1

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime

FwFwFwFwFw.-F. tPW-enkw B‚.-F. tPW-enkw B‚.-F. tPW-enkw B‚.-F. tPW-enkw B‚.-F. tPW-enkw B‚ vvvvvamkv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥amkv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥amkv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥amkv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥amkv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

]mTy-]-≤Xn

2

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bv°p-th≠n

cPn-kvSm¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

3

e£y-߃

]pXp-bp-K-Øn¬ hy‡n-I-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fpw, Xocp-am-\-ß-fpw, Pohn-X-ssi-

enbpw \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv am[y-a-ß-fpsS kPoh CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. A\p-

\n-anjw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy \qX-\-b-t¥m-]-I-c-W-߃

Itºm-f-Øn-te°p FØn®p sImt≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ChIfn-eq-sS-sb√mw \nc-¥-c-ambn

Fgp-Øp, Zriy, imhy cq]-Øn¬ hnhn[ D≈-S-°-߃ \n¿Ωn®v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-

I-bpw, kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. s]mXp kzImcy Iº-\n-

Iƒ°pw, ]i-kvX-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ°pw, k¿°m-cn-\pw, A¿≤-k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-

߃°pw F√mw-Xs∂ Ah-c-h-cpsS hnhn-[-ß-fmb hnh-c-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-

\mbn Bi-b-hn-\n-ab hnN-£-Wsc Bh-iy-ap-≠v. am[y-a-]-T-\-hn-`m-K-Ønse Fw. -

F. tPW-enkw & amkv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c _ncpZ ]mTy-]-≤Xn Ch-

bvs°ms° ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-amIpw hn[w hnZym¿∞n-Isf Xøm-sd-Sp-∏n-°p-hm≥ t]m∂

ssk≤m-¥n-I-hpw, ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb hn[-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-XmWv. Kth-

jW XXv]-c-cm-b-h¿°p Fw.- n¬., ]nF-—v.Un apX-emb D∂-X-X-e-]-T-\-Øn\pw CXp

hnj-bo`-hn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw, _u≤n-I-hp-amb afi-e-Øn-

te°v hna¿i-\m-fl-I-X-e-Øn¬ am[y-a-]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-hm\pw CXp hgn-sh

-°p-∂p.

tImgvkns‚ LS\

]X-`m-j, FgpØp coXn-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°p ]map-Jyw \¬Ins°m≠v BZy ska-

Ã-dp-Iƒ Nph-Sp-h-bv°p-∂p, XpS¿∂v ihy-am-[ya ZØ-\n¿am-Ww, Zriy-i-mhy-

\n¿amW ]In-b-Iƒ, \h-am-[ya kmt¶-XnI ]T-\w, am[y-a-]-T\ Kth-jW coXn-

im-kvXw, Kth-j-W-]-_-‘-c-N\ F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv ]mTy-I-a-Øns‚ LS\ hn`m-

h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS khn-tij e£y-Øn\v A\p-

tbm-Py-amw-hn[w ]T-\-am-[yaw ae-bm-f-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

Ct‚¨jn∏v

]T-\-Im-e-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ \mev BgvN-Iƒ \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ Ct‚¨jn∏v \n¿_-‘-

ambn sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. GsX-¶nepw AwKo-IrX am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-tam, hm¿Øm

GP≥kn-tbm, ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ÿm]-\-tam, CXc am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-tfm

CXn-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Kth-jW ]_-‘w

Kth-j-W-]-cn-Nbw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ th≠n Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw hIp-∏nse A[ym-

]-I-cpsS am¿K-\n¿t±-i-I-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp Kth-j-W-]-_‘w ]q¿Øn-bm°n ka¿∏n-

°-Ww. am[y-a-]-T\ coXn-imkvXw Ah-ew-_n-®m-bn-cn°pw CXp \n¿∆-ln-t°-≠-Xv.

]T-\-Øns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn\v Kth-j-W-]-_-‘sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n-bp≈

hmNm-]-co-£bpw D≠m-Ipw.

tUm. cmPohv taml≥ B¿.

A≤y-£≥, am[ya]T-\-t_m¿Uv

4

H∂mw ska-ÿ

MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

MU MCJ 5102 Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥: ASn-ÿm\ Imcy-߃

MU MCJ 5103 \yqkv dnt∏m¿´n-Mv

MU MCJ 5104 am[ya \nb-a-ßfpw \n¿h-l-Whpw

MU MCJ 5105 ]mtbm-KnI ]cnio-e\w

(i) dnt∏m¿´nMv

(ii) am[yaw: Iºyq- ¿ sshZKv≤yw

c≠mw ska-ÿ

MU MCJ 5206 \yqkv FUn-‰nMv

MU MCJ 5207 ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w

MU MCJ 5208 ^o®-¿ FgpØpw amK-kn≥ tPW-en-khpw

MU MCJ 5209 tdUntbm

MU MCJ 5210 ]mtbm-KnI ]cnio-e\w

(i) tdUntbm ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS \n¿anXn

(ii) ]co-£-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp ]kn-≤o-I-cWw

aq∂mw ska-ÿ

MU MCJ 5311 Ne-®nX]T\w

MU MCJ 5312 sSen-hn-j≥

MU MCJ 5313 Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ dnk¿®v

MU MCJ 5314 ssk_¿ am[y-a-ßfpw sSIv\n-°¬ ssd‰n-ßpw

MU MCJ 5315 s]mXp-sF-—nIw

(i) t^mt´m tPW-enkw

(ii) KmaoW hn\n-abw

(iii) am[ya hna¿i-XXz hmZw/aIvepl≥ hmb\

MU MCJ 5316 ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w

(i) Zriy-am-[y-a-Øn-\mbn Hcp \n¿anXn

(ii) sh_v Unssk-\nMv

5

\memw ska-ÿ

MU MCJ 5417 C‚¿\mj-W¬ B≥Uv Uh-e-]vsa‚ v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

MU MCJ 5418 (i) ]c-kyw, ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv, tIm¿∏-td‰v

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

(ii) AUzm≥kvUv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

MU MCJ 5419 Kth-jW ]_‘w

(i) hmNm ]co£

(ii) Ct‚¨jn∏v (am¿°v C√. tImgvkns‚

`mK-ambn \mev BgvN \o≠p-\n¬°p∂

]cn-io-e\w AwKo-IrX am[ya ÿm]-

\Øn¬ sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.)

6

]T-\-t_m¿Uv AwK-߃tUm. cmPohv taml-≥ B¿ (A≤y-£≥)

tUm. I¿W alm-cm-P≥

tUm. F≥. apl-ΩZv

io ]Xm]v t]mƒ

tUm. Fw. Fkv. lcn-Ip-am¿

tUm. kn. Fkv. sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥

tUm. B¿. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c≥

tUm. kn. Fkv. Pb-cm-a≥

s]m^. a[p Cd-h-¶c

tUm. hnZy B¿.

tUm. DΩ¿ Xd-ta¬

io hn. sI. tPmk^v

ioaXn cmKnWn sI.-F-kv.

7

H∂mw ska-ÿ

MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

MU MCJ 5102 Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥: ASn-ÿm\ Imcy-߃

MU MCJ 5103 \yqkv dnt∏m¿´n-Mv

MU MCJ 5104 am[ya \nb-a-ßfpw \n¿h-l-Whpw

MU MCJ 5105 ]mtbm-KnI ]cnio-e\w

(i) dnt∏m¿´nMv

(ii) am[yaw: Iºyq- ¿ sshZKv≤yw

8

MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

\thm-∞m-\-Imew apX¬ ssh⁄m-\n-Iw, hnZym-`ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-Iw, cmjvSobw

F∂o cwKß-fn¬ ae-bm-f- `m-j -t\-Sp∂ hf¿® ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Cu

t]∏¿.

bqWn‰v 1\thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ht_m-[hpw:-˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw amXr-`m-j-bpw.

temI- m-j-I-fn¬ ae-bm-fØns‚ ÿm\w, \thm-∞m-\hpw tIc-fw, ae-bmfw F∂o

k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ia-߃ ˛ a‡n-X-

߃, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, ]T-\-am-[y-aw, sFIy-tI-cfw F∂

k¶¬∏w, sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\w.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n tPm¿÷v amØ≥, "_mem-`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp ]kwKw' (aq∂mw

Jfiw amXw) (1867)

(tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ˛ IrXn-Ifpw ]T-

\hpw, ]p. 435 ˛ 447)

n a‡n-X-߃, "Xan-gp-cmPyw apX¬ ae-bm-f- cmPy\nhm-kn-I-fmb ap…nw

P\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw' (a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIcf

CkvemanIv anj≥, Xncq¿ 6, 1981)

n F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, "\m´p-`m-jm-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-

bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, amΩq-Sv,

1987)

n ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, ae-bm-f-`m -j-bpsS A`n-hr≤n am¿§w (1934)

(k-tlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw Fw.]n. joP (F-Un.)

ssaXn- _p-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2010)

n KqKn hm Xn HmwtKm, B^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj (a-\-ns‚ A]-

tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)

n Xmbm´v i¶-c≥, am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw (C-¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-

≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)

bqWn‰v 2

`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw B[p-\n-IoI-c-W-hpw.

hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te-°v, ae-bmfw A°-߃, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-߃,

9

\nL-≠p-°-fpsS hc-hv, ]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-hv, eIvkn-

t°m-Km-^n, A®-Sn, ]Xw, ]X-`m-j, am[y-a-`m-j, `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-IX: ae-bmfw

ssS∏vssd-‰¿, en]n-bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw, en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-I-Ω-‰n-Iƒ, A®Sn: ]pXnb

en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXn-\p≈ ia-߃, ÿm]-\-

߃.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n C.- hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, "h¿Ø-am\ ]X-ß-fp-sSbpw A®Sn b¥-ß-fp-

sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¶¬∏-\-ß-fnepw `mjm

hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃'

(Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥ (F-Un.) \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaq-lw,

hmeyw 2)

n Sn.- _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, "ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw: `qXhpw

`mhnbpw' (P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).

n kt¥m-jv tXm-´p-߬, "bq\n-t°mUv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX¥v?'

(P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).

n \nJn¬ \ºym¿, hna¬ tPmk^v, "ae-bmfw C≥kvIn-]vj≥ Iot_m¿Uv

Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?' (P-\-]Yw, \hw. 2009).

n Fw. apIp-µ≥, "Hcp km£m¬ Xnø≥ as‰mcp Xnø-t\mSv Cw•ojv ]d-

bptam?'

(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2010 P\p. 24 -˛ 30)

bqWn‰v 3hn⁄m-\- mjhn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-Øns‚

hf¿®, hn⁄m-\-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-kw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃, ae-bmf ]Z-tIm-i-

Øns‚ B[p-\n-IoI-c-Ww. A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-aw, hnh¿Ø-\-K-Ÿ-߃, imkvX-K-Ÿ-

߃, `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw, C¥y≥ `mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈

hnh¿Ø-\w. Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, a‰p- temI`mj-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-kq-Nn, ]mT-]p-kvXI

IΩn-‰n, amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw amXr-`m-j-bpw, ]IrXn

imkvX ˛ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w ae-bmf am[y-a-Øn¬.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-

I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ A[ymbw. ]p. 104 ˛ 123)

n tPml-∂kv t^m¨ tab¿, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Ønse ka¿∏W teJ\w

(1883)

(Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥, aebmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp

]T\w ˛ A\p-_-‘w)

n tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw imkvX-K-Ÿ-ßfpw, (`-c-W-`m-j,

1935)

n ANyp-Xvi-¶¿, imkvX-`mj (\-ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn.

10

Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)

n ]n. ]hn-X≥, `mjbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw: D]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øn\pw \n¿W-b-hm-

Z-Øn\panS-bn¬, amXr-`m-jbv°vth≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, 2014.

n cho-µ≥, "Ne-®nX kma-Kn-bmbn amdp∂ `mj' (a-e-bm-fw, amXr-`qan

tImgn-t°m-Sv)

bqWn‰v 4

`c-W-`mj ˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS `c-W-]-chpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb hnImkw

`c-W-`m-jbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-hpw, temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\w, C¥y≥ c-W-L-

S-\-bn¬ `mjI-fpsS ÿm\w, ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse

`c-W-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ae-bmf`mj-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. c-W- m-j-bv°p≈ IΩo-

j≥, tImam-´n¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩo-j≥. HutZym-KnI `mjm ]Jym-]-\w 1969.

tImSXn `mj ˛ \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ ˛ `c-W-`m-jm-t]m-’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Pn√m

Xmeq°v Xe HutZym-KnI mjm-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, mj-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]ÿm-\-߃.

hnti-j-]-T\w:

n iqc-\m-´p-Ip-™≥]n≈, "ae-bmfw `c-W-`m-jm-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v' (`-c-W-`m-j,

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿).

n PÃnkv \tc-µ≥, 1. "ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬'†(`c-W-`m-j)

2. \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ kwKlw (Hu-tZym-KnI `mjm-kw-_-‘-

ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØc-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-

I-fpw, A\p-_‘w 1, tIcf k¿°m¿, 2002)

n ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, "`mj-bpsS cmjvSobw'†

n Sn. Sn. ioIp-am¿, "`mjm-]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew' (hn-

⁄m\ ssIc-fn, 1990 Pqembv)

n tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, "ae-bmf kwc-£-Ww, F¥n\v'? Fßs\? (a-e-bm-

fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿ 1992).

n Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥, "`mj kwkvImcw hnZym-`ymkw' (\-ΩpsS `mj,

\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)

n Fw. hn. tXmakv, tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w: ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eqsS (`-c-W-

`mjm ]iv\-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

A_vZpƒIcow, apl-ΩZv sI. sP. (k-ºm), 2006 a‡n-X-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-

Iƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv.

BZ¿iv hn. sI, 2009, C\n hmb-\, C. hmb-\, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

C. -Fw.- F-kv, 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, 2003, `c-W-`m-j tIc-f-k¿°m¿.

Hma\ ]n. -hn, 1990, \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

Imc-t»cn Fw. F≥, 2004, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 2002, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]

-Im-iw

11

tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan, 1983, ]X-`m-j, sIm®n, tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan.

tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, A®-Snbpw FgpØpw: Hcp ssì ]pkvX-Iw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

IrjvW-Ip-am¿ Fkv, 1996, ae-bmf Kth-jWw k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-c, am¿Kn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, .

KtWjv kn (F-Un), 2016, `mj-bpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v Hcp P\XbpsS

k©m-cw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]nb-X.

Kncojv ]n. Fw. 2013, ae-bmfw: kzXzhpw hn\n-a-b-hpw, ip-I-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w tUm, 2012, ae-bmfw ¢mknIv `mj: ]g-°hpw hy‡n-

Xz-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

KqKn hm XnHmwtKm, 2007, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, sIm√w, Kmwjn _pIvkv.

tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ F≥, (F-Un.), 2006, `mjbpw kaq-lhpw: `mjm-imkvX ]T-

\-߃, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-im-e.

Nmt°m ]n. kn, 1940, ae-bmfw Npcp-s°-gpØv am\z¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Kh. ]v.

Pb-Ir-jvW≥ F≥, (F-Un.), 2011, ae-bm-fhpw ¢mkn-°¬ ]Z-hn-bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

Pb-cmPv Fw, 2017, ae-bmf A®-Sn-am-[yaw : `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv,

amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

Pbm kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un.), 1997, X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬,

Xmc-Xay ]T-\-kw-Lw.

tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-bpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 2010, "ae-bm-fn°v Btcm-SmWv Iqdv' mj kmlnXyw kwkvIm-

cw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

tPmk^v ]n. Fw, 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-߃, Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cw, tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

tPmk^v, kvIdnb tUm, 2007, ]g»n tcJ-I-fnse hyh-lm-c-`m-j, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

tZh-cm-P≥ Pn. tUm., 2005, C≥^¿ta-j≥ kb≥kv: Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

\mb¿, s]cp∂ sI. F≥., 1976, ae-bmf ]X-Øns‚ IY, tIc-f- h¿°nwKv tP¿W-

enÃv bqWn-b≥.

]hn-X≥ ]n, 2014, amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn.

]Im-iv sI. Fkv. tUm, tUm. Fkv. F. jm\-hmkv (kw-tim.), 2010, ae-bmf

`mjbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw, ]Im-i-\-hn-`m-Kw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf k¿h-

I-em-im-e,

]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿ hn. B¿, 1999 ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥

-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

]`m-I-c≥ F≥, 2012, "ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn', Bg-Øn¬ sh® I√p-Iƒ, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

12

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]mcw`kzcq-]w, Xriq¿, tIcf

kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂v, at\m-ca ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhnj≥.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ sI. Fw, 2004, ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn., 2007, BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy

A°m-Zan.

t^m¨ta-b¿, tPml-∂kv, 1983, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvXw, _mk¬ anj≥ _p°v B‚ v

SmIv‰v knwt_mkn-‰-dn.

_m_p sNdn-bm≥ tUm, 2009, s_©-an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw, kmlnXy ]h¿Ø-

I-kl-I-cWkw-Lw.

_m_p-cmPv ]n. Fw., 2009, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fßs\ tªmKmw, tIm´-bw, Un.- kn.

_pIvkv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, Imhp-ºmbn, 2007, ae-bmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp ]T\w,

Xriq¿, tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥ Imhp-ºmbn (F-Un.), 2017, \ΩpsS mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, tIc-

f-im-kvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv.

ae-bmfw hn°n ]oUnb ]h¿Ø-I¿ 2012 G]n¬, hn°n ]oUnb Hcp ssI∏p-kvX-

Iw, ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb ]h¿Ø-I¿, .

amcm¿ sI.-sI., 2008, tIc-f-Ø-\n-a, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

amXyp sP. ap´Øv tUm, 2007, hm¿Ø-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ, ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.

amXr-`qan _pIvkv tP¿W¬ (k-am.), 2008, ae-bmfw ˛ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn-sb-°p-

dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-߃, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

amXr-`qan, 2014, "knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmf-w', amXr-`qan Cb¿_p-

°v, ]p. 746 -˛ 750.

an\n \mb¿, tUm, 2012, knhn¬ k¿∆okv ]co-£-I-fnse ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, at\m-

ca _pIvkv.

aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥, 1985, Nn”-\w, tIm´-bw, hnZym¿∞n-anXw _p°v Unt∏m.

cho-µ≥ sI., 2009, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\-‰n¬, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

cho-µ≥ sI, 2001, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn \nL-≠p, tIm -bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

cmL-h≥ ]pXp-∏≈n, 1985, tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿, tIc-f-

km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.

cmPp amhp-¶¬ tUm, 2004, hnZym-`ymk C≥^¿am-‰n-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω F. B¿, F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-bpsS ]_-‘-߃, amΩq-Sv. cRvPna

]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

cmP-cm -P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a -‰q¿, 2008, `mjbpw `c-W-`m -j-bpw, tIcf `mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿ (F-Un.), HutZym-KnI mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIc-f-k¿°m¿

13

]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-I-fpw.

cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv tUm, 2012, `uXn-I-imkvX \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.

_pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥ ]n. sI, Fkv. F≥. Pb-]-Imiv, 2003 am[ya \nL-≠p,

tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥ Fkv, 2010, ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, kmlnXy ]h¿ØI

kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw.

cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿ ]∑\, 2000, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpw, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

cma-N-µ≥ ]pXp-t»cn, 2010, sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°mZan.

cma-h¿Ω (a-cp) Xºp-cm≥, F. B¿. AJn-te-iz-c-ø¿ (hym-Jym.), 1128, aI-cw, Xr»n-

h-t]-cq¿bp‡n-`m-jm, awK-tfm-Zbw enan-‰-Uv.

hk-¥≥ Fkv. sI, 2007, kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿,

Id‚ v _pIvkv.

h¿°n ]´n-a‰w, 2008, Iwπo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

hnP-b≥ Fw. F≥ (P-\. FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛

1901 ˛ 2000, 1˛4 hmey-߃, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan.

thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ Fkv. hn (F-Un.), 2010, ae-bmf mjm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cw, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

hmkp-°p-´≥, sI. Fw s]m^, 1991, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v: ]›m-Ø-ehpw

]h¿Ø-\-hpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

hnf-°pSn cmtP-µ≥ tUm, 2011, `mjm ip≤nbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

]nb-Z¿in\n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv skmssk-‰n.

inh-Ip-am¿. B¿, 2013, `c-W-`mjm ]tbm-K-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

inh-Ip-am¿ B¿., F. B¿. kvanXm tibv, 2013, ae-bm-fw˛Cw•ojv HutZym-KnI

`mjm-\n-L-≠p, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

ioIp-am¿ ]n, 2008, mj A[zm\w hntam-N-\w, hntam-N-\m-flI mjm-im-kvX-Øn\v

Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tjgvkv

ioIp-amcn Fkv., ae-bmf `mjm-\-thm-∞m-\hpw kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Ifpw

joP Fw. ]n., 2010, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

ssaXn _pIvkv.

jmcp sP. h¿Ko-kv, F. hnP-b-e£van, 1992, A®-Sn, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n tUm, 1992, dh-d‚ v tPm¿÷v amØ≥: IrXn-Ifpw

]T-\-hpw, Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v Nµ-\-∏-≈n.

kmw F≥, 2003, ae-bmf ]X- ] -h¿Ø\w ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m -≠n¬,

tIm´-bw, Un.- kn. _pIvkv.

kp\oX Sn.- hn, 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bm-fw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kp\oX Sn. hn, 2012, C ae-bmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

kptcjv ]n. tUm, (F-Un) 2017, ae-bm-fw: tZihpw kzXzhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, t]mKkv

14

]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

tkXp-cm-a≥ sI, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

kvIdnb k°-dnb tUm., 1996, Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]-kw.

Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-߃

n Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1992.

n Asha Surangi, Language and Politics in India, Oxford Univesity Press, 2009.

n Satyendranath Bose, 'The Mother Tongue', Satyendra Nath Bose His Life and

Times Selected works, Ed. Kamseshwar C. Wali, World Scientific, 2009.

n John E. Joseph, Language and Identity, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.

n imkvX kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw

n `c-W-`mjm i_vZm-hen

n hnhn[ ]Z-tIm-i-߃

teJ-\-߃

n ]n. kn. Nmt°m, "\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n sIm´nbw apl-ΩZv, "I∏-en-\-I-sØ- Pew' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n Fw. hn. tXmakv, "am‰w aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n F. F≥. ]n. DΩ¿Ip´n, "`c-W-`m-jbpw `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n tUm. Fw. B¿. Xºm≥, "`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)

\nb-a-߃, IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ

n `c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-߃

n tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw

n XpS¿ \nb-a-߃ 1973, 1975.

B\p-Im-en-I-߃

n `c-W-`mj, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.

n hn⁄m-\-ssI-cfn, Pqembv 1990, ae-bmfw hnti-jm¬ ]Xn.

n P\-]Yw, 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-

≤o-I-cWw.

n ae-bm-◊, ae-bmf kan-Xn, 1990.

tcJ--Iƒ

n sI. Pb-Ip-am¿, Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-

im-e, kao-]-\hpw LS\bpw, sabv, 2012 (a-e-bmf k¿h-I-em-imem ÿm]-

\-Øn-\p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v)

n sFIy-a-e-bmf ]ÿm\w eLp-teJ, tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bm-f-k¿h-

I-em-im-ebpw cq]-tc-J, 2011.

15

MU MCJ 5102 Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥: ASn-ÿm\ Imcy-߃

bqWn‰v 1

\n¿h-N-\-߃, LS-I-߃

Iayq-Wn-t°-j\nse ASn-ÿm\ Imcy-߃, \n¿h-N-\-߃, LS-I-߃, coXn-Ifpw Xe-ß-fpw. hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬, hy‡n-]-c-am-bn, kwL-am-bn, s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fn¬, _lp-P\ kº¿°w.

Iºyq-´¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥. Iayq-Wn-t°js‚ ]¶pw \nb-a-ß-fpw. Iayq-Wn-t°-js‚ amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ \n¿h-N-\w, ]h¿Ø-\w. Iayq-Wn-t°js‚ ][m\ amXr-I-Iƒ Acn-tÃm-´n¬, emkvsh¬, jmW≥ B≥Uvhoh¿, Um≥kv, _m¨ep≥Uv, tPm¿Pv sK¿_v\¿.

bqWn‰v 2

s]mXp-P-\-k-º¿°w, coXn-Iƒ

s]mXp-P\ kº¿°hpw s]mXp-P\ kº¿° am[y-a-ß-fpw. _lp-P\w/s]mXp F∂ k¶-ev]w. _lp-P\ kº¿° am[y-a-ß-fpsS Dev]-ØnbpwhnIm-k-hpw. _lp-P\ kº¿° am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-co-Xnbpw amXr-I-Ifpw ˛ shkven aIveo≥, jmw, dnen B≥Uv dnen, asekvIn.

_lp-P\ kº¿° am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]Ir-Xhpw coXn-I-fpw. A®Sn am[y-a-ß-fnse hnhn[ C\-߃, Xc-߃, Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-߃, \h-am-[y-a-߃. _lp-P\ kº¿° am[y-a-ß-fpw kaq-lhpw. A®-Sn-bpsS t\m¿ta-‰ohv kn≤m-¥-߃.

bqWn‰v 3

Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

am[y-a-ßfpw hmb-\-°mcpw/t]£-I-cp-am-bp≈ Bibhn\n-a-bw. t]c-Wm-flI ]Xn-I-cW kn≤m-¥w, _pff‰v kn≤m-¥w, hnh-c-Øns‚ Hgp°v Xnc-

16

s™-Sp-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n® Bi-bw, hy‡n-KX hyXym-k-ß-fm¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂ Bibw, kmaqly \ne-hm-c-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-amb Bibw, kmaqly_‘-ß-fn¬ Du∂nb Bi-bw, hnizm-kyX F∂ Bi-bw, bqkkv B≥UvKm‰n-^n-t°-j≥kv At]m®v

bqWn‰v 4

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥: amXr-I-Iƒ, kn≤m-¥-߃

Iayq-Wn-t°-j-\n¬ tK‰vIo∏nßv F∂ k¶-ev]w, tK‰vIo-∏n-ßns‚ amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ ssh‰v, Km¬‰p-Mv, dqPv. hm¿Ø-bpsS Hgp°pw AXns‚ amXr-I-Ifpw˛ aIvs\√n _mv, laoZv auem\m hn[-Øn-ep≈ am[ya C^IvSpIƒ, am[yaC^-IvSp-Iƒ kw_-‘n® ]T-\-Øns‚ lkz-N-cn-Xw, C^-IvSp-Iƒ kw_-‘n® kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ _mƒ˛tdmsI-bvjv, Un ^vfph¿ F∂n-h-cpsS am[yaLS-\-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb amXr-I-Iƒ. aIv tImw_v, jm F∂n-h-cpsSAP≥U Bhn-jvI-cn-°¬. t\msb-√-˛-\yq-am≥kv kvss]d¬ Hm^vsske≥kv kn≤m¥w. am¿j¬ aIv eqls‚ am[y--aamWv ktµiw F∂kn≤m¥w.

bqWn‰v 5

Bi-b-hn-\n-abw: kaq-lw, kwXp-e\w

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw kaq-l-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hpw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ a\:-im-kvXw, cmjvSo-b-Im-cy-ß-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw, hnZym-`ym-k-Im-cy-ß-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw, hnI-k-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hpw. A¥m-cmjvS Imcy-ß-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-abw A¥m-cmjvS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚Ncn-X-]-c-amb hn`m-h-\w, F≥U-ªn-bp-sF-kn-H, aIvss_Uv IΩo-j≥,sFIy-cm-jvS-k- -bpsS ]Jym-]-\w, F≥-F-Fw(-\mw) A¥m-cmjvS hm¿Ø-I-fpsS Hgp-°v, kwXp-e-\hpw Xpe\w C√m-bvabpw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Agee,Warren, Kendall, Ault, Philip H, Emery, Edwin, 1979, Introduction to Mass

Communications, NewYork, Harper & Row,

Agee Warren, Kendall, Ault, Philip H, Emery, Edwin, 1998, Main currents in Mass

Communications, USA: Wesley Educational Publishers.

Berlo, David Kenneth, 1960 , The Process of Communication: An Introduction to

Theory & Practice, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Bryant, Jennings & Susan Thompson, 2001, Fundamentals of Media Effects,

McGraw Hill.

DeVito, Joseph A,1985 , The Communication Handbook: A Dictionary, Harper

&,Row.

17

Duck, Steve & David T Mc Mahan, 1983, Communication in Everyday Life, Sage

Publications.

Katz E and Lazarsfeld Paul F, 2005, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People

in the flow of Mass communications, Transaction Publishers.

Mc Lean, Scott, 2004 ,The Basics of Interpersonal Communication, Allyn Bacon.

Mc Quail, Denis, 2010, Mc Quail’s Mass Communication Theory,New Delhi, Sage

Publications.

Moulana, Hamid,1985, International flow of Information: a global report and

analysis, unesco.

Perse, Elizabeth M, 2001, Media Effects and Society, Taylor & Francis.

18

MU MCJ 5103 \yqkv dnt∏m¿´nMv

bqWn‰v 1

hm¿Ø, hnX-cWw

k¶-ev]w, \n¿h-N-\-߃, e£yw, LS-I-߃, tNcp-h-Iƒ, aqey-߃, hm¿Ø-Isf th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ hn[w, hm¿Ø-bpsS Dd-hn-Sw, hm¿Ø e`y-am-Ip∂ tIµ-߃, hm¿Ø tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ X¥-߃, hm¿Ø hn`-Pn-°p∂Xpw hnX-cWw sNøp∂Xpamb coXn-Iƒ, Iºn ktµ-i-߃. hm¿Ø-bpsS Hgp-°v,]h-Nn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ]h-N-\m-Xo-X-amb hm¿Ø-Iƒ, arZp-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ITn\ hm¿Ø-Iƒ, XpS¿® Bh-iy-ambh, ]tIm-]-\-]cw/]£-]m-Xn-Xz]cw

bqWn‰v 2

hm¿Øm-h-X-c-Ww, hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ

hm¿Øbv°v ASn-ÿm-\-amb hnh-c-߃, hm¿Ø Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°≠ hn[w˛ C≥th¿´Uv ]ncanUpw a‰v coXn-I-fpw, hm¿Ø Fgp-Xp-∂-Xns‚ XXz-߃,C≥sSm, t_mUn, ]›m-Øe hnX-c-Ww, Ah-km-\n-∏n-t°≠ coXn AXnsehyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ, hyXykvX coXn-I-fn-ep≈ XpS-°w, hm¿Ø Fgp-Xp∂ coXn-bnse hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ, ]kw-K-߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-tºmƒ, skan-\m-dp-I-fpw, ktΩ-f-\-ßfpw dnt∏m¿´v sNøp-tºmƒ, ]X-k-tΩ-f-\-߃, ao‰v Z ]kv,_o^n-ßv, ]I-S-\-߃, dmen-Iƒ, ]Xn-tj[ ]I-S-\-߃, ]X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ,tImSXn \S-]-Sn-I-a-߃, \nb-a-k`m dnt∏m¿´n-ßv, temI-k`m dnt∏m¿´n-ßv,k¿°m¿ hm¿Ø-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ CXc hm¿Ø-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

hm¿Ø- ti-J-cn-°p∂ kwhn-[m\w

hm¿Øm-te-J-I¿˛Ahiyw th≠p∂ KpW-߃, hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-Iƒ,

19

tPmen-Iƒ/Npa-X-e-Iƒ. hm¿Ø tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v teJ-I¿°v Bh-iy-ambKpW-߃, hm¿Ø \¬Im≥ tijn-bp≈ hy‡n-Isf Is≠Øn _‘wsa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-Iƒ, hm¿Øm teJ-I-cpsS kmaq-ly-]-Xn-_-≤-X, Id-kvt]m-≠‚p-am¿, kvSnß¿, sam^yq-kn¬, Pn√m-te-J-I¿, hntZi teJ-I¿,cmjvSob teJ-I¿, kvt]m¿´vkv teJ-I¿, \nba teJ-I¿, \nb-a-k`m teJ-I¿, _nkn-\kv teJ-I¿, kvs]jy¬ Id-kvt]m-≠‚p-am¿.

bqWn‰v 4

dnt∏m¿´n-Mvv, hnhn[ hn`m-K-߃

sshZ-Kv≤y-ap≈ dnt∏m¿´n-ßv, hnI-k\ hm¿Ø-Iƒ, imkvX-˛-km-t¶-XnIhm¿Ø-Iƒ, _nkn-\kv hm¿Ø-Iƒ, sXc-s™-Sp∏v hm¿Ø-Iƒ, A]-I-S-߃, ac-Ww, Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃, bp≤-s°-Sp-Xn-Iƒ. A`n-]mb hyXym-k-߃,Nc-a-߃, Imem-hÿm hm¿Ø-Iƒ, lyqa¨ C‚-dÃv IY-Iƒ, kmwkvIm-cnI hm¿Ø-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂ hn[w. A`n-apJ kw`m-jWw F∂ Ie,A`n-apJ kw`m-jW thf-bn¬ kzoI-cn-t°≠ X¥-߃, hyXy-kvX-XcwA`n-apJ kw`m-j-W-߃.

bqWn‰v 5

hm¿Ø tXSp-∂Xpw krjvSn-°p-∂Xpw

At\z-j-Wm-fl-Iw, hni-I-e\w Bh-iy-am-b-h, Fw_-UUv, Bg-Øn¬ At\z-jWw Bh-iy-am-b-h, hm¿Ø-I-fpsS ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-°¬, t]Pv aq∂v,]mtZ-inI t]Pv, AI-tam¬kp-Iw, kwL¿jm-fl-Iw, ]∏-cm-kn, Smtªm-bvUv,Npcp-°p∂ coXn, ]uc-]m-Xn-\n[y ]X-]-h¿Ø\w, hm¿Ø-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂coXn ˛ Ãnßv tP¿W-en-kw, ]Ww-]‰n hm¿Ø \¬I¬

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Charnley, M.V, 1975 , Reporting, Canada, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Critchfield,Richard,1962 Indian Reporter’s Guide, Allied Pacific

Crump,Spencer, 1974 Fundamentals of Journalism, McGraw Hill

Hohenberg,John, 1983, The Professional Journalist, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Hasan, Seema,2010, Mass Communication: Principles and Concepts,New Delhi:

CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.

Johnson, Stanley, Harris, Julian, Leiter, Kelly,1999, The Complete Reporter:

Fundamentals of News Gathering, Writing and Editing, Macmillan Publishers.

Kamath,M.V, 2009, Professional Journalism,New Delhi, Vikas Publication House.

Keeble, Richard, Ian, Reeves, 2005, The Newspapers Handbook, Routledge.

Sheehan,Paul V, 1972, Reportorial Writing, Chilton Book Company.

Warren, Carl Nelson,1951, Modern News Reporting, Harper Brothers

20

MU MCJ 5104 am[ya \nb-a-ßfpw -\n¿h-l-Whpw

bqWn‰v 1

`c-W-L-S-\, a\p-jym-h-Imiw

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\sb kw_-‘n®v Hcp eLp apJ-hpc ˛ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-߃,Bibw hy‡-am-°m\pw kwkm-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX¥yw ˛ ][m-\-ambpwC¥y-bnse am[ya kzmX-¥y-Øn¬ Du∂n-s°m≠v: a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ß-fpsSBtKmf ]Jym-]-\w, a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnI-k-\w, A\p-_‘ ]iv\-߃, kmaq-ly-amb hnth-N-\-߃, [zwk\w, a\p-jym-h-ImiDS-º-Sn-Iƒ, enwK-hn-th-N-\w, a\p-jym-h-Imi \nb-a-߃, a\p-jym-h-Imi]t_m[\߃

bqWn‰v 2

\nb-a-߃, Ah-Im-i-߃

A]-Io¿Øn kw_-‘n® \nb-a-߃, cmPy-tZmlw, Akm-∑m¿Kn-IX, tImS-Xn-b-e-£yw, sk≥k¿jn-∏v, ]I¿∏-h-Imiw, \nb-a-k-`-bp-sSbpw cmPy-k-`-bp-sSbpw ]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-߃, HutZym-KnI cl-ky-߃ kwc-£n-t°-≠p-∂-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, hnh-cm-h-Im-iw, clkyw/kzIm-cym-fl-IX ]men-t°-≠Xpkw_-‘n® \nb-a-߃

bqWn‰v 3

]t£-]-Whpw ]c-ky-ßfpw

]kv IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ, ]kv Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ, hm¿Ø ]t£-]Ww sNøp-∂Xpw ]c-ky-߃ \¬Ip-∂Xpw kw_-‘n® \nb-a-߃ C¥y-bn¬, ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS thX-\hpw sXmgn¬ \n_-‘-\-I-fpw, ssk_¿ \nb-a-߃

bqWn‰v 4

sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS hn\ymk coXn

21

A®Sn am[y-a-ß-fn-epw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fnepw sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂hcpsS hn\ymkcoXn, C¥y≥ am[y-a-ß-fpsS DS-am-h-Im-i-co-Xn, C¥y≥hm¿Øm GP≥kn-I-fpsS LS-\bpw `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 5

kmº-ØnI LS-I-߃

A®Sn am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw kmº-ØnIÿnXn. \n¿am-Whpw hne-bpw, hcp-am-\w, ÿew hnev]\ \S-Øp∂ hn[w,hnev]\ h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb \o°-߃, Dev]m-Z-\w, ]Nm-cw, ]c-kyhpwa‰v hcp-am-\-ß-fpw, hmb-\-°m-scbpw t]£-I-scbpw hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠p∂coXn-Iƒ (F-_n-kn, F≥-B¿-F-kv, sFF≥-F-kv, B¿-F≥-sF, SnB¿]n,SnF-Fw, dn≥Uv XpS-ßn-b-h) hnhn[ IΩo-j-\p-I-fp-sSbpw IΩn-‰n-I-fp-sSbpwdnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Agarwal, S.K, 1993, Media and Ethics, Shipra Publications.

Basu.B, Laws of Press in India

Basu, Durga Das,1980, Laws of Press, Prentice Hall India Pvt. Ltd.

Charantimath,Poornima M, 2006, Total quality management, Dorling Kindersley

(India) Pvt Ltd.

Crone,Tom, 1995, Law and the Media: An Everyday Guide for Professionals, Focal

Press.

Einav, Gali,2010, Transitioned Media: A Turning Point Into the Digital Realm,London:

Springer Limited.

Grover, Amarnath,1990, Press and the Law, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Khandekar,Vanit Kohli, 2013,The Indian Media Business, USA: Sage Publications.

Niazi, Zamir,2010, The Press in Chains, Oxford University Press.

Padhy, Krushna Singh,1997, Press in India: Perspective in Development and

Relevance,Kanishka Publishers, Distributors.

Padhy, Krushna Singh,1991. Battle For Freedom Of Press In India, Academic

Foundation.

Redmond, James & Robert Trager, 2004, Media Organization Management, New

Delhi, Biztantra.

Stanton, Williams J. & Charles Futrell,1987, Fundamentals of Marketing, McGraw

Hill.

Suresh.K, 2003, Media Management:Emerging trends, Amicus-ICFAI

Trikha, Nand Kishore,1986, The Press Council: A self Regulatory Mechanism for

the Indian Press, Somaiya Publications.

22

Sylvie,George, Jan Le Blanc Wicks, C. Ann Hollifield, Stephen Lacy, Ardyth

Broadricksohn,2008, Media Management: A Casebook Approach, New

York:Taylor & Francis.

Venkataramaiah.K.S, Freedom of the Press - Some Recent Incidents.

Venkataramaiah.K.S,1994, Mass Media in India, New Delhi Publications Division,

Ministry of information & Broadcasting.

Vizjak, Andrej Dr, Max Josef Ringlstetter (Eds),2003, Media Management, Springer.

23

MU MCJ 5105 ]mtbm-KnI ]cnioe\w

(i) dnt∏m¿´nMv

(ii) am[yaw: Iºyq- ¿ sshZKv≤yw

24

c≠mw ska-ÿ

MU MCJ 5206 \yqkv FUn-‰nMv

MU MCJ 5207 ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w

MU MCJ 5208 ^o®-¿ FgpØpw amK-kn≥ tPW-en-khpw

MU MCJ 5209 tdUntbm

MU MCJ 5210 ]mtbm-KnI ]cnio-e\w

(i) tdUntbm ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS \n¿anXn

(ii) ]co-£-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp ]kn-≤o-I-cWw

25

MU MCJ 5206 \yqkv FUn‰nMv

bqWn‰v 1

hm¿Øm hn`m-K-߃, CXc hn`m-K-߃

]Xm-[n-]-k-anXn AwK-ß-fpsS hn\ymkw, tlmgvkv jq UkvIv, \yqkv dqwamt\-Pvsa‚ v F∂ k¶¬∏w, ]Xm-[n] kanXn AwK-ß-fpsS ]¶pw Npa-X-e-Ifpw, CXc hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hn`-P-\w, ]o ]kv hn`m-Kw, ]n‚n-Mv, k¿°p-te-j≥, ]cky hn`m-K-߃.

bqWn‰v 2

FUn-‰nMv: hnhn[ Xe-߃

FUn-‰nMv : \S-]-Sn-I-a-߃, FUn-‰nMv F∂ Bibw/kmam-\y-k-¶ev]\w,FUn-‰nMv F∂ cmjvSob ]In-b, hm¿Øm Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v, hkvXp-X-Iƒ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ hn[w, `mj Xncp-Øp∂ hn[w, \yqkv tÃmdn-Iƒ am‰n-sb-gp-Xp∂ hn[w, tÃmdn-Iƒ kwKln°p∂ coXn/kw£n]vX hm¿Ø, hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ Nmbvhv ]I-S-am-°¬, hyXy-kvX-Xcw tIm∏n-Iƒ FUn‰v sNøp∂hn[w ˛ GP≥kn tIm∏n-Iƒ, _nKv t^m¿ F∂ k¶¬∏w, ]X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, ]mtZ-inI teJ-I-cpsS tIm∏n-Iƒ, dÆnßv tÃmdnIƒ, ssieo-]p-kvXIw˛ `mj-bnepw kwkvIm-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ kzm[o-\w.

bqWn‰v 3

Xe-s°- p-Iƒ: A®-Sn-bnepw Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fnepw

Xe-s°- p-Iƒ, Xe-s°- p-I-fpsS Xc-ßfpw Dt±-iy-ß-fpw, Xe-s° v Fgp-Xp∂kº-Zm-b-߃. A®SnXe-s°-´p-Ifpw Zriy am[y-a-ß-fnse Xe-s°-´p-Ifp-am-bp≈ Xmc-X-ayw. FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ ˛ hyXy-kvX-amb Ah-X-cW coXn-Iƒ,FUn-t‰m-dn-b-ens‚ ]¶pw Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ ]men-t°-≠-Xmb ASn-ÿm\-X-Xz-ßfpw, FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t]Pnse a‰v D≈-S-°-߃, Hm]v-˛-F-Uv, anUn¬]o-kv, ]Xm-[n-]¿°p≈ IØp-Iƒ, amÃvsl-Uv.

bqWn‰v 4

hm¿Øm hn\ymkw: XXz-߃, kº-Zmb-߃

\yqkvt]-∏¿ Unssk\pw teHu-´pw, t]Pv ta°-∏ns‚ XXz-ßfpw kº-Zm-b-ß-fpw, Imem-\p-kr-X-amb hn\ym-khpw teHu´pw. UΩn, hm¿Øm-h-X-c-W-

26

Ønse k¥p-e-\w, A\p-]m-X-߃, GI-Xm-\-X. amK-kn≥˛Zn-\-]X te Hu´vhyXym-k-߃. sk‚¿ Hm^v hnjz¬ Cw]m-IvSv.

bqWn‰v 5

t^mt´m tPW-enkw

t^mt´m tPW-enkw ]Ir-Xw, coXn, ]m[m-\yw, hm¿Øbpw o®¿ t^mt´m-Km-^p-I-fpw, tIm∏n-Mv, Ãm≥Uv Ftem¨ NnX-߃, NnX-ß-fnse hI-t`-Z-߃˛ _vfoUv, C≥sk-‰v, hns∂-‰v, tam¿´n-kv. t^mt´m-hn\v ASn-°p-dn∏v/Xe-s°´v sImSp-°p-∂-Xv, `mjm-¥-cWw ˛ am[y-a-߃°mbn hnh¿Ø\wsNøp-tºm-gsØ kt¶X-߃

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Alun, John, 1988, Newspaper Photography: A Professional View of Photo

Journalism Today, Crowood Press.

Baskette, Floyd.K, Jack Z. Sissors, Brian.S Brooks, 1996, The Art of Editing, Taylor &

Francis.

Bergin,David P, 1967, Photo Journalism Manual, Morgan & Morgan.

Bruck, Axel, 1981, Practical Composition in Photography,New York: Focal Press .

Bruce H, Westley,1980, News Editing, Houghton Mifflin.

Cyernshem, G.R, 2001, History of Photography.

Evans, Harold, 1974, Handling newspaper text, London: Heinemann.

Evans, Harold, 1973, Newspaper design, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Evans, Harold ,1974, News headlines, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Evans, Harold, 1997. Pictures on a Page: Photo Journalism,Graphic and Picture

Editing, Random House.

Feinberg, Milton, 1970, Techniques of photo Journalism, Wiley-interscience.

Gunning, Robert,1968, The Techniques of Clear Writing, McGraw Hill.

Hides, Michael,1967, The Subeditor’s companion, Bombay: Popular Prakashan.

Hugh, Sidey, Rodney Fox, 1956,1000 Ideas for better News Picture, Iowa State

College Press.

Ira B, Current,1987, Photographic color printing: theory and technique, Focal

Press.

Kalish, Stanley E, and Clifton C. Edom, 1951, Picture Editing, Rinehart.

Kenneth, Kobre,2008, Photo Journalism: The Professional’s Approach, USA, Focal

Press,

Price,Jack, 1932, News Photography, Industries Publishing Company.

Randee , Schlapia, Mc Call Donnelly, Press Photography

27

Raynolds, Clyde, Leonard Gaunt,1983, Newnes Book of Photography, Newnes

Technical Books.

Rothsteline, Arthur,1974, Photo journalism, Amphoto Books.

Sellers, Leslie,1968, The Simple Subs Book, Pergamon Press.

Shrivastava, K.M,1987, News Reporting and Editing, Sterling Publishers.

Steven E, Ames, 1989, Elements of Newspaper Design, Praeger.

The Hamlyn Basic Guide to Photography, 1983, Hamlyn, Octopus Publishing group.

28

MU MCJ 5207 ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w

bqWn‰v 1

ae-bm-f- ]-X-]-h¿Ø\w: D¤-hw, hf¿®

tIc-f-Ønse A®Sn am[y-a-ß-fpsS Ncn-Xw, D¤-hw, hf¿®, hnImkw, kz`m-h-co-Xn-Iƒ. tIc-f-Øn¬ A®-Sn-bp-sSbpw ]km-[-\-Øn-s‚bpw Bcw- w. anj-W-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h\Iƒ. kzmX-¥y-]q¿h ImeL´-Ønsebpw \thm-∞m\Ime-sØ-bpw ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w. ae-bmf am[y-a-ß-fpsSkzmX¥ykac ]ÿm-\ßfnse ]¶pw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw. sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´v,kztZ-im- n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, \n[o-cn-°¬ amWn-°-Ø-\m¿, tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏n-f, kn.-hn. Ip™p-cm-a≥, sI.-]n.tIi-h-ta-t\m≥. ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\hpw kmln-Xy-hpw. tIc-f-Ønsekmaqly ˛ cmjvSob ]ÿm-\-߃.

bqWn‰v 2

tZiob am[y-a-߃, ]kv BIvSv

tZiob am[y-a-ß-fpsS Ncn-Xw, BZy-Ime ]X-߃, Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w, skdmw-]q¿ anj-\-dn-am¿, kzmX¥y ka-chpw tZiob am[y-a-ß-fpw, sh¿Wm-°p-e¿ ]kv BIvSv, sPbnwkv AK-Ãkv ln°n, sPbnwkvs_°nMv lmw, cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbv, t]mØ≥ tPmk-^v, Fkv. kZm-\-µv, Ne-]Xn dmhp, cma-\mYv tKmb-¶, ]apJ tZiob ]X-߃ ˛ ^o ]kvtP¿W¬, AarX _km¿ ]Xn-I, tÉvkvsa≥, lnµp, C≥Uy≥ FIvkv]kv,sSen-Km-^v.

bqWn‰v 3

]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃, hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ

ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿbpw ae-bmf am[y-a-ß-fpw. en‰n¬ amK-kn-\p-I-fpsS hf¿®˛\h-km-ln-Xn, kao-£, A-£-cw, ]k-‡n, ka-ky, \ntbm-Kw. tIc-f-Ønse]m¿´n ]X-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw B[p-\n-I-Ime ]X-ß-fpw. amkn-I-IfpwSmtªm-bvUp-Ifpw ˛ ]tXyI hn`m-K-߃°m-bp≈ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ ˛kvXo amkn-I-Iƒ, kvt]m¿´vkv amkn-I-Iƒ, Ne-®nX ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃,Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ, hml-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃.

29

Im¿´q¨ cN-\, tImfw FgpØv C‚¿s\‰pw hntZi FUn-j-\p-Ifpw

bqWn‰v 4

hm¿Øm ]t£-]-Ww, Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-߃

tIc-f-Øn¬ ]t£-]W tIµ-ß-fp-sSbpw Ce-IvtSm-WnIv aoUn-b-bp-sSbpwBhn¿`m-hw.- sFF-kv_n-F-kv, BIm-i-hm-Wn, Zqc-Z¿i≥, ]km¿`m-c-Xn,km‰-sse‰v Nm\-ep-Iƒ, F^vFw tdUn-tbmhpw ]c-ky-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 5

]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ

tIc-f-Ønse ]X-ßfpw amkn-I-I-fpw. ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse h¿Ø-am-\-Ime ]h-W-X-Iƒ. ae-bm-f-Ønse hm¿Øm t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp≈ FgpØ.v `mjm ]X-ßfpw ]mtZ-inI ]X-ß-fpw. ]iv\-ßfpwkm≤y-X-Ifpw ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf `mj-bpw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan, ae-bmf]X-`mjIp™∏, aq¿t°mØv,1982, ae-bmf at\m-ca˛kwkvImc Xcw-KnWn, tIm- -bwIp´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, hnh¿Ø\wNpΩm¿, Nq≠¬, ae-bm-f-]-X-N-cn-Xhpw kpIp-am-c≥ s]ms‰-°mSpwtXmakv tP°_v, IY-°q´v]nb-Z¿i-\≥.Pn, 1982, a-e-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w, ]m-cw` kzcq-]w,-Xr-iq¿,tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan-- .\m-b¿.s]cp∂,sI.-F≥,1976 ae-bmf ]X-Øns‚ IY, -Xr-iq¿, tIcfkmlnXy A°m-Zan.tat\m≥.Fw.-sI., kz.tetat\m≥.hn.-B¿,1978, amXr- q-an-bpsS NcnXw,hm-eyw 1,2,3,- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan ]n‚nßv B≥Uv ]ªn-jnMv Iº\ncma-Ir-jvW-]n≈.sI.,1912, hrØm¥ ]X-]-h¿Ø\whnP-b≥.sI.-]n.,1987, ]X-߃, hnNn-X-߃, tIm-´-bw,-km-ln-Xy-]-h¿ØIkl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.kpss_¿.-hn.-]n,2013, a-e-bm-f -]X`mj: hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃,-sIm-®n,-tI-c-f]kv A°m-Z-an.cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏-f-fn,1985, tIcf ]X]h¿Ø\ NcnXw, Xr-iq¿, tIcfkmlnXy A°m-Z-an.am[-h≥ ]nf-f.-kn,1978, Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ h¿Ø-am\ ]X-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.Choondal , Chummar,1975, The Missionaries and Malayalam Journalism, Trichur.

30

MU MCJ 5208 ^o®¿ FgpØpw

amK-kn≥ tPW-en-khpw

bqWn‰v 1

^o®-dp-Iƒ, apJ-]-kw-K-߃

^o®dpw Iev]nX IY-I-fpw. hm¿Øm dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw ^o®-dp-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kw. hyXy-kvX-Xcw o®-dp-Iƒ, o®¿ Fgp-Øv, o®¿ Is≠-Øp∂ hn[w, Bi-bkt¶Xw ˛ Dd-hn-Sw, hnIm-kw. hkvXp-X-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww, mjbpw LS-\-bpw, o®-dp-I-fpsS hn]Wn, FUn-t‰m-dn-b-ep-Iƒ, anUn-ep-Iƒ, tImf-߃, \ncq-]-W-߃ ˛ ]pkvX-I-߃, Ne-®n-X-߃, \mS-I-߃

bqWn‰v 2

amkn-I-Iƒ

amkn-I-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-Xcw s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-ap≈ amkn-I-Iƒ, ]tXyI hmb-\-°m¿°mbp≈ amkn-I-Iƒ, hmWnPy amkn-I-Iƒ, C¥y-bnse amkn-I-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp s]mXp Ah-tem-I\w ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønseamkn-I-I-fpsS Ncn-X-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v.

bqWn‰v 3

tImfw Fgp-Øv, amK-kn≥ tPW-enkw

s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-ap≈ teJ-\-߃/^o®-dp-Iƒ, tImf-߃ F∂nh Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ. ]tXyI t]£-Icpw hmWnPy amkn-I-I-fpw. o®¿ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒD]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kqNI ]Z-߃, amK-kn≥ P¿W-enkw

bqWn‰v 4

amK-kn≥ FUn-‰nMv

amK-kn≥ FUn-‰n-ßv, teJ-\-ßfpw o®-dp-Ifpw FUn‰v sNøp-tºmƒ, GI-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Bkq-X-Ww, tIm∏n n‰n-ßv, ]nIvN¿ FUn-‰nßpw sXc-s™-

31

Sp-∏pw, ]nIvN¿ tIm∏n-ßv, lukv ssÃep-Iƒ, t^mt´m-^o-®-dp-Iƒ, Imcn-t°-®-dp-Iƒ, Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ, Km^n-Ivkv, hnh-c-Wm-flI NnXo-I-c-W-߃,NnXo-I-c-W-߃, amK-kn≥ P¿W-en-k-Øn¬ h¿W-hn\ym-k-co-Xn-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 5

t]Pv kwhn-[m\w

amK-kn≥ Unssk≥, ]pdw-N-´, D≈-S-°w, Dƒt]-Pp-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-\w, Xe-s°´pw ASn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpw, amK-kns‚ cq]-I-ev]\ A®-Sn-t°≠ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ BIr-Xn, hen∏w apX-em-b-hsb kw_-‘n® cq]w, A®-Sn-bpsS kº-Zm-b-ßfpw kt¶-X-ß-fpw, C amkn-I-Iƒ, Zriy-km-£-c-X-bnse ]pXp-]-h-W-X-Iƒ

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃Bush,Chilton Rowlette, 1970, Editorial Thinking and Writing: a textbook with

exercises, Greenwood Press

Click ,J.W& Russell N. Baird,1990,Magazine editing and production, Wc Brown

Co.

Fontaine,Andre,William A. Glavin,1991, The Art of Writing Nonfiction,Syracuse

University.

Mogal, Leonard,1998, The Magazine, Graphic Arts Technical Foundation.

McKay, Jennie,2000, The Magazine Handbook,, London: Routledge.

Morrish, John,1996, Magazine Editing: In Print & Online,, London: Routledge,

Myrick, Land,1993,Writing for magazines, Prentice Hall.

Nicholas, Brian ,1972, Features with Flair, Delhi, Vikas Publishing Co.

Susan, Pape & Susan, Featherstone,2006, Feature Writing: A Practical Introduction,

Sage Publications,

Turnbull ,Arthur T. & Russell N. Baird,1975, The graphics of communication:

typography, layout, design, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

32

MU MCJ 5209 tdUntbm

bqWn‰v 1

tdUn-tbm, ]t£-]Ww

tdUn-tbm-hns‚ Ncn-Xw, tdUntbm I≠p-]n-Sn-Øw, Iºn-bn√m Iºn, C¥y≥]t£-]W cwK-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, ae-bmf ]t£-]-W-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, tIc-f-Ønse BIm-i-hmWn \ne-b-߃, s]mXp tkh\ ]t£-]-W-ßfpw kzIm-cy-ta-Jem ]t£-]-W-ß-fpw, F^vFw tdUn-tbmbpw FFw tdUn-tbm-bpw,aoUnbw thhpw tjm¿´v thhpw

bqWn‰v 2

]t£-]W kwhn-[m-\-߃

]t£-]Ww, ]t£-]W kº-Zm-b-߃, kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw t]jWw sNøp-∂-Xpw, hm¿Ø kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]t£-]Ww sNøp-∂-Xpw, Sm≥kvan-‰¿,amÿ I¨tSmƒ dqapw ÃpUn-tbm-I-fpw, kzoI-cW tIµ-߃, km‰-sse‰vkwhn-[m-\-߃, tS∏v dn°m¿Up-Ifpw I¨tkm-fp-I-fpw, tS∏v U°p-Iƒ,anIvk-dp-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

tdUntbm ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, cq]-I¬]\

Bkq-X-Whpw \n¿am-Whpw ˛ tdUntbm ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS cq]-I-ev]-\,tdUntbm ^o®-dp-Ifpw tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-I-fpw, tdUntbm \mS-Iw, tdUntbmIm¿´q¨, kvt]m°¨ th¿Uv t]mKm-ap-Iƒ, hnI-k-t\m-∑pJ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, kwKo-X-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, Im¿jnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Kma-hn-I-k-\hpw tdUn-tbm-hn-eq-sS, ImbnI ImbntIXc ]cn]mSnIfpsS ZrIvkm£n hnhcWw,tdUntbm hm¿Ø-Iƒ, \yqkv dnt∏m¿´nßpw Ah-X-c-W-hpw, \yqkv doep-I-fpsS B¶-dnßpw tImw]-b-dnßpw tdUntbm tPm°n, hm¿Øm hmb-\bpwtSmIv tjmI-fpw.

bqWn‰v 4

sdt°m¿Un-Mv, ]ckyw

i_vZ kwhn-[m-\hpw Ah-X-c-W-hpw, ku≠v s]mU-£\pw ]p\¿\n¿am-W-hpw, i_vZ \nb-¥-Whpw hmsamgn Ah-X-c-Whpw eo\nb¿ t\m¨eo\nb¿Ah-X-c-Ww, ssatIm-t^m-Wp-Iƒ, sdt°m¿Unßpw dosd-t°m¿Unßpw

33

i_vZm-h-X-cWw hyXykvX coXn-I-fn¬, ku≠v B¿ss°-hp-Iƒ, tdUntbm`mjbpw kmln-Xy-hpw. hnh-c-ß-fdn-bn-°m≥ hyXykvX Ah-X-cW coXn-Iƒ, hnt\m-Zhpw tdUntbm hgn-bp≈ ]Tn-∏n-°epw, tdUn-tbm-hn¬ ]ckywsNøp-∂-Xv, kvt]m´p-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 5

`cW \n¿h-l-Ww, \n_-‘-\-Iƒ

tdUntbm C∂v, tdUntbm s]mXp-ta-J-e-bnepw kzImcy taJ-e-bn-epw,hm¿Øm GP≥kn-Iƒ, km‰-sse‰v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ kwhn-[m-\-߃, Iayq-Wn‰n tdUn-tbm, hmWnPy ]t£-]-W-߃, B[p-\nI F^vFw Nm\-ep-Iƒ, ]mtZ-inI tdUntbm \ne-b-߃, C‚¿s\‰v tdUn-tbm, samss_¬t^m-Wnse tdUn-tbm, timXm-°-fpsS Kth-j-Whpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS A`n-]m-b-hpw, tdUntbm amt\-Pvsa‚pw t]mKmw `c-W-\n¿hl-Whpw, ]t£-]W tImUp-Ifpw \n_-‘-\-I-fpw, ]km¿ `mc-Xnbpw ]t£-]W \b-hpw,tdUn-tbm-bnse ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßfpw hmbn-t°-≠p∂ KŸ-ßfpw

cmP-ti-J-c≥.kn.-]n. ImXns‚ ImgvN˛tdUn-tbm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v..

cmP-ti-J-c≥.kn.-]n. ho£-W-߃ hnNn-X-߃ tdUntbm ]`m-j-W-߃,

]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿.sI., ]t£-]-W-Ie,

Browzzard & Holgate, Broadcast News

Chatterji, Probhat Chandra, 1991,Broadcasting in India, New Delhi Sage

Publications.

Fletcher, Professional Broadcasting

Fiske, John, 1996, Introduction to Mass Communication Studies, London,

Routledge.

Jamison, Dean T, Emile GMc Anany,1978, Radio for Education and Development,

Sage Publications.

Jim, Beaman, 2002, Interviewing for Radio, Taylor & Francis.

Masani,Mehra ,1976,Broadcasting and the People, New Delhi, National Book Trust.

Maeseneer,Paul D, 1982 ,Here’s the News: A Radio News Manual, Asia Pacific

Institute for Broadcasting Education & Development.

McLeish, Robert,1988, The technique of radio production, Focal Press.

Meppen Adrian J.& Steve Young,1984, Writing, Reporting & Reading: A Guide,

Prentice Hall.

Rosen,Philip T,1988, International handbook of broadcasting systems, Green Wood

Press.

Siegel, Bruce H,1988, Creative Radio Production, Focal Press.

Ted White, AdrianJ.Meppen, Steve Young, 1984, Broadcast News Writing,

Reporting and Production, Macmillan.

34

White Miles, Donald,1975, Broadcast News Hand Book, Howard W Sams

&Company.

Wilby, Pete, & Andy, Conroy, 1994, The Radio Hand Book, Psychology Press.

William E, McCavitt, 1981, Broadcasting Around the World, Tab books.

35

MU MCJ 5210 ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w

(i) tdUntbm ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS \n¿anXn

(ii) ]co-£-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp ]kn-≤o-I-cWw

36

aq∂mw ska-ÿ

MU MCJ 5311 Ne-®nX]T\w

MU MCJ 5312 sSen-hn-j≥

MU MCJ 5313 Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ dnk¿®v

MU MCJ 5314 ssk_¿ am[y-a-ßfpw sSIv\n-°¬ ssd‰n-ßpw

MU MCJ 5315 s]mXp-sF-—nIw

(i) t^mt´m tPW-enkw

(ii) KmaoW hn\n-abw

(iii) am[ya hna¿i-XXz hmZw/aIvepl≥ hmb\

MU MCJ 5316 ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w

(i) Zriy-am-[y-a-Øn-\mbn Hcp \n¿anXn

(ii) sh_v Unssk-\nMv

37

MU MCJ 5311 Ne-®nX]T-\w-

bqWn‰v 1

Ne-®n-Xw, h¿Ko-I-cWw

kn\na F∂ ambnI k¶-ev]w, 24 s^bnapw Hcp sk°≥Upw, kn\n-a-

bpsS h¿Ko-I-c-Ww, ^o®¿ kn\n-a-Iƒ, lkz-Nn-Xw, BJym\ kn\n-a-Iƒ,

BJym\ CXc kn\n-a-Iƒ, ^nenw t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ, UnPn-‰¬ kn\n-a, Ne-

®nX `mj-bpsS hymI-c-Ww, s^bnw, tjm´v, ko≥, koIz≥kv, k¶-ev]-

tcJ, 180 UnKn \nb-a-w, ansk-˛-F-≥˛-ko≥, sU]vXv Hm^v ^o¬Uv, CtaPv

sskkv, Iymadm BwKnƒ, Iyma-d-bpsS Ne-\-߃

bqWn‰v 2

aqhn-Iym-a-d, i_vZ-an-i-Ww, Zo]-kw-hn-[m\w

kn\n-a-t‰m-Km- n, aqhn-Iym-a-d FIvkvt]m-j¿, sse‰v ao‰¿, Iymadm se≥kp-

Iƒ, t\m¿a¬ se≥kv, kqw se≥kv, sSen-t^m-t´m se≥kv, sshUv BwKnƒ

se≥kv, n¬‰-dp-Iƒ, ]Im-i-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ coXn-Iƒ, XnXe

Zo]-hn-Xm\ coXn. FUn-‰n-ßns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃ ˛ amÿ tjm´v,

C≥k¿´v, I´v C≥, I´v Fth, am®v I´v, Pºv I´v, Hm]vSn-°¬ Sm≥kn-

j≥kv t^Uv C≥, t^Uv Hu´v, Untmƒhv, ssh∏v. tem§n-ßv, eo\n-b¿-

˛-t\m¨ eo\n-b¿ FUn-‰n-ßv, sam≠mjv Xnb-dn, ssSw˛-sS-wt]m-˛-dn-Yw, hnhn-

[-Xcw i_vZ-߃, i_vZ hyXn-bm-\-߃, Hm¨-˛-kvIo-\n-sebpw Hm^v

kvIo\n-sebpw i_vZ-߃, kn¶-Wkv ku≠v, Akn-¶-Wkv ku≠v,

ku≠v sdt°m¿Un-ßv, U∫n-ßv, ku≠v C^-IvSpIƒ, Sm°p-Iƒ, anIvkn-

ßv, ku≠v FUn-‰nßv tkm^vSvshb-dp-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

Xnc-°Y: cN-\bpw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw

Ne-®nX cN-\, BJym-\ ˛ BJym\ CXc NnX-߃°mbn Xnc-°Y cNn-

°p-tºmƒ i≤n-t°≠ ]mY-anI Imcy-߃, Bi-bw, Kth-j-Ww, e£y-

38

an-Sp∂ ImWn-Iƒ, IYm-X-¥p, IY Npcp-°-Øn¬, So‰vsa‚ v, h¨sse≥,

Xnc-°-Y-sb-gp-Øv, jq´nßv kvIn]v‰v, tÃmdn t_m¿Uv, Xnc-°Ym cN-\-bnse

kn≤m-¥-߃, Xo BIvSv kvSIvN¿, jm¿°v Xnb-dn, Uam-‰nIv kvSIvN¿.

bqWn‰v 4

Ncn-Xw, coXn-Iƒ

kn\nam ]T-\-߃, Ne-®n-X-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, kn\na Dcp-Øn-cn™p h∂

coXn-Iƒ, kn\nam `mj-bpsS kzm[o-\w, hy‡-am-°p∂ temI-˛-C-¥y≥-˛-a-e-

bmf kn\n-a-I-fpsS Ncn-X-Ønse \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ, Ne-®nX ]ÿm-\-߃,

]apJ Ne-®n-X-Im-c-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS Ne-®n-X-ß-fpsS kz`m-h-ß-fpw, Ne-

®nX kn≤m-¥-߃.

bqWn‰v 5

Bkzm-Z-\w, \ncq-]Ww

Ne-®nX Bkzm-Z-\w, Ne-®nX \ncq-]-W-ßfpw Ne-®nX ]T-\-ß-fpw. Ne-

®nX ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ae-bmf Ne-®n-X-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n, BJym\

NnX-߃ ˛ BJym-\-˛-C-X-c-Nn-X-߃, tUmIyp-sa‚dn NnX-߃.

]mtbm-KnI ]≤Xn]Øv an\n‰v ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp lkz BJym\ NnXw \n¿an-°p-I. Hmtcm

hnZym¿∞nbpw kz¥-ambn/X\nsb Xnc-°Y Fgp-XpI, Iymad D]-tbm-Kn®v

NnXo-I-cWw \S-ØpI, FUn-‰nßv \S-ØpI, i_vZ k¶-e\w \S-ØpI.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ ASq¿ ,kn\n-a-bpsS temIw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v.Bazin,Andre, 1967, What is Cinema?,Vol I & II, Trans: Hugh Grey, Berkeley,

University of California press.

Frensham, Raymond G, 2008, Teach Yourself Screenwriting,USA:McGraw Hill,

Gaston, Roberge,, 1985, The subject of Cinema, Calcutta: Seagull Books

Howard, David & Mabley, Edward,1995, The Tools of Screen writing: A Writer’s

Guide to the Craft and Elements of a Screenplay, New York: St. Martin’s Griffin,

Hodgdon, Dana H, Stuart M. Kaminsky, 1981, Basic film making, New York: Arco

Publishers,

Mast, Gerald& Marshall, Cohen & Leo, Brandy (Eds),1992, Film Theory and

Criticism, OUP,

Monaco, James, 1981, How to Read a Film: Movies, Media and Beyond,

Oxford University Press,

Rhode, Eric,1978, A History of Cinema from its origin to 1970,Penguin Books,

Syd Field, 2005, Screenplay: The Foundations of Screen writing, RHUS.

39

MU MCJ 5312 sSen-hn-j≥†

bqWn‰v 1

Ncn-Xw, s\‰v h¿°p-Iƒ

sSen-hn-js‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw Ncn-X-hpw, ]nIvN¿ Syq_v, Sm≥kn-Ã-dp-Iƒ,

Nn∏p-Iƒ, aZ¿t_m¿Uv, kwt]-j-W-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, C¥y≥ sSen-hn-js‚

Ncn-Xw, ae-bmf sSen-hn-js‚ NcnXw, C¥y-bnse ][m\ Nm\-ep-Iƒ, ae-

bm-f-Ønse ][m\ Nm\-ep-Iƒ, C¥y-bnse hnZym-`ymk kw_-‘n-bmb

s\‰vh¿°p-Iƒ, bpPnkn, Kym≥ Z¿i≥, sSen-hn-j\pw F≥kn-C-B¿Snbpw

˛ qX-e-kw-t]-jWw, km‰-sse-‰v, tI_nƒ, UnPn-‰¬ sSd-kvSn-b¬, UnSnF—v-

F-kv, sF]n-Sn-hn, sh_v, bpSyq-_v, ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw ]Nmcw

sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hn[w, Ita-gvky-ep-Ifpw Im]vkyq-fp-I-fpw.

bqWn‰v 2

Zriy-I-e-Iƒ, hm¿Ø, \n¿amW coXn

sSen-hn-j≥ Nm\-ens‚ D≈-S°w Xocp-am-\n-°p-I, tkm∏v Hm∏d-Iƒ, kn‰vtIm-

ap-Iƒ, tUmb≥-˛-Um-a, Im≥UnUv Iymad tjmIƒ, sKbnw-tjm-Iƒ, Zriy-

I-e-Iƒ. Snhn kvIn]v‰p-Iƒ, IYm-]m-X-ßsf \n¿W-bn-°¬, B¶-dn-ßv,

tImw]n-b-dnßv, ]kt‚-j≥, Bkq-XW tbmK-߃, sSen-^n-en-ap-Iƒ,

tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ, kwKo-X-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, tSm°v tjmIƒ, Snhn N¿®-Iƒ,

Nm‰v tjmIƒ, dnbm-en‰n tjmIƒ, At\z-j-Wm-flI tÃmdn-Iƒ, Ip‰m-t\z-

jW tÃmdn-Iƒ, ]pXnb t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ, hm¿Øm kw_-‘n-bmb N¿®-

Iƒ, hm¿Ø Fgp-Xp-∂-hn-[w, Hm¿U-dnßv \yqkv, s]bvUv \yqkpw Ãnßv

Hm∏-td-j-\p-I-fpw, hm¿Øm hmb-\, kvt]m´v hm¿Ø, hm¿Øm-[n-jvTnX ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ, sSen-hn-j\pw kmln-Xy-hpw, sSen-hn-j\pw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-hpw,

kvXoI-fpsS ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, bphm-°-fpsS ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, kvt]m¿´vkpw sKbnw-

kpw, lyqa¨ C‚-dÃv tÃmdn-Iƒ, Hcp Iymad D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ \n¿am-Ww,

\nc-h[n Iyma-d-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ \n¿am-Ww, tjm´p-Ifpw ko\p-I-fpw,

Iymadm BwKn-fp-Iƒ, Iymad ^o¬Up-Ifpw semt°-j-\p-I-fpw.

40

bqWn‰v 3

FUn-‰nMv: hnhn[ hi-߃

FUn-‰n-ßv, FUn-‰n-ßns‚ kn≤m-¥w, FUn-‰n-ßns‚ kt¶-X-߃, A\-tem-

Kv, UnPn-‰¬, HmUntbm FUn-‰nßpw hoUntbm FUn-‰n-ßpw, i_vZ-k-¶-e-

\hpw NnX-hpw, kwKo-Xw, ]›m-Ø-ew, DNn-X-amb i_vZ-ho-Nn-Iƒ, FUn-‰n-

ßn-\p≈ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ, tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fpsS hf¿®bpw hne-bn-cp-

Ø-epw, C^-IvSp-Ifpw kvs]jy¬ C^-IvSp-I-fpw, eo\n-b¿-˛-t\m¨ eo\n-b¿

FUn-‰n-ßv, ]gb FUn-‰nßv kyq´p-Ifpw I¨tkm-fp-I-fpw, ZpX-K-Xn-bn-ep-

≈Xpw tImw]mIvSv Bb-Xp-amb FUn-‰nßv coXn-Iƒ, IYm-]mX \n¿Wbw

Km^n-°p-I-fpw, ssS‰n-ep-Ifpw IUn-‰p-I-fpw.

bqWn‰v 4

kwt]-j-Ww, ^vtfm¿ \nb-¥-W-߃

kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bn¬ Du∂nb kwt]jWhpw Sm≥kvan-‰-dpw, ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ,

sdt°m¿Un-ßp-Ifpw do sdt°m¿Un-ßp-I-fpw, ssatIm-t^m-Wp-Ifpw

sdt°m¿Up-I-fpw, H_n-hm≥, km‰-sse‰v IΩyq-Wn-t°-j≥ kwhn-[m-\-߃,

CF≥Pnbpw Fkv-F≥Pnbpw ˛ F©n-\o-b-dnßv hn`mKw, I¨tSmƒ dqw,

^vtfmdpw ^vtfm¿ \nb-¥-W-ß-fpw, Iymadm C≥]p-´p-Ifpw Hu´v]p-´p-Ifpw.

sh_v ImÃnßv, C‚¿s\‰v sSen-hn-j≥, tI_nƒ s\‰vh¿°p-Ifpw hb¿ekv

s\‰vh¿°p-Ifpw.

bqWn‰v 5

\n¿am-Ww, Bkq-X-Ww, _P-‰nßv

\n¿am-W-Øn¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃, cwK-cq-]-߃, IYm-]m-X-߃°m-

h-iy-amb a‰v D]-I-c-W-߃ Hcp-°¬, Nabw, vtfmdpw ]Im-i-hn-Xm-\-ßfpw

˛ ]Imi k∂n-th-i-Øns‚ e£y-߃, ]Im-i-Øns‚ tIµ-߃ _m°v

sse‰v, Io sse‰v, ^n¬ sse‰v, lm¿Uv sse‰v, tkm^vSv sse‰v, dn^vf-IvS-dp-

Ifpw vfUv sse‰pIfpw. _UvP-‰nßpw Bkq-X-Whpw hnhn-[-Xcw Iyma-

d-Ifpw Iymadm bqWn-‰p-I-fpw, tSmfn-Ifpw sIbn-\p-Ifpw, ssatIm-t^m¨,

C≥tUm-dnepw Hu´v tUmdn-ep-ap≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃, U∫nßpw U∫n-ßn\p

tijhpw. cwK-kw-hn-[m-\-߃, ^vtfm¿ amt\-P¿am¿, B¿´v Ub-d-IvS¿am-

¿, \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ, t]mKmw FIvkn-Iyq-´o-hp-I-ƒ, ku≠v F©n-\o-b¿am-¿.

]mtbm-Kn-I ]cn-io-e\w: (i) sSen-hn-j-\mbn cN\ \S-Øp-I. hnhn[ t^m¿am-

‰p-I-fn¬ hnhn[ C\w NnX-߃ hy-XykvX ssZ¿Lyw D≈h (C≥tUmdpw

Hu´v tUmdpw). Hcp hm¿Øm-_p-≈-‰n≥ Xbm-dm°n Cd-°p-I.

41

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

cmP-ti-J-c≥ sI.-Fkv 2011, Zriy `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, kwÿm\ `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v ae-bmfw Zqc-Z¿i-s\-°p-dn®v Adn-bp-hm≥ ˛ (s]mXphmb-\°v)

Ahuja B.N,1988, Audio Visual Journalism, Surjeet Publishers,

Belson, W.A, 1965, The Impact of Television, Crosby Lockwood & Son.

Barwise, Patrick D, & Andrew Ehrenberg,1988,Television and its Audience, Sage

Publications.

Cohler, David Keith,1994, Broadcast Journalism: A guide for the presentation of

radio & television news, Prentice Hall.

Fiske, John, 2010, Television Culture, Taylor and Francis.

Fiske, John & Hatley, John,2003, Reading Television,Routledge,

Gauntlett, David,1999, TV Living: Television, Culture & Everyday life, Routledge.

Gripstrud, Jostein, 2002, Television and Common Knowledge

(Comedia),Routledge.

Shrivastava,K.M,1990, Radio and Television News, Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

Smith, Anthony, Richard Paterson,1998,Television: an international history, OUP.

Stewart, Peter, Alexander, Ray, 2008, Broadcast Journalism : Techniques of Radio

and Television News, London, Focal Press.

Tyrell,R,1981 Work of the Television Journalist, London: Focal Press.

42

MU MCJ 5313 Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ dnk¿®v†

bqWn‰v 1

Kth-jWw: coXn-Iƒ, km≤y-X-Iƒ

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ß-fpw, Kth-j-W-Øns‚]Ir-Xhpw km≤y-X-I-fpw, _lp-P\ am[ya Kth-j-W-Øns‚ hnIm-kw,Kth-j-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ß-fpw, Kth-jWcoXn-Ifpw kz`m-h-ß-fpw, hnh-c-ti-J-c-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb tIµ-߃, C¥y-bnse Iayq--Wn-t°-j≥ Kth-j-W-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-I˛ssk‰v, tJU ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, sFsF-Fw-kn-bpsS]nd-hn.

bqWn‰v 2

Fgp-Xp∂ ssien, hni-I-e-\-߃

Kth-j-W-co-Xn-Iƒ hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ, hnj-b-Øns‚ ]k-‡n,B[m-c-Ir-Xn-Isf hne-bn-cp-ØpI, kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\w, Fgp-Xp∂ ssien,]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ AYhm k¶-ev]-\-Iƒ Is≠-Øp∂ coXnbpw Kth-j-W-kw-_-‘n-bmb tNmZy-ß-fpw, hni-I-e-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpw, kwK-lw,IqSp-X¬ At\z-j-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ tNmZy-ßfpw ]iv\-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 3

\n¿h-N-\-߃, hne-bn-cp-ج

Kth-j-W- kao-]-\w, Izmfn-t‰-‰nhv Kth-j-W-co-Xn, ]cn-kc \nco-£-Ww, i≤sNep-tØ-≠p∂ kwL-߃, A`n-ap-J-߃, tIkv ÃUn-Iƒ, D≈-S°whni-I-e\w sNø¬, \n¿h-N-\-߃, D≈-S°w hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºm-gp≈coXn-Iƒ, hnizm-ky-Xbpw aqeyhpw, k¿th Kth-j-Ww, hnh-c-Wm-fl-Ihpwhni-I-e-\m-fl-I-hp-amb k¿th-Iƒ. ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ tU‰m e`y-am-Ip∂Xcw Kth-jW coXn-Iƒ. \n¿∆-N-\-ßfpw LS-I-ßfpw, Izmfn-t‰-‰nhv, Izm≠n-t‰-‰nhv coXn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-®- hn-e-bn-cp-ج,kmwπnßv coXn-Iƒ, \o°-߃, aoUnb FØvt\mKm^n

43

bqWn‰v 4

IW-s°-Sp∏v: hyXykvX coXn-Iƒ

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ Kth-j-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Ãm‰n-ÃnIvkv IW-s°-Sp-∏n-s\mcpapJ-hp-c, ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ãm‰n-Ãn-°¬ coXnIƒ, ssI kvIzb¿, Sn sSÃv.tIµo-IrX ]h-W-X-I-fpsS hym]vXn, ^oIz≥kn UnkvSn-_yq-j≥, ]k‡nkw_-‘n® ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ(kn-·n-^n-°≥kv sSÃv) , hnizm-ky-X, aqeyw,tImdn-te-j≥.

bqWn‰v 5

Kth-jWw: hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬

Kth-j-W- co-Xn-im-kvX-Ønse Fgp-Øv, A®Sn am[y-a-ß-fnse Kth-j-Ww,Ce-IvtSm-WnIv am[y-a-Ønse Kth-j-Ww, ]c-ky-cwKsØ Kth-j-Ww, ]ªnIvdnte-j≥kv cwKsØ Kth-j-Ww, C‚¿s\‰v cwKsØ Kth-j-Ww. Fgp-Øns‚ ssien, Hcp Kth-jW dnt∏m¿ v Fgp-Xp∂ hn[w, KthjW dnt∏m¿ vAh-km-\n-∏n-°p∂ hn[w, cN-\m-]-cn-io-e-\-w.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Berger,Arthur Asa,1998, Media Research Techniques, Sage Publications.

Berger,Arthur Asa, 2012, Media Analysis Techniques, Sage Publications.

Creswell,John W, 2003. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed

Methods Approaches, Sage Publications.

Katz, Daniel, Festinger, Lean, 1963, Research methods in the behavioral Sci-

ences, Holt, Rinehart&Winston.

Kerlinger, Fred N, Howard B. Lee,1999, Foundations of Behavioral Research,

Cengage Learning.

Lowery S.A. & De Fluer M.L, 1995, Milestones in Mass Communication Re-

search, Longman.

Oppenheim A.N,1992, Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude

Measurement, Continuum.

Stempel, Guido Hermann ,Bruce H. Westley, 1989, Research methods in mass

communication, Prentice Hall.

Wimmer, Roger,D, Joseph R, Dominic, 2010, Mass Media Research: An

Introduction, USA: Wadsworth.

44

MU MCJ 5314 sF—nIw

ssk_¿ am[y-a-ßfpw sSIv\n-°¬ ssd‰nßpw†

bqWn‰v 1

sSIv\n-°¬ ssd‰nMv

sSIv\n-°¬ ssd‰n-ßns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃, \n¿h-N-\-߃, D¤-hhpwhf¿®-bpw. sSIv\n-°¬ ssd‰nßpw a‰p-Xcw FgpØpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kw. sSIv\n-°¬ ssd‰n-ßns‚ Ah-km\ Dev]∂w sSIv\n-°¬ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, ]≤-Xn-Iƒ kw_-‘n® \n¿tZ-i-߃ Xbm-dm-°¬, t]mPIv‰v kw_-‘n®p kw£n]vX dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°¬, t]mPIv‰v tcJ-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°¬,kmt¶-XnI ]Xn-jvTm-]-\w, D]-t`m‡r \n¿tZi ]pkvXIw.

bqWn‰v 2

Fgp-Xp∂ coXn, ssien-Iƒ

Fgp-Øns‚ coXn ˛ Fgp-Xp∂ coXn, Fgp-Øns‚ e£yw, F¥v Fgp-X-W-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hy‡-amb [mcW e£y-an-Sp∂ hmb-\-°msc Ipdn®pwA¥n-a-ambn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂Xv B¿s°m-s°-sb-∂pw, hkvXp-X-Iƒ/ZØtiJ-c-Ww, D≈-S°w F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v hy‡-amb [mcW D≠m-°nbtij-ap≈ kwLm-S-\w, sSIv\n-°¬ ssd‰n-ßnse ssien-Iƒ, hy‡-X, kwK-l-Ww, bp‡n-`-Z-amb XpS¿®-tbmsS Fgp-Xp∂ coXn, IcSv Fgp-Øv, IcSvkwtim-[-\bv°p tij-ap≈ Fgp-Øv, Km^n-Ivkns‚bpw C√-kvtS-j-\p-I-fp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw

bqWn‰v 3

Unssk≥ XXz-߃, C√-kvtS-j-\p-Iƒ

Fgp-Øp-Im¿: ]¶pw \nb-a-ß-fpw, Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS/FUn-‰¿am-cpsS/t]mP-Iv‰¿am-cpsS ]¶pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fpw. tUmIyp-sa‚ns‚ kz`m-h-coXn ˛tkm v‰vshb-dnepw lm¿Uvshb-dnepw ]I¿Øp-I, Unssk-\p-I-tfm-sS. Hcp

45

sSIv\n-°¬ tUmIyp-sa‚ v Xbm-dm-°pI ˛ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip∂ s]m^-j-W-ep-Iƒ ˛ t]mPIvSv amt\-P¿/FUn-‰¿, Fgp-Øp-Im¿, Km^nIv B¿´n-Ãp-Iƒ,t]mPIv‰v F©n-\o-b¿am¿, imkvX-⁄¿, a‰p _‘-s∏´ I£n-Iƒ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ kl-h¿Øn-Xzw, FUn-‰nßv: `mj, ssien, tIm∏n°v ]q¿WX\¬Ip-I. Unssk≥: Unssk≥ XXz-߃, Km^n-°p-Iƒ, C√-kvtS-j-\p-

Iƒ, Unssk-\ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃.

bqWn‰v 4

sh_v P¿W-en-kw, C‚¿s\‰vsh_v tP¿W-en-kw, \n¿h-N-\w, D¤-hw, hf¿®, ka-Im-enI ]k-‡n. \h-am-[y-a-ßfpw ]gb am[y-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Ah-bv°p≈ hyXym-k-hpw. sh_vtP¿W-en-k-Øns‚ KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ. C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ kmt¶-Xn-I-h-i-߃,C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ DS-a-ÿ-Xbpw c-W-\n¿h-l-W-hpw, hyXy-kvX-Xcw C‚¿s\‰vIW-£-\p-Iƒ, C‚¿-s\‰v t]mt´m-t°mƒ, sk¿®v F©n\pw sk¿®v F©n≥

Hm]v‰n-ssa-tk-j-\pw, sh_v t]Pv Unssk-\n-ßn\v Bap-Jw.

bqWn‰v 5

Hm¨sse≥ dnt∏m¿´n-Mv, ]c-kyw, kpc-£m-]-iv\-߃Hm¨sse≥ dnt∏m¿´n-ßv, hm¿Øm tiJ-c-W-Øn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃, sh∫n-\mbn Fgp-Xp∂ hn[w XXz-߃, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ. sh_vD≈-S°w FUn‰v sNøp∂ hn[w, Hm¨sse≥ FUn-j-\p-I-fpsS c-W-\n¿h-l-Whpw kmº-ØnI imkvX-hpw, Hm¨ sse≥ ]c-ky-߃ ˛ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-≈-h. C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ kpc£m ]iv\-߃ ˛ kmaq-lyhpw cmjvSo-bhpw \nb-a-]-c-hp-am-b-hbpw hnhc, ssk_¿ kmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw ss\Xn-I-Xbpw. ssk_¿ \nb-a-ßfpw FØn-Ivkpw. ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ hvtfmKn-ßv, kn‰n-k¨ tPW-en-kw. anYym kaq-l-\n¿an-Xn, sh_v tPW-en-k-Øns‚`mhn.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃Aitchison, J & Lewis D.M, 2003, New media language, UK: Routledge.

Gehee,Brad Mc,1984, The complete Guide to Writing Software User Manuals,

Writer’s Digest Books.

Grimm, Susan J,1987, How to write computer documentation for users, Van

Nostrand Reinhold.

McGuire,Peter J, and Sara M. Putzell,1988, A Guide to Technical Writing, Harcourt.

Mills , Gordon H.&John A. Walter, Marion Smith, 1986, Technical Writing , Holt,

Rinehart & Winston.

Pavlik, John V, 2001, Journalism and New Media,Columbia University Press.

Peter Zorkoczy,1982, Information technology: an introduction, , Knowledge Industry

Publications.††††††††

Robinson, Patricia A,1985, Fundamentals of Technical Writing, Houghton Mifflin

College Division.

46

Robert W. Bly and Gary Blake,1982, Technical Writing : Structure,Standards and

Style, McGraw Hill,

Roland De Wolk, 2001, Introduction to online journalism: publishing news and

information, Allyn and Bacon.

Samson ,Donald C.Jr, 2002, Editing Technical Writing, USA, Oxford University Press.

47

MU MCJ 5316 ]mtbmKnI ]cn-io-e\w

(i) Zriy-am-[y-a-Øn-\mbn Hcp \n¿anXn

sF—nIw: (ii) sh_v Unssk-\nMv

48

\memw ska-ÿ

MU MCJ 5417 C‚¿\mj-W¬ B≥Uv Uh-e-]vsa‚ v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

MU MCJ 5418 (i) ]c-kyw, ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv, tIm¿∏-td‰v

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

(ii) AUzm≥kvUv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

MU MCJ 5419 Kth-jW ]_‘w

(i) hmNm ]co£

(ii) Ct‚¨jn∏v (am¿°v C√. tImgvkns‚

`mK-ambn \mev BgvN \o≠p-\n¬°p∂

]cn-io-e\w AwKo-IrX am[ya ÿm]-

\Øn¬ sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.)

49

MU MCJ 5417 C‚¿\m-j-W¬ B≥Uv

Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥†

bqWn‰v 1

hm¿Øm hn\n-a-b-hpw, a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpw

hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw Hcp a\p-jym-h-Im-i-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ hm¿Ømhn\n-a-bhpw

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpw kw_-‘n® sFIy-cm-jvS-k-`-bpsS A¥m-cmjvS

]Jym-]-\w, aIvss_Uv IΩnj≥, dnt∏m¿´v, \m\m-\mZw GI-tem-Iw, F≥

U_vfnbp sF kn H, A¥m-cmjvS hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ cmjvSo-bhpw

kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb am\-߃.

am[ya kº-Zm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw hnhc[mc-bpsSbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-Ww,

am[ya LS-\-bp-sSbpw Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ta¬ BtKm-f-

h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ]Xn- -e-\-߃, kpc-£-bp-sSbpw ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øns‚bpw

]iv\-߃, A¥m-cmjvS am[ya ÿm]-\-߃

bqWn‰v 2

hnI-k-\w, _Z¬ kt¶-X-߃

hnI-k\w: k¶-ev]hpw \n¿h-N-\-ß-fpw. hnI-k\ \yq\-X-I-fpsS Imc-W-

߃. hnI-k-\-tØm-Sp≈ kao-]-\w, \ne-]m-Sv. hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fpsS coXn,

hnI-k-\-Øns‚ kqN-I-߃. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ amXr-I-Iƒ, BZw-kvan-Øv,

dn°m¿tUm, am¬Xyq-kv, tdmtÃm-hv, am¿Ivkv, alm-flm-Km‘n ˛ hnI-k-\-

Øns‚ ]apJ h‡m-°fpsSbpw hna¿i-I-cp-sSbpw Bi-b-k-t¶Xw.

hnI-k-\-Øns‚ _Z¬ kt¶-X-߃, kaK Kma-hn-I-k-\w, ]¶m-fnØ cq]w

hnI-k\ k¶¬]-Øn¬. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ tIcf amXr-I˛ hmZ-߃, hna¿i-

\-߃.

bqWn‰v 3

Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥, Kma-hn-I-k\w

Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ k¶-ev]w, \n¿h-N-\w, coXn. Uhe-∏vsa‚ vIayq-Wn-t°-j-\n¬ am[y-a-߃°p≈ ]¶v. Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v Iayq-Wn-t°-j\vXS--ambn \n¬-°p∂ kmaqly˛kmw-kvIm-cn-I-˛-km-º-ØnI ]iv\-߃.

50

te¿W¿, kvjmw, tdmtPgvkv F∂n-h-cpsS Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v Iayq-Wn-t°-js‚amXr-I-Iƒ. C¥y-bnse Kma-hn-I-k-\w.

bqWn‰v 4

C¥y-bpsS \bw, Bkq-XWw

Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ kw_-‘n® C¥y-bpsS \bw ˛ ]h¿Ø\

]≤-Xn, cmjvSob hntI-µo-I-c-Ww, ]©m-b-Øn-cm-Pv, tZio-b, kwÿm-\,

taJ-em, Pn√m, tªm°v, Kma-X-e-Øn-ep≈ Bkq-XWw, hnI-k-\sØ ]n¥p-

W-bv°p∂ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw ˛ Im¿jn-I

bqWn‰v 5

hnI-k\w, Bhn-jvIm-c-߃

hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-Xn-IX hnI-k-\-Øn¬, \mS≥, ]mc-ºcy am[y-a-ß-sf-

°p-dn®pw hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Ah-bpsS ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®pw Hcp hn-lK-ho-£-Ww.

hnI-k-\hpw ss\Xn-I-Xbpw, kmaq-lnI DZvK-Y\ Bi-b-߃, \n¿h-N-\-

߃, am\-߃. kpÿnc hnI-k-\w, hnI-k-\-Øn¬ kvXoIƒ (WLD) enwK-

t`-Zhpw hnI-k-\hpw (GAD). Ct°m s^an-\n-kw, tIc-f-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn

ka-c-ßfpw ae-bmf am[y-a-ß-fpw, kaq-l-Øn¬ enwK-t`-Z-I-a-Ønse Bhn-

jvIm-c-߃, cmPym-¥c hnI-k\ hn\n-ab coXn-I-fnse ]Zm-hen

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃Agarwal B.C & Malek M.R, 1986, Television in Kheda, New Delhi: Concept

Publishing Co.

Banerjee, Sumanta,1979, Family Planning Communication: A Critique of the Indian

Programme,Radiant.

Cheng, Jei cheng, 1979, Media Policies and National Development:

Characteristics of sixteen Asian Countries, University Microfilms International,

Vol. 39

Daniel, Lerner,1958, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle

East, Free Press,

Desai, M.V,1977, Communication Policies in India: SITE Reports: Unesco

Dube.S.C,1998,India’s Changing Villages: Human Factors in Community

Development, Taylor & Francis.

Edgar, Patricia, Ataur Rahim, Syed, 1983, Communication policy in Developed

Countries, Honolulu, Kegan Paul International in association with the East West

Center.

51

MU MCJ 5418 sF—nIw

5418 (i) : ]ckyw, ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv, tIm¿∏-td‰v

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥

(ii) : AUzm≥kvUv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥† †

52

MU MCJ 5418 (i) ]ckyw, ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv, tIm¿∏-td‰v

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ †

bqWn‰v 1

]c-kyw, Bkq-XWw

]c-ky-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw, kaq-l-Øn¬ ]c-ky-ß-fpsS ]¶v, hnhn-[-Xcw

]c-ky-߃, ]cky GP≥kn-Iƒ, ]cky Imws]-bv\p-Iƒ Bkq-XWw

sNøp∂ coXn, ]ckyw F∂ am[yaw.

bqWn‰v 2

]c-kyhpw am¿°-‰nMv Iayq-Wn-t°-j\pw

]c-ky-tIm∏n, Zriy Bhn-jvIm-c-ß-fpsS te Hu´v, XXz-߃, kz`mh khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ, A®Sn am[y-a-߃°pw tdUn-tbm-hn\pw sSen-hn-j\pw ]c-ky-

tIm-∏n-Iƒ FgpXn Xbm-dm-°p∂ hn[w. am¿°-‰nßv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ kwhn-

[m-\Øn¬ ]c-ky-߃ hln-°p∂ ]¶v.

bqWn‰v 3

]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv, ]kv dneo-kp-Iƒ

]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv F∂ k¶-ev]w, coXn, km≤y-X-Iƒ. ]ªnIv dnte-

j≥kvIm-cpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ. ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kns‚ Bhn¿`m-hw, ÿm]-

\Øn¬ ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kvImcpsS LS\ Hcp ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv Hm^o-

k-dpsS hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fpw, ]n. B¿ ]kn-≤o-

I-c-W-߃ Xbm-dm-°p∂ hn[w ]kv dneo-kv, t_mj¿, A\p-_-‘-߃,

aoUnb In‰p-Iƒ, ]X-k-tΩ-f-\-߃, Hm¨sse≥ ]nB¿, Hm∏¨ lukv.

bqWn‰v 4

]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv: hyXykvX cwK-ß-fn¬

]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ˛ hyXy-kvX-X-cw, ÿm]-\-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw D≈

]h¿Ø-\w, tÃm°v tlmƒU¿ _‘-߃, kssπkv dnte-j≥kv, IÃ-

53

a¿ dnte-j≥kv, Kh¨sa‚ v dnte-j≥kv, am[ya dnte-j≥kv, Iayq-Wn‰n

dnte-j≥kv, Fwtπmbo dnte-j≥kv.

bqWn‰v 5

tIm¿∏-td‰v Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥kv

tIm¿∏-td‰v IayqWn-t°-j≥kv ˛ coXn, A¿∞w, Npa-X-e-Iƒ. _m≥UvkvSm‰-Pn, tIm¿∏-td‰v ]c-ky-߃, tIm¿∏-td‰v hy‡nXzw, tIm¿∏-td‰vkwkvImcw, tIm¿∏-td-‰v ]-tcm-]-Im-c-Xev]c-X, tIm¿∏-td‰v kmaqly ]Xn-_-≤-X, AXns‚ ]k-‡n, kmaqly ]Xn-_-≤X tIµo-I-cn-t°≠ Xe-߃,

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Argenti, Paul. A, 2012, Corporate Communication, McGraw Hill Education.

Belch, George E, Michael A. Belch, 2003, Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated

Marketing Communications perspective, 6/e with power web, McGraw Hill.

Beverly, Daren, Port Sypher, 1997, Case Studies in Organizational Communication:

Perspective on Contemporary Work Life, NewYork: The Guilford Press.

Chandan.J.S, Jagjit Singh, Malhan.P.N, 1990, Essentials of Advertising, New Delhi:

Oxford & IBH Publishers.

David Ogilvy, 1985, Ogilvy on Advertising, Vintage Books.

Jones, John Philip, 1998, What’s in a Brand? Building Brand Equity Through

Advertising, Tata McGraw Hill Education,

Kotler, Philip, Kevin, Keller, 2011, Marketing Management,Prentice Hall,

Kreps, gary L 1990, Organizational Communication: Theory and Practice,

Longman.

Myers, Greg L, 1998, Ad worlds: Media, audience, Bloomsbury Acdemic.

Otis W, Baskin, Craig E Aronoff, Dan, Lattimore, 1997, Public Relations: The

Profession and the Practice,Brown & Benchmark Publishers.

Otto Kleppner, 1950, Advertising procedure,Prentice Hall.

Quirke, Bill, 1966, Communication and Public Relations, Columbus Ohio Merril.

Sengupta, Subroto, 2005, Brand Positioning: Strategies for Competitive Advantage,

Tata McGraw Hill Education.

Sethia.K.C, Chunawalla.S.A,1987, Advertising Principles and Practice, New Delhi:

Pearson Education.

Sheriyl K, Ziegler, and Herbert H, Howard, 1990, Broadcast Advertising, Iowa State

Press,

Sissors Z, Jack and Roger B.Baron, 2010, Advertising media planning, NewYork,

London: Mc Graw Hill.

54

MU MCJ 5418 (ii) AUzm≥kvUv

Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥†

bqWn‰v 1

kmº-ØnI kn≤m-¥-߃, \b-߃

kmºØnI kn≤m-¥-ß-fn-te°pw \b-ß-fn-te°pw Hcp hnl-K-ho-£-Ww.

hyh-kmb \b-߃, tIm¿∏-td‰v LS-\bpw kmº-ØnI ÿm]-\-ß-fpw,

_lp-cmPy Iº\n \nb-a-ß-fnse \neo-\-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fpw. ][m\ kz`m-

h-߃, tIµ-˛-kw-ÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsS sXmgn¬ \nb-a-߃.

bqWn‰v 2

_P-‰v, sjb¿ am¿°‰v

_P‰v hyh-ÿ-Iƒ a\-n-em-°p-Ibpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-Ibpw ˛ tÃm°v

Hm∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ, sjb-dp-Ifpw Un_-©-dp-Ifpw ^vtfm´v sNøp∂ hn[w,

sjb¿ am¿°-‰v, tIm¿∏-td‰v `c-W-I¿XrXzw.

bqWn‰v 3

_nkn-\kv Id-kvt]m-≠≥kv, dnt∏m¿´nMv

_nkn-\kv Id-kvt]m-≠≥kv, dnt∏m¿´nßpw s]mt∏m-k-ep-I-fpw, dnt∏m¿´v

Bkq-XWw sNøp∂ hn[w, Kth-j-Ww, hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-

°¬, _nkn-\kv hni-I-e-\w, hyh-km-b-˛-km-º-ØnI ]h-W-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v

Bg-Øn-ep≈ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-ßfpw hyh-km-b-ß-fpw.

bqWn‰v 4

imkvX hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ

\n¿h-N-\w, imkvX- -km-t¶-XnI hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ ]Ir-Xhpw km≤y-

X-I-fpw, imkvX-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ hnhn[ C\-Øn¬ s]´-h, imkvX-hm¿Ø-Iƒ

55

e`y-am-Ip∂ tIµ-߃, C¥y-bnse ]apJ imkvX˛km-t¶-XnI ]h¿Ø-

\-߃, imkvX-˛-km-t¶-XnI ÿm]-\-ßfpw hy‡n-I-fpw, am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS

imkvX-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ B`n-apJyw hf¿Øp∂ coXn, ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 5

]cn-ÿnXn ]iv\-߃, hm¿Ø-Iƒ

\n¿h-N-\w, ]cn-ÿnXn hm¿Ø-I-fpsS ]-Ir-Xhpw ]m[m-\y-hpw. ]mtZ-in-I--tZ-io-b- -A-¥¿tZ-iob ]cn-ÿnXn ]iv\-߃, ]cn-ÿnXn Zpc-¥-߃. A¥

co£ aen-\o-I-cWw ˛ a\p-jy-cm¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]Ir-Xn-bm¬krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw ]cn-ÿnXn imkvXhpw kwc-£n-°p∂Xn¬ am[y-a-ß-fpsS ]¶v, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \nb-a-߃, ]cn-ÿnXnhm¿Ø-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ tkmZm-l-c-W-]-T-\-߃˛ ]apJ ]cn-ÿnXn ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\m-h-tem-I-\hpw C¥y-bnseam[y-a-ß-fpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-hpw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Anthony, Wilson, 1998, Handbook of Science Communication, CRC Press.

Bernal,J.D, 2003, Indian Journal of History of Science Vol. 38, National Institute of

Sciences of India,

Chaturvedi, Mukesh, Chaturvedi P.D. (Eds), 2002, Business Communication:

Concepts, Cases and Applications, New Delhi, Pearson Education,

Chhokar, Kiran B, Mamata Pandya and Meena Ragunatha (Eds),2004,

Understanding Environment, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Day, Robert , A,1998, How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, Cambridge

University Press.

Gore. M.M and Bryant.C, Stockmayer.S.M, Science Communication in Theory

and Practice.

Kothari Ashok, Neema Pathik, R.V. Anuradha & Bansuri Taneja (Eds),

2004,Communities and Conservation, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Lars Lindberg, Christensen,2007, The Hands-On Guide For Science Communicators:

A Step-by-Step Approach to Public Outreach, Springer.

Paradis, James G, Muriel L. Zimmerman, 2002, The MIT Guide to Science and

Engineering Communication,Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Parikh, Jyoti(Ed),2002, Sustainable Management of Wetlands, New Delhi: Sage

Publications.

Philips.H, Science and Education in Under developing states.

Raymond, Lesik (Edt), 2000, Basic Business Communications,New Delhi: Tata Mc

Graw Hill.

56

Roger Jeffery, Nandini Sundar, 1999, A New Moral Economy for India's Forests?:

Discourses of Community and Participation, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Scott, Ober, 2007, Contemporary Business Communication, Cengage Learnings.

Singh, Katar and Vishwa Ballabh (Eds), 2001, Cooperation Management of Natural

Resources, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Singh, Nirmal, (Edt), 2006, Business Communication: Principles Methods and

Techniques, Deep and Deep Publications.

Snyder, Peter J. Linda C. Mayes, Dennis D. Spencer, 2010, Science and the Media

Delgado's Brave Bulls and the Ethics of Scientific Disclosure, Academic Press.

Sundararajan. N, 2005, Effective Business Communications, Chennai, Ernakulam,

Sura Books.

57

MU MCJ 5315 s]mXpsF—nIw

(i) t^mt´m tPW-enkw

(ii) dqd¬ Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ (Km-aoW hn\n-a-bw)

(iii) am[ya hna¿i-X-Xz-hmZw ˛ aIv eql≥ hmb\

(Critical Theories of Media- Reading, McLuhan)

58

MU MCJ 5315 (i) t^mt´m tPW-enkw

bqWn‰v 1

Hcp NnXw (A Snap)

t^mt´m-tPW-en-k-Øn\v Hcm-apJw. hnhn-[-Xcw t^mt´m-Km-^p-Iƒ \yqkv

t^mt´m-Km^n, ]c-ky-t^m-t´m-Km-^n,- h-\y-Pohn t^mt´m-Km^n, ImbnI

hm¿Øm-t^m-t´m-Km^n. t^mt´m tPW-ep-Iƒ, amK-kn-\p-Iƒ ,hm¿ t^mt´m-

Km-^n, s]mss^¬, ]apJ t^mt´m tPW-en-Ãp-Iƒ C¥y-bnepw A¥¿tZ-

io-b-X-e-Øn-epw.

bqWn‰v 2

t^mt´m-Km- nbpw tPW-en-khpwt^mt´m tPW-en-k-Øns‚ km[y-Xbpw, ]k-‡nbpw. t^mt´m-Km- ¿˛ \yqkv

t^mt´m-Km- ¿˛ t^mt´m tPW-en-Ãv. \yqkv t^mt´m-Km- dpw a‰p t^mt´m-

Km-^p-Ifpw . \yqkv t^mt´m-Km-^n-bnse ss\Xn-I-X, Ãn¬ sse^pw Nen-

°p∂ hkvXp-°fpw, t^mw˛-sS-kvN¿-˛-a-‰v-˛-t•mn˛ssj-\nßv hkvXp-°-fpsS

t^mt´m-Km-^n.

bqWn‰v 3

UnPn-‰¬ t^mt´m-Km^nA\-tem-Kv˛ UnPn-‰¬ t^mt´m-Km-^n. a\p-jys‚ IÆpw Iyma-d-°-Æpw.

t^mt´m-Km- n-bn¬ Zo]-hn-Xm-\hpw \nb-¥-W-hpw. lm¿Uv sse‰v˛ tkm^v‰v

sse‰v. t^mt´m ˛ Bkzm-Z-\w (appreciation), hiyX (appeal), ]`mhw

(effect), t]cW (persuasion), t^m¿Ku-≠v, H_vP-IvS v , -_m°v

Ku≠v˛sskUv _m¿kv, slUv ˛ se§v kvt]kv, Ub-K-W¬, eoUnßv

se≥kv, ^n¬ Zn s^bnw, ^n©n-ßv.

bqWn‰v 4

t^mt´m-Km^n D]-I-c-W-߃Iymad Xc-߃ D]-tbm-K-߃, s]m -j-W¬ Iymad se≥kp-Iƒ, Iymad

kma-Kn-Iƒ, t^anßpw t^m°-knßpw. sU]vXv Hm^v ^o¬Uv, dqƒ Hm^v

59

tXUv kn≤m-¥-߃. lm≥Uv sl¬Uv Iyma-d, ssSt]mUv au≠Uv Iymad

]h¿Ø-\w. A∏¿®¿, t^m°¬se-ßvXv, Uo]v t^m°-kv,jmtem t^m°-

kv.

bqWn‰v 5

t^mt´m FUn-‰nMvtIm∏n-bnßv, t^m¿am-‰nßv, Sm≥kv^-dnßv. t^mt´m-Km^n FUn-‰nßv

knÃw-, tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ, tIm∏n-ßv, dnssk-Un-ßv, kvtIen-ßv, tSmWn-

ßv, Un.-]n.-sF.bpw dk-eq-j-\pw. ]n‚nßv hen-∏w, KpWw. t^mt´m Ft,

B¬_w \n¿am-Ww.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃Bavister, Steve, 2000, Digital Photography: a beginners Guide to Photography:

Collins & Brown

Deshpande, B.K, 2007, Photo Journalism, NewDelhi: Sonali Publishers

Hilton, Jonathan, 1997, Action Photography (Pro-Photo): RotoVision

Hoy, Frank, 1993, Photo Journalism: The Visual Approach: Prentice Hall

Langton, Loup, 2009, Photo Journalism and Today’s News: Creating Visual

Reality: John Wiley & sons

Lewis, Greg, 1995, Photo Journalism: Content & Technique, Brown & Benchmark

Rothstein, Arthur, 2012, Photo Journalism: Pictures for Magazines and Newspa-

pers: Literary Licensing

Salomon, Allyn, 1988, Advertising Photography: Amphoto Books

Sammon, Rick, 2003, Complete Guide to Digital Photography: W.W.Norton &

company

Scharf, Aaron, 1976, Pioneers of Photography: an album of pictures and words:

H.N.Abrams

Walden, Scott, 2010, Photography and Philosophy: Essays on the Pencil of

Nature: Wiley Blackwell

Wells, Liz, 2003, The Photography Reader: Routledge

60

MU MCJ 5315 (ii) Km-aoW hn\n-a-bw

bqWn‰v 1

hnI-k\ k¶¬]w, NcnXw

KmaoW P\X F∂ k¶ev]w, ÿe-cmin, kmaq-lnI, kmwkvIm-cnI ImgvN-

∏m-Sp-Iƒ hnI-k\ k¶-ev]w, KmaoW hnI-k\ NcnXw˛ kzmX-¥y-]q¿∆

˛kzm-X-¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bnse KmaoW hnI-k\ LS\, kpÿnc hnI-k-

\w, hnI-k-\-Ønse ]iv\-߃ , hnIm-k˛ hnX-cW Zzµz-߃, Im¿jnI

hnI-k-\hpw hyh-kmb hnI-k-\-hpw.

bqWn‰v 2

KmaoW hn\n-a-bw, km[y-X-Iƒ

KmaoW hn\n-abw˛ \n¿h-N-\w, ]IrXw, KmaoW hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ km[y-X-

Iƒ˛ ka-Im-enI k¶¬]-Øn¬ KmaoW hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ hyXykvX kao-

]-\-߃˛ Fw. Pn. F≥. -B¿.- C. Pn. F. (MGNREGA),kmaq-lnI, kmº-

ØnI ]¶m-fn-Øw.

bqWn‰v 3

KmaoW hnI-k-\w, kvXoim-‡o-I-cWw

am[y-a-ßfpw KmaoW hn\n-a-b-hpw˛ A®-Sn, -td-Un-tbm, Snhn, sFkn-Sn ˛

KmaoW hnI-k-\-Øn¬ \h-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS km[y-X, UnPn-‰¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw

˛ A£b C tIµ-߃, C Kth-W≥kv, am[y-a-ßfpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hpw,

kvXo im‡o-I-c-Ww˛ tIc-f-Ønse apt∂-‰-߃˛ IpSpw-_-io, Xt±i kzbw

`cW ÿm]-\-߃˛ hnI-k-\hpw kvXoI-fpsS ]¶pw (WID & WADI)

bqWn‰v 4

kmº-Zm-bnI am[y-a-߃

KmaoW hn\n-a-b-Øn\v DX-Ip∂ kmº-Zm-bnI am[y-a-߃˛ \mS≥ am[y-a-

61

߃ ˛ hmsamgn kmlnXyw, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI t_m[-hXvI-cWhpw Im¿jnI

]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ˛ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°v KmaoW hnI-k-\-Øn-ep-ff ]¶v ˛

kzbwklmb kwL-ß-fpsS CS-s]-S¬ (SHG)

bqWn‰v 5

hn\n-ab amXr-I-Iƒ

sl¬Øv Iayq-Wn-t°-j≥ hnI-k\ klmb hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw

km[y-X-Ifpw (DSC), kmaq-lnI am‰-߃°p-ff hn\n-ab amXr-I-Iƒ (CFSC),

am-[y-a-ßfpw sl¬Øv Iayq-Wn-t°-j\pw am[y-a-ß-fnse A\p-_‘ ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´nßv coXn.

t]mP-IvSv k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse KmaoW hn\n-ab ]≤-

Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff Ah-tem-I\w.

klm-b-IK-Ÿ-߃Bhose, Joel S.G.R, NGO’s and Rural Development : Theory and Practice, New

Delhi: Concept.

Desai, Vasant, 2005, Rural Development in India: Past, Present and Future: a

Challenge in the Crisis, New Delhi: Himalaya Publishers.

Jain, Rashmi, Communicating Rural Development- Strategies and Alternatives,

New Delhi: Rawat Publications.

Melkote, Srinivas R, Steeves.H, Leslie, 2001, Communication for Development in

the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment.

Rau. S.K, 2001, Global search for Rural Development, New Delhi: National

Institute of Rural Development.

Rogers, Everett.M, 1977, Communication and Development: Critical Perspec-

tives, New Delhi, Sage Publications.

Sen, Amartya,1984, Resources, Values and Development, Massachusetts,

England, Harvard University Press.

62

MU MCJ 5315 (iii) am[ya hna¿i-X-Xz-hmZw ˛

aIv eql≥ hmb\

bqWn‰v 1

hm¿Øm kt¶-X-߃, am[ya \n¿anXn

am[y-a-߃ ˛ kzm`m-hn-I-Xbpw \n¿an-Xn-bpw, am[ya \n¿an-Xn-bpsS BtKmf

]›m-Ø-ew˛ hm¿Øm GP≥kn-I-fpsS ]£-]m-XnXzw ˛ _nKv t^m¿ F∂

k¶ev]w hm¿Øm Dd-hn-Sw, am[y-aw, kzoI¿Ømhv F∂ ASn-ÿm\ hn\n-

ab Bibw˛ hm¿Øm kt¶-X-ß-fpsS ]m›mXy kz`m-hw˛ C¥y≥ ]cn-k-

cw.

bqWn‰v 2

am[y-a-ß-fpsS hyXykvXX

]c-º-cm-KX am[y-a-߃˛ DjvW ioX am[y-a-߃, \h-am-[y-a-߃˛ am[y-a-

߃ PohnX ssien-bpsS A\p-_‘w F∂ \ne-bn¬˛ am[ya ss\Xn-I-X,

am[ya [m¿an-I-X, aqeyw Ch-bpsS \ne-\n¬]v apJy-[m-c-bnepw ]m¿iz-h-

XvIrX kaq-l-ß-fnepw. am[ya km£-cX F∂ k¶ev]w am[y-a-ß-fnepw

kzoI¿Øm-°-fn-epw.

bqWn‰v 3

hn\n-ab kn≤m-¥-߃, Zriy-am-[ya NcnXw

am[ya kz`m-hhpw hn\nab kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-hpw-˛-A-cn-tÃm-

´n¬,emkv sh¬, jmw, teW¿, t\md kn Iyp_¬. -aIv eql≥ ˛]m-tbm-

KnI kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS h‡m-hv BapJw˛ ASn-ÿm\ kn≤m-¥-߃˛ ]tbm-

K ]cn-k-cw˛ \nco-£W kma-Kn-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-X˛ ]pXnb mhp-IXzw am[y-

a kn≤m¥-ß-fn¬˛ aIv eql≥ kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS Ime-K-W-\bpw Zriyam[ya

Ncn-X-hpw.

63

bqWn‰v 4

kmln-Xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw

kmln-Xyhpw am[y-a-ß-fpw˛ Pbnwkv tPmbvkns‚ cN-\-Isf A[n-I-cn®v

aIv eq-l≥ \S-Ønb \nco-£-W-߃ Zriy kwkvIm-cw˛ lmtcmƒUv C∂n-

kn\v hcp-Ønb Xncp-ج hnUn-tbm-tUmw, D]-cn-]vfh kw -h-߃, AXn-

bm-Ym¿∞yw, \m¿kn-knkv, \m¿tIm-knkv, t_mZn-em¿Zv \nco-£-W-ß-fp-am-

bp-ff Nm¿®, t^mt´m-Km-^n-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff aIv eql≥ k¶-ev]-\w.

bqWn‰v 5

\h-am-[y-a-߃, \n¿an-Xn-Iƒ

am[ya ]`m-hw, LS-\bpw Df-f-S-°hpw ˛ kzm[o-\n-°m-hp∂ LS-I-߃˛

kmaq-lnI aqteym-ev]m-Z-\hpw kmt¶-Xn-IXm hym]-\hpw ˛ DØ-cm-[p-\nI

am[ya kn≤m-¥-tem-Iw˛ Ncn-Xw. \h-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS hntI-µo-IrX am[ya

\n¿an-Xn, LS-\m-]p-\-cm-Jym-\w. tIc-f-Ønse ]pXnb ]uc-k-aql \n¿an-Xnbpw

am[ya `mhp-I-Xzhpw ˛ aIv eql≥ kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ]iv\-]-cn-k-c-Øn¬.

P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw LS-\m-]-c-amb kµn-Kv[-X-Ifpw s]mcp-Ø-ß-

fpw.

klm-bI-K-Ÿ-߃Baudrillard, Jean, 2005,- The Consumer Society: Myths & Structures, London/ New

Delhi, Sage Publications.

Debord, Guy, 1988, The Society of the Spectacle, Soul Bay Press.

McQuail, Denis,2005, Mass Communication Theory, London / New Delhi, Sage

Publications.

Fiske, John, 2010, Understanding Popular Culture. London / NewYork, Routledge

Innis, Harold, 1995, The Bias of Communication, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

McLuhan, Marshall,1967, The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man, Bea-

con Press.

McLuhan, Marshall,1962, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic

Man,University of Toronto Press.

Mc Luhan, Marshall, 1965, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, McGraw

Hill.

McLuhan,Marshall,1964, Notes on Burroughs, London/New Delhi,Sage Publica-

tions

Zizek, Slavoj,2009, The Sublime Object of Ideology, London/NewYork, Verso.

64

]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£-bpw

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ GXp tImgvkn-s‚bpw

A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£bpw aebmfØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]_-‘w, t]mP-Œv, ^o¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw ae-

bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£ hyhÿ

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-

ÿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Iao-I-cn®v \nc-¥-c- B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-bw \SØn, tNmbvkv

t_bvkvUv sIUn‰v B‚ v ska-ÿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-Scp∂Xv.

aqey\n¿Wbw

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%

a[yska-ÿ ]co£ 20%

ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw

]T-\-an-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-emWv.

XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-

£m-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w. Hcp tImgvkvImem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn Hcp

hnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-]-I¿

XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v

Ass≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v

skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

BsI -˛ 40 am¿°v

lmP¿

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-ÿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-h-Zn-

°p-∂-X-√.

65

Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\m´okv t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.

lmP¿ \ne 65% apI-fnepw 75% Xmsg-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v saUn-°¬ k¿´n-

^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pw. lmP¿ 65%

Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A-\p-hmZw sImSp-

°p∂X√.-

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£

ska-ÿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ass≥sa‚ v

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co-£bv°v apºmbn hnZym¿∞nIƒ Ass≥sa-‚ v ka¿∏n®ncn-

°-Ww.

skan-\m¿

F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-‘-

amWv.

AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-tim-

[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.

hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿i sNøp∂

]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm, ]mŒn-°¬

F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.

tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\

Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ `mK-߃ D≠m-bn-

cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-߃.

c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-ßfn¬ \n∂v Bsd-Æ-Øn\v

DØcw Fgp-X-Ww.

aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-\p-

Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.

]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\p-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn \nP-s∏-Sp-

Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.

a[yska-ÿ ]co-£bv°v samØw kne-_kns‚ 50% ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈XmWv

tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw tNmZy-t]-∏¿.

ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw. kne-

_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

66

F√m ska-Ã-dnepw B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw _mly-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw \n¿_-

‘-am-Wv. Ah-km\ ska-ÿ ]co-£-bpsS tNmZym-hen ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]pd-Øp-

\n-∂p≈ A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI.

]mIvSn-°¬ hnj-b-߃, t]mPIv‰v dnt∏m¿´v, ]_‘w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw B`y-

¥c _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°pw.

`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw

aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-ihW

]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.

]mm-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬

Cu hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 ]Imcw samØw

am¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv.

k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-ÿ-

bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.

tKUv \n›-bn-°¬

B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-I-

k-an-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[-Icpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Hmtcm

tImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn tKUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A, B+,

B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX tKUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ tKUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS-¿∂p≈

aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-‡-ambn IW-°n-

se-Sp-ØmWv tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-b-Øn¬ Pbn® Ip´n-

I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.

tKUv tKUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v

O 10 100 %

A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %

A 8 80 - 89.9 %

B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %

B 6 60 - 69.9 %

C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %

C 4 40 - 49.9 %

F 0 Less than 40

AB 0 Absent

tKUv t]mbn‚pw, sIUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw ]Imcw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.

Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ tKUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚ sIUn-

67

‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ ^eamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚ sIUn-‰vt]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v samØw t\SnbsIUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.

SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn tKUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw]Im-camWv.

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iq´n In´p∂ esØ B ska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ^e-amWvSGPA.

SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi

Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.

Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ tKUv.

Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6

CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)

Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B ska-

Ã-dn¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp-hsc t\Snb samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v

lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ^e-amWv CGPA.

CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi

Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA

Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw

CGPA 10, 9 -t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw, 9¬

Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp-∂-h¿°v sk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4

apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.

Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point

(Credit x Grade)

Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32

Course 2 4 B+ 7 4 x 7 = 28

Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24

Course 4 4 C+ 5 4 x 5 = 20

Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16

20 120

Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4

Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20

SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0

68

]co-£m- e]Jym-]\w

]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-£m- ew

]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. ^ew]kn-≤o-I-cn-®v, aq∂p ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-k-߃°p-≈n¬ ]cm-Xn-

bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬ hnfn-®p-h-cpØn

]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw ImWpw. XpS¿∂pw

hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn \¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-

IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨tSm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv

k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv F√m

ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/tKUv

Im¿Un¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnh-c-߃ c≠p- m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw, Cw•o-jn-epw)

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.

s]mtam-j≥

a[y- sk-a-ÿ ]co-£, skan-\m¿, Assk≥sa‚ v F∂o am\-Z-fi-߃ ]q¿Øn-

bm-°m-Ø-h¿ tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I-bn-√. Ahsc A¥y ]co£

Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-]-th-i\w t\S-Ww.

ASpØ ska-Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw, As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb

tImgvkn¬ tNtc-≠n-hcpw.

e`n-°p∂ tKUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.

tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 40% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-b-ß-fpsS tKUv,

tKUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.

]p\x]-cn-tim-[\

DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn®v

Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ^ok-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨tSm-f¿°v At]£

\¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-^ew A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ

F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ ]Jym-]n-

°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ

Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-߃ ]co£mIa-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.

69

1. A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xnbpw, ]co£m kabhpw

\n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ ian-°p-I.

2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm

`oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

3. ]co£m kq]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.

4. ]co£m kq]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sc-

tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.

5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.

6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-IvtSm-

WnIv D]I-cW-߃ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-

cn-I.

7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-dpI,

ssIam-dm≥ ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-I, \n›nX

ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ ]th-in®v tai-bnepw Nph-cnepw Ccn-

∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-sN-øpI, Bƒam-dm´w,

\n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-bn-cn-°pI, ]co£ _ln-

jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-X-ap-≠m-hp-∂

as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]hrØn-Iƒ F∂nh A®S°ewL-\-ambn IW-°m°p-∂-Xm-

Wv.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S° kan-

XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tIµ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬,

kºq¿W Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-[p-hm-°m-

\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-°m\pw Ia-

t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw sshkv Nm≥k-

e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-I-fpsS XohXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-°p∂XmWv

1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂ km£y-

]Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.

2. Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, tKUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.

3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw tKUpw Ipd-hp hcp-ØpI.

4. Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ tKUv \¬Ip-I.

5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ tKUv \¬IpI.

6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.

7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.

70

8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØ Xc-

Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.

9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw ]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime hnZym-

`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ

1. ska-ÿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcm hnj-

b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm-\p≈

tbmKyX D≠m-hn-√. ]pXnb ska-ÿ ^ok-S®v ska-ÿ Bh¿Øn-°ms\

C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v 75% lmP-dn¬ Ipd-hp-

s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-t°-≠n-hcpw.

2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 sIUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØ ska-

Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.

3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£-

bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-Zn°pw.

4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-

bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞n tN¿∂v ]Tn-

°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v ]pXnb tImgvkv

sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.

5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°p-

∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-

amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-\mWv C°m-

cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.

6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-

°m-\mbn 8 ska-ÿ hsc amXsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn A\p-h-Zn-

°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-h-cp∂ Imc-W-ß-f-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n

Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Cu Cfhv

A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.

7. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Z-anI D]-tZ-i-I-cp-sS \n¿t±-

i-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 sIUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-߃ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-

°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ amXta

Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.

9. ]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃

\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]Tn-®n-cn-°-Ww. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 12 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈

hnj-b-߃ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12) sIUn‰v t\SWw.

]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 sIUn-‰p-hsc A\p-h-Zn-°pw.

71

10. B`y-¥c/_mly ^e-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn®v

aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.

11. B`y-¥c e-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚ Xocp-

am-\-ap-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

12. _mly^esØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚ Xocp-

am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS Ub-d-

IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-fdpsS

Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

13. ska-ÿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v aqey-

\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X-^mdw hnX-

cWw sNøpw.

14. \n›nX hnj--b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]-≤Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈

A`n-]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.