;xm;onfh a'orsm;t=um;pnf;¶dk;owfrSwfxm;jcif; r&dSay? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@rsm;uvnf; rdkif;ae&mowfrSwfjcif;ESifh pnf;¶dk;umjcif;rsm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf? (ICBL) tm&Sa'o ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_ wm;jrpfydwfyifa&;/ rl0g'qdkif&m ajrjrKyfrdkif;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;okawoetzGJ@ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm; (tjynfjynfqdkif&m)u vGefcJhaom (5)ESpf (2006 ckESpfrS 2010ckESpftxd) twGif; tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;u rkdif;ae&mowfrSwfjcif;/ pnf;¶dk;umjcif;rsm; ydkrdkvkyfaqmifcJhonf[kavhvmcJh&onf? odk@aomf (ICBL) onf rdkif;ae&mowfrSwfjcif;ESifh pnf;¶dk;umjcif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tppftrSefwdk;wufcJhjcif;&dS-r&dSudk ,wdjywfajymqdkEdkifjcif; r&dScJhovdk (ICBL) owif;ydk@olrsm; taejzifhvnf; ,if;pnf;¶dk;umxm;aom a'orsm;odk@oGm;a&mufavhvmEkdifrnfh rkdif;tE W&m,f&dSaom òrd@e,frsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufcGifh &cJh-r&cJhudkvnf; taotcsm ajymqdkEkdifjcif;r&dScJhay?

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vwfwavmtajctaeY wdus&Sif;vif;aom vlom;csif;pmemonfh rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;vkyfiefrsm; r&dSao;ay?odk@aomf tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;vkyfief;tcsKd@ vkyfaqmif=u+yD;jzpfonf?

78 odk@aomf ppfa&;&nfrSef;csuft& (odk@r[kwf) vlom;csif;pmemaom &nfrSef;csuft& [lI &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;

r&dSay?79 tzGJ@tpnf;wpfck (typftcwf&yfpJa&; r&dSaoma'orsm;)omv#if rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; tpDtpOf&dScJh+yD; ‚if;rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;onf ppfa&;t& (0g) vlom;csif;pmemr_t& vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;udkawmh wdwdusus rod&dScJh&ay? ,if;vkyfief;tpDtpOfonf,ae@tcsdefwGif vkyfaqmifawmhjcif; r&dSawmhbJ xdkvkyfief;tpDtpOfrSwqifh rkdif;&Sif;vif;a&;twGuf axmufyHhay;aomb¾maiGtm; wdkif;&if;om; tm%mydkifrsm;u rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&; vkyfief;twGuf ajymif;a&$@toHk;ðyxm;onf?

78 rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;ynmay; vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeonfh &yf&GmtajcðytzGJ@ESifh 2010 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (7)&ufwGif awG@qHkar;jref;csuft&?79 “vlom;csif;pmemr_t& rdkif;&Sif;jcif;” qdkonfrSm vlom;csif;pmemr_ta=umif;jzifh ulnDay;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif; jzpf+yD;/ ppfa&; &nf&G,fcsufjzifh

rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;ESifh vHk;0uGJjym;ygonf? ppfa&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdkif;&Sif;jcif;rSm wdkufyJG ppfqifa&;twGif; ppfa&; ypfrSwfae&modk@ oGm;Edkif&ef vloGm;vrf;a=umif;wav#muf &Sif;vif;jcif; jzpfonf? ,ck “vlom;csif;pmemr_t& rdkif;&Sif;jcif;” vkyfief;rsm; wGif rdkif;rsm;ESifh ppfumvtºuGif;tusef aygufuGJapwwfaom,rf;usnfrsm; (ERW) tE W&m,frS z,f&Sm;ay;a&; vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifyg onf? enf;pepfwus ppfwrf;aumuf,l avhvmjcif;/ ajryHkxkwfjcif;/ rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;/trSwftom;ðyjcif;/ rdkif;&Sif;vif;+yD;aemuf rSwfwrf;wifjcif;/ &yf&GmESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;qdkif&m nd‡Ed_if;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh rdkif;&Sif;xm;aom ajrudk jynfolvlxkxHjyefvnfay;tyfjcif;wdk@ yg0ifvkyfaqmifygonf? (rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf vrf;!$ef) Guide to Mine Action, 4th ed., GICHD 2010.

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tpdk;&r[kwfaom vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;onf EdkifiHwGif; a&$@ajymif;xGufajy;ae&olrsm;ESifh vlom;csif;pmemaomtultnDay;a&; at*sifpDrsm; awmwGif; wpfae&mrS wpfae&modk@ oGm;vmEdkif&eftwGuf vrf;&Sif;aomtcgwGif rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif; vkyfief;wpfck vkyfaqmifavh&dSonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;. rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif; enf;vrf;rsm;onfEdkifiHwum rdkif;vkyfief;rsm; pHowfrSwfcsufESifh avsmfnDjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif xdkrdkif;rsm;udk tjcm;a'orsm;wGifvnf; jyefvnfaxmifavh&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh “vlom;csif;pmemaom rdkif;&Sif;vif;r_” qdkaom a0g[m&onf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u rdkif;&Sif;vif;onfh yHkpHrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#rusay? jrefrmjynf ta&S@bufjcrf;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;.vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;onf 0g;vHk;&SnfESifh ajr}uD;udk wl;qGI rdkif;&SmaomyHkpHudk trsm;qHk;toHk;ðy=uonf? jrefrmjynfta&S@bufjcrf;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;onf vloGm;vrf;wav#muf 0g,mprsm;&SmazGwl;azmf&mwGif ig;r#m;wHESifh ig;r#m;óud;udkvnf; toHk;ðy=uonf? tcsKd@tajctaersm;wGif EdkifiHwum rdkif;vkyfief;rsm;pHowfrSwfcsufwGif !$ef;qdkxm;onfxuf t&nftaoG;enf;yg;aom owWK&Sm ud&d,mrsm; toHk;ðyonfudk awG@&onf?jrefrmjynf taemufbufjcrf;twGif; awG@qHkar;jref;cJhaom vkyfief;wGJzufvkyfudkifol wpfOD;wpfa,mufurS ‚if;rdkif;&Sif;enf;rsm;udk rod=uay? xdka'orsm;wGif rnfonfhrdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm; toHk;ðyaeonfudk wdwdusus rajymEdkifcJhay?

tumtuG,fypPnf;rsm; toHk;ðyjcif;r&Sd? rdkif;&Sif;vif;csdef rawmfwqaygufuGJr_ jzpfyGm;ygu “rdkif;&Sif;vif;ol” onftumtuG,fypPnf;rsm;ESifh rsufumrsm; wyfqifxm;jcif; r&Sdojzifh vufqHk;&_H;&ovdk wcgw&H rsufpdyif ysufpD;oGm; wwfonf?0g;wH&Snfjzifh rdkif;&SmazGjcif;enf;vrf;onf vHkðcHr_r&Sd[k awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;u t=uHðy=uonf? xdkodk@ vHkðcHr_r&Sd&jcif;rSm yHkpHrsKd;pHkjzifhxkwfvkyfaom tdrfvkyfrdkif;rsm;udk puf&HkrSxkwfvkyfaom rdkif;rsm;axmifxm;onfh a'otwGif;rSmyif us,fus,fjyef@jyef@toHk;ðyjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tzGJ@wpfckESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckrSwqifh typfcwf&yfpJxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh vuf&SdqufvufwdkufyGJ0ifaeaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;oifwef;ESifh vdktyfaomtoHk;taqmifypPnf;rsm; axmufyHhay;&ef EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;odk@ arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfief;onfvlom;csif;pmemaom &nfrSef;csuftwGufom aqmif&GufrnfESifh azmfxkwf&aom rdkif;rsm;udk aemufwcg toHk;rðybJ zsufqD;ypfygrnf [laom em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mwpfckudk tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@wpfckxHrS urf;vSrf;cJhonf?

odk@aomf atmufazmfjyygar;cGef;rsm; &Sif;vif;&ef usef&Sdaeygojzifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;/ odk@r[kwf &yf&Gmtajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI avhusifhoif=um;ay;&eftwGuf tcsdefapmaumif; apmEdkifao;onf?

• rdkif;axmifr_ qufvuf&Sdaejcif;ESifh ‚if;azmfxm;aom rdkif;rsm;udk wjcm;ae&mwGif jyefvnftoHk;rðy [lI tmrcHcsufwpfck &&Sd&efcufcJonf? xdk@tjyif vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfa&;ESifh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf *sDeDAmawmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. &yfwnfcsufESifh vkyfief;twGuf oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_ (odk@r[kwf) wjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; r&Sdonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pGm a'otwGif; wnf&dSaejcif;a=umifhvnf; ydkIcufcJaponf?

• typf&yfa'orsm;wGifyif typf&yftkyfpkrsm;ESifh tpkd;&vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@rsm;t=um; wif;rmr_ (odk@r[kwf) typf&yftzGJ@rsm; tcsif;csif;=um; wif;rmr_rsm;a=umifh tajctaeudk ydkIrwnf+idrfjzpfaponf? xdk@a=umifh rdkkif;qufaxmifrnfh tE W&m,fydk&dSvmonf?

• rdkif;tE W&m,foifh a'orsm;twGif;&dS a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm; taejzifhvnf; rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk yHhydk;axmufcH&mwGif a'otwGif;&dS tzGJ@rsm;pGmteuf wpfzGJ@wnf;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf &,lI vkyfaqmifjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ tzGJ@tm;vHk;ESifh tjynfht0oabmwlnDcsuf &,l&ef vdktyfonf? tvm;wl a'otwGif;&dS wjcm;aomtkyfpkrsm;u rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; oabmwlnDcsuftay: oabmxm;uGJvGJEdkifum rdkif;azmfolrsm;twGuf vHkðcHa&;tE W&m,f zefwD;ay;Ekdifonfhtjyif rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;twGuf wlnDaom tusKd;pD;yGm;r&dSygu rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;vkyfief;udk [ef@wm;jcif;/ ydwfyifjcif;rsm;vnf; vkyfvmEdkifonf?

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• tpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh tcsKd@aomtypf&yf &yfpJxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwfvkyfjcif;/ a&mif;0,fjcif;/ ul;oef;a&mif;csjcif;rsm; tygt0if w&m;r0ifvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaumif; yg0ifEdkifonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;tm;wcgw&HwGif xdkvkyfief;rsm;twGuf “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;oHk; rdkif;rsm;” tjzpf toHk;ðywwf=uonf?

tpdk;&taejzifh wkdif;jynfwGif ajrjrKyfrkdif;jy\em&dSaeonf[k todtrSwfðyI rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfaqmifoihfonf[k vufcHjcif;uawmh taumif;qHk; taetxm;jzpfonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&onf ,if;jy\emudk todtrSwfðyjcif;/ EkdifiHtqifh rkdif;vkyfief;qdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif; (odk@r[kwf) ukvor*~tm; (wjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif aqmif&GufouJhodk@) tvm;wlvkyfief;rsKd; vkyfaqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;rsm; ra0;aomumvwGif vkyfaqmifrnfhyHk r&dSay? ukvor*~odk@ awmif;qdkrnfhtajctaeonf vuf&dStpdk;&ESifh ukvor*~t=um; vwfwavmqufqHa&;t& jzpfEkdifacs tvGefenf;yg;onf?

tem*wfrdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;twGuf jzpfvmEdkifaom tajctaewpfckrSm -

• tpdk;&onf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmeatmufwGif rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;¶Hk;wpfck zGifhvSpfvmEdkif+yD; tpdk;&ujzpfap/ e,fjcm;apmifhwyf zGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlxm;aom tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u jzpfap xdef;csKyfaom a'orsm;wGifrdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfief;rsm; cGifhðyvmEkdifonf?

• “wyfrawmf tpOftvm” tay: tpdk;&u xm;&dSaomtjrift& tpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;omv#if rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfaqmifEdkifonf? e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@tjzpf vufcHcJhaom tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wGJzufIvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; jyifyrS oifwef;ESifh aiGa=u;tultnDudkrl &,lEkdifonf?

• EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@tay: a0zefajymqdkavh&dSaom taemufEdkifiHrsm;xuf ‚if;wkd@ESifh ydkIo[Zmwjzpfaom tm&SEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh w¶kwfEkdifiHuJhodk@aom EdkifiHrsm;rS tultnDrsm; ydk&,lEdkifonf?

• tpdk;&onf e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@odk@ ryg0ifaom typftcwf&yfpJjcif; r&dSao;aom tzGJ@rsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom tzGJ@rsm;twGuf rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; oifwef;rsm;tay: tqdk;jrifjzifh csOf;uyfvmEdkifonf?

tpdk;&ESifh (jzpfEdkifor#) eD;eD;uyfuyf vkyfaqmif&ef ta&;}uD;onf? xdkrSom wjcm;rdkif;'%foifh wdkif;jynfrsm;twGif;rd ki f;&Sif;vif;a&;vkyfief; taumif txnfazmfr_rsm;ta=umif; tpd k;&u avhvmEd kifrSm jzpfouJhod k @ aemufxyfxdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm; xyfrHrjzpfyGm;&ef tpdk;&u tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonfh jynfolvlxktwGuf tultnDrsm;&&dSapa&;twGuf EkdifiH tqifhrS oifhavsmfaomenf;vrf;rsm; awG@&dSvmap&ef jzpfonf?

Credit : DCA

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4? tvm;tvm&dSaom rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ axmufyHholrsm;4? tvm;tvm&dSaom rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ axmufyHholrsm;4? tvm;tvm&dSaom rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ axmufyHholrsm;4? tvm;tvm&dSaom rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ axmufyHholrsm;4? tvm;tvm&dSaom rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ axmufyHholrsm;

e,fpyfjzwfausmf vkyfaqmifjcif; (odk@r[kwf) jynfwGif;rS vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfap ukvor*~ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;twGufyHkrSefawG&Edkifonfh pdefac:csufjy\emwpfckrSm e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;aeonfh a'otrsm;pkwGif tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;onf ajrjrKyfrkdif;rsm; qufvuftoHk;ðyaejcif; jzpfonf? tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rkdif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf taumif;qHk;aom tajctaewpf&yfrSm EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;u ukvor*~/EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&dS rsm;pGmaomt&yfzuf vlr_todkif;t0ef; tkyfpkrsm;ESifh bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; rdkif;tE W&m,f&dS a'orsm;twGif;odk@vGwfvGwfvyfvyf oGm;vmcGifhðy+yD; rkdif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcGifhðy&ef jzpfonf?odk@aomf vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;pGmtwGif; EdkifiHwum tJef*sDrsm;. ‚if;a'orsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufcGifhudk tajccHI =unfhaomftxufazmfjyyg tajctaeonf rsm;r=umrDumvtwGif; jzpfEkdifacs r&dSao;ay?

urBmhukvor*~rdkif;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_at*sifpDrsm;urBmhukvor*~rdkif;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_at*sifpDrsm;urBmhukvor*~rdkif;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_at*sifpDrsm;urBmhukvor*~rdkif;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_at*sifpDrsm;urBmhukvor*~rdkif;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_at*sifpDrsm;

urBmhukvor*~onf yg0ifaqmif&GufolwpfOD;tjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif vHk;0tuef@towf}uD;pGmjzifhaqmif&Gufae&+yD;/ 2004 ckESpfrS 2009 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\emESifh ywfoufI vHk;0eD;yg;E_wfydwfaecJh&onf? 80

odk@aomf 2009 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSpI umuG,fr_ay;a&; tvkyftkyfpkrSwqifh ukvor*~'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;¶Hk;(UNHCR) onf ajrjrKyfrdkif;udpPudk xyfrHazmfxkwfvdkufjyefonf? urBmhukvor*~onf jynfwGif;tajcpdkuf tpkd;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;twGuf tvm;tvm&dSaom rkdif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tquftoG,faumif;rsm; &SmazG&m/ b¾maiG&SmazG&m qHkcsufwpfckjzpfvmonf? ,if;vkyfief;wGif rdkif;'%foifholrsm;twGuf tultnDESifhrdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay;a&; (rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;twGuf r[kwf) yg0ifonf? ukvor*~uav;rsm; &efyHkaiGtzGJ@(UNICEF) u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHwGif; tajcðy¶Hk;rsm; &dSonf? ‚if;¶Hk;rsm;udk wjcm;rdkif;'%foifh wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif uJhodk@yifvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifh vufwGJvkyfudkifaom rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay;a&; tm;xkwfr_rsm;. wpfpdwfwydkif;tjzpfaqmif&GufEdkifonf? (UNICEF) onf uav;tumtuG,fay;a&; vkyfief;wGifvnf; yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ajrjrKyfrkdif;a=umifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&ol uav;OD;a&rsm;pGm wnf&dSjcif;aea=umifh rkdif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_wGif (UNICEF)

yg0ifae&jcif;onf ydkIvnf; qDavsmfr_&dSonf?

EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;

2005 ckESpfrSpI tenf;qHk; EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdk (7) zGJ@u jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwif&ef tm;xkwfcJh=uonf? odk@aomf ‚if;wdk@teufrS (3)zGJ@omv#if vkyfief;pwifaqmif&Guf&ef atmifjrifr_&&dScJhonf? xdk (3)zGJ@pvHk;onf a'ocHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh (rdkif;'%foihf jynfolrsm;tm; tultnDay;jcif;/ rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;ESifhppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;vkyfief;) rsm; vkyfaqmifaeqJ jzpfonf? rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ta&; aqmif&Gufaom wjcm;EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdkrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; tem*wfrdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tvm;tvm&dSaom vkyfudkifzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uonf?

80 ICBL tzGJ@ okawoevkyfief; nd‡Ed_if;a&;rSL;ESifh 2010 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif awG@qHkar;jref;csuft&

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vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,fu rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaom EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkwpfcku jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; pwifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &SmazGaom yHkrSeftpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yonfh tvkyfuGef&ufwpfckudkwnfaxmifcJhonf?

jrefrmtpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk w&m;0ifcGifhðyygu txl;ojzifh rkdif;&Sif;vif;jcif;vkyfief;udkw&m;0ifcGifhðyvdkufygu EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;. &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_onf tqaygif;rsmpGm wdk;yGm;vmrnfhtjyif ,ae@umvuarBm'D;,m;ESifh vmtdkEdkifiHwdk@wGif jrifawG@ae&onfhtwdkif; ‚if;wdk@. oHEMdXmefckdifusnfr_udk jrifawG@vm&rnf jzpfonf?

EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;

(2004-2005) ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;onf rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif pdwf0ifpm;jcif; r&dSawmhonfhtjyifEdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm; axmufyHhay;xm;onfh ajcwkvufwk aq;ay;cef;rsm;uJhodk@ vuf&dSvkyfaqmifaeqJ rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_tcsKd@udkyif ydwfyifwm;jrpfvmcJhonf? 81

rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;rsm; pwif&ef/ ajcwkvufwkaq;ay;cef;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef (odk@r[kwf) rkdif;&Sif;vif;r_rsm; wif&ef arwWm&yfcHcsufESifhtwl EdkifiHawmftm%mydkifrsm;odk@ ,ae@umv wkduf¶dkufcsOf;uyfr_rsm;onf atmifjrif&eftvm;tvm tvGefenf;yg;onf? odk@aomf vlr_0efxrf;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf&dS roefpGrf;olrsm;qdkif&m vkyfief;tkyfpkrSwqifhrkdif;'%foifholrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHrS roefpGrf;olrsm; [laom a,bk,sacgif;pOfatmufwGif xnfhoGif;I aqmif&Gufygu jzpfEdkifacs&dSonf? awG@qHkar;jref;cJhol vkyfief;wGJzuf aqmif&Gufaeolrsm;uvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rkdif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf tem*wfjzpfEdkifacs tpðy&rnfhae&monf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmevnf; jzpfEkdifonf[k qdkonf?

rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;tm; wm0efcHvkyfief;,E W&m;rsm; pwifwnfaxmif&ef tm;ay;oifh+yD;/ tedrfhqHk;tqifh yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;jcif; r&dSawmhaom a'orsm;wGif rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;vkyfief;rsm; pwifaqmif&Gufjcif;udkcGifhðyay;oifhonf? tm%mydkifrsm;onf tvm;wl vkyfief;,E W&m;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef oifhavsmfaom enf;vrf;rsm; jyXmef;&mwGif tjcm;rkdif;'%foihf jynfe,frsm;rS om"ursm;udk toHk;ðyoifhonf?

tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaomtpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaomtpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaomtpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaomtpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaom&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

rdkif;'%foifh jynfe,fESihfwkdif;wpfckrSvGJI jynfe,fwdkif;tm;vHk;rS tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf wGJzufvkyfudkifaeaom &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@a'otwGif; rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;taumiftxnfazmfvdka=umif; pdwf0ifpm;r_udk azmfjy=uonf? rdkif;'%foihf&m jynfe,fESifh wkdif;rsm;twGif;&dS tcsKd@aomtpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u rdkif;ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;udk cGifhrðyaomfjim; usef&dSaeao;onfh rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyga&;ynmay;a&;ESifh rkdif;'%foifholrsm; tultnDay;a&;vkyfief;udkrl qufvufcGifðyxm;onf? 82

81 ICBL. 2009. Landmine Monitor, chapter 2.2.4. “The conditions for current Mine Action in Burma/Myanmar”

82 2006 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiH. rdkif;'%foifh epfemae&onfh wdkif;-jynfe,f 6-ckrS tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkwdk@. awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;udk tajcðyxm;onf?

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vlowfrdkif;rsm; vHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfa&;ESifh rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf *sDeDAm awmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. &yfwnfcsufESifh vkyfief;twGuf oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pk (6)zGJ@. tawG@tñuHrsm;udk ajrjrKyfrdkif;toHk;ðyr_ &yfwef@a&; vufwGef@ae=uaom wjcm;tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;xHodk@ jzef@a0ay;oifhonf?tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;wGif usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;Xmersm; &dS=uonf? xdkXmersm;rSwqifh rdkif;'%foifhjynfolrsm;twGuf wm0ef,lay;EdkifouJhodk@ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;aom e,fajrrsm;twGif;&dS vlxkaq;ay;cef;rsm;/ pmoifausmif;rsm;rSwqifh rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jzef@a0ay;Edkifonf?

EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aom EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; (85)zGJ@ &dSonf?83

awG@qHkar;jref;rsm;r_t& EdkifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@u rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ txl;ojzifhrdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;ESifh rkdif;'%foifhjynfolrsm;twGuf tultnDay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef pdwf0ifpm;onf? wcgw&HwGif EdkifiHtqifh tJef*sDtdkrsm;onf ukvor*~ (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;xuf rdkif;'%foifha'orsm;odk@ oGm;vmcGifhtcGifhta&; ydk&dS=uonf? EkdifiHtqifhESifh atmufajctqifh roefpGrf;olrsm;ta&; aqmif&Gufonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rdkif;'%foifholrsm;udk tultnDay;&eftwGufomru tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&eftwGufvnf;csdwfqufr_wpfck jzpfEkdifonf? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH&dS roefpGrf;olrsm;ta&; aqmif&Gufonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;tm; wdkif;jynftwGif; rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay;a&;ESifh rdkif;'%foihfolrsm; tultnDay;a&; vkyfief;azmfaqmif&mwGif csOf;uyfr_wpfck jzpfEdkifonf? rkdif;'%foifholrsm; tultnDay;r_udk tjcm;roefpGrf;olrsm; tultnDay;r_wGifxnfhoGif;&ef vdktyfEdkif+yD;/ rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhyg;a&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;udk xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ avsmhyga&; a,bk,svkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;&ef vkdtyfonf?

EdkifiHtqifh bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;EdkifiHtqifh bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;EdkifiHtqifh bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;EdkifiHtqifh bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;EdkifiHtqifh bmoma&;tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfoltrsm;pku Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; jzpf=uaomfvnf; c&pf,mefbmomtajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf tvGeftm;aumif;=u+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rkdif;'%foifha'orsm;odk@ twGif;usus 0ifa&mufEkdifonf? c&pf,mefbmom tajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvdkonfh jyif;jyaom pdwf0ifpm;r_&dSonf? tenf;qHk; c&pf,mefbmomtajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckonf rdkif;'%foifholrsm;udk ulnDay;r_wGif vuf&dSyg0ifae+yD; tjcm;tzGJ@onf rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&;ynma&;ESifh 2007 ckESpf rkdif;'%foifholrsm; ppfwrf;aumuf,l&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf? awG@qHkar;jref;r_rsm;t&,if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;/ rkdif;'%foifholrsm; xdckduf'%f&m ukoay;a&;oifwef;wGifpdwf0ifpm;=uonfhtjyif rdkif;'%foifholrsm;twGuf ajcwkvufwk wyfqifay;aom aq;ay;cef;rsm; vkyfudkif&eftwGufvnf;pdwf0ifpm;=uonf? xdk@tenf;wlyif Ak'<bmom0ifrsm; trsm;pkaexdkifaom a'orsm;wGifvnf; rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&;ynmay;a&;ESifh tjcm;rkdif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfief;rsm;twGuf Ak'<bmom bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm;onf rxdawG@&ao;aomtm;udk;zG,f t&if;tjrpfrsm;vnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifonf?

83 &efukefwGif EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh 2010 ckESpf/ ZGefv (25) &ufae@rS Zlvdkifv (6) &ufae@twGif; awG@qHkar;jref;csufrsm;t& jzpfonf?

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• tpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh tcsKd@aomtypf&yf &yfpJxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwfvkyfjcif;/ a&mif;0,fjcif;/ ul;oef;a&mif;csjcif;rsm; tygt0if w&m;r0ifvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaumif; yg0ifEdkifonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;tm;wcgw&HwGif xdkvkyfief;rsm;twGuf “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;oHk; rdkif;rsm;” tjzpf toHk;ðywwf=uonf?

tpdk;&taejzifh wkdif;jynfwGif ajrjrKyfrkdif;jy\em&dSaeonf[k todtrSwfðyI rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfaqmifoihfonf[k vufcHjcif;uawmh taumif;qHk; taetxm;jzpfonf? odk@aomf tpdk;&onf ,if;jy\emudk todtrSwfðyjcif;/ EkdifiHtqifh rkdif;vkyfief;qdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif; (odk@r[kwf) ukvor*~tm; (wjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif aqmif&GufouJhodk@) tvm;wlvkyfief;rsKd; vkyfaqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;rsm; ra0;aomumvwGif vkyfaqmifrnfhyHk r&dSay? ukvor*~odk@ awmif;qdkrnfhtajctaeonf vuf&dStpdk;&ESifh ukvor*~t=um; vwfwavmqufqHa&;t& jzpfEkdifacs tvGefenf;yg;onf?

tem*wfrdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;twGuf jzpfvmEdkifaom tajctaewpfckrSm -

• tpdk;&onf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmeatmufwGif rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;¶Hk;wpfck zGifhvSpfvmEdkif+yD; tpdk;&ujzpfap/ e,fjcm;apmifhwyf zGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlxm;aom tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;u jzpfap xdef;csKyfaom a'orsm;wGifrdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfief;rsm; cGifhðyvmEkdifonf?

• “wyfrawmf tpOftvm” tay: tpdk;&u xm;&dSaomtjrift& tpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;omv#if rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; vkyfaqmifEdkifonf? e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@tjzpf vufcHcJhaom tpdk;&r[kwfaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wGJzufIvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifonf? odk@aomfvnf; jyifyrS oifwef;ESifh aiGa=u;tultnDudkrl &,lEkdifonf?

• EdkifiHtqifh tm%mydkifrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@tay: a0zefajymqdkavh&dSaom taemufEdkifiHrsm;xuf ‚if;wkd@ESifh ydkIo[Zmwjzpfaom tm&SEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh w¶kwfEkdifiHuJhodk@aom EdkifiHrsm;rS tultnDrsm; ydk&,lEdkifonf?

• tpdk;&onf e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@odk@ ryg0ifaom typftcwf&yfpJjcif; r&dSao;aom tzGJ@rsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom tzGJ@rsm;twGuf rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; oifwef;rsm;tay: tqdk;jrifjzifh csOf;uyfvmEdkifonf?

tpdk;&ESifh (jzpfEdkifor#) eD;eD;uyfuyf vkyfaqmif&ef ta&;}uD;onf? xdkrSom wjcm;rdkif;'%foifh wdkif;jynfrsm;twGif;rd ki f;&Sif;vif;a&;vkyfief; taumif txnfazmfr_rsm;ta=umif; tpd k;&u avhvmEd kifrSm jzpfouJhod k @ aemufxyfxdcdkuf'%f&m&r_rsm; xyfrHrjzpfyGm;&ef tpdk;&u tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonfh jynfolvlxktwGuf tultnDrsm;&&dSapa&;twGuf EkdifiH tqifhrS oifhavsmfaomenf;vrf;rsm; awG@&dSvmap&ef jzpfonf?

Credit : DCA

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ESpfrsm;twGif;Y okawoeðyEdkifonfh{&d,m usqif;vma=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;a=umifh ,cktcg EdkifiHtwGif;rdkif;ESifh ywfoufI v_yf&Sm;r_ tvGefenf;yg;aeonf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf;/ rdrdwdk@. okawoevkyfief;rsm;t& vmrnfhESpfrsm;wGifjrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;ESifhywfoufI v_yf&Sm;r_ wdk;csJ@aqmif&GufEdkif&ef jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom vkyfuGif;vkyfuGufrsm;udk azmfxkwfay;EdkifcJhygonf?

• EdkifiHawmftqifh/ a'otqifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ESifh e,fpyf&Sd &yf&Gmvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u rdkif;ESifh ywfoufIv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufvdka=umif; pdwftm;jyif;jypGm azmfjyr_rsm; &SdcJhygonf? txl;ojzifh rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&; ESifh rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&ol om;aumifrsm;udk taxmuftyHhay;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGifjzpfonf? tcsKd@olrsm;u Tv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pIyif aqmif&Gufae=u+yD jzpfonf?

• rdkif;&Sdaom {&d,mrsm;udk trSwftom;ðya&;ESifh ywfoufI vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sdae+yD;/ ,cktcg ae&mtrsm;wGifaqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg? txl;ojzifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyf&m a'orsm; jzpf+yD;/ rdkif;axmifjcif;rsm;qufvufjzpfay:aeygonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; oHk;onfhtcg tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u trSwftom;ðyxm;oifhygonf? yÉdyuQajz&Sif; rajyvnfEdkifrcsif; t&yfom;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ef cufcJvSonfh vkyfief;pOfjzpf+yD;/ rdkif;jrKyfxm;onfh {&d,mrsm;rSm ppfa&;twGuf toHk;cs&ef &nf&G,fxm;onfh ae&mrsm;jzpf&m Todk@ trSwftom;ðy&ef tqdkðyonfhtay: vufrcHEdkif=uyg? txl;oHo,vnf; &Sdae=uygonf? yÉdyuQESifh rdkif;rsm; jrKyfESHaer_rsm;&yfqdkif;oGm;onfhtcg trSwftom;ðyjcif;ESifhtwl rdkif;&Sif;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf=u&rnfjzpfonf? ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; ae&mrSwfom;xm;a&;oufoufudkom aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;pOfr[kwfyg?

• rdkif;rsm; us,fjyef@pGm wnf&Sdaer_udk ydkIjynfhpHkpGm ppfwrf;aumuf,l&ef vdktyfaeygonf? t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;(CBO) . rdkif;tcsuftvuf a'wmabhpfonfom rdkif;&Sdaeonf[k oHo,&SdzG,f {&d,mrsm;ta=umif; wnf&Sdaeonfh tcsuftvufrsm; jzpfygonf? odk@aomf rsm;pGm tuef@towf&Sdygonf? Towif;tcsuftvuf a'wmabhpfu EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd tcsKd@aom wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk a'orsm;. ae&mtcsKd@udkom rdkif;jy\em&Sdaeonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? Ta'wmtcsuftvufrsm;udk e,fpyfjzwfausmfI óud;yrf;aumuf,l pkaqmif;cJhjcif; jzpf+yD;/ xdktcsdefurdkif;ESifh ywfoufI v_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;tzdk@ jrefrmjynfwGif;rS tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;&ef wif;usyfonfh EdkifiH.Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;t& tE W&m,ftvGefrsm;ygonf?

• rdkif;&Sif;vif; ðzwfodrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI {&mr vdktyfcsuf&Sdaeonf? tpdk;&u cGifhrðyEdkifaoma=umifh wdkufyGJrsm;qufvufjzpfyGm;aeonfhtwGufa=umifh jy\emwpfcktjzpf qufI&Sdae&onf? rdkif;&Sif;vif;rnfholrsm;twGuf txl;tE W&m,f&Sdaponfh tajctaejzpfonf? typftcwf&yfpJa&;a'orsm;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;udkrdkif;&Sif;vif;a&; oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;onf T&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf jzpfEdkifajcwpfck jzpfygonf? TudpPtwGuf tcsKd@aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;u awmif;qdkr_rsm; &Sdaeygonf? odk@aomfvnf; typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsuftcsKd@rSm rwnf+idrfao;bJ/ òyduGJEdkifao;onfh tajctae&Sdae&m/ rdkif;&Sif;vif;&eftwGuf w&m;0if EdkifiHwumrS u|rf;usifolrsm;ESifh ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm; &&Sda&;rSm tcktajctaewGif rjzpfEdkifao;yg? vmrnfh teD;uyf tem*wfumvwGifvnf; EdkifiHwum rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ pHE_ef;owfrSwfcsuf (IMAS) t& aqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEdkifao;yg? vlom;csif;pmemr_t& rdkif;&Sif;onfhvkyfief;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aemufqHk;taeESifh taumiftxnfazmf&efrSm tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif vGefcJh onfh q,fpkESpf-ESpfckumvtwGif; aqmif&GufatmifjrifcJhonfh tawG@tñuHrsm;/ oifcef;pmrsm;udktajcðyI vkyfaqmif&rnf jzpfonf? ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;ESifh ajrrsm; jyefvnfay;tyfjcif;wGif taumif;qHk;usifhoHk;yHkenf;emrsm;udk xnfhoGif; toHk;cs=u&rnf jzpfayonf?

• Tokawoeu jyqdkcJh&mwGif rdkif;a=umifh xdcdkufepfemae&onfh vlxkwpf&yfvHk;udk xdawG@Edkif&eftwGufESifh vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnDrsm; jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGufqdkv#if/ e,fpyfjzwfausmf enf;vrf;a&m/ jynfwGif;rS tpysKd;vkyfudkif

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onfh vkyfief;rsm;udkyg aqmif&Gufoifhonf? yHhydk;ulnDay;oifhygonf? rdkif;uGif;rsm;xH wdkuf¶dkufxdawG@EdkifolrSm ukvor*~ r[kwfovdk/ EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;vnf; r[kwfyg? taxGaxGaom a'ocHv_yf&Sm;olrsm; (tpdk;&r[kwfonfhtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeol &yf&Gm vlxktzGJ@rsm;/ roefrpGrf; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;tajcðytzGJ@ (FBOs)

rsm;/ ta&twGuf wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmaeaom t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ a'ocH wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkausmif;rsm;/ a'ocH aq;cef;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; (NSA)) udk,fwdkifyif jzpfygonf?

• jrefrmtpdk;&u ajrjrKyfrdkif;wm;jrpfydwfyifa&; oabmwlnDcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfðyjcif;jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif rdkif;ydwfyifwm;qD;a&;ESifh rdkif;ESifh ywfoufI v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf Oya'tajccHrsm; ay:xGef;vmEdkifrnfhtajctaerSm vmrnfhtem*wfumvwGif tvGefenf;ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; a'otvdkuf toHk;ðyr_ ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;tm;jzifh tuef@towfjzifh rdkif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfrSm*sDeDAm awmif;qkdcsuftzGJ@ (Geneva Call) . vkyfaqmifcsuf oHEMdXmefðyr_tay: tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pk(6)zGJ@uvufrSwfa&;xdk; oabmwlnDcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ToabmwlnDcsufaemufydkif; ajrjrKyfrdkif; wm;jrpfjcif;jzifh qufvufaqmif&GufcJhygonf? txl;ojzifh tenf;qHk; jrefrmEdkifiH taemufydkif;a'orsm;wGif aqmif&GufEdkif+yD jzpfonf?TtwGufa=umifh tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsuftenf;i,f jzpf&ygonf? tvm;wl rdkif;toHk;ðyr_ avsmhcsa&;udkEdkifiHwpf0Srf;wGif aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygu TtawG@tñuHonf tjcm;aom rdkif;'%foifh xdcdkufepfemae&ol jynfolrsm;/yg0ifywfoufae=uolrsm;twGuf twk,lp&m tm;usp&m jzpfvmapvdrfhrnf?

6? t=uHðycsufrsm;6? t=uHðycsufrsm;6? t=uHðycsufrsm;6? t=uHðycsufrsm;6? t=uHðycsufrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&odk@-jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&odk@-jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&odk@-jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&odk@-jrefrmEdkifiH tpdk;&odk@-

• jrefrmEdkifiH EdkifiHom;trsm;pkonf taxGaxGaom tiftm;pkrsm;u axmifaomrdkif;rsm;. wdkuf¶dkufxdcdkufr_ &v'fa=umifh epfemae=u&ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf oifhavsmfaom cGifhðyr_/ taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef yHhydk;tm;ay;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufoifhonf?

• tpdk;&taejzifh tcsKd@aom rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk tjcm;aom vlom;csif;pmemr_ ulnDr_ vkyfief;rsm;wGif yifrvkyfief;rsm; jzpfvmap&ef tenf;qHk;cGifhðyoifhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- roefrpGrf;olrsm;udk ulnDjcif;ESifhrdkif;tE W&m,fav#mhenf;apa&; ynmay;r_vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf?

• tpdk;&taejzifh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mtqifh tm%mydkiftzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;oifhonf? owif; tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;Ekdif&efESifh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,fEdkif&ef jzpfonf? tjcm;aom rdkif;'%foifh&onfh EdkifiHrsm;. tawG@tñuHrSaeI tpdk;&u oifcef;pmxkwf,l+yD;/ tvm;wl rdkif;vkyfief;qdkif&m tm%mydkiftzGJ@rsm;xlaxmifoifhonf? Ttm%mydkiftzGJ@rsm;onf vmrnfhtem*wfwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;A[dkcsufrS Xmersm; jzpfvmayrnf?

• tpdk;&u roefrpGrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vufwGJI rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm; tygt0if/ roefrpGrf;olrsm;udk taxmuftyHhay;Edkif&ef tvkyfvkyfudkifoifhonf? odk@rSom roefrpGrf;olvlrsm;pkxH a&muf&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&taejzifh roefrpGrf;jzpfaeonfholrsm;. tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufudkvnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk; vufcHoifhonf? odk@rSom jyif;jyonfhqEN&Sda=umif; jyo&ma&mufrnf jzpfayonf?

46

• rdkif;&Sd&m ae&ma'o/ {&d,mrsm;udk owday;csufrsm; wyfqifxm;jcif;udk ,cktcg wyfrawmfu aqmif&Gufxm;onfudk avhvmawG@&Sd&+yD;/ qufvufaqmif&Gufoifhonf? xdk@tjyif vlom;csif;pmemr_ Oya'rsm;atmufY t&yfom;jynfolrsm;tay: wm0ef&Sdr_. wpfpdwfwpfydkif;taeESifh aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfap&efvnf; wdkufwGef;tm;ay;oifhonf?Todk@ owday;pmwrf;rsm;udk wyfrawmfu vkyfief;pHwpf&yftaeESifh xlaxmifxm;oifh+yD;/ rdkif;tE W&m,fta=umif;vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m vdktyfonfh A[kokwrsm; r&Sdaeonfh t&yfom;rsm;u aqmif&Guf&rnf r[kwfyg?

• jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf ajrjrKyfrdkif; qufvuftoHk;ðyaeqJjzpfaom tpdk;&wyfrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfygonf? rdkif;toHk;ðyaer_udk &yfpJ&efESifh csufcsif;tm%mwnfap&ef t=uHðywdkufwGef;vdkonf? jrefrmtpdk;&taejzifh vdktyfonfh tqifhrsm;aqmif&Gufum vlowfrdkif; ydwfyifwm;qD;a&; oabmwlnDcsufudk jzpfEdkifor# apmv#ifpGm todtrSwfðy vdkufemoifhonf? aemufqHk; tqHk;owfEdkifrnfh tcsdefZ,m;udkvnf; a=unmoifhonf?

ukvor*~odk@ukvor*~odk@ukvor*~odk@ukvor*~odk@ukvor*~odk@

• ukvor*~taeESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajrjrKyfrdkif;udpPESifh ywfoufI 2009 ckESpfupI jyefvnf qufoG,fajym qdkvmcJhonf? jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; cGifhðyvmEdkifajc/ ueOD; tpysKd; rdkif;'%foifh&oltultnDay;a&;ESifh rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;r_udpPrsm;tay: qufvufaqG;aEG; ajymqdkaeonf? Tóud;yrf;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif¶Hkr#om r[kwf/ tm;jznfhaqmif&Gufoifha=umif; t=uHðyvdkonf?

• ukvor*~ taejzifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;ydwfyifa&;twGufESifh rdkif;rsm; qufvufcsxm;aejcif; &yfqdkif;yg&ef jrefrmEdkifiHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufaeaom wdkufwGef;ajymqdkr_rsm;udk qufI aqmif&Gufoifhaomfvnf;/ twif;qufIwGef;jcif;onf tjcm;aom vlom;csif;pmemr_ vkyfief;rsm;udkyg tuef@towf jzpfoGm;apEdkifa=umif;vnf; owdðyapvdkygonf?

• ukvor*~Xmetm;vHk;onf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;Y rdkif;&Sif;vif;jcif;vkyfief;vnf; yg0if&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif;/ odk@rSom tjcm;aom vlom;csif;pmemr_ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf óudwif&Sdxm;&rnfh tajctaejzpfa=umif; qufvufwdkufwGef;oifhygonf?

• tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif rdkif;tE W&m,f ynmay;a&;vkyfief;Y t"dutcef;u¾u aqmif&Gufaeaom ,leDqufzf(UNICEF) tzGJ@tpnf;onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH. ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; wnf&Sdae&m jynfe,fESifh wdkif;rsm;wGifvnf; ¶Hk;cGJrsm;wnf&SdaeonfhtwGufa=umifh jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh rdkif;tE W&m,fynmay;a&;vkyfief; pwifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef qufI aqG;aEG;wdkufwGef; ajymqdkoifhygonf? tjcm;aom tE W&m,favsmhcsa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ‚if;rdkif;tE W&m,f avsmhcsa&;ynmay;vkyfief;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef jzpfygonf?

• tu,fI jrefrmtpdk;&u ukvor*~udk rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufyg&ef w&m;0ifawmif;qkdvmcJhygu/ tjcm;rdkif;'%foifh EdkifiHrsm;rS tawG@tñuHrsm;ESifh oifcef;pmrsm; xkwf,lum yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; aumfrDwDwpf&yf zGJ@pnf;oifhygonf? EdkifiH. xl;jcm;aom tajctaeESifh oifhav#mfpGm avsmfuefaomvkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef aocsmaqmif&Guf=u&ygvdrfhrnf?

47

EdkifiHwum rdom;pkodk@ -EdkifiHwum rdom;pkodk@ -EdkifiHwum rdom;pkodk@ -EdkifiHwum rdom;pkodk@ -EdkifiHwum rdom;pkodk@ -

• tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;pGm taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf axmufyHh&ef wGef@qkwfae=uygonf?vuf&Sd vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m tajctaeESifh jrefrmEdkifiH jynfolrsm; &&Sdaeaom tuef@towf tenf;i,fr#tultnDrsm;udk axmufxm;I tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh taxGaxG tultnDrsm; wdk;ay;yg&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf?xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; vufawG@atmifjrifr_rsm; &EdkifzG,f&Sdonfh pepfwus aocsmpDpOfxm;aom rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; tultnDay;oifhygonf?

• tcsKd@aom Oa&my tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf e,fpyfjzwfausmfI tultnDay;&ef wdk;I wdk;I wGef@qkwfvmae=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfygonf? ta=umif;rSm ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; &Sdaeonfh òrd@e,ftrsm;pkonf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifhe,fpyfuyfI wnf&Sdaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? tvSL&Sifrsm;taejzifh olwdk@. rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;wGif e,fpyfjzwfausmf tultnDay;r_udkyg xnfhoGif;aqmif&Gufoifhygonf?

• EdkifiHwum rdom;pktaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajrjrKyfrdkif; toHk;csaer_avsmhcsapa&;/ odk@r[kwf &yfpJa&;twGuf yÉdyuQwGifyg0ifywfoufaeol tiftm;pktm;vHk;odk@ wdkufwGef;ajymqdkoifhygonf? tu,fI EdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmtaejzifhTodk@ wm;jrpfr_ r&&SdEdkifygu/ a'oqdkif&mtvdkuf wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif;udkvnf; wdkufwGef;oifhygonf? axmufcHoifhygonf?

• EdkifiHwum rdom;pktaejzifh roefrpGrf;olrsm; tvkyftzGJ@. “roefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf bHk&yfwnfcsufqdkif&m xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf” udk todtrSwfðy vufrSwfa&;xdk;yg&ef wdkufwGef;tyfygonf?

• EdkifiHwum rdom;pktaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajcwkvdktyfaeol vdktyfcsuf. (av;yHkwpfyHk) udkom ajcwk yHhydk;axmufyHhay;Edkifygonf? Todk@ epfem&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;udk wdk;ay;oifhygonf? Todk@ ulnDr_rsm;wGif ajcwkwyfqifay;onfh aemufxyf aq;cef;topfrsm;/ wDxGifzefwD;r_&Sdonfh 0ifaiG&&Sdapa&; vkyfief;rsm;/txl; xdcdkuftemw&&Sdonfh rdkif;'%foifholrsm;twGuf b¾ma&;t& axmufyHha=u;ay;jcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?ajcvuf rjywfoGm;onfh rdkif;'%foifholrsm;onfvnf; taxmuftyHh &&Sdoifhygonf?

• jrefrmEdkifiH. tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHtcsKd@onf e,fpyfjzwfausmfI vlom;csif;pmemr_ tultnDay;r_udk tuef@towfjzifhvufcHae=uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;'%foifh&aom òrd@e,ftrsm;pkonf e,fpyfrsm;ESifh uyfvsufwnf&Sdae&m/tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm; taejzifh Ta'orsm;rS vlxkrsm;twGuf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;twGuf yHhydk;ay;=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;t=uHðyvdkygonf? txl;ojzifh rdkif;'%foifh&olrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhudpPrsm;wGif jzpfygonf?

• jrefrmEdkifiHonf ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H) . tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwpfckjzpf&m/ tjcm; tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;(txl;ojzifh rdkif;wm;jrpfa&;pmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh) jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;jy\em/vHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfr_twGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;&SdEdkifyHkrsm;udk qufqHajymqdk=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf? xdk@tjyif tmqD,HtzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm; taejzifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;ESifh ywfoufI a'oqdkif&m nDvmcHwpf&yf usif;y&ef/ jrefrmEdkifiHudkvnf;Tjy\emwGif qufvufI qufpyfaqmif&Gufap&ef wdkufwGef;tyfygonf?

48

tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; (NSAs) odk@ -odk@ -odk@ -odk@ -odk@ -

• tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; (NSAs) taejzifh rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;/ ppfwrf;aumuf,la&;ESifh rdkif;'%foifhol tultnDay;a&;tzGJ@rsm;tay:wGif ulnDay;cJh=u+yD;/ vdkvdkvm;vm;vnf; &Sdygonf? Todk@qufqHa&;udk a&S@qufaqmif&GufoGm;yg&efESifh wdk;csJ@oGm;Edkif&ef t=uHðyygonf?

• ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;udk tpdk;&vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@omrubJ/ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; toHk;csae=uygonf? Todk@ rdkif;toHk;ðyaer_udk &yfqdkif;yg&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf? tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vHk;uvnf;*sDeDAmawmif;qdkcsuftzGJ@. “vkyfief;twGuf oHEMdXmefcsrSwfxm;r_” udk vufrSwfa&;xdk; todtrSwfðy&jcif; r&Sd=uao;yg? Todk@ aqmif&Gufcsuf. jy,k*f/ oHEMdXmefcsxm;r_onfyif tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf wGef;tm;aphaqmfr_ jzpfapygonf?

• rdkif;rsm; qufvuftoHk;ðyaeao;onfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;xHodk@/ rdkif;toHk;ðyjcif; &yfpJcJhonfh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; tawG@tñuHrsm; zvS,fa0iSoifhygonf? vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh tjcm;vufrSwfa&;rxkd;&ao;aom tiftm;pkrsm; tygt0if tcsif;csif;awG@qHk=uyg&ef/ aqG;aEG;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;/ q,frDemrsm; twlac: jcif;ðy=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf?

• tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyf&ma'orsm;wGif rdkif;rsm;&Sdonfhae&m tenf;i,fr#udkom trSwftom;ðyxm;ygonf? rdkif;rsm;wnf&Sd&m ae&mtm;vHk;udk trSwftom;ðy+yD;/ ajryHk qGJxm;=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;t=uHðyvdkygonf?

EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ (tJef*sDtdk) tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ &yf&GmtajcðyEdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ (tJef*sDtdk) tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ &yf&GmtajcðyEdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ (tJef*sDtdk) tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ &yf&GmtajcðyEdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ (tJef*sDtdk) tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ &yf&GmtajcðyEdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ (tJef*sDtdk) tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ &yf&Gmtajcðyvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@-vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@-vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@-vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@-vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@-

• EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdkrsm; taejzifh rdkif;rsm; wnf&Sdae&ma'oodk@ oGm;a&mufxdawG@cGifh r&SdonfhtwGuf/ olwdk@taejzifha'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwGif; tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzuf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wdk@udkt&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;/ &efyHkaiG axmufyHhay;jcif;ðy&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf? jzpfEdkifonfh tajctaewdkif;wGifEdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm; taejzifh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ vkyfief;rsm; jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf xufjrufxda&mufonfhpepf,E W&m;rsm; wnfaxmifEdkifa&;twGuf ulnDay;oifhygonf?

• Ta'orsm;twGif; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&ef pdwfyg0ifpm;=uonfh rdkif;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_ EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;onfEdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkuGef&ufrsm; jyefvnfpwif wnfaqmuf=uyg&efESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jr‡ifhwifaqmif&GufEdkifa&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; pHkprf;azmfxkwfEdkif&ef yHkrSefawG@qHkoifh=uygonf? jzpfEdkifygu jrefrmEdkifiHwGifukvor*~ rpf&Sif¶Hk;u zGJ@pnf;xm;aom umuG,fr_ay;a&;qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@(Protection Working Group—PWG).atmuf&Sd vufatmufcHtkyfpkrsm;ESifh csdwfqufoifh=uygonf?

• jrefrmEdkifiH ae&mtus,ftjyef@wGif rdkif;'%foihfolrsm; ysH@usJwnf&Sdaeonfhtavsmuf/ ajcwkwyfay;onfh aq;cef;rsm;rSm enf;yg;+yD; wpfckESifhwpfckvnf; tvSrf;a0;onfhtwGufa=umifh ydkIt&G,ftpm;i,fonfh/ a&$@ajymif; ajcwkwyfaq;cef;rsm; &Sdap&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf? Todk@jzifh rdkif;'%foifh &yf&Gmvlr_todkuft0ef;rsm;udk ydkIxdawG@Edkifrnfjzpfonf? rdkif;'%foifh&ol um,uH&Sifrsm;udk olwdk@. tdrfrsm;teD;Yyif ulnDyHhydk;ay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf?

49

• &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh t&yfzufvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rdkif;'%foifh &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;xHodk@ oGm;a&mufxdawG@Edkif=uonfhtjyif/ tcsKd@aomtkyfpkrsm;u rdkif;'%foifh jynfolrsm;udk tultnDrsm; ay;tyfae=u+yD; jzpfygonf?Tóud;yrf;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk wdk;csJ@Edkif&efESifh tm;jznfhay;&ef t=uHðyvdkygonf?

• rdkif;&Sif;vif;a&;vkyfief;pOf rjzpfay:Edkifao;onfh umvtwGif;/ typf&yfa'orsm;a&m/ typftcwf r&yfpJ&ao;onfha'orsm;wGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;udk rdkif;tE W&m,f ynmay;a&;vkyfief; wdk;wufaqmif&Gufay;&ef txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?vHkðcHa&;taetxm;a=umifh rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;a&;vkyfief;qdkonfrSm wpfckwnf; oD;jcm;aqmif&Guf&onf r[kwfyg? &efukefzufrScsnf; aqmif&GufEdkifonfvnf; r[kwfyg? ‚if;tpm; wnf&Sdae+yD;om; &yf&GmzGH@òzd;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh yl;wGJapI tE W&m,favsmhcsa&;/ usef;rma&; umuG,fr_ay;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ESifhtwl aqmif&GufEdkifygonf?

• &yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwGif;&Sd bmoma&;tajccH tzGJ@tpnf; (FBOs) rsm;onf rdkif;'%foifhjynfolvlxkrsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm xdawG@Edkifonfh tm;omcsuf&Sdaoma=umifh/ &yf&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;/ &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;udktE W&m,frsm;ESifh ywfoufI wdkuf¶dkufoifwef;ay;=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf? xdk@tjyif rdkif;'%foifh jynfolrsm;ESifh

‚if;wdk@. rdom;pkrsm;xH tultnDay;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; jzef@a0iSoifha=umif;

t=uHðyvdkygonf?

• ajcwkwyfqifay;a&;oifwef;rsm;/ rdkif;tE W&m,favsmhcsa&; ynmay;oifwef;rsm;udk jyifyrS tiftm;pkrsm;/ &if;jrpfrsm;

ESifh aqmif&Gufonfhtcg a'ocH&yf&Gmtajcðy vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk tE W&m,fr&Sdapaom enf;vrf;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifh

ygonf? Toifwef;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;uif;&Sif;onfh oifwef;rsm;jzpf&ef vdktyf+yD;/ &efukefuJhodk@aom “=um;ae”

a'owGif jzpfoifhygonf? rdkif;'%foifhcHae&aom òrd@e,frsm;uJhodk@ jy\emtuJqwfonfh ae&mrsKd; rjzpfapoifhyg?

• tcsKd@aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; (NSAs) u rdkif;ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;uJhodk@aom tðyoabm erlemrsm;udkjr‡ifhwiftoday;I/ ‚if;aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tiftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;&ma'orsm;/ odk@r[kwf =oZmoufa&mufaom a'orsm;wGif rdkif;toHk;ðyr_udk avsmhcsjcif; paomvkyfief;rsm;onf rdkif;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfief;wpfpHkvHk;. wpfpdwfwpfydkif; jzpfoifh+yD;/ ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI wdkufwGef;pnf;¶Hk;r_rsm;wGif toHk;ðy&rnfjzpfygonf?

50

aemufqufwGJ (u)

roefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf bHk&yfwnfcsufqdkif&m xkwfjyefa=unmcsufroefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf bHk&yfwnfcsufqdkif&m xkwfjyefa=unmcsufroefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf bHk&yfwnfcsufqdkif&m xkwfjyefa=unmcsufroefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf bHk&yfwnfcsufqdkif&m xkwfjyefa=unmcsufroefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf bHk&yfwnfcsufqdkif&m xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf

atmufwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;=uonfh tzGJ@tpnf; at*sifpDrsm;onf azmfjyygtcsufrsm;udk oabmwlnDygonf?

• wnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufrsm;t& (txl;ojzifh roefrpGrf;olrsm;. tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf tykd'f-32) roefrpGrf;olrsm; (Persons with Disabilities—PwD) onf zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif roefrpGrf;r_ r&Sdolrsm;ESifh tvm;wlyif wef;wlnDr#pGm yg0ifap&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf?

• b&mwpfpfvmAm (Bratislava) xkwfjyefa=unmcsufESifh r=um;ao;rDu tjcm;xkwfjyefa=unmcsufrsm;t&roefrpGrf;olrsm; tjynfht0 yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh r&Sdv#if/ axmifpkESpfqdkif&m zGH@òzd;a&;&nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfhrD&efta=umif;r&Sdyg?

• EdkifiHwum tultnDay;a&; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@ yHhydk;ay;xm;aom vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;wGifroefrpGrf;olrsm; tjynfht0 yl;aygif;yg0if aqmif&GufEdkifapa&;twGuf aocsmpDrHay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf?

• r=umao;rDu xkwfjyefcJhonfh taumif;qHk; usifhoHk;r_rsm;qdkif&m t=uHðycsufrsm;t&/ TuJhodk@ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf Todk@ yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifcGifh &Sdapa&;twGuf enf;ynmydkif;ESifh &efyHkaiGrsm; axmufyHhay;&rnf?

• Todk@ yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef aocsmaqmif&Gufay;zdk@ ysufuGufjcif;a=umifh/ z,fcsefxm;jcif;a=umifh usOfz,fxm;onfh taetxm;a&mufapjcif;/ TtusKd;&v'fa=umifh roefrpGrf;olrsm;onf vkyfief;pOfrsm;rS aomfvnf;aumif;/zGH@òzd;r_. cHpm;cGifhrsm;rSaomfvnf;aumif; z,fusOfxm;cH&rnfh taetxm;&Sdaeygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh olwdk@udk,fwdkif. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_udk vnf;aumif;/ olwdk@. &yf&GmESifh EdkifiHawmf. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_twGuf yg0ifjznfhqnf;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef ta=umif;r&Sdawmhyg?

od k @twGufa=umif h atmufwGi f vufr Swfa&;xd k ;xm;=uonf h tzG J @tpnf;rsm;onf atmufygvky fie f ;r sm;od k @twGufa=umif h atmufwGi f vufr Swfa&;xd k ;xm;=uonf h tzG J @tpnf;rsm;onf atmufygvky fie f ;r sm;od k @twGufa=umif h atmufwGi f vufr Swfa&;xd k ;xm;=uonf h tzG J @tpnf;rsm;onf atmufygvky fie f ;r sm;od k @twGufa=umif h atmufwGi f vufr Swfa&;xd k ;xm;=uonf h tzG J @tpnf;rsm;onf atmufygvky fie f ;r sm;od k @twGufa=umif h atmufwGi f vufr Swfa&;xd k ;xm;=uonf h tzG J @tpnf;rsm;onf atmufygvky fie f ;r sm;azmfaqmif&ef wm0ef&S donf?azmfaqmif&ef wm0ef&S donf?azmfaqmif&ef wm0ef&S donf?azmfaqmif&ef wm0ef&S donf?azmfaqmif&ef wm0ef&S donf?

• Tudk,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xHrS tultnDawmif;cHI taumiftxnfazmfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; taejzifhroefrpGrf;olrsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom tpDtpOfrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufyga=umif; jyo&rnf jzpfonf?

• vkyfief;pDrHcsuf y¶dkydkq,f (tqdkðycsuf) rsm;onf roefrpGrf;olrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh&Sda=umif; ppfaq;I oufaojyoEdkifap&ef aocsmaqmif&Guf&rnf?

• roefrpGrf;olrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifapa&;twGuf b¾maiG (bwf*suf) twdtusudk cGJa0owfrSwfxm;&rnf?(owdðy&efrSm TonfrSm roefrpGrf;olrsm;twGuf oD;oef@aqmif&Guf&ef[k owfrSwfxm;onfh pDrHcsufrsm; r[kwfyg?)Tyrm%onf pkpkaygif; ukefusoHk;pGJaiG. (5µ) cef@ &Sdoifhygonf?

vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf roefrpGrf;olrsm;qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufI aemufxyfrl0g'rsm; zGH@òzd;ap&ef/ oifwef;rsm;/ apmihf=unfhavhvma&; enf;vrf;rsm;/ yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh usifhoHk;vmapa&;twGuft&nftaoG;jr‡ifhwifa&; vkyfief;pOf pojzifh zGH@òzd;vmap&ef udpPrsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf jzpfonf?

51

vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;cHpm;&aom uav;oli,frsm;tm; umuG,fa&;ESif hvufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;cHpm;&aom uav;oli,frsm;tm; umuG,fa&;ESif hvufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;cHpm;&aom uav;oli,frsm;tm; umuG,fa&;ESif hvufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;cHpm;&aom uav;oli,frsm;tm; umuG,fa&;ESif hvufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm;cHpm;&aom uav;oli,frsm;tm; umuG,fa&;ESif hywfoufI *sDeDAmaum tzGJ@ESifhcsKyfqdkaom em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mywfoufI *sDeDAmaum tzGJ@ESifhcsKyfqdkaom em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mywfoufI *sDeDAmaum tzGJ@ESifhcsKyfqdkaom em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mywfoufI *sDeDAmaum tzGJ@ESifhcsKyfqdkaom em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mywfoufI *sDeDAmaum tzGJ@ESifhcsKyfqdkaom em;vnfr_pmc|efv$m

DEED OF COMMITMENT UNDER GENEVA CALL FOR THE PROTECTION OF

CHILDREN FROM THE EFFECTS OF ARMED CONFLICT

oifhavsmfaom tm%mvkyfydkifcGifh ay;xm;onfhudk,fpm;vS,f (rsm;) rSwqifh vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfh rdrdwdk@. æ æ ææ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ tzJG@onf vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;onf uav;oli,frsm;. ¶kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_ESifh vlom;wpf&yfvHk;. vHkðcHa&;/ a&&SnfwnfwhHcdkif+rJaom +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh zHG@òzd;wdk;wufa&;wpfckvHk;tay: tE W&m,fðyapaomESihf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@jzpfapaom oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfaponfhtay: pdk;&drfrdapjcif;/

t&yfom;jynfolrsm; txl;ojzifh uav;oli,frsm;. taumif;qHk;tusdK;udk y"mexnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um uav;rsm;tay:ppfa&;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;. oufa&mufr_rsm; odk@r[kwf tE W&m,fjzpfapr_rsm;rS umuG,fay;&ef qHk;jzwfxm;csufrsm;/ xdk@tjyifuav;rsm;. touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ vl@*k%foduQm&&SdcGifh/ ynmoif=um;cGifhESifh zHG@òzd;wdk;wufcGifhrsm;udk av;pm;jcif;rsm;udk&&Sdap&rnf[k qdkaom rdrdwdk@. qHk;jzwfxm;csufrsm;udk xyfavmif;twnfðyapjcif;/

EdkifiHwumOya'rsm; txl;ojzifh uav;rsm;udk txl;umuG,fay;xm;onfh *sDeDAmpmcsKyfrsm;ESifh uav;oli,f tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfESifh ‚if;.aemufqufwJG pmcsKyfjzpfaom vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;wGif uav;rsm; yg0ifr_qdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm;wGif yg0ifonfhpHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;/ xdk@tjyif touf (18)ESpfatmuf jzpfolrsm;udk ppfr_xrf;apjcif;ESifh tE W&m,f&Sdaomtajctaersm;wGif toHk;ðyapjcif;tay: rdrdwdk@. wm0ef&Sdjcif;rsm;udk xif&Sm;ay:vGifap&ef qHk;jzwfxm;jcif;/

touf (15) ESpfatmuf uav;i,frsm;udk ppfwyfwGif; odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tkyfpkrsm;twGif; 0ifa&muf&ef pkaqmif;jcif;/ odk@r[kwftE W&m,f&Sdaom tajctaersKd;xJwGif wufºuGpGm yg0ifapjcif;rsm;tay: tjynfjynfqdkif&m &mZ0wfr_ w&m;¶Hk;Oya'orsm;u&mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfudk owdrlrdjcif;/

rnfhonfhta=umif;a=umifhyif jzpfap xdkokd@vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk qef@usifI xdktðytrlrsm;onf vufeufudkif yÉdyuQtwGif;&Sduav;rsm;Tay: w&m;rJhqufqHr_tjzpf todtrSwfðyapjcif;/ EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;onfvufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh tzGJ@tm;vHk;tay: oufa&mufr_&Sd+yD; wm0ef&Sdaponfqdkaom tcsufudkvufcHjcif;/

,ckcsrSwfxm;aom t"dXmefonf rdef;uav;ESifh a,mufsm;av;rsm; ESpfrsKd;pvHk; tygt0if uav;rsm;tm;vHk;udk umuG,fay;onf[k txl;xyfavmif; ajymqdkjcif;?

52

,ckem;vnfr_pmc|ef. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf uav;oli,f[kqdk&mwGif touf (18) ESpfatmuf&Sdaomolrsm; (touf(18)ESpf rjynfhao;aomol[k ,lqoHo,&Sdygu xdkoludk uav;tjzpf rSwf,lqufqH&rnf) udk qdkvdka=umif; em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;/

xdktwGufa=umifh atmufygtajctaeowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk t"dXmefðytyfygonf?

(1) tE W&m,f&Sdaom tajctaersm;wGif uav;oli,frsm;tm; toHk;ðyjcif;tm; vHk;0ydwfyifjcif;udk cdkifrmpGm usifhoHk;ygrnf?

(2) uav;oli,frsm;udk qEN&Sdonfa=umifh jzpfap/ twif;tusyf jzpfap rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifwyfzJG@rsm;odk@ 0ifa&muf&efapcdkif;jcif;r&Sdap&ef aocsmatmif vkyfaqmifygrnf? uav;oli,frsm;udk rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifwyfzJG@rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufapjcif;/ odk@r[kwf qufvuf&Sdaeapjcif;rsm; cGifhrðyyg?

(3) uav;oli,frsm;udk rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifwyfzJG@rsm;ESifh qufEG,fywfoufapjcif;rsm; odk@r[kwf qufvufyg0ifywfoufapjcif;rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrS rðyrlyg? qufEG,fywfoufr_[kqdk&mwGif ppfyJGrsm;ESifh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;wGifwdkuf¶dkufjzpfap tjcm;enf;jzifh ulnDaqmif&Gufr_ jzpfap rnfonfhenf;rsKd;udkrqdk qdkvdkonf? uav;oli,frsm;udkxdkodk@vkyfaqmifr_rsm;&Sdygu ,ckem;vnfr_pmc|efv$m. tydk'f (6)t& xdkuav;rsm;udk jzpfEdkiforSs tapmqHk;tcsdefwGifjyefv$wfay;rnf?

(4) ppfqifa&;tcsdefrsm;twGif; rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;ESifhtwl uav;oli,frsm; vdkufygaejcif;rsm; r&Sdap&efESifhppfqifa&;tcsdeftwGif; rdrdwdk@xdrf;csKyfxm;aom e,fajra'oxJY uav;rsm;&Sdrae&atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfhtcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk aocsmatmif vkyfaqmifygrnf?

(5) vufeufudkifyÉdyuQESifh ywfoufI csKyfaESmifjcif; odk@r[kwf axmifcsjcif;cH&aom uav;oli,frsm;tay: [email protected]&G,fESifh vdifuJGjym;r_tvdkuf n‡mwmpGm qufqHrnfjzpf+yD; [email protected]_udk z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;onftjcm;enf;rsm; r&Sdawmhonfh aemufqHk;vkyfaqmifcsufrsKd; jzpf&rnfjzpf+yD; oifhavsmfonfh twdkqHk;tcsdefrsKd;omjzpf&rnf? uav;t&G,ftcsdeftwGif; usL;vGefonfh jypfr_wpfckcka=umifh rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufudkrS ao'%fcsrSwfjcif; odk@r[kwf tjypfay;jcif; vkyfaqmifrnfr[kwfyg?

(6) rdrdwdk@. vufeufudkifwyfzJG@rsm;twGif;rS uav;rsm;udk jyefv$wfay;jcif;ESifh yg0ifywfoufaer_rsm;udk &yfqdkif;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifygu vHkðcHpdwfcsaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh vkyfaqmif&rnf? jzpfEdkifaom tajctaersm;&Sdygu uav;umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;qdkif&m txl;ðy vkyfaqmifaeaom tjcm;olrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifrnf?

(7) rdrdwdk@ tm%musifhoHk;aeaom ae&ma'orsm;twGif;&Sd uav;rsm;udk oifhavsmfaom tajctaersKd;wGif vlom;csif;pmemulnDaomtzGJ@rsm; odk@r[kwf zHG@òzd;wdk;wufa&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I vdktyfonfh tultnDrsm;ESifh apmihfa&Smufr_rsm; axmufyhHay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifrnf? xdkodk@ vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf tjcm;t&mrsm;tjyif rdrdwdk@onf-

(u) uav;rsm;taejzifh vHkavmufaom tpm;tpmrsm;/ pdwfydkif;ESifh vlr_taxmuftulrsm; tygt0if usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_rsm;/ ynma&;ESifh jzpfEdkifaom tajctaersKd;wGif tyrf;ajzr_ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;&&SdcHpm;Edkifatmif vdktyfonfh vkyfaqmifay;jcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;rnf?

(c) uav;rsm;tay: vdifydkif;ESifh tjcm;aomenf;rsm;jzifh t=urf;zufjcif;rsm; r&Sdatmif umuG,fay;rnf?

(*) vdktyfaeaom uav;rsm;udk rsufESmvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ vlom;csif;pmemaom tultnDrsm;udk ay;Edkifatmifvkyfaqmifay;rnf?

53

(C) uav;rsm;udk [email protected];pkrsm;ESifh jyefvnfaygif;pnf;Edkif&ef rsufESmvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ vkyfaqmifaeaom vlom;csif;pmemr_ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk yhHydk;ay;rnf?

(i) pmoifausmif;rsm; odk@r[kwf uav;rsm; t"dutoHk;ðyaeaom tjcm;y&d0k%frsm;udk ppfa&;t& toHk;ðyjcif;udka&SmifusOfrnf?

(8) rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;ESifh ppfa&;qdkif&m Xmersm;/ ppfzufqdkif&m t}uD;tuJrsm;ESihf wdkufyJG0ifrsm; rdrdwdk@. ,ckt"dXmefðyxm;csufrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh wnfjrJapjcif;wdk@ jzpfap&ef owif;tcsuftvufrsm; jzef@jzL;ay;jcif;ESifhoifwef;rsm; ydk@csay;jcif;rsm; tygt0if vdktyfaom trdef@a=unmcsufrsm;ESihf nGef=um;csufrsm;udk xkwfjyefoGm;rnf?ppfzufqdkif&m t}uD;uJrsm;ESihf xdyfydkif;t&m&dSrsm;onf rdrdwdk@vufatmufi,fom;rsm;twGuf wm0ef&dSonf? ,cktcsufrsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif; r&dSonhftcgrsKd;wGif xdkcsKd;azmufr_rsm;udk csufcsif;&yfwhHapjcif;/ oifhawmfovdkpHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; pwifvkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh EdkifiHwum pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;t& ta&;,ljcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifrnf?

(9) *sDeDAmaumtzGJ@ESifhtjyif xdktzGJ@ESifh &nf&G,fcsuftwlwl qufoG,fvkyfaqmifaeonfh tjcm;vGwfvyfonfh EdkifiHwumtzGJ@rsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmftqifh tzGJ@rsm;tm; ,ckt"dXmefðycsufrsm;udk apmifh=uyf&efESifh qef;ppfEdkif&eftwGuf cGifhðyIyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf? yGifhvif;jrifomr_ESifh wm0efcHr_wdk@ &Sdap&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;t& vdktyfonfhtwdkif; xdkodk@ apmifh=uyfr_rsm;ESifh qef;ppfr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&mwGif rdrdwdk@v_yf&Sm;aeonfh e,fajr{&d,mrsm;tm;vHk;odk@oGm;a&mufcGihfESifh ppfaq;r_rsm;/ vdktyfonfh owif;rsm;ESifh tpD&ifcHcsufrsm; xkwfjyefay;jcif;rsm; yg0ifonf?

(10) ,ckt"dXmefðycsufudk vlom;csif;pmemr_ pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; txl;ojzifh EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_ Oya'rsm;/vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI pHerlemjzpfaponfh rl0g'rsm;. ajcvSrf;wpfvSrf; taejzifhjzpfap odk@r[kwfydkrdkus,fjyef@aom t"dXmef. tpdwftydkif;wpfck taejzifhjzpfap rSwf,lusifhoHk;rnf? xdk@tjyif vufawG@ywf0ef;usifwGiftrSefwu,f av;pm;pGm usifhoHk;r_rsm;ESifh vufeufudkifyÉdyuQESifh ywfoufI vlom;csif;pmemr_qdkif&m tqifhtwef;pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; aemufxyfwdk;yGm;vmatmif taxmuftuljzpfaprnf?

(11) ,ckem;vnfr_pmc|efv$monf 1949 ckESpf =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@u jyXmef;cJhaom *sDeDAmpmcsKyf. tydk'f (3)wGifyg0ifonfh pmom;t& rdrdwdk@. w&m;0ifr_qdkif&m tqifhtwef;tay: oufa&mufjcif;rðyap&?

(12) rdrdwdk@. vdkufemaqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI *sDeDAmaumtzGJ@ taejzihfvltrsm;od&dSap&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifonfudk rdrdwdk@oabmaygufem;vnfonf?

(13) tjcm;vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm; taejzifh ,ckem;vnfr_pmc|efv$mtay: pdwfqEN&Sdvm+yD; ouf0if,Hk=unfvmEdkifa=umif;udk odjrifI xdkodk@jzpfvmatmif rdrdwdk@taejzifh vkyfaqmifoGm;rnf?

(14) rdrdwdk@tzGJ@wGif vufeufudkifyÉdyuQESifh uav;rsm;qdkif&m tjcm;yl;wGJ a=unmcsufrsm; &dSygu ,ckem;vnfr_pmc|efv$monf xdka=unmcsufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxG udkufnDr_&Sdaprnf?

(15) ,ckem;vnfr_pmc|efv$mwGif c|if;csufxm; vufrSwfxdk;jcif;rsm;onf pmc|efv$m. &nf&G,fcsufESifh OD;wnfcsufrsm;/EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_ Oya'rsm;ESifh uav;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m pmcsKyf. vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;wGif uav;oli,frsm; yg0ifywfoufr_qdkif&m aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfyg tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm; vdkufem&rnfh tedrfhqHk;wm0ef&Sdr_ESifh udkufnD&rnf? vufrSwfxdk;+yD;+yD;csif; xdktcsufrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjy&rnfjzpf+yD; uav;oli,frsm; tcGifhta&;tay: tjrifhqHk;ESifh tjzpfEdkifqHk; av;pm;r_rsm; &&SdEdkifap&eftwGuf xdkc|if;csufrsm;tay: yHkrSefavhvm qef;ppfoGm;rnf? *sDeDAmaumtzGJ@onf xdkodk@ c|if;csufxm;jcif;rsm;tay: cGifhðyEdkifr_ESifh ywfoufI aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfEdkifaomol jzpfonf?

(16) ,ck em;vnfr_pmc|efv$mudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; *sDeDAmjynfaxmifpkESifh òrd@awmfa'ou xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&efvufcHvdkufonfh tcsdefrSpI twnfðyoufa&mufaprnf jzpfonf?

COVER PHOTO - FREE BURMA RANGERSINSIDE PHOTOS - DCA

Humanitarian Impact of Landmines in Burma/Myanmar

report prepared by Geneva Call with technical assistance from DCA Mine Action

2011

Date post:	19-Jul-2020
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