P Q, P?KSZ NPZNY,PFQ,VV@;U,KSZarchive.org/download/Adibhasha-SreeChattampiSwamikal/... · 2012. 8....

mcX nsâ B²ymßnIÚ m\hpw kmwkvImcnIss]XrIhpw

]cnt]mjnn¡pIbpw {]Ncnn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ alZv{KÙ§Ä,

AhbpsS aqeyhpw hyàXbpw H«pw tNmÀ¶pt]mImsXXs¶,

\qX\ kmt¦XnIhnZy D]tbmKnv ]cnc£n¡pIbpw

PnÚ mkpIÄ¡v kuP\yambn ]IÀ¶psImSp¡pIbpw sN¿pI

F¶ t{ibkv utÊjsâ e£y km£mXvImcamWv t{ibkv Hm¬sse³ UnPnäÂ sse{_dn.

{KÙimeIfpsSbpw B²ymßnI {]Øm\§fpsSbpw {KÙimeIfpsSbpw B²ymßnI {]Øm\§fpsSbpw

hyànIfpsSbpw klIcWt msS tImÀ nW¡nbncn¡p¶

Cu Hm¬sse³ sse{_dnbnÂ A]qÀÆ§fmb hninjvS{KÙ§Ä

kvIm³sNbvXv anIhmÀ¶ sNdnb ]n Un F v bepIfmbn

eyam¡nbncn¡p¶p. Ch I¼yq«dntem {]nâv sNbvtXm

Ffp¯nÂ hmbn¡mhp¶XmWv.

t{ibkv Hm¬sse³ UnPnäÂ sse{_dnbnÂ eyamb

{KÙ§Ä hyàn]camb Bhiy§Ä¡pth{KÙ§Ä hyàn]camb Bhiy§Ä¡pthÊn kuP\yambn D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv. F¶mÂ hmWnPy]chpw aäpamb

Imcy§Ä¡mbn Ch Zpcp]tbmKw sN¿p¶Xv XoÀbmbpw

A\phZ\obaÃ.

Cu {KÙtiJc n\v apXÂ¡q«mb Cu ]pWy{KÙ¯nsâ

cNbnXmhn\pw {]ImiIÀ¡pw \µn tcJsSp p¶p.

t{ibkv Hm¬sse³ UnPnäÂ sse{_dnsb¡pdnpw t{ibkv t{ibkv Hm¬sse³ UnPnäÂ sse{_dnsb¡pdnpw t{ibkv

utÊjs\¡pdnpw IqSpXÂ hnhc§Ä Adnbm\pw {]hÀ \§fnÂ ]¦mfnbmIm\pw t{ibkv sh_vsskäv

kµÀin¡pI.

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1

BZn- mj`mjm-]-T\w

N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ


2 BZn-`mj


3

]o-TnI

h¿W-i-_-fhpw A¿∞-k-ºp-jvS-hp-amb Hcp k¶-c-tZ-io-b-X-

bmWp `mc-X-Øn-t‚-Xv. AXn¬ F√m tZiob P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw

]¶p-≠v. mc-Xob ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ \nP-ÿn-Xnbpw CXp-X-s∂. Ign-

™-Im-e-N-cn{Xw Inf-®n-f°n AXn¬ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-SmØ Awi-ßƒ

am{Xw s]dp-°n-sb-SpØp s]m°n-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xp cmPy-Øn\p KpWw

sNøp-I-bn-√. mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Ønse Bcy-{Zm-hn-Umw-i-ßƒ Cg-

]n-cn-s®-Sp-Øp-Im-Wn®v CXp ip≤-{Zm-hn-Uw, CXp ip≤-amb Bcyw

F∂p ]d-bpI km[y-a-√. F∂m¬ AXns‚ A¿∞w Ign-™-Im-

e-N-cn{Xw A∏msS AS™ A[ym-b-am°n sh®p-sIm-≈Ww F∂p-

a-√.

Bcy-{Zm-hn-U-k-¶-e\w `mc-Xo-b-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ am‰p h¿≤n-

∏n -°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw, A[n-\n -thiw Ign -™-Im-eØp a‰p

tZiobXI-fpsS AkvXn-Xz-sØ-Øs∂ A]-I-S-s∏-SpØnb kμ¿ -

ßƒ BÀmZw sISp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ct∏mgpw Bcy-amb kI-e-

Xn\pw ASn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p `mc-Xo-b-ss]-Xr-IsØ hymJym-\n-

°p∂ kao-]-\-ap-≠v. AXv Hcp-hn-[-Ønepw Bim-ky-a-√. AØcw

hymJym-Xm-°ƒ°p adp-]Sn sImSp-°pI Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw th≠n-

h-cp-Ibpw sNøpw.

AXn-Yn-a-cym-Zbpw hnim-e-a-\-kvI-Xbpw Hcp P\-X-bpsS Ign-

hp-tI-Smbn I≠v Ah-cp-sS -ta¬ A[o-iXzw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-

cpsS kzXzw-Xs∂ \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-Øn\p

tIcfw km£yw hln-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWp kzmX-

{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øp-≠mb kzXzw tXSn-bp≈ hnhn-[-`m-c-Xo-b-tZ-io-

b-X-I-fpsS apt∂‰w tIc-f-Ønepw Ae-b-Sn-®-Xv. AXns‚ apt∂m-

Sn-bmbn tIc-f-Øn¬ N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-sf-t∏m-se-bp≈ alm-∑m¿

Db¿Øn-hn´ Nn¥ hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS Nn¥-

Iƒ tIc-fo-b-\-thm-∞m-\-Øn\v hºn® {]tNm-Z\w \¬In.


4 BZn-`mj

tIc-f-°-c-bp-sSbpw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sSbpw ae-bm-fn-I-fp-sSbpw

kzXzw hI-Xn-cn-s®-SpØp {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ \SØnb {iaw B[p-\n-I-K-th-j-I-∑m¿°p-IqSn am¿K-Z¿i-

I-amb hn[-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS IrXn-Iƒ AXn\p\nZ¿i-\-ß-fm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ "{]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw' F∂ IrXn

A°q-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-am-Ip-∂p. A\-h[n `mK-ß-fmbnAt±lw Fgp-Xm≥ Dt±-in® Hcp IrXn-bt{X {]mNo-\-a-e-bm-fw.

F∂m¬ AXns‚ H∂mw `mKw am{Xta \ap°p Inń-bn-´p-≈q.

tIc-f-N-cn-{X-{]-iv\-ß-fmWp N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ {]mNo-\-a-e-bm-

f-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. {_nójv B[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ê-am-bp-≠m-b am‰-ß-fpsS mK-am-bn-´mWv mc-X-Ønepw tIc-f-Ønepw icn-

bmb Ncn-{X-c-N\ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. AXn-\p-apºv tIhew sFXn-ly-ß-sfbpw sI´p-I-Y-I-sfbpw B{i-bn-®mWp tIc-f-N-cn{Xw hnh-cn-°-

s∏-´-Xv. {_nójv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnepwB ]Xnhv H´p-ap-°mepw XpS¿∂p.

]c-ip-cm-a≥ agp-sh-dn™p t\Sn-b-XmWp tIc-f-sa∂ sFXn-ly-amWv G‰hpw {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. agp-sh-dn™v

IS¬\o°n tIcfw D≠m-°pI am{X-a√ hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw {_m“-Wsc hcpØn tIc-fsØ Ah¿°p Zm\w sNøp-I-IqSn sNbvXp-

ht{X ]c-ip-cm-a≥. Cu sFXn-lysØ ASn-®p-s]m-fn-°m≥ BZywapXn¿∂Xp N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fm-Wv. e`y-am-bn-´p≈ {]mNo-\-a-e-bmfw

F∂ IrXn -bn¬ At±lw sNøp -∂-X -Xm -Wv . AXp -hgn]nev°mesØ imkv{Xo-b-amb Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-Iƒ°p ]mX-sbm-

cp-°p-I-bmWv kzman-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv.

BZn-`mj

{]mNo-\-a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bmWv BZn-`mj F∂p ]d-

bmw. Cu IrXn Fgp-X-s∏´ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-ØmsXt]mbXp ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ZptcymKw Ft∂ ]d-tb-≠q.

Cu IrXn-bpsS cN-\m-Im-e-sØ-∏‰n IrXy-ambn H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ 1924-˛¬ A¥-cn-®-Xp-sIm≠v AXn\p

apºv Fgp-X-s∏´p F∂p Xocp-am-\n°mw F∂p am{Xw. ae-bmfwkwkvIr-X-P-\y-amtWm A√tbm F∂Xv C∂v ae-bmf`mjm Ncn-

{X-]-T-\-Øn¬ A{X {]k-‡-amb Hcp {]iv\-a-√. F∂m¬ Hcp


5

ImesØ ÿnXn AXm-bn-cp-∂n-√. ae-bmfw am{X-a√ F√m mc-Xo-

b- m-j-Ifpw kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n∂p P\n-®-h-bm-sW-∂mWp ]q¿Δm-

Nm-cy-∑m¿ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

]Xn-\memw iX-I-Øn¬ D≠mb ‘eoem-Xn-eIw’ F∂

kwkvIr-X-Øn-se-gp-Xnb ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ae-bmfw

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-b-Xm-Im-sa∂p ]d-™n- p-≠v. tImhpÆn

s\Sp-ßm-Sn-bpsS 1857-˛-ep-≠mb ‘tIc-f-Iu-apZn’ F∂ ae-bm-f-hym-

I-c-W-{K-Ÿ-Ønepw AtX A`n-{]m-b-amWp ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p

kwkvIr-X-ln-a-Kn-cn-K-fnXm

{Zmhn-U-hm-Wo-I-fn-μ-Pm-an-fnXm

tIc-f-`m-jm-KwKm

hnl-c-Xpta lr’-c-kz-Zm-kwKm

F∂ ]Zy-Øn¬ \n∂v Duln-°mw.

aebmfw kwkvIr-X-P-\y-am-sW∂ hmZsØ ImƒUvsh¬ apX-

ep≈ (1875) ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ hna¿in®p X≈n-°-f-™n- p-≠v. F∂m¬

N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ BZn- m-j-bn¬ sNøp-∂-am-Xncn hni-Zhpw AXy¥w

bp‡n-bp-‡hpw ]WvUn-tXm-Nn-X-hp-amb Hcp {]Xym-Jym\w thsd

D≠m-bn-ń-√.

Cu IrXn Fgp-Xnb Ime-Øp-Xs∂ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-s∂-

¶n¬ ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb hymI-c-W-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnepw kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-

ß-fnepw kwkvIr-X-P-\y-a√ ae-bmfw F∂p ÿm]n-°p-hm-\mbn

hn\n-tbm-Kn® F{Xtbm ]pd-ßƒ em`n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. am{X-a-√,

`mjm-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ Zcn-{Z-amb ae-

bm-f-Øn\p BZn-`mj henb Hcp kw`m-h-\-bmbn A∂p apX¬

Xs∂ FÆ-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

ae-bmfw kwkvIr-X-P-\y-a-s√∂p ÿm]n-°m≥ am{X-a√ c≠pw

`n∂-tKm-{X-ß-fn¬s∏´ mj-I-fm-sW∂p ÿm]n-°m\pw BZn- m-j-

t]mse D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amb Hcp IrXn thsdbn√.

ae-bm-fhpw kwkvIr-Xhpw `n∂-tKm-{X-ß-fn¬s∏´ `mj-I-fm-

sW∂v C∂n-t∏mƒ ]cs° Adn-hp≈ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ N´-

ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ Cu ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xnb ImesØ ÿnXn AXm-bn-

cp-∂n-√. G.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿ΩXs∂ kwkvIr-Xhpw ae-bm-fhpw

BZn-`mj ˛ ]o-TnI


6 BZn-`mj

`n∂-tKm-{X-ß-fn¬s∏´ mj-I-fm-sW∂v ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ ‘tIc-f-]m-

Wn-\o-b’-Øns‚ GXm\pw ]pd-ßƒ sNe-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.1

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ DXv]-Øn-sb-∏‰n-bp≈ hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßƒ°vC\nbpw AdpXn h∂n-ń-√. aq∂p {]_-e-]-£-ß-fmWp C°m-cy-

Øn-ep-≈-Xv. ae-bmfw kwkvIr-Øn¬\n-∂p-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂p Hcp]£w. Xan-gn¬ \n∂p-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂p c≠m-asØ ]£w.

kzX{¥`m-j-bmWp ae-bm-f-sa∂p aq∂m-asØ ]£w. Xan-gn-t‚bpwAΩ-bmbn ae-bm-fsØ ImWp∂ Hcp ]£hpw C√m-Xn-√. N´-ºn-

kzm-an-Iƒ ‘BZn-`m-j’-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xp ae-bmfw kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-b-X-s√∂p am{X-a-√, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ s]‰-Ω-bmb

Xan-gmWv kwkvIr-X-Øn-s‚bpw BZn-`mj F∂p-Iq-Sn-b-t{X.

{]k‡n

‘BZn- mjmkn≤m¥w’ mjm-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Ønse BZ-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp kn≤m-¥-ambn C∂p ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. temIsØ

F√m `mj-I-fp-tSbpw aqew BZn-{Zm-hn-U-am-sW∂ N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS kn≤m¥w kzoIm-cy-a-√. Hcp ]t£ N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ Cß-

s\-sbmcp \ne-]m-sS-Sp-ØXv kwkvIrXw kI-e- m-j-I-fp-sSbpw aqe-am-sW∂ hmZ-K-Xn°p adp-]pdw F∂ ań-em-Imw. F¥m-bmepw

kwkvIr-Xw-˛-X-angv `mj-I-fn¬ GXmWv BZn-`mj F∂ {]iv\-Øn\p N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ \evIp∂ DØcw XnI®pw imkv{Xo-b-am-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. X∑qew kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. am{X-a-√, At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-sbbpw tZi-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ ]e

[mc-W-I-fpw D]-cn-K-th-jWw A¿ln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ FØn-\n-ev°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-

Øn¬t]mepw \nc-¥-c-ambn {]N-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ [mcW F¥m-sWt∂m? \ΩpsS \mSns‚ kwkvIm-c-amsI kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ A[n-

jvTn-X-am-sW-∂v. Bep-h-bnse hniz-kw-kvIr-X-{]-Xn-jvTm\w {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ Hcp sNdp-]p-kvX-I-ap-≠v. ‘kwkvIrXw hZ B[p-

\ntIm `h’ F∂t{X ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ t]cv.2 AXns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv.’

‘\ΩpsS \mSns‚ kwkvImcw kwkvIr-X-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wt√m. thZ-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw cmam-b-W-a-lm-`m-c-X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

\ap°p ]I¿∂p Inń-bn- p≈ B k\m-X-\-kw-kvImcw \ne-\n¬°-


7

W-sa-¶n¬ kwkvIr-Xhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. mj-bvs°mØp kwkvIm-chpw D≠m-hpw. \mw km[m-cW Cw•ojv kwkvImcw F∂p ]d-bm-dp-≠-t√m. \ΩpsS \mSns‚ kz¥-am-bp-≈-sX√mw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. B≤ym-fln-Iw, Bbp¿th-Zw, IW-°v, tPymXn-jw...XpSßn Pohn-X-kw-_-‘n-bmb F√m Adnhpw Cu `mj-bn-emWptcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv. CsXms° a\- n-em°n \√ \m´p-Im-cmbnhf-cm≥ kwkvIr-X-`mj Bh-iy-am-Wv. F√m `mc-Xo-b-`m-j-IfpwkwkvIr-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-tSbpwaqew mcX kwkvIm-c-sa-∂-Xp-t]mse F√m mj-I-fp-tSbpw aqewkwkvIr-X-am-Wv.3

Cu hm°p-I-fn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂ s]m≈-bmb Du‰-ap-≠-t√m.AXmWv \m\m-Xz-Øns‚ \mSmb `mc-X-Øn¬ kmwkvIm-cn-I-Im-ep-jy-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ t]cp-Xs∂ {it≤-b-am-Wv. ‘kwkvIrXw hZ B[p-\ntIm h’ F∂-Xn\p ‘kwkvIrXw]dbq B[p-\n-I-\mhq’ F∂v A¿∞w. kwkvIrXw ]Tn-®n-s√-¶n¬B[p-\n-I-\m-hp-I-bn√ F∂ [z\n A]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv. Ct∏mƒ ap°n-\p-ap-°n\p ]Øp Znh-kw-sIm≠p kwkvIr-X-sa∂ hymtP\hmbn¬h-cp-∂Xp tImXbv°p ]ms´∂ ań¬ ]Tn-®p-h-cp∂ Hcp-XcwkwkvIr-X-ap-≠-t√m, AXns‚ ]nd-hn-bpsS clkyw `mc-Xo-bscB[p-\n-I-cm-°m-\p≈ B {iaw Xs∂-bm-Wv. kwkvIrXw ]Tn°qF∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-tI- m¬ \ncp-]-{Z-h-I-c-amWv AXv F∂p-tXm-∂pw.km[m-c-W-°msc hgn-sX-‰n-°m≥ AXn\p Ign-bpw. kwkvIrXw ]Tn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ F¥n-cn-°p∂p Ipg∏w F∂p km[m-c-W-°m¿ Nn¥n-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Ah¿ kwkvIrXw ]Tn-°m≥ FØp-tºmƒ ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ [mc-W-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂p apI-fn-ep-≤-cn® sNdnb JWvUn-I-Xs∂ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \m´p-Imsc]cs° kwkvIrXw ]Tn-∏n-°m≥th≠n Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂]pkvX-I-Øn-emWv AXp ]d-™p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-t∂m¿°-Ww.

‘\ΩpsS \mSns‚ kwkvImcw kwkvIr-X-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wt√m.’

k¿h-k-Ω-X-amb A`n-{]m-b-sa-∂-a-ń-emWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv.At∏mƒ {]mIr-X-`m-j-Iƒ°pw {Zmhn-U-`m-j-Iƒ°pw \ΩpsS\mSns‚ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ bmsXmcp Imcy-hp-an-s√-∂t√ hcp-∂Xv?

kwkvIr-X-sØ-t∏m-se-Xs∂ mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-Øpƒs°m-≈p∂ al-Ømb Hcp Iq´w `mj-I-fmWp ]men Dƒs∏-

BZn-`mj ˛ ]o-TnI


8 BZn-`mj

sS-bp≈ {]mIr-X- m-j-Iƒ. B mj-I-fn-emWp ssP\- -_u≤ kw`m-

h-\-I-fmsI \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xv. A¿[-am-K-[n-bnepw a‰p {]mIr-X-`m-

j-I-fn -ep -ap≈ ssP\-km-lnXyw _rl-Øm-Wv. ssP\-kw-

kvImc[mc `mc-X-Ønse Pohn-X-sØbpw Nn¥-sbbpw hyh-ÿn-

Xn-I-sfbpw F{X-am{Xw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®n-´p-s≠-∂-dn-bm≥ tUm.-lo-

cm-em¬ ssP≥ Fgp-Xnb ]pkvXIw ip]m¿i-sN-øpI am{Xta

Rm\n-hnsS sNøp-∂p-≈q. ‘`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øn\p ssP\-a-X-

Øns‚ kw`m-h\’4 F∂ ]pkvXIw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-am-Wv.

_u≤-kw-`m-h\ F{Xtbm hep-XmWv. ]men-`m-j-bn-ep≈

{Xn]n-S-I-Øns‚ Imcyw Xs∂-sb-Sp-°p-I. \mep thZ-ßfpwIqSn

{Xmkns‚ Hcp Xńepw {Xn]n-SIw at‰ Xńepw shs®m∂p Xq°n-

t\m-°n-bm¬ thZ-tØm-sSm∏w ]Sn-Iƒ Ipd-®-[nIw th≠n-h-cpw.

{Xmkns‚ ka-\ne ssIh-cm≥ F∂p t_m≤y-am-hpw. tUm.-G.-Pn.

IrjvW-hm-cy¿ _p≤-a-X-sØ-]‰n Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.˛‘G-Xm≠v

Bbncw sIm√-ß-tfmfw `mc-X-JWvUw BI-am\w AXp hym]n®v

ChnsS P\-X-bp-sS Pohn-X-sØbpw kwkvIm-c-sØbpw C∂pw {]Nm-

c-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ lnμp-a-X-sØ-Ø-s∂bpw Iqe-¶-j-ambn kv]¿in®p

cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ sXfn-

™--s√-¶nepw Hfn™p _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ {]`m-hmw-i-ßƒ hnf-ßp-

∂p-s≠∂p kq£va-Zr-jvSn-Iƒ°p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. IqSmsX `mc-

X-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ X\n-cq]w {Kln-°p-∂-Xnepw _p≤-a-X-⁄m\w

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW∂p kn≤m-¥n-°mw. `mc-Xo-bsc temI-

Øn¬sh®v F{Xbpw kuay-io-e-cm-°n-Øo¿Ø B≤ym-fln-I-i-‡n-

I-fn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w A¿ln-°p-∂Xv _p≤-a-X-am-Wv. hnti-jn®pw

_p≤-a-XsØ k¿hm-Z-c-Wo-b-am-°n-Øo¿Ø Alnw-km-hm-Zw. B[p-

\n-I-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Cu hmZw cmjv{So-b-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ t]mepw t\Snb

alm-hn-P-b-ßƒ \nkvØ¿°-ß-fm-W-t√m.

Iem-tem-I-Øm-sW-¶n¬ Atim-I-N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS Imew

apX¬ mc-X-Ønepw AXn\p shfn-bn-ep-ambn _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ _lp-

ap-J-amb {]tNm-Z-\-ßƒsIm-≠p-≠mb {]Xn-a-Iƒ, Nn{X-ßƒ,

ssNXy-ßƒ, aμn-c-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Akw-Jy-ß-fm-Wv. A°q-´-

Øn¬ AP-¥m-Kp-l-bnse Nph¿Nn-{X-ßƒ \Sp-\m-b-I-sa-t∂-bp-≈q.5

kwkvIr-X-apƒs∏-Sp∂ C≥tUm-bq-tdm-]y≥ `mjm-tKm-{X-

Øn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp `mjm-tKm-{X-am-Wt√m {Zmhn-Uw.


9

Xan-gv, ae-bm-fw, I∂-Sw, sXep¶v F∂o sX∂n-¥y≥ mj-Iƒ mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øn\p al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \evIn-bn-´p-≠v.{Zmhn-U-tKm-{X-Ønse aqe-`m-j-bmb Xan-gn\p kwkvIr-X-sØ-t∏m-setbm AXn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-Xtem ]mc-º-cyhpw ss]Xr-Ihpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p-≠v. kwL-km-ln-Xy-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Xangv kmlnXywthZ-km-ln-Xy-Øn-s\m∏w \nev°pw. CsXms° H‰-b-Sn°p X≈n-∏-d-bp-I-bmhpw kwkvIr-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amWp \ΩpsS \mSns‚kwkv°mc-sa∂p ]d-bp-I-hgn kw`-hn-°p-I.

kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ h‡m-°fmb Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hn\pwF{Xtbm ap≥]v `mc-X-Øn¬ Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-Xn-s\-°mƒ hf¿®-{]m-]n® ssk‘-h-kw-kvImcw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂p F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p˛

‘A{X-am{Xw kwkvIm-c-k-º-∂-amb Hcp P\-X-tbm-SmWv Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in® ImeØv BZyw kº¿°-Øn\p h∂-Xv. Hcp ]t£ AXn-\p-apºv ÿnc-amb hmk-ÿ-e-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Bcy-∑m¿ iXm-_vZ-ß-fmbn Hcp {]tZ-iØp ]m¿Øp t{ijvT-amb Hcp]cn-jvImcw hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ {Zmhn-U-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w ]cn-jvIr-X-cm-sW∂p Icp-Xm≥ bmsXmcp \ymb-hp-an-√. GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw ssNX-\y-Zm-b-I-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp kmaq-ly-kmw-kvIm-cnI k¶-e-\-ambncp∂pIme-{I-taW kw -hn-®-sX-∂p-≈-Xn\v X¿°-an-√. sshZn-Ihpw Hu]-\n-j-Z-hp-amb Nn¥-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ B≤ym-fln-Iu-∂-Xy-Øns‚ImcWw Xs∂ Cu {Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-c-tØm-Sp-≠mb k¶-e-\-at√?Bbn-cn-°m-\mWp km[y-X. AX-s√-¶n¬ a‰p {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°pIS∂ Bcy-P-\-X-I-fn-seßpw CXp-t]mse D∂-X-tIm-Sn-bn-ep≈ HcpB≤ym-fln-I-t_m-[tam {]tXy-I-X-c-Øn-ep≈ kmkw-Im-cnI \ne-hm-ctam Db¿∂p-h-cm-Ø-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? GXm-bmepw Bcy-{Zm-hn-U-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS k¶-en-X-amb Hc-Sn-Ø-d-bn-emWv A\-¥-c-Im-esØ `mc-Xob kwkvImcw Db¿∂p-h-∂-sX-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an-√.’6

‘\ΩpsS \mSns‚ kz¥-am-bp-≈-sX√mw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn-em-Wp-≈-Xv.’

At∏mƒ apI-fn¬ ]d™ {]mIr-X-ß-fnepw {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-fnepw D≈-sXm∂pw \ΩpsS \mSns‚ kz¥-a-s√∂phcp-∂p.

BZn-`mj ˛ ]o-TnI


10 BZn-`mj

sIm≈mw. Cu hmZ-K-Xn-bpsS h‡m-°ƒXs∂ tZio-b-t_m-[-

Øns‚bpw tZi-kvt\-l-Øn-s‚bpw Ip∏m-b-a-Wn™p P\-ß-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ {]Nm-c-the \S-Øp-∂Xp ck-I-c-amb ImgvN-bm-Wv. C\n

kwkvIr-tX-Xc `mj-I-fn-ep-≈-sX√mw sshtZ-in-I-sa∂pw Cd-°p-a-Xn-®-c-s°∂pw ]d™v F∂m-Wn-h¿ ]pd-Øm-°m≥ {]t£m-`-am-

cw-`n-°p-∂-sXt∂ t\mt°-≠-Xp-≈q. Bcym-`n-am-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬Cu [mc-W-Iƒ {]N-cn-∏n®m¬ \ΩpsS \mń¬ {Zmhn-U-cm-jv{S-hmZw

sImSp-ºn-cn-s°m-≠n-s√-¶nte hnkva-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≈p.

kwkvIr-Øns‚ CΩm-Xncn Aan-X-h-‡m-°ƒ F∂mWv C\n

kwkvIr-XsØ \ΩpsS cmjv{S-`m-j-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°pI F∂pwt\m°n-°-≠m¬ aXn. `mc-X-h-ev°-c-W-Øns‚ Bgw C{X-am-{X-ap-

s≠∂p Hcp ]t£ kwkvIr-sØ-°p-dn-®-dn-bp-∂-h¿t]mepw Nn¥n-®n-´p-≠m-hn-√.

‘F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw aqew `mc-X-kw-kvIm-c-sa-∂-Xp-t]mse F√m `mj-I-fp-sSbpw aqew kwkvIr-X-am-Wv.’

ARvP-\-sa-∂-sX-\n-°-dn-bmw. a™-fp-t]mse shfp-Øn-cn°pwF∂ ]g-samgn tIń- p-≠v. AXp-X-s∂-bt√ CXpw? F√m kwkvIm-

c-ß-fp-sSbpw aqew mc-X-kw-kvIm-c-am-Wp-t]m-epw. Aßs\ IpØIAh-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p Ncn-{X-]-c-amb h√ B[m-c-hp-apt≠m? {]mNo-

\- m-c-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-tØm-sSm∏w ]g-°-ap≈ kwkvIm-c-ßƒ kam-\-Im-eØp temI-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F∂-XmWp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X.

{]mNo\ CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-chpw saskm-s∏-t´m-an-b≥ kwkvIm-chpw ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-tØ-°mƒ ]g-°-ap-≈Xpw kzX-{¥-ß-

fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kwkvIrXw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb apJ-am-Wt√m thZ-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. BthZ-ß-fn¬Øs∂ Bcy-∑m¿ t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ as‰mcp P\-X-sbbpw

Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-c-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ hy‡-amb kqN-\-I-fp-≠v.‘iniv\-tZ-h-∑m¿’, ‘Ab-Pz-∑m¿’, ‘A{h-X-∑m¿’, ‘ar{[-hm-°p-Iƒ’Fs∂ms° EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ]cm-a¿iw AXns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv. Zkyp-°-sf∂pw Akp-c-∑m-sc∂pw a‰pw hnfn-°p∂ C°q-´¿

Bcy-∑m-cmb tZh-∑m-sc-°mƒ H´pw tami-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂pam{X-a-√, ]e-t∏mgpw IqSp-X¬ tIa-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. EtKz-Z-Ønse

Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ C{μ-t\mSp bm⁄n-I¿ hnfn-®-t]-£n-°p-∂Xv


11

‘iniv\-tZ-h-∑m¿ Rß-fpsS bmKw apS-°n-°-f-bm-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬’7

c£n-°tW F∂m-Wv. AtX kq‡-Ønse as‰mcp a{¥-Øn¬{]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv ‘Hcp \qdp c£-I-cp-f-f-h-t\, Aß-sb-t∏m-ep≈

Hcp-h≥ t{Zmln-°m≥ h∂m¬ Ahs\ XSp-°-Wta’8 F∂m-Wv.At∏mƒ C{μ-k-am-\-∑m-cmb iniv\-tZ-h-∑m¿ A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-

cp∂p F∂p hy‡w.

kwkvIr-Xm-Nm-cy-∑m-cp-tS-Xn-s\-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ kwkvIm-chpw

]cn-jvIm-chpw iniv\-tZ-h-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\pw sXfn-hp-Iƒ thZ-Øn-ep-≠v. C{μ\p ‘]pc-μ-c≥’ F∂p t]cp ]d-bp-∂Xv

Akp-c-∑m-cpsS ]pc-ßƒ \in-∏n-°p∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Imen-ta-bv°p∂ Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-Xn-s\-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ Hcp \K-c-kw-kvImcw

FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv AXp hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.EtKz-Z-kq-‡-Ønse Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ C{μs\ kvXpXn-°p-∂Xv

At±lw iniv\-tZ-h-∑msc a¿±n-s®m-Xp°n Ah-cpsS \qdp-I-hm-S-ß-fp≈ \K-c-ß-fpsS kº-Øp-ap-gp-h≥ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-h-\m-sW-

∂mWv.9

kwkvIr-Xm-cy-kw-kvIm-c-sØ-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ Hcp kwkvIm-c-

am-bn-cp∂p Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hn\p ap≥]p-Xs∂ `mc-X-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂n-cns° adn-®p≈ F√m hmZ-K-Xn-Ifpw Bcym-`n-am-\-

{]-tNm-Zn-X-ßƒ Ft∂ ImWm-\m-hq. `mc-X-kw-kvIm-csØ kw_-‘n® A`n-am\w Bcpw IpØ-I-bmbn Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ t]mIm-Xn-cn-

°p-∂-XmWp anX-ambn ]d-™m¬ `wKn. `mc-X-kw-kvIm-c-amWptemI-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fp-sS-bmsI {]`hw F∂ ań-bp≈ Ah-Im-i-

hm-Z-ßƒ shdpw hnIm-c-{]-I-S-\-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. F√m `mj-I-fp-sSbpwaqew kwkvIrXw BsW∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw AXp-t]mse Xs∂.

F√m mj-I-fp-sSbpw t]mbn´p F√m mc-Xo-b- m-j-I-fp-sSbpw aqewt]mep-a√ kwkvIrXw F∂-XmWp kXyw. kwkvIr-X-sØbpw Xan-

gn-s\bpw hni-Z-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-sIm≠p Xangv kwkvIr-X-ß-fn¬ BZn- mj Xan-gvX-s∂-bm-Wp∂p N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ ‘BZn- mj’F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ Aan-Xm-thiw CX-c- m-jm-hn- m-K-ßsf mc-Xo-b-ss]-Xr-I-Øns‚ AhIm-

i-Øn¬\n∂p ]nSn®p X≈p∂ Ahÿ N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ A∂p-Xs∂ ap≥Iqń I≠p F∂Xp hnkva-b-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn\p

adp-]-Sn-bm-bn- mWp Zo¿L-Z¿in-bmb N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ BZn- mj Fgp-Xn-sh-®-sX∂p tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip-∂p. F√m `mj-I-fp-sSbpw aqew

BZn-`mj ˛ ]o-TnI


12 BZn-`mj

kwkvIr-X-am-sW∂ A`n-{]m-bsØ ]q¿h-]-£-ßƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn

FSp-Ø-h-X-cn-∏n®p \ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠p N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ JWvUn-°p∂p.

Xan-gn-sebpw kwkvIr-X-Øn-sebpw A£-c-ßƒ Xmc-Xayw

sNbvXn-´p, Xan-gns‚ emfn-Xyhpw kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ Kmwò-cyhpw

ÿm]n-°p∂p N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ. XpS¿∂-t±lw ]d-bp∂p ˛ ‘Ac-

hn-μw, aμm-cw, arZp-ew, Ipkp-aw, Kwò-cw, rwK-\mZw XpS-ßnb hm°p-

Isf Xan-gvcq-]-Øn-em-°p-tºmƒ Cu c≠p `mj-I-sfbpw Adn-bp-

∂-h¿°v kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep≈ `wKnbpw Kmwò-cyhpw Xan-gn¬ In´p-

I-bn-s√∂p tXm∂msX Ccn-°p-I-bn-√. CXp-sIm-≠mWv Xan-gns‚

]ncn-hp-I-fmb I¿Æm-S-Iw, sXep¶v apX-emb mj-I-fn¬ kwkvIrX

A£-c-ßsf A\-¥-c-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Ie¿Øn ImWp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬

Xangv Fgp-Øp-Iƒ kwkvIr-X-en-]n-I-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°-sIm≠v

kwkvIrX Fgp-Øp-Iƒ \√-Xp-t]mse ]Tn-®-h¿°v Xan-sg-

gpØpIsf D®-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]bm-k-an-√. Xan-gvam{Xw Adn-bp-∂-

h¿°v kwkvIr-X-Ønse hnti-jm¬ A£-c-ßƒ D®-cn-°p-hm≥

Ffp∏w km[n-°p-∂p-an-√. CXn¬\n∂p kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬

Fgp-Øp-Iƒ D®-cn-°m≥ A[nIw {]b-Xv\-ap-s≠∂p kn≤-ambn.

hnjaw A[n-I-ap≈ A£-c-ß-fpsS D®m-c-W-Øn\v A[n-I-amb

{]bXv\w thW-sa∂p kn≤w. GtXXp A£-c-ßƒ AXn-{]-b-Xv\-

ßƒ sIm≠p-am-{Xta D®-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈q F∂p \mw

ImWp-∂pthm Ah eLp-{]-b-Xv\-Øm¬ D®-cn-°m-hp∂ A£-c-

ß-fpsS ]n∂mse D≠m-bh F∂q-ln-°p-∂-XmWp \ymbw. Cu

bp‡nsb ap≥\n¿Øn-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ kwkvIr-X-en-]n-Ifpw Xan-g-

£-c-ßfpw Htc-Im-e-Øn¬ H∂n-®n-cp∂p F∂pw, B Ime-Øn¬

Xan-gcpw kwkvIr-X-°mcpw Htc h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p ]ns∂ ]ncn-

™-h-cm-sW∂pw, Aßs\ ]ncn™p At\Iw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-

tijw A£-c-ß-tfbpw hm°p-I-tfbpw H∂n-\p-]n-dsI thsdm-

∂mbn At\Iw {]mhiyw am‰n-a-dn®v HSp-hn¬ Hcp coXn-bn¬ Dd-

∏n®v B mjbv°v kwkvIrXw (kw-kv°-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv) F∂p \ma-

I-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°Ww F∂pw Nn¥n-°mw. Xan-g¿ aqe-`m-j-

sbbpw A£-c-ß-sfbpw t`Z-KXn sNøm≥ hnap-J-cm-bn-cp-∂-Im-

cWw ]gb Xan-gvhym-I-c-W-ap-d-Isf BZ-cn-®p-t]m-∂n-cp-s∂∂pw

Imem-¥-c-Øn-ep-≠mb kwkvIr-X-{]-N-c-W-Øn¬ Zm£n-Wm-Xy-∑m-

cmb AKkvXy {]`r-Xn-Iƒ kwkvIr-XsØ Xgp-In-∏n-Sn®v Xan-


13

gn\p ]e ]cn-jvIm-c-ßfpw sNøm≥ CS-bm-bn-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-

bmsX Ign-bp-I-bn√.

kwkvIrXw tZh- m-j-bm-sW∂pw AXp tæ—-∑m¿ D®-cn®v A[x-

]-Xn-∏n-®p-≠m-b-XmWp {]mIr-X-sa-∂p-amWp Ct∏mgpw {]N-cn-∏n-°-

s∏-Sp∂ [mc-W. Aß-s\-bp-apt≠m Hcp \nbaw? {]]-©-Øns‚

Ct∂m-f-ap≈ KXn tami-s∏- -Xn¬\n∂p sa®-s∏- -Xn-te°v F∂t√?

kwkvIrXw tZh- m-j-bm-sW∂pw P∑\m e£-W-bp-‡-am-sW∂pw

hcp-Øn-Øo¿°p-hm-\mWp kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ h‡m-°-Iƒ {ian-

®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. kwkvIr-X-Øn\v Hcp {]mIr-Xm-hÿ D≠m-bn-cp∂p

F∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p aSn-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWp

kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ A[x-]-Xn® cq]-amWp {]mIr-X-sa∂ hmZw Ah¿

Ft∏mgpw D∂-bn-°p-∂-Xv. ]gb ‘k¿hm-Wn-k-Zy’ -sb-bmWv Cu

kn≤m¥w Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Xncp-\mƒ, IeymWw XpS-ßn-bh {]am-

Wn®p am\y-∑m¿°p kZy hnf-ºn. Ah¿ D≠p t]mbn-°-gn-™m¬

]ns∂ tijn-®Xp Cc-∏m-fn-Iƒs°ms° \ncØn hnf-ºpw. AXmWp

k¿hm-Wn-k-Zy. BVy-∑mcpsS Iqdp≈ tkh-I-∑m¿ CØcw kμ¿ -

ß-fn¬ ]e-Xcw Idn-Iƒ Hcp-an®p tN¿Øp Nhnń°qń-bmWp Cc-

∏m-fn-Iƒ°p hnf-ºn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. `mj-bpsS Imcyhpw CΩ-ń-emWp

Nne¿ ImWp-∂-Xv. BVy-∑m¿°p am{X-ap-≈-XmWp kwkvIr-Xw.

kv{XoIƒ°pw iq{Z-∑m¿°pw ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°pw a‰pw AXp ]mSn-√.

thiy-Iƒ°p-t]mepw kwkvIrXw BImw. ImcWw Ah-tcmSv

BVy-∑m¿°p s]cp-am-d-W-at√m.

{]mIr-X-Øn¬\n∂p kwkvIrXw D≠mbn F∂p ]d-bmsX

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n∂p {]mIr-X-ap-≠mbn F∂p ]d-bp-∂-sX-ßs\?

kwkvIrXw Zpjn®p {]mIr-X-ßƒ, {]mIr-X-ßƒ ]ns∂bpw A[x-

]-Xn®v A]-{`w-i-ßƒ, Ah-bn¬ \n∂p hSt° C≥Uy-bnse \m´p-

`m-j-Iƒ F∂mWp ]d-™p-h-cp∂ {Iaw.10 ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°p

bmsXm-cp-hn-[-Ønepw hnkva-cn-°m-\m-hmØ alm\pw D¬]-Xn-jvWp-

hp-amb G.B¿.-X-ºp-cm≥t]mepw ]d-bp-∂Xv Cu \ymb-am-Wv.

‘kwkvIr-X-tØm-Sm-I-s´, AXn¬\n∂p Zpjn-®p-≠mb hSt° C¥y-

bnse \m´p- m-j-I-tfm-Sm-Is´ {Zmhn-U- m-j-Iƒ°p ]d-b-Ø-°-Xmbn

bmsXmcp _‘hpw C√.’11

kwkvIrX-Øns‚ k¿hm-Wn-bmWp {]mIr-X-sa∂ kn≤m-

¥sØ N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p. At±lw ]d-bp-∂p˛

BZn-`mj ˛ ]o-TnI


14 BZn-`mj

‘a\p-jy≥ apºv \mK-cn-I-Xz-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂pw

DØ-tcm-Øcw \mK-cn-IXzw D≈ ÿnXnsb Bin-°p-I-b-√msX\mK-cn-I-Xz-tØmsS Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v AXns‚ A`m-h-Z-isb A`n-e-

jn-°pI km[m-c-W-a-√.’ hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp temI-X-Øz-amWvChnsS N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. tami-s∏- -Xn¬ \n∂p

sa®-s∏-´-Xn-te°v F∂p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS imkv{Xo-b-X-Øz-am-W-Xv.

kwkvIr-Xhpw {]mIr-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS \ne-]mSv bp‡n-bp-‡-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

At±lw ]d-bp-∂p˛

‘AXp-sIm≠v kwkvIr-`mj \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv {]mIrXw

tZi-`m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, Nne _p≤n-am-∑m¿ AXns\ ]cn-jvI-cn®v kwkvIrXw F∂p \ma-I--cWw sNbvXp-sh-∂pw, kwkvIr-X-

`mj, Nne P\-ßƒ am{Xw AYhm {]tXy-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-hn-j-b-Øn¬ am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ s]mXpth

tZi`mj-bmbn-cp-∂Xv {]mIr-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂pw kwkvIrXwCXc`mj-I-sf-°mƒ hnti-j-ambn ]cn-W-an-®-Xp-sIm≠v B

`mjsb A\m-Zn-tZ-h-`m-j-bm-sW∂pw AXn-se-gp-X-s∏-ń-´p≈ thZ-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Cuiz-c-\m¬ {_“-tZ-h-\p-]-tZ-in-°-s∏´v

{_“-tZ-h-\m¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-sX∂pw a‰pw ]d-bp-sa∂pw A\y-`m-j-I-sf√mw tæ— (tæ— Ahyt‡ i_vtZ Akv ptS A]-i_vtZ

tNXy¿∞x-˛-kn-≤m-¥-Iu-apZn, Akv]-jvtSm-®m-c-W-Ønepw i_vZ-im-kv{Xm-\p-km-c-a-√mØ i_vZ-{]-tbm-K-Ønepw F∂¿∞w: ‘\tæ—n-Xssh’ tæ—n-°-cpXv th-Z-hm-Iyw, \m]- m-jn-X-ssh- -A-]- m-jn-°-˛-hym-I-c-W-hn-tcm-[-ambn ]d-b-e-˛-cp-sX∂v A¿∞w’) `m-j-I-fm-

sW∂v kwkvIr-X-]-£-]m-Xn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. Cu A`n-{]mbw]n¬°m-e-Øp-≈-h-cn¬ {]_-e-s∏-´-Xp-\nanØw Ah-cn-sem-cm-fmb

hc-cpNn ap\n kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n∂v D≠m-b-sX∂v A\y-∑m¿°ptXm∂-Ø-°-hn[w kwkvIr-Xm-£-c-ßƒ°v BtZ-i-ßƒ hn[n®v

{]mIr-XsØ ]cn-jvI-cn-°-sIm≠v B hymI-c-W-k-{º-ZmbwkwkvIr-Xm`n-⁄-∑m¿°v D]-Im-c-s∏- -Xm-bn, F∂n´pw B ]cn-jvI-

c-W-co-Xnsb P\-ßƒ ]Wn-s∏´pw BZ-cn-®p-h-∂p; F¶nepw Ime-{I-taW Ai-Iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xp-sIm≠v B ]cn-]mSn Dt]-£n-°bpw

X∑qew {]mIr-Xhpw C°m-esØ alm-cm-jv{Snbpw c≠mbn ]ncn-bp-Ibpw {]mIrXw kwkvIr-X-⁄-∑m¿°v \mS-Iw, kÍw apX-


15

emb IrXn-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am{Xw C∂v D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ Ccn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ \ncq-]n-°p-∂Xp bp‡-am-bn-cn-°pw.

_m°n-`m-Khpw D≤-cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW-¶nepw CtX ]pkvX-I-

Øn¬ D≈-Xp-sIm≠v Aßs\ sNøp-∂n-s√-∂p-am-{Xw.

kwkvIrXw kwkvIr-X-sa-∂-\n-ebv°p Hcp ImeØpw Hcp

tZiØpw Hcp P\-X-bpsS kwkm-c-`mj Bbn-cp-∂n-s√-∂-XmWp

kXyw. kwkvIr-X-°m¿ AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bn-s√∂p am{Xw. F∂m¬

N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ kwkvIrXw tZi-`m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂ hkvXpX

AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

{]mIr-X-Øn¬\n∂p kwkvIrXw D≠m-Im-\-√msX kwkvIrXw

A[x-]-Xn®p {]mIr-X-am-Im-\n-S-bn-s√∂p X\-Xmb \nc-h[n bp‡n-

Iƒ FSp-Øp-\n-c-Øn-s°m≠v N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xp

AXy¥w {it≤-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Nne \qX-\-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf

D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw hnj-b-am-°msX X≈n-°-f-bm-

\m-hp-I-bn-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\p Pothm¬]-Ønsb kw_-‘n®p

At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ kn≤m-¥w. knwlf-Zzo-]n\p ta°-cn-In-

ep≈ GtXm ÿe-ØmWp BZyw Poh-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v AK-

kvXy-ap-\nsb D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw ÿm]n-°p-∂p. AK-kvXy-

cpsS `qan-im-kv{X-Øn¬ ]t≠°p ]t≠ Ata-cn-°-sb-°p-dn-®p≈

hn⁄m\w D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw kzman-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂p. Ah-

sbms° A∏msS X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hp-I-bn-√. hnti-jn®v `mc-X-

Øns‚ Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ ss]Xr-I-sØ-°p-dn®p ]pXnb kn≤m-¥-

ßƒ Ct∏mgpw hcp∂ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬.12 s]mXpsh N´-ºn-kzm-

an-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ imkv{Xo-b-k-ao-]\w At±-l-Øns‚ hmZ-

K-Xn-I-fn¬ H∂pw Xs∂ shdpsX X≈m≥ \sΩ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n√.

Ipd®p ap≥]v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hm°p-I-fpsS D¤-h-sØ-s®m√n

Hcp hnhmZw \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS Ihn-Xbv°p

Fw.-hn.-tZ-h\pw IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvWs‚ Ihn-Xbv°p Fw.-Kw-Km-

[-c\pw Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-Isf hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v Xmbm´p i¶-

c≥ Fgp-Xn˛

‘`mj I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xpw Imb-Iev]w \SØn Du¿÷w kºm-

Zn-°p-∂-Xpw Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp∂ ‘am\y≥’am-cm-sW∂ h¶-Ø-Øn¬\n-

BZn-`mj ˛ ]o-TnI


16 BZn-`mj

∂mWp ‘hm°n-s‚-IqSp’ tXSnt]mIp-∂-h¿°p hgn sX‰p-∂-Xv. mj-

bn¬ ‘I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø’-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬

`mj ssIImcyw sNøp∂ P\-ß-fmWv ]pXnb {]tbm-K-ssi-en-

Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.’13

hm°p-Iƒ am{X-a√ Fgp-Øp-Iƒ t]mepw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xp P\-

ß-fm-sW∂p N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p.˛

‘Fgp-Øp-Iƒ D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv P\-

ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hm°p-Iƒ At{X.’sshbm-I-c-W-∑m-c√ P\-ß-fmWp hymI-cW \nb-a-ß-fpsS

t]mepw \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ F∂p A¿∞-i-¶-°n-S-an-√m-Ø-hn[w N´-

ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ as‰m-cn-SØp ]d-bp-∂p.

‘k‘n-sb-∂Xv P\-ßƒ Hcp `mj kwkm-cn®p kwkm-cn®p

Imew-sIm≠v Zm¿Vyw kn≤n-°p-tºmƒ Hcp hm°n-\p-tijw as‰m-

cp-hm°v D®-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ D≠mhp∂ thK-ku-I-cy-ßƒ \nanØw

kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kw`-hn-°m-dp≈ D®m-c-W-t`-Z-am-sW∂v ImWp∂

ÿnXn°v hymI-c-Ww-sIm≠v \nb-a\w sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ Cu hnIm-

c-ßƒ hcm-hp-∂-XmWv.

samgn-bpsS D¬]-Øn-hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ kw_-‘n®p N´-

ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ kn≤m¥w F{X {]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw

A\p-`-h-kn-≤hpw Bbn-cn-°p∂p!

‘hm°v F∂-Xn\v Xan-gv`m-j-bn¬ apJy-amb \maw ‘samgn’F∂t{X. F∂m¬ Xan-gntem Xan-gn-t\mSp tN¿∂ thsd mj-bntem

A√m-sX, a‰p-`m-j-I-fn¬ {]Ir-Xn°v C{X-tØmfw icn-bm-bn´p

hm°p In´p-I-bn-s√-∂pXs∂ ]d-b-Ww. Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬, HmjvTm-

[-c-ßsf Hcp-an-®p-tN¿Øp hmaq-Sn-s°m-≠p≈ Ccn-∏n\v au\w F∂

\mahpw ‘av’ F∂v cq]-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Cu ‘av’ F∂ hmaq-S-ens\ \√

hÆw Hgn-®p-hn-Sp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ av+Hgn = samgn F∂

\maw kn≤n-®p. Cu samgn Xs∂ BZyw AIm-cw, c≠m-aXv CImcw,

aq∂m-aXv DImcw C{]-Imcw apd-bv°v, A, C, D F∂ aq∂v A£-c-

ß-fm-bn´v {]Im-in-°pw. F∂m¬ ‘av’ F∂-Xns\ hn´m¬ BZyw

AIm-c-am-bn- p-Xs∂ [z\n-°p-sa-∂-Xn-cn-°-s - -c-≠m-aXpw aq∂m-aXpw

CIm-c-ß-fm-bn-´p-Xs∂ `hn-°p-sa-∂-sX-ßs\? DImc CIm-c-ß-fm-

bn´p amdn hc-cptXm? F∂p i¶n-°p∂ ]£w A{]-Imcw ]mSn-√.


17

CXp \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-∑m-cm¬ sNø-s∏´ {Iam-am-Ip-∂p. Ah¿ {]Ir-

Xn-tN-jvSsb t\m°m-sXbpw GsX-¶n-ep-samcp \ymbw IqSm-sXbpwbmsXm-∂n\pw hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-f-f-h-c-√. Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬

h¿Æm-fl-I-ß-fmb [z\n-hn-ti-j-ßƒ km[m-c-W-a-\p-jy-\n¬\n-∂m-sW∂v Adn-bm≥ Xosc {]bm-k-an-√-˛-AXpw {]Ir-Xy-\p-Kp-W-ambn

{]h-ln-°p-∂Xv Hcp inip-ap-J-Øp-\n∂p Xs∂ F∂pw kv]jvS-amWv.

C{X-am-{X-a-√; inip-{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂p A£-c-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-hn[w hni-Z-ambn kzman-Iƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXpw Zzμzm-

fl-I-amb coXn-bn-emWp kzman-Iƒ sNøp-∂-sX-∂mWp as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X. tIhew DZvtLm-j-W-am-bn-´√ kzman-Iƒ Hcp XØzhpw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \nXy-Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®vAXn¬\n∂p kn≤m-¥-ap-≠m-°p-I-bm-W-t±lw sNøp-∂-Xv. ]q¿h-

]-£-cq-]-Øn¬ km[y-amb F√m kwi-b-ßfpw D∂-bn-°m\pwAhbv°p Xs‚ A\p-`-h-{]-[m-\-amb coXn-bn¬ \nhrØn hcp-

Øm\pw kzman-Iƒ {ian-°p-∂p. Aßs\ ]q¿h-]-£-ßƒ bp‡n-]q¿Δw \nc-kn-®p-sIm-≠mWp At±lw kzkn-≤m¥w ÿm]n-°p-

∂-Xv.

Xan-gn-sebpw kwkvIr-X-Øn-sebpw enwK-h-N-\-hn-`‡n hyh-

ÿ-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-]-cn-tim-[n-®-tijw N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ D∂-bn-°p∂ Hcp XØz-ap-≠v.

‘GXpw BZyw {]mIr-X-ambn D¤-hn®v A\-¥cw Ir{Xn-a-Xz-ßƒ Ie¿∂v ]cn-jvIr-X-cq-]-Øn¬ ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. Cu \nbaw

Hcn-°epw hnkva-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-√.’CXmWp Xan-gv, kwkvIr-X-Øn-s‚bpw BZn- m-j-bm-sW∂p ]d-

bm≥ At±lw ImWp∂ bp‡n. imkv{XobùXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv Ft∂m¿an-°p-I. CXp-Xs∂ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS kn≤m-¥-

hpw. N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS D¬]-Xn-jvWp-Xz-Øn\p CXn¬°-hn™Hcp sXfnhv Bh-iy-an-√. Xangpw kwkvIr-Xhpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw

sNbvXv GXmWv BZn-`mj F∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬imkv{Xo-b- u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-a-\-kn-≤m¥w {]tbm-Kn-°p∂

N´-ºn-kzm-an-Isf {Im¥-Z¿in F∂p-Xs∂ hnti-jn-∏n-°-Ww.imkv{Xo-b- u-Xn-I-hm-Z-Øn\p tIc-f-Øn¬ Imcy-amb {]Nmcw In´p-

∂-Xn\p ap≥]mWp N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ CXp sNbvXXv F∂Xp ]c-a-

BZn-`mj ˛ ]o-TnI


18 BZn-`mj

{]-[m-\-am-Wv. 1932˛¬ am{X-amWp tIc-f-Øn-em-Zy-ambn Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cØv Hcp Iayq-WnÃv {Kq∏v cq]wsIm≠-Xv. F∂m¬ AXn\pw

F{Xtbm ap≥]mWp N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ CXp sNbvX-Xv.

kwkvIrXw \mSp-cpsh ]Tn-∏n-®n´p \ΩpsS cmjv{S-`m-j-bm-bn-

Øs∂ AXns\ {]Jym-]n-°p-hm≥ tIm∏p-Iq-´p-∂-h¿ Kuc-h-ambn

Btem-Nn-t°≠ Hcp kwK-Xn-bn-te-°mWv N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS

kn≤m¥w hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv. kw-kvIrXw Hcp tZi-`m-j-b-√; AXv

Hcp kzm`m-hn-I- m-jbpw A√. ssZh-Z-Ø-amb mj-bmWp kwkvIr-

X-sa∂ A¿∞-Øn-ep≈ F√m hyh-lm-c-ßƒ°pw adp-]-Sn-bmWp

N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS Cu \ne-]m-Sv.

kwkvIrXw e£-W-bp-‡-am-sW∂p hmZn-°p-tºmƒ H∏w

hnkva-cn-°m≥]m-Sn-√mØ Hcp Imcy-ap-≠v. kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ Ir{Xn-

a-Xz-am-Wn-Xv. B bmYm¿∞y-Øn-te°pw N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS

kn≤m¥w kqN\ \¬Ip-∂p. Aa-c-tIm-i-Øns‚ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-

Øn\p ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ A¿∞w CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {it≤-b-amWv.

‘kwkvIrXw Ir{Xnta e£-tWm-t]tX’14 F∂mWp Aa-c-

tImiw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. AIm-cm-¥-\-]pw-k-I-enwK {]Y-ssa-I-h-N-\-amb

kwkvIrXw F∂ ]Zw Ir{Xn-a-h-kvXp-hn-t‚bpw e£-W-tØmSp

IqSn-b-Xn-t‚bpw t]¿ F∂mWp tN∏m v ANyp-X-hm-cy¿ kmcm¿∞-

t_m-[n\o hymJym-\-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kwkvIr-X- m-j-bpsS

Imcy-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-Øns‚ c≠¿∞hpw tbmPn-°p-∂p-sh-

∂-XmWp kXyw. kwkvIrXw Ir{Xn-a-am-Wv. AXp e£-W-bp-‡-

am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ A\p-]Zw AXns‚ Ir{Xn-aXzw AwKo-I-cnt®

aXn-bm-hq. B bmYm¿∞y-amWp N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ Xs‚ kn≤m-¥-

Øn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xv.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ AKm-[-amb ]mWvUnXyw t\Snb N -ºn-kzm-

an-Iƒ B `mj-bn¬ Hcp IrXn-t]mepw cNn-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂Xv Cu

]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ bmZr-—n-I-a-s√∂p ImWmw.

kwkvIr-XsØ AXp ]n≥]-‰p∂ kIe kwL-]-cn-hm-c-tØmSpw

H∏w ap≥Iqń ImWp-hm≥, Hcp ]t£, N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-sf-t∏mse

a‰m¿°pw Ign-™n- p-≠m-hn-√. A°m-esØ BwK-e-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw

(Anglicism) ]uc-kvXy-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw (Orientalism) \Sp-hnse Hcp

cP-X-tc-J-bmWp kzman-I-fpsS hmZw.


19

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω G. B¿., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-bw, F≥.-_n.-F-kv. ]Xn-∏v, tIm -bw,

1988, ]pd-ßƒ 47-˛51.

2. kwkvIrXw hZ B[p-\ntIm `h, hniz-kw-kvIrX {]Xn-jvTm-\w, Bep-h,1995.

3. Sn. Ah-Xm-cnI

4. locm-em¬ ssP≥. tUm. mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\p ssP\-a-X-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1991.

5. IrjvW-hm-cy¿. tUm. G.-Pn., _p≤-a-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1950, ]pd-ßƒ 2˛3

6. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ ]n.-sI., GI-`m-c-X-Øns‚ Zo]-in-J-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1965, ]pdw 43.

7. EtKzZw 7, 21, 18

8. Sn. 7, 21, 8

9. Sn. 10, 99, 3.

10. cmP-a¬ thm. tUm., `mcXv Io `mjm-tbw, \bn-Zn-√n, 1995, ]pdw 94.

11. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-bw, ]pdw 46.

12. {io. Fkv. sI. ]mWvUy≥ Fgp-Xnb ‘Zn lnU¨ sldn-t‰Pv’ F∂ {KŸwt\m°p-I.

13. Xmbm-´p-i-¶-c≥, B[p-\nI Ihn-X-bpsS Hcp Po¿Æ-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,1983, ]pdw, 17.

14. Aa-c-tIm-iw, hymJym\w tN∏m v ANyp-X-hm-cy¿, sIm√w, 1122 (sIm-√-h¿jw),]pdw 333.

BZn-`mj ˛ ]o-TnI


20 BZn-`mj

N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS

BZn-`mj

1

{]mcw`w

`qtem-IØp P\-ßƒ Hmtcm h¿§-°m¿ Hmtcm mj-Isf Ah-

ew-_n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bpw, Ccp-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbpw `mjm-N-cn-{Xßfn¬\n∂pw Adn-bp-∂p. Cu mj-I-sf√mw hoNo-X-cw-K-\ym-tb\1 GtXm

Hcp BZn-`m-j-bn¬ Hcp Zn°n¬ XpSßn {ItaW \m\m-h-gn°pw]c-∂n- p-≈tXm As√-¶n¬ IZw-_-ap-Ip-f-\ym-b-{]-Imcw2 Ahn-S-hnsS

D≠mbn {]N-cn-®n-´p-≈tXm GXm-sW∂p {]kvXp-X-hn-j-bsØBkv]-Z-am°n Nn¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-te°p \mw XpS-ßp-

tºmƒ a\p-jy-Po-hn-I-fpsS Dev]-Øn-{]-Nm-c-ßfpw \ΩpsSNn¥bv°p hnj-bo-`-hn-°msX Xc-an-√. a\p-jy¿ `qJ-WvU-Øn¬

GsX-¶nepw Hcp `mK-Øp-≠mbn Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]e tZi-ß-fn-te°pw ]ncn™p t]mbn-´p-≈tXm AX√ a\p-jy¿ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-

\p≈ `q]mIw icn-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Ahn-S-hnsS X\nsb D≠m-btXm?

Cu tNmZy-Øn¬ c≠m-asØ `mKw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ kΩ-Xn-

°p-∂n-√. a\p-jy¿ Fhn-sStbm Hcn-SØv D≠mbn ]ncn-™p-t]m-bn-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ah¿ {ian-°bpw sNøp-∂p. AXp

hmkvX-h-am-Ip∂ ÿnXn°v a\p-jy-Ip-Spw-_-Øn\p {]Ir-Xn-kn-≤-amb Hcp BZn- mj BZn-Im-e-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. ]n∂oSv,

B ]q¿h-Ip-Spw_w At\-I-im-J-I-fmbn ]ncn-bp-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSnAXns‚ `mjbv°pw Gsd-°psd hn`n-∂Xzw kw`-hn-®n-cn-°-Ww.

C∂p ImWp∂ `mjm-ssh-Pm-Xy-Øn\v Hcp Xo¿®-bmb kam-[m-\-ambn hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv CXn-s\-bm-Wv. mjm-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Cu hnhn-


21

[-`m-j-Isf F√mw-IqsS aqe-`m-j-I-fn¬ AS-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. H∂v

kwkvIr-Xhpw at‰Xv Xangpw BWv. AXm-bXv Bcy- m-jbpw {Zmhn-

U-`m-jbpw Xs∂.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. hoNn = Xnc. XcwKw = Xnc-bpsS XpS¿®. BZyw Hcp Xnc ]pd-s∏´v AXp Xoc-

sØØpw aptº ASpØ Xnc F∂ hn[-Øn-emWp Xnc-ame D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

AXp-t]mse H∂n\p ]ndsI as‰m-∂mbn D≠m-Ip-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-°p∂p Cu

\ymbw.

2. IZw_w = IS-ºv, apIpfw = sam´v, IS-ºp-a-c-Øn¬ F√m `mKØpw Hcp-an-

®mWp sam´p-´p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse Htc ka-bØp ]e ÿe-Øp-≠m-

Ip-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-°p∂p Cu \ymbw.

{]mcw`w


22 BZn-`mj

2

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww

C\n ChnsS Ct∏mƒ \mw \ncq-]n-t°-≠Xv Cu c≠p `mj-I-

fn¬ GXmWv BZn-`mj, F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. Hcp `mj-sb-∏‰n \ncq-]n-°m≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ AXn-tebv°p {]Xy-£-ambn \ap°p In´p-

∂Xv B mj-bpsS i_vZ-im-kv{X-am-Wv. BZyw Cu mj-I-fn-ep≈A£-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®p Xs∂ Btem-Nn-°mw. At∏mƒ kwkvIr-X-

Ønse en]n-Iƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ hm°p-Iƒ Gdn-b-Iqdpw Xan-g-£-c-ßƒ sIm≠p kpJ-ambn D®-cn-°m≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Xn-cn-°p-

∂-Xp-Xs∂ Hcp {][m\ hyXym-k-sa∂p ImWmw. kzc-ß-fn¬ E,\p Chbpw ChbpsS Zo¿L-cq-]-ßfpw Xan-gn¬ C√. AXp-sIm≠v

LrXw, Iv\p]vXw XpS-ßnb kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-ßsf Xan-gn¬ icn-bmbn D®-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ kzc-ßƒ F√mw

"DuImtem-Pv{Q-kz-Zo¿L-πpXx'1

F∂ kq{X-{]-Imcw aq∂p am{X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. aq∂p

am{X-I-fp≈ kzc-ßƒ°v πpX-ßƒ F∂p t]cv.

Xan-gn¬

aqAf ]nssN-Ø¬ Hmtc-gp-Ønt‚2

F∂p sXm√m-Nm-cy¿3 hn[n-®-hn[w aq∂p am{X-I-fp≈ HcpA£-cta C√. IqSm-sX, kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ A\p-\m-kn-Iw4, DZm-

Øw5, A\p-Zm-Øw, kzcnXw Cßs\ kzc-ßƒ°p hn`m-K-I-ev]\G¿s∏-´p-Im-Wp-∂p. Cu hn`mKw Xan-gn¬ C√. Ih¿§w XpS-ßnb

]©-hy-RvP-\-hn- m-K-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw Cuc-≠-£-c-ßƒ hoXtaXangv kw{K-ln-°p-∂p-≈q. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Hmtcm C\-Ønepw

A©v A£-c-ßƒ hoXw ImWp-∂p. CXp-sIm≠v JWvU, KP,LSmZn i_vZ-ßƒ Xan-gn¬ t\tc D®-cn-°m≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ i, j, k, l F∂ h¿Æ-ßfpw, A\p-kzm-cw,


23

hnk¿§w, Pnlzm-ap-eo-bw, D]-[vam-\obw apX-em-b-hbpw Ccn-°p-∂p.

A\p-kzmcw F∂Xv A¿≤-a-Im-c-tØmSp kmZr-iy-ap≈ kzcmwiwIe¿∂ Hcp h¿Æ-am-Ip-∂p. Cu h¿Æ-hn-tijsØ Hcp _nμp-

sIm≠p e£o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xan-gn¬ D≈ ‘BbvXw’6 F∂ A£-c-Øn-t\mSv Gsd-°psd Xpey-amb Hcp h¿Æ-am-Ip∂p hnk¿§w.

CXv Iogpw taepw ASp-∏n-®n-Sp∂ c≠p _nμp-°ƒ sIm≠v e£y-am-°n-s®-øp-∂p. 7Pnlzm-ap-eobw hnk¿§-Øn-t‚bpw IIm-c-Øn-

t‚bpw A¿≤mw-i-ßƒ°p kam-\-amb c≠p mK-ßƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Hcp h¿Æ-am-Ip∂p. 8CXv I, J F∂ c≠-£-c-ß-fpsS apºn¬

hcpw. CXns‚ kzcq]w, ]p≈n-bpsS (Iqńs‚) A¿≤-`mKwtaevt]m´pw A¿≤mwiw Iogvt]m´pw Ccn-°p∂ c≠-S-bm-f-ß-tfmSp

IqSn-b-Xv. D]-[vam-\obw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv ]Im-c-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xnbpwhnk¿§-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xnbpw tN¿∂v H∂mb h¿Æ-am-Ip-∂p. 9CXv

], ^ F∂ c≠-£-c-ß-fpsS BZn-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-∂p.CXnt‚bpw kzcq]w ta¬{]-Imcw Xs∂. Cu h¿Æ-hn-ti-j-ßƒ

Xangv mj-bn¬ Im◊m-\n-√. kwkvIr-X-Ønse i, j, k Cu A£-c-ßƒ°p ]Icw Xan-gn¬ {]tXyI en]n-Iƒ C√m-bva-sIm≠v CuF√m-‰n\pw NIm-c-sØ-Øs∂ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-

N-WvU-am-cp-X, iwI-c, j◊p-J, kZm-in-hmZn hm°p-Iƒ N≠-am-cp-X, NwI-c, N◊pJ, NXm-Nnh F∂p Fgp-Xn-°m-Wp-∂p.

Xan-gn¬

‘S d e f F∂pw ]p≈n ap∂¿IN-]-sh∂pw aqsh-gp-Øpcnb’10

CXymZn sXm¬Im-∏n-b-kq-{X-ßƒsIm≠v C∂ A£-c-ßƒC∂ A£-c-ß-tfmSp am{Xta hm°p-I-fn¬ tN¿∂n-cn°q F∂p

hyhÿ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Cu amXncn \nb-a-an√.

kwkvIr-X-`m-jbpw Xangpw hfsc A¥-c-ap-≈-h-bm-sW∂phcp-Øm≥ th≠n kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ßsf th≠-hn[w D®-cn-°m≥

kuIcyw kn≤n-°m-Ø-hn[w Xan-gnse A£-c-ßƒ Ipd-bv°p-Ibpwta¬{]-Imcw kq{Xn®p Nne {]tXyI \nb-a-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xm-sW∂v Hcp ktμlw Cu {]Ir-X-Øn¬ Nne¿ sIm≠p-h-t∂-°mw. Cßns\ Hcp i¶bv°v hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ah-k-c-an-√.

Fs¥-∂m¬, Icw, Icp-W, Iev]-Iw, XSw, Xocw, \c≥, ]Sw, ]m\w

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


24 BZn-`mj

apX-emb At\Iw ]Z-ßsf kwkvIr-X-cq-]-Øn\p hyXymkw hcm-

Ø-hn[w Xan-gn¬ D®-cn-°m≥ am¿§w ImWp∂p. IqSm-sX,

“NI-c-°n-f-hnbpw Ah-t‰m-ct‰11

A sF HuF\pw aq\vdp Aew IssStb

Bthm-S-√Xp bIcw apX-emXp12

D®-Imcw Ccp-sam-gn-°p-cntØ”13

NIm-c-sa∂ ip≤-hy-RvP\w A, sF, Hu Cu aq∂p kzc-ß-

sfm-gnsI as‰√m kzc-ß-tfmSpw tN¿∂p hm°n¬ BZyw hcpw.

BIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-√msX bImcw Hcp hm°ns‚ apºn¬ hcn-√.

DIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb NImcw c≠p hm°n-\p-am-{Xta A¥-am-hq-˛-C-

ßns\ kq{Xm¿∞w Cu kq{X-ß-fn¬ Nøw, Nucn-bw, bh-\¿,

bpØn, bq]w, ]® apX-emb i_vZ-ßƒ Cu hyh-ÿsb AXn-{I-

an®p \n¬°p∂p F∂p ktμlw D≠m-Imw. F∂m¬ Ch kwkvIr-

X-]-Z-ß-fm-I-bm¬ CXp-Iƒ°p Cu hyhÿ hym]n-°-bn-s√-∂p-

≈-Xp-sIm≠v ktμ-l-Øn\p Ah-Im-i-an-√. a[p-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS14

hymJym-\-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw kam-[m-\n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. C{X-bpw-

sIm≠v kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-ßsf hnIm-c-s∏-SpØn Xan-gv`m-jm-\n¿Ωn-

Xn°v Cu A£-c-®p-cp-°-ßfpw hyh-ÿ-Ifpw G¿s∏-Sp-∂-X√m

F∂pw, Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-⁄-∑m¿ Ie¿∂v Ahbv°v

\njv{]-bmkw kn≤n-°p∂ kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-ßsf Ah-cpsS IrXn-

I-fn¬ AtX-]Sn LSn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Cu Xangv Fgp-

Øp-Iƒ AhnsS ]cym-]vX-a-s√∂p I≠v LrXw ZWvUw apX-emb

]Z-ßsf Incp-Xw, X≠w F∂n-ßs\ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-SpØn NnX-s®m√v

F∂p ]d™p D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂-Xm-

Ip∂p bp‡n-°n-W-ßp-∂-Xv. Xan-gn¬ ‘d’, ‘\’ Cu A£-c-ß-fn¬

‘h√n\w’ ‘CS-bn\w’15 F∂p c≠p hn[-ßfpw ‘g’ Imchpw {lkz-

ß-fmb ‘F’ Imc ‘H’ Im-c-ßfpw ‘BbvXw’ XpS-ßnb Nne A£-

c-ßfpw hm°n¬ {]tbm-K-hn-j-b-ambn A[nIw ImWp-∂p. Ch

kwkvIrX A£-c-am-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏´p ImWp∂n√.16

Xan-g-£-c-am-e-bn¬ A£-c-ßƒ Ipdhp ImWp-∂p. F¶nepw

A, B F∂p apdbv°p kzc-ßfpw Ih¿§sØ ]pc-kvI-cn®p

apdbv°p hyRvP-\-ßfpw ]n∂oSp CS-sb-gp-Øp-I-fmb ‘b’ ‘c’ ‘e’‘h’ ßfpw kwkvIr-X-h¿Æ -hy-h-ÿsb A\p-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠pXs∂

Xan-gnepw Ccn-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-tºmƒ Xan-gn¬ D≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿


25

kwkvIr-XsØ B[m-c-am°n Bhn¿`hn-®h F∂v Chn-sSbpw Hcp

ktμlw A¶p-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ CXv Akw-K-X-am-Ip-∂p. AIm-c-

Øn-\p-tijw BIm-chpw A\-¥cw CIm-chpw Cßs\ Fgp-Øp-

I-fn-ep≈ {Ia-ß-sf√mw bp‡n-°-\p-Kp-W-ambn G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-

cn-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. ip≤-hy-RvP-\-ß-fmb Iv, Mv apX-emb A£-c-

ßƒ kzc-\n-c-t]-£-ambn D®-cn-°m≥ Ign-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠p

hyRvP-\-ßƒ kzc-ßƒ°v BZy-ambn tN¿Ø-Xm-Wv. Cu coXn-b-

\p-k-cn®v Xan-gn¬ kzc-hy-RvP-\-\m-a-ßƒ sImSp-Ø-X-t{X. ‘Dbn¿’(kz-cw) F∂p-h-®m¬ Bflm, saøv F∂Xv (hy-RvP-\w) ico-cw.

Bflm-hn-√msX tZlw \ncp-]-tbm-K-am-bn-cn-°pw-t]mse kzc-an-√msX

hyRvP\w \njv{]-tbm-P-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu bp‡nsb ap≥\n-dp-

Øn-Øs∂ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Dbn-sc-gp-Øn\p kzcw F∂p \maw

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

‘kzb-tah cmP¥ CXn kzcmx A\zKv `hXn hyRvP\w.’17

A\y\nc-t]-£-ambn kzbw {]Im-in-°p-∂-h-sb∂ tlXp-hn-

\m¬ kzc-ß-sf∂p \maw kn≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ta¬ Imńb mjyw D®mcW hnj-b-Øn¬ A\ym-t]£ sNøp-∂-

Xp-sIm≠v sasø-gp-Øn\p18 hyRvP--\sa∂ t]cp h∂p-IqSn

F∂¿∞w.

‘\m¥-tc-Wm-Nm hyRvP-\-tkym-®m-c-W-a]n hXn’ kzc-tØmSp-

Iq-SmsX hyRvP-\-ßƒ°v D®m-cWw `hn-°p-∂n√ F∂v Cu ]mX-

RvP-e- m-jy-Øn\v A¿∞w. kzc-ß-fn¬ AIm-c-Øns‚ D¤-h-Øn\v

AYhm A`n-hy-‡n°p IWvTw B{ib ÿm\-ambXpsIm≠v AIm-

csØ BZyw tN¿Øp. CIm-c-Øn\p Xmep DXv]-Øn-ÿm-\-am-I-

bm¬ AXns\ apdbv°p c≠m-aXp tN¿Øp. DIm-c-Øns‚ DZvK-a-

ÿm\w HmjvT-am-I-bm¬ AXns\ CIm-c-Øn\p tijw tN¿Øp.

C{]-Imcw AIm-c-C-Im-c-ßsf A\p-{I-a-ambn B°n Ah-bv°p-

tijw AIm-c-C-Im-c-ßfpsS Awi-ßƒ tN¿∂ HIm-chpw apdbv°p

hn\y-kn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Zo¿Lm-£-c-ßƒ {lkzm-£-c-ß-fpsS

]n∂mse hcp-∂-h-bm-I-bm¬ Ahsb B apdbv°pw CW-°n.

sFIm-c-Hu-Im-c-ß-fn¬ AIm-c-C-Im-c-ßfpw AIm-c-D-Im-c-ßfpw

{]kv]-jvS-am-bn-cp∂v CIm-c-D-Im-cmw-i-ßƒ A[nIw {]Xo-X-am-Ip-

∂-Xp-sIm≠v, Akv]-jvS-ambn AIm-c-C-Im-c-ßƒ c≠pw tN¿∂n-

cn-°p-∂p. FIm-c-D-Im-c-ßsf BZyw tN¿Øv AXp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm-

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


26 BZn-`mj

∂n-t‚bpw ]pd-In¬ sFImc HuIm-c-ßƒ h®n- p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. CXp-

t]m-se-Xs∂ hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ IIm-c-M-Im-c-ßƒ IWvT-Øn-\-Sp-

Øp≈ Pnlzm-aqe-Øn¬ D¤-hn-°p-∂Xp \nanØw AXp-Isf

ap≥\n¿Øn Xmep-a-≤yhpw \mhn≥a-≤y-hp-amb CS-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-

≠m-Ip∂ NIm-c-R-Im-c-ßsf IIm-c-M-Im-c-ßƒ°p ]n∂oSp LSn-

∏n®v, A\-¥cw Pnlzm-Xm-em-{K-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn-°p∂ SIm-c-W-

Im-c-ß-sfbpw, AXn-\p-tijw Pnlzm-{K-Ønepw, Xmep-hn-t\m-Sp-

tN¿∂ ]√n-\-Sn-bnepw D≈ mK-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ XIm-c-\-Im-

c-ß-sfbpw A\-¥cw HmjvT-k-ap-Zv q-X-ß-fmb ]Im-c-a-Im-c-ß-sfbpw

hn\y-kn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. Hmtcm C\-ß-fnepw ZrV-

ßsf (h-√n-\w) BZyw tN¿Øv X÷m-Xo-b-ß-fmb arZp-°sf

(sa√n\w) LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu {Iaw kzoI-cn-®Xv ZrV-ß-fpsS

apJy-Xz-tØbpw CX-c-Øns‚ Aap-Jy-X-tbbpw A\p-kva-cn-®m-Ip-

∂p. A√m-Ø-]£w ZrV-ß-fpsS DZv -h-ÿm-\-sa√mw H∂mbpw CX-

c-Øns‚ \njv]-Øn-ÿm\w \mkn-I-Iq-Sn-tN¿∂v thdmbpw Ccn-°-

sIm≠v Hcp {]`-h-ÿm-\-ap-Sb ZrV-ßsf BZyw ]d™v A\y-

ßsf c≠m-aXv D]-\y-kn-®-Xm-sW∂pw \ymbw ]d-bmw. Cu hn[w

A©p h¿§-ß-sfbpw tN¿Ø-Xn¬ ]ns∂, ‘CS-sb-gpØv’ F∂p

]d-bp∂ bc-e-h-ßsf Xmep-a-≤ym-¥-ßfpw Z¥-ßfpw Z¥-k-ln-

X-amb Np≠p-Ifpw DXv]-Øn-ÿm-\-amb apdbv°v tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

CXn-\m-[m-c- q-X-ß-fmb kq{X-ßƒ19 sXm¬Im-∏n-b-Øn¬ t\m°pI.

NIm-c-tØmSp Gsd-°psd ASp-∏-ap≈ gIm-chpw eIm-c-tØmSv

kw_-‘-ap≈ fIm-chpw cIm-c-tØmSp ASp-∏-ap≈ dIm-chpw A\-

¥-c-ap≈ \Im-chpw ta¬{I-asØ A\p-k-cn-°mØ Ahÿ hnNm-

cn-°p-tºmƒ P\-ß-fpsS hyXy-kvXm-Nm-csØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Cu

Fgp-Øp-Iƒ ]n∂oSp tN¿Ø-h-sb∂p tXm∂p-amdv Ah {]tXy-

In®p LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbpw Duln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-

Ønepw eIm-c-f-Im-c-ßƒ ImWp-∂p. ‘ef-tbm-c-t`Zx’ eIm-c-f-Im-c-

ßƒ°p t`Z-an-s√∂v Chsb Hsc-gp-Ømbn ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp

t\m°p-I. eImcw Xan-gn-tet∏mse-Xs∂ cIm-c-Øn-\p-tijw LSn-

∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. fImcw Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬ {]tXy-In®p

tN¿Øpw ImWp-∂p. Cßs\ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xp ta¬Im-Wn®

Dul-Øn\p A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. fImcw in£m-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬

ImWp-∂n-√. kwkvIr-X-Ønse A£-c-ß-fpsS {Iahpw Cu

bp‡nsb B[m-c-am°n G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.


27

‘IWvTym-hlm hnNp-bim

kvXme-hym-thm-jvT-Pm-hp]qkyp¿aq¿≤\ym ESp-cjm

Z¥ym \Xp-ekm kvarXmxPnlzm-aqte Xp Ipx t{]mt‡m

Zt¥ymjvtTym hx kvartXm _pss[xG sFXp IWvT-Xm-ehym

thmHu IWvtTm-jvTPu kvarXu.’20

AIm-chpw lIm-chpw IWvT-Øn¬ \n∂v D≠m-Ip-∂-h-bm-

Ip∂p. CIm-cw, Nh¿§w, bIm-cw, iImcw Ch Xmep-tZ-i-Øn¬Xń-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-h. DIm-cw, ]h¿§w Ch HmjvT-ß-fn¬\n∂p P\n-

°p-∂-h. EIm-cw, Sh¿§w, tc^w, jImcw Ch aq¿≤m-hn¬\n-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂-h. Chn-sS aq¿≤m-sh∂p ]d-™-Xn\v ]√p-Iƒ°p kao-

]n®v Dƒh-gn-bmbn sN∂ ta¬`mKw F∂¿∞w. Ih¿§w \m°ns‚A¥¿`m-K-Øp-\n∂p DZv`-hn-°p-∂p F∂p hnZzm-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-

Sp -∂p. hImcw Zt¥ym-jvTy-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂p. F sF ChIWvTyXmXm-e-hyß-fm-Ip-∂p. Hm Hu c≠pw IWvtTym-jvTy-sa∂p

]d-bp-∂p. Cu {]am-W-{]-Imcw

AIm-c-Øn\p IWvThpw

CIm-c-Øn\p Xmep-tZ-ihpwDIm-c-Øn\p HmjvT-ßfpw

EIm-c-Øn\p aq¿≤mhpw\Imc-Øn\p Z¥-ßfpw

G sFIƒ°v IWvT-Xm-ep-°fpwHm HuIƒ°v IWvtTmjvTßfpw apdbv°v D¤-h-ÿm-\-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.

hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ Pntlzm¿≤-`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂pw D≠mb Ih¿K-ßƒ BZyw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. B A©n¬ {]b-Xv\-hn-ti-jsØ

Ah-jvSw- n-°mØ IIm-csØ ap≥tN¿Øpw Bhn-[-{]-b-Xv\-i-‡n-sIm-≠p≈ hyXym-k-am-{X-tØmSp IqSnb JIm-csØ AXn-\p-tijw

tN¿Øpw IImcw t]mse {]b-Xv\-i-‡nsb At]-£n-°m-ØXpw\mZ-hn-ti-j-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb KIm-csØ aq∂m-aXp h®pw AtX-

am-Xncn {]b-Xv\-_-ew-sIm-≠p-am{Xw hyXy-kvX-cq]w `Pn-°p∂LIm-csØ \mem-a-Xp-tN¿Øpw c≠v D¤-h-ÿm-\-tØm-Sp-IqSnb

M ImcsØ Ah-km-\Øpw LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu apd A©ph¿§-ß-fnepw kzoI-cn-®p-Im-Wp-∂p. Xan-gn-se-t∏mse bc-e-h-I-fpsS

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


28 BZn-`mj

apd-Iƒ G¿s∏-´p-Im-Wp-∂p. i, j, k, F∂ A£-c-ßfpw AtX{IasØ A\p-k-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. b c e F∂ en]n-Iƒ i j kF∂ A£-c-ß-tf-°mƒ eLp-°-fm-bn-cn-°-bm¬ ap≥{Iaw A\p-k-cn®v eLp-°sf BZyw tN¿Øn´p h¿§-km-PmXyw sIm≠v (kv]r-jvS-{]-bXv\w kam-\-am-bn-cn-°-aq-ew) AXn-\p-tijw a‰p \mep h¿K-ß-tfbpw {]`-h-ÿm-\-{I-am-\p-kmcw LSn-∏n®v A\-¥cw b c eh ßsf tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

AtNm-kv]rjvSm bW-kvXzo-j˛t∂a-kv]r-jvSm-»cx kvarXmxtijm kv]rjvSm lex t{]m‡mx\nt_m-[m-\p-{]-Zm-\Xx.21

kzc-ßƒ D¤-h-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ kv]¿in-®p-≠m-Ip-∂-h-b-s√-¶nepw Ht∂m-sSm∂p sXmSmØ ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p P\n-°p-∂-h-bm-I-bm¬ Akv]r-jvS-ß-sf∂p KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ‘b c e h’ ßƒCuj¬kv]¿i-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°-bm¬ Ah Cuj¬ kv]rjvS-ßƒ F∂p FÆ-s∏-Sp-∂p. ‘i j k’ Iƒ A¿≤-kv]¿i-ß-fm-I-bm¬ Ahsb A¿≤-kv]r-jvS-ßƒ F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p.22 tijn®hyRvP-\-ßƒ {]b-Xv\-hn-ti-j-Øm¬ ]q¿W-kv]¿i-ß-fm-I-aqewkv]rjvS-ßƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

Cu ImWn-®-{]-Imcw A£-c-ßƒ bp‡y-\p-kmcw {Ia-s∏-SpØn ASp-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p kv]jvS-am-b-t√m. lImcw ‘i jk’ ßtfmSp Xpey-ambn Dujvam F∂ \maw Bh-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂p.Dujvam F∂ ]Z-Øn\p NqSv F∂¿∞w. Cu A£-c-ßƒ D®-cn-°p-tºmƒ Aev]w DjvWw kw{I-an-°p-∂-Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn®vAhbv°v Dujvam-°ƒ F∂p \ma-I-cWw sNbvX-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. CucoXn-b-\p-k-cn®v ‘i j k’ ßtfmSp lIm-csØ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn hnNm-cn-°-Ww. D¤-h-ÿm-\-Øns‚ apd t\m°p-tºmƒlImcw IWvT-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ BZyw tN¿t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂n-cp-∂n´pw h¿K-ß-fn¬ \mZ-kw-bp-‡-ßsf ap≥tN¿ØvCX-csØ ]n≥]p LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°pw-t]mse \mZ-bp-‡-amb lIm-csØ \mZ-an-√mØ i j k ßfpsS ]n∂n¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.bp‡n-am-∑m-cmb c≠m-fp-Iƒ XΩn¬ Adn-bmsX n∂-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬Ccp∂v Hcp hnj-bsØ Htc bp‡n-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ km£m-XvI-cn-®p-Iq-sS∂p bmsXmcp \nb-ahpw C√. IqSmsX ChnsS c≠p `mj-

I-fn-sebpw I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ°p hyXym-khpw Ccn-°p-∂p.


29

‘AΔgn Bhn CssSssa CSw anSdp BIpw tahpw sass∑

aq°p, Dcw s]dpw hss∑.’23

BZyw s]mXpsh {]`-h-ÿm-\-ßƒ \n¿Æ-bn-®-{]-Imcw kzc-

ßƒ°pw CS-sb-gp-Øp-Iƒ°pw IWvTw D¤-h-ÿm-\-am-Ip∂p. sa√n-

\-Øn\v aq°pw hn√n-\-Øn\v s\©pw ]nd-∏n-S-am-Ip-∂p.

‘AΔ-gn-∏-∂o-cp-bncpw X∂nsse Xncnbm

anS‰p ∏nd¥ hfn-bn≥ CssN°pw’24

ap≥]d-™-{]-Imcw ]{¥-≠p-kz-c-ßfpw AXXp am{X-Iƒ

hy‡-am-ImsX IWvT-ÿ-amb {]mW-\m¬ i_vZn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw

‘Ah-‰pƒ

A ˛ B Bbn c≠p A¶m¥v Cbepw’25

AImcmImc-ßƒ c≠n\pw (A-¶m-Ø¬) kwhr-X-sa∂ Htc

{]b-Xv\-sa∂p ]d-bp∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ‘kwhrXw am{XnIw t⁄bw, hnhrXw XpZzn-

am-{XnIw’26 Hcp am{X-bp≈ AImcw kwhrXw ˛ AXm-bXv D¤-h-

ÿm-\-ß-fpsS kt¶m-N-cq] {]b-Xv\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xv˛c≠p am{X-

I-fp≈ BImcw hnhr-Xw-˛-A-Xm-bXp {]`-h-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnIm-

k-cq] {]b-Xv\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-sX-∂¿∞w.

\∂q-en¬

C Cu F G sF A¶m-t∏mSp

A¨]¬ apX-\m-hn-fn-ºp-d-h-cpta27

F∂ kq{X-Ømepw

sXm¬°m-∏nbw

‘C Cu F G sF CssN°pw A∏m-sse¥pw Aht‰m c∂

AsshXmw A¨]¬ apX¬\m hnfn-ºp-d¬ DssSb’28

F∂ kq{X-Ømepw C Cu F G sF Cu Fgp-Øp-Iƒ°p (A-

¶m-Øepw) A¨]-ss√-b-Sn-\m-thmcw s]mcp¥p Xep-am-Inb

{]bXv\w ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

‘D Du H Hm Hu F\ CssNbv°pw A∏m¬ sF¥pw CX-gvIp-

hn-¥n-b-epw.’29

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


30 BZn-`mj

F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ ta¬Im-Wn® A£-c-ßƒ°v Np≠p-Iq-´¬

{]b-Xv\-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ap≥Im- nb {]am-W-∏Sn C Cu F∂ c≠n\pw

Xmep {]`-h-ÿm-\hpw

‘kzcm-Wm-aq-jva-Wm-ss©h

IcWw hnhrXw kvarXw’30

kzc-ßƒ°pw i j k l CuhI Dujvam-°ƒ°pw hnhrXw

˛ {]`-h-ÿm-\-hn-Imkw {]b-Xv\-sa∂p hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂

{]am-W-{]-Imcw D¤-h-ÿm\ hnImkw {]b-Xv\hpw F sFIƒ°p

IWvT-Xm-ep-°ƒ DXv]-Øn-ÿm-\hpw hnhrXw {]b-Xv\hpw D

DuIƒ°p HmjvT-ßƒ ]nd-∏n-Shpw hnhrXw {]b-Xv\hpw Hm Hu

Cu en]n-Iƒ°v IWvTw, HmjvTw Cu c≠pw {]`-h-ÿm-\hpw

hnhrXw {]b-Xv\-hp-am-sW∂pw hyhÿ ImWp-∂p. Xan-gn¬

s]mXpsh kzc-ßƒ°p IWvTw am{Xw D¤-h-ÿm-\-am-sW∂pw

{]b-Xv\-ßƒ ]e-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬

kzc-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂n\pw Hmtcm {]`-h-ÿm-\-ßfpw Htc {]b-Xv\-

hp-ambn hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw Cu c≠p `mj-Ifn-ep-ap≈ en]n-

Iƒ°p kw_-‘-an-s√∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. D≤-cn-®p-Im-Wn®

\∂q¬kq-{X-{]-Imcw hyRvP-\-ß-fn¬ CS-bn-\-ßƒ°p IWvThpw

h√n-\-ßƒ°p s\©pw sa√n-\-ßƒ°p \mkn-Ibpw DXv]-Øn-ÿm-

\-ßfmbn ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. hyRvP-\-ßƒ°p Cu ImWn®

ÿm\-ßƒ D¤-h-ÿm-\-ß-fm-Ip-sa∂pw kzc-ßƒs°√mw IWvTw

ÿm\-sa∂pw ta¬hn-h-cn® \∂q¬kq{Xw ]q¿h-Im-esØ Xangv

hymI-c-W-ßƒ°v A\p-tbm-Pn-°p-amdv \∂q¬I¿Øm-hn-\m¬ Fgp-

X-s∏-´-sX∂pw F√m A£-c-ßfpw IWvT-Øn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-am-

Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ kzc-ßƒ°v IWvTw ÿm\-sa∂v \∂q¬I¿Ømhv

hyh-ÿm-]n-®Xv tNcp-sa∂pw sXm¬Im-∏n-bcpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-

Xmbn ImWmw. F∂m¬ hyRvP-\-ß-fpsS ÿm\-\n¿Æbw

bp‡n°v CW-ßm-bvI-bm¬ AXp kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]q¿h

kq{Xm¿∞sØ sXm¬Im-∏n-b¿ Xs‚ imkv{X-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-

°msX Dt]-£n®p If-™p-sh∂pw ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. \∂q¬,

sXm¬Im-∏nbw Cu c≠p imkv{X-ß-fn-ep≈ kq{X-ß-fnse A¿∞-

hy-Xym-k-Øn\p ImcWw Bcm-bp-∂-h¿°v Cu hkvXpX \√-

t]mse a\- n-em-Ipw.


31

‘IIm-c-M-Imc apX¬ \m AÆw’ 31

‘NImc RImcw CssS \m AÆw’ 32

‘SIm-c-W-Imcw \p\n\m AÆw’ 33

CXymZn sXm¬Im-∏nbkq{X-ß-fm-epw, \∂q-en¬

‘IMhpw NRhpw SWhpw apX¬ CssS \p\n\m AÆw Dd-

apssd hcp-ta.’34

CXymZn kq{X-ßfmepw DXv]-Øn-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnti-j-hn-

[n-Iƒ sXm¬Im-∏n-b-Ønepw \∂q-enepw kam-\-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p.

Cu hn[n-Ifpw kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep≈ ÿm\-hn-[n-I-fn¬ \n∂vGXm≠p hyXykvX-am-Wv. kwkvIr-X-i-_vZm-\p-im-k-\-Øn¬ IIm-

c-M-Im-c-ßƒ°p Xmep D¤-h-ÿm-\-ambn ]d-bp-∂n-√. SIm-c-W-Im-c-ßƒ°p aq¿≤mhp ÿm\-ambn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v

Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ bp‡n-°-\p-Kp-W-ambn ÿm\\n¿Æbw sNbvXp-sh-∂-√msX Hcp-Iq- ¿ CX-c-∑msc A\p-I-cn®p hn[n-I-ev]n®p F∂qln-

°p-∂-Xn\v \ymbw ImWp-∂n-√. sXm¬Im-∏nbw \q‰n-c-≠m-aXv kq{X-Øn¬35 {KŸ-I¿Ømhv hyh-ÿm-]n® coXn-b-\p-k-cn®v A£-c-ß-

fpsS D¬]-Øn-ÿm-\-ßsf ImWn-®-Xmbpw kwkvIr-X-{]-amW (th-Z)-ß-fn¬ thsd sshPm-Xy-ßƒ A¥¿`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw B

imkv{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Adn-™p-sIm-t≈-≠-Xm-sW∂pw ChnsSB sshNn-{Xy-ßsf ImWn-°p-∂n-s√∂pw ]d™p ImWp-∂p.36

BI-bm¬ Xan-gnepw kwkvIr-X-Ønepw `n∂-co-Xn-bn¬ hnh-cn®hsb \n¿t±m-j-ß-sf∂p bp‡n-Iƒaqew km[n-°m-sa-∂p-h-cp-

Inepw XΩn¬ kw_-‘-an-√msX A£-c-ß-fpsS D¬]-Øn-am¿§-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p F∂p-≈-Xn¬ bmsXmcp ktμ-l-

hp-an-√. Bh-iy-amb A£-c-ß-sf-am{Xw kwkvIrX Fgp-Øp-I-fn¬\n∂pw s]dp-°n FSp-Øp-sIm≠v Ah-bpsS DXv]-Øn-ÿm-\m-

Zn-Isf kwkvIr-X-co-Xn-I-tfmSp kw_-‘-an-√m-Øhn[w XßƒXs∂I≠p-]n-Sn®p Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-s°m-≠-Xm-sW-∂p≈ ÿqe-

k-tμ-l-Øn\v ChnsS CS-an-√.

a\p-jy≥ ap≥]v \mK-cn-I-Xz-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂p

DØ-tcm-Øcw \mK-cn-I-Xz-ap≈ ÿnXnsb Bin-°p-I-b-√msX \mK-cn-I-Xz-tØmsS Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v AXns‚ A`m-h-Z-isb A`n-e-jn-

°pI km[m-c-W-a-√. Ac-hn-μw, aμm-cw, arZp-ew, Ipkp-aw, Kwò-cw,

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


32 BZn-`mj

`rwK-\mZw XpS-ßnb hm°p-Isf Xan-gvcq-]-Øn¬ B°p-tºmƒ Cu

c≠p mj-I-sfbpw Adn-bp-∂-h¿°v kwkvIr-X-Øn-\p≈ wKnbpw

Kmwò-cyhpw Xan-gn¬ In´p-I-bn-s√∂v tXm∂msX Ccn-°p-I-bn-√.

CXp-sIm-≠mWv Xan-gns‚ ]ncn-hp-I-fmb I¿Æm-S-Iw, sXep¶v apX-

emb `mj-I-fn¬ kwkvIrX A£-c-ßsf A\-¥-c-Im-e-ß-fn¬

Ie¿Øn-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Xangv Fgp-Øp-Iƒ kwkvIr-X-en-

]n-I-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°-sIm≠v kwkvIr-X-F-gp-Øp-Iƒ \√-t]mse

]Tn-®-h¿°v Xan-sg-gp-Øp-Isf D®-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p {]bm-k-an-√. Xangv

am{Xw Adn-bp-∂-h¿°v kwkvIr-X-Ønse hnti-jm¬ A£-c-ßƒ

D®-cn-°p-hm≥ Ffp∏w km[n-°p-∂p-an-√. CXn¬\n∂p kwkvIr-X-

Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Fgp-Øp-Iƒ D®-cn-°m≥ A[nIw {]b-Xv\-ap-s≠∂v

kn≤-am-bn, hnjaw A[n-I-ap≈ A£-c-ß-fpsS D®m-c-W-Øn\v A[n-

I-amb {]bXv\w thWsa∂v kn≤w. GtXXp A£-c-ßƒ AXn-

{]-b-Xv\-ßƒ sIm≠p am{Xta D®-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈p F∂p

\mw ImWp-∂pthm Ah eLp-{]-b-Xv\-Øm¬ D®-cn-°m-hp∂ A£-

c-ß-fpsS ]n∂mse D≠m-b-h-sb-∂q-ln-°p-∂-XmWp \ymbw. Cu

bp‡nsb ap≥\n-dpØn t]mIp-tºmƒ kwkvIr-X-en-]n-Ifpw Xan-g-

£-c-ßfpw Htc-Im-e-Øn¬ H∂n-®n-cp∂p F∂pw, B Ime-Øn¬

Xan-gcpw kwkvIr-X-°mcpw Htc h¿§-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p ]ns∂ ]ncn-

™-h-cm-sW-∂pw, Aßs\ ]ncn™p At\-I-\q-‰m≠pIƒ°p-

tijw A£-c-ß-tfbpw hm°p-I-tfbpw H∂n-\p-]n-dtI thsdm-

∂mbn At\Iw {]mhiyw am‰n-a-dn®v HSp-hn¬ Hcp coXn-bn¬ Dd-

∏n®v B `mjbv°v kwkvIrXw (kw-kvI-cn-°-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv) F∂p

\ma-I-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw, Xan-g¿ aqe-`m-j-tbbpw A£-

c-ß-tfbpw t`Z-K-Xn-sN-øm≥ hnap-J-cm-bn-cp-∂-Im-cWw ]gb Xangv

hymI-c-W-ap-d-Isf BZcn-®p-t]m-∂n-cp-s∂∂pw, Imem-¥-c-Øn-ep-

≠mb kwkvIr-X-{]-N-c-W-Øn¬ Zm£n-Wm-Xy-∑m-cmb AK-kvXy-

{]-`rXn-Iƒ kwkvIr-XsØ Xgp-In-∏n-Sn®v Xan-gn\p ]e ]cn-jvIm-

c-ßfpw sNøm≥ CS-bm-bn- p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-bmsX Ign-bp-I-bn√.

kwkvIr-X-sa∂ Hcp mj ]ncn-™p-t]m-b-Xn¬ ]ns∂bpw thZ-

Øn-ep≈ ]Z-ß-tfbpw, AXn-\p-ti-j-ap-≠mb ]pcm-W-]-Z-ß-tfbpw

A\-¥cw ]mWn-\n-a-l¿jn-bpsS Imew apX¬ At`-Z-amb hyh-

ÿsb Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-°p∂ ]Z-ß-fpsS ÿnXn-tbbpw Hmtcm-

∂mbn hnNn-¥\w sNøp-tºmƒ B `mjbv°v ]q¿Δ-cq-]-Øn¬

XpSsc am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xmbn Duln-°mw. DZm-l-c-


33

W-Øn\v EtKz-ZsØ Xs∂ FSp-°mw. Sn. thZw H∂mw AjvSIw

H∂mw A\p-hmIw c≠mw EIv ‘A·nx ]q¿tΔ`nx’ F∂n-cn-°p-∂p.CXn¬ ‘]q¿tΔ`nx’ F∂ cq]w Ct∏mƒ ‘]q¿ssΔx F∂p \S-∏n¬

Ccn-°p-∂p.37 CXp-t]mse At\Iw am‰-ßƒ ImWmw. IqSmsX kzc-ß-fn¬ E \p F∂ A£-c-ß-fpsS k∂n-th-i-hn-ti-jsØ ˛ Ccn-

∏ns‚ kz`m-hsØ ˛ Ipdn®p hnNm-cn-°p-tºmƒ B Fgp-Øp-Iƒc≠pw A\-¥-c-Im-e-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-h-sb∂p Xs∂ tXm∂n-

t∏m-Ip-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ kzc-ßƒ°p hnhrXw {]b-Xv\-sa∂p hn[n-®p-Im-Wp-∂p. tc -e-Im-c-ß-fn¬ Cu A£-c-ß-fpsS kmZriyw Ccn-

°p-∂p. tc^-e-Im-c-ßƒ°v Cuj¬kv]rjvSw {]b-Xv\-am-Ip-∂p.E \p Cu c≠p kzc-ßƒ°v

‘Zpxkv]r-jvS-t›Xn hnt⁄tbmImc πpX Gh N’38

F∂ {]am-W-Øm¬ Cuj¬kv]rjvSw {]b-Xv\-sa∂p \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ hnhr-X-{]-bXv\w F∂ Hcp hyXym-kta

tc^-e-Im-c-ßƒ°p-≈q. a‰p kzc-ß-sf√mw Htc {]b-Xv\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Cu c≠-£-c-ßƒ am{Xw Cßs\ hyXym-k-s∏´pw Ccn-

°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw D¤-h-ÿm-\-{I-a-∏Sn F√m Fgp-Øp-I-tfbpw LSn-∏n-®n-cn-t°, Xmep-aq-ehpw Z¥-ßfpw bYm-kwJyw {]`-h-ÿm-\-ß-

fmb E \p°sf39 HmjvT-P-amb DIm-c-Øn-\p-tijw apd-hn v tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw Ipdn®p hnNn-¥\w sNøp-tºmƒ EIm-c-\p-Im-c-

ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-SØv ap≥Im-eØv Xangv coXnt°m AYhma‰p hn[-Øntem Imcy-\n¿Δ-lWw sNbvXp-t]m∂p F∂pw, AXn¬

]ns∂ Cßs\ c≠-£-c-ßsf krjvSn®p F∂pw A\p-am-\n-°-Ø-°-Xm-Wv.

ktμ-lm-cw-`w˛

hyRvP\-ßsf At]-£n®v kzc-ßƒ°p {]bXv\w Ipd-hm-

bn-cn-°-sIm≠v c≠maXp ]d-™-h-bmWv BZyw kn≤-ß-fm-b-sX∂v\ncq-]n-°mw. Cu apdbv°v C D E Cu A£-c-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-®-

Xn¬ ]ns∂ ÿm\-kmayw sIm≠v Ahbv°p Xpey-ß-fmb b ce h F∂o hyRvP-\-ßƒ kzc-ßƒ°-\p-cq-]-ß-fmbn G¿s∏-Sp-

Ø-s∏-´-Xm-Ip-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xan-gn¬ ]q¿h-Im-e-ß-fn¬ E F∂ A£-c-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p, ]n≥]v D]-tbm-K-an-√m-bvIsIm≠v

Dt]-£n-°-s∏- -Xm-Wv. A√msX kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ E °ƒ ]ns∂

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


34 BZn-`mj

tN¿°-s∏- -h-b-√, F∂n-ßs\ Hcp i¶ ChnsS A¶p-cn-°mw. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ C D E Cu A£-c-ß-fpsS apd-sb-b-\p-k-cn®vCIm-c-Xp-ey-amb bIm-csØ BZy-ambpw DIm-c-k-Zr-i-amb hIm-csØ c≠m-aXpw EIm-c-Xp-ey-amb tc^sØ aq∂m-aXpw Im-c-k-a-amb eIm-csØ \mem-aXpw A¥-ÿ-ß-fmbn LSn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ImWm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Cu i¶bv°v Ah-k-c-an-√. AXp-sIm≠v A\-¥-c-Im-eØv bIm-c-h-Im-c-ß-fpsS Awi-ßƒ‘C’ ‘D’°-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-°≠v GtXm Nne kuI-cy-ßsf Dt±-in®v Ahbv°v Xpey-ß-fmb cIm-c-eIm-c-ß-fpsS Awi-ßƒ A¥¿`-hn® c≠-£-c-ßsf kwkvIr-X-°m¿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p bp‡n°p Ipsd tbmPn-®-Xv.Cu c≠-£-c-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ Imcw EIm-csØ At]-£n®v hfsc]n≥]v D≠m-b-Xm-sW∂p ]d-b-Ww. Fgp-Øp-Iƒ D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv P\-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hm°p-IƒAt{X. Imcw Hgn®p a‰p≈ A£-c-ß-fn¬ At\Iw hm°p-IƒD≠m-bn-°m-Wp-∂p. F∂p≈ A£-c-Øn¬ Iv ]vXw Fs∂mcphm°p-am-{X-ta-bp-≈p. Cu hkvXpX ‘E Iv’40 F∂ amtl-iz-c-kq-{X-Øn¬ `mjy-k-μ¿`w sIm≠v ]X-RvPen al¿jn hy‡-am-°o-´p-≠v. Iptd-°mew Bi-b-ßsf Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-X° hm°p-IƒC√m-Xn-cp-∂-tijw Htc A¿∞sØ Ipdn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]e-cn¬\n∂pw ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬ _lp-hn-[-amb hm°p-Ifpw Ahbv°v‘hmcn-hm-l-I-˛-h-em-lI’ Cuam-Xncn hnIm-c-ßfpw H´p-h-fsc D≠m-bn. HSp-hn¬ Hcp-hs‚ hm°v CX-c\v Adn-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬ `mj Ahy-h-ÿn-X-ambn ]S-cp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. CXn\p ]cn-lm-c-ambn taen¬ I≠-am\w hm°p-Iƒ h¿≤n-°m-Ø-hn[whyhÿ G¿s∏-´-Xn\v ASpØp ap≥Im-eØp \Im-chpw Iv ]vX-sa∂ hm°pw D¤-hn-®n-cn-°-Ww. A∂p-ap-X¬ ]pXn-b-i-_vZ-ßƒD≠m-Im≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu C\-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬hm°p-Iƒ D≠m-Im-™-Xm-sW∂v Duln-°mw. {]mIr-X-Øn¬ E

F∂ c≠-£-c-ßƒ ImWm-ØXv Cu Dul-Øn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-am-Wv. hc-cpNn cNn® {]mIr-X-{]-Im-i-Øn¬

‘EtXmXv’41

‘EcoXn’42

Cu kq{X-ßƒ Nnse-SØv EIm-c-Øn\p ]Icw AIm-chpw Nnse-SØv cn F∂pw


35

‘\pXx Iv ]vX Cenx’43

F∂ kq{Xw sIm≠v ‘Iv ]vX’ i_vZ-Øn-ep≈ ‘ ’hn\v ‘Cen’F∂pw BtZiw hcp-sa∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ‘XrWw’ F∂hm°n\v ‘A’ Imcm-tZiw h∂v ‘XWw’ F∂m-Ip-∂Xpw ‘EW’ i_vZ-Øn\v ‘cn’ ]Icw h∂v ‘cnWw’ F∂ cq]-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xpw ‘Iv ]vXw’F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ AIm-c-Øn\v BtZ-iw-h∂v ‘InenØw’ F∂ cq]wkn≤n-°p-∂Xpw ChnsS DZm-l-c-Ww. CXp-sIm≠v ‘E’ F∂A£cw ‘cn’ As√-¶n¬ AIm-c-ambpw ‘ ’ F∂ en]n ‘Cen’F∂pw t`Z-s∏´pw A√msX {]Ir-X-Øn¬ Ccn-°-bn-s√∂v kn≤n-®-t√m. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Imcw sIm≠v Iv ]vX-sa∂ Hcp hm°pam{Xta D≠m-bn-´p-≈p-sh-∂Xpw ta¬ ImWn-®n-´p-≠v.

hc-cpNn Ak-a¿∞-∑msc Dt±-in®v kwkvIr-X-Ønse ‘E’Imc-‘\p-’Im-cmZn hnj-am-£-c-ßƒ thsd-hn[w am‰n \ho-\-ambpw eLp-hmbpw {]mIr-X-sa-s∂mcp `mj krjvSn®p F∂-√msX {]mIr-X-Øn¬\n∂pw kwkvIrXw D≠mb-X√ F∂p ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬Bi-b-ßsf {]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ kwkvIr-X-hm-°p-Iƒ [mcm-f-an-cns° F¥n-\mbn Cß-s\-sbmcp {]mIr-X-`m-j-bp-≠m°n?At\ym\yw Bi-bm-hn-jvI-cWw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wt√m `mj-bpsS{]tbm-P-\w. Hmtcm ÿeØv Hmtcm mj-bp-≠m-Imw. F∂m¬ Hcn-SØv Hcp mj {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-ambn tim`n-°p-tºmƒ AhnsS thsdmcp`mj D¤-hn-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-an-√. Ai-‡-∑msc Dt±-in®v D≠m°nF∂p ]d-™m¬ _lp-Imew ]c-º-cbm \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-∂n-cp∂i‡n hc-cp-Nn-bpsS ImeØv BI-kvan-I-ambn Ipd-™p-t]m-b-sX-ßs\ Fs∂mcp tNmZyw ]pd-s∏-Spw. C∂v kwkvIrXw kz`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ PmXn-°m¿°v CX-c-`m-j-°m-tc-°mƒ D®m-c-W-ssh-`-hhpw sshPm-Xyhpw Gdn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv ImWp-∂-Xv. ]c-ºcmhmk-\-sIm≠v hnj-a-hn-j-b-ß-fp-tSbpw kzm[o-\X eLp-kn-≤-am-Ip-∂-Xm-bn-´m-Wt√m A`n-⁄-∑m¿ aXn-°p-∂-Xv.

C\n D®-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v hnjaw tXm∂n-°p∂ ‘J L [’ apX-emb A£-c-ß-sf-t∏mse ‘E\p’-°ƒ A{X {]bm-k-ap-≈-h-b-√.AXp-sIm≠v {ia-\n-hr-Ønsb \nan-Ø-am°n ‘E\p’-°ƒ X≈n-b-Xm-sW∂p hcn-In¬ AXn-J-cm-Zn-Iƒ aptº-Xs∂ Dt]-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp∂p.- IqSmsX {]mIr-X-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ A¥-ÿ-ß-fmb ‘c e’ Cu A£-c-ßsf At]-£n®v ‘E\p’-°ƒ°v IqSp-X¬ {iaw thW-sa∂pw tXm∂p-∂n-√. ]ns∂-bpw,

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


36 BZn-`mj

JntZ¿hn-kqcx44

{Ipt[¿Pqcx45

N¿tN-›ºx46

{Xtk¿h¿÷x47

artP¿ep-`-kp]u48

‘JnZ’ [mXp-hn\v ‘hnkpc’, ‘{Ip[’ [mXp-hn\v ‘Pqc’, ‘N¿®’[mXp-hn\v ‘Nº’, ‘{Xk’ [mXp-hn\v ‘h¿÷’, ‘arPv’ [mXp-hn\v

‘ep`-kp-]m’-°ƒ Ch BtZ-i-ß-fmbn hcpw F∂¿∞w. ‘JnZy-tX’,‘hnkp-c-C’, ‘{Ip[y-Xn’, ‘Pqc-C’, ‘N¿®-Xn’, ‘Nº-C’, ‘{Xky-Xn’,‘h¿÷-C’, ‘am¿jvSn’, ‘ep -C’, ‘kp]-C’ Ch DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. tJZn-°p-∂p, tIm]n-°p-∂p, hnNm-cn-°p-∂p, `b-s∏-Sp-∂p, ip≤-am-°p∂p

F∂¿∞w. C{]-Imcw kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep≈ [mXp-°ƒ°v apgp-h\pwAkw-_‘-ß-fmb BtZ-i-ßsf hn[n-®Xv eLp-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mtWm?

IqSmsX alm-cm-jv{Sn, iuc-tk-\n, amK-[n, ss]im-Nn, Cu hn`m-K-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb {]mIr-X-Øn¬ BZyw ]d™ mj-sb-°p-dn®v A[n-

I-amb hnh-c-ßƒ {]mIr-X-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ct∏mƒalm-cm-jv{S-tZ-io-b¿ kwkm-cn-®p-h-cp∂ alm-cm-jv{S-`m-j-bm-Is´

{]mIr-X-Øns‚ ]ncn-hmbn ]d-b-s∏´ alm-cm-jv{S- m-j-tbmSp kw_-‘-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-I-b-√msX AXp-X-s∂-bmWv

CXv F∂p ]d-b-Ø-°-\n-e-bn¬ C∂v Ccn-°p-∂n-√. {]mIrX alm-cmjv{Sw \∂mbn ]Tn-®-h≥ CX-csØ Adn™p F∂p ]d-hm≥

Xosc k∂-≤-\m-Ip-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. Hcp `mj-bn¬Xs∂ Ime-]-cybw sIm≠v Nne-SØp Nne hyXym-k-ßƒ D≠mbn F∂p hcpw:

F¶nepw AXnepw hymI-cW hyhÿ Ccn-°p∂ Ime-tØmfwB mj-b√ Cu mj-sb∂v tXm∂p-amdv ap‰pw hyXym-k-s∏´p t]mI-

bn-√. hfsc ]pcm-X-\-Imew apX¬ \S-∏n¬ Ccn-°p∂ Cu Xan-gv`mj Ime-tZ-i-ßƒ sIm≠v Ahn-S-hnsS Nne t`Z-ßsf Ah-ew-

_n-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw Ht∂msS cq]m-¥-c-s∏-SmsX Ccn-°p-∂XpXs∂ZrjvSm-¥w.

AXp-sIm≠v kwkvIr-X-`mj \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v{]mIrXw tZi- m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, Nne _p≤n-am-∑m¿ AXns\

]cn-jvI-cn®v kwkvIr-X-sa∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp F∂pw,kwkvIrX `mj Nne P\-ßƒam{Xw AYhm {]tXyI hnZym-`ym-

k-hn-j-b-Øn¬am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn®p h∂n-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ s]mXpshtZi- m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂Xp {]mIr-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂pw kwkvIrXw CXc


37

`mj-Itf-°mƒ hnti-j-ambn ]cn-W-an-®-Xp-sIm≠v B `mjsbA\m-Zn-tZ-h-`m-j-bm-sW∂pw, AXn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-ń-´p≈ thZ-]p-cm-Wm-Zn{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Cuiz-c-\m¬ {_“-tZ-h\v D]-tZ-in-°-s∏´v, {_“-tZ-h-\m¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-sX∂pw a‰pw ]d-bp-sa∂pw A\y-`m-j-I-sf√mw tæ— (tæ— Ahyt‡ i_vtZ ˛ Akv^ptS A]-i_vtZtNXy¿∞x-˛-kn-≤m¥ IuapZn; Akv]-jvtSm-®m-c-W-Ønepw i_vZ-im-kv{Xm-\p-km-c-a-√mØ i_vZ-{]-tbm-K-Ønepw F∂v A¿∞w; ‘\tæ—n-Xssh’ tæ—n-°-cp-Xv- -th-Z-hm-Iyw) \m]- m-jn-X-ssh- -A-]- m-jn-°-˛-hym-I-cW hntcm-[-ambn ]d-b-e-˛-cp-sX∂v A¿∞w) `mj-I-fm-sW∂v kwkvIr-X-]-£-]m-Xn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. Cu A`n-{]mbw]nev°m-e-Øp-≈-h-cn¬ {]_-e-s∏-´-Xp-\n-anØw Ah-cn-sem-cm-fmbhc-cp-Nn-ap\n kwkvIr-X-Øn¬\n∂v D≠m-b-sX∂v A\y-∑m¿°vtXm∂-Ø-°-hÆw kwkvIr-Xm-£-c-ßƒ°v BtZ-i-ßƒ hn[n®v{]mIr-XsØ ]cn-jvI-cn-°-sIm≠v B hymI-c-W-k-{º-ZmbwkwkvIr-Xm- n-⁄-∑m¿°v D]-Im-c-s∏- -Xm-bn. F∂n´pw B ]cn-jvI-c-W-co-Xnsb P\-ßƒ ]Wn-s∏´pw BZ-cn-®p-h-∂p. F¶nepw Ime-{I-taW Ai-Iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xp-sIm≠v B ]cn-]mSn Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw X∑qew {]mIr-Xhpw C°m-esØ alm-cm-jv{Snbpw c≠mbn]ncn-bp-Ibpw {]mIrXw kwkvIr-X-⁄-∑m¿°v \mS-Iw, kÍw apX-emb IrXn-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\p am{Xw C∂v D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cßs\ \ncq-]n-°p-∂Xp bp‡-am-bncn°pw.]mWn-\o-b-in-£-bn¬ ‘{Xnj-jvSn-›-Xp-jvj-jvSn¿hm h¿Æmx iw`p-atX aXmx, {]mIrtX kwkvIrtX Nm]n kzbw t{]m‡m kzbw-`phm’49 A£-c-ßƒ {]mIr-X-Ønepw kwkvIr-X-Ønepw {_“-tZ-h-t{]m-‡-ß-fm-bn-°m-Wp-∂p. F∂m¬ {]mIr-X-Øn¬ E \p apX-em-bh ImWp-∂n-√. AXp hnhm-Z-hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-∂mepw ChnsS A{]-Ir-X-sa∂v hn´-Xm-Wv. Cu {]am-W-Øm¬ Cu c≠p `mj-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse At\-I-Im-e-ambn \S-∏n-en-cn-°p-∂p F∂p kn≤n-°p-∂Xpam{X-a√ ‘{]Ya ]cn-XymtK am\m- mhx’ ap≥]n-sem-∂m-a-Ø-Xns\tN¿°msX hn´p-I-f-bp-∂-Xn\p {]amWw ImWp-∂n-√-˛-F∂ \ymb-{]-Imcw ‘kwkvIrtX {]mIr-tX-Nm]n’ F∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xm-bn-cns°adn®v ]Tn-®n-cn-°-sIm-≠pw, {]mIr-X-kw-⁄bv°v kzm`m-hn-I-sa∂vA¿∞-ap-≈-Xn-\mepw, kwkvIr-X-\maw ]cn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-´-sX∂`mhsØ Bh-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXp kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-SmØ ]q¿h-cq-]-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp mjsb At]-£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xn-\m-epw, {]mIrXw kwkvIr-X-tØ-°mƒ hfsc apºp-≈-sX∂pw

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


38 BZn-`mj

In´p-∂p. ChnsS {]mIr-X-i-_vZ-Øn\v kwkvIr-X-am-Ip∂ {]Ir-Xn-

tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-sX-∂mWv A¿∞w F∂p ]d-bp-s∂-¶n¬50 ‘kwkvIr-

X-am-Ip∂’ F∂ A¿∞w B ]Zw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Fßs\

kn≤n-°p-sa∂v Hcp tNmZy-Øn\v ChnsS CSw D≠v. t]cn-´-h-cpsS

C—m-am{Xw sIm≠v B A¿∞w In´p-sa∂v ]d-™m¬ {ih-W-am-

{X-bn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-sa-∂p≈ A¿∞sØ s]s´∂v kv pcn-∏n-°p∂

Cu Hcp hmt° Inń-bpt≈m? {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn®p F∂p≈

A¿∞sØ \n -tμlw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂ hnIrXsa∂ hm°ns\

Cu ÿm\Øp kw⁄-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn®p IqSm-bn-cpt∂m? AXp-

sIm≠v kzm`m-hn-I-sa-∂p≈ A¿∞sØ Bkv]-Z-am°n \S-

∏n¬sIm-≠p-h-∂n-cp∂ kw⁄sb \hy-hym-Jym-Xm-°-∑m¿ tkz—-

t]mse A¿Ym-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-sW-∂-√msX ChnsS as‰m∂pw

i¶n-°m-\n-√. IqSm-sX, kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ‘GI-Zzn-_-lp-°-sf∂p’hN-\-{Xbw ImWp-∂p. {]mIr-X-Øn¬ ‘Zznh-N-\ky _lp-h-N\w’({]m-˛-{]-˛-]-˛6-˛kq 63)51 F∂p ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v GI-h-N-\hpw

_lp-h-N-\hpw A√msX Zznh-N-\-an-s√∂p kn≤-am-bn. {]mIrXw

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kwkvIrXw kzoI-

cn-°p∂ Zznh-N\w AXn¬ C√m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Imc-W-an-√. Cu {]mIrX

hn[nsb Adn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ kwkvIrXw \√-Xp-t]mse Adn-™n-cn-

°-Ww-Xm-\pw. Aßs\ Adn-™-h¿°v Zznh-N-\-sa-s∂m-∂p-IqSn

A[n-I-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v bmsXmcp hnj-ahpw tXm∂p-I-bn-√. CXn-\p-

]p-dta kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn¬ Hcn-SØpw {]th-i\w e`n-°mØ (C-S-

s®m-√p-Iƒ) \n]m-X-ßƒ-˛-kw-i-bm¿∞sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ‘Cc’,kw`m-j-W-sØ-Ip-dn-°p∂ ‘hte’ ‘CXymZn’52 {]mIr-X-Øn¬ IS-

∂p-Iq-Sm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥mWv? kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ C∂n∂ [mXp-°ƒ

Bfl-t\-]-Z-Øn¬ am{Xta {]tbm-Kn-°mhq F∂p \nbaw ImWp∂p.

{]mIr-X-Øn¬ Cu \nbaw C√. DZm-l-c-Ww- ‘-k-lv’[mXp kwkvIr-

X-Øn¬ Bfl-t\-]-Z-am-{X-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ‘kltX’kln-°p∂p F∂¿∞w. {]mIr-X-Øn¬ CXv ‘klbn’ ‘kltb’F∂ c≠p cq]-Ønepw {]tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v DØ-

a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ ]c-kvssa-]-Z-{]-Xy-b-amb ‘tam’ ‘ap’ ‘a’F∂ aq∂v {]Xy-b-ßƒ hn[n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xpw t\m°p-tºmƒ

\nb-a-tØm-Sp-Iq-SmsX eLp-hm-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∂p≈ hmZ-Øn\pw

kmwK-Xy-an-√.53 C\nbpw ]e DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp-≈Xv hnkvX-c-`-b-

Øm¬ D≤-cn-°p-∂n-√.


39

Cßs\, {]mIr-X- m-jbv°p kwkvIr-Xw-t]m-ep≈ Kmwò-cyhpw

E, \p, j apX-emb A£-c-ßfpw ‡ jvW XpS-ßnb hnPm-Xo-b-

h¿Æ-kw-h-en-X-kw-bp-‡m-£-c-ßfpw C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw Xan-gn-

se-t∏mse GI-_-lp-°-sf∂ c≠p hN-\-ßfpw ¶, ¥, ´ apX-

emb kPm-Xo-b-h¿Æ-kw-»n-jvS-kw-bp-‡m-£-c-ßfpw am{Xw ImWp-

∂-Xn-\mepw Cu {]mIr-X- mj kwkvIrX hn`m-K-Øn\p apºpw Xangv

`mjbv°p ]nºpw D≠mb `mj-I-fn-sem-s∂∂v Duln-°m≥ \ymb-

ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v E, °ƒ A\y-kz-c-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-b-Xn¬

]ns∂ {]Nm-c-am-b-sX∂p hyh-ÿm-]n-°p∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ bp‡n-

`wKw tei-an-√-X-s∂. ij-k-l-ßfpw Ah-bpsS k∂n-th-i-hn-ti-

j-sØ-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-°p-tºmƒ CXc hyRvP-\-ßƒ \S-∏m-b-

Xn-\p-tijw D≠m-b-h-sb-∂-\p-am-\n-°mw. D¤-h-ÿm-\-{I-a-a-\p-k-

cn®v lImcw IWvTy-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v AXns\ hyRvP-\-ß-fn-em-Zyhpw

AXn-\p-tijw AXn-t\mSv kmZr-iy-ap≈ Dujvam-°-tfbpw A\-

¥cw Pnlzm-aq-tem-Zv`q-X-ß-fmb Ih¿§mZn A©n-t\bpw ]ns∂ b

c e hß-tfbpw LSn-∏n-®n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. As√-¶n¬ {]b-Xv\ap-

dsb B[m-c-am°n Cuj¬kv]r-jvS-ß-fmb b c e hßsf ap≥]p

tN¿Øp ]ns∂ A¿≤-kv]r-jvS-ß-fmb i j kßsf ASp-°n,

A\-¥cw kv]rjvS-ß-fmb A©p h¿§-ßsf hn\y-kn-°p-I-tbm,

A√m-Ø-]£w kv]rjvS-ßƒ, A¿≤-kv]r-jvS-ßƒ, Cuj¬

kv]rjvS-ßƒ Cßs\ apdbv°v A©p h¿§-ßfpw aptº tN¿Øv

AXn-\p-tijw i j kß-tfbpw A\-¥cw b c e hß-tfbpw

LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-Itbm th≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p. i j Cu Fgp-Øp-Iƒ

{]mIrX alm-cm-jv{S-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Fgp-

Øp-Ifpw E\p-°-sf-t∏mse ]n∂oSp \S-∏m-b-h-sb∂p kn≤n-°p-

∂p. h¿§-ß-fpsS at≤y Ccn-°p∂ AXn-J-c-ar-Zp-tLm-j-ß-fmb

apΩq∂v Fgp-Øp-Ifpw A\-¥-c-Im-eØv tN¿°-s∏-´-h-X-s∂.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. ]mWn-\o-b-kq{Xw 1˛2-˛27 D˛-Hcp am{X, Du˛-c≠p am{X, Du aq∂p-am-{X, CtX

Ime-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p-®-cn-°p∂ F√m kzc-ßƒ°pw {ItaW {lkzw, Zo¿Lw,]vfpXw F∂n-ßs\ t]¿ F∂¿∞w.

2. sXm¬Im-∏n-bw, Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, \q≥a-c-]p, kq{Xw 5 aq∂p am{X Af-hp≈H‰-b-£cw C√ F∂¿∞w.

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


40 BZn-`mj

3. sXm√m-Nm-cy¿ F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v sXm¬Im-∏n-bsc BWv kzman-Iƒ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv; AXm-bXp sXm¬Im-∏nbØns‚ I¿Øm-hv.

4. A, C, D F∂o kzc-ßƒ A\p-\m-kn-I-sa∂pw A\-\p-\m-kn-I-sa∂pw c≠phn[-ap-≠v. A\p-\m-knI kzc-ßƒ°p aq∂p-am{X F∂mWp IW-°v. A\p-\m-knI kzc-ßsf cwK-h¿W-ßƒ F∂p ]d-bpw.

5. Dss®-cp-ZmØx˛ ]mWn-\o-b-kq{Xw 1˛2- 29. Xmep XpS-ßnb hnhn-[- m-K-ß-tfm-

Sp-Iq-Snb D®m-c-W-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ apI-fn¬sh-®p-®-cn-°p∂ kzc-at{X DZm-Øw.Bbm-aw, Zmcp-Wyw, AWpXzw F∂n-h-bmWv DZm-Ø-kz-c-Øns‚ DXv]-Øn°p\nZm-\-sa-∂mWv ]X-RvPen ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xv. Ah-b-h-ßƒ Npcp-°n-∏n-Sn-°p-

∂-XmWv Bbm-aw. D®m-c-W-Øns‚ cq£-X-bmWv Zmcp-Wyw. IWvTw kwhr-X-am-°p-∂-XmWv AWp-Xzw.

\ossNc\p-ZmØx˛ ]mWn-\o-b-kq{Xw 1˛2-˛30. Xmep XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Iogv`m-K-Øp-sh®v D®-cn-°p-∂h A\p-Zm-Øw. DZm-Ø-ß-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂p hn]-co-X-

amb D®m-c-W-{I-aw. Ah-b-h-ßƒ \oń-∏n-Sn°pw. D®m-cWw kuay-am-Ipw.IWvTw Xpd-∂p-]n-Sn-°pw.

kam-lmcx kzcn-Xx˛ ]mWn-\o-b-kq{Xw 1˛2-˛31 DZm-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-Zm-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw [¿Ω-ßƒ Iptds» tN¿Øp-®-cn-°p∂ kzc-amWp kzcn-Xw. c≠n-

s‚bpw CS-\n-e-bmWv AXn-\p-≈-Xv.

6. Xan-gn¬ \ Fs∂m-c-£-c-ap-≠v. AXns‚ t]ct{X BbvXw. AXp hnk¿Kwt]mse D®-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

7. hnk¿Kw ˛ x

8. Pnlzm-aq-eo-bw- -d-I-dJ

9. D]-[vam-\obw˛d-]-d^

10. sXm¬Im-∏n-bw, Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, \q≥a-c-]p, kq{Xw 23 S, d, e, f F∂o

hyRvP-\-ßƒ°v I, N, ] F∂nh aq∂pw ]c-am-Ipw. DZm. tISvI, \n¿I,sNevI, sImƒI, ImSvNn, ]bn¿Nn, h¬Nn, \oƒN-ssS, tISv], \n¿], sN¬],sImƒN.

11. sXm¬Im-∏n-bw Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, samgn-a-c-]p, kq{Xw 62

12. sXm¬Im-∏nbw Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, samgn-a-c-]p, kq{Xw 65

13. sXm¬Im-∏nbw Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, samgn-a-c-]p, kq{Xw 75

14. sXm¬Im-∏n-b-Øns‚ hymJym-Xm-hmb aXpssc ]mc-Øp-hmNn \®n-\m¿°n-\n-b¿

15. ChnsS Aev]w IvfnjvS-X-bp-≠v. Xan-gn¬ d h√n-\hpw \ sas√-gpØpw g CS-

bn-\hpw BIp-∂p.

16. CS-bn\w AYhm CS-sb-gp-Øp-Iƒ b, c, e, h, g, f F∂nh h√n\w AYhmhs√-gp-Øp-Iƒ I, N, S, X, ], d F∂n-h.

17. ]mX-RvP-e-`mjyw 1˛2-˛29.

18. I, M, N, R, S, W, X, \, ], a, c, e, h, g, f, d, \ F∂o ]Xn-s\-´-£-c-ß-fmWp sasø-gp-Øp-Iƒ.


41

19. sXm¬Im-∏n-bw, Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, ]nd-∏n-b¬, kq{Xw 83 apX¬ 103 hsc.

20. ]mWn-\o-b-in-£, t«mI-ßƒ 17, 18

21. ]mWn-\o-b-in£, t«mIw 38. c≠m-asØ ]mZ-Øn¬ iex F∂mWp in£-

bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

22. A¿≤-kv]r-jvS-ßƒ = t\a-kv]r-jvS-ßƒ

23. \∂q¬, Fgp-Øn-b¬, kq{Xw 25

24. sXm¬Im-∏n-bw, Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, ]nd-∏n-b¬, kq{Xw 84

25. Sn. kq{Xw 85

26. ]mWn-\o-b-in-£, t«mIw 20

27. \∂q¬ Fgp-Øn-b¬, kq{Xw 77

28. sXm¬Im-∏n-bw, Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, kq{Xw 86

29. Sn. kq{Xw 87

30. ]mWn-\o-b-in-£, t«mIw 21

31. sXm¬Im-∏n-bw, Fgp-Ø-Xn-Im-cw, ]ndn-∏n-b¬ kq{Xw 39 I, M F∂nh ASn-

\m°v ta¬`m-KØp kv]¿in-®p-≠m-Ip-∂p.

32. Sn. kq{Xw 90, N, R F∂nh \m°ns‚ a≤y-`mKw ta¬`mKw kv]¿in-®p-≠m-

Ip-∂p.

33. kq{Xw 91, S, W F∂nh \m°ns‚ A‰w ta¬`m-KØp kv]¿in-®p-≠m-Ip-∂p.

34. \∂q¬ kq{Xw 79

35. F√m FgpØpw shfn-∏-S-°n-f¥p

sN√nb ]≈n-sb-gp-Xcp hfn-bn¬

]nd-s∏-Sp- hn-Sp-hgn Dd-gvNn-hm-cØp

AI-sØ-gp-h-fn-bnssN Acn¬ X]-\mSn

Af-hn¿tIm-S¬ A¥-W¿ assdtØ (102)

A£-c-ß-fmbn ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xn\p apºv \m`n-bn¬ \n∂v, hmbp A£-c-ß-

fpsS D¤-h-ÿm-\Øp Xßn shfn-bn¬ hcp∂ hn[hpw am{Xbpw {_m“-W-

cpsS thZ-Øn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≠v.

36. A \ Xnh¨\p-h-emXp Fgp¥p ]pd-Øn-ssN°pw

sabvsX-cn-h-fn-bnssN Af-]p-\p-h‚n-Nnt\ (103)

AXn-hnsS FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂n-√. A£-c-cq-]-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ hmbp-hns‚

Af-hp-am-{Xta ]d-™n-´p-≈q.

37. ]q¿th`nx ˛ ]q¿sshx ˛ F∂p XrXo-b-_-lp-h-N-\-cq]w tZth`nx ˛ tZsshx

F∂n-ßs\ thsdbpw {]tbm-K-ß-fp-≠v. XrXo-b-bnse Cu hyXymkw thZ-

Øn¬ [mcmfw ImWmw. Cu sshZn-I-cq]w {]mIr-X-ß-fn¬ AXp-t]mse

ImWm-\p≠v F∂Xp {it≤-b-am-Wv. kwkvIr-X-sØ-°mƒ sshZn-I-tØm-S-

Sp-Øp-\n-ev°p-∂Xp {]mIr-X-am-sW-∂-Xn\p sXfn-hm-W-Xv.

38. ]mWn-\o-b-in-£, t«mIw 5

A£-c-\n-cq-]Ww


42 BZn-`mj

39. Xmep-aqew {]`-h-ÿm-\-amb EIm-c-Øn\pw Z¥-ßƒ {]`-h-ÿm-\-amb \Im-c-Øn\pw F∂¿∞w.

40. amtl-iz-c-kq{Xw 2

41. hc-cp-Nn, {]mIr-X-{]-Im-iw, ]cn-t—Zw 1, kq{Xw 27

42. Sn. kq{Xw 30

43. Sn. kq{Xw 32.

44. Sn. ]cn-t—Zw 8, kq{Xw 63

45. Sn. kq{Xw 64

46. Sn. kq{Xw 65

47. Sn. kq{Xw 66

48. Sn. kq{Xw 67

49. ]mWn-\ob in£, t«mIw 3

50. tla-N-{μ-hym-I-c-Ww, {]mIr-X-N-{μnI XpS-ßnb {KŸ-ß-fn¬ Cu A`n-{]m-b-amWv kzoI-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv. {]mIr-X-{]-Im-i-Øns‚ Xs∂ hmcm-W-kn-∏-Xn-∏ns‚(1977) {]kvXm-h-\-bn¬ DZ-b-cm-a-imkv{Xn U_-cme ]d-™p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂XvCu aX-amWp kzoImcyw F∂-Xm-Wv.

51. hccpNn, {]mIrX{]Imiw, ]cnt—Zw 6, kq{Xw 63. ZznhN\Øns‚ ÿm\Øpw_lphN\amWv {]mIrXØnep≈sX∂v A¿∞w.

52. Sn. ]cn-t—Zw 9, kq{Xw 5, Cc-In-c-In-em-A-\n-›n-Xm-Jyt\=Cc, Inc, InemCh ]d-bp-∂-Im-cy-Øns‚ A\n-›n-X-XzsØ Ipdn-°p∂ \n]m-X-ß-fm-Ip∂pSn. kq{Xw 12 AC ˛ hte kw`m-jtW=AC, hte Ch kw`m-j-W-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ \n]m-X-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.

53. DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ‘an’ {]Xybm-¥-amb Hcp cq]wam{X-ap-≈-t∏mƒ {]mIr-X-Øn¬ ‘tam’ ‘ap’ ‘a’ F∂p aq∂p {]Xy-b-ß-fn-e-h-km-\n-°p∂ ap∂p-cq-]-ß-fp-≠v. At∏mƒ kwkvIr-X-tØ-°mƒ eLp-h√ Kpcp-hmWv {]mIr-X-sa-∂t√ hcp-∂-Xv. CXt{X kzman-I-fpsS bp‡n. tla-N-{μ-hym-I-c-W-Øn¬ ‘tam’ ‘ap’ ‘a’ F∂n-hbv°p ]pdta ‘avl’ {]Xy-bm-¥-ambcq]-hp-ap-s≠-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ kzman-I-fpsS bp‡n-bpsS {ZX ]ns∂bpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p.


43

3

k‘n-\n-cq-]Ww

C\n, kwkvIr-Xw, Xangv Cu `mj-I-fnse k‘n-Im-cy-sØ-

°p-dn®v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. B c≠p mj-I-fnepw kzc-ßƒ XΩnepwkzc-ßƒ hyRvP-\-tØmSpw hyRvP-\-ßƒ XΩnepw tNcp-tºmƒ

k‘n-hn-Im-c-ßƒ kw -hn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw, Ah A[n-Ihpw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmbn ImWs∏Sp-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ AIm-c-Øn\p ]c-ambn AImcw hcp-tºmƒc≠v AIm-c-ßfpw tem]n®v Hcp Zo¿L AImcw B ÿm\Øp

h∂p-tN-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww- -kp-μc+Ac-hnμw=kpμ-cm-c-hn-μw. ‘AI-k-h¿tÆ-Zo¿Lx’ (6- 1- 101)1 F∂ ]mWn-\o-kq-{X-{]-Im-c-amWv Cu

cq]w kn≤n-°p-∂-Xv. AIm-c-Øn\p ]c-ambn CIm-c-D-Im-c-ßƒ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ AIm-c-C-Im-c-ßƒ tem]n®v GIm-chpw AIm-c-D-Im-c-

ßƒ tem]n®v HmIm-chpw GIm-tZiw hcp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-tZh+C{μx=tZth-{μx, ioX+DZIw=iotXm-Z-Iw. ‘BZvKpWx’2 (6-˛1-

˛87) F∂ kq{Xw ChnsS {]am-Ww. AIm-c-Øn\v G, sF, H, HuCu A£-c-ßƒ ]cw h∂m¬ AIm-chpw G, sFI-fn¬ H∂p

tem]n®v sFIm-c-hpw, AIm-chpw HmImc HuIm-c-ß-fn¬ H∂ptem]n®v HuIm-chpw ÿm\n-I-fmbn hcpw. DZm-l-c -Ww-˛ -

A{X+GIw=Ass{X-Iw, P\+sFI-aXyw=Pss\-I-a -Xyw,A{X+HmZ\w=A{Xu-Z-\w, Pe+HujvWyw=Peu-jvWyw. {]mam-Wn-

I-kq{Xw ‘hr≤n-tcNn’ (6-˛1-˛88).3 ChnsS {lkz-ßƒ°p≈ hn[n-Iƒ Xs∂ AXp-I-fpsS Zo¿L-cq-]-ßƒ°pw tNcp-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-

c-Ww-˛-cam+BKXm=cam-K-Xm. cam+Cuix=ctaix

Xan-gn¬ AIm-c-Øn-\p-]-c-ambn kzc-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂p

-h-∂m¬ h F∂ A£cw a≤y-Øn¬ IqSp-X-embn h∂p-tN-cpw.DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-]e+A¶=]e-h-¶, ]e+Df=]e-hp-f; ]e+Fgp-Øp-

Iƒ=]e-sh-gp-Øp-Iƒ; ]e+Hfn-Iƒ=]e-shm-fn-Iƒ; ]e+sF¶-


44 BZn-`mj

c¿=]e-ssh-¶-c¿; ]e+HuXm-cy¿Iƒ=]e-hu-Xm -cy¿Iƒ;

{]amWw=\∂q¬, ]pW-cnb¬ 162, 163 BIm-c-Øn\pw Cu hn[n-X-s∂. DZm-l-cWw ˛ ]e+A¶q¿=]em-h-¶q¿ CXym-Zn.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ CIm-c-Øn\v CIm-c-hy-Xn-cn-‡-ß-fmb kzc-ßƒ ]cw h∂m¬ B CImcw bIm-c-am-bn-am-dpw. DZm-l-cWw:Z[n+A{X=Z[y{X; Z[n+DZIw=Z[yp-ZIw; Z[n+GXXv=Zt[y-XXv;Z[n+sFIyw=Zss[Iyw; Z[n+HmZ\w=Zt[ym -[\w;Z[n+HujvWyw=Z[yujvWyw; CIm-c-Øn\v ]c-ambn CImcwh∂m¬ B c≠n\pw GIm-tZ-i-ambn Zo¿Lw hcp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-Z[n+Cl=Z[o-l.

Xan-gn¬ CIm-c-Øn-\p-]-c-ambn at‰Xp kzc-ßƒ ]Icwh∂mepw CS-bn¬ b F∂ A£cw A[n-I-ambn hcpw. DZm-l-cWw- aWn+AgIv=aWn-b-gIv; aWn+CXv=aWn-bnXv; aWn+D≠v=aWn-bp≠v; aWn+F¶v=aWn-sb¶v; aWn+sFøw=aWn-ssbøw; aWn+Hen-=aWn-sbmen; aWn+Huhnbw=aWn-bu-Δn-bw.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ DIm-c-Øn\p CXc kzcm-£-c-ßƒ ]cwh∂m¬ B DImcw hImc-ambn amdpw. a[p+A{X=a[z{X;a[p+Cl=a[znl;a[p+GXXv=at[z-XXv; a[p+sFIyw=ass[zIyw;a[p+HmZ\w=at[z-mZ\w; a[p+HujvWyw=a[zu-jvWyw. DIm-c-Øn\vDImcw ]cw hcp-tºmƒ Zo¿L-k-‘n-h-cpw. a[p+DZIw=a[q-ZIwF∂n-ßs\ DZm-l-c-Ww.

Xan-gn¬ DIm-c-Øn\p ]c-ambn a‰p kzc-ßƒ hcp-tºmƒ Nnse-SØv hImcw BtZ-i-am-hp-Ibpw Nnse-SØv {ltkzm-Imcw tem]-am -hp -Ibpw sNøpw. DZm-l-cWw ˛ ISp+AgIv=ISp -h-gIv;]q+BIn=]qhmIn; \mIp + AcnXp = \mI-cnXp; IXhp+AgIp=IX-h-g-Ip.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ GIm-c-Øn\p ]c-ambn AImcw h∂m¬

Nnse-SØv AImcw tem]n-°p-Ibpw (]q¿h-cq-]-am-Ip-I-bpw) Nnse-SØv ‘Abv’ F∂ BtZiw hcn-Ibpw sNøpw. AIm-c-sam-gn-®p≈

kzc-ßƒ ]cw hcp-tºmƒ ‘Abv’ F∂ Hcp cq]ta BtZiw hcn-I -bp -≈q. DZm -l-cWw˛ltc+Ah=ltch; tP+A=Pb;

ltc+Cl=lc-bnl ˛ ChnsS bImcw tem]n®v k∂n-I¿j-tØm-Sp -Iq -SmsX {]tXyIw kzc -ßƒ \nev°m -dp -≠v . DZm -l-

cWw˛ltc+Cl=lc-bnl=lc-C-l3.


45

Xan-gn¬ GIm-c-Øn-\p-]-c-ambn kzc-ßƒ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Nne-

ÿ-eØp bIm-chpw Nnse-SØv hIm-chpw BK-a-ß-fmbpw hcpw.DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-A-ht\+Ch≥=Ah-t\-bn-h≥; tN+AgIp=tNh-gIp

CXym-Zn.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ sFIm-c-Øn\p taembn kzc-ßƒ h∂m¬

Bbv BtZiw h∂v B bImcw Nnse-SØv tem]n®pw Nnse-SØptem]n-°m-sXbpw hcpw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-ko-Xmssb+A{X=koXm-bm-

b{X F∂pw koXm-bm-A{X F∂pw c≠p-hn-[w. ss\+AI=\mbIF∂p bImcw tem]n-°msX GI-cq-]-Øn¬ \nev°p-∂-Xn\p ZrjvSm-

¥w.

Xan-gn¬ sFIm-c-Øn\v tijw kzcm-£-c-ßƒ hcp-tºmƒ

bImcw A[n-I-ambn hcpw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-]ss\+H‚pw=]ss\-sbm‚pw.

kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn¬ HmIm-c-Øn-\p-]-c-ambn kzc-ßƒ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Ahv BtZiw hcpw. DZm-l-c-Ww- -hnjvtWm+G=hnjvWth;

Nnse-SØv hImcw tem]n®pw A√m-sXbpw hcpw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-hnjvtWm+Cl=hnjvW-hnl; hnjvW Cl F∂pw. Cu HmIm-c-

Øn\v AIm-cw-]cw h∂m¬ Nnse-SØv AImcw tem]n®p t]mIpw;F∂p-sh-®m¬ ]q¿h-cq -]-ambn amdp-sa∂v A¿∞w. DZm-l-

cWw˛hnjvtWm+Ah=hnjvtWm-h.4

Xan-gn¬ HmIm-c-Øn\p ]c-ambn kzc-ßƒ Ccp-∂m¬ ‘hv’ F∂

A¿≤m-£cw BKaw hcpw. tIm+AXp=tImhXp;tIm+CXp=tImhnXp; XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-c-Ww.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ HuIm-c-Øn\v kzc-ßƒ ]cw h∂m¬ ‘Bhv’BtZiw hcpw. ]u+AIx=]mhIx Nnse-SØv hImcw tem]n®pw

tem]n-°m-sXbpw cq]-kn-≤n-Im-Wp-∂p-≠v. hnjvWu+A{X=hnjvWm-h{X; hnjvWm A{X CXymZn DZm-l-c-Ww.

Xan-gn¬ Cß-s\-bp-≈n-SØv hImcw IqSp-X-embn hcpw.Iu+AXv=Iuh-Xv. CXp-t]mse ]eXpw ZrjvSm¥w. ChnsS D≤-cn-

®-hn-[w, kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ AIm-c-Øn\p tijw Hmtcm kzc-ßƒhcp-tºmƒ KpWw5, hr≤n6, apX-emb ]e k‘n-hn-Im-c-ßfpw AXp-

t]mse A, D, F XpS-ßnb kzc-ßƒ°pw \m\m-am-Xncn k‘n-Ifpw h∂p-Im-Wp-∂p. Xan-gn¬ A, D, H, Hm Cu A£-c-ßƒ°v

k‘n-\n-cq-]Ww


46 BZn-`mj

hIm-chpw C, sF, F F∂ A£-c-ßƒ°v bIm-chpw GIm-c-

Øn\v bImc hIm-c-ßfpw kzc-k-‘n-bn¬ BK-ahpw Nne Zn°n¬{ltkzm-Im-c-ßƒ°v tem]hpw hcp-∂-hn[w hymI-c-W-hn-[n-Iƒ Ccn-

°p-∂p. CXp-sIm≠v Xan-gvk-‘n-hn-Im-c-ßƒ kwkvIr-X-`m-jsbA\p-k-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂n-s√∂v kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p.

hyRvP-\-k‘n-sb-°p-dn®pw t\m°mw. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Iv,Nv, Xv, ]v F∂ A£-c-ßƒ°p ]c-ambn A\p-\m-kn-I-ßƒ Ccp-

∂m¬ Iv XpS-ßn-bh A\p-\m-kn-I-ambn amdp -∂p. DZm-l-cWw=hmIv+am{Xw=hmMvam{Xw; jSv+\hXn=jÆ-hXn;

jSv+apcmcn=j◊p-cmcn; A]v+am{Xw=AΩm{Xw. Xan-gn¬ Cu A£-c-ß-fn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ i_vZ-ßƒ kn≤n-°pt∂ C√.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Xv \v Cu hyRvP-\-ßƒ Nv iv Cu hyRvP-\-ß-tfmSp tNcp-tºmƒ apdbv°v Nv Rv F∂p amdp-∂p. Xan-gn¬

Cßs\ A¿≤m-£-c-Øn¬ \nev°p∂ i_vZ-ßfpw C√. XIm-c-\-Im-c-ßƒ A¥-am-bn-´p≈ ]Z-ßƒ°v Xan-gn¬ Cu hn[n ImWp-∂n-

√. Ah≥+ssNssI=Ah≥ssNssI F∂p DZm-l-c-Ww. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ]Zm-¥-Øn-ep≈ aIm-c-Øn-\p-]-c-ambn hyRvP-\-ßƒ Ccp-

∂m¬ A\p-kzmcw BtZ-i-ambn hcpw. IrjvWav+htμ=IrjvWw-h-tμ.

Xan-gn¬ A¿≤-a-Im-chpw A\p-kzm-chpw {]tXy-I-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu hn[n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂n-√. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ A\p-kzm-c-

Øn-\p-tijw Iv, Nv, Sv, Xv, ]v Cu A£-c-ßƒ h∂m¬ B A\p-kzmcw ]c-an-cn-°p∂ A£-c-ß-fpsS A\p-\m-kn-I-ß-fmbn amdpw.

Xzw+Itcmjn=Xz¶-tcmjn; Inw+N=In©; Xw+SoItX+X≠o-ItX;kw+XcXn=k¥-cXn; kw+]r—Xn=kav]r-—Xn. taev]-d™ hyRvP-

\-ß-fpsS h¿§m-¥-cn-X-ß-fmb A\p-\m-kn-I-ßƒ A\p-kzm-c-ßƒ°v ]nºp-h-∂mepw B A\p-\m-kn-I-ßƒ Xs∂ A\p-kzm-c-

ÿm-\Øp \nev°pw. DZm -l-c -Ww-˛kw+\hXn=k∂hXn;kw+aXw=kΩXw; Abw+MImcx=Ab-ß-Imcx; CXym-Zn.

Xan-gn¬ A\p-kzm-c-Øn\v ]c-ambn Jc-ßƒ h∂m¬ kPm-Xo-bm-\p-\m-kn-I-ß-fmbn amdpw. DZm-l-cWw˛\mw+ISnbw=\m¶Snbw;

acw+tNXn¬=ac -t©-Xn¬; \mw+SmIn\n=\m≠m-In\n;acw+tXm¬=ac-t¥m¬; \mw+s]cnbw=\msº-cn-bw. \∂q¬ 219-˛mw

kq{Xw ChnsS {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Cu hn[n kwkvIr-X-Øn\v A\p-


47

Kp-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ A¿≤-a-Im-chpw A\p-kzm-chpw

Hs∂∂v hnNm-cn-®mepw Ch D®m-c-W-Øn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn h∂p-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ a‰p `mjsb A\p-I-cn-®-Xp-sIm≠v kn≤n-°-

W-sa-∂n-√. IqSmsX sXm¬Im-∏n-b-Ønse ‘AΩn≥ CdpXn IN-X-

°msse X≥ sabvXn-cp-¥p-M-R\’ BIpw (kq. 130) F∂ kq{X-

{]-Imcw Aw F∂p-≈-Xns‚ A¥-Øn-ep≈ A¿≤-a-Imcw IN-X-

ßƒ ]cw hcp-tºmƒ MR-\-ß-fmbv amdpw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-]p-

fnbw+tImSv=]pfn-b-t¶mSv; ]pfnbw+tNXnƒ=]pfn-b-t©-Xnƒ;

]pfnbw+tXm¬=]pfn-b-t¥m¬. Cßs\ A\p-\m-kn-I-ß-fmbn

amdpw.

tN\m-h-ssc-b¿ Dssc-bn¬ Xw \w \pw Dw CXym-Zn-Nm-cn-b-I-

fpsS A¿≤a-Im-chpw M R \h-ß-fm-bn-am-dp-sa∂v hn[n®v F√m¿X-

ss¶bpw F√m¿\-ss¶øpw F√o¿\p-ss¶bpw hm\-h-cn-hn-√p-¥n-¶fpw

F∂v DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp-sIm≠v Jc-ßƒ°v

]q¿Δ-an-cn-°p∂ A¿≤-a-Im-c-ß-sf√mw kPm-Xo-bm-\p-kzm-c-ß-fmbn

amdp-sa∂ \nXy-\n-baw Xan-gn-en-√-sb-∂q-ln-°mw. CXn¬ \n∂v

\∂q¬I¿Ømhv kwkvIr-X-hym-I-c-W-ap-d-b-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p

A¿≤-a-Im-c-ß-fpsS k‘n-Imcyw hn[n-®-sX∂p \n›-bn-°mw.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ A\p-kzm-c-ßƒ°p ]c-ambn A\p-\m-kn-I-ßƒ

h∂m¬ B A\p-kzm-c-ßƒ°p ]c-an-cn-°p∂ A\p-\m-kn-I-ß-fmbn

amdp -∂p. Cu \nbaw Xan -g n -en -√. DZm -l-c -Ww -˛ -F-

\hpw+\nss\¥v=F\-hp-\n-ss\¥v; acw+\m¿=ac-\m¿; Cß-s\-bp≈

ÿe-ß-fn¬ aImcw tem]n®p t]mbn-cn-°p-∂p. (\-∂q¬ kq.219).

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Cu amXncn A\p-kzm-c-tem-]-an-√. A\p-kzm-

c-Øn\v b h e F∂ A£-c-ßƒ ]cw hcp-tºmƒ A\p-kzmcw

B A£-c-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. kw+b¥m=kø¥m; kw+h’cx=kΔ-

’cx bw+temIw=bt√m-Iw.

Xan-gn¬ M R W \ a c e h g f Cu ]Øp hyRvP-\-

ßƒ°p ]q¿h-ambn bImcw h∂m¬ CIm-c-®m-cnssb tXm∂pw.

(\-∂q¬ kq{Xw 206) DZm-l-cWw˛a¨+bmXp=aÆn-bm-Xp. kwkvIr-

X-Øn¬ Cß-s\-bp≈ hnIm-chpw ImWp-hm-\n√. X\n-°p-dn-temSp

tNcmØ R \ Imcßƒ°v ]n≥]p \Imcw h∂m¬ B \Imcw

tem]n-°pw. (\-∂q¬˛kq 210). Xq¨+\‚p=XqW‚p, Ac-N≥+\√≥-

=Ac-N-\-√≥ Ch DZm-l-c-Ww. eIm-c-f-Im-c-ßƒ°p ]n≥]v Jc-ßƒ

k‘n-\n-cq-]Ww


48 BZn-`mj

h∂m¬ dIm-c-S-Im-c-ß-fm-bn´pw A\p-\m-knIw h∂m¬ \Im-c-W-

Im-c-ß-fmbpw amdpw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-I¬+IpdnXp=I¿Ip-dnXp;

apƒ+IpdnXp=apSvIp -dnXp; I¬+sRcn-¥Xv=I≥sR-cn -¥Xv;

apƒ+sRcn-¥Xv=ap¨sR-cn-¥-Xv. XImcw ]nºp h∂m¬ ‘BbvXw’F∂ Fgp-Ømbn amdpw. I¬+XoXp=I...-‰oXp; apƒ+XoXp=ap....- oXp;

X\n-°p-d-en-t\mSp Ie-cmØ eIm-c-f-Im-c-ß-fpsS ]n≥]n¬ hcp∂

XIm-c-\-Im-c-ß-fpsS k∂n-I¿j-Øn¬ eIm-c-f-Im-c-ßƒ tem]n-

°pw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-tXm‚¬+Xnb≥=tXm‚-Xn-b≥; thƒ+Xnb≥=

thSn-b≥; thƒ+\√≥=thW-√≥; tXm‚¬+\ss∑=tXm‚-\ss∑ (\-

∂q¬˛kq-˛227, 228, 229). ChnsS XImcw dIm-c-ambpw SIm-c-ambpw

\Imcw \Im-c-ambpw amdn-°m-Wp-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ k‘n-Iƒ

kwkvIr-X-Øn-en-√. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ XIm-c-tØmSpw \Im-c-

tØmSpw NIm-c-i-Im-c-ßƒ tNcp-tºmƒ NIm-c-R-Im-c-ßƒ BtZ-

i-ambn hcpw. XXv+NcnX=X®-cnX; kw+NcXn=k©-cXn;

XXv+NcXn=X®-cXn; XXv+imkv{Xw=X—mkv{Xw; k\v+iw`px=

kRviw`px Cßs\ DZm-l-cWw XImc \Im-c-ß-tfmSp SIm-c-W-

Im-c-ßƒ tNcp-tºmƒ SIm-c-W-Im-c-ßƒ BtZ-i-ambn hcpw. DZm-

l-c-Ww-˛-XXv+SoItX=Xó-ItX; jSv+\mw=jÆmw.

Xan-gn¬ XIm-c-\-Im-c-ß-fn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂ hm°n-√. ‘\’F∂-h-km-\n-°p∂ sXmgn¬ \ma-ß-fn-cp-∂mepw Ah hyRvP-\-

]q¿Δ-ß-fmb CX-c-hm-°p-I-tfmSp tNcp-tºmƒ Nmcn-b-Iƒ h∂p-

tN -cp -∂p. Dw s]mcp\v + ISnXp = s]mcp -\p -°-SnXp;

s]mcp\v+ISpssa=s]mcp-\p-°-Spssa (\-∂q¬ kq. 207, 208).

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ hyRvP-\-ßƒ kzc-ßƒ°v ]n≥]v Ccn-°p-

Ibpw F∂m¬ B hyRvP-\-ßƒ°v ]c-ambn kzc-ßƒ C√m-Xn-cn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ am{Xta ZnXzw hcn-I-bp-≈p. DZm-l-cWw--

˛cmam+Xv+Xv=cmam-Øv. [m+Xv+cwix=[m{Ø-wix.

Xan-gn¬ A¿≤m-£-c-ßƒ°v AYhm Nn√p-Iƒ°v ]n∂oSv kzc-

an -cp -∂m¬ ZnXzw-h-cpw. DZm-l-cWw˛a¨+AcnXp-=aÆ-cnXp;

s]m≥+AcnXp=s]m∂-cnXp; I¬+AXp=I√Xp; apƒ+AXp=

ap≈Xp. \∂q¬ kq (205). kzc-ßƒ°v apºv I N X ] Ch Ccp-

∂m¬ Ahbpw bIm-c-Øn-\p-tijw hcp∂ R \ a ß fpw Cc-ń-

°pw. (\∂q. 158, 167) DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-\ºn+sIm‰≥=\ºn-s°m-‰≥;

Xmdm+ISnXp=Xmdm-°-SnXp; Hssd+ssI=Hssdss°; Nme+]ssI-


49

ØXv=Nme-∏ -ssI-ØXv; sa√+Xmg v¥Xv=sa√-Øm-g v¥Xv ;

sabv+Rm‚Xv=saRm‚Xv; sabv+\o≠Xv=sabv∂o -≠Xv;sabv+am≠Xv=sabvΩm-≠Xv; sFIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw Cu hn[n Xs∂.

DZm-l-c-Ww-˛ssI+am≠Xv=ssIΩm≠Xv CXymZn DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ.bIm-c-c-Im-c-g-Im-c-ßƒ°p ]nºv hcp∂ IN-X-]-ßƒ Cc-ń®pw

A√m-sXbpw \n¬°pw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-sabv+Io¿Øn=sabv°o¿Øn;Im¿+]cphw=Im¿∏-cphw; ]pƒ+]dssh=]pƒ∏-dssh;

shbv+ISnXp=shbvI-SnXp; th¿+ISnXp=th¿I-SnXp; hogv+ISnXp=hogv ISnXp; (\. kp. 224).

t]c-®-ß-fnepw ‘Cb’ F∂ {]Xy-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb hn\-b-®-ß-fnepw jjvTo hn`-‡n-bnepw ]e-h-I-ap-‰nepw A\ dnssW-]-∑-

bnepw thsd Nne hnti-j-hn-[n-I-fnepw Cu ZnXzw hcn-I-bn-√. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-D-Æm-\n‚-Nm-Ø≥ DÆn-b-sIm-≠m¬; Nnh-¥]q; X\-

XpssI; (\-∂q¬. kq. 167).

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Cu ÿm\-ß-fn¬ ZnXzw h∂p-Im-Wp-∂n-√.

Nne ZnXz-ßƒ ImWp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah c≠p hyRvP-\-ßƒ Ie-cp-∂n-S-Øp-am-{X-ap-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ D®m-c-W-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

c≠p `mj-I-fn-ep-ap≈ F√m hnti-j-hn-[n-I-tfbpw ChnsSImWn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bm¬ hfsc hnkvXm-c-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂v Npcp-

°p-∂p. Xan-gn-en-√mØ A£-c-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ k‘n-\n-b-a-ßsf ChnsS D≤-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-ans√∂p-I≠v AXn-s\m-cp-ßp-

∂n-√. Cu mj-I-fpsS kw_-‘m- mhw hni-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v ta¬Im-Wn® Awi-ßƒ [mcmfw aXn-bm-Ipw. AXp-sIm≠pw Cu {]{I-

asØ C\n A\p-k-cn-°p-∂n-√.

CX-c-`m-j-I-fn-en-√mØ k‘n-hn-Im-c-ßƒ kwkvIr-X-Ønepw

Xan-gnepw imkv{X-ZrjvSym ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AXp-Xs∂ Ch-bpsSA\ym-Zr-i-kw-_-‘sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂p ]d-™m¬ k‘n-

sb-∂Xv P\-ßƒ Hcp mj kwkm-cn®p kwkm-cn®p Imew-sIm≠vZm¿Vyw kn≤n-°p-tºmƒ Hcp hm°n-\p-tijw as‰m-cp-hm°v D®-cn-

°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ D≠m-Ip∂ thK-ku-I-cy-ßƒ \nanØw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kw`-hn-°m-dp≈ D®m-c-W-t`-Z-am-sW∂v ImWp∂ ÿnXn°v

hymI-cWw sIm≠v \nb-a\w sNbvXn-s√-¶nepw Cu hnIm-c-ßƒhcm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu hmZw bp‡n-bp-‡-am-Ip-∂n-√.

Xangv hymI-c-W-ß-fnepw C∂-sØ-t∏mse BZn-Im-eØv k‘n-hn-

k‘n-\n-cq-]Ww


50 BZn-`mj

Im-c-ßƒ C√m-Xn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. kwkvIrX `mjm-]-cn-jvI-cW

ImeØv {]_-e-ambn hyh-ÿm-]n-°-s∏´ k‘n-\n-b-asØ A\p-I-cn®v kwkvIr-X-]m-WvUnXyw kn≤n-®n- p≈ Xan-gvhym-I-c-W-I¿Øm-

°ƒ-˛-sXm¬Im-∏n-b¿ apX-emb BNm-cy-∑m¿-˛-X-an-gnepw Cu k{º-Zmbw Ie¿Øn-b-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. F∂m¬ Cu imkv{X-Im-c-∑m¿

\n¿_-‘-]q¿Δw {]h¿Øn®v GXm≠p Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v B\p-cq]yw km[n-®p-sh-¶nepw Ah-cpsS C—-t]mse ]q¿W-am-°m≥ Ign-

™n-ń-s√∂pw Ign-bp-I-bn-s√∂pw ASn-bn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ `mKwsIm≠v hni-Z-am-Ipw.

‘Inf-¥-h√ sNøp-fpƒ Xncn-\hpw hg-¶n-b¬ acp-¶n¬ acp-shmSpXncn-\hpw hnf-ºnb Cb¿ss°-øn≥ shdp-]-S-tØm‚n≥ hg-¶n-b¬

acp-¶n≥ DW¿¥ \¿ Hgp-°¬ \∑Xn\m-´Øp F∑-\m¿ ]pe-h¿’(sXm. Fgp. kq. 484) ChnsS ]d-™n-´p-≈Xp IqSmsX ]Zy-Øn¬

amdn hcp-∂-hbpw ]t≠-bp≈ {]tbmKw aqew amdn hcp-∂-hbpwBb k‘n-Iƒ ta¬]-d™ \nb-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn

I≠m¬ _p≤n-sIm≠v Bcm™p {]tbm-K-Øns\mØhÆw \nbawD≠m-°n-s°m-≈-W-sa∂v ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p. (sXm¬. Ggp.

484).

‘CssS-D-cn-hS sNmen¬ Cb-ºnb sImfm-Xhpw

s]menbpw acp-Dhpw s]mcp-¥nb B‰n¿°pCssb-b-∏p-W¿Ø¬bm-h¿°pw s\dntb’

(\-∂q¬, kq{Xw 239)

ChnsS ]d™ \nb-a-ßƒ°p tbmPn-°mØ tZymX-Iw, t`ZIw,

kwkvIr-X-]Zw F∂n-h-tbbpw A£-c-hy-Xym-k-ap-s≠-¶nepwA¿∞-hy-Xym-k-an-√mØ ]Z-ß-sfbpw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ cq]w amdn

hcp-∂-h-sbbpw tbmPn-°p-∂-hÆw tN¿°p-∂Xp ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS{]tbm-K-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.

‘CX¿°v CXp apSn]p F‚p F©m-Xp-bmhpwhoXn-∏p-A-fhp C≥ssa-bn≥ hnXnØ h‰p

Cb-em≥h-IpØp Dssc-bm-Xhpw hIp-Ø-\¿ sImfte’(Sn-˛257)

C∂- ]Zw C∂ ]Z-tØmSp C∂-hÆw k‘n-tNcpw F∂pH∂pw- hn-SmsX ]d-bm≥ Xp\n-™m¬ A¥-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v


51

ta¬]-d™ coXn-bn¬ ]d-bm-Ø-hbv°pw \nbaw Iev]n-®p-sIm-

≈Ww.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. ]mWn-\o-b-kq{Xw 6˛1-˛101 A, C, D, E, \p F∂o kzc-ßƒ°p kam-\-kzcw

]c-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ c≠n\pw IqSn Zo¿Lw hcpw.

2. CtIm-b-W-Nn- -]m-Wn-\o-b-kq-{Xw, 6, 177 C, D, E, \p F∂n-hbv°v CXc kzcw]c-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ bYm-{Iaw b, h, c, e F∂nh BtZiw hcpw.

3. {]amWw ]mWn-\o-b-kq-{Xw-˛-G-tNm-b-hm-bm-hx-˛61, 78 G, Hm, sF, Hu F∂n-hbv°v kzcw ]c-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ bYm-{Iaw Abv, Ahv, Bbv, Bhv F∂nhBtZiw hcpw.

4. {]amWw ]mWn-\o-b-kq-{Xw-˛-GMx ]Zm-¥m-Z-Xn-˛61, 109 ]Zm-¥-Ønse G, HmF∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p AImcw ]c-am-bn-h-cp-tºmƒ ]q¿h-cq]w GIm-tZiw hcpw.

5. KpWw = A, G, Hm

6. hr≤n = B, sF, Hu

k‘n-\n-cq-]Ww


52 BZn-`mj

4

]Z-hy-h-ÿm-\n-cq-]Ww

C\n, Cu c≠p`mj-I-fn-ep-ap≈ ]Z-hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®p ]cym-

tem-Nn-°mw.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \maw, BJym-Xw, D]-k¿Kw, \n]mXw F∂p

\mep hI-bmbn i_vZ-ßsf hn`m-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \ma-sa∂p sh®m¬Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ t]cn-s\-Ip-dn-°p∂ i_vZ-am-Ip-∂p. BJymXw

]q¿W-{In-b-bm-Ip-∂p. D]-k¿K-Øn\v {Inbm-[m-Xp-°-tfmSp tN¿∂p-\n∂v Ahbv°v A¿∞-hym-Xym-k-ap-≠m-°p∂ Hcp-Xcw i_vZ-sa∂p

cq]-\n¿Æbw sNbvXp-Im-Wp-∂p. DZm-l-cWw lrRvl-c-tW, lrF∂ [mXp lcn-°pI F∂p≈ A¿∞-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°pw. Cu

[mXp-hn\v hn F∂ D]-k¿Kw apºv tNcp-tºmƒ hnl-cn-°p-I-˛-I-fn-°pI ˛ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ amdp-∂p.

\n]mXw F∂Xv Hcp-hn[w CS-s®m¬. kzc-ß-fpsS hyXym-k-sØ-°m-´m-\mbn Hcp ]ncn-hmbn am{Xw Chsb G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. ‘\n]m-Xmx-B-Zyp-ZmØmx’ (im-¥-\-hm-Nm-cy-cpsS nSvkq-{Xw).Cu {]am-W-{]-Imcw \n]m-X-ßƒ BZyp-Zm-Ø-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xv- -B-

Zn-kz-c-ßƒ DZm-Ø-cq-]-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-B-Ip∂p F∂p kq{X-Øn-\¿∞-am-Ip-∂p.

ta¬Im-Wn® \ma-ßƒ, PmXn-Kp-W-{In-bm-kw-⁄m-t`-Z-Øm¬\mep-hn-[-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂p. LSw, ]Sw, hr£w, Ch PmXn-\m-a-Øn-

\pw1, tizX, a[p-c, ioX i_vZ-ßƒ KpW-\m-a-Øn\pw DZm-l-c-Ww.]N-Xn2, ]mNI ]N-\w, Ch {Inbm-\m-a-ßƒ. tZh-ZØx IrjvWx

XpS-ßn-bh kw⁄m-\m-a-ßƒ.

CXp-Iq-Sm-sX, i‡w, e£-Iw, hyRvP-Iw, Cßs\ \ma-ßƒ°p aq∂p-hn-`m-K-ßƒIqSn ImWp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ i‡-Øn\v

i‡n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-sX∂v A¿∞w. i‡n°v DNn-Xm¿∞sØ


53

DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂ kma¿∞yw. ‘Akvam-—-_vZm-Z-b-a¿t∞m

t_m≤hy CXn Cuiz-c-k-t¶Xx i‡nx’3 Cu hm°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v

Cu A¿∞w Adn-b-Ø-°Xv F∂ Cuiz-c- k-t¶Xw (\n-b-aw, aXw)

F∂¿∞-sa∂p kwkvIr-X-°m-cn¬ Nne-cpw, ‘A¿∞ kvarXy-\p-

Iq-e-]-Z-]-Zm¿∞-kw-_-‘x-i‡nx’4 ˛ Hcp hm°p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ

AXns‚ icn-bmb A¿∞w Hm¿Ω-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\p icn-bmb ]Z

]Zm¿∞ kw_‘w i‡n-sb∂v a‰p Nnecpw ]d-bp-∂p. i‡n-

sIm≠v ]Zm¿∞sØ {]Xn-t_m-[n-∏n-°p∂ ]Zw i‡w. ‘e£-

Wbm t_m[Ix i_vtZm e£Ix’ ‘iIy-kw-_-t‘m-e-£Wm’e£-W-sIm≠p ]Zm¿∞sØ Adn-bn-°p∂ i_vZw e£-Iw. iIy-

Øns‚ kw_‘w e£-Wm. i‡n-bm¬ ]d-b-s∏´ A¿∞w iIyw;

AXm-bXp icn-bmb A¿∞-Øn-\p-tbm-P-\-bn-√m-bvI-bm¬ B

A¿∞-Øns‚ kw_-‘nsb Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ hm°v hyRvP-Iw.

‘hy‡ym A¿∞-t_m-[Ix i_vtZm hyRvP-Ix’ AS-bmfw sIm≠v

A¿∞sØ Adn-bn-°p∂ hm°v. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-L-S-sa∂ hm°v

IpSsØ Adn-bn-°p-tºmƒ B ]Zw i‡w; ‘Hcp IpSw IpSn®p If-

bpI’ F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv B LS-ÿ-amb Pem-Znsb e£y-am°n

Xcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ LS-]Zw e£-Iw. Zm\-k-a-bØv ‘Ch≥ Imin-hmkn’F∂v Hcp-Øs\ kvXpXn®p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv hmNym¿∞-Øn\p

tbmP\ Ccp-∂n´pw {]tbm-P-\-an-√m-bvI-bm¬ Ah-\n-ep≈ ]cn-ip-

≤-Xsb Adn-bn-°p∂ D]-tbm-Kw-sIm≠v A¿∞-ap-≈-Xm-Ipw.

‘AkvXw KXx khn-Xm’˛ kqcy≥ AkvX-an-®p- -F∂ hm°p {_m“-

W\v k‘ym-h-μ-\m-h-k-c-sØbpw ]cn-Nm-c-I\v hnf-°p-h-bv°m-dmb

ka-b-sØbpw Cßs\ e£y-am°n Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

Ch-bn¬ apºv ]d™ i‡-sa-∂Xv cqVw, tbmK-cq-Vw, buKn-

Iw, buKn-I-cqVw F∂p \mep-hn-[w. ‘kap-Zm-b-i‡nx cqVnx

cqssVyh A¿∞ t_m[Ix cqV’ ˛ cqVn tcmln° (ap-f-bv°)

kzm`m-hn-I-i-‡n-bm¬ {]Im-in-°p-I, i_vZw-sIm≠v am{Xw

A¿YsØ Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-b-hm¿∞-kw-_-‘sØ At]-£n-

°msX A¿∞sØ Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-tZ-hm-\mw-{]nbx

F∂ i_vZ-Øn\v aq¿J-s\∂v A¿∞w ˛ Cu A¿∞w tZh-∑m-

cpsS {]nb≥ F∂ Ah-b-hm¿∞w sIm≠p In´p-∂-X-√. kap-Zm-b-

Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI i‡n-bm¬ am{Xta kn≤n-°p-∂p-≈p. C\n

ap‡m-h-en-bn¬ ‘Ah-bh i‡n ss\c-t]-t£yW kap-Zmb i‡n-

am-t{XW _p≤ytX X{ZqVw’5 bmsXm-cn-SØv Ah-bh i‡nsb



54 BZn-`mj

At]-£n-°msX kap-Zm-b-i-‡n-sIm≠v A¿∞w hnf-ßp-∂pthmB ]Zw cqVw. ‘b{X Xp Ah-b-h-i-‡n-hn-jtb kap-Zmb i‡n-c-kvXn-X-tZym-K-cq-Vw’6. DZm-l-cWw˛]-¶-Pw- -]-¶-Øn¬ \n∂v P\n-®XvF∂ Ah-b-h-i-‡n°p hnj-b-amb A¿∞sØ kap-Zm-b-i-‡n-bm¬ Xma-c-∏q-sh∂v Adn-bn-°p-∂p. ‘b{X Ah-b-hm¿∞ Gh_p[ytX XZyu-KnIw’7 bmsXmcp hm°n¬ Ah-b-hm¿∞w am{XwA¿∞-t_m-[-I-am-bn-cn-°pt∂m AXp buKn-Iw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-]m-NIx F∂ ]Zw AXns‚ Hc-h-b-h-amb ‘]Nv’ [mXp-hn¬ \n∂pw]mIw sNbvI F∂ A¿∞-tØbpw CX-cm-h-b-h-amb AI F∂{]Xy-b-Øns‚ A¿∞-am-bn-cn-°p∂ I¿Øm-hn-s\bpw Adn-bn-°p-∂-X-√msX A\ysØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. ‘b{XXp buKn-Im¿∞-cq-Vy¿∞-tbm- zm-X-t{¥y-W-t_m-[-kvXZyuKn-I-cqVw’8 ˛ GXpi_vZ-Øn¬ buKnI cqVy¿∞-ßƒ kzX-{¥-ambn ⁄m\-ap-≠m-°p-∂pthm AXp buKn-I-cq-Vw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-D-Zv`n-Xv, D¬t`-Zn-®p-˛-]n-f¿∂p-sIm≠v Infn¿°p∂ acw, sNSn apX-em-b-hsb Ah-b-h-i-‡n-sIm≠pw A\y-Zn-°n¬ Ah-b-h-i-‡y-t]-X-ambn Hcp bmKsØ9

kap-Zm-b-i-‡nbmepw Adn-bn-°-bm¬ CXp buKn-I-cq-Vw. e£IwF∂-Xv, Pl-√-£Iw AP-l-√-£-Iw, D`-b-e-£Iw F∂p aq∂phn[w. Pl-√-£-W-sIm≠v hkvXp-hns\ Adn-bn-°p-∂Xv Pl-√-£-Iw. ‘b{X hmNym¿∞-kym-\z-bm-`mhx X{X Pl-√-£Wm’10 ˛FhnsS hmNym¿∞-Øn\v tbmP-\-bn-√tbm (bm-sXmcp ]Z-Øn¬hmNym¿∞w h‡m-hns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn-\n-W-ßm-Xn-cn-°p-t∂m)AhnsS Pl-e-£W (P-l-Xv-˛-hn-´-Xm-b) e£-Wm-˛-e-£n-∏n-∏Xv˛e-£y-am-bn-cn-°p∂ km[-\w. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-a©mx t{Imi-¥n-˛-I-ń-ep-Iƒ \ne-hn-fn-°p-∂p-˛-C-hnsS a© i_vZw Xs‚ hmNym¿∞-ambIń-se∂ cq]-sØ-hn´v h‡m-hns‚ A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw Iń-en-en-cn-°p∂ a\p-jysc kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. ChnsS Iń-en\pw AXn-en-cn-°p∂a\p-jy¿°pw kw_‘w aqe-amWp e£-W. CXp X¿°-a-Xw.kw_‘w aqew A¿∞sØ Adn-bn-°p∂ i‡n-bmWv e£-W.CXp hymI-c-W-a-Xw. ‘b{X hmNym¿∞-kym-]y-\z-b-kvX{X AP-l-√-£Wm’11 bmsXmcp ]Z-Øn¬ hmNym¿∞w e£ym¿∞-tØmSptNcpt∂m AhnsS AP-l-√-£-W, AP-l-Xo- -hm-Nym¿∞sØ hnSm-Ø-Xmb e£-W, e£y-ambn A¿∞sØ Adn-bn-°p∂ km[-\w.DZm-l-c-Ww- -‘Im-tIt`ym Z[n c£y-Xmw-’ -Im-°-I-fn¬ \n∂p ssXcpc£n-°-s∏-S-Ww- -C-hnsS ImtI`yx F∂ ]Zw AXns‚ A¿∞-ambIm°-Isf Adn-bn-°p-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn ssXcns\ IpSn-°p∂ CX-c-P-


55

¥p-°-sfbpw Adn-bn-°p-∂p. ‘b{X hmssNy-I-tZ-i-Xym-tK-ss\-I-tZ-im-\z-b-kvX{X Pl-Z-P-l-P-√-£-Wm-’12 ˛-bm-sXmcp i_vZ-Øn¬hmNym¿∞-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw tNcm-sXbpw as‰mcp `mKw tN¿∂pwCcn-°p-∂pthm AhnsS Pl-Z-P-l-√-£-W. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-‘X-Øz-akn’13 \o Ah-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ChnsS Xzw F∂ ]Zw Poh-t\bpwXXv]Zw Cuiz-c-t\bpw Ipdn-°p-∂p. ‘tkmbw tZh-ZØx’ ˛ CutZh-Z-Ø≥ Ah-\m-Ip-∂p˛C-hnsS kx F∂ i_vZw apsºm-cn-°¬ImW-s∏-´-h-s\∂pw Adn-bn-°-bm¬ Hcp-h\v Hcp ImeØv c≠pIme-ß-fpsS kw_‘w LSn-°mbvI \nanØw Ah≥ F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-amb XXvIme kw_-‘-tØbpw hn´v tZh-Z-Ø≥F∂ AwisØ am{Xw kzoI-cn-°-bm¬ ChnsS Pl-Z-P-l-√-W.

C\n Xan-gnse ]Z-hn- m-K-sØ-°p-dn®p t\m°mw. ]Z-ß-sf-∂m¬A¿∞sØ t_m[n-∏n-°p∂ i_vZ-ßƒ F∂p mhw. Xan-gn¬ ]Z-ßsf ‘]Ip-]-Zw, ]Im-∏-Zw’, F∂p c≠p henb hn`m-K-ß-fm-bn-Øn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-b-h-hn-`mKw sNbvXv A¿∞w \n¿ÆbwsNøm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-hn-[w, {]Xyb tbmP-\bv°p apºp Xs∂ {]tbm-Km¿l-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]Zw ‘]Im-∏-Z’-sa∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-\n-ew, \o¿, Im‰p XpS-ßn-b-h. Cu ]Z-ßƒ Xs∂ _lp-h-N\ {]Xybw apX-emb {]Xy-b-ß-tfmSp tNcp-tºmƒ ]Ip-]-Z-ß-sf∂v hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. t]¿]-Im-∏-Zw, hnss\-∏-Im-∏-Zw, CssS-∏-Im-∏-Zw, Dcn-∏-Im-∏Zw Cßs\ ]Im-∏Zw \mep hn[-ap-≠v. Ch-bn¬ {]Xy-b-ßƒ Ie¿Ø-Ø-°-X-√mØ a≥, tIm≥ apX-emb CS-∏-Im-∏-Z-ßfpw Dcp, Ign XpS-ßnb Dcn-∏-Im-∏-Z-ßfpw Hgn®v A\y-]-Im-∏-Z-ßƒ {]Xy-b-ßƒ tNcp-tºmƒ ]Ip-]-Z-ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.DZm-l-c-Ww- -\n-ew, \o¿ s\cn∏p apX-em-bh t]¿∏-Im-∏-Z-ßƒ. \S,hm, D¨ apX-em-bh hnss\-∏-Im-∏-Z-ßƒ, a≥, tIm≥, s]m≥ XpS-ßn-bh CssS-∏-Im-∏-Z-ßƒ. Dcp, Ign, A≥]p, Ag-Ip, apX-em-bhDcn-∏-Im-∏-Z-ßƒ. (\-∂q¬, kq˛128, 131) \ne-Øm≥, \ne-¶ƒ apX-em-bh t]¿∏-Ip-]-Z-ßƒ s\m¥m≥, \S-°n‚m≥ apX-em-bh hnss\-∏-Ip-]-Z-ßƒ.

samgn F∂m¬ A¿∞sØ hnh-cn®p ImWn-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p.CXn\p sNms√∂pw A]-c-]-cym-b-ap-≠v. samgn-Iƒ, Hcp-sam-gn,sXmS¿sam-gn, s]mXp-samgn F∂p aq∂p hn[-am-°p-∂p. (\-∂q¬,

sNm¬. 259). Hcp A¿∞sØ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂Xv Hcp samgn. DZm-l-cWw˛\n-ew, \ne-Ø≥, \S CXym-Zn-Iƒ. (t]¿sam-gn). \S, \S-



56 BZn-`mj

¥m≥ apX-em-bh hn\-sam-gn. a≥, sIm≥ apX-em-bh CS-sam-gn, Dcn,Ign apX-em-bh Dcp-samgn. C\n taev]-d™ ]Ip-]-Zw, ]Im-∏ZwCu c≠n-\hpw Cu hn`m-K-Øn-epƒs∏-Spw. ta¬ hnh-cn® ]Z-sa-∂Xpw Hcp samgn-sb-∂Xpw Htc A¿∞-sØ-°p-dn-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p.]e A¿∞-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xp XpS¿sam-gn-bm-Ip-∂p. CXp]q¿Æ-ambn Hcp hnj-bsØ t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbpw A]q¿Æ-ambnt_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbpw Ccn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-\new hep-Xm-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂Xv ]q¿Æw. {Inb-tbmSp tNcmsX kwJy sIm≠m-Is´ X\n-®m-Is´ ]e A¿∞sØ t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂Xv A]q¿Æw.DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-Nm-Ø≥ aI≥, ]q¶p-g¬, hep-Xm-b-\n-ew, \ne-sØ-°-S-∂p, s\Sp-am¬ apX-em-bh, s]mXp-samgn F∂Xp Hc¿∞-tØbpw]e A¿∞-sØbpw t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. F´p-Øm-a-ssc,thss¶ apX-embh Fs´∂ kwJy-tbbpw Xma-c-∏q-hn-s\bpw ]pen-tbbpw Hmtcm hm°mbn \n∂v A¿∞-hy-Xym-k-sØ-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa Fssf-Xp, Xmhp∂ ac, thIp-∂-ssI, CXymZnXpS¿sam-gn-I-fmbn ]e A¿∞-ß-tfbpw kv^pcn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Cs®m-√p-Iƒ shfn-s∏-S-s®m¬, Ipdn-∏p-s®m¬ F∂p c≠p-hn[w.shfn-∏-S-s®m-√m-Is´ sNm√ns‚ t\sc-bp≈ A¿∞w IqSmsX thsdA¿∞w C√m-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww- -cm-a≥ h∂p. ChnsS t\sc-bp≈ A¿∞w IqSmsX thsd A¿∞-an-√.

Ipdn -∏p -s®m -s√-∂Xv Hc¿∞sØ e£y-ambn ImWn -°p∂XmWv. DZm-l-c-Ww˛ Bbncw a\p-jy¿ s]mcp-Xp. ChnsSs]mcpXp F∂p≈ {Inbm-]Zw ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb Bbncw t]sc-am{Xwe£y-am-°p-∂p. IqSmsX Cu sNm√p-Iƒ, Cb¿s®m¬, Xncn-s®m¬,Xnssi-s®m¬, hS-s®m¬ F∂p \mep-hn[w (sXm¬, sNm¬, kq.397). ]WvUn-X-]m-a-c-∑m¿°p km[m-c-tWy\ A¿∞w tZymXn-°p-∂-Xv Cb¿s®m-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-a¨, s]m≥ apX-em-b-h. CXn\p t]cn-b¿s®m¬ F∂pw ]d-bpw. \S-¥m≥, h¥m≥apX-em-bh hnss\-b¿s®m¬. AgIp, A≥]p apX-em-bh Dcn-bn-b¿s®m¬.

Xncn-s®m-s√-∂Xv Hc¿∞sØ Ipdn-°p∂ ]e-sNm√pw ]eA¿∞sØ ImWn-°p∂ Hcp sNm√p-am-Ip-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-In-fn,ipIw, XØ Ch Infn-sb∂ Htc A¿∞-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ ‘]et]¿ Xncn-s®m-√m-Ip-∂p’. hmc-Ww, B\, tImgn, iwJp apX-emb\m\m¿∞-ßsf ImWn-°p∂ Hcp t]¿ Xncn-s®m¬. ]S¿∂m≥,


57

sN∂m≥ t]mbn-\m≥ Cß-s\-bp-≈Xv Hc¿∞-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ ]ehnss\-Xn-cn-s®m¬. hssc¥m≥, CXp \o°p-hm≥, sIm≠m≥ F∂p]e-{In-b-I-sf-°p-dn-°p∂ Hcp s]mcpƒ Xncn-s®m¬, tNdpw, hcpXpwCh-bpsS dqw, Xpw {]Xy-b-ßƒ, DØa ]pcp-j-_-lp-h-N-\w, `mhnCu cq]-ß-fn¬ Htc A¿∞sØ Im´p∂ ]e CS-Øn-cn-s®m¬,sIm¬, CXp, Aøw, Ai-\nsse F∂nh ]e A¿∞-ß-sf-°p-dn-°p∂ Hcp CS-Øn-cn-s®m¬. Nme, Ddp, Xh, \\n, Iq¿, Ign, Cssh,anI¬ F∂nh Hc¿∞-sØ-°m-Wn-°p∂ ]eDcn-Øn-cn-s®m¬. ISn,CXp, Im∏p, Iq¿ssa, A®w, Icn-∏p, hnf-°w, Cssd-∏p, aWw apX-em-bh ]e A¿∞-ß-sf-°p-dn-°p∂ Hcp Dcn-Øn-cn-s®m¬.

‘Xnssi-s®m¬’ F∂Xp Icn-¥-an-gvtZ-iØp \n∂pw sN¥-an-gvtZ-i-Øp-h∂p {]Nm-c-am-bXv DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-]-ip-sh∂ A¿∞sØkqNn-∏n-°p∂ s]‰w F∂ hm°v Z£n-W-]m-WvUy-tZ-iØp \n∂vsN¥-angv \mń¬ h∂p tN¿∂-Xm-Wv. amXm-hn-s\-Ip-dn-°p∂ X≈F∂ hm°v Ip´-\m-´p-\n∂v h∂-Xm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-sam-gnsI a‰p≈`mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p h∂-hbpw Cu h¿K-Øn¬s]Spw.

hSsNm√p F∂Xv h∂p-tN¿∂ kwkvIr-X-hm-°p-I-fm-Wv. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-Im-c-Ww, Ia-ew, Icw, apX-em-b-h. Ch Xan-gnse A£-c-ß-sf-s°m≠v D®-cn-°-Ø-°-Xm-Wv. NpIn(-ip-In), t]mIn-(t`m-Kn),apØn(-ap-‡n) XpS-ßn-bh hnti-jm-£-c-ßƒsIm≠v D®-cn-°-Ø-°-h-bm-Ip-∂p. AXm-bXv Xan-gn-en-√mØ kwkvIr-Xm-£-c-ßsf Xan-sg-gp-Øp-I-fm°n am‰n D®-cn-°-s∏-´-h. Ac≥, ISn-\w, New apX-em-bh c≠p `mj-bnse A£-c-ßƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXvlc≥ F∂-Xn¬ BZy-an-cn-°p∂ lImcw AIm-c-ambn NnssX¥pw(\yq-\-s∏-´pw) cImcw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sm-sXbpw hcp-∂psh∂p kmcw.Cu PmXnsb ‘NnssX-s®m¬’ F∂p ]d-bpw.

sNm√p-Iƒ:˛ (C-e-°-W-ap-S-b-Xv) e£-W-k-º-∂w, (C-e-°-W-s∏m-en) e£-Wm- m-k-kw-bp-‡w, acp-Xp, CS-°-c-S-°¬, a¶-ew, Ipgq-D-°pdn F∂v thtd Bdp-hn-[w. hymI-c-W-im-kv{Xm-\p-kmcw Ccn-°p-∂Xv Ce-°-W-ap-S-b-Xv. DZm-l-c-Ww. \new, \o¿, Im‰p apX-em-b-h. Nne A£-c-ßƒ {Iam-\p-K-X-am-Im-sXtbm apºp hbvt°-≠-Xns\ ]n≥]v ht®m adn®p kw -hnt®m Ce-°-W-an-√m-Xn-cp∂pw Ce-°Ww D≈-Xp-t]mse tXm∂p-∂Xv Ce-°-W-s∏m-en. DZm-l-c-Ww -˛ -tIm-hn¬ F∂ i_vZw B£-c-hy-Xym-kw-sIm≠v tImbn¬ F∂p-

h∂p ImWp-∂Xpw \I-c-∏pdw F∂Xv ]pc-\-I¿ F∂pw I¨◊o



58 BZn-`mj

F∂Xp aoI¨ F∂pw ap≥ ]n∂msI amdn {]N-cn-°p-∂Xpw t]mse

At\-Iw.

acpD F∂Xv Ce-°Ww NnssX-¥-Xv- -a-coCubXv- (-Xosc \yq\-

s∏- Xv BIp-∂p). Acp-a-cp-¥-X≥ ]nss≈ F∂Xv Acp-a-¥-]nss≈F∂pw asse-b-am-\mSv aemSv F∂pw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂Xv DZm-l-

cWw.

D®m-c-W-tbm-Ky-a-√mØ hm°p-Isf ad-®p-h®v ]d-bp-∂Xv CS-

°-c-S-°¬ F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-cWw Im¬ IgpIn Ch-cpXpw

Im¬ Igp-Im≥ t]mbn hcs´ F∂ ]d-®n¬ XpS-ßn-b-h.

amwK-ey-an-√m-Ø-Xns\ awK-e-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv ‘a¶fw’ F∂

hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Spw. DZm-l-c-Ww˛‘NØp’ F∂p-≈-Xn-\p-]-Icw

Aøm-fpsS Imcy-sams° kpJ-ambn ˛ Bap≥]-I-c-hn-]Δn F∂pw

Hm F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Xncp-ap-J-sa∂pw ImcmSv sh≈m-sS∂pw ]d-

bp-∂Xp XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. (h-gßn hcp-∂Xp t]mep-≈-h).

Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp Imc-W-Øm¬ Hcp

hkvXp-hns‚ t]cn-s\-am‰n as‰mcp t]cp-sIm≠v ]d-bp-∂Xv Ipgq-D-

°pdn F∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-Ww- -s]m¿s°m-√¿ (X´m-∑m¿) s]m∂ns\

]dn-sb∂pw B\-°m-c-∑m¿ ap≠ns\ Imc-sb∂pw thS-∑m¿ I≈ns\

sNm¬ hnf-ºn-sb∂pw ]d™p hcp-∂h XpS-ßn-bXmWv. (\-∂q¬.

sNm¬. 267)

t]cp-Iƒ:- CSp-°pdn (cq-Vn)-t∏-sc∂pw Imc-W-t∏-sc∂pw c≠p-

h-I. Cu c≠pw ac-]n-s\bpw B°-c-sØbpw XpS¿∂v hcp-∂-XmWv.

DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-a-cw, hnf, ]\ apX-em-bh CSp-Ipdn ac-hpw; Ah≥,

Ahƒ, ]d-h, hne¶p apX-em-bh Imc-W-°pdn ac-hpw, an≥ t]mep

am\-th≥ ap´bv°p amdmb s]Δ¿ t]m¶m-\-th≥ ap´bv°pw ImSv-˛-

C-hn-sS, th´m-f-°p-™ns\ ap -sb∂ \maw sIm≠p-]-d-I-bm¬ CXp-

t]m-sebp-≈h ‘CSp-Ip-dn-bm-°-t∏-cm-Ipw’. s]m∂≥, ]qW≥, asse,

aIƒ, aI≥, amt‰m¿, Ips‰ CXp t]mep-≈h ‘Imc-W-°p-dn-bm-°-

t∏-cm-Wv.’Cu t]cp-Iƒ:˛ s]mcpƒ t]cv, CS-t∏-cv, Ime-t∏cv, hnss\-t∏-

cv, KpW-t∏-cv, sXmgn-evt]-cv, Np´-t∏-cv, hn\m-t∏cv F∂v F´p hI-

bp≠v. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-X-a≥, Hcp-h≥, Ass]-b-Øm≥, s]m∂≥ apX-

em-bh s]mcpsf kw_-‘n®p hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ s]mcpƒ \ma-ß-fm-


59

Wv. sh¿∏≥, Fbn-\≥, CS-b≥, aIn-gn-¥≥, Xpssd-h≥, tNmgn-b≥,

Icp-hq-cm≥, hm\-Øm≥, AI-Øm≥, ]pd-Øm≥ apX-em-b-hbpw;XnssW-tX-bw, Df¿ Chbpw CS-ßsf (ÿm-\-ß-sf) kw_-‘n®p

h∂-Xn-\m¬ CS-t∏-cp-I-fm-Wv. aqhm- -bm≥, then-em≥, Xøm≥, BXn-c-bm≥, Ime-bm≥, apX-em-bh kwh-’-cw, amkw apX-emb Ime-

ßsf kw_-‘n®p hcn-I-bm¬ Ime-t∏-cp-I-fm-Wv. sN¶-Æm≥, Ipg-bv°m-X≥, s\Sp-¶-øm≥ apX-em-bh Ah-b-h-ßsf kw_-‘n®p hcn-

I-bm¬ Nn\(A-h-b-h)-t∏-cp-I-fm-Wv. s]cn-b-h≥, sNdn-b-h≥, ]pe-h≥, s]m∂-∏≥, Icn-b≥, Ip\≥, A¥-W≥, Ac-N≥, tNc≥ apX-

em-bh KpW-kw-_-‘-ambn hcn-I-bm¬ KpW-t∏-cm-Wv. HmXp-hm≥,Cuhm≥ apX-embh sXmgn¬ kw_-‘n-®p-h-cn-I-bm¬ sXmgn¬t∏-

cm-Wv. Ah≥, Ch≥ apX-em-bh Np´(-Nq≠p)-t∏-cp-I-fm-Wv. Fh≥,bmh≥ apX-em-bh hn\m(-tNm-Zy)-t∏-cp-I-fm-Wv.

]nd≥ (A-\y≥), a‰-bm≥ (a-‰-h≥) apX-em-b-hbpw k_n apX-emb \ma-ßfpw ap≥]-d™ hm°p-I-fn¬ tNcp-hm≥ tbmKy-X-bn-

√m-ØXpw s]mXp-e-£Ww ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-ØXpw Bbn-cn-°-bm¬Cu F´p-h-Ip-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw A\y-ß-fm-bh F∂p am{Xw ]d-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p.

t]cp-Iƒ Cb¿t∏-cp-I-sf∂pw B°-t∏-cp-I-sf∂pw c≠p-hn-[w.

AXn\p X°-Xmb A¿∞-sØ-Im-´p-∂Xv Cb¿t∏-cv. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-Xm-a-c, sh‰n-e, Im¬ apX-em-bh Xma-c-s°m-Sn-tbbpw sh‰n-e-tbbpw

Im¬ F∂ IW-°n-s\bpw ]d-bp-tºmƒ Cb¿t∏-cm-Ipw.

AXns‚ A¿∞-Øn\p X°-Xmb thsdmcp A¿∞sØ

{ItaW tN¿Øp ]d-™p-h-cp-∂h B°-t∏-cm-Ipw-˛-D-Zm-l-c-Ww-˛-Xm-a-c, sh‰n-e, Im¬ F∂p ap≥]n¬ ImWn® kzm`m-hnI \ma-

ßƒ Xs∂ Xma-c-bpsS Ah-b-h-amb AXns‚ ]qhn-s\-bpw, sh‰n-e-bpsS BZysØ Ah-b-h-amb sh‰n-e-s°m-Sn-tbbpw Im¬ F∂p

IW-°p≈ ico-cm-h-b-h-tØbpw {ItaW ImWn-°p-tºmƒ B°-t∏-cp-I-fm-Wv.

Cu B°-t∏¿ ]e-h-I-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Im¿ F∂ Idp-Ø-\n-d-Øns‚ \maw AtXm-Sp-Iq-Snb taLsØ t_m[n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ B°-

t∏-cm-Ipw. B taLw h¿jn-°p∂ Ah-ÿsb Hm¿°p-tºmƒ Ccp-]Sn B°-t∏¿ F∂m-Ipw. B Ah-ÿ-bn¬ hnf-bp∂ [m\ysØ

t_m[n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ apΩ-Sn-bm-°-t∏¿ F∂m-Ipw. C{]-Imcw \m∑mSn



60 BZn-`mj

apX-em-b-hbpw hcp-sa-∂-dn-I. taepw ‘Ccp-t]-scm-´m-°-t]¿’‘ImWvUn-I-’bn-ep-≠v. CXn-se-gp-Xp-∂n-√.

kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep≈ samgn-I-sf√mw {Inbm-[m-Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂v

D≠m-b-h-bm-Wv. Cu {Inbm-[m-Xp-°ƒ {]Xy-b-ß-tfmSp tNcmsX

X\n-®p-]-tbm-K-ap-≈-X-√. [mXp-°-fpsS taembn ‘IrXv’ {]Xy-b-ß-

sf∂ Hcp hn[ {]Xy-b-ßƒ tN¿∂v {Inbm-]Zw Hgn®v \maw, D]-

k¿Kw, \n]mXw F∂ aq∂p-hn-[-amb F√m hm°p-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn.

Ah hn`‡n {]Xy-b-ßƒ tN¿∂p {]tbm-K-Øn\p X°-Xmb ]Z-

ß-fm-Ip-∂p. Cu hn`-‡n-{]-Xy-b-ßƒ ‘kp]v’14 F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Spw.

C∏-d™ aq∂p-hn[ i_vZ-ßfpw kp_¥ (kp]v F∂ A¥-tØmSp

IqSn-b) ]Z-ß-sf∂v ]d-b-s∏-Spw. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-cmax F∂ kp_¥

\ma-]Zw (cav {IoUm-bmw) Ifn-°pI F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ hcpw. Cu

[mXp-hn¬ ‘LRv’ F∂ ‘IrXv’ {]Xybw tN¿∂v cmav F∂Xp

Zo¿Ln-®v cma F∂ \ma-ambn ‘kp’˛x hn`‡n {]Xybw tN¿∂v

cmax F∂ kp_¥ ]Zw {]tbm-Km¿l-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. A{]-Imcw

Xs∂ ‘Zpx’ (SpZp D]-Xmt] Zp F∂ [mXp D]-Xm]w F∂ A¿∞-

Øn¬ hcpw). Cu [mXp-hn¬ ‘Dkv’ F∂ IrXv {]Xybw tN¿∂p

Zpkv F∂ D]-k¿§-ambn AXn¬ kv F∂ hn`‡n {]Xybw tN¿∂v

B {]Xybw tem]n®v Zpkv F∂ kp_¥ D]-k¿§-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p.

Ahv (A-h- -c-£-tW- -Ah F∂ [mXp c£n-°¬ F∂ A¿∞-

Øn¬ hcpw) F∂p ]d-b-s∏´ [mXp-hn¬ Dw F∂ Ir¬ {]Xybw

tN¿∂v hImcw tem]n®v tijn® AImc DIm-c-ßƒ H∂p tN¿∂v

HmIm-c-am-bn´v Hmw F∂ \n]m-X-am-bn-Øo-cpw. B \n]m-X-tØmSv

kv F∂ hn`‡n {]Xybw tN¿∂v AXp-Xs∂ tem]n®v Hmw F∂

kp_-¥-\n-]mX ]Z-am-Ip-∂p.

{Inbm-]-Z-sa-∂Xv [mXp-°-tfm-Sp-Ir¬{]-Xy-b-ßƒ tNcmsX

‘Xnßp-Iƒ’15 F∂ {]Xy-b-ßƒ tN¿∂v D≠m-Ip-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww.

‘cav’ F∂ [mXp-hn¬ ‘tX’ F∂ XnMv {]Xybw tN¿∂v at[y

AImcw AS-bm-f-am-bn-t®¿∂v catX F∂ XnM-¥-]-Z-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p.

kp]v, XnMv F∂ c≠p hI {]Xy-b-ßƒ tNcmsX bmsXmcp

[mXphpw {]tbm-K-Øn-\m-I-bn-√. ‘\ tI-hem {]IrXnx {]tbm-

‡hym’ ([m-Xp-am{Xw X\nsb {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ tbmKy-a-√)

F∂p ]X-RvPen alm- m-jy-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Xan-gnse ‘CS-


61

s®m-√p’-Iƒ°v Gd-°psd ka-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Ahy-b-ß-sf√mw {]mXn-

]-ZnI GI-h-N\ {]Xy-b-tØmSp IqSn-b-Xm-Ip-∂p.

Xan-gn¬ \∂q-em-Nm-cy¿ samgnsb ]Ip-]Zw ]Im-∏Zw F∂p

c≠p hI-bm-bn´v ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. \new, \o¿, Im‰v apX-emb

At\Iw \ma-]-Z-ßƒ kwkvIr-X-sØ-t∏mse [mXp-°-fn¬ \n∂v

D≠m-Im-ØXpw Ir¬ {]Xy-b-ßƒ tN¿∂v kp_-¥-]-Z-ß-fpsS

{]mXn-]-Zn-I-16am-Im-sXbpw hn`‡n {]Xybßƒ bmsXm∂pw tNcm-

sXbpw {]tbm-K-Øn\v X°-h-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. CS-s®m¬, Dcn-

s®m¬ Ch At\Iw {]Xy-b-ßƒ kn≤n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \new, \o¿

apX-em-bh t]mse-Xs∂ {]tbm-K-tbm-Ky-ambn `hn-°p-∂p.

A⁄mX cq]-Øn-ep≈ \S, hm, hnSp apX-emb {Inbm-]-Z-ßƒ (a-

s‰m-cp-h-t\m-Sp≈ ip{iqj sNøp-tºmƒ) bmsXmcp {]Xybw IqSm-

sXbpw ]Im-∏-Z-ß-fmbn {]tbm-K-Øn\p tbmKy-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ F√m i_vZ-ßfpw [mXp-°-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-bn´pw

{]Xy-b-ßƒ tNcmsX {]tbm-Kn-°-Ø-°h BIm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-

t\bpw Xan-gn¬ [mXp-°-sf∂ G¿∏m-Sn-√m-sXbpw {]Xy-b-ßƒ

bmsXm∂pw tNcm-sXbpw D]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-X-Ip-∂-Xn-t\bpw t\m°p-

tºmƒ c≠p `mj-Iƒ°p-ap≈ hep-Xmb hyXym-ksØ Adn-bm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ [mXp-°-tfmSp D]-k¿K-sa∂17 Hcp PmXn

CS-s®m-√p-Iƒ tN¿∂v AXn¬ \n∂v Blm-c, hnlm-c, kwlmc

CXym-Zn-`n-∂m¿∞-ß-fmb ]e hm°p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. Xan-gn¬

Cßs\ D]-k¿Kw tN¿Øv A¿∞-hy-Xymkw hcp-Øp∂ k{º-Zm-

b-an-√. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ DZm-Øm-Zn-kz-c-ß-fpsS hyXym-ksØ kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p \n]mX (K-Xn) sa∂v Hcp-am-Xncn i_vZ-ßsf Xncn-®n-

cn-°p-∂p. Xan-gn¬ Cuhn-[-kz-c-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√m-ØXp sIm≠v

AXns\ kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-Ip∂ hn`m-K-ß-fp-an-√.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ {]Xy-bw (hn-IpXn hnti-jw), BKaw (Nmcn-

ssb) BtZiw (hn-Imcw As√-¶n¬ ]I-cw) F∂p aq∂n\w G¿s∏-

SpØn Ah-sb-s°m≠p i_vZ-ß-sf√mw km[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-

c-Ww-˛-cmax F∂ cq]-Øn¬ [mXp-hn\v ]c-ambn h∂n-cn-°p∂ ‘A’F∂Xv IrXv {]Xy-bw. ‘cav’ F∂ [mXp-hn-ep≈ AImcw Zo¿Ln®v

‘cm’ F∂m-bXv BtZ-iw: F∂ hnk¿K-cq]w hn`‡n{]Xy-bw. ‘Ac-



62 BZn-`mj

aX’18 F∂ {Inbm ]Z-Øn¬ ‘cav’ [mXp-hn\v apºv Ccn-°p∂ A

BK-aw.

Xan-gn¬ CS-s®m-s√-s∂mcp PmXn-i-_vZ-ß-fmWv {]Xy-b-ß-fm-

bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛‘ -\new’ F∂ \ma-Øn\p ]n≥]v ‘Iƒ’F∂ CS-s®m¬ {]Y-am-_-lp-h-N\ {]Xy-b-ambn \nev°p-∂p. Xan-

gn¬ CS-\n-sse, Nmcnssb F∂p c≠p PmXn i_vZw IqSn-bp-≠v.Ch ]Z-ßsf Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p km[-\-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

kwkvIr -X -Øn¬ Cu c≠n\p ]Icw BK-a -sa∂pam{Xtabp≈p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ {]Xy-b-ßƒ kzX-{¥-amb Hcp

hn`m-K-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xan-gn¬ {]Xy-b-ÿm-\Øp \nev°p∂ hnIp-Xn-Iƒ Cß-s\-sbmcp {]tXy-I-hn- m-K-am-bn-cn-°p-∂n-√. Ah CS-s®m-

s√∂ ]Z-hn- m-K-Øn¬ Hcwiw am{X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXpw {]kvXpX`mj-Iƒ°p≈ hyXym-ksØ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Xan-gns‚

Cu \nbaw bp‡n-°{X CW-ßp-∂n-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ \new F∂\ma-Øn-\p-tijw Iƒ F∂ CS-s®m√p tN¿°p-tºmƒ c≠p hm°p-

Iƒ F∂p ]d-bm-sa-∂-√msX Hcp hms°∂p ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\vCS-an-√. BI-s´, Ah c≠p i_vZ-ßƒ Xs∂, AXp-sIm≠v tZmj-

sa¥v? At∏mƒ imkv{Xw AXns\ Hs∂∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp LSn-°-bn-√. (\-∂q¬. 259, 260 kq{X-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hymJym-\-ßfpw

t\m°p-I). IqSm-sXbpw ‘acw hoWp’ F∂n-SØv ac-sa-∂Xv Fgp-hm-bvs∏m-cp-sfbpw GI-h-N-\m¿∞-sØbpw {]Xy-b-k-∂n-thiw

IqSmsX Xs∂ Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v {]Ya apX-emb hn`-‡y¿∞ßfpw H∂p, ]eXv Cu A¿∞-ßfpw AXmXp \ma-ß-

fn¬ Xs∂ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p. BI-bm¬hyh-lm-tcm-]-tbm-K-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hn`-‡y¿∞-ß-fn¬

H∂ns\ Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hmtcm kqN-\-I-sf∂v am{Xw kzoI-cn-°-Ø-°-sX-∂-X-√msX Ah-sb-°qSn Hcp ]Z-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øp-∂Xv bp‡-am-bn-cn-°-bn-√. ‘ac-ßƒ hoWp’ ac-ßsf ‘apdn-®m¿’ CXymZnIfn-ep≈ ac-ßƒ, ac-ßsf apX-em-bh Hcp hm°mbn

am{Xw tXm∂p-∂-X-√msX ]e-sX∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠vkwkvIr-X-Ønse apd-b-\p-k-cn®v Chn-sSbpw Cu {]Xy-b-ßsf CS-

\n-sse, Nmcnssb apX-em-bh t]mse AS-bm-f-ambn am{Xw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp -Xs∂ sIm≈m-sa-∂n-cns° Xangv hymI-cW I¿Øm-

°-fmb AK-kvXy¿, sXm¬Im-∏n-b¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Ah¿ kwkvIr-Xm-`n⁄∑mcm-bn-cp-∂n´pw AXnse k{º-Zmbw kzoI-cn-°msX


63

apºn-cp∂ Xangv Ce-°-ßsf thdmbpw Ah-bn¬ apJy-ßsf B{i-

bn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v {]bm-k-ta-dp-sa∂pw i¶n®p am‰n-

bn-√m-sb∂v Duln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \ma-]-Z-ß-fn¬ k¿Δ-\m-a-]-Z-ß-sf∂v Hcp

]ncnhv G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p. Np´v, hn\w, ap∂nsse (a-[y-a-]p-cp-

j≥), Xss∑, ]ncn-bnS apX-emb s]mXp-hm-°p-Iƒ Gd-°psd AS-

°nbpw Ccn-°p-∂p. Xan-gn¬ Cu amXncn hn`mKw G¿s∏-Sp-ØmsX,

Xss∑-t]¿, ap∂n-sse-t]¿, F∂n-ßs\ Hmtcm∂pw {]tXyIw ]d-

b-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. Cb¿s®m¬, Xncn-s®m¬, Xnssi-s®m¬, hS-s®m¬

F∂ \mep ]ncn-hp-I-fn¬ hS-s®m¬ F∂ ]ncnhv Xa-gn¬

kwkvIrXw Ie¿∂-Xn¬ ]ns∂ G¿s∏-´-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. kwkvIr-

`mj tZi- m-j-bm-bn- n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]e-Zn-°n¬ \n∂pw hm°p-Iƒ

tNcp-∂-Xn\v CS-an-s√-∂p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v Xnssi-s®m-s√∂ ]Xnhv

kwkvIr-X-Øn-epƒs∏-ń-s√∂v hmZn-°m≥ hntcm-[-an-√. Xncn-s®m-

s√-∂p≈ hn`mKw bp‡nbv°v CW-ßm-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fs¥-

∂m¬ Xncn-s®m√v ]e A¿∞sØ°pdn-°p∂ Hcp hms°∂pw

Hc¿∞sØ°pdn-°p∂ ]e-hm-s°∂pw c≠p-e-£-W-ß-tfmSp IqSn-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]e A¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hm°ns\ Hcp hm°mbn

KWn-°m-sa-¶nepw Htc A¿∞sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]e hm°p-Isf

Fßs\ Hcp hms°∂v hn[n-°pw? C\n sXmScv samgntbm F∂m-

sW-¶n¬ ‘\new hepXv’ henb \new F∂ hn[w Hcp hm°ns‚

A¿Y-Øn¬ as‰mcp hm°ns‚ A¿Yw Ie¿∂n-cnt° B Ccp-samgn,

apsΩmgn XpS-ßnb hm°p-Iƒ sXmS-cvsam-gn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse

Chsb KWn-®p-Iq-Sm-bvI-bm¬ sXmS¿sam-gn-sb-∂Xpw ]mSn-√.

Hc¿∞-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ ]e hm°p-I-sf-∂-Xn\v Hc¿∞sØ ImWn-

°p∂ ]e ]Z-ß-fn¬ H∂mb hm°v F∂p hymJym-\n-®m¬ AXv

Hcp s]mcpƒ Ipdn-°p∂ Hcp hm°m-bn-X-s∂tb Ccn-°p-∂p-≈q.

C{]-Imcw Xs∂, B\, tImgn, iwJv apX-emb ]e A¿∞-ap≈

hmc-W-sa∂ hm°v Hcn-°¬ H‰ A¿∞-sØ-am{Xw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xp-sIm≠v Hc¿∞sØ t_m[n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hm°m-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-

°p-∂p. IqSm-sX, Cu hmc-W-i_vZw B\, Z¥n, Ifndv F∂n-{]-

Imcw Hcp A¿∞sØ Im´p∂ ]e hm°mbpw B\, iwJv, tImgn

CXymZn ]e A¿∞-ap≈ Hcp hm°mbpw Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXns\

GXp hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØmw? Cb¿s®m-√n\v ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fmbn

ImWn® a¨, s]m≥, acw, Ag-Ip, A≥]p apX-em-bh ]e A¿Y-



64 BZn-`mj

ßƒ tZymXn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp sNm¬h-Ip-∏nepw Hc¿∞w Im´p∂ ]e

sNm¬h-Ip-∏nepw tN¿∂n-cn-°-bm¬ Xncn-s®m-√ns‚ e£-W-tØmSpIqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. asÆ-∂Xv H∏-ss\, NpSp-Nm-º¬, qan, ae, ku`m-

Kyw (am-gvNn-a) apX-emb A¿∞-ßsf t_m[n-∏n-°-bm¬ ]e A¿∞-ap≈ H‰ hm°m-Ip-∂p. Rmew, a¨ apX-em-bh GIm¿∞-hm-Nn-

bmb hm°p-I-fn¬ H∂m-bp-an-cn-°p-∂p. s]m≥ apX-em-b-hbpw CXp-t]m-se-X-s∂. sN¥-an-gm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv, Cb¿s®m¬, CX-c-ßƒ Xncn-

s®m-√p-Iƒ, C{]-Imcw e£Ww ]d-bp-∂n-SØv Ah hS-s®m¬ Xni-s®m¬ Ch-bpsS Dƒ∏n-cn-hn¬ AS-ßp-sa-∂-√msX thsdmcp hn`m-

K-am-bn-∏-d-bm≥ Xc-an-√.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ‘[mXhx At\-Im¿∞mx’ -˛-{In-bm-[m-Xp-°ƒ

At\-Im¿∞-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bh F∂p ]d-™p-Im-Wp-∂p. CXp-sIm≠v ]Z-ß-sf√mw \m\m¿∞-hm-Nn-I-fm-bn-Øs∂ ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-

°p-∂p. Xan-gn-ep≈ taev]-d™ hn`m-K-ßƒ kwkvIr-X-\n-b-a-Øn\vhfsc hn]-co-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw bp‡n°p tNcm-Ø-sX-∂pw

kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X-∑m-cmb Xangv imkv{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v \√-Xn-∑ÆwAdn-bm-sa-∂n-cns° B hn`m-KsØ Dt]-£n-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv ]gb

Ce-°W k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ am‰m≥ a\- n-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠t{X.AXpsIm≠p ]gb Ce-°-W-ß-fn¬ Cßs\ Xncn-s®m-s√∂v hn`m-

Kn-®Xv Akw-K-X-sa∂p ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√. AsX-s¥-∂m¬, Xangvthsdmcp `mj-bn¬ \n∂v D≠m-ImsX BZn-Imew apXevt° \ne-

\n-∂p-h-cp∂ Hcp mj-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠v BZyw Hcp hm°n\v Hc¿∞wam{X-am-bn´v hym]-cn-®p-h-cth Ime-∏-g-°-Øn¬ ]e-Im-c-W-ßƒ

aqew Hc¿∞-Øn\v At\Iw hm°p-Ifpw At\-Im¿∞-Øn\v H‰hm°pw Cßs\ ]e-Xp-ap-≠m-Imw. At∏mƒ apºv km[m-cW \S-

∏n-en-cp∂ Cb¿s®m-√n¬ \n∂v Ahsb ]ncn®p ImWn-t°≠Bhiyw t\cn- Xp \nanØw Cu hn`m-K-ß-tf¿s∏´p F∂q-ln-®m¬

AXp bp‡n°p tNcpw.

Xan-gn¬ ]Z-ßƒ Ce-°-W-ap-S-b-Xp, Ce-°-W-t∏m-en, acp-D,

CS-°-d-S-°¬, a¶-ew, Igp-hp-°pdn Cu hn`m-K-ß-fp-≈-Xn¬ CS-°-d-S-°¬, a¶ew Cu c≠p ]ncn-hp-Iƒ euIn-I-`m-jbv°p th≠n

kwkvIr-X-Ønepw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw tijn® hn`m-K-ßƒ°v`mj-bm-Is´ hymI-c-W-am-Is´ ÿm\-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. kwkvIr-

X- m-j-bn¬ hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-Øn-\-\p-Kp-W-amb ]Zta {]tbm-K-Øn\p]cym-]vX-am-hq.


65

F∂m¬ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ]rtjm-Z-cmZn h¿K-Øn¬ hymI-c-

W-hn-[n-°n-W-ßmØ i_vZ-ßsf hn[n-s°m-Ø-Xm-bn-∏-d-™n-cn-

°p∂p.19 Ah hfsc Ipd-t®-bp-≈p. AXp-Ifpw ]mWvUn-Xy-ap-≈-

h¿ {]tbm-Kn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww Xm\pw F∂p \nb-a-ap-≠v.

Xan-gn¬ Ce-°-W-Øn\p tNcmØ ]Z-ßƒ km[m-c-W-bmbn

\S-∏n-en-cn-°p-∂p. KpW-ß-tfbpw {Inb-I-tf-bpw- -Po-h≥, PUw F∂

c≠p PmXn-h-kvXp-°-fpsS KpW-tØbpw {Inb-tb-bpw- -Im-Wn-°p∂

Dcp-s®m-√p-I-sf∂ hn`mKw kwkvIr-X-ap-dsb A\p-k-cn-°msX

Xangp kzoI-cn®v ImWp-∂p. Cu sNm√p-Iƒ {Inb-I-tfbpw KpW-

ß-tfbpw am{X-a-√msX Ah-bv°m-[m-c-amb hkvXp-hn-t\bpw hnti-

j-W-ambn ImWn-°p-∂p. Ch-bn¬ NneXv \ma-ambpw thsd NneXv

t]sc®-hn-\-sb-®-ß-fm-bp-an-cn-°p-∂p. t]cn-b-en¬ KpW-\m-aw, {Inbm-

\maw F∂p \ma-Øns‚ Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Iƒ ]d™p ImWp-∂p. B

\ma-ß-fn¬ KpWw, {Inb Chsb Im´p∂ Dcn-s®m-√p-Isf tN¿°mw-

˛-sN∏v apX-emb Dcn-s®m-√p-I-ƒ {Inbm-]-Z-ß-fnepw hnti-j-W-{]-

Xybw tN¿∂-hsb hnti-j-W-ß-fnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. DZm-l-c-

Ww˛]p-ssc-b-a‚ ]pssc-tbm¿, tI¨ssa-h-b-°¬, No¿Øn-ssa-øn¬

hcv∂-ap-Iw, hN-∏q-cpw-ta-˛-CXp t]mep≈ kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ ]pc-sb∂

Dcn-s®m¬ ta∑-tbbpw No¿Øn-sb-∂Xv D∂-X-Io¿Øn-tbbpw hi-

s∏-∂Xv \nd-sØbpw t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Chbpw CXp-t]m-ep-

≈-hbpw KpW-\m-a-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. (sXm¬ Dcn Cb¬ tN\m-h-c-b¿

Dc-bn¬ ImWvI.) ‘Ccp-]n-d-∏m-f¿ s]mgp-X-dn-¥p-\p-h¬ ta¬ aqhmsd

\hn-f-ºn-\¿ ]pe-hcv CSn-t]mse hb-ºn-\mt\’ CXymZn ÿe-ß-

fn¬ ‘\ph¿’ ‘hnf-ºn-\¿’ ‘Cbm-hn-\m≥’ apX-emb Dcn-s®m-√p-Iƒ

]q¿Æ {Inb-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (\-∂q¬)

‘D‰Xp \m¶ƒ Iqd DW¿¥ssX apg¶p ap∂o¿ Cssc°pw

Nnssd-∏-c-h-Iƒ’ CXymZn kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ Iqd-sb-∂Xp {Inb-bn¬\n-

∂p-h∂ {Inbm-hn-ti-j-Whpw apg-ßpw, Cssc°pw Ch {Inb-bn¬\n-

∂p-≠mb \ma-hn-ti-j-W-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p. ‘\\n hcp-¥nss\ hmgnbw

s\t© ISn-a-e¿’˛C-ß-s\-bp≈ Zn°n¬ \\n, ISn XpS-ßn-bh

apdbv°p {Inb-bn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ hnti-j-W-ßfpw \ma-hn-ti-

j-W-ß-fp-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v Dcn-s®m-√p-I-sf∂ hn`m-K-Øn\p ImcWw ImWp-

∂n-√. ]Zy-ßƒ°p am{Xw tbmPn-®n-cn-°-bm¬ {]tXy-I-hn-`m-K-am-



66 BZn-`mj

bn-∏-d-b-s∏´p F∂m-sW-¶n¬ AXmXp hn`m-K-ß-fn¬tN¿∂ Dcn-s®m-√p-Isf Ch ]Zy-Øn\v am{Xw ]‰n-b-sX∂v Ahn-S-hnsS ]d™phn´m¬ aXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

(hºp t]Np-In-dm≥) hºp ]d-bp-∂p, (Ip-g-°‚p) Ipg-°n-√msX,(I-‰-h¿ Ipdp-In‚m¿) ]Tn-®-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p, \s∑mgn CXymZn L´-ß-fn¬ hºp, Ipg, Iqdp, samgn apX-emb hm°p-Iƒ km[m-c-W-bmbn kw`m-j-W-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ]Zy-ßƒ°p-am{Xw tNcp-∂-sX∂v Fßs\ ]d-bmw. (sXm-gn¬, Dcn-bnb¬kq˛297).

Dcn-s®m¿In-fhn hncn°pw Imsse-˛-C-Xym-Zn. Dcn-s®m¬ F∂i_vZw Dt±-iw, KpWw F∂nh kqNn-∏n-°m≥ \ma-Øn-s‚tbm {Inb-bp-sStbm cq]-Øn¬ ]e A¿∞-ap≈ Hcp ]Z-amtbm Htc A¿∞-ap≈ ]e ]Z-ß-fm-bnt´m hcpw. Ah-bn¬ {]tbmKw Ipd-™-h-bpsS A¿∞w {]tbmKw IqSp-X-ep-≈-h-bn¬ ImWmw. ‘tN\m-h-c-b¿ Dc-bn¬ s]cp-ºm-sºbpw sNøpƒ°p-dn-hmbv hcp-X-en¬ Dcn-s®m-√m-bn‰w ]mcp-ap-f¿-’˛-an-°-hmdpw ]Zy-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-am-ImsXImWp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dcn-s®m-s√∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw Ds≠∂v]d™p ImWp-∂p. ChnsS an°-hmdpw ]Zy-Øn\v D]-bp-‡-sa∂v]d-™-Xp-sIm≠v Dcn-s®m-√p-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sm-sXbpw hcp-sa∂v]d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v. A√m-Ø-h-cp-ap≠v F∂p≈ A¿∞w kn≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahym-]vXn-tZmjw t\cn-Sp-∂p. Ce-°-W-am-Im-Ø-X-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v kzm`n-{]m-b-an-s√∂pw tXm∂p-∂p. Xan-gn¬ kap-{Z-{]mbw A\-¥-kw-Jym-I-ambn ImWp∂ \maw {Inb CS-I-sf∂ a‰paq∂p hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ ]Z-ßƒ Cu F√m kw`m-j-W-ßƒ°p-ap-X-Im-Ø-Xn-\m¬ B amXncn hm°p-Isf Dcn-s®m-√p-I-fmbn ]d-bm-Ø-sX¥v? AXp-sIm≠v kwkvIr-XsØ A\p-I-cn®v A]-cn-jvIr-X-amb Cu Dcn-s®m¬ hn`mKw Xan-gv`m-j-I-fpsS kwkvIr-X-kw-_-‘-`m-hsØ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

IqSm-sX, ‘sNs√-\-∏-Sp-]-s]-btc hnss\-sb‚p Bbn c≠pF≥] Adn-¥n-Nn-t\msc’ (sXm¬. sNm¬ kq˛158). ]Z-ßƒ F∂p]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂h s]b¿\m-aw, hnss\-{Inbm F∂v c≠m-sW∂v A`n-⁄-∑m¿ ]dbpw F∂p {]am-W-∏Sn hm°p-Iƒ t]¿s®m¬, hnss\-

s®m¬ F∂p c≠p-Xcw am{X-ta-bp-≈p-sh∂v hnZzm-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂pF∂p ]d-™n´p ASpØ kq{X-Øn¬ Dcn-s®m√pw B hn`m-K-ßsf

kw_-‘n®p kn≤n-°p-sa∂p hn[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.


67

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ apJy-ambn kp_-¥w, XnM¥w F∂p c≠phn`m-K-ßsf G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-≈p. D]-k¿§w \n]mXw Cu c≠pXcw kzcw XpS-ßnb Nne e£-W-hn-[n-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\p kuI-cy-ambn Ie¿Ø-s∏-´-h-b-t{X.

GXp `mj-bnepw hm°p-I-sf√mw PmXn, KpWw, {Inb ChsbB{i-bn®v D≠m-Ip-∂-h-bmbn ImWp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-hr-£-PmXnac-ßƒ, KpW-PmXn kuμcyw kpμ-c≥, {Inbm-PmXn ]d-b¬, ]d-thm≥ Ch bYm-kwJyw PmXn KpW {Inb-Isf aq∂n-s\bpw apJy-ambpw Aap-Jy-ambn AX-Xp-I-fpsS ÿm\-ß-fmb {Zhy-ß-sfbpwImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXp-t]m-ep-≈h PmXn-Kp-W-{In-b-Iƒ Imc-W-am-bn´p hcp-∂-h-bm-Ip-∂p.

Imew, CSw ({]-Ya ]pcp-jm-Zn), I¿Ømhp XpS-ßnb A¿∞-tØmSp tNcm≥X-°Xpw {][m-\-ambn {Inb-Isf ImWn-°p-∂-Xp-amb hm°p-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-{In-b-I-fm-Ip-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛‘ -cmax ]N-Xn-’˛-cm-a≥ ]Nn-°p-∂p. ChnsS ]Nn-°p∂p F∂ {Inb cma≥ F∂I¿Øm-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ Ipdn-°p-∂XpwBIp∂p F∂¿∞w kn≤n-°p-∂p. Cu hn[-hy-Xym-ksØap≥\n¿Øn ]q¿W-{In-b-Iƒ Hcp {]tXyI hn`m-K-ambn ]ncn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. ta¬ ImWn® aq∂p hI t]cp-Iƒ hnti-jy-am-bn-\n∂vHcp hkvXpsh kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kma¿∞y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw C√m-ØXpw F∂v c≠p-hn-[-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p- -D-Zm-l-c-Ww- -acw \nev°p-∂p,kpμ-c≥ hcp-∂p, ]Tn-°p-∂-h≥ hcp-∂p. CXymZn L´-ß-fn¬ ac-sØbpw a\p-jy-s\bpw A\y-i-_vZm-t]£ IqSmsX hnti-jy-ambnImWn-°p-∂p. shfp-Ø, Idp-Ø, ]Tn® apX-emb hm°p-Iƒ arKwAYhm a\p-jy≥ Cu hkvXp-°sf Nq≠p-∂p. as‰mcp hnti-jysØ shfpØ IpXn-c, IdpØ Imf, ]Tn® a\p-jy≥ Cu hn[wAt]-£n-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ hnti-jy-ambn \n∂vhkvXp-°sf {]Xn-t_m-[n-∏n-°p∂ i‡n-tbm-SpIqSnb ]Z-ßƒBhn-[-{]-`m-hsØ hn´v A\y-hm-°ns\ hnti-jy-ambn At]-£n-®p-sIm≠v hnti-j-W-cq-]-Øn¬ \nev°bpw sNøpw ˛ DZm-l-cWw˛ ac-°-ew, kpμ-c-hr-j- w, ]Tn-°p∂ Cu hm°p-Iƒ Iew, hrj`w,injy≥ F∂o hm°p-Isf B{i-bn-®p-sIm≠v hnti-j-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Xan-gn¬ hnti-j-W-hn-ti-jy-ßsf ]ncn®p Im´p-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ ‘B\’ ‘Bb’ XpS-ßnb ]Z-ßsf AS-bm-f-ß-fmbn tN¿Øn-



68 BZn-`mj

cn-°p-∂p. hnti-jy-am-ImØ tbmKy-X-bp≈ GXp ]Z-tØmSpw

‘B\’ XpS-ßnb GXp hm°pw tN¿Øp hnti-j-W-ß-fm-°mw-˛-A-ßs\ hnti-j-W-ß-fm-Ip-tºmgpw AX-Xp-hm-°p-Iƒ (acw apX-em-

b-h) AX-Xns‚ A¿∞-sØ-°m- p∂ \ma-ß-fm-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°pw.DZm-l-c-Ww- -kp-μ-c-\mb ]pcp-j≥, ac-am-In-b-I-ew, ChnsS ‘BInb’F∂ AS-bmfw kpμ-c≥, a\p-jy≥ Cu c≠p hm°p-I-fpsS c≠vA¿∞-ß-tfbpw Hc¿∞-ambn ImWn-°p-∂p. ac-am-Inb Iew

F∂Xpw Cu hn[w Xs∂. C∏-d™ {]Imcw \ma-hn-ti-j-Ww,{Inbm-hn-ti-jWw Chbpw CS-s®m√p XpS-ßn-b-hbpw hnti-j-W-

am-bn-\n∂v hnti-jy-h-kvXp-thmSp A`n-∂-am-bn-cn-°-bm¬ \ma-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ tNcm≥ X°-h-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IdpØ IpXnc F∂-Xn¬

IdpØ F∂ hnti-jWw IpXnc F∂ s]mcpƒ IdpØ \nd-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-sX∂p Im´p-∂p. \√ {]hrØn F∂n-SØv \√ F∂ \ma-

hn-ti-jWw {]hr-Øn-sb∂ {Inbm-\m-a-Øns‚ A¿∞-amb {]hr-Ønsb \√-sX∂p ImWn-°p-∂p. \√-hÆw {]h¿Øn®p F∂

]q¿W-{In-bm-[m-Xp-hns‚ A¿∞-amb {Inbbpw {Inbm-\m-a-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°-bm¬ \ma-]-Z-sa-∂m-Is´ {Inb-sb∂ hn`m-K-a-\p-k-cn®v {Inb-sb-∂m-Is´ ]d-b-Ø-°-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-A-Sp-Øp-h-

∂m¬, ASp-Øp-sR-cp-ßp-∂p, CS-hn-SmsX sNbvXm¬ Cß-s\-bp-≈n-SØv ASp-Øp, CS-hn-SmsX F∂Xp CS-s®m-√p-Ifpw ‘\\n hcp-

¥nss\’ F∂n-S-Øp≈ \\n-sb∂ Dcn-s®m√pw sNbvI, hcp-¥-X¬F∂ {Inb-Isf hnti-j-W-am-bn-\n∂p Im´p-I-bm¬ {Inb-I-sf∂p

]d-bmw.

AXp-sIm≠v kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X-\mb sXm¬Im-∏n-b¿ \maw,{Inb Cu c≠p hn`mKw am{Xw {][m-\-sa∂v ImWn-°m≥th≠n

BZy-kq-{X-Øn¬ B c≠p Xc-ta-bp≈p F∂p ]d-™v, ASpØkq{X-Øn¬ ]gb Xan-gn-e-°-W-]n-cn-h-\p-k-cn®v CS-s®m¬, Dcn-

s®m¬ Cu c≠p ]ncn-hp-I-sfbpw A{]-[m-\-ambn hn[n-®p-sh∂p]d-™m¬ bp‡n°p tNcpw.

{Inbm-\m-aw, KpW-\m-aw, ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ sXmgn¬t]¿, h≥]p-t]¿, ({In-bm-\m-aw, KpW-\m-aw) F∂ c≠p hn`m-K-ßƒ \ma-ß-fn-

te¿s∏-SmsX Dcn-s®m-√p-I-fn¬ Xs∂ AS-ßn-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. Dcn-s®m¬]n-cn-hn¬ tN¿∂ KpW-Kp-Wn-\m-a-ßƒ am{Xta mj-bv°p-]-

tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°q. ]n¬°m-eØp mjm-hn-kvXr-Xnsb {]m]n®vA\-¥-Kp-W-Kp-Wn-\m-a-ßƒ h¿≤n-®p-h-cm≥ XpS-ß-sh, C∂n∂ ]Z-


69

ßƒ Dcn-s®m-√p-I-sf∂p {]tXyIw {]tXyIw hyhÿ G¿s∏-ń-cn-

°p-∂-Xp-aq-ew, A\-¥-c-Im-e-Øm-hn¿ -hn® KpW-Kp-Wn-\m-a-ßsf Dcn-s®m-√n¬ tN¿°p-∂Xv mj-bpsS A\m-h-iy-hn-kvXm-c-Øn\p tlXp-

hm-I-cp-sX∂p IcpXn {Inbm-\m-aw, KpW-\maw F∂p c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fm°n ]ncn®p X≈p-Ibpw ap≥t] G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb Dcn-s®m¬

hn`m-KsØ t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ a\- n-√msX AtX-]Sn Xs∂ CSp-IbpwsNbvXp F∂q-ln-°mw. A√m-sXbpw sNbvXv, sNøp∂ apX-emb

hn\-b-®-t]-c-®-ßƒ {Inb-bn¬\n∂v D≠m-b-h-am{Xw c≠p ]ncn-hp-I-fmbn ]d-b-s∏-´pw, ‘Nndnb’ ‘\\n’ apX-emb a‰p t]c-®hn-\-b-®-

ßƒ Dcn-s®m¬ hIp-∏n¬Xs∂ tN¿°-s∏´pw Ccn-°-Ww. sNbvXv,sNøp∂ CXymZn hn\-b-®-t]-c-®-ßƒ {Inb-I-fpsS Dƒ∏n-cn-hmbn

tNcp-sa-∂p-I-cpXn {]tXyI hn`m-K-am-bn-∏-d-™n-s√∂pw Duln-°mw.

Cu hn`m-K-ß-sf√mw A[n-Ihpw kwkvIr-X-Øn\p hn]-co-X-

am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p. Xan-gn¬ KpW-Kp-Wn-\m-a-ß-sf∂p \ho-\-ssh-bm-I-c-W-∑m¿ Hcp ]ncnhp tN¿sØ-¶nepw ]gb Xan-gn¬ Cu

t`Zw C√m-sX-Xs∂ Ccp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. Fs¥-∂m¬ Nph-∂-Xm-InbIpXnc F∂pw Nph-∏m-Inb IpXnc F∂pw shfp-Ø-h-\mb a\p-

X≥, shfp-∏m-Inb a\p-X≥ F∂pw t`Z-an-√msX {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p-Im-Wp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-°m-cmb Xangv `mjm-im-kv{X-I¿Øm-°ƒ

CXns\ t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-´m-ØXv ]gb Xan-gve-£y-ßsf A\p-k-cn®p Xs∂ F∂q-ln-°mw.

Xan-gn¬ Ipdn-∏p-sNm¬, shfn-∏-S-s®m¬ F∂ hn`mKw kwkvIr-XsØ A\p-I-cn-°msX Ccn-°p-∂p.

Ipdn-∏p-sNm-√p-Iƒ:˛H-s‚mgn s]mXn-®m¬, hnIm-cw, XIp-Xn,BIp-t]¿, As∑m-gn-sØm-I-s®m¬, hnss\-°p-dn-∏p, apX¬°p-dn-∏p-

sNm¬, ssI°p-dn-∏p-sNm¬ Cßs\ F´p hn[-hpw, C{]-Imcw ]nd-°p-dn-∏p-sNm-√p-Ifpw Ipdn-∏p-sNm-√p-Iƒ Xs∂. Cu Ipdn-∏p-sNm-√p-

I-f-√m-Øh shfn-∏-S-s®m-√p-I-fm-Ip∂p (\-∂q¬ t]cn-b¬. 269t\m°p-I). DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-B-bncw a°ƒ s]mcp-Xm¿. CXn¬ a°-

sf∂ s]mXp-\m-ahpw s]mcp-Xm¿ F∂ {Inbbpw kv{Xoenw-KsØHgn®p ]p√nw-KsØ kv]jvS-am-°p-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ Hs‚m-gn-s]m-Xp-

s®m¬ Ipdn-∏p-I-fm-Ip-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Cu Hs‚m-gn-s]m-Xp-s®m¬ Ipdn∏p shfn-∏-S-

s®m¬ (i-‡w) Bbn {Kln-®p-Im-Wp-∂p. Cu i‡-]-Z-ß-fpsS



70 BZn-`mj

A¿∞sØ kv]jvS-am-°m≥ Nne km[-\-ßƒ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ah GsX-√m-sa-∂m¬:-˛

kwtbmtKm hn{]-tbm-K›

kml-Ncyw hntcm-[nXmA¿∞x {]I-cWw enwKw

i_vZ-kym-\yky k∂n[nxkma¿∞y-au-Nn-Xo-tZix

Imtem hy‡n-kz-cm-Zbxi_vZm¿∞-kym-\h-t—tZ

hnti-j-kvar-Xn-tl-Xhx20

A¿∞w˛kwtbmKw (a-‰¿∞-tØmSp tNcp-h), hn{]-tbmKw (A\y

A¿∞-tØmSp tNcm-bvI), kml-Ncyw (A-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ A¿∞-tØmSp tN¿Øp ]d-b¬), hntcm-[nXm (i-{Xp-Xzw), A¿∞w (kw-

_-‘n® hm°ns‚ hnti-jm¿∞w), {]I-cWw (H-∂n-s\-°p-dn®p{]kvXm-hn®p hcp∂ kμ¿`w), enwKw (ap≥]n≥ hmIy-ßƒ apX-

emb AS-bm-fw), i_vZ-kym-\yky k∂n[nx (A-\y-i-_vZ-Øns‚ASp-∏w), kma¿∞yw (i-‡n), HuNnXyw (B-bncw a°ƒ ]pcp-j-

cmbn hnNm-cn-®-Xv), tZiw (C-Sw), Imew (k-a-bw), hy‡n (]p-√nwKwapX-em-b-h), kzcm-Zn-Iƒ (D-Zm-Øm-Zn-Iƒ) Ch-sb√mw ]e-]e

A¿∞-ß-fp≈ hm°p-I-fpsS A¿∞-sØ-°p-dn®p ktμ-l-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ C∂ A¿∞-sa-∂p≈ \n›-b-Øn\p Imc-W-ß-fmbn hn-

°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww- -k-h-’m-t[-\px- -h-’-tØmSp IqSn ]ip- -C-hnsSt[\p F∂-Xn\p ]nSn-bm-\-sb∂pw ]ip-sh∂pw c≠¿∞-ap-≈-Xp-

sIm≠v D≠m-Im-hp∂ ktμ-lsØ h’-i-_vZ-Øns‚ tNcph ]ipF∂ \njvIr-jvSm¿∞w \evIn C√m-Xm-°p-∂p. 2. Ah-’m-t[-\px-

˛-h-’-tØm-Sp-Iq-SmØ ]ip-˛-C-hnsS h’-Øns‚ C√mbvI ]ip-sh∂ A¿∞sØ \n›-b-am-°p-∂p. 3. cma-e-£vaWu˛cm-a-e-£va-

W-∑m¿-˛-C-hnsS cma≥ F∂ \maw Ft∏mgpw IqSn-\-S-°p∂ e£va-Ws‚ kml-N-cy-Øm¬ Zmi-c-Yn-sb∂ A¿∞sØ shfn-hm-°p-

∂p˛cma-Im¿Ø-ho-cym¿÷p-\u-˛-Im¿Ø-ho-cym¿÷p-\t\mSp i{Xp-X-bm¬ cma-i-_vZ-Øn-\n-hnsS ]c-ip-cm-am¿∞w In´p-∂p. ARvP-

en\m ZZmXn sImSp-°p∂p F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞-hn-ti-j-Øm¬ssIa-e¿Øn∏nSn-°¬ F∂ `mhw In´p-∂p. ARvPenw inckn

Z[mXn, ssk‘hw B\-b- -a-cp∂p tNcp-tºmƒ C¥p-s∏bpw khm-cn-k-a-bØp IpXn-c-sbbpw {]I-cWhyXym-k-Øm¬ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.


71

êw B\b bXx IZ-fym- ¿Δm-h-bhmx ico-c-c-lnXmx. ChnsS

c≠m-asØ hmIy-Øns‚ AS-bm-fw-sIm≠p ê-i_vZw IZ-fn-∏-g-sa∂ A¿∞sØ Xcp-∂p. ‘cmtam PmaZ·yx’˛ CXn¬ Pma-Z·yxF∂ \ma-Øns‚ kmao-]y-Øm¬ cma-i_vZw ]c-ip-cm-a-s\∂A¿∞-sØ-bmWv {Kln-°p-∂-sX∂v In´p-∂p. ‘A`n-cq-]mb I\ymtZbm’ CXn¬ A`n-cq -]-s\∂ hm°v AXn-kp-μ-c≥ F∂A¿ØsØ i‡n-bm¬ ImWn-°p-∂p. ‘Je]px BK-O-Xn’- -C-Xn¬s\¬°fw \∂m-°p∂ ]pcp-j≥ F∂v HuNnXyw A¿∞w Xcp-∂p. ‘kn‘p tZiÿx ssk‘hx tim`\x’ CXn¬ kn‘p -tZ-i-sa-∂Xv ssk‘-h-sa∂ ]Z-Øn\p IpXnc F∂ A¿∞sØ{]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. ‘cm{Xu Nn{X-`m-\p¿`m-Xn’-˛-C-hnsS cm{Xn-ImewNn{X- m\p F∂ hm°n\v A·n F∂ A¿∞w \n¿Æ-bn®p Im´p∂p.‘ant{Xm `mXn-’ ˛ -C-hnsS an{Xx F∂ hm°ns‚ ]p√nw-K-{]-Xybwkqcy≥ F∂ A¿∞sØ Xcp-∂p. ‘an{Xw mXn’ CXnse k]pw-k-I-enw-K-{]-Xybw kvt\ln-X-s\∂ A¿∞sØ Im´p-∂p. ‘ÿqe-]r-jXn’ F∂ ka-kvX-]Zw XpI-s®m¬ _lp-{ho-ln. ÿqe-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p∂ ]p≈n-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-sX∂pw ÿqe-amb ]mfn-sb∂pwkzc-hn-ti-j-Øm¬ ChnsS A¿∞-am-Ip-∂p.

Xan-gn¬ ‘Bbncw a\p-jy¿ s]mcp-Xm¿’ F∂ hmIy-Øn¬Bbncw a\p-jy¿ F∂ hm°v kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑msc s]mXpsh Adn-bn-°p∂ i‡n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-I-bm¬ Cu c≠¿∞w B hm°n\vtN¿∂-Xm-Wv. Cu c≠n¬ s]mcpXp F∂ {Inb km[m-c-W-ambn]pcp-j-∑m¿°p tN¿∂-sX-∂p≈ HuNn-Xy-hn-Nm-c-Øm¬ Bbncw]pcp-j-∑m-sc∂ Hc¿∞sØ am{Xw {Kln-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. CXpkwkvIr-X-ap-dbv°v shfn-∏-S-s®m-√m-Ip∂ Ipdn-∏p-sNm-√m-Ip-∂p. X\n-°n-√mØ A¿∞sØ e£y-ambn Im´p-∂-Xm-Ws√m Ipdn-∏p-s®m-√ns‚ \njvIr-jvS-e-£-Ww. Xan-gp-Im¿ Ipdn-∏p-sNm-s√∂p thsde£-Ww \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw AXp kwkvIr-X-Øn-\-\p-k-c-W-am-bn-cn-°-bn-√.

Xan-gn¬ ac-a-e¿, Xma-c-a-e-sc∂ hm°ns‚ (X-Imcw tem]n-®v)hnIm-c-am-bn-cn-°-sIm≠v hnIm-c-s®m-√m-Ip-∂p. Cu hnIm-c-s®m¬Xma-c-a-e-sc∂ s]mcpsf kqN-\-sIm≠v Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnIm-c-°p-dn-∏p-s®m-√m-Ip-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ CXp Ipdn-∏p-sNm¬ (e-£-Iw) BI-bn-√.Fs¥-∂m¬ ac F∂ hm°pw Xmac F∂ hm°ns‚ GI-tZ-i-am-



72 BZn-`mj

I-bm¬ AXn\p Xma-c-∏q-sh∂ A¿∞w kn≤n-°p-I-bn-√. CXp e£-

Ww-sIm≠v t\m°p-tºmƒ A]-i-_vZ-sa-∂-√msX Hcp ]Z-am-I-bn√.hy‡-ambn Hcp A¿∞sØ ImWn-°p∂ hm°v B A¿∞-Øns‚

kw_-‘w-aqew thsdmcp A¿∞sØ e£y-ambn Adn-bn-®m¬AXt{X e£-Iw. ChnsS ac F∂ A£-c-ßƒ ae-sc∂ hm°ns‚

kmao-]y-Øm¬ ‘acm-¥-amb Xmac’ F∂ hm°ns\ e£y-am°nAXn¬ \n∂p Xma-c-∏q-sh∂ A¿∞sØ Adn-bn-°p-∂p. BI-bm¬

ac F∂Xv Xmac F∂ hm°ns\ Adn-bn-°p∂ km[-\-sa-∂-√msXA¿∞sØ {]Xn-t_m-[n-∏n-°-Ø° i‡ntbmSpIq-Sn-b-X-√- -km-[-

\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWp Ipdn-∏p-sNm-s√∂v ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬kwkvIr-X-Øn\v tNcp-I-bn-√. X´m-∑m¿ s]m∂ns\ ]dn F∂p hnfn-

°p-∂Xp ]Ip-Xn-Ip-dn-∏p-sNm-√mbn DZm-l-cn®p ImWp-∂p. ]dn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kz`mhw Ccn-°-sIm≠v \¬Inb ]dn F∂ \maw ]£n,

arKw apX-emb (Im-c-W-°p-dn-a-c-]v) tbmK-cqVw t]men-cn-°p-∂p.F∂-√msX kwkvIr-X-bp-‡n-{]-Imcw Ipdn-∏p-s®m√m (e-£-I-am)bn

tXm∂p∂n√. ]£n apX-emb hm°p-Iƒ F√m-h¿°pw Hcp-t]mseAdn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu hm°p X´m-∑m-cpsS h¿K-Øn\pam{Xta Adn-™p-Iq-Sp. CXt{X hyXym-kw.

BIp-t]cv F∂Xv bp‡n°p e£-I-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p˛D-

Zm-l-c-Ww-˛-Imdv F∂ Idp∏p \nd-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ hm°v IdpØtaLsØ e£y-ambn Adn-bn-°p-tºm-gpw, B ]cp-h-Øn¬ hnf-bn-

°p∂ [m\y-ßsf Adn-bn-°p-tºmgpw BIp-t]¿-˛-e-£-Iw-˛-Xs∂Bbn-cn-°p-∂p. X\n-°n-W-ßnb A¿∞-sØ-b-√msX thsd

A¿∞sØ GsX-¶nepw kw_‘w aqew e£y-am-°n-°m-´p∂kz`m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb B Ipdn-∏p-s®m-√p-IƒXs∂ B e£y-ambn

Adn-bn-°p∂ {]IrXn ]≠p-]t≠ D≈-sX∂ hnti-j-Øm¬ BIp-t]-sc∂ Dƒ∏n-cn-hmbn Xncn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ B BIp-t]¿ As√-¶n¬ e£Iw shfn-∏-S-s®m-√pI (tbm-K-cq-Vn-I)Ifmbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-

Ww- -]m-Zx, ]Zy-tX, At\-t\Xn ]mZx Kan-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ]mZw--Im¬ F∂¿∞w˛Im-se∂ Ah-b-h-\maw B Ah-b-hsØt∏mse,

\men¬ Hs∂∂ A¿∞-tØbpw AXns‚ KpW-ß-tfbpw ‘]mZ-k-Zrix ]mZx’ ]mZ-Øn\p (A-f-hm¬) Xpey-am-bXp ]mZw F∂pw ‘]mZm-

[mcx ]cn-amWw ]mZw’ ]mZ-sa∂ Ah-b-amb B[m-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Afhp ]mZw- -F∂ ImcWw sIm≠v A¿∞-ta¿s∏- n-cn-°-bm¬


73

‘Imc-W-°p-dn-a-c]v’ (tbm-K-cq-Vw) F∂m-Ip-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-

Øn¬s∏´ hm°p-Iƒ an°-hmdpw X≤n-X-{]-Xybw tN¿Øv AXns\tem]n-∏n®v shfn-∏-Ss®m-√p-I-fmbn ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-

˛-am-hns‚ \ma-amb NqX-sa∂ hm°v AXns‚ Ah-b-h-amb ]qhv,Imbv Chsb Adn-bn-°p-tºmƒ ‘ab’ F∂ X≤n-X-{]-Xybw tem]n®v

ho≠pw NqX-sa∂p Xs∂-bmbn ]qshbpw ]g-sØbpw Adn-bn-°p∂p.

\oe-\n-dsØ Adn-bn-°p∂ \oe-i_vZw IdpØ hkvXpshAdn-bn-°p-tºmƒ aXp-∏ns‚ aIm-c-Øn\p hIm-cm-tZiw h∂mWv

\oe-hXv F∂m-Ip-∂-Xv. ‘aXp]v’ {]Xybw h∂v \oe-hXv F∂mbn{]Xybw tem]n®v \oe-\n-d-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb A¿∞sØ t_m[n-∏n-

°p-∂p.21

Xan-gn¬ CXp-t]m-ep-≈-h-sb√mw BIp-t]¿I-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-Im-em¬\-S-∂m¬ F∂n-S-Øp≈ Im¬ F∂ FÆ-f-hp-t]¿ A{X-bv°-f-hp≈ Ah-b-hsØ Adn-bn-°p-I-bm¬ BIp-

t]-cmbn Xan-gn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ]mZx F∂ ]mZw, `mKw F∂ Af-hns\

ImWn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂mepw shfn-∏S (i-‡w) F∂ C\-Øn¬Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. km[m-cW hyh-lm-c-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-ambn

A¿∞sØ hy‡-ambn Adn-bn-°p-∂-h-sb√mw shfn-∏-S-s®m-√p-I-sf∂p kwkvIrXw hn[n-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ipdn-∏p-s®m-√p-I-fn¬

B°p-t]-sc∂v Hcp hn`mKw kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ C√. B[m-cw,kmZriyw XpS-ßnb ]e kw_-‘-ß-fm¬ ]mc-º-cy-ambn \S-∂p-

h-cp-∂psh∂p-≈-XmWv Imc-W-°p-dn-a-c-s]∂ i_vZ-hn-`m-K-Øn\ptlXp. Cu BIp-t]¿sNm-√n\pw AXp-Xs∂ Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v Ah as‰mcp hn`m-K-sa∂v FÆ-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

Xan-gn¬ Imc-W-°p-dn-a-c-]n\v DZm-l-c-W-ambn ]d-b-s∏-´-hn-e-

s¶-\-i_vZw hne-¶p-X≥-˛-hn-e-I≥-˛(-\o-ß≥) F∂ {Inbsb Adn-bn®v AXn-\m-[m-c-am-bn-cn-°p∂ arKw F∂ s]mcp-fns\ Im´p-∂p.

‘\oew NqSn-\m≥’ ChnsS \oe-\n-d-Øn-\m-[m-c-amb Iqh-f-a-esc Adn-bn-°p-∂p. Cu c≠pw BIp-t]¿ sNm√p-Iƒ Xs∂. \oß¬ {Inb,

\oew KpWw Cu ct≠ hyXym-k-ap-≈q. F√m hm°p-Ifpw Imc-W-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-Øs∂ D≠m-Ip-∂p. Ah-bn¬ ⁄mX-Im-c-W-ambh

Imc-W-°p-dn-I-fm-Ipw. A⁄m-X-Im-c-W-ßƒ am{Xw CS-°p-dn(-cq-Vn)-



74 BZn-`mj

I-fm-Ipw. Imc-W-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v cqVn-I-fm-b-X-√. BIp-t]-cp-

Iƒ°pw Cu e£Ww Xs∂ tNcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahsb Imc-W-°pdn (tbm-K-cq-Vn) ac-s]∂p hyh-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-XmWv kwkvIr-X-

ap-dbv°p tNcp-∂-sX-∂n-cns° Aßs\ ]d-bm-ØXp ]gb Xangpe£-WsØ B{i-bn-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. s]ms‰mSn F∂p A\p-samgn

XpI-s®m√v s]m≥hf F∂ t\cmb A¿∞sØ IqSmsX B hf-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb kv{Xosb e£y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ipdn-∏p-s®m-√m-Ip-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ XpI-s®m¬ (k-a-kvX-]-Z-ßƒ) F√mw hymI-c-W-{]-I-cWw C∂ hn[-Øn¬ hcp-sa∂v hyhÿ sNbvXn-cn-°-

bm¬ shfn-∏-S-s®m-√p-Iƒ i‡-ß-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.AXp-sIm≠v A\p-sam-gn-Øp-Ibpw (_-lp-{ho-ln-k-a-kvX-]-Z-hpw)

shfn-∏-S-s®m-√p-Iƒ Xs∂. Ch-\n-t∏mƒ s]m∂≥ F∂n-SØpCt∏mƒ F∂ Imew tNcp-∂-Xn\p X°-Xmb s]m∂≥ F∂ hm°p

s]m∂≥ F∂ A¿∞sØ am{X-a-√msX Bbn-cn-°p-∂-h≥ F∂{Inbm¿∞-sØbpw Ipdn®p Im´p-I-bm¬ hnss\-°p-dn∏v ({In-bm-e-

£yw) F∂ Ipdn-∏p-sNm-√m-Ip-∂p.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Ch-\n-t∏mƒ s]m∂≥ CXymZn L´-ß-fn¬

Bbn-cn-°p-∂-h≥ F∂ i_vZw tXm∂p∂p F∂pw B hm°n\v(A-[ym-lr-X-]-Zw) \nanØw B {Inbm¿∞w kn≤n-°p∂p F∂pw

AXp-sIm≠v s]m∂≥ F∂ hm°v shfn-∏-S-s®m-s√∂pw kzoIm-cy-a-t{X. apX¬°p-dn-∏p, XpI-°p-dn∏p XpS-ßn-bh kwkvIr-X-e-£-I-

tØmSv HØn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ah ChnsS FSp-Øp-Im-t´≠Bh-iy-an-√. hyXy-kvX-am-bh am{Xta ChnsS \ncq-]-W-Øn\p hnj-

b-am-°o-´p-≈p.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. LS-Øn¬ LSXzw ]S-Øn¬ ]SXzw hr£-Øn¬ hr£Xzw F∂n-h-bt{X

PmXn AYhm kmam-\yw.

2. ]NXn F∂p {Inb-bmbpw {Inbm-\m-a-ambpw {]tbm-Kn-°pw. ]NXn `hXn =]mIw D≠m-Ip-∂p.

3. CXp ss\bm-bn-I-∑m-cn¬ {]mNo-\-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw

4. CXp ss\bm-bn-I-∑m-cn¬ \ho-\-∑m-cpsS aXw..

5. hniz-\m-Y-]-©m-\-\≥, Imcn-Im-h-en-˛-Im-cnI 81

ap‡m-hen hmIyw 79

6. Sn. hmIyw 80


75

7. Sn. hmIyw 77

8. Sn. hmIyw 90

9. DZv`nZv F∂v Hcp bmK-Øn\v t]cp-≠v.

10. [¿Ω-cm-Pm-[z-co-{μs‚ thZm-¥-]-cn- m-j-bn¬ ]d-™n- p≈ AtX Imcyw Xs∂.]t£ kzman-Iƒ hmIyw AtX-]Sn D≤-cn-°p-I-b-√. Imcyw kwkvIr-X-Øn¬]d-bp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

11. Sn.

12. Sn.

13. Omtμm-tKym-]y-\n-jØv Bdm-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ 7 apX¬ 16 hsc-bp≈ JWvU-ß-fpsS HSp-hn-embn H≥]Xp XhW Cu hmIyw {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

14. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Ggp-hn-`-‡n-Iƒ Hmtcm-hn-`-‡n-bnepw GI-h-N-\w, Zznh-N-\w, _lp-h-N\w F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p hN-\-ßƒ. Aßs\ Ccp-]-sØm∂pcq]-ßƒ. Cu Ccp-]-sØm-∂n\pw Hmtcm {]Xy-bw. Ah-bt{X kp]v ChnsS{]Ya GI hN-\-Øns‚ kp F∂ {]Xy-bhpw k]vXan _lp-h-N-\-Øns‚kp]v F∂-Xnse ]Im-chpw tN¿ØmWv kp]v F∂ {]Xym-lmcw D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu {]Xy-b-ßsf hn[n-°p∂ kq{Xhpw {]Xy-b-ßfpw CtX]pkvX-I-Øn¬ hn`-‡n-\n-cq-]-W-{]-I-c-W-Øn¬ D≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

15. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ [mXp-°ƒ ]c-kvssa-]-Zw, Afl-t\-]Zw F∂p-c-≠p-hn-[w.Hmtcm-∂nepw {]Y-a-]p-cp-j≥, a≤y-a-]p-cp-j≥, DØ-a-]p-cp-j≥ F∂o aq∂p]pcp-j-∑m-tcbpw Ah Hmtcm-∂nepw aq∂p hN-\-ß-tfbpw B{i-bn®v 18 {Inbm-cq-]-ßƒ. ]Xn-s\- n\pw Hmtcm {]Xy-bw. Ah-bt{X XnMv. {]Xy-b-ßƒ CtX]pkvX-I-Øns‚ [mXp {]I-c-W-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. ]c-kvssa-]Zw {]Y-ssa-I-h-N-\-Øns‚ ‘Xn’bpw Bfl-t\-]Zw DØ-a-]p-cp-j-_-lp-h-N-\-Øns‚aln-ßnse ‘Mv’ F∂Xpw tN¿Øp-≠m-°nb {]Xym-lm-c-amWv XnMv.

16. {Inbm-cq-]-ß-fpsS aqe-Øn\p [mXp F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse \ma-cq-]-ß-fpsS aqe-Øn\p {]mXn-]-ZnIw F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. ]mWn-\o-b-kq-{Xhpw A¿∞hpwCtX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ hn`-‡n-{]-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≠v.

17. {], ]c, A], kav, A\p, Ah, \nkv, \ncv, Zpkv, Zpcv, hn, BMv, \n A[n,A]n, AXn, kp, DXv, A`n, {]Xn, ]cn, D] F∂n-h-bt{X D]-k¿K-ßƒ.

18. can®p F∂¿∞w.

19. hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-ßƒ°p hg-ßmØ ka-kvX-]-Z-ßsf tN¿Øp ]rtjm-Z-cmZnKWw ]mWn\n ]d-™n-´p-≠v. ]mWn-\o-b-kq{Xw 9˛3-˛109 ]d-bp-∂Xv AhA{]-Imcw Xs∂ km[p-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠m¬ aXn F∂m-Wv.

20. `¿Ør-l-cn, hmIy-]-Zo-bw, 2˛3˛15, 3˛16.

21. AtXm-Sp-Iq--Sn-bXv F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ hXp-]v, aXp]v F∂ c≠p {]Xy-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.



76 BZn-`mj

5

enwK-\n-cq-]Ww

C\n enwKhy-h-ÿsb kw_-‘n-®p-IqSn Ipd-s™m∂p \ncq-

]n-°mw. CXn\p Xan-gn¬ ]m¬ ({]-I-c-Ww) F∂p ]d-bpw. ‘enwKytX

⁄mbtX At\\ CXn enwKw’1 CXn¬\n∂v B¨, s]¨ Cu

c≠p-a-√m-ØXv F∂ cq]w Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv enwKw F∂p In´p-∂t√m.

kv{Xo]p-cpj \]p-k-I-ßsf Im´p∂ AS-bm-f-ßƒ enwK-ß-sf∂p

kmcw. ]p√nw-Kw, kv{Xoenw-Kw, \]pw-k-I-enwKw F∂p enwK-ßƒ

aq∂p hn[w. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ XnM-¥-ßƒ, Ahy-b-ßƒ Ch-sbm-

gn®v F√m ]Z-ßfpw enwK-tØmSp IqSn-bh Xs∂. ]pcp-js\ Adn-

bn-°p∂ hm°v ]p√nwKw kv{Xosb Adn-bn-°p∂ hm°v kv{Xoenw-

Kw, AtN-X-\-ßsf Adn-bn-°p∂ hm°v \]pw-k-I-enw-Kw- -km-[m-cW

CXmWv {]IrXn \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hyh-ÿ. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬

Cu hyhÿ \nb-X-a-√. DZm-l-c-Ww- -cm-ax, koXm, êw. Xncy-KvP-

¥p-°-fmb arKm-Zn-Ifpw Cu enwK-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bh Xs∂. DZm-l-c-

Ww- -l-cn-Wx(-]p), lcn-Wo(-kv{Xo); Ip°p-Sx(-]p), Ip°p-So(-kv{Xo).

hr£-hm-N-I-ßƒ ]p√nw-K-ßƒ, eXm-hm-N-I-ßƒ kv{Xoenw-K-ßƒ.

DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-NqXx (am-hv)-˛-a-cw, ameXo(-]n-®-Iw)-˛-e-X.

Cu ]ncnhv ac-ß-fn¬ _ew, cq]-h-en-∏w, XpS-ßnb ]pcp-j-Kp-

W-ß-fn-cn-°-sIm≠pw h√n-I-fn¬ (A-_-em-Xzw)2, ac-ß-tfmSp

tN¿∂n-cn° apX-emb kv{XoKp-W-ß-fn-cn-°-bmepw B KpW-ß-f-

\p-k-cn®v cq]-I-Øm¬ h∂p-tN¿∂-sX-∂q-ln-°mw. Ch IqSmsX

PU-XzsØ e£o-I-cn-°p∂ At\Iw ]Z-ßƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬

Dƒs∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. AsX-ßs\ LSn-°p-sa∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\p

Ign-bm-Ø-\n-e-bn¬ Ah ]pcp-jkv{Xo `mh-ß-f-S-™p-t]m-bn-cn-

°p∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww- -L-Sx, ku[x, XSo, A¥nIm (A-Sp-∏v), lk¥o.

Cu PU-h-kvXp-°sf Adn-bn-°p∂ ]Z-ß-fn¬ NneXv Hcp enwK-

tØbpw a‰p NneXv c≠p enwK-ß-tfbpw thsd NneXp aq∂p enwK-


77

ß-tfbpw {Kln-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww- -tiz-X- -L-Sx- -L-

So, ku[x-˛-ku-[w, XSx, XSo, XSw, PU hkvXp-°ƒ kv{Xo]pw-`m-

h-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn Ccn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Ah B c≠p-a-√mØ \]pw-

k-I-enw-K-Øn¬ tNc-Ø-°-h-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂n´pw Cßs\

ImWp-∂Xv cq]-I-Øm-em-bn-cn-°-Ww. GXp-am-Xncn cq]-I-Øm-se-

∂p-≈Xv Ime-∏-g-°-Øn¬ Ie-ßn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Imc-W-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n´pw ]Z-ß-fn¬ NneXv CS-Ip-dn-Iƒ (cq-Vn) Bbn-t∏m-b-Xp-

t]mse Chbpw F∂p h®p-sIm-≈mw. ImcWw Adn-bm-bvI-sIm≠v

]Z-ßƒ kzm`m-hn-I-am-bp-≠m-b-sX∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v hnZzm-∑m¿ Hcp-

ßp-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠v, tNX-\-a-√mØ hkvXp-°sf ImWn-°p∂

]Z-ßƒ°p enwK-ßƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ßƒ F∂p iTn-°m≥ Ah≥

Xp\n-bp-I-bn-√. Ihn-Iƒ t«jvaw apX-emb Ae-¶m-c-ßsf IrXn-I-

fn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn PU-h-kvXp-

°ƒ°p enwK-hy-hÿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂v Duln-°mw. DZm-l-c-Ww-

˛-‘A-b-ssa-{μo-apJw ]iy c‡›pw_Xn N{μamx’ (Ip-h-e-bm-\μw

kam-tkm-‡y-ew-Imcw). CXn\v CXm N{μ≥ Nph-∏p-\n-d-tØm-Sp-

IqSn ]q¿Δ-Zn-MvapJw Npw_n-°p-∂p F∂¿∞w sImSp-°p-tºmƒ

Hcp \mb-I≥ A\p-cm-K-tØm-Sp-IqSn \mbn-I-bpsS apJsØ Npw_n-

°p-∂p F∂p as‰mcp A¿∞hpw e£y-am-°p-∂p. CXp Ihn-bpsS

Bi-b-am-I-bm¬ Ing-s° -Zn-s°∂ A¿∞sØ kv^pcn-∏n-°p∂

sF{μo F∂ i_vZw kv{Xoenw-K-ambpw N{μam F∂ i_vZw ]p√nw-

K-ambpw Ccn-°p-∂Xv ChnsS Ihn-lr-Z-b-Øn\p klm-b-am-bn-cn-°p-

∂p. sF{μo- -In-g-°p-Zn°v kv{Xoenw-K-am-I-bm¬ Hcp \mbn-I-sb∂pw

apJw˛ZnKv mhw hZ-\-sa∂pw N{μamx=N{μ≥ ]p√nw-K-am-I-bm¬ \mb-

I-s\∂pw c‡x- -Np-h-∏p-\n-d-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h≥-, -A-\p-cm-K-kw-bp-‡-

s\∂pw; Npw_-Xn-˛-D-Ω-h-bv°p-∂p, {]th-in-°p∂p F∂pw, Abw-˛-

C-h≥, CXv F∂pw c≠p-hn[w A¿∞w AS-ßp∂ k{º-Zm-bw.

kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep≈ enwK-hy-h-ÿ-tI-Sn\v Ihn-I-fmWv {][m-

\-`q-X-∑m-sc∂v B `mj-bn¬ ]mWvUnXyw kn≤n-®-h¿°-dn-bm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. hymI-c-W-a-lm-`m-jy-I¿Øm-hmb ]X-RvP-en-a-l¿jn

temI-Øn-ep≈ kI-e-h-kvXp-°fpw aq∂p enwK-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-

Xs∂ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. F√m hkvXp-°ƒ°pw Bhn¿`m-hw, Xntcm-

`m-hw, ÿnXn F∂p aq∂p kz`m-h-ßƒ D≈-h-bm-Wv. Bhn¿`mhw

]pcp-j-Kp-Ww, Xntcm-`mhw kv{XobpsS KpWw, ÿnXn \]pw-k-I-

Kp-Ww. kXz-cPkvX-tam-Kp-W-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿm-t`-Z-ß-fmb Cu

enwK-\n-cq-]Ww


78 BZn-`mj

aq∂p {]Ir-Xn-Iƒ F√m hkvXp-°-fnepw Ccn-°-bm¬ Ah-sb√mwaq∂p enwK-ßƒ°pw A[n-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Cßs\ At±lw Xs‚]q¿Δ-{]-Xn-⁄sb ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. temIØv GtXXp hm°p-IƒGtXXp enwK-ß-fmbn G¿s∏-ń-cn-°pt∂m AXXp hm°p-IƒAXXp enwK-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂pw mjy-Im-c≥ hn[n-°p-∂p. hymI-c-W-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb ]mWn-\n-a-l¿jn C∂ i_vZw C∂enwK-am-sW∂p, temI-hy-h-lm-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°n-s°m-≈-W-sa∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CX-c- m-j-I-fn-se-t∏m-se-b-√msXCXn¬ enwK-ßƒ thsd {]Im-c-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥m-sW∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ taev]-d-™-{]-Imcw Ihn-I-fpsS kuI-cy-ßfpw AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ at‰-sX-¶n-epw, AYhm c≠pw Imc-W-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂q-ln-°mw. h‡m-hns‚ C—-t]mse enwK-hy-hÿsNbvXp-sh-∂m-sW-¶n¬ a\p-jy¿ Xncy-°p-ƒ Cu c≠nepw ]p√nw-KsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]Z-ß-sf√mw˛an-{Xw-t]mse Ht∂m ct≠mhm°p-I-sfm-gnsI -]p-√nw-K-ß-fmbpw kv{Xosb∂v ImWn-°p∂ ]Z-ß-sf-√mw- -Zm-cmx, If-{Xw, t£{Xw Cßs\ ct≠m aqt∂m hm°p-I-sfm-gn®v kv{Xo enwK-\m-aßfmbpw \nb-ta\ Ccn-°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?]mWn-\n-kq{Xw A[ymbw 4 ]mZw 1 kq 3 kv{Xobmw F∂ kq{X-Øns‚ alm- m-jy-tØbpw i_vtZμp tiJ-c-sØbpw t\m°p-I.‘kvX\-tI-i-hXo kv{Xo kymXv, temaix ]pcpjx kvarXx, D -tbm-c-¥-cw- -b® XZ- mth \]pw-kIw’ kvX\tIi-ß-fp-≈-hƒ kv{Xo, ape,tIiw apX-emb apJy-amb F√m AS-bm-f-ßfpw F∂¿∞w. aoi-bp-≈-h≥ ]pcp-j≥, B¨, s]¨ Cu c≠pw kam-\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp\]pw-k-Iw- -F∂ `mjy-]-Zy-tØbpw AXns‚ hnh-c-W-amb ssIb-S-tØbpw i_vtZ-μp-ti-J-c-tØbpw t\m°p-I.3 BZyw BWv, s]Æv,AX-√m-ØXv Cu ]ncn-hn-\-\p-k-cn®v {Xnenw-K-i-_vZ-ßfpw G¿s∏-´p, ]n∂oSv Ime-{I-taW Ihn-Ifpw a‰p-≈-hcpw ]e-Im-c-W-ßƒsIm≠v PU-XzsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ i_vZ-ßƒ°pw CX-c-enw-K-ß-fm-tcm-]n-®p-h∂p F∂√msX, kXz-c-P-kvX-a- p-I-fpsS Ah-ÿm-t`Zw \nanØw F√m hm°p-Ifpw GXp enwK-Øn\pw CW-ßn-b-sX∂p IcpXn temIw \nbaw t\m°msX enwK-\n¿Æbw sNbvX-X-s√∂pw enwK-\n-baw ImWm-Ø-sX-s¥∂p tNmZn-°p-∂-h¿°v HmtcmDØcw sImSp-sØm-gn-°m≥ th≠n ]X-RvPen Aßs\ ]d-™p-sh∂pw kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

Xan-gn¬ \ma-]-Z-ßƒ Db¿Xn-W-s®m-√p-Iƒ, A dnW-s®m-√p-

Iƒ F∂p c≠p hI. tZh-∑m¿, a\p-jy¿, \c-I¿ Ch¿ BZy-hn-`m-


79

K-Øn-epƒs∏-Spw (\-∂q¬sNm¬ 261). ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Ifpw AtN-X-\-ßfpw c≠mw ]ncn-hn¬. BZy-h-Ip-∏n¬s∏´ ]Z-ßƒ, ]p√nw-Kw,kv{Xoenw-Kw, kmam-\y-enwKw F∂p aq∂v. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-Nm-Ø≥,NmØn, NmØ¿, NmØn-Iƒ. A dnW-s®m-√p-Iƒ Hs‚≥]m¬,]ehn≥]m¬ F∂p c≠p-h-I. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-a-ssc, assc-Iƒ, acw,ac-ßƒ {]Xy-b-ßfpw ChnsS tN¿°-Ww.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ B (Sm-]v, Um]v, Nm]v) Cu (Mo-]v, Mojv,Mo≥), Xn CXymZn kv{Xoenw-K-{]-Xy-b-ßƒ, DZm-l-c-Ww- -c-am, _lp-cm-Pm, Imco-j-K‘ym (D-W-ßnb NmW-I-Øns‚ K‘-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-hs‚ ]p{Xn) cm⁄n-˛-Mo-]v, Kucn-˛-Mo-jv, im¿MvK-c-ho-˛-Mo≥,bph-Xo-˛-Xn-{]-Xy-bw, aXnx, KXnx-˛-‡n≥ {]Xybw ]p√nw-K-\-]pw-k-I-enw-K-ßƒ°p kv{Xoenw-K-Øn-s\-∂-t]mse {]tXyIw {]Xy-b-ß-fn-√. hn`-‡n-{]-Xy-b-ßƒ°p Nne hyXym-k-ßƒ h∂v Ah Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-hr£x (G-I-h-N-\w), hr£u (Zzn-h-N-\w),hr£mx (_-lp-h-N-\w), êw (G-I-h-N-\w), ^te (Zzn-h-N-\w),êm\n (_-lp-h-N-\w).

ChnsS ‘x’ F∂ hnk¿§w kv{Xoenw-K-\-]pw-k-I-ß-fn¬ C√m-Ø-Xm-bn´pw (Aw) apX-emb \]pw-k-I-enw-K-Øn-\p≈ \]pw-kI{]Xy-b-ßƒ kv{XoenwK ]p√nw-K-ß-fnen-√m-Ø-Xm-bp-an-cn-°p-∂p.At\I i_vZ-ßƒ C∂ enwK-sa∂p {]Xyb hyXym-k-ßƒ sIm≠vAdn-bp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-√msX Ccn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛‘ -im-kv{X-IrXv’CXv imkv{X-\n¿Ωm-Xm-hmb ]pcp-j-s\bpw kv{Xosbbpw ImWn-°-Ø-°-Xv. cq]-Øn\pw hn`-‡n-{]-Xy-b-ßƒ°pw hyXym-k-an-√.Cuhn[ i_vZ-ß-sf√mw ASp-Øp≈ i_vZ-ß-fpsS enwK-hn-`‡nIfmepw {]I-c-W(-A¿Y-\n¿Æ-b)-Ømepw C∂ enwK-tØm-Sp-IqSnbh-sb∂v Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]mWn-\n-a-l¿jn-bpsS enwKm-\p-im-k-\-Øn¬ C∂n∂ {]Xy-b-ß-fp-≈h C∂n∂ enwK-ß-sf∂kmam-\y-hn-[nbpwC∂n∂ i_vZ-ßƒ C∂n∂ enwK-ap-≈-h-sb∂hnti-j-hn-[nbpw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. hnti-j-W-]-Z-ßƒ hnti-jy-

Øns‚ kam-\-enw-K-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ AXv enwK-sa-∂¿∞w

2. _ew-Ip-d-™-h-fm-bn-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ.3. ]mWn-\o-b-kq-{X-Ønepw mjy-Ønepw ssIb-Ss‚ {]Zo-]-Ønepw i_vtZ-μp-

ti-J-c-Ønepw F√mw enwK-t`-Z-Øn\p \nb-a-ap-s≠∂p ÿm]n-°p-I-bmWpsNøp-∂-Xv.

enwK-\n-cq-]Ww


80 BZn-`mj

6

hN-\-\n-cq-]Ww

C\n hN-\-sØ-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ GI-

h-N-\w, Zznh-N-\w, _lp-h-N\w F∂p aq∂v hN-\-ß-fp-≠v. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-cm-ax, cmau, cmamx. Hc¿∞sØ ImWn-°p-∂Xv GI-h-N-\w,

c≠n-s\-°p-dn-°p-∂Xv Zznh-N-\w, aq∂p apX¬ taevt∏m-´p≈ F√mkwJy-I-sfbpw Ipdn-°p-∂Xv _lp-h-N-\w. Xan-gn¬ A≥, B≥,

a≥, am≥ apX-em-bh ]p√nw-K-{]-Xy-b-ßfpw Aƒ, Bƒ, C apX-em-bh kv{Xoenw-K-{]-Xy-b-ßfpw A¿, am¿Iƒ apX-em-bh kmam-\y-

enw-K-{]-Xy-b-ßfpw Xp, A¬ apX-em-bh GI-enw-K-{]-Xy-b-ß-fpw,Iƒ, ssh apX-em-bh At\-I-enw-K-{]-Xy-b-ßfpw BIp-∂p. apd-{]-

Imcw DZm-l-cWw t\m°p-I.

Ipssg-b≥, Ipssg-bm≥, hS-a≥, tImam≥,

Ipssg-bƒ, Ipssg-bmƒ, s]m¥nIpssg-b¿, Ipssg-bm¿, tXhn-am¿, tXhn-Iƒ

AXp, tXm‚¬, AXp-Iƒ, Assh apX-em-bh.

Xan-gn-ep≈ Db¿Xn-ssW, A dnssW F∂ c≠p ]ncn-hp-Iƒ

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ C√m-Ø-Xn\p Xan-gn¬ ]n≥Im-e-Øn¬ bp‡y-\p-k-c-W-ambn G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°m-sa-∂m-sW-¶n¬ AXp icn-bm-

I-bn-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ ]p√nw-Kw, kv{XoenwKw c≠p-a-√m-ØXv F∂hn`m-Kta aXn-bm-bn-´p-≈-sX∂pw bp‡n-°p-tN¿∂-Xp-ambnńcns°

Db¿XnssW A dnssW F∂ hn`m -K -sa -¥n\v? taepwDbn¿ØnssW A dnsW Cu ]ncnhv GXns\ XpS¿∂v h∂Xv?

Adn-hns\ A\p-k-cn-®m-sW-¶n¬ Xosc Adn-hn-√mØ acw, aÆv,I√v apX-em-b-hbpw Ipsd Adn-hp-≈-h-bmb arKm-Zn-Ifpw A dnssW

F∂ Hcp hIp-∏m-b-sX-ßs\? A dnssW-bn¬ GI-enw-Kw, At\-I-enwKw F∂p c≠p-hn-[-ambn hn`m-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Db¿Xn-

ssW-bnepw GI-enw-Kw, At\-I-enwKw F∂p c≠p ]ncn-hn-√m-Ø-


81

sX¥v? ]p√nw-Kw, kv{XoenwKw F∂ ]ncn-hp-I-fn¬ GI-enwKw

Dƒs∏-´p-t]mbn F∂m-sW-¶n¬ At\-I-enwKw ]p√nw-Kw,kv{XoenwKw Ch-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SmsX \n¬°p-∂tXm? GI-enwKw,

]p√nw-Kw, kv{XoenwKw Ch-bn¬ ImWp-sa-¶n¬ At\-I-enw-Khpw]p√nw-K-kv{Xo-enw-K-ß-fn¬ ImWp-I-Xs∂ sNøpw. DZm-l-c-Ww- -ssa-

¥m≥ F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ ‘A≥’ F∂ {]Xybw tN¿∂v Hcm-fns\Ipdn-°p-∂p. ssa¥¿ F∂ i_vZw A¿ F∂ {]Xybw tNcp-tºmƒ

]esc Ipdn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ c≠p-hn-[-amb i_vZ-ßƒ Hmtcm amXn-cn-bmbn ]p√nw-KsØ Im´p-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn GI-Xzw, _lpXzw F∂

A¿Y-ß-tfbpw {]tXy-I-ambn Imń-s°m-≠n-cns° H∂p ]p√nw-K-i-_vZ-sa∂pw as‰m∂v At\I-enw-K-i-_vZ-sa∂pw hn`m-Kn-®n-cn-°p-

∂Xp bp‡n°v Aev]-sa-¶nepw tbmPn-°p-∂-X-√. At\-I-enwKwF∂-Xns\ ]Ip-Øm≥ AX-√m-ØXv GI-enw-K-sa∂p kzb-tah

kn≤n-°p-sa-∂m-sW-¶n¬ ]p√nw-Kw, kv{XoenwKw F∂p hn`m-Kn-®m¬c≠p-a-√msX as‰m∂p kn≤n-°pw. BI-bm¬ At\-I-enw-K-i_vZw

]p√nw-K-kv{Xo-enw-K-ßƒ A√m-Ø-Xm-bn-t∏m-Ip-a-t√m. taepw, At\-I-enwKw a‰p c≠p enwK-ß-fnepw D≈-Xm-I-bm¬ GXmWv At\-I-enwKi_vZsa∂p tNmZy-ap-≠m-bm¬ DØcw ]d-bp-∂-sX-ßs\?

kv{XoXz-hn-h-£-bnse At\-I-enw-K-sa-∂m-Is´ ]pcp-jXzhnh-£-bnse At\-I-enw-K-sa-∂m-I-s´, DØcw ]d-bm-sa-∂m¬ Db¿Xn-ssW-

bn¬ Xs∂ ]p√nw-K-Øn-ep≈ Db¿XnssW kv{Xoenw-K-Øn-ep≈Db¿XnssW F∂p c≠p-h-I-bp-≠v. Cu c≠nepw GIm¿∞-enwKw

At\-Im¿∞-enwKw F∂p c≠p hIbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn \mep hn`m-K-ßƒ Ds≠∂v h∂p-Iq-Spw.

taepw, ssa¥¿, \ss¶-b¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-SØp ]p√nw-Kw,

kv{Xoenw-K-sa-∂-dn-bmsX At\-I-enw-K-sa∂p am{Xw Adn-™m¬aXn-sb-∂m-sW-¶n¬ ssa¥¿, \ss¶ Cßs\ ]d-bp-tºmƒ ]p√nw-

K-kv{Xo-enw-K-ßsf Adn-bmsX GI-enw-K-sa∂p am{Xw Adn-™m¬t]mcm-Ø-sX¥v? Cßs\ hcp-tºmƒ Db¿XnssW F∂ c≠p

hIbpw GIm¿∞-enw-Kw, At\-Im¿∞-enwKw F∂p hn`m-Kn-®m¬hymI-c-Wm-Nm-cy-∑m¿°v Ffp-∏-am-bn-cn-°pw.

taepw, H∂v, ]eXv F∂h kwJymhn`-‡n-I-tfbpw B¨,s]¨ F∂Xv PmXn-hn- -‡n-I-sfbpw Im´p-∂-h-bm-I-bm¬ B c≠p

hIbv°pw enwK-sa∂ Hcp \maw Xs∂ sImSpØp Hcp hI-bm-bn´p hyh-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?

hN-\-\n-cq-]Ww


82 BZn-`mj

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Cu c≠p hIbv°pw enwKw, hN\w F∂p

thsd kw⁄-Iƒ sImSpØp {]tXy-I-am-bn´pw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.BI-bm¬ Xan-gns‚ C{]-Im-c-ap≈ enwK-hn-`m-K-ßƒ kwkvIr-X-

Øn-t\mSp kw_-‘-an-s√-∂p-≈-Xn-t\bpw {]mNo-\-Xz-tØbpw ImWn-°p-∂p. Xan-gn¬ arKw, ]£n apX-em-b-hbv°v ]p√nw-Kw, kv{XoenwKw

F∂ hn`mKw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw kwkvIr-X-tØmSp Xosc ASp-∏-an-s√-∂p-≈-Xns\ ImWn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX Xan-gn¬ ap≥Im-Wn®

{]Imcw A≥, B≥, Aƒ, Bƒ F∂ {]Xy-b-ßƒ kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep≈ x, Bx, Cux Cu {]Xy-b-ß-tfmSp kw_-‘-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-

∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ C F∂ {]Xybw Ip\n, Ipssg-°m-Xn, aÆ-I-Øn, ]pdØn apX-emb i_vZ-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p F∂pw CXp

kwkvIrXw Xan-gn¬ Ie¿∂-Xn¬ ]n∂oSv h∂p-tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂pw Dt∂-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

taepw Iq\n apXemb i_vZ-ßƒ Ip\ƒ, Ipssg-°m-Xƒ F∂-hn[w Aƒ, Bƒ {]Xy-b-ßƒ h®pw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-

Øn¬\n∂pw h∂ am\p-jn, i¶-cn, tZhn, Ipam-cn, In∂cn apX-embi_vZ-ßƒ ‘C’ F∂ {]Xy-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-

Sp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv am\p-jn, i¶-cn, tZhn apX-emb kwkvIrXi_vZ-ß-fn-ep≈ ‘Cu’ F∂ {]Xybw Xan-gn¬ {lkz-am-b-Xp-X-s∂.

BI-bm¬ Xan-gn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ‘C’ F∂ {]Xybw BZy-Im-eØpXs∂ Xan-gn¬ kzb-ambn D≈-sX∂p ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ hnti-j-W-ßƒ (t]-c-®-ßƒ) F√mw hnti-jy-Øns‚ enwK-h-N-\-ßsf A\p-k-cnt® Ccn-°-bp-≈q. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-

kp-μcx ]pcpjx, kpμco kv{Xo, kpμcw Krlw. ChnsS kpμcF∂ t]c®w ]pcp-j≥, kv{Xo, Krlw F∂ hnti-jy-ß-fn¬ enwK-

h-N-\-ßsf B{i-bn-®p-Xs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p.

Xan-gn¬ t]c-®-ßƒ°p enwK-h-N-\-ßƒ C√. DZm-l-c-Ww˛Ag-

Inb a\p-jy≥, Ag-Ip≈ s]Æv, Ag-Ip≈ hoSv Cß-s\-bm-Wv.kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ GI-h-N-\w, Zznh-N-\w, _lp-h-N\w Cßs\ aq∂v

hN-\-ßƒ D≠v. Xan-gn¬ GI-h-N-\w, _lp-h-N\w F∂p c≠p-h-N-\-ßƒ am{X-ta D≈p. kwkvIr-X-Øn\p apºv c≠p hN-\-ßƒ

am{Xw Ccp-∂p. ]n¬°m-e-Øn¬ aq∂v hN-\-ßƒ G¿s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww F∂p \n›-bw. Zº-Xn-am¿ tN¿∂v I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-

\-ßƒ sNøp-∂Xv c≠p-t]-scbpw ImØ-\p-{K-ln-°p-sa-∂p≈G¿∏mSv D≠m-b-Xns‚ tijw c≠p t]cpw I¿Ω-ß-fpsS Bcw-`-


83

Øn\p ASpØ apºp-k-a-bØv k¶ev]w sNøp-∂-Xnepw Ah-km-

\-Im-eØv alm-∑m-cpsS ASp-Øp-\n∂pw Bio¿hmZw kzoI-cn-°p-

∂-Xnepw AXn-hym-]vXn, Ahym]vXn F∂ tZmj-ßƒ IqSmsX

AXns‚ ê-ßƒ apgp-h\pw c≠p-t]¿°p-am{Xw icn-bmbn {Kln-

°-W-sa-∂p≈ kuI-cy-Øn-\pwth≠n Zznh-N\w D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xm-

sW∂v Duln-®dn-b-Ww. As√-¶n¬ aq∂p-ap-X¬ F{Xbpw Ipdn-°p-

∂-Xn\p _lp-h-N\w aXn-sb-¶n¬ c≠ns\ Ipdn-°p-∂-Xn\p _lp-

h-N\w F¥p-sIm≠v aXn-bm-I-bn√?

taepw BZn-Imew apX-ev°p-Xs∂ aq∂p-h-N-\-ßƒ G¿s∏-ń-

cp-∂-t∏mgpw ]ns∂bpw ]ns∂bpw IqsS-°qsS tbmPn®p am‰-ßƒ

sNbvXp-h∂ kwkvIr-Xn-Iƒ1 ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ a‰p mj-I-sf-°≠v

Zznh-N\w Bh-iy-an-s√∂p X≈n-°-f-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Xan-gn¬ aIn-gvNn, Db¿hv apX-emb A¿∞-ßsf Ipdn-°p-∂-

Xn\v enwK-h-N-\-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ D≠v (\-∂q¬-˛-s]m-Xp-hn-b¬ 379.

kq). DZm-l-c-Ww- ˛-‘X≥]p-X¬hss\ F∂ssΩ h¥mƒ’F∂p

kt¥m-jn®p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ ]p√nwKw kv{Xoenw-K-am-bn-t∏m-bn.2

F∂m¬ Cu kq{X-Øn¬ ]d-b-s∏´ enwK-hy-Xymkw F∂Xv Ae-

¶m-c-aq-e-ambn G¿s∏- -X-t{X. hN-\-hy-Xymkw am{Xw Cu mjbv°v

tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-cWw ˛ Hcp-hs\ ]pIgvØn ]d-

bp∂Xn¬ ‘Ahcp h¥m¿’ F∂ GI-h-N-\sØ _lp-h-N-\-am°n

{]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ‘Gss\-Xp-ssW-bm-cm-bn\pw F∂m\v \nss\-Øp-

ssW-bp-t¥-cm≥ ]nd-\n¬ ]pI¬’ F∂ ÿeØp tIm]-Øm¬

_lp-h-N\w GI-h-N\w Bbn-t∏m-bn. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Cuhn[w

hyXym-k-an-√. _lp-a-Xnsb Im´p-∂-Xn\v Cu ImeØv kwkvIr-X-

hn-Zzm-∑m¿ Xan-gv mj apX-emb mj-Isf A\p-k-cn-®p-h-cp-s∂-¶nepw

ap≥Im-eØv Aß-s\-bn-√.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ PmXn-sb-°m-´p-∂-Xn\v {_m“-W≥ (D-b¿∂-

h≥) {_m“-W¿ (D-b¿∂-h¿) F∂ {]Imcw c≠p-h-N-\-tØbpw

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. taepw DØ-a-]p-cp-j-h-N-\-amb Akva-—-

_vZsØ (Rm≥ F∂-Xn-s\) GI-h-N-\w, Zznh-N-\w, _lp-h-N\w

F∂ aq∂¿∞-ß-fnepw Alw, Bhmw, hbw F∂-Xn-\p-]-I-c-ambn

hbw F∂ _lp-h-N\w km[m-c-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. CXv

A\y-s\bpw Xm\m-bn´p mhn-°p-∂-Xn¬ G¿s∏- -Xm-Wv. C\n B]x

(sh-≈-ßƒ), Zmcmx (`m-cy-am¿), {]mWmx ({]m-W-hm-bp-°ƒ), h¿jmx

hN-\-\n-cq-]Ww


84 BZn-`mj

(h¿j-ßƒ, EXp) apX-emb Cu i_vZ-ßƒ hymI-c-W-aq-e-am-bn-´-

√m-sX-bpw, tImk-emx, Ipc-hImx, AwKmx apX-emb tZi-i-_vZ-ßƒhymI-c-W-aq-e-am-bn´pw GI-h-N-\sØ ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\v F√m-

bvt∏mgpw _lp-h-N-\-am-bn-´p-am{Xw hg-ßn-h-cp-∂p. Xan-gn¬ ‘A¿’F∂ _lp-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-tØmSv ‘Iƒ’ F∂ _lp-h-N-\-{]-Xybw

h®pw _lp-h-N-\sØ ImWn-∏m≥ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-h-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Hcp hN-\-{]-Xy-b-Øns‚ ta¬ as‰mcp hN-\-{]-Xy-bsØ

hbv°p-∂n-√.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ kv{Xoenw-K-]p-√nw-K-ß-fn¬ GI-h-N-\sØ

Im´p-∂-Xn\v Xan-gn-se-t∏mse t`Z-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw _lp-h-N-\sØImWn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ax (P-kv) F∂ {]Xybw am{Xw (]p-√nw-K-k¿Δ-

\maw Hgn-®v) D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]p√nwKw cmamx (cma+Ax=cmamx),lcbx (l-cbv+Ax=lc-bx) . kv {XoenwKw kv{Xnbx

(kv{Xnbv+Ax=kv{Xnbx), Kucyx (Kucvbv+Ax=Kucyx). a‰p-≈-hsb{ItaW I≠p-sIm-≈p-I.

Xan-gn¬ ]p√nw-K-_-lp-h-N-\sØ ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\v A¿, B¿,Iƒ, a¿ apX-emb ]e {]Xy-b-ß-fpw, kv{Xoenw-K-_-lp-h-N-\sØ

ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\v Acv, B¿, Iƒ, am¿ apX-emb ]e {]Xybß-fp-ap-≠v. {Ia-Øn¬ DZm-l-cWw Ipssg-b¿, Ipssg-bm¿, BÏƒ,

hS-a¿ apX-em-b-hbpw tImssX-b¿, tImssX-bm¿, s]Ïƒ, tXhn-am¿ apX-em-b-h-bp-am-Ip-∂p. C\n kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ \]pw-k-I-enw-

K-Ønepw (A-en-∏m-en-epw) (A dnssW) C F∂-Xp-am{Xw _lp-h-N -\ - {] -Xy -b -am -bn -c n -°p -∂p. DZm -l-c -Ww -˛( -⁄m-\m -\n)

⁄m\m\v+C=⁄m\m-\n, (hm-co-Wn) hmcoWv+C=hmcoWn (ar-Zq-\n) arZq\v+C=arZq\n CXym-Zn. Xan-gn¬ ‘A dnssW-bn¬’ _lp-h-

N-\sØ ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\v ssh, Iƒ, Ahv apX-emb ]e {]Xy-b-

ß-fp-≠v. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-A-ssh, ac-¶ƒ, bmh-\, Ahv apX-em-b-h.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. kwkvIr-X-°m¿ F∂¿∞w

2. tIm]w, \nμ XpS-ßn-b-hsb Ipdn-°p∂ kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ enwK-h-N-\m-Zn-Iƒ

amdn-bmepw Ipg-∏-an-s√∂p \∂q¬ 379-˛mw kq{X-Øn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≠v.


85

7

hn`-‡n-\n-cq-]Ww

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Ggp hn`-‡n-I-fp-≠v. Ah {]Y-am, ZznXo-bm,

XrXo-bm, NXp¿∞o, ]©-ao, jjvTo, k]vXao Ch-bm-Wv. Ch-bn¬ {]Y-am-hn-`-‡n-bn¬ kwt_m-[-\-{]-Yam Fs∂mcp t`Zw-Iq-Sn-

bp-≠v. Hmtcmtcm hn`-‡n-bnepw GI-Zzn-_-lp-Xz-ßsf Im´phm≥{]tXyIw {]tXyIw {]Xy-b-ß-fp-≠v. BI-bm¬ hn`‡n {]Xy-b-

ßƒ 21 BIp-∂p. Xan-gnepw kwt_m-[\ {]Y-a-tbm-Sp-IqSn F´m-bn´v hn -‡n-Iƒ ]ncn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ kwkvIr-X-Øn-se-

t]mse Hmtcmtcm hn -‡n-bnepw GI-Xz-_-lp-Xz-ßsf Im´p-∂-Xn\v{]tXyIw {]Xy-b-ß-fn-√. {]Y-ssaI hN-\-i-_vZ-tØmSp ‘sF’ apX-

emb {]Xy-b-ßsf tN¿Øv GI-h-N-\-Ønepw {]Y-am-_-lp-h-N-\-i-_vZ-tØmSp ‘sF’ apX-emb {]Xy-b-ßsf tN¿Øp _lp-h-N-\-

Ønepw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛- Nm-Ø≥ F∂ GI-h-N-\-tØmSv ‘sF’ {]Xybw h®v NmØss\ F∂pw NmØ¿ F∂

{]Y-am-_-lp-h-N-\-i-_vZ-tØmSp ‘sF’ F∂ {]Xybw h®vNmØssc F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. CXp-t]mse I≠p-sImƒI. kwkvIr-

X-Øn¬ {]Y-a-bpsS {]Xy-b-ßsf Xs∂-bmWv kwt_m-[-\-{]-Y-abv°pw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ kwt_m-[-\-{]-Y-ssa-I-

h-N-\-Øn¬ am{Xw hn`‡n h∂p tem]n®v hn`‡n C√m-Ø-Xp-t]mse ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww˛ cmax, cmau, cmamx F∂Xv

{]Y-a-hn-`-‡n, cma, cmau, cmamx F∂Xv kwt_m-[-\-{]-Y-a, NneA£-c-ßƒ A¥-am-bn- p≈ i_vZ-ß-fn¬ hn -‡n-{]-Xybw tem]n-

°p-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn A¥y-ß-fn¬ Nne hnIm-c-ß-fp-ap≠v. DZm-l-c-Ww˛

lcnx, lco, lc-bx,

ltc, lco, lc-bx.

{]Y-abmbXv I¿Øm, I¿Ωw apX-emb hnti-jm¿∞-ßsf

FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°msX {]mXn-]-Zn-I-Øns‚ (\m-a-[m-Xp-hns‚)


86 BZn-`mj

A¿∞sØ am{Xw Im´p-∂p. kwt_m-[-\-{]-Y-abv°v {]Y-a-bpsS

{]Xy-b-ß-f-√msX thsd {]Xy-b-ß-fn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ {]Y-a-bn¬

tN¿°-s∏-Spw. Cu kwt_m-[-\m-hn-`-‡n-i-_vZ-ßƒ ‘tl’ F∂

Ahy-bsØ BZy-am-bn´p h®pw {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Spw. DZm-l-c-Ww˛

tl cma. Xan-gn¬ thsd {]Xy-b-hn-Im-c-ßƒ hcn-I-bm¬ F´m-aXp

{]tXy-I-hn- -‡n-bm-bn´p kwt_m-[-\m-{]-Xybw ]d-b-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.

DZm-l-c-Ww˛ NmØm hm, ChnsS NmØ≥ hcp-∂p-sh-∂p≈ {]Y-

am-i-_vZ-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hyXym-ksØ I≠p-sIm-≈p-I. Xan-gn¬

{]Yam hn`-‡n°v (F-gp-hmbv th‰p-ssa) {]tXyIw {]Xy-b-ß-fn-√.

C{]-Imcw {]Xy-bm-`m-hw-X-s∂-bmWv {]Y-am-hn-`-‡n°v e£-W-am-

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. (\-∂q¬. kq.295).

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ {]Y-abpw a‰p≈ hn -‡n-I-sf-t∏mse {]tXy-

I-{]-Xy-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-Wv. A√m-sXbpw AXmXp hn -‡n-bnepw

{]tXyIw {]tXy-I-ambn hN-\m¿∞-ß-tfmSp Ie¿∂v hn -‡y¿∞-

ßsf Im´p -hm≥ {]tXy-I-{]-Xy -b-ß-fp -≠v. DZm -l-c -Ww˛

cma+Aw=cmaw. ‘Aw’ hn`-‡n-{]-Xybw (Hcp cma-s\); (cm-au) ‘Hu’{]Xybw (c-≠p-cm-a-∑m-sc); cmam≥ (i-kv{]-Xy-bw) (_-lp-cm-a-∑msc).

Xan-gn¬ hN-\-ßsf Im´p∂ {]Xy-b-ßƒ hn`‡n {]Xy-b-

ß-fm-bn´p AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. hN-\-{]-Xy-b-ß-tfmSp {]Y-a-bn¬

bmsXmcp hn`‡n {]Xy-bhpw tNcp-∂n-√. a‰p≈ hn`-‡n-I-fn¬

‘sF’ apX-emb Hmtcmtcm {]Xybw am{Xta tN¿∂n-´p-≈q. DZm-l-

c-Ww˛ (Nm-Ø≥)- -A≥ {]Xybw GI-h-N-\sØ Im´p-∂-Xv. NmØ¿˛

‘A¿’{]-Xybw _lp-h-N-\sØ Im´p-∂Xv; NmØ-ss\˛ Cu c≠p

`mKØpw ‘sF’ F∂ Hcp {]Xy-b-at{X I¿ΩsØ Im´p-∂-Xv. a‰p

ÿe-ß-fn-ep-≈-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Xan-gn¬ F´p hn -‡n-I-fm-sW-∂p-

≈Xv kwkvIr-Xn-I-fmb hymI-c-Wm-Nm-cy-∑m¿ ]n≥Im-e-ß-fn¬

G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-Wv.

kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ cq]-hy-Xymkw aqe-am-bn- p-Xs∂ Ggp-hn- -‡n-

Iƒ G¿s∏-´p. A√msX A¿∞-hy-Xymkw \nanØw G¿s∏-´-X-√˛

Fs¥-∂m¬ {]Y-am-hn-`-‡n-bn¬ kwt_m-[-\-sa∂ A¿∞w

AXns‚ A`m-h-am-Ip∂ hnti-j-ßƒ Ccn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw

Ahsb th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂n-√. c≠m-a-Xn¬ Kmw tZmKv≤n-]-bx, lcnx

tZhm≥ AarXw Bi-b-Xv, (]-ip-hns\ ]mse Id-°p-∂p, lcn tZh-

∑m-sc-s°m≠v Aar-XsØ £n-∏n-®p); CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ ÿeØp


87

]ip-hn-s\-sb-∂Xv ]ip-hn-en-cp∂v F∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ thsd -hn- -‡n-

bpsS A¿∞sØ ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw, \nI-jm-e-¶mw-˛(-e-¶sb

kao-]-Øn¬) F∂p apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn¬ e¶sb F∂p-≈Xv

e¶-bpsS F∂ kw_-‘m¿∞sØ Xcn-I-bmepw amkw A[otX

(am-k-Øn¬ apgp-h\pw ]Tn-°p-∂p), t{Imiw IpSnem \Zo (\Zn Hcp

hnfn-∏mSv apgp-h-\p-ap≈ Zqc-Øn¬ hf-s™m-gp-Ip-∂p) apX-emb

ÿeØp Ime-tØbpw hgn-tbbpw Ipdn-°p∂ i_vZ-ß-fn¬\n∂v

apgp-h-\nepw F∂ B[m-cm¿∞-Øn-epw, D]-l-cnw-kpcmx (tZ-h-∑m¿

lcn-sb-°mfpw Ipd-™-h¿) F∂p ]©-ao-hn-`-‡n-bpsS A¿∞-

Ønepw \Zow A\z-h-knXm tk\m F∂-Xn¬ (tk\ \Zn-tbmSp

kw_-‘n-®p) F∂ XrXo-bm-hn -` -‡y¿∞-Ønepw hcp-∂p.

A≤ymkvtX sshIpWvTw lcnx (lcn sshIp-WvT-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-

∂p) apX-emb ÿeØv B[m-cm¿∞sØ Im´p-∂p. {XnXo-bm-hn-

`‡n I¿Øm, IcWw (I-cp-hns\ klm-¿∞-tbm-Kw) (DS\nIgvhv)

Cu A¿∞-ßsf Im´p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww-˛-cm-taW ltXm cmhWx

(cm-a-\m¬ cmh-W≥ sIm√-s∏-´p). ItcW BZ-ZmXn A∂w (ssI-

sIm≠p tNmdns\ FSp-°p-∂p), ]pt{XW kl BK-—Xn ]nXm

(A-—≥ aI-t\m-Sp-IqSn hcp-∂p). A√m-sXbpw ct≠m aqt∂m [mXp-

°-fpsS kw_-‘-Øn¬ XrXo-bbpw ZznXo-bbpw Htc A¿∞-Øn¬

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-∂p. ‘A£m≥, Ass£x hm ZohyXn’ (A£-ßsf

As√-¶n¬ NqXp-Isf AYhm A£-ßƒsIm≠p hnf-bm-Sp∂p (Nq-

Xp-I-fn-°p-∂p). ]n{Xm ]nXcw hm kRvPm-\o-tX, Imc-bXn rtXy\

`rXyw hm LSw, rXy-s\-s°m-≠-s√-¶n¬ rXys\ LSsØ sNøn-

°p-∂p. NXp¿∞o-hn- ‡n k{º-Zm-\m¿∞-sØbpw Nnte-SØp ZznXo-

bm-hn- ‡n Dt±-im¿∞-sØbpw ImWn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww- -hn-{]mb

Kmw ZZmXn ˛ ({_m-“-W-∂mbn ]ip-hns\ sImSp-°p-∂p), êmb

bXtX (^-e-Øn-∂mbn bXv\n-°p-∂p), lctb {Ip≤yXn (l-cnsb

tIm]n-°p-∂p), ]pjv]mb kv]rl-bXn (]p-jv]sØ B{K-ln-°p-

∂p). A√m-sXbpw Nne-bn-SØv ZznXo-bbpw NXp¿∞nbpw Htc

A¿∞-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww˛ Xzmw XrWw XrWmb hm \

at\y (\ns∂ ]p√m-bn-´pw-IqsS AXm-bXp ]pt√m-f-hpw-IqsS hnNm-

cn-°p-∂n-√), {Kmaw {Kmamb hmK-—Xn ({Km-a-Øn\p t]mIp-∂p). A√m-

sXbpw Hcn-SØp XrXo-bm¿∞-Ønepw NXp¿∞n- h-cpw. DZm-l-c-

Ww- -i-tX\ iXmb hm ]cn-{Io-WtX rXyw (\qdp \mWbw sIm≠-

Sn-a-bm°n the-°m-cs\ hmßn-°p-∂p.)

hn`-‡n-\n-cq-]Ww


88 BZn-`mj

Xan-gn¬ acp-\n-ew, ]gw apX-emb A dnssW-s®m-√p-I-fnepw

A¥y-amb ‘Aw’ F∂Xv kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep≈ h\w, êw apX-

emb \]pw-k-I-enw-K-i-_vZ-ß-fpsS A¥y-tØm-sSm-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu

tbmPn∏p Xan-gn¬\n∂pw kwkvIr-X-Øn-em-b-Xm-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p.

Fs¥-∂m¬ \new, ]gw apX-emb i_vZ-ßƒ Xan-gn¬ ]Im-∏-Z-ß-

fm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ {]Y-am-hn-`‡n GI-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-

ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]Xy-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-SmsX D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp∂

i_vZ-ßƒ°p bp‡y-\p-k-c-W-ambn {]Xybw G¿s∏-SpØn B

{]Xy-bsØ adp-]-Snbpw tem]n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-Ww˛ hmcn

(P-ew), a[p (tX≥) apX-emb i_vZ-ßƒ bmsXmcp {]Xy-bhpw

tNcm-sX-Xs∂ {]Y-ssaI hN-\-e-£-W-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p.

A{]-Imcw êw, h\w apX-emb i_vZ-ßƒ {]Xybw tNcm-Xn-

cns° ‘Aav’ F∂-Xns\ {]Xy-b-ambn ]ncn®v h\, ê apX-em-b-

hsb AS-bm-f-ambn G¿s∏-SpØn F∂q-ln-°mw.

cap {IoUm-bmw, CXnse cav F∂Xp [mXp-hmWv (]-Ip-Xn),

{IoU-sb-∂Xv CXns‚ A¿∞w. cap F∂ [mXp -{Io-Umbmw (hn-f-

bm-´v) F∂ A¿∞-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-Ip∂p. Cu [mXp-hns\ hn`m-

Kn-°p-tºmƒ cav+D F∂m-Ipw˛ CXnse D F∂Xv ‘D]-tZ-ti-P-\p-

\m-knI CXv’(]m.-kq. 1˛3- 2) D]-tZ-i-Øn¬ (BK-aw, BtZ-iw, [mXp,

{]Xybw apX-em-bh D]-tZ-in-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ1) A\p-\m-kn-I-

ambncn°p∂ A®v CØmIpw F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ CØmbn tem]n®p

t]mI-bm¬ cav F∂p-am{Xw Ccn-°th Ic-Wm-[n-I-c-W-tbm› (3-

˛3-˛117) F∂ A[n-Im-c-Øn-ep≈ le› (]m kp. 3˛3-˛121)

le¥ambn-cn-°p∂ [mXp-hn-en-cp∂v A[n-Im-cm¿∞-Øn¬ (C-cn-∏n-

Ssa∂ A¿∞-Øn¬) LRv {]Xybw hcpw F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

LRv h∂p. cav+LRv F∂m-bn. ]Ip-Øp-t\m-°p-tºmƒ

cav+Lv+A+≥ F∂m-bn. Ch-bn¬ ‘ei-Iz-X-≤ntX’ (1-˛3-˛8) X≤n-X-

{]-Xy-bsØ hn´p thsd-h-cp∂ {]Xy-b-ß-fpsS BZym-h-b-h-ß-fm-

bn-cn-°p∂ eImcw iImcw Ih¿§w Ch CØp-I-fmbn `hn°pw

F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Lv F∂Xpw le¥yw (]m. kq. 1˛3-˛3) (D-]-tZ-

i-Øn¬ A¥y-am-bn-cn-°p∂ lev CØm-bn-Øo-cpw) F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ Rv F∂Xpw CØp-I-fm-bn-Øo¿t∏mƒ Xky tem]x (]m.

kq. 1˛3-˛9) (C-sØ-∂p≈ kw⁄ GXn∂p hn[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂pthm

AXn\p tem]w hcpw) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ CXv kw⁄-I-fmb Lv,

Rv Chbv°v tem]w (A-Z¿i-\w) h∂v s]mbvt]m-bn. AImcw tijn-


89

°bpw sNbvXp. cav+A F∂n-cns° AX D]-[mbmx (]m. kq. 1˛2-

˛116) D]-[-sb-∂Xv Ah-km-\-Øns‚ apºn-en-cn-°p∂ A£-c-am-Wv.ChnsS AIm-c-Øn\p hr≤n-h-∂p. cmav+A=cma F∂m-bn. CXn\v

IrØ-≤n-X-k-am-km› (]m. kq. 1˛2- 46) (Ir-Xv{]-Xy-bm-¥hpw X≤n-Xm-¥hpw kam-khpw {]mXn-]-Zn-I-am-hpw) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ {]mXn-

]-Zn-IXzw kn≤n-°pw. cma F∂Xv Ahyp¬]-∂-am-sW∂pw Hcp ]£-ap-≠v. B ]£-Øn¬ A¿∞-h-Zv-[m-Xp-c-{]-Xybx {]mXn-]-ZnIw (]m.

kq. 1˛2-˛45) (A¿∞-ap-≈-Xmbpw [mXp A√m-Ø-Xmbpw {]Xy-b-a-√m-Ø-Xmbpw Ccn-°p∂ i_vZw {]mXn-]-Zn-I-am-Ipw) F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ {]mXn-]-Zn-IXzw kn≤n-°pw. kzuP-k-au-SvO-jvSm-`ymw-`n-kvtM`ymw rkvM-kn- ymw- y-kvM-tkm-kmw-tMym- p]v (4- 1- 2) {]mXn-

]-Zn-I-sØ-°mƒ ]c-am-bn´p kzmZn-I-fm-bn-cn-°p∂ {]Xy-b-ßƒ hcpw.kzmZn-I-fmb {]Xy-b-ßƒ Gh F∂m¬.

GI Zzn _lp

{]Ya kp Hu Pkv

ZznXobm Aw HuSv ikv

XrXobm Sm `ymw `nkv

NXp¿∞o tM `ymw `ykv

]©ao Mkn `ymw `ykv

jjvTo Mkv Hmkv Bw

k]vXao Mn Hmkv kp]v

kpM-kn-I-fpsS D Imchpw CIm-chpw Cv iv Sv Mv ]v ChbpwCØp-I-fm-I-bm¬ Chbv°pw hn`-‡n-I-sf∂p t]¿. ap≥]-d-™-{]-Imcw F√m {]mXn-]-Zn-I-ß-fn-t∑epw Chsb tN¿Øp-sIm-≈-Ww.Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ ˛ kp ˛ F∂Xp {]Y-ssa-I-h-N\ {]Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+kp F∂n-cns° hn`m-Kn-°p-tºmƒ cma+kv+D F∂m-bn.DImcw CØmbn tem]n®p t]mI-bm¬ cmav+kv F∂n-cns° kk-Pp-tjmcpx (]m. kq. 8˛2-˛66) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ kIm-c-Øn\ptc^hpw (cv F∂pw), Jc-h-km-\tbmx hnk¿÷-\obx (]m. kq.8˛3- 15) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ tc -Øn\p hnk¿§hpw h∂p cma+x=cmaxF∂p {]Y-ssa-I-h-N-\m¥w kn≤n-°pw. Hu F∂Xv {]Y-am-Zzn-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+Hu=cmau F∂m-bn-Øo-cpw. Cßs\ {]Y-am-Zzn-h-N-\m-¥-]Zw kn≤n-°pw. cmav+Pv+Akv F∂n-cns° Pv F∂Xptem]n®p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\m¬ cma+Akv F∂m-b-Xns‚ tijw {]Y-

hn`-‡n-\n-cq-]Ww


90 BZn-`mj

atbmx ]q¿Δ kh¿Æx (]m. kq. 6˛1-˛102) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ cma-i-_vZ-Øns‚ AIm-c-Øn\pw Akv F∂-Xns‚ AIm-c-Øn-\pw-IqSnHcp Zo¿Lm-Imcw h∂p. cpXz hnk¿§ßƒ hcp-tºmƒ cmamx F∂p

{]Yam _lp-h-N-\m-¥-amb cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

kwt_m-[-\-{]-Y-ssa-I-h-N-\-{]-Xy-bhpw kv BI-bm¬ cma+kv

F∂n-cns° GMv {lkzmXv kw_pt≤x (]m. kq. 6˛1-˛69) F∂kq{X-Øm¬ kwt_m-[-\-{]-Y-a-bpsS GI-h-N-\-ambn kw_p≤n

F∂p t]cp≈ kv F∂Xp tem]n®v cma F∂m-Ipw. CXns‚ Zznh-N-\hpw _lp-h-N-\hpw apºp {]Y-a-bn¬ ImWn® Zzn_-lp-h-N-\-

ßƒt]m-se-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Hu, Pkv Ch tN¿∂p cmau, cmamx F∂pwcq]-ßƒ kn≤n-°pw. Cu aq∂p-h-N-\-ß-fpsS BZn-bn¬ kwt_m-[-

\-Øn\v AS-bm-f-amb thsdmcp i_vZ-amb tl F∂-Xns\ tN¿Øptl cma, tl cmau, tl cmamx F∂p kzoI-cn®psIm≈p-∂p.

Aav F∂Xv ZznXo-ssb-I-h-N\ {]Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+AavF∂n-cns° Aan ]q¿hx (]m.-kq. 6˛1-˛10) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ cma

i_vZ-Øns‚ AIm-c-Øn\pw Aav {]Xy-b-Ønse AIm-c-Øn\pwIqSn Hcp AImcw BtZ-i-ambn h∂p cmav+A+av=cmaw F∂p ZznXo-

ssb-IhN\m¥-ambn cq]w kn≤n-°pw. CXns‚ Zznh-N-\-{]-XybwHuSv BI-bm¬ cma+ HuSv F∂n-cns° Sv F∂Xp tem]n-®p-t]m-

Ip-tºmƒ cma+Hu F∂m-bn´p {]Y-am-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn-se-t∏mse cmauF∂p≈ ZznXobm Zznh-N-\m-¥-amb cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

‘ikv’ F∂Xv ZznXo-bm-_-lp-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+ikvF∂n-cns° iv F∂Xp tem]n®v cma+Akv F∂mbn {]Y-atbmx

]q¿Δ-k-h¿Æx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ kh¿Æ-Zo¿Lw h∂pcmav+B+kv=cmamkv F∂n-cns° Xkvam-Otkm \x ]pwkn (6-˛1-

˛103) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ kv F∂-Xn\v ‘≥’ F∂ BtZiw h∂v,cmam≥ F∂ ZznXobm _lp-h-N-\m-¥-amb cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

Sm F∂Xv XrXo-ssb-I-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+Sm F∂n-cnt° Sv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂p cma+B F∂m-b-t∏mƒ

SmßknMkm-an-\m’ymx (7-˛1-˛12) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ B F∂-Xn\vC\ F∂ BtZiw h∂p. cma+C\ F∂n-cn-s°, BZvKpWx (6-˛7-

˛87) Cu kq{X-Øm¬ A C Ch c≠n\pw IqSn Hcp GImcw h∂pcmav+G+\=cmav+G+\v+A F∂n-cn-s°, ASvIp-]vhmMv\pw hyhm-

tb]n (8-˛4-˛2) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ ≥ F∂Xp ¨ F∂mbn


91

cmav+G+¨+A=cmtaW F∂p XrXo-ssbI hN-\m-¥-amb cq]w

kn≤n-°pw.

`ymw F∂Xp XrXo -bm -Zz n -h -N -\ - {] -Xy -b -am -I -bm¬

cma+`ymw=cmav+A+`ymw kp]n N (7- 3- 102) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ AIm-

c-Øn\p Zo¿Lw BtZ-i-am-bn´p h∂p. cmav+B+`ymw=cmam`ymw

F∂p XrXo-bm-Zzn-h-N-\m-¥-cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

`nkv F∂Xp XrXo-bm-_-lp-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+`nkv

F∂n-cns° AtXm `nk sFkv (7-˛1-˛9) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ `nkv

F∂-Xn\v sFkv F∂ BtZiw h∂p cma+sFkv=cmav+A+sFkv

F∂m-b-t∏mƒ, hr≤n-tcNn F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ A sF Chbv°v

GIm-tZ-i-am-bn´v sFImcw h∂p; cmav+sF+kv=cmssakv F∂m-b-

Xns‚ tijw cpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂v cmssax F∂v XrXobm _lp-

h-N-\m-¥-cq]w kn≤n-°pw. tM F∂Xv NXp¿∞n-bpsS GI-h-N-\-

{]-XybamI-bm¬ cma+tM F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ tMcyx (7-˛1-˛13) F∂

kq{X-Øm¬ tM F∂-Xn\v b F∂ BtZiw h∂p

cma+b=cmav+A+b F∂m-bn. kp]nN F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ A F∂-

Xn\v Zo¿Lw BtZ-i-am-bn´p h∂p, cmav+B+b=cmamb F∂v

NXp¿s∞y-I-h-N-\m¥ cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

NXp¿∞n-Zzn-h-N-\-Øns‚ {]{In-b-I-sf√mw XrXo-bm-Zzn-h-N-\-

Øn-t‚-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bn-cn-°pw.

`ykv F∂Xv NXp¿∞o-_-lp-h-N\ {]Xy-b-am-I-bm¬

cma+`ykv=cmav+A+`ykv F∂n-cns° _lp-h-Nt\ QteyXv (7-˛3-

˛103) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ A F∂-Xn\v G F∂ BtZiw h∂p

cmav+G+`ykv F∂mb tijw cpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂p cmta`yx

F∂v NXp¿∞o _lp-h-N-\m-¥-amb cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

Mkn F∂Xv ]©-tay-I-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+Mkn

F∂n-cns° SmM-kn-M-km-an-\m’ymx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ B¬ F∂

BtZiw h∂p. cma+B¬=cmav+A+B¬ F∂m-bn. AI- -h¿tÆ-

Zo¿Lx (6-˛1-˛101) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ A B CXp-Iƒ°p c≠pw-

IqSn B F∂ Hc-£cw BtZ-i-ambn h∂p cmav+B+¬=cmam¬

F∂pw hmh-kmt\ (8- 4 -56) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ cmam¬, cmamZv F∂p

c≠p cq]-ßfpw A\Nn N (8-˛4-˛47) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ ZnXzw h∂p

cmam-Øv, cmam±v F∂p c≠p cq]-ßfpw cmam-Xv, cmamZv F∂n-ßs\

hn`-‡n-\n-cq-]Ww


92 BZn-`mj

\mep cq]-ß-fm-bn´pw hcpw. C{]-Imcw ]©-tay-I-h-N-\m-¥-cq]w

kn≤n-°pw.

]©-ao-Zzn-h-N-\-_-lp-h-N-\-ßƒ°p NXp¿∞o Zznh-N-\-_-lp-

h-N-\-ß-fp-tS-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ {]{Inb F∂-dn-™p-sIm-≈-Ww.

Mkv F∂Xv jjvtTy-I-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+Mkv

F∂n-cns° SmM-kn-M-km-an-\m’ymx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Mkv F∂-

Xn\p ky F∂p≈ BtZiw h∂v cma+ky=cmaky F∂p

jjvtTyIh-N-\m-¥-amb cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

Hmkv F∂Xv jjvTo -Z z n -h -N -\ - {] -Xy -b -am -I -bm¬

cma+Hmkv=cmav+A+Hmkv F∂n-cns° HmknN (7- 3- 104) F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ A F∂-Xn\v G F∂ am‰w kw -hn-®p cmav+G+Hmkv F∂m-

Ipw. GtNm-b-hm-bmhx (6-˛1-˛78) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ G F∂-Xn\v

Abv F∂ BtZiw h∂p cmav+Abv+Hmkv=cma-tbmkv F∂pw cpXz-

hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂n´v cmatbmx F∂pw jjvTo-Zzn-h-N-\m-¥-cq]w

kn≤n°pw.

Bav F∂Xv jjvTo_-lp-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+Bav

F∂n-cns° {lkz-\-Zym-t]m-\pSv (7-˛1-˛54) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Bav

F∂-Xn\p apºp -`m -KØv \v F∂ BKaw h∂p

cma+\v+Bav=cmav+A+\v+Bav F∂m-Ipw. \man (6˛4- 3) F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ A F∂-Xn\p Zo¿Lw h∂p cmav+B+\v+Bav F∂pw ASvIp-

]zm-Mv\p-avhy-hm-tb]n F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ \v F∂-Xn\v WXzw h∂p

cmav+B+¨+Bw F∂p k‘n sNøp-tºmƒ cmamWmw F∂pw

jjvTo-_-lp-h-N-\m-¥-amb cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

Mn F∂Xv k]vX-tay -I -h -N -\ - {] -Xy -b -am -I -bm¬

cma+Mn=cmav+A+Mv+C F∂n-cns° Mv F∂Xp tem]n-®p-t]m-Ip-

Ibpw cmav+A+C F∂m-Ibpw BZvKpWx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ AIm-

c-Øn\pw CIm-c-Øn\pw IqSn-t®¿∂v GImcw KpW-am-bn´p h∂p

cmav+G=cmta F∂p k]vX-tay-I-h-N-\m-¥-cq]w kn≤n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw.

Hmkv F∂ k]vX-ao-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn\p jjvTo Zznh-N\w t]mse.

kp]v F∂Xv k]vXao _lp-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-am-I-bm¬ cma+kp]v

F∂n-cns° ]v F∂Xp tem]n-®-Xns‚ tijw cmav+A+kp


93

F∂mbn. At∏mƒ _lp-h-Nt\ QteyXv F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ AIm-

c-Øn\v GImcw BtZ-i-ambn h∂v cmav+G+kp=cmav+G+kv+DF∂n-cn-°pw. A]-Zm-¥-ky-aq¿≤\yx (8-˛3-˛55) F∂pw C¨tImx

(8-˛3-˛57) F∂p-ap≈ kq{X-ß-fmepw kv F∂-Xn\v jv F∂p aq¿≤-\y-amb BtZiw h∂p cmav+G+jv+D=cmtajp F∂p k]vXao

_lp-h-N-\m-¥-amb cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. ]mWn\n XpS-ßnb BZym-Nm-cy-∑m¿ D®-cn-®-Xn-s\-bmWv D]-tZiw F∂p ]d-bp-I.

hn`-‡n-\n-cq-]Ww


94 BZn-`mj

8

[mXp-\n-cq-]Ww

eSv, enSv, epSv, erSv, teSv, temSv, eMv, enMv, epMv, erMv Cßs\

eIm-c-ßƒ ]Øm-Ip-∂p. CXp-I-fn¬ teSv thZ-Øn¬ am{X-ta-bp≈p

euIn-I-Øn-en-√. Xn]vX-kvQn-kn-]vY-ÿ-an-_z-kva-kvXm-Xmw-Q-Ym-

km-Ymw-[z-an-UzlnalnMv (3-˛4-˛78).

G.-h. Zzn.-h. _.h

{]Y-a-]p-cp-j≥ Xn]v Xkv Qn

a[y-a-]p-cp-j≥ kn]v Ykv Y

DØ-a-]p-cp-j≥ an]v hkv akv

Afl-t\--]Zw

{]Y-a-]p-cp-j≥ X BXmw Q

a[y-a-]p-cp-j≥ Ymkv BYmw [zw

DØ-a-]p-cp-j≥ CSv hln alnMv

eSv apX-emb ]Øp eIm-c-ßƒ°pw taev]-d-™h BtZ-i-

ß-fmbn `hn-°pw. Ch-bn¬ BZyw ]d-™h HºXpw ]c-kvssa-]-

Z-ßfpw c≠m-aXp ]d-™h HºXpw Bfl-t\-]-Z-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p.

h¿Ø-amt\ eSv (3-˛2-˛123) h¿Ø-am\ {Inbm-hr-Øn-bm-bn-cn-

°p∂ AXmbXp \S-∏p-Im-e-Øp≈ {Inb-sb-∏-d-bp∂ [mXp-hn\p

eSv hcpw F∂¿∞w. ‘`qk-Ømbmw’ CXn¬ q F∂Xv [mXp-hmWv.

AXv kØmbmw ˛ kØ-bn¬ (D-s≠-∂p≈ A¿∞-Øn¬) hcpw.

eSv F∂Xv h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ {]Xyb-am-I-bm¬

`q+eSv F∂p h∂p. hn`m-Kn-°p-tºmƒ `p+ev+A+Sv F∂m-bn. Ch-

bn¬ A, Sv F∂p-≈h CØp-I-fmbn tem]n-®p-t]m-I-bm¬ `p+ev

F∂n-cn-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ Xn]v Xkv Qn F∂p XpS-ßnb kq{X-

Øm¬ ev F∂-Xn\v (H-cmƒ sNøp∂ {]hr-Øn-sb-°p-dn-°p-tºmƒ)


95

Xn]v F∂Xv BtZ-i-ambn h∂p `q+Xn]v F∂n-cns° ]v F∂Xv

CØm-I-bm¬ tem]n-®p-t]m-b-Xns‚ tijw `q+Xn F∂m-bn-

Øo¿∂p. B A-h-k-c-Øn¬ I¿Ø-cn-i]v (3-˛1-˛68) F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ a≤y -`m -K -Øn¬ i]v F∂p h∂p.

`q+i]v+Xn=`q+iv+A+]v+Xn F∂n-cns° iv, ]v F∂p≈ c≠pw

CØp-I-fmbn tem]n-®-tijw `q+A+Xn=`v+D+A+Xn F∂m-bn-

Øo¿∂p. At∏mƒ km¿Δ-[m-Xp-Im¿[-[m-Xp-Itbmx (7-˛2-˛84) Cu

kq{X-Øm¬ D F∂-Xn\v HmImcw BtZ-i-ambn h∂p v+Hm+A+Xn

F∂n-cns° GtNm-b-hm-bmhx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Hm F∂-Xn\v Ahv

F∂v BtZiw h∂v `v+Ahv+A+Xn=`hXn F∂ cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

`q+ev=c≠p-t]¿ sNøp∂ {]hr-Øn-sb-°p-dn-°p-tºmƒ ev F∂-

Xn\v Xkv F∂ Hcm-tZiw h∂p q+Xkv F∂pw I¿Øcn-i]v F∂

kq{X-Øm¬ `q+i]v+Xkv=`q+iv+A+]v+Xkv F∂pw h∂-Xn-\p-

tijw `q+A+Xkv F∂pw ]n∂oSv t`m+A+Xkv F∂pw AXns‚

]ndsI hv+A+Xkv F∂pw h∂p h-Xkv F∂m-bn v cpXz-hn-k¿§-

ßƒ tNcp-tºmƒ `hXx F∂p kn≤n-°pw.

c≠n-e-[nIw t]¿ sNøp∂ {]hr-Øn-sb-°p-dn-°p-tºmƒ ev

F∂-Xn\v Qn Fs∂mcp BtZiw h∂p q+Qn F∂m-Ipw. ]ns∂

`q+i]v+Qn F∂pw AXn¬ ]ns∂ q+A+Qn F∂pw t`m+A+Qn

F∂pw `hv+A+Qn F∂pw, `hv+A+Qv+C F∂pw Ccn-°th

tQm¥x (7-˛1-˛3) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Qv F∂-Xn\p A¥v Fs∂m-

cm-tZiw h∂p `hv+A+A¥v+C F∂m-bn. AtXm-KptW (6-˛1-˛97)

F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ A A F∂ c≠-£-c-ßƒ°pw Hcp AImcw

BtZ-i-ambn h∂p `hv+A+¥n=`h¥n F∂p cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬, Xzw, bphmw, bqbw (\o ˛ \nßƒ c≠p-

t]¿ ˛ \nßƒ _lp-°ƒ) CXn¬ Hcmƒ sNøp-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-°p-

tºmƒ ev F∂-Xn\p ‘kn]v’ h∂p, ]v F∂Xp tem]n®p q+A+kn

F∂pw `hv+A+kn F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬, c≠p-t]¿ sNøp-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-°p-tºmƒ

‘Ykv’ F∂ BtZiw h∂p `q+Ykv, apºp hnh-cn®Xp-t]mse

`h+Ykv=`h-Ykv=`hYx F∂m-bn, a≤y-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬ c≠n-e-[nIw

t]¿ sNøp-∂-Xns\ Im´p-tºmƒ ‘Y’ F∂ BtZiw h∂p `q+Y,

ap≥t]mse `hY F∂p kn≤-am-bn.

[mXp-\n-cq-]Ww


96 BZn-`mj

DØ-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬, Alw, Bhmw, hbw (Rm≥, Rßƒ

c≠mƒ, Rßƒ _lp-°ƒ), CXn¬ Hcmƒ sNøp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-

°p-tºmƒ ev F∂-Xn\v ‘an]v’ hcpw. ]v F∂Xv CØm-I-bm¬

tem]n®p an tijn-°pw. `q+an ap≥]-d-™-Xpt]mse `hv+A+an

F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ AtXm-Zo¿tLm-bRn (7- 2- 101) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

AIm-c-Øn\p Zo¿Lw h∂p `hv+B+an=`hman F∂p kn≤n-°pw.

DØ-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬ c≠p-t]¿ sNøp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-°p-tºmƒ ev

F∂-Xn\v ‘hkv’ F∂ BtZiw h∂v q+hkv F∂m-bn. ap≥t]mse

`hv+A+hkv F∂mbn AIm-c -Øn\p Zo¿Lw h∂p

`hv+B+hkv=`hm-h-kv. cpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂v `hmhx F∂p

kn≤n°pw.

DØ-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬ aq∂p-t]¿ sNøp-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-°p-tºmƒ ev

F∂-Xn\v akv F∂p Hcm-tZiw h∂p `q+akv F∂m-bn. apºp ]d-

™-Xp-t]mse hv+A+akv, ]ns∂ hv+B+akv, cpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ

h∂p `hmax F∂m-Ipw.

{]Xy-£-an-√m-ØXpw Xte-Zn-hkw cm{Xn ]Xn-\©p \mgnI

apX¬ \mfXp cm{Xn-bn¬ ]Xn-\-©p-\m-gn-I-h-sc-bp≈ Adp-]Xp

\mgn-I- apºp \S-∂-Xp-amb Hcp `qX-Im-e-Øn-ep≈ {Inbsb Ipdn-

°p-∂-Xn\v enSv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]c-kvssa-]-Zm\mw We-

Xq-kp-ÿ-e-Yp-k-W-ezamx (3-˛4-˛82) enńs‚ (]-c-kvssa-]-Z-Øn¬)

BtZ-i-ß-fm-bn´p Xn]v apX-emb HºXp {]Xy-b-ßƒ°v {ItaW

BtZ-i-ß-fm-bn´p Wev, AXp-kv, Dkv, Yev, AYp-kv, A, Wev, h,

a Ch h∂p-tNcpw F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ `q+enSv F∂n-cns° hn`m-Kn-

°p-tºmƒ `q+ev+C+Sv F∂m-bn. C, Sv F∂nh CØp-I-fm-bm¬

tem]n-®n´v `q+ev F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ ev F∂-Xn\v Xn BtZiw hcn-

Ibpw `q+Xn F∂m-Ibpw Xn F∂-Xn\v Wev BtZiw hcn-Ibpw

`q+Wev=`q+Wv+Aev F∂m-Ibpw sNøpw. Ch-bn¬ Wv ev Ch

c≠pw C’w-⁄-I-fm-I-bm¬ tem]n-®p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ q+A F∂m-

Ipw. At∏mƒ `pthm-hpKv epMn-entSmx (6-˛4-˛88) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

`q F∂-Xn\v hv F∂v Ah-km-\-Øn¬ tN¿∂p `q+hv+A F∂n-cn-

°p-tºmƒ enSn [mtXm-c-\- ym-kky (6- 1- 8) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ qhv

F∂Xp Cc-ń®p `qhv `qhv+A F∂m-Ipw. lemZnx tijx (7-˛4-˛60)

F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ BZysØ `qhv F∂-Xn-en-cn-°p∂ hv F∂Xp

tem]n-°p-tºmƒ `q+`phv+A F∂pw {lkzx (7-˛4-˛59) F∂ kq{X-


97

Øm¬ BZysØ `q F∂-Xns‚ DIm-c-Øn\p {lkz-`mhw h∂p

(Ip-dp-In) q+`qhv+A=`+D+`phv+A F∂pw h-tXcx (7-˛4-˛60) F∂kq{X-Øm¬ {lkz-am-bn-Øo¿∂ DIm-c-Øn\p ‘A’ F∂ BtZiw

h∂p `v+A+`phv+A F∂pw A`ymtk N¿® (8-˛4-˛54) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ v F∂-Xn\v _v F∂v BtZiw h∂p _v+A+`qhv+A=_`qh

F∂p kn≤n-°pw.

Zznh-N-\-Ønse Xkv F∂-Xn\v AXpkv F∂v BtZiw h∂p

`q+AXpkv F∂n-cns° ap≥ hnh-cn® {]Imcw __qhv+AXp-kv,cpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂p _`q-hXpx F∂p kn≤n-°pw.

_lp-h-N-\-Ønse Qn F∂-Xn\v Dkv F∂ BtZiw h∂v`q+Dkv F∂n-cns° apº-d-™-hn[w _`qhv+Dkv=_`qhpx F∂p

kn≤n-°pw.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-js‚ GI-h-N-\-Øn¬ kn F∂-Xn\v Yev F∂p

BtZiw h∂v q+Yev F∂n-cns° ev F∂Xv CØm-I-bm¬ tem]n-®-tijw `q+Y, ap≥{]-{In-b-t]mse _`qhv+Y F∂n-cns° B¿[-

[m-Xp-I-tky-Uz-emtZx (7-˛2-˛35) Cu kq{X-Øm¬ Y F∂Xp apºm-bn´v C F∂ BKaw tN¿∂v _`qhv+C+Y=_`q-hnY F∂p

kn≤n°pw.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Ykv F∂-Xn\v AYpkv F∂

BtZiw h∂v `q+AYpkv=_`qhv+AYpkv=_`p-hYpx F∂pkn≤n°pw.

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Y F∂-Xn\v A F∂v BtZiw h∂v`q+A=_`qhv+A=_`qh F∂p kn≤n-°pw.

DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ an F∂-Xn\p (W-ev) AImcwBtZ-i-am-bn-h∂v _`qhv+A=_`qh F∂m-Ipw.

Sn Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ hkv F∂-Xn\p h F∂ BtZiw h∂v

_`qhv+h F∂n-cns° B¿[-[m-Xp-I-tky-Uz-emtZx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ C F∂ BKaw tN¿∂p _`q-hnh F∂m-bn.

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ akv F∂-Xn\v a F∂ BtZiw h∂v_`qhv+a F∂n-cns° CUm-Kaw h∂v _`q-hna F∂m-Ipw.

A\-Zy-Xt\ eqSv (3˛3˛15) A\-Zy-X-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hn-jy-Z¿∞-Øn¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ [mXp-hn¬\n∂v eqSv hcpw. AXm-bXv Xte-

[mXp-\n-cq-]Ww


98 BZn-`mj

Znhkw ]Xn-\©p \mgnI Ccp-ń-b-Xn\p ta¬ \mfXp ]Xn-\©p\mgnI Ccp-fp∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Adp-]Xp \mgn-I-°ptijw \S-°p∂`hn-jyXv (h-cm≥ t]mIp-∂) ImesØ Im´p-∂-Xn\v epSv hcpw.`q+epSv=`q+ev+D+Sv F∂n-cns° D, Sv CXp-Iƒ CØm-I-bm¬tem]n®p t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw q+ev F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ ev F∂-Xn\pXn F∂ BtZiw h∂v `q+Xn F∂m-bn. At∏mƒ kyXm-ko-er-eptSmx (3-˛1-˛33) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xmkv F∂Xp \Sp-hn¬ h∂v`q+Xmkv+Xn F∂n-cns° B¿[-[m-Xp-I-tky-Uz-emtZx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xmkv F∂-Xn\v ap≥`m -KØp C tN¿Øp`q+C+Xmkv+Xn= v+Du+C+Xmkv+Xn F∂pw km¿h-[m-Xp-Im¿[-[m-Xp-Itbmx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ DuIm-c-Øn\p KpWw h∂v H F∂m-bn´p ` v+Hm+C+Xmkv+Xn F∂pw Ahm-tZiw h∂v`v+Ahv+C+Xmkv+Xn=`hn-Xmkv+Xn F∂pw epSx {]Y-a-ky-Um-cu-ckx (2-˛4-˛85) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xn F∂-Xn\p Um F∂p h∂p`hn-Xmkv+U F∂pw Um F∂Xp CØmbn tem]n®v B F∂XpBtZ-i-ambn h∂v `hn-Xmkv+B=`hnXv+Bkv+B F∂pw tSx (6-˛4 -˛143) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Bkv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v`hnXv+B=`hnXm F∂pw cq]w kn≤n-®p.

Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v Xkv BtZ-i-ambn h∂v `q+XkvF∂n-cns° ap≥{]-{In-b-t]mse hn-Xmkv+Xkv F∂pw Xkv F∂-Xn\p cu F∂Xv BtZiw h∂v hn-Xmkv+cu F∂pw cnN(7-˛4-˛51)F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ kv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v `hnXm+cu=`hn-Xmcu F∂pw kn≤n-°pw.

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\p Qn h∂v q+Qn F∂n-cns°ap≥{]-{In-b-t]mse `hn-Xmkv+Qn F∂pw Qn F∂-Xn\p ckvF∂Xv BtZ-i-ambn h∂p `hn-Xmkv+ckv F∂pw kv F∂-Xn\ptem]w h∂v hnXm+ckv, cpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂v hn-Xmcx F∂pwkn≤n-°pw.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ kn F∂v BtZiw h∂v q+knF∂pw ap≥]-d™ {]Imcw `hn -Xmkv+kn F∂pw Xmk-kvtXym¿tem]x (7-˛4-˛50) F∂ kq{XØm¬ kv F∂-Xn\p tem]wh∂v `hn-Xmkn F∂pw kn≤w.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Ykv BtZiw h∂v q+Ykv F∂n-cns° ap≥{]-Imcw `hn-Xmkv+Ykv cpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂v `hn-Xmÿx F∂p kn≤n-°pw.


99

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Y BtZiw h∂v hn-Xmkv+Y=`hnXmÿ

F∂ cq]w kn≤n-°pw.

DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v an F∂ BtZiw

h∂v `hn-Xmkv+an=`hn-Xm-kvan.

Sn Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ hkv BtZiw h∂v `hn-Xmkv+hkv, cpXz

hnk¿§-ßƒ h∂v `hn-Xm-kzx.

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ akv BtZiw h∂v `hn-Xmkvax F∂p

kn≤n°pw.

erSv titj N (3- 3- 13) hn-jy-Z¿∞-Øn¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ [mXp-

hn-\v erń¬ ]d-™ hnti-j-a-√msX kmam-\y-am-bn-h-cp∂ Ime-

sØbpw Ipdn-°p-∂-Xn\p er´p hcpw. `q+erSv F∂n-cns° E, Sv

Ch CØp-I-fm-I-bm¬ tem]n®v `q+ev F∂pw ev F∂-Xn\p Xn

F∂ BtZiw h∂v q+Xn F∂pw kyXm-ko-er-eptSmx F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ \Sp-hn¬ ky F∂p h∂p `q+ky+Xn F∂pw B¿[-[m-Xp-

I-tkyUz-emtZx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ ky F∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºn-embn C

F∂ BKaw h∂v `q+C+ky+Xn = `v+Du+C+ky+Xn F∂pw Du

F∂-Xn\p HmImcw h∂v `v+Hm+C+ky+Xn F∂pw HmIm-c-Øn\p

Ahv F∂v BtZiw h∂v v+Ahv+C+ky+Xn= v+Ahv+C+kv+b+Xn

F∂pw BtZ-i-{]-Xy-btbmx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ kv F∂-Xn\v jv

F∂ BtZiw h∂v `v+Ahv+C+jv+b+Xn=`hn-jyXn F∂p cq]w

kn≤n-®p.

Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\p Xkv BtZiw h∂v ap≥{]-{In-b-

t]mse `hnjy+Xkv=`hn-jyXx F∂m-bn. _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev

F∂-Xn\v Qn h∂v ap≥{]-Imcw hnjy+Qn F∂n-cns° Qn F∂-

Xn\p A¥n F∂ BtZiw h∂v

`hnjy+A¥n=`hnjv+bv+A+A¥n F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ c≠-Im-c-

ßƒ°v Hc-Imcw h∂v hnjv+bv+A¥n=`hn-jy¥n F∂p kn≤n®p.

a≤ya]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ kn F∂Xv BtZ-i-ambn h∂v

`hn-jykn F∂pw.

a≤y -a -]p -cp -j -Zz n -h -N -\ -Øn¬ Ykv F∂Xp h∂v

`hnjy+Ykv=`hn-jyYx F∂pw

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Y F∂Xv BtZiw h∂v hn-jyY F∂pw

[mXp-\n-cq-]Ww


100 BZn-`mj

DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ an F∂p BtZiw h∂v

`hnjy+an=`hnjv+bv+A+an F∂pw AIm-c-Øn\p Zo¿Lw-h∂v

`hnjv+bv+B+an=`hn-jyman F∂pw

DØ-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ hkv BtZiw h∂v ap≥]-d™

{]Imcw hnjy+hkv=`hn-jymhx F∂pw Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ akv

F∂-Xp-h∂v `hn-jymax F∂pw cq]-ßƒ kn≤n-®p.

temSv N (3-˛3-˛162) hn[n apX-emb A¿∞-X-e-ß-fn-ep≈ [mXp-

°ƒ°v AXm-bXv ta¬hn-h-cn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ hn[n apX-emb

A¿∞-ßfpw Bio¿Δm-Z-ßfpw sNøp-tºmƒ hcp∂ ImesØ Ipdn-

°p-∂-Xn\p temSv hcpw. Bin-jn-en-MvtemSu (3-˛3-˛173) Bin- n¬

enßpw tem´pw hcpw. q+temSv F∂n-cns° AXm-bXv q+ev+Hm+Sv

F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hm, Sv F∂nh CØp-°-fm-I-bm¬ tem]n-®p-t]mbn

tijn® (ev) q[m-Xp-hns‚ ]nºp-h∂p q+ev F∂m-bn. {]Ya ]pcp-

ssj-I-h-N\ {]Xy-b-amb Xn F∂Xp ev F∂-Xns‚ BtZ-i-am-

bn´p h∂p `q+Xn F∂n-cns° eń¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse `h+Xv+C

F∂pw hnti-jn®v Gcpx (3-˛4-˛56) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ C F∂-Xn\v

D F∂p h∂p `hXv+D=`hXp F∂pw.

Bio¿Δm-Z-sØ-°m-Wn-°p-tºmƒ Xptlym-kvXm-X-ßm-in-jy-

\y-X-ckymw (7-˛1-˛35) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xp F∂-Xn\v XmXv F∂p

hcpw-]Sn `q+XmXv ap≥{]-Imcw `h+Xm¬+`h-XmXv F∂pw

Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ Xkv BtZiw h∂v q+Xkv F∂n-cns° Xÿ-

ÿ-an]mw Xm¥-¥max (3-˛4-˛101) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xkv F∂-Xn\v

Xmw F∂ BtZiw h∂v `h+Xmw=`hXmw F∂pw

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Qn F∂ BtZiw h∂v `h+Qn F∂n-

cns° Qn F∂-Xn\v A¥n BtZiw h∂v h+A¥n F∂pw AXm-

bXv `h+A+¥v+C, Gcpx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ C F∂-Xn\p D

BtZiw h∂p h+A¥v+D F∂pw c≠-Im-c-Øn\pw IqSn Hc-Imcw

h∂v `hv+A¥v+D=`h¥p F∂pw

a≤y-a-]p-cp-j-\nse GI-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v kn BtZiw

h∂v `h+kn F∂n-cns° tk¿ly-]n® (3-˛4-˛8) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

kn F∂-Xn\v ln h∂p `h+ln F∂pw AtXm tlx F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ ln F∂-Xn\v tem]w h∂v h F∂pw Chn-sSbpw Bio¿Δm-

Z-Øn¬ apºp h∂-t]mse `h-XmXv F∂pw.


101

a[y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Ykv BtZiw h∂v h+Ykv F∂n-

cns° Xÿ-ÿ-an-]mw-Xm-¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Ykv F∂-

Xn\v Xw F∂ BtZiw h∂v `h+Xw=`hXw F∂pw

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ ap≥{]-Imcw Y F∂-Xn\v X F∂p h∂p

`h+X=`hX F∂pw.

DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ ‘ev’ F∂-Xn\v ‘an’ F∂v

BtZiw h∂v `h+\n F∂n-cns° ta¿\nx (3-˛4-˛89) F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ ‘an’ F∂-Xn\v \n F∂ BtZiw h∂v h+\n F∂pw BUp-

Ø-a-ky-]n® (3-˛4-˛92) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ \n F∂-Xn\p ap≥`m-K-

Ømbn B F∂ BKaw h∂v `h+B+\n=`hv+A+B+\n F∂pw

A B Ch°p c≠n-\pw-IqSn B F∂p Hc-£cw BtZ-i-ambn h∂v

`hv+B+\n=`hm\n F∂pw

DØ-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v hkv F∂ BtZiw

h∂v `h+hkv F∂pw hkv F∂-Xn\v BImcw apºn¬ tN¿∂p

`h+B+hkv, `hm-hkv F∂pw \nXyw-Mn-Xx (3-˛3-˛99) F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ kv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v `hmh F∂pw

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ akv F∂ BtZiw h∂v `hm-akv F∂n-

cns° ap≥ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse kv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v `hma

F∂pw cq]w kn≤n-®p.

A\-Zy-Xt\ eMv (3-˛2-˛111) A\-Zy-X\ `qXm¿∞-hr-Øn-bm-bn-

cn-°p∂ [mXp-hn-\v, AXm-bXp ap≥]-d-b-s∏´ Adp-]-Xp-\m-gn-I-I-

fn¬ \S-°mØ (A-°n-\p-apºp \S-∂) `qX-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-°p-∂-

Xn-\mbn ‘eMv’ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Spw. `p+eMv=`p+ev+AMv F∂n-cns°

A, Mv Ch c≠pw CØp-I-fm-I-bm¬ tem]n-®p-t]mbn epMveMv

erMv£z-Up-ZmØx (6- 4- 71) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ q F∂-Xn\p apºmbn

A F∂-Xp-tN¿∂v A+`q+ev F∂n-cnt° ev F∂-Xn\v Xn F∂

BtZiw h∂v A`q+Xn F∂m-bn. At∏mƒ ap≥]-d-b-s∏-´-hn[w `q

F∂Xv `h F∂mbn A`h+Xn=A`h+Xv+C F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ

CX› (3-˛4-˛100) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ C F∂-Xn\v tem]w h∂v

A`h+Xv=A`-hXv F∂p kn≤n®p.

{]Y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\p Xkv F∂ BtZiw

h∂v ap≥]-d-b-s∏-´-a-ń¬ A`h+Xkv F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xÿ-ÿ-

[mXp-\n-cq-]Ww


102 BZn-`mj

an]mw Xm¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xkv F∂-Xn\v Xmw F∂

BtZiw h∂v A`h+Xmw=A`-hXmw F∂ cq]w kn≤n-®p.

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v Qn F∂ BtZiw h∂v

A`h+Qn F∂n -cns° Qnbv°v A¥n BtZiw h∂vA`h+A¥n=A`h+A≥+Xv+C F∂pw CX› F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

CIm-c-Øn\pw kwtbm-Km-¥ky tem]x (8- 2- 23) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬Xv F∂-Xn\pw tem]w h∂v A`h+A≥=A`hv+A+A≥ F∂pw

c≠-Im-c-ßƒ°pw IqSn Hcp AImcw h∂v A`hv+A≥=A`-h≥F∂pw kn≤-am-bn.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v kn F∂v BtZiwh∂v A`h+kn=A`h+kv+C F∂pw C F∂-Xn\v tem]w h∂v

A`h+kv F∂pw cpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂v A`hx F∂pw cq]w kn≤-am-bn.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Ykv BtZiw h∂v A`h+YkvF∂pw Xÿ-ÿ-an-]mw-Xm-¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Ykv F∂-

Xn\v Xw BtZ-i-ambn h∂v A`h+Xw=A`-hX F∂pw kn≤-am-bn.a≤y-a-]p-cpj _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ ‘Lw’ F∂-Xn\v ‘X’ BtZiw h∂v

AthX F∂pw cq]w kn≤n-®p.

DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v an F∂ BtZiw

h∂v A`h+an F∂n-cns° Xÿ-ÿ-an]mw Xm¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ an F∂-Xn\v Aav BtZiw h∂v A -h+Aav=A`hv+A+Aav

F∂pw c≠p AIm-c -ßƒ°pw IqSn Hcp AImcw h∂vA`hv+Aav=A`hw F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

DØ-a-]p -cp -j-Zzn -h -N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v hkv h∂v

A`h+hkv=A`hv+A+hkv F∂n-cns° AtXm-Zo¿tLm-bRnF∂ kq{X-Øm¬ A F∂Xv B F∂p Zo¿L-ambn h∂p

A`hv+B+hkv F∂pw \nXyw-MnXx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ kv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v A`hv+B+h=A`-hmh F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ akv BtZ-i-ambn h∂v apºp-]-d-™-Xp-t]mse Zo¿Lhpw kIm-c-tem-]hpw h∂v A`hv+B+a=A`-hma

F∂ cq]w kn≤n-®p.

hn[n-\n-a-{¥-Wm-a-{¥-Wm-[o-jvT-kw-{]-iv\-{]m¿∞-t\jpenMv

(3-˛3-˛161). hn[n=t{]cWw AXm-bXv DØcw sImSp-°p-∂Xv As√-


103

¶n¬ IS-a-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv, \na-{¥Ww = \ntbm-K-I-cWw AXm-bXp

sshZnI I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ £Wn-°p-∂-Xv, Ba-{¥Ww=Ima-Nm-cm-

\p⁄ AXm-bXp CjvSw sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\p A\p-hmZw

sImSp-°p-I. A[ojvTw=kXvIm-c-]q¿Δ-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hym]m-cw.

AXm-bXp alm-∑m-cpsS ASpØp th≠-Xp-t]mse D]-N-cn-°,

kw{]iv\w=hnX¿°w AXm-bXv sNø-Wtam sNtø-≠tbm F∂p

ap≥Iqń hnNm-cn-°p-I, {]m¿∞\w=At]-£n-°p-I, Cu A¿∞-ßƒ

tZymXy-ß-fmtbm hmNy-ß-fmtbm Ccn-°p-tºmƒ enMv D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Spw.

`q+enMv F∂n-cns° `q+ev+CMv F∂p hn`m-Kn-®-Xn-\p-tijw

CMv CØm-I-bm¬ tem]n-®p-t]mbn q+ev F∂p am{X-ap-≠v. ev F∂-

Xn\v Xn F∂ BtZiw h∂v eń¬ ]d-b-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse `h+Xn

F∂m-°n-b-t∏mƒ bmkp-Sv]-c-kvssa-]-tZ-jq-Zm-tØm-Mn® (3-˛4-˛103)

F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xn F∂-Xns‚ BZym-h-b-h-am-bn´v bmkv F∂

Hcp BKaw h∂p h+bmkv+Xn F∂pw kpSvXntYmx (3- 4- 10) F∂

kq{X-Øm¬ bmkv F∂-Xn-s‚bpw Xn F∂-Xn-s‚bpw \Sp-hn-em-

bn´v kv Fs∂mcp BKaw h∂p `h+bmkv+kv+Xn F∂pw enM- -

tem-t]m-\-¥yky (7-˛2-˛79) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ kv c≠p-Iƒ°pw

tem]w h∂p h+bm+Xn F∂pw AtXm-tbbx (7- 2- 80) F∂ kq{X-

Øm¬ bm F∂-Xn\v Cbv Fs∂mcp BtZiw h∂p

`h+Cbv+Xn=`hv+A+Cbv+Xn F∂pw BZvKpWx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

A, C F∂nh c≠n\pw IqSn GImcw GIm-tZ-i-ambn h∂v

`hv+Gbv+Xn=`thbv+Xn F∂pw temt]m-thym¿hen (6-˛1-˛76) F∂

kq{X-Øm¬ bv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v th+Xn=`th+Xv+C F∂pw

CX› F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ C F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v

`th+Xv=`thXv F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

{]Y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v Xkv BtZiw h∂v

`q+Xkv F∂pw Xÿ-ÿ-an-]mw-Xm-¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xkv

F∂-Xn\p Xmw F∂ BtZiw h∂v `q+Xmw F∂pw ap≥{]-I-c-W-

Øn¬ {]{In-b-sN-bvX-Xp-t]mse `th+Xmw F∂pw bv F∂Xn\p

tem]w h∂v `th+Xmw=`thXmw F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

{]Y-a-]p-cpj _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Qn F∂ BtZiw h®v q+Qn

F∂pw tQ¿Ppkv (3-˛4-˛100) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Qn F∂-Xn\v Dkv

(Pv) F∂-Xn\v NpSq (1-˛3-˛7) F∂ kq{Xw sIm≠v tem]w h∂p.)

[mXp-\n-cq-]Ww


104 BZn-`mj

BtZiw h∂p `q+Dkv F∂pw ap≥t]mse `th+Dkv F∂pw cpXzhnk¿§-ßƒ h∂v `thbpx F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ kn BtZiw h∂v q+kn F∂pwap≥t]mse thbv+kn F∂pw bv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v th+knF∂pw kn {]Xy-b-Øn-ep≈ CImcw tem]n®p `th+kv F∂pwcpXz-hn-k¿§-ßƒ h∂v `thx F∂pw cq]w kn≤n-®p.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Xÿ-ÿ-an]mw Xm¥-¥max F∂kq{X-Øm¬ Xkv F∂-Xn\p Xw BtZ-i-ambn h∂p q+Xw F∂pwap≥t]mse `th+Xw `thXw F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Xÿ-ÿ-an-]mw-Xm-¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Y F∂-Xn\p X F∂Xv BtZ-i-ambn h∂p ap≥{]-Imcw`th+X=`thX F∂p kn≤n-®p.

DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ an BtZiw h∂v Xÿ-ÿ-an-]mw-Xm-¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ an F∂-Xn\v Aav BtZiw h∂v`q+Aav F∂n-cns° ap≥ {]{In-b-t]mse th+Aav+`thbw F∂pkn≤n-®p.

DØa]pcp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ hkv BtZiw h∂v ap≥]-d-™-Xp-t]mse `th+hkv F∂n-cns° \nXyw-MnXx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬kv F∂-Xn\v tem]w h∂v `th+h+`thh F∂p kn≤-am-bn.

DØ-a-]p-cp-j-_-lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ akv BtZiw h∂v ap≥t]mse`th+akv F∂n-cns° kv F∂-Xp-tem-]n®v `th+a+`tha F∂cq]w kn≤n-®p.

enMv Binjn (3-˛4-˛116), InZm-injn (3-˛4-˛104) Cu kq{X-ß-fm¬ Bin-jven-Mn¬ ap≥]-d™ en]n-I-fn¬ Nneh hcn-I-bn-√.Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ Bio¿hm-ZsØ Im´p-tºmƒ `q+enMv F∂n-cns° CMv CØm-I-bm¬ tem]n-®p-t]m-bn´v tijn-®-Xmb evF∂XptN-cp-tºmƒ `q+ev F∂pw AXn\v BtZ-i-ambn Xn F∂{]Xybw h∂p q+Xn F∂pw bmkp-Sv]-c-kvssa-]-tZ-jq-ZmtØm Mn®F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ bmkv F∂ BKaw Xn F∂-Xn\p ap≥]mbnh∂p `q+bmkv+Xn F∂pw kpSvXntYmx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ bmkvF∂-Xn\pw Xn F∂-Xn\pw CS-bv°m-bn´v kv F∂ BKaw h∂p`q+bmkv+kv+Xn F∂pw `qbmkv+kv+Xv+C F∂n-SØp ‘CX›’F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ CImcw tem]n®v qbmkv+kv+Xv F∂pw kvtImx


105

kwtbm-Km-tZym-c-t¥N (8- 2- 29) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ bmkv F∂-Xnsekv F∂p-≈Xpw at‰ kv F∂p-≈Xpw tem]n®v `q+bm+Xv=`qbmXvF∂pw kn≤w.

{]Y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Xkv BtZiw h∂v ap≥ {]kvXm-hn-®-Xp-t]mse `q+bmkv+kv+Xkv apX-em-bh tN¿∂ tijwBZysØ kv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v `qbm+kv+Xkv F∂n-cns°Xÿ-ÿ-an-]mw-Xm-¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Xkv F∂-Xn\v XmwBtZiw h∂v `qbmkv+Xmw=`qbmkvXmw F∂ cq]w kn≤n-®p.

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ tQ¿Ppkv F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Qn F∂-Xn\v Dkv BtZiw h∂v `q+Dkv F∂n-cns° bmkv F∂Xv DkvF∂-Xn\p ap≥]mbn h∂p q+bmkv+Dkv=`qbm-kpkv F∂pw cpXzhnk¿§-ßƒ h∂v `qbmkpx F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

a[y-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ kn BtZiw h∂v q+kn F∂pwap≥ {]{In-b-t]mse qbmkv+kn=`qbmkv+kv+C F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒC F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v qbmkv+kv F∂pw BZysØ kv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v qbm+kv F∂pw cpXz hnk¿§-ßƒ h∂v qbmxF∂pw kn≤n-®p.

a[y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Ykv BtZiw h∂v Xÿ-ÿ-an]mwXm¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Ykv F∂-Xn\v Xmw BtZ-i-ambnh∂v `q+Xw F∂pw {]Y-a-]p-cpj Zznh-N-\-Ønse {]{In-b-t]mse`qbmkv+Xw=`qbmkvXw F∂pw kn≤n-®p. _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Y BtZ-i-ambn h∂v Xÿ-ÿ-an]mw Xm¥-¥max F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ YF∂-Xn\v X BtZ-i-ambn h∂v `qbmkv+X=`qbmkvX F∂pwkn≤n®p.

DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ an BtZiw h∂v an F∂-Xn\vAav BtZiw h∂v {]Y-a-]p-cpj _lp-h-N-\-Ønse t]mse`qbmkv+Aav=`qbmkw F∂p kn≤-am-bn.

DØ-a-]p-cpj Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ hkv BtZiw h∂v GI-h-N-\-Øn¬t]mse `qbmkv+hkv F∂n-cns° \nXyw-MnXx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ hkv F∂-Xnse kIm-cw -tem-]n®v `qbmkv+h=`qbmkzF∂pw cq]w kn≤n-®p.

Sn _lp-h-N-\-Øn\v apºv BtZiw h∂v `qbmkv+akv F∂n-cns° kImcw tem]n®v `qbmkv+a=`qbmkva F∂ cq]w kn≤-ambn.

[mXp-\n-cq-]Ww


106 BZn-`mj

epMv (3-˛2-˛11) qXm¿∞ hrØn-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ [mXp-hn\v AXm-

bXv enSv, eMv, CXp-I-fn¬ ]d-b-s∏´ hnti-j-ßƒ C√msX Ccn-

°p∂ ImesØ am{Xw Ipdn-°p-∂n-SØp epMv hcpw.

`q+epMv F∂n-cns° DMv CØm-I-bm¬ tem]n-®p-t]mbn tijw

`q+ev F∂n-cns° epMve-MverMv £zUp-ZmØx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

`q+ev F∂-Xn\p apºmbn A tN¿∂p A`q+ev F∂p NvenepMn

F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ `q F∂-Xn\pw ev F∂-Xn\pw CSbv°p Nven

h∂p A`q+Nven+ev F∂pw Nvtex knNv (3- 1- 44) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

Nven F∂-Xn\p BtZ-i-ambn kv h∂v A`q+kv+Xn F∂pw KmXn-

ÿm-Lq-]m- q`yx knNx ]c-kvssa-]-tZjp (2- 4- 77) F∂ kq{X-Øm¬

kv F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v A`q+Xn=A`q+Xv+C F∂pw CX›

F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ C F∂-Xn\p tem]w h∂v A`p+Xv=A`qXv

F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

{]Y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Xkv BtZiw h∂v Xkv F∂-

Xn\p Xmw BtZiw h∂v ap≥ {]{In-b-t]mse A`q+Xmw=A`qXmw

F∂m-bn.

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Qn BtZiw h∂v Qnbv°v A¥n F∂

BtZiw h∂v ap≥t]mse A`q+A¥n F∂pw `qthm -

hpKvepMventSmx F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ q F∂-Xn\p ]n≥]mbn hv F∂

BKaw tN¿∂v A`q+hv+A¥n=A`qhv+A≥+Xv+C F∂pw Xv, C

Cu c≠p-Iƒ°pw eMv {]{In-b-bn¬ hnh-cn® hn[-Øn¬ tem]w

h∂v A`qhv+A≥=A`q-h≥ F∂pw kn≤n-®p.

a≤y-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ kn BtZiw h∂v ap≥]-d-™-

{]-Imcw A`p+kv+C F∂n-cns° CIm-c-Øn\p tem]hpw cpXz-hn-

k¿K-ßfpw h∂v A`qx F∂p kn≤n-®p.

a≤y-a-]p-cpj Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ Ykv BtZiw h∂v Ykv F∂-

Xn\v Xw BtZiw h∂v A`q+Xw=A`qXw F∂p kn≤n-®p.

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Y F∂ BtZiw h∂v AXn\p X BtZiw

h∂v A`q+X=A`pX F∂p cq]w kn≤n-®p.

DØa ]pcp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ an BtZiw h∂v AXn\v Aav

BtZiw h∂v A`q+Aav F∂n-cns° `q+Abv F∂-Xn\v hv F∂

BKaw tN¿Øv A`q+hv+Aav=A`qhw F∂p kn≤n-®p.


107

DØ-a-]p-cpj Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ hkv BtZiw h∂v B`q+hkv

F∂n-cns° kv F∂-Xn\v tem]w h∂v A`q+h=A`qh F∂ cq]wkn≤n-®p.

DØ-a-]p-cpj _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ akv BtZiw h∂v A`q+akvF∂n-cns° k F∂-Xn\v tem]w h∂v A`q+a=A`qa F∂ cq]w

kn≤n-®p.

enMv \nantØ erMv {Inbm-Xn-]Øu (3-˛3-˛139) enMv \nan-Øw,

tlXp-a¤mhmZn (AXp hn-°p-sa-¶n¬ CXp- -hn°pw F∂p-≈) hn-jy-Z¿∞-ß-fn¬ erMvhcpw. {Inb D≠m-ImsX Ccn-°p-tºmƒ AXm-

bXv Imc-W-Im-cy-ßƒ c≠pw C√m-Øn-S-Øn¬ A°m-c-W-an-cp-s∂-¶n¬ C°m-cy-ap-≠m-tbs\ (D-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p) F∂p sNm√p-∂-

Xn\v erMv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Spw. `q+erMv F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ erMv AS-bm-f-ambnam{X-an-cn-°-bm¬ CØv F∂p≈ \ma-Øn\v A¿l-ambn

tem]n-®p-t]mbn tijw ev F∂p-am{Xw Ccn-°p-∂p. `q+ev F∂n-cns° `q F∂-Xns‚ apºmbn AImcw h∂p A`q+ev F∂pw ev

F∂-Xn\p Xn BtZiw h∂v A`q+Xn F∂pw kyXm-ko-er-eptSmxF∂ kq{X-Øm¬ `q F∂-Xn\pw Xn F∂-Xn\pw a[y-Øn¬ ky

BKaw h∂v A`q+ky+Xn F∂pw B¿[-[m-Xp-I-tky-Uz-emtZxF∂ kq{X-Øm¬ ky F∂-Xn\p apºmbn C F∂ BKaw h∂p

A`q+C+ky+Xn=A`v+Du+C+ky+Xn F∂pw Du F∂-Xn\p HmBtZiw h∂v A`q+Hm+C+ky+Xn F∂pw Hm F∂-Xn\v Ahv F∂

BtZiw h∂v A`v+Ahv+C+ky+Xn F∂pw ky F∂-Xnse kIm-c-Øn\p jImcw h∂v A v+Ahv+C+jy+Xn F∂pw Xn F∂ {]Xy-

b-Øn-ep≈ CIm-c-Øn\p tem]w h∂v A`v+Ahv+C+jy+Xv=A`-hn-jyXv F∂pw cq]w kn≤n-®p.

{]Y-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ Xkv BtZiw h∂v Xkv F∂-Xn\v Xmw BtZiw h∂v ap≥]-d™ hn[-Øn¬ A`-hn-jyXmw

F∂p kn≤n-®p.

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ Qn BtZiw h∂v Qn F∂-Xn\p A¥n

F∂ BtZiw h∂p ap≥{]-Imcw A`-hnjy+A¥n=A`-hnjv+bv+A+A¥n F∂pw A, A Ch c≠n\pw IqSn BtZ-i-

ambn Hcp AImcw h∂v A`-hnjv+bv+A¥n=A`-hnjv+bv+A≥+Xv+bv F∂pw Xv C Ch c≠n\pw tem]w h∂p A`-

hnjv+bv+A≥=A`-hn-jy≥ F∂pw cq]w kn≤n-®p.

[mXp-\n-cq-]Ww


108 BZn-`mj

a≤ya]pcp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ kn F∂ BtZiw h∂v A`-

hnjy+kn=A -hnjy+kv+C F∂n-cns° C F∂-Xn\v tem]w h∂vA`-hnjy+kv F∂pw cpXz hnk¿§-ßƒ h∂v A`-hnjyx F∂pw

cq]w D≠m-bn.

a≤y-a-]p-cpj Zznh-N-\-Øn¬ Ykv BtZ-ihpw AXn\p Xw

BtZ-ihpw h∂v A -hnjy+Xw=A -hn-jyXw F∂ cq]w kn≤n®p.

_lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v Y F∂pw Y F∂-Xn\v X

F∂pw BtZ-i-ßƒ h∂v A`-hnjy+X=A`-hn-jyX F∂ cq]wkn≤n-®p.

DØ-a-]p-cp-ssj-I-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v an F∂pw an F∂-Xn\v Aav F∂pw BtZ-i-ßƒ h∂v A`-hnjy+Aav=A`-

hnjv+bv+A+Aw F∂n-cns° A, A F∂p≈ c≠n\pw IqSn HcpAImcw BtZ-i-ambn h∂v A -hnjv+bv+Aav=A -hnjyw F∂ cq]w

kn≤n-®p.

DØ-a-]p-cp-j-Zzn-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v hkv BtZiw h∂v

A -hnjy+hkv F∂n-cns° A -hnjy F∂-Xnse A¥y-amb AIm-c-Øn\v AtXm-Zo¿tLm-bRn F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ Zo¿Lw h∂v A`-

hnjym+hkv F∂pw \nXyw-MnX F∂ kq{X-Øm¬ kIm-c-tem]wh∂v A`-hnjym+h=A`-hn-jymh F∂pw cq]w kn≤-am-bn.

DØ-a-]p-cpj _lp-h-N-\-Øn¬ ev F∂-Xn\v akv BtZiwh∂v ap≥ {Inb-b-\p-k-cn®v Zo¿Lhpw kIm-c-tem-]hpw h∂v A`-

hn-jyma F∂p kn≤-am-bn.


109

9

Xan-gvkw-kvIr-Xm-Zn-Xm-c-Xayw

C{X-bpw-sIm≠v C∂sØ \ne-bn¬ ]cn-jvIr-X-cq-]-Øn¬ Cu

c≠p {][m-\- m-j-Ifpw F{X-am{Xw A¥-c-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°p∂psh∂p

shfn-hm-b-t√m. Xangv kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ Hcp P\y- m-j-bm-sW-∂p≈

Bi-¶bv°v Bcpw C\n lrZ-b-Øn¬ CSw A\p-h-Zn-°p-sa∂p

tXm∂p-∂n-√.

\hymUw_-c-ßƒsIm≠v Ir{Xn-a-`wKn hnX-dp∂ thj-hn-[m-

\-Øn¬IqSn IÆ-b-®m¬ ]t£ bmYm¿∞yw {Kln-°m≥ km[n-

°p-I-bn-s√∂v Hcm-t£]w ChnsS ]pd-s∏-t´°mw. AXp hmkvX-

hw -X-s∂. F∂m¬, \ΩpsS ZrjvSn kq£va-X-c-am°n t\m°p-tºmƒ

B ImgvN Fßpw XS-bmsX F√m `mj-Iƒ°pw BZn-aq-e-amb

Hc-hy-‡-e-£y-Øn¬ sN∂-h-km-\n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CS-

bnseßm\pw bp‡y-\p-`-h-ß-tfmSv hnL-Sn-®p-\n-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p-sh-

¶n¬ AXv A¥n-a-Z¿i-\-sa∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sp-∂-X-√. Cßs\ Atß-

b-‰w-hsc sN∂p-]-‰p∂ Hcp t\m´w `mjm-hn-j-b-I-ambn e`n-°p-

∂pt≠m F∂p \ap-s°m∂v ]co-£n-°mw.

Hcp `mj-bpsS icocw ]Z-k-ap-Zm-b-hpw, ]Z-ß-fpsS Ah-b-h-

ßƒ A£-c-ß-fp-am-W-t√m. GXpw BZyw {]mIr-X-ambn D¤-hn®v

A\-¥cw Ir{Xn-a-ßƒ Ie¿∂v ]cn-jvIr-X-cq-]-Øn¬ ]cn-W-an-°p-

∂p. Cu \nbaw Hcn-°epw hnkva-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. At∏mƒ AIr-

{Xn-a-amb hninjvS {]b-Xv\m-Zn-I-tfmSp IqSmØ A£-c-ßƒ GXp

`mjbv°v kz¥-ambn ImWp-∂pthm AXp as‰-√m-‰n-t‚bpw aqe-`m-

j-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂q-ln-°mw. a\x-]q¿Δw D®-cn-t°-≠-X√mØ kzm`m-

hn-I-ambn i_vZn-°m-hp∂ A£-c-ßƒ AS-ßnb `mj Ft∏mgpw

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS mj-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v kmcw. Cu BZn- mj GsX∂v

Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-tebv°v {]IrXn kzbw D®-cn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xcw A£-

c-ßsf Xs∂ H∂m-aXp tXSn-∏n-Sn-t°-≠-Xmbn hcp-∂p. {]IrXym


110 BZn-`mj

kn≤n-°p∂ A£-c-ßƒ GsX√mw? Ahsb Fßs\ Xncn-®-

dnbmw? F∂pw h√-hcpw ChnsS hnI-ev]n-®m¬ AXn\p kam-[m\w

D≠v.

hm°v F∂-Xn\v Xangv mj-bn¬ apJy-amb \maw ‘samgn’ F∂-

t{X. F∂m¬ Xan-gntem Xan-gn-t\mSp tN¿∂ thsd `mj-bntem

A√m-sX, a‰p `mj-I-fn¬ {]Ir-Xn°v C{X-tØmfw icn-bm-bn´p

hm°p In´p-I-bn-s√-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-b-Ww. Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬, HmjvTm-

[-c-ßsf Hcp-an®p tN¿Øv hm aqSn-s°m-≠p≈ Ccn-∏n\v au\-sa∂p

\mahpw ‘av’ F∂v cq]-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Cu ‘av’ F∂ hm aq-S-ens\ \√-

hÆw Hgn®v hnSp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ av+Hgn=samgn F∂

\maw kn≤n-®p. Cu samgn Xs∂ BZyw AIm-cw, c≠m-aXv CIm-

cw, aq∂m-aXv DImcw C{]-Imcw apdbv°v A, C, D F∂ aq∂v

A£-c-ß-fm-bn´v {]Im-in-°pw. F∂m¬ ‘av’ F∂-Xns\ hn´m¬

BZyw AIm-c-am-bn´p Xs∂ [z\n-°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xn-cn-°-s - -c-≠m-aXpw

aq∂m-aXpw CImc DIm-c-ß-fm-bn´p Xs∂ hn-°p-∂-sX-ßns\? DIm-

c-C-Im-c-ß-fm-bn´p amdn-h-c-cptXm? F∂p i¶n-°p∂ ]£w A{]-

Imcw ]mSn-√. CXp \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-∑m-cm¬ sNø-s∏´ {Ia-am-Ip-

∂p. Ah¿ {]Ir-Xn-tN-jvSsb t\m°m-sXbpw GsX-¶nepw Hcp

\ymbw IqSm-sXbpw bmsXm-∂n\pw hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≈-h-c-√.

Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ h¿Æm-fl-I-ß-fmb [z\n-hn-ti-j-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-

Sp-∂Xv km[m-c-W-a-\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂m-sW∂v Adn-bm≥ Xosc {]bm-

k-an-√. AXpw {]Ir-Xy-\p-Kp-W-ambn {]h-ln-°p-∂Xv Hcp inip-ap-

J-Øp-\n∂p Xs∂ F∂pw kv]jvS-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ \nk¿§-tIm-

a-f-ß-fmb a[p-c-h¿Æ-ßƒ A\¿§fw s]mgn-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂

Hcp inip-hn¬ Xs∂ \ap°p Nne ]co-£-W-ßƒ \S-Ømw.

Hcp Ipń P\n-®m¬ BZyw hm Xpd∂p Ic-bp-∂p. Ic-®n-en¬

\n∂v ‘A’ F∂p≈ kzcw {]Xo-X-am-Ip-∂p. Ipd-®p-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ

Ipń A\y-∑m-cpsS apJ-Øp-t\m°n Nncn®v XpS-ßpw. Nncn ‘C’ F∂

h¿ÆsØ kv]jvS-am-°p∂Xv Gh¿°pw A\p- -h-am-W-t√m. AXpw

Ign-™m¬ ‘D’ F∂ `b-hn-Imcw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

taepw, {_“m-\-μ-am-Ip∂ Aar-X-a-I-c-μsØ h¿jn-°p∂ D]-

\n-j-Øp-I-fm-Ip∂ {]kq-\-ßsf sIm≠p \nc-¥cw {]Im-in-°p∂

kwkvIr-X-am-Ip∂ k¥m-\-]m-Z-]-Øns‚ \mcm-b-th-cpw, atl-iz-c-

¶¬\n∂p kn≤n®v ]mWn-\o-a-l¿jn-bm¬ cNn-°-s∏-´-Xpw kq{X-


111

cq-]hpw Bb hymI-cW imkv{X-Øn-ep≈ ‘A C D¨’ F∂ BZn-

kq-{X-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw Cu \ymbsØ ]pc-kvI-cn-®m-Ip-∂p.Cßs\ ]mWn-\n-bpsS BZy-kq-{X-kw-Kr-lo-X-ß-fmb A, C, D

F∂o aq∂-£-c-ßfpw {ItaW Ic-®n¬, Nncn, bw Cu aq∂p hnIm-c-ß-fpsS kqN-I-\m-Z-ß-fmbn D¤-hn-°p-∂p. BI-bm¬ c≠m-aXv

‘C’Im-chpw aq∂m-aXv ‘D’Im-chpw Bbnt´ Ccn-°m≥ ]mSp-≈q. Nncn-bpsS kqN-I-amb ‘C’ F∂p≈ i_vZhpw `mh-\bpw Xo£vW-

ZWvUw Gev°p-tºmƒ {]mbw-sN-∂-h-cpsS apJØpw kv^pcn-°p-∂p-≠v. At∏mƒ Ah Nncn-bpsS Nn”-ßƒ am{X-sa∂v Fßs\]dbmw F∂n-hnsS Nne¿ i¶n-t®-°mw. thZ-\-bp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Hcpiniphns‚ apJØv Cu e£Ww ImWm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠vCXp {]Ir-Xn-s°mØ kw`-h-a-√. Hcp \S≥ IcpW th≠n-SØvB kvtXm`-kv^q¿Øn°v ‘Cu’ F∂p Nncn®v Im´m-dn-√. AXp-sIm≠v ‘Cu’ F∂p≈ ]d-®nepw `mhhpw Hcn-°epw ZpxJsØAdn-bn-°p∂ AS-bm-f-ß-sf∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm.

ta¬ ImWn® aq∂-£-c-ßfpw D≠m-b-Xn¬]ns∂ AXp-I-fpsShnIm-c-ß-fmb tijn® kzc-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. AXpw hnh-cn-°mw.hyRvP-\-ß-fmb tc -e-Im-c-ß-fpsS Awi-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p∂ ‘E ’-°ƒ Ir{Xn-a-ambn ]mWn-\n-ap\n CS°p Xncn-°n-t°-‰n-b-Xm-sW∂vA\-h[n ZrjvSm-¥-bp-‡n-]¿Δw apºp km[n-®p-I-gn™ ÿnXn°vAh-bpsS D¬∏-Øn-sb-°p-dn®pw ChnsS H∂pw Nn¥n-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-s√∂p hnSp-∂p. `bw apX-em-bh Adn-bm-dmbn Iptd-IqSn⁄m\-{]-Imiw {]k-cn-®m¬ ]ns∂ Ipń-Iƒ \mw ]d-bp-∂-sXm∂pwa\- n-em-Im≠v GtXm tNmZn-°p∂ t]mse F√m-‰n\pw ‘G’ ‘G’F∂p Hcp-am-Xncn i_vZn-°m-dp-≠-t√m. ‘Ip™ns‚ A—≥ FhnsS?’‘G’˛ Cßs\ tNmZy-Øn-s\√mw apdbv°v Bh¿Øn-°pw. ChnsS‘G’ F∂ A£cw {]IrXn {]k-hn®p F∂p \mw I≠p-I-gn-™p.AXn\p tij-ambn B Ipń kΩ-Xn-cq-]-amb ‘H’ F∂p≈i_vZsØ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p. Aev]w-IqSn hnti-j-⁄m\w kn≤n-°p-tºmƒ ‘sF’ F∂p ]cn-l-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂p. A\-¥cw Hu

F∂p hn{im-¥n-kq-N-I-amb kzcw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p.

C{]-Imcw kzc-ßƒ ˛ A£-c-ßƒ ˛ F√mw Hcp inip-hns‚

{]IrXn Xs∂ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. C\n-bp-≈Xv ‘hyRvP-\-ßƒ’AYhm l√p-I-fmWv˛Ah-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn¬ {]IrXn Fß-

s\-sb√mw ]¶p-sIm-≈p∂p F∂p-IqSn ]cym-tem-Nn-°mw. Ipń ‘A’



112 BZn-`mj

F∂p hm hnS¿Øp Ic-™n v Hmtcm XpS¿®-bpsS Ah-km-\-Ønepw

Np≠p-Iƒ ]q´p-∂p. At∏mƒ AhnsS HmjvT-P-ß-fmb h¿Æ-ß-

fn¬ H∂p-≠m-ImsX Ign-I-bn-√. BZyw HmjvT-kw-L- -\-Øn\v _ew-

-Ip-d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ‘av’ F∂ HmjvTyw GXm≠v Ahy‡co-

Xn-bn¬ D¤-hn-°p-sa∂v hnNm-cn°mw ˛ ]ns∂ {ItaW _ew IqSn

hcp-tºmƒ ‘a’ F∂m-bn-Øo-cpw- -Iq-sS-°qsS ‘A’ F∂p Ic-bp-Ibpw

‘a’ F∂p hm ]q´p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn¬\n∂v ‘AΩ’ F∂ hm°v

D¤-hn-°p-∂p. Np≠p-Iƒ°p apdp°w IqSn-IqSn HSp-hn¬ ‘]’Imcw

hy‡-am-Ipw. AXpw ]q¿Δ-Øn-ep≈ AIm-c-tØmSv ASp-Øp-tN¿∂v

‘A∏m’ F∂ hm°p krjvSn-°p-∂p. CXp-t]mse \, X, W, S, R,

N, M, I F∂ apdbv°v Hmtcm hyRvP-\-ßƒ D¤n®v AXp-I-

tfmSpw ]g-b-]Sn ‘AImcw’ Iqń-apń A∂, AØ, AÆ, A´,

A™, A®, Aß, A°, Cßns\ inip-hns‚ _‘p-°sf kw_-

‘n-°p∂ hm°p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.

{]Ir-Xy-\pKp-W-ambn (kztX Xs∂) D≠m-bn- p-f-f-h-bm-sW∂v

bp‡n-bp-‡-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏- n- p≈ ‘A’ XpSßn A\p-k-‘m\w

sNbvX A£-c-ß-fn¬ Aev]w A`n-{]m-b-t`Zw ht∂-°mw. AXn-

\m¬ H∂p-IqSn N¿®-sN-øp-∂Xv Aÿm-\-Øn-em-Ip-I-bn√ F∂p

hnNm-cn-°p∂p. ]q¿Δ-]£w Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hn[-Øn-em-Wv.

temI-Øn¬\n-∂v, hnti-jn®pw DZvt_m-[-\-ßƒ h∂p-tN-cp-

∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv, ktZym-Pm-X-\mb Hcp-Ip-ń-bpsS D≈n¬\n∂pw D≠m-

Ip∂ i_vZ-ßƒ°v kzm`m-hn-IXzw Ds≠-∂p-≈-Xns\ kΩ-Xn-°p-

∂p. F∂m¬ ‘A’Im-c-amWv tcmZ\ cq]-am-bn´p Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂p-

≠m-Ip-∂Xv F∂p-≈Xp icn-bm-bn-´p-≈-X-√. ‘tM, Mv, G’ F∂n-ß-

s\-bmWv BZy-ambn Ipń-Iƒ Ic-™p-Xp-S-ßp∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v

‘Mv’ F∂p≈ hyRvP-\hpw AXn¬ ]ns∂ ‘G’ F∂p≈ kzc-hp-

amWv Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. AIm-c-a-√. AXn\p kam-[m\w

]d-bmw.

Ipń-Iƒ P\n-®m¬ Ipd®p Znhkw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc Ah-bpsS

bmsXmcp C{μn-b-ßƒ°pw Ah-b-h-ßƒ°pw icn-bmb _ew D≠m-

bn-cn-°-bn-√. Ic-bp-∂Xpw Nncn-°p-∂-Xp-sa√mw Hcp-hn[w Ahy-‡-

kz-csØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Ah-bpsS Z¿i-\w, k]v¿i-\w,

{ih-Ww, ck-⁄m\w Ch-sb√mw Fs¥∂pw GsX∂pw icn-bmbn

\n›-bn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\p Ign-hn-√mØ hn[-Øn¬Ø-s∂-sb-∂p≈


113

Imcyw \n›bw Xs∂. Aev]w C{μn-b-_ew kn≤n-°p∂Xphsc

Fs¥-¶nepw i_vZn-®p-t]m-sb-¶n¬ AXv A\p-\m-kn-I-am-bnt´ hcn-

I-bp-≈p. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ {]mWm-[m-c-amb \mkn-I-Zzm-c-Øn¬

Xń-b-√m-sX, IWvTmZn ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn-°p∂ ‘l, f’apX-emb h¿Æ-ßƒ shfn-bn¬ hcn-I-tb-bn-√. Cu \ymbsØ ]pc-

kvI-cn-®mWv hymI-c-W-Øn¬ A®p-Isf A\p-\m-kn-Iß-fmbpw

A\-\p-\m-kn-I-ß-fmbpw c≠mbn th¿Xn-cn-®p ImWn®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv,

‘k \h-hn-t[m]n A\p-\m-kn-Im-\-\p-\m-kn-I-Xzm-`ymw-Zzn[m’ F∂p

hrØn-sN-bvXn- p-≈-Xn¬2 A\p-\m-kn-IsØ BZy-ambn tN¿Øv ]d-

™n-cn-°p-∂Xpw Cu ImcWw sIm≠p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

‘apJ-\m-kn-Im-h-N-t\m-\p-\m-knIx’ F∂p ]mWn\n al¿jn

kq{Xw (1-˛1-˛8) sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-I-˛-D¬]-Øn-ÿm-\-ßƒ

(I-WvTw, Xmep, aq¿≤mhp XpS-ßn-b-h) Hmtcm∂pw thsd-bp-s≠-

¶nepw F√mw \mkn-Im-Zzmcw hgn-bmbn th¿Xn-cn-™p-h-cp-tºmƒ

Ahbv°v A\p-\m-kn-I-I-sf∂p t]¿ ]d-bmw.3 Ipń-Iƒ°v BZy-

amZyw {]mWs\ ap≥\n¿Øn {]mW-{]-hr-Øn-am¿§-Øn-eqsS am{Xta

i_vZsØ shfn-bn¬ hnSp-∂-Xn\p km[n-°p-I-bp≈p F∂p \ap°v

A\p- -h-am-Wv. AXp-X-s∂-bp-a√ i_vZn-°m-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv au\w.

au\-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ c≠p- Np-≠p-Ifpw XΩn¬ H∂p-s]´p tN¿∂n-cn-

°pw. ]n∂oSv AXn¬\n∂v Fs¥-¶nepw i_vZn-®p-t]m-bm¬ A\p-

\m-kn-I-]q¿Δ-am-bnt´ hcn-I-bp-≈p. av+A=a, av+C=an C{]-Imcw XpS-

sc-Øp-Ssc au\w i_vtZm¬∏-Øn, Cu {Ia-Øn\v A\p-\m-kn-Ihpw

ap≥Km-an-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

Ipń-I-fpsS D®m-c-W-Øn-ep≈ Akv]-jvStam t{imXm-°-fpsS

A{i-≤m-P-\y-amb A\y-Ym-t_m-[tam tlXp-hm-bn´v ‘Mv’F∂m-bn´v

Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\n-S-h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX ASp-Ø-Xmbn D®m-cWw

sNøp-∂-Xmb ‘AImcw’ IWvTy-am-I-bm¬ AS™ ÿm\n-bpsS

B{I-a-Whpw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ ‘M’Im-c-Øn\p ÿm\n-hXzw Iev]n-

°p-∂p. bYm¿∞-am-bn´v A[-tcm-jvT-kw-L-´-\-P-\y-amb A\p-\m-

kn-I-amWv ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

ASp-Ø-Xm-bn-∏-d-bm-\p-≈Xv AIm-csØ ]‰n-bm-W-t√m. P\-

\-am{X apX¬ Iptd-°m-e-tØ°v Ipń-I-fpsS {]mW-kv]-μ\w hfsc

thK-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. {]mbw IqSn-b-h¿°p-t]mepw hnfn-°p-I-tbm,

Nncn-°p-I-tbm, \ne-hn-fn-°p-Itbm h√Xpw sNtø-≠-Xm-bn-h-cp-



114 BZn-`mj

tºmƒ izmk-_ew Fhn-sS-hsc \nev°p-∂pthm AXn-\-∏pdw Bb-Xns\ \oń-s°m-≠p-t]m-Im≥ km[n-°-bn-s√∂p am{X-a√ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Akv]-jvS-amb Hcp kwhr-X-kz-c-cq-]-Øn¬ AXns\ \ndp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. {]mW-_ew icn-bmbn kn≤n-®n-ń-√mØ Ipń-I-fpsS IYtbm ]d-bm-\n-√-t√m. At∏mƒ, Hmtcmtcm Ic-®nepwizmk-Øn\p hnt—Zw hcp∂ CS-ß-fn¬ am{X-tXmdpw apdn™vAkv]-jvS-amb Hcp kΩn-{im-h-ÿ-bn¬ ]cn-W-an-°p-∂-Xmbnkq£n-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬, \ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]mWn-\n-a-l¿jnhnhr-X-sa∂pw kwhr-X-sa∂pw D≈ c≠p t`Z-ßsf AIm-c-Øn\p\n¿t±-in-®n- p-≠v. izmk-_-esØ DffS°w sNømsX {lkz-Zo¿L-πp-X-t`-Z-ßsf icn-bmbn shfn-bn¬ ImWn®v kzX-{¥-ambn kzc-ßsf D®-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhr-X-sa-∂pw, Ah-km-\-am-{Xsb izmk-i-‡n-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v shfn°p kv]jvS-amb hn[-Øn¬ hnSmsXD≈S°-am°n Aa¿Øp-∂-Xn\v kwhr-X-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, hnhr-X-Øn\v {]mW-hm-bp-hns‚ icn-bmb DZo-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. kwhr-Øn\v {]mW-i-‡nsb Aev]w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬aXnbmIpw. CXmWv hnhr-X-kw-hr-X-ßƒ°p ImW-s∏-Sp∂ t`Zw.kwhr-X-amb AImcw D®m-c-W-Øn¬ hcp-tºmƒ ‘A’ F∂p am{XtatIƒ°m≥ Ign-bq. Ipń-I-fpsS Ic-®n-en¬ ‘av+A+A’ F∂n-ßs\XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc tI´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ ‘Mv+F’ F∂m-sW∂v icn-bmbn {i≤n®p t\m°m-Ø-h¿°p {]Y-a-am-{X-bn¬ tXm∂p-∂-Xn¬A¤pXw tXm∂m-\n-√- -A-Im-c-tØmSv AXm-bXv kv]jvS-amb AIm-c-tØmSv G‰hpw ASp-ØXpw ‘C, D’ F∂ Ch-bpsS Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw Hmtcm Awi-ß-fm-sW-∂p≈ sX‰n-≤m-cW kq£vam-tem-In-I-f-√m-Ø-h¿°p hcm-\n-S-bp-≈-Xp-amb Hcp Akv]-jvS-kz-c-amWvIpń-I-fpsS tcmZ-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw \ap-°-\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ipń-I-fpsSIc-®n-en¬\n∂pw \ap-°m-Zy-am-bn-´p-≠mb kzcw I≠p-]n-Sn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°-bm¬ ‘Mv F’ F∂p {ih-W-am-{X-bn¬ tXm∂p-∂-XmbHcp kzc-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂pw, AXns\ H∂p-IqSn {i≤n®p ]cym-tem-Nn-®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ ‘av+A’ Ch c≠pw IqSn-t®¿∂ Hcp hn[-Øn-emWv Iem-in-°p-∂-sX∂pw AXns‚ icn-bmb cq]w ‘av’ am‰n-bm¬ ‘A’ F∂m-sW∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ Chn-sSbpw Hcp i¶ A¶p-cn-°m≥ CS-bp-≠v. tIƒ°m≥ Ign-hp≈ hn[-Øn-e-√msX {ihn®v hna¿i\w sNbvXv thsd Hcp cq]-Øn¬(tIƒ°p∂ hn[-Øn-e-√m-sX) AXns\ hyh-ÿm-]n-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√. AXp-sIm≠v ‘Mv, F’ (Mv, A) F∂mWv tIƒ°p-∂-sX-


115

¶n¬ A{]-Imcw i_vtZm-ev]-Ønsb \n¿Æ-bn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv, F∂m-

sW-¶n¬ kam-[m-\w.

km[m-c-W-bm-bn, Ic-®n-ens‚ A\p-I-c-W-kzcw AIm-c-am-

sW∂v \ap°v A\p-`-h-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. ‘Blm’ ‘l¥‘ ‘B’,‘All’ ‘_X’ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ kwkvIrX i_vZ-ß-fmepw (a-

e-bm-f-Ønepw Ch-bn¬ Nne-Xns\ tJZm-\p-I-c-W-Øn\p \mw D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p). BB, Atøm F∂n-ßs\ \ne-hn-fn-°m-dp-≈Xv

\ap°v \nXym-\p-`-h-am-I-bmepw k¥m-]m-h-ÿ-bn¬ Df-fn¬ Xßn

\nev°p∂ _mjv]-Øns‚ _ln¿`m-K-Øn-te-°p≈ \n -c-W-Øn\v

‘B’ F∂p≈ \oń-hnfn AXy¥w kuI-cy-{]-Z-am-I-bmepw tcmZ-\-

kzcw km[m-c-W-am-bn´v ‘A’ ‘B’ Ch-bm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv-˛-F-∂m¬ Ipń-Iƒ \ne-hn-fn-°p-tºmƒ i_vtZm¬]-Øn-

ÿm-\-Øn\pw {]mW-hm-bp-hn\pw Zm¿Vyan-√m-bvI-bm¬ GXm≠v

Akv]-jvS-ambn ‘Mv’ ‘A’ ‘av’ ‘A’ Fs∂ms° tXm∂-Ø-°-hn-[-

Øn-em-bn-Øo-cp∂p F∂n-cp-∂mepw AXpw \ne-hn-fn-°p-I-bm-sW∂

Imcyw Xo¿®-X-s∂-bm-Wv-˛-F-¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, icn-bmb k¶-

SsØ AXv A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂p-≈-Xns‚ e£y-ambn IÆp-\o-

scm-gp°n Ic-bp∂ Ah-k-c-Ønepw tcmZ-\-kz-cq]w CXp-X-s∂-bm-

bn-´mWp ImWp-∂Xv. ]√p-th-Z-\, Du\p-ho-°w, sXm≠bv°p

\o¿s°-´v, \m°n\p ]gp-∏v Cu tcmK-ß-fp-≈-h¿°pw sIm™ (`m-

j-bn¬ ]d-bp∂ Hcp hI Akv]jvS i_vZ-{]-h¿Ø-\w)bp≈-h-

cpw, GsX-¶nepw Hcp hm°p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah¿°v GXp ÿm\-

ß-fn¬ Akzm-X{¥yw t\cn-ń-cn-°p-∂pthm B ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw

Xń htc-≠-Xmb A£-c-Øn\v kv]jvS-{]-Xo-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-

bn√ F∂p-≈Xv \ap°v A\p- -h-kn-≤-am-W-t√m. F∂m¬ Ah-cn¬

\n∂pw hcp∂ A£-c-ßsf icn-bmbn D®-cn-®m¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂

ip≤n-tbmSpw A¿∞-t_m-[-tØmSpw IqSn-bmWv \mw {Kln-°m-dp-

≈-Xv. h√ Akzm-X-{¥y-ß-fmepw i_vZ-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p sshcq]yw

t\cn-ń-cp-∂m¬ bYm¿∞-t_m-[-hn-j-b-Øn¬ AXns‚ Hcp ip≤n-

]-{Xhpw \Ωn¬ Xs∂ ÿnXn-sNbvXp t]mcp-∂p-≠v. B coXn°p

t\m°p-tºmƒ AImcw tcmZ-\-cq-]-am-bn-cns° bmsXmcp i_vZ-ß-

sfbpw ÿm\-\n¿Æbw sNbvXp ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xt‚-

Stam ÿm\-Zm¿Vytam F∂p th≠, X∂n¬ \n∂p GsX-¶nepw

Hcp i_vZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂ t_m[w t]meptam C√msX Hcp

Ipń-bn¬ \n∂pw Xm\-dn-bmsX tNm¿∂p hcp∂ Hcp i_vZ-Øn\v



116 BZn-`mj

Aev]w A\yYm {]XoXn {ih-W-am-{X-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂p F∂p-

h®v \ap°p Ip‰w ]d-hmt\m tcmZ-\-cq]w AIm-c-a-s√t∂m BbXpB Ipń-bn¬ \n∂pw hn\n¿K-an-°n-s√t∂m A]-e-]n-°mt\m \ymbw

ImWp-∂n-√. AImcw tcmZ-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp e£y-kz-c-ambn ssIsIm-≈p-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew, Hcp Ipń P\n-®m-ep-S≥ Ic-bp-I-X-s∂-bmWv

sNøp-∂-sX∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew, AXns‚ BZy-ambD®m-c-W-kzcw AIm-c-a-s√∂p \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\p bmsXmcp

hgnbpw ImWp-∂n-√. F∂p Xs∂-bp-a-√, k®n-Zm-\-μ-kz-cq-]-\m-bn,{XnKp-Wm-Xo-X-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ `K-hms‚ A`n-t[-b-Xsb [cn-°p-∂-

Xpw, k¿Δm-[m-c-`q-Xhpw A\n¿h-N-\o-bhpw BZn-th-Z-hp-amb ‘Hmw’Imc-Øns‚ ]ncn-hn¬ BZn-_o-P-ambn {]tim-`n®p \nev°p∂ B

‘A’ F∂ A£cw H∂p-am-{X-a-√msX Ir{Xn-a-{]-t_m-[-\-ßƒ H∂pwh∂p IS-∂p-Iq-Sm-bvI-bm¬ Ae-b-S-ßnb kap{Zw t]mse \n¿Ω-e-

amb _me-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ \n∂v BZy-ambn thsd GsXmcp kzc-amWvD≠m-Im≥ am¿§-ap-≈Xv? AIm-c-Øns‚ alna F{X-am-{X-ap-s≠-

∂p-≈Xv Xmsg-°m-Wn-°p∂ {]am-W-ß-fm¬ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.

‘A£-cm-Wm-a-Im-tcmkvan’4

‘AIm-c- ¿Δ-`q-XXzw’ CXymZn thsdbpw

]mWn-\o-b-Ønse ‘lb-h-cSv’5 ‘eWv’6 F∂n-XymZn kq{X-ß-

fn¬ ‘l’ ‘b’ ‘h’ ‘c’ ‘e’ F∂n-ßs\ kzcm-¥-am-bn- p-Xs∂ \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ‘lv’ ‘bv’ ‘hv’ ‘cv’ F∂n-ßs\ A]q¿Æ-ß-fmbn

\nev°p∂ hyRvP-\-ßƒ°v AImcw tN¿Øv ]q¿ÆXzw hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

‘lIm-cm-Zn-jz-Imc D®m-c-Wm¿∞x’7 F∂p hrØn-Im-c\pw ‘\]p-\-c-¥-tc-WmNm hyRvP\tkym®m-c-W-a]n `hXn’8 F∂p alm-`m-

jy-Im-c\pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°p-I. ‘C’ ‘D’ F∂ kzc-ßsfB ÿm\-Øp≈ hyRvP-\-]q¿Øn-°p-th≠n Dƒs∏-Sp-ØmsX

AIm-c-sØ-Øs∂ F√m-bn-SØpw Hcp-t]mse tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂XpXs∂ AXns‚ k¿Δm-Zn-a-XzsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠-t√m.

‘A’ IgnsI HmjvTy-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv D≠m-Im-s\-fp-∏-sa∂v Cu{]IrXw sIm≠p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. At∏mƒ ‘A’ ‘C’ F∂p apd-

bv°p-≠m-b-Xmbn apºp hyh-ÿm-]n-®Xv Fßs\ LSn°pwFs∂mcp ktμlw tXm∂mw. kztcm-ev]-Ønsb \ncq-]n-®-t∏mƒ

kzoI-cn® apd ]cn-jvIr-X-k-{º-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. {]IrXn {]k-


117

hn-°p-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ ]d™ {Ia-Øn¬ Xs∂. lnμp-ÿm-\n, Ad-

_v, em‰n≥, lo{_p, Cw•ojv apX-emb `mj-I-fnse A£-capdt\m°p-I.

‘Aeo- v’, ‘_’, ‘t]’, ‘tX’, ‘tS’‘Aeo- v’, ‘_’, ‘X’‘A¬^’, ‘_o‰’G, _n

Cßs\ AIm-c-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb A£-c-ßƒ°v- -A-eo- v, ‘G’apX-em-b-Xn-\v-˛-t\sc ASpØp ‘_’ F∂ HmjvTyw Xs∂ h∂n-cn-

°p-∂p. D¤-h-{I-a-a-\p-k-cn®v ASp-°n-bn-cp∂ A£-c-ßsf ImewsN∂-tijw {]`-h-ÿm-\-ap-dbv°p tN¿Øp ]cn-jvI-cn-®-Xp-sIm-

≠mWv F√m `mj-I-fn-epw, hninjy Xan-gv, kwkvIrXw apX-embhn]p-e- m-j-I-fn¬, A£-c-L-S\ C{Xbv°p hyXy-kvX-co-Xnsb Ah-

ew-_n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]cn-jvIr-X-ap-dsb Bkv]-Z-am°nbmIp∂p ta¬kzc-\n-cq-]Ww sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.

‘A’ ‘I’ ‘M’ F∂p XpSßn km£m¬ {]IrXn Xmtem-en®phf¿°p∂9 A£-c-ßfpw AΩ, A∏ apX-emb arZp-]-Z-ßfpw

Ct∂Xp `mj-bpsS hI-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B `mj AYhm AXns‚{]mIrX-cq]w Bbn-cn-°Ww BZn-am-Xr- m-j; A√msX Ir{Xn-am-£-

c-ßƒ [mcmfw Dƒs∏-´p-Im-Wp∂ CX-c-`m-j-Iƒ H∂pw Hcn-°epwBZn-`m-j-bm-Im-\n-S-bn-√. Cu hn[-ap≈ A\p-am-\-k-c-Wn-bn-eqsS

\ΩpsS hnNm-c-[m-csb \bn-°p-tºmƒ F√m hmMva-b-im-Jn-I-fp-

tSbpw apX¬ap-cSv aqe-{Zm-hn-U-am-sW∂p ImWmw.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. amtl-iz-c-kq-{X-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]Xn-\mep {]Xym-lm-c-kq-{X-ß-fn¬H∂m-a-tØ-Xm-Wn-Xv.

2. AIm-c-Øn\p {lkzw, Zo¿Lw, πpXw F∂p aq∂p t`Zhpw aq∂nepw DZm-Øw, A\p-Zm-Øw, kzcnXw F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p-hn[w H≥]-Xp-t`-Z-ßfpw H≥]-Xn\pw A\p-\m-knIw A\-\p-\m-knIw F∂n-ßs\ Cuc≠p t`Z-ßfpwtN¿∂v BsI ]Xn-s\-´p-t`-Z-ß-fpw.

3. apJ-\m-kn-I-h-N--t\m-\p-\m-knIx F∂ kq{X-Øns‚ A¿∞-am-Wn-Xv. hmbpw\m°pw-sIm≠v D®-cn-°p∂ A£-c-ßƒ A\p-\m-kn-I-ßƒ.

4. `K-h-ZvKo-X 10-˛33 A£-c-ß-fn¬ Rm≥ AIm-c-amWv F∂¿∞w. CXp {ioIr-jvW≥ A¿÷p-\-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p.



118 BZn-`mj



7. lImcw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ AImcw D®-cn-°m-\p≈ kuI-cy-Øn-\p-th≠ntN¿Øn-cn-°p∂p F∂¿∞w.

8. kzcw tN¿Ø-√msX hyRvP-\-ßƒ D®-cn-°m≥ ]‰p-I-bn-s√-∂¿∞w.

9. CXp Ct∏mƒ hnc-f-amb {]tbm-K-am-Wv. hf¿ØpI F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬hf¿°pI F∂p kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bpsS {]tbmKw Hm¿Ωn-°p-I˛ ‘`b-Iu-Sn-ey-tem-`-ßƒ hf¿°n-s√mcp \mSn-s\’.


119

10

BZn-`mj

lnμp-ÿm\n XpS-ßnb ta¬hn-h-cn® `mj-I-fnse A£-c-am-

e-Iƒ A[n-Ihpw D¤-h-ap-dsb BZ-cn-°p-∂-h-bmbpw h¿Æ-kw-Jy-

sIm≠v Zo¿Ln-°m-Ø-h-bmbpw en]n-I-fpsS D®m-c-W-co-Xn-sIm≠pw

a‰pw A]-cn-jvIr-X- m-hsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmbpw Ccn-°p-∂p. Xan-

g-ß-s\-b-√. Xan-gns‚ ]q¿Δ-cq]w B hn[-an-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-

°m≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. A£-c-ß-fpsS D®m-cWw Ah-

bpsS D]-tbm-K-Im-cysØ AXn-{I-an®v A[n-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°p∂

`mj GtXm AXp an°-hmdpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-sa-∂q-ln-°mw. Cu

{]Ir-X-Øn¬ ]co-£-W-Øn\v D]-e-£-W-cq-]-ambn AIm-c-Øns\

Xs∂ FSp-°mw. AIm-cw, AYhm AXns‚ ÿm\n, F√m-`m-j-I-

fp-sSbpw BZy en]n-bm-bn-cn-°p∂p. CXns‚ D]-tbmKw km[m-c-

W-bmbn ‘A’ F∂ i_vZsØ Bh-iy-ap-≈n-SØv shfn-hm-°p-∂-

Xm-Ip-∂p. C{X-am{Xw sIm≠v Cu A£-c-Øns‚ {]tbm-P\w GI-

tZiw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bmw. Cu {]tbm-P-\-]-cn-

[nsb°S∂v ‘Aeo^v’ ‘A¬^v’ F∂n-ßs\ Ad_p apX-emb

`mj-I-fn¬ D®m-cWw \o≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. CXp-t]mse Xs∂ ‘tI v’,‘fm^v’, ‘ko\v’, ‘F^v’, ‘CkUv’ apX-emb A£-c-ßfpw kzkz-cq-

]-sØ-°-hn™v i_vZ-ß-sf-°qSn kzmwi-Øn¬ G®p-h®p sIm≠n-

cn-°p-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ h¿Æ-ßsf kw{K-ln-°p∂ A]-cn-jvIr-

X-`m-j-bmWv {]mNo-\-am-bn-cn-°m≥ Ffp-∏w. Cu PmXn A£-c-ß-

fn¬ D]-tbm-Py-ß-fmb Awi-ßsf am{Xw ]ncn-s®-SpØv, _m°n-

bp-≈-hsb X≈n, ]cn-jvI-cn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww Xangv XpS-ßnb mj-

I-fnse A£-c-am-e-Iƒ-˛-A-Xp-sIm≠v BZn-`m-j-sb∂p hyh-ÿm-

]n-°m-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. C{]-Imcw Imcy-Im-cW {]kvXm-h-]q¿Δw

Nne `mjm-`n-⁄-∑m¿ sNbvtX-°m-hp∂ ]q¿h-]-£-ß-sf-°p-dn®p

IqSn ChnsS Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xm-bp≠v.


120 BZn-`mj

Xan-gv, lnμp-ÿm\n apX-emb `mj-I-fn¬ H∂ns‚ ]cn-jvIr-

X-cq-]-sa∂v A\p-an-°p-∂Xv Xosc kml-k-am-Wv. Xan-gns‚ amXr-

`m-j-bmb aqe-{Zm-hn-U-Ønepw A£-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-sØ-°-hn-

™p≈ D®m-c-W-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw a‰pw Ccp-∂p-sh∂pw Ccn-°p-∂p-

sh∂pw sXfn-bn-°m≥ hnj-a-an-√. A apX-emb A£-c-ßsf Xan-

gp-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Nne-bn-S-Øv.

‘A˛-B-\’, ‘Bh∂’;‘C˛-Cu-\’, ‘Cub∂;’‘I˛-B\’ ‘Imh∂’ F∂pw Nne-bn-SØp

‘B\’, ‘B\- -B\’‘Cub-\’, ‘Cub-\’, ‘Cub\’;‘Im\’, ‘Im\’, ‘Im\’;‘Io\, Iob\ Iob-\’; Cß-s\bpw Nne-bnSØv

‘Im\’, ‘Imh∂’;‘Io\’, ‘Iob∂’ Cß-s\bpw BIp∂p D®-cn-°m-dp-≈-Xv.1 C\n

{]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-sa∂v ]q¿Δ-hmZn kΩ-Xn-°p∂ AIm-c-Øns‚

Imc-Ww, Dev]-Øn, D®m-c-W-k-{º-Zmbw apX-emb F√m hnh-chpw

aqe-{Zm-hn-U-Øn¬ ap≥]v Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-Ip-

tºmƒ Bi¶ Xosc ian-°pw. AXm-bXv HmjvTm-[-c-ßsf Hcp-

an®p tN¿Øp hm aqSnbpw i_vZn-°m-sXbpw D≈ Ccp-∏n\v au\-

sa∂p \mahpw ‘av’ F∂p-≈Xv AXns‚ cq]hpw F∂p apºn¬

]d-™p-h-t√m. Cu Hcp-an®p tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ HmjvTm-[-c-ßsf

th¿s∏-SpØn hmbv Xpd∂p ‘av’ F∂-Xn\v Hgn-°p-∂-Xmb {]b-Xv\-

Øn\v av+Hgn=samgn F∂p apºv ]d-™p-h-t√m. au\sØ (av+F∂-

Xn-s\) Hgn-®p-hn-´m¬ ASp-Ø-t]mse P¥p-°-fpsS tbm\n-ÿm-\-

ß-fmb enwK-`-K-ß-fpsS kwtbm-K-cq-]sØ t\cn´p ImWn-°p-∂-

Xpw, \mZ-cq-]w-sIm≠p i_vZn-°p-∂Xpw, BZy-£-c-hp-amb AImcw

(A F∂ A£-cw) Bhn¿`-hn-°pw. CXv Xan-g-£-c-ß-fn¬ BZy-

£-c-amb AIm-c-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. Cu

AIm-camIs´ C{]-Imcw taepw Iogpw c≠p ]¶p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-

Xm-bn-cn-°pw. Cu c≠p ]¶p-Ifpw H∂m-bn-t®¿∂v Cßs\ AIm-c-

am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ ta¬ ]¶p ]p√nw-K-sa∂pw Iogv]¶v kv{Xoenw-K-

sa∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Spw. Cu c≠p ]¶p-I-tfbpw shtΔ-dm-bn-∏n-cn®p

t\m°n-bm¬ Ah c≠pw X\n-Ø-\nsb AIm-c-am-hp-I-bn-√. AXp-


121

sIm≠v AIm-cta C√m-Xm-bn-´v, ta¬]-¶n\v enwKXzw kn≤n-°m-

sXbpw hyh-lmc i‡n-bn-√m-sXbpw au\-Zzm-tcW AXo-X-s∏-ń-

cn-°p-sa∂p hcn-Inepw AXn\v N]q-cw, N]q-Xw, A\m-Zn, _nμp,

au\w, h´w F∂p ]e \ma-ß-fp-≠v. A{]-Imcw Xs∂ Iogv]-¶n\v

kv{Xoenw-K-Xz-an-√m-sX-bm-Ip-sa-¶nepw AXn\v Aen-∏m-se∂v Hcp \ma-

ap-≠v. Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ N]q-cw, Aen-∏m¬ F∂p≈ c≠p ]¶pw

tN¿∂v AIm-c-ambn A£-c-{]-]-©-Øns‚ P\-I-P-\-\o- m-h-tØmSp

IqSn-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta ]p√nw-K-Xzhpw kv{Xoenw-K-Xzhpw AXp-

Iƒ°v D≠m-bn-cn-°-bp-≈q. A√msX C√, F∂-Xn-\m¬ hn´p-]n-

cn™ Iogv]-¶n\v ]pcp-j≥, kv{Xo Ch c≠p-a-√mØsX∂p≈ (\-

]pw-k-I-sa∂) A¿∞w kn≤n-°p-∂-Xmb A˛-Cen F∂ i_vZw

Xs∂ hsc-hsc2 tem]n®v Aen F∂pw AXn-t\mSv ]m¬-˛-s®m√v

(enw-K-i-_vZw) Aen-∏m-se∂pw A`n-[m-\-ap-≈-Xmbn hnh-cn-®p-Im-

Wp∂p.

apX-se-gp-Øm-a-I-c-an-cp-]-s¶-bmIpw

aqe-am\ ta¿]s¶ B¨]m-emIpw

IXn-hn-e-°p-Io-gv]¶p s]¨]m-emIpw

Ie¿Ø¬ hn´v ta¿]t¶ N]q-c-amIpw

BIp-saSm sNm¬h-tX-Øm≥ D‰p-tItf

AIm-c-sa-∂p-sa-gp-Ønemw Acp-©o¿Øss∑

Bcmbv¥v Ie¿Ø¬ hn´-Io-gv]-ss¶-∏mcv

Aen-∏m-se‚m-Xn-\m-X-c-sa-bvØn-´msc

tam\-sØ-sbm-gn-Øp-ssh-Ø-]-Sn-bn-\mse

samgn-sb-\hpw sshØ-]-Sn-bn-\mse

(A-I-Øn-b¿ inh-tbm-Iw)3

ChnsS A£-cw, D®m-c-Ww, `mj Ch-sb-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-\nSbv°v enwK-`-K-kw-tbm-K-cq] hnj-b-sØ-°q-Sn-sIm≠v

tN¿Ø-sX-¥n\v? F∂m-sW-¶n¬, ]c-{_“w aqe-{]-Ir-Xn-tbmSp

tN¿∂v {]]-©-ap-≠m-b-Xp-sIm-≠v, AXm-bXv {]]-©-Øns‚ P\-

I-P-\-\o- m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v am{X-amWv {_“-Øn\pw

{]Ir-Xn°pw ]p√nw-K-Xzhpw kv{Xoenw-K-Xzhpw k¿Δ-kr-jvSn-h-√-`-

Xzhpw kn≤n-®-Xv. As√-¶n¬ Aß-s\-sbmcp Imcyta C√. A{]-

Imcw Xs∂, ]pcp-j≥ kv{Xotbm-Sp-IqSn enwK- -K-kw-tbm-K-cq-]-Øn¬

can®v k¥-Xn-{]-]-©-Øns‚ P\-I-P-\-\o-`m-h-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ccn-°p-

BZn-`mj


122 BZn-`mj

∂-Xmb GI-Im-c-W-Øm¬ am{X-amWv Ah¿°pw ]p√nw-K-Xzw,

kv{Xoenw-KXzw, D¬∏m-Z-\-h-√- Xzw Ch kn≤n-®-Xv. As√-¶n¬ kn≤n-

°p-I-bn-√.

CXn\p {]am-Ww.

(1) inhx i‡ym bpt‡m bZn `hXn i‡x {]`-hnXpw

\tN-tZhw tZthm-\-J-ep-Ip-iex kv]μn-Xp-a]n4

A¿Yw˛A√tbm `K-h-Xn, awK-e-kz-cq-]-\mb (]-c-{_-“-kz-cq-

]-\mb) krjvSym-Zn-I-fm¬ hnl-cn-°p∂ ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \n¿Ωm-Wm-Zn-

i‡n kzcq-]n-Wn-bmb `h-Xn-tbmSp tN¿∂-h-\m-bn´p `hn-°p-∂p-

sh-¶n¬ {]]-©sØ krjvSn-°p-hm\pw a‰pw ka¿∞-\m-Ip-∂p. C{]-

Im-c-a-s√-¶n¬ (i-‡n-kz-cq-]n-Wn-bmb `h-Xn-tbmSp IqSm-Ø-h-\m-

sW-¶n¬, ]c-{_-“-kz-cq-]-\m-Ip∂ ]£w) Aev]w-t]mepw Cf-

Im≥IqSn ka¿∞-\m-bn´p `hn-°p-∂n√ Xs∂. (]-c-{_-“-Øn\p

{Inbtbm hnIm-ctam Cs√∂p kmcw).

amXr-Im-Zn-a-t{¥m-≤m-c-{I-a-c-l-kym¿∞x

inhx˛ IIm-cm-Zn-£-Im-cm-t¥m-h¿Æ-k-aqlx ]©-hnw-i-Zz¿Æm-fl-

Ix, ka-kvX-hy-kvX-cq-t]W jSv{Xnw-i-Ø-Øzm-flIx

i‡nx˛AIm-cm-Zn-tjm-U-i-kz-c-k-aqlx

jSv{Xnw-iØØzmfltIm hyRvP-\-k-aqlx inhx tjmU-i-kz-c-cq-

]bm i‡ym bpt‡m bZn `hXn XZm {]`-hnXpw thZm-Zn-hn-Zym-cq-

t]W i_vZm¿∞-krjvSnw kv]jvSo-I¿Øpw it‡m `h-Xn.

\ tNtZhw tZthm \ Jep Ipiex kv]μn-Xp-a]n \ ]Spx-Xm-tezm-

jvT-hym-]m-c-iq\yx AIn-©n-XvIcx

2. _nμp-{Xn-tIm-W-h-kp-tIm-W-Z-im-c-bp‹w F∂v Bcw-`n® ioN-

{I-hn-[n-t«m-I-Ønse _nμp-{Xn-tImWw F∂p-≈Xpw CXn-s\-Øs∂

ImWn-°p-∂p.5


123

ZrjvSm¥w

inh-enwKw _nμp-{Xn-tImWw

amXr-Im-lr-Ztb

IIm-cm-Zn-£-Im-cm-¥-h¿Æm-kvtX-in-h-cq-]nWx

ka-kvX-hy-kvX-cq-t]W jSv{Xnw-i-Ø-Øz-hn-{Klmx

AIm-cm-Zn-hn-k¿§m¥mx kzcmx tjmU-i-i-‡bx

\nXym tjmU-i-am-flm\x ]c-kv]-c-a-ao-bpXmx

inh-i-‡n-abm h¿Æmx i_vZm¿∞-{]-Xn-]m-ZImx

inhx kzc-]-cm-[ot\m \kz-X{¥x IZm-]yku

kzcmx kzX{¥m Pmbt¥ \ inhkvXp IZm-N\

‘kv^pS-in-h-i-‡n-k-am-K-a-_o-Pm-¶p-c-cq-]nWo ]cm-i‡nx

AWp-X-c-cq-]m-\p-X-Ø-c-hn-a¿i-en-]n-e-£y-hn-{Klm `mXn’(A\pØc-en]n=A, hna¿i-en]n=l)

‘koX-timW _nμp-bp-Kfw hnhn‡

inh-i-‡n-k-¶p-NXv {]kcw

hmK¿∞-kr-jvSn-tlXpx ]c-kv]cm

\p{]-hn-jvS-hn-kv]jvSw

kv^pSnXm-Z-cp-WmZv _ntμm¿

∂mZ-{_-“m-¶ptcm cthm-hy‡x

XkvamZv KK-\-k-ao-cW

Zl-t\m-Z-I-`q-an-h¿W-kw-`qXnx’‘AImc k¿Δ-h¿Æm{Kyx

{]Imix ]cax inhx

BZn-`mj


124 BZn-`mj

lIm-tcm-¥y-I-em-cqt]m

hna¿imJyx {]Io¿ØnXx

D`tbm kma-ckyw-bXv

]c-kvan-∂-lan kv^pSw’apI-fn¬ CSØpw he-Øp-am-bn v Fgp-Xn-bn- p≈ Nn{X-ßƒ inh-

enw-K-Øn-t\bpw _nμp-{Xn-tIm-W-Øn-t\bpw apI-fn¬\n∂v HØ-\-

Sp-°p-IqSn Iogvt]m´p t\m°p-tºmƒ apdbv°p ImWp∂ {]Im-chpw,

ASnbn¬ CSØpw he-Øp-am-bn´v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ Nn{X-ßƒ Ah-

bpsS Iq¿Ø-`mKw he-Øp-h-i-am-bn-cnt° Ah-bpsS he-Øp-h-i-

Øp-\n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ apdbv°p ImWp∂ {]Im-chpw ImWn-

°p∂p.

BZn-`m-j-bmb Xan-gnse BZy-£-c-Øns‚ kzcq-]hpw Cu

A¿Y-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw `qtem-I-Øp≈ F√m

`mj-I-fp-tSbpw BZym-£-c-ß-fpsS kzcq-]-ßfpw CXns\ A\p-k-

cn®v ]n≥Xp-S¿∂n-cn-°mt\ Ah-Im-i-ap-≈q; Ccn-°p-∂p-ap-≈q F∂pw

Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\t{X Cu XØzsØ ChnsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

´p≈Xv.

F∂m¬ Cu AIm-c-Øns\ Nq≠n-∏-d-™n-´p-≈-sX√mw \n›-

b-am-bn´pw icn-bm-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip∂p F∂v icn-bmbn hnNm-cn®p

t\m°p∂ Gh¿°pw kΩ-Xn-°m-Xn-cn-∏m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. F¶nepw

Ime-{I-taW tZi-ßƒtXmdpw Fgp-Xn-sb-gp-Xn-h-cth kw`-hn®p

t]mbn-´p-≈, s]s´∂p {]Y-a-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ tXm∂n-tb-°m-hp∂ t`Z-

ßƒ°p X¬£Ww kam-[m-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n, GXm\pw Nne `mj-

I-fp-sS-sb-¶nepw BZy-ß-sf-°qSn ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬, Ah s]mSp-

∂-\th Hm¿Ω-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xn-\m-bn-´p, AIm-c-ß-fp-sS, C\n ]d-tb-

≠-Xm-bn-cn-°p∂ enwK-`-K-kw-tbmKkzcq-]-sØ-°qSn ImWn-°p-∂-

Xn\p {][m-\-am-bn´p BZn-`m-j-sb∂p CXp-hsc ]d-™p-sIm-≠p-

h∂ Xan-gnse AIm-c-sØ-Øs∂ H∂p-IqSn ChnsS D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Ømw. AXm-bXp AIm-c-Øn\p Cßs\ taepw Iogp-am-bn´p ]p√nw-

K-sa-∂pw, kv{Xoenw-K-sa∂pw c≠p hn`m-K-ap-s≠∂p apºn¬ ]d-

™p-h-t√m. Ah-bn¬ ta¬hn-`m-K-amb ]p√nw-KsØ enwK-sa∂pw

Iogvhn-`m-K-amb kv{Xoenw-KsØ `K-sa∂pw Ah c≠pw H∂n®p

tN¿∂v Cßs\ GI-am-bn-´p≈ Ccn-∏ns\ enwK-`-K-kw-tbm-K-cq-]-

sa∂pw Adn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.


125

F∂m¬ AImcw ap≥]-d-b-s∏´ BIr-Xn-bn¬ AXns‚ ]¶p-

I-fmb enwK`K-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn Ccn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv F√m `mj-I-fnepw A{]-Imcw Htc BIr-Xn-bn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw

]ehn[w hyXym-k-ß-fp-≈-Xmbn {]Y-a-Zr-jvSn°p tXm∂-Ø-°-hÆw Ccn-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? F∂m-sW-¶n¬, A£-c-ßƒ Htc

{]Imcw A®-Sn-®n-´p≈ tIm∏n-∏p-kvXIw t\m°n Ipń-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-∏-Tn-°p-∂-t√m. Ch¿ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\p ioen®p Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ch-

cpsS Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw Iø-£cw \ap°v Xncn-®-dn-b-Ø-°-hÆwhyXym-k-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch¿ Is≠-gp-Xn-∏-Tn® tIm∏n

]pkvX-I-ß-fn-em-Is´ bmsXmcp hyXym-khpw ImWp-∂p-an-√. C\n-bpw, A®-Sn-hnZy \S-∏n-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ime-ß-fn-ep≈ ]e-cp-sSbpw Isø-

gp-Øp-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ Hmtcm-cp-Ø--cp-sSbpwA£-c-ßƒ°p XΩn¬ F{X-sb{X hyXym-k-ap-s≠∂v t_m[y-s∏-

Spw. F∂m¬ AIm-c-Øns‚ taev]-d-b-s∏´ hnhcw a\- n¬ h®p-sIm≠p t\m°p-tºmƒ C∂ {]Im-c-sa√mw IqSp-X¬Ip-d-hp-h-∂p-

t]m-bn´v C{]-Imcw ]te-hn-[-Øn¬ hyXym-k-ambn h∂n-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v kq£va-Zr-°p-Iƒ°v Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

C¥y-bn-se-∂-√, hnti-jn®p Cu mj-bp-≠mb Xnan-gp-\m-ń¬Hcp-ÿ-e-Øp-t]mepw AIm-c-Øns‚ Cu c≠-h-b-h-ßsf hy‡-

am-°msX GIm-Im-c-Xbm ‘A’ F∂p-am{Xw A£-c-cq-]-I-ev]\wsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-sX¥v? F∂p tNmZn-®m¬ DØ-tcm-Øcw henb

hnNn-¥-\-ßƒ \SØn AXn¬ \nKq-V-am-bn-°n-S∂ tamt£m-]-tbm-Kn-Xz-tØbpw a‰pw {Zmhn-U-∑m¿ Imem-¥-Øn¬ km£m-XvI-cn-®-

Xp-sIm≠v temI-Im-cy-Øn-\p-]-bp-‡-am-b-hn-[sØ am{Xw shfn-bn¬°mń CX-csØ tKm]\w sNbvX-Xm-sW∂p adp-]Sn ]d-bm-

t\-bp-≈q. Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ Ipń-Iƒ ssii-hm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ah-cpsS KqV-{]-tZ-i-ßsf \n¿e÷w \·-am°n \S-°p-∂Xpw F∂m¬

Ah-b-h-ßƒ ]q¿Wm-h-ÿsb {]m]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K -ßƒ Adn -bm -dm -hp -Ibpw sNbvXp -Xp -S -ßp -tºmƒ Ah¿

\njvI¿jbm hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øm¬ \·-Xsb ad-bv°p-∂Xpw kzm`m-hn-Ihpw k¿h-km-[m-c-W-hp-am-W-t√m.

aqe-{Zm-hn-U-Ønse AImcw Cßs\ c≠w-i-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSnbXm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu c≠p `mK-ßfpw XΩn¬ tNcmsX Ccn-°p-tºmƒ

apIƒ mK-Øn\p N]q-c-sa∂pw Iogv]-¶n\p Aen-∏m¬ F∂pw A`n-[m-\-ap-≈-Xmbn hnh-cn®p ImWp-∂p. Cu Aen-∏m¬ F∂ i_vZ-

BZn-`mj


126 BZn-`mj

Øns‚ XZv -h-cq-]-ß-fm-Wv ‘Aeo^v’ ‘¢o_w’ ‘A¬^’ ‘Hmem v’apX-em-b-h. N]q-c-Øn\p ‘k^(-_)¿’ ‘_nμp’ ‘^vtXm(-]vtXm)’Fs∂√mw lnμp-ÿm\n apX-emb `mj-I-fn¬ t]¿ ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

t\m°p-I˛

Aeo^v ˛ k_v¿ A lnμp-ÿm\n Ad_v

¢o_w ˛ _nμp A kwkvIrXw

A¬^ A em‰n≥ {Ko°v

Hmem^v (]vtXm) A lo{_p

aqe-{Zm-hn-U-Ønse apd-b-\p-k-cn®v N]qcw Aen-∏m¬ ˛ Aeo-^v, k^v¿; ¢o_w, _nμp Cu c≠w-i-ßƒ tN¿∂n-´mWv AIm-c-ap-

≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂v lnμp-ÿm\n kwkvIrXw apX-emb Cu mj-IfpwkΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ aqe-{Zm-hn-U-Øn-se-t∏mse N]q-cm-Zn-kw-

⁄-I-fpsS hnh-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw Ch-bn¬ Imäm-\n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Ad_p XpS-ßnb `mj-Iƒ A¿∞-Nn-¥\w IqSmsX Cu

k{º-Zm-bsØ aqe-{Zm-hn-U-Øn¬\n∂pw ]I¿Øn-b-Xm-sWt∂A\p-an-®p-Iq-Sq. av+Hgn=samgn Cßs\ A\z¿∞-amb hm°p-Ifpw

CX-c-`m-j-I-fn¬ A]q¿h-am-Wv.

‘tam\sØ Hgn-Ø-se-s‚-]-Sn-bn-\mse samgn-sb-\hpw’ F∂

{]am-Ww-sIm≠v samgn-sb∂ hm°ns‚ km¿∞-IysØ {Zmhn-U-`mj shfn-hm-°p-∂p. CXpw {]Ir-Xy-\p-Kp-W-amb `mj aqe-{Zm-hn-

U-am-sW-∂p≈ hmZ-Øn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p.

lnμp-ÿm-\n-bnepw a‰pw {Zmhn-U-tØmSp kmZr-iy-an-√mØ

hn[w A£-c-ßƒ Ipd-hmbpw D®m-c-W-t`-Z-tØmSpw {]`-h-ÿm-\-ap-d-sX-‰nbpw ImWp∂p F¶n¬ AXp Ime-tZ-i-Ir-X-sat∂m ]cn-

jvIr-Xn-bpsS ê-sat∂m Duln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

C{X-bpw-sIm≠v At\-I-Imew ]e-]e ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ sN∂v]cn-]p-jvS-ambn tim`n-°p∂ Xan-gns‚ ]q¿Δ-cq-]-amb aqe-{Zm-hn-Uw-

Xs∂ CX-c-`m-j-I-fpsS BZn-am-Xm-sh∂p hy‡-am-b-t√m. t]msc-¶n¬ ChnsS P¥q¬]-Øn-im-kv{XsØ A\p-k-‘m\w sNøp-

tºmƒ Cu A`n-{]m-b-Øn\p Iptd-°qSn kmwK-Xy-ap-s≠∂pImWmw.

{]mWn-I-fpsS DZv`hw AYhm hy‡o-`mhw Ft∏mgpw Hcpam{Xm-\n-b-asØ A\p-k-cn-°p∂ iotXm-jvW-kw-{I-a-W-Øn¬


127

\n∂m-sW∂p \mw C∂pw At\Iw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒsIm≠v Adn-

bp-∂p-≠-t√m˛ Hcp temjvS-JWvUw NqSp-]n-Sn-∏n®v \\-hp≈ ioesIm≠p Np‰n-aqSn Aev]-t\cw h®n-cp-∂m¬ AXn¬\n∂p Hcp-am-

Xncn AWp-Po-hn-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Cu {]Ir-X-Øn¬ Bcpw A\p-kva-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°-bn-√. NnX¬, aq´ apX-emb P¥p-°ƒ P\n-

°p∂Xn\v C{]-Imcw iotXmjvW ktΩ-f-\-P-\y-amb tkzZw Xs∂Imc-W-ambn hn-°p-∂p. Ir{Xn-a-ß-fmb {] -h-ÿm-\-ßƒ Bhn¿ -

hn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv iotXm-jvW-ßsf {Iao-I-cn®v kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\pK¿`m-i-btam a‰p kma-{Kn-Itfm C√m-Xn-cp∂ BZna ImeØv F√m

Pohm-Wp-°fpw hnI-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv tIhew q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsSCuam-Xncn D]-Nm-c-Øm-em-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p \ap-°q-ln-°mw. F∂m¬

`qan-bpsS F√m-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw CØcw A\p-Iq-tem-]-Nm-c-ßƒe`n-®p-sh∂p hcp-∂-X-√. kqcy-In-c-W-ß-fpsS anX-amb B`n-apJyw

kn≤n-°p∂ `q`mKw am{Xta CXn-te-°p-]-bp-‡-am-I-bp-≈q. GXm-Zr-i-tbm-Ky-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ÿm\w qan-bn¬ Fhn-S-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-

∂p≈ ]cym-tem-N-\-bn¬ t{]£-I-∑m¿ At\ym\yw hntbm-Pn®pImWp-∂p. Nne¿ a≤y Gjy F∂p \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. a‰p Nne¿{_“m-h¿Ø-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. thsdmcp Iq´¿ DØ-c-{[p-h-{]-

tZ-i-am-sW∂p hyh-ÿm-]n-°p-∂p. Cu ÿm\-ßƒ a\p-tjym-Xv]-Øn°p A\p-tbm-Py-ß-fmtWm F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ

DØc{[p-h-tZ-i-ßƒ AXn-X-Wp-∏p-sIm≠pw a≤y-G-jy, {_“m-h¿Øw, apX-emb `q`m-K-ßƒ th≠n-S-tØ-f-ap≈ NqSns‚ A`m-

hw-sIm≠pw A]-cym-]vX-ß-sf∂p h∂p t]mIp-∂p.

]√p-bnssc ap∂o‚ amXm-h∏m

]cn-Xn-ap-Iw-s]-Sp-an-¥-]m¿Xm-\∏m

sNmep-an-Xn≥In-g-°n-ess¶ Fgp-\q-d∏m

sNmcn-s¥mƒIp-a-Ip-S-b-\n-Xp-Xm-\∏m

A∏-s\-In-g-h-cp-sI-A-ss\-h-cp°pw

Acp-a-bm-\-s]m≥h-f-bp-a-f-¥m-\s¶

Cap-hn-bn≥Io-gvNn-Ø-cv]-Xew Xms\

Cchn Cs¶ hnf-¶p-am-\m-en-c-h-¶mIpw

In´-ap´ H‚m-sI-°n-S-¥-Rmew

sISp-hm-\-]-e-N-ssa-IƒsI-´-]nºv

]´-h-sse-I-S-em-se-]-e-Xmbv t]m®p.

(A-I-Øn-b¿Rme-\q¿)

BZn-`mj


128 BZn-`mj

Cßs\ Cu A¿≤-tKmfw apgps° ]co-£Ww \SØn sN√p-

tºmƒ iotXm-jvW-ß-fpsS am{Xm-\p-KpWyw apX-emb e£-W-ßƒXnI™ ÿew knwl-f-Zzo-]n\p GXm≠p ]›n-a-`m-KØp InS-∂n-

cp∂ Hcp `qhn-`m-K-sa∂p t_m[-s∏-Spw.

In´-ap´ H‚m-I-°n-S-¥-Rmew ]´ Asse-I-S-emse ]e-Xmbv

t]m®v (A. Rm. \q.) F∂ {]am-W-{]-Imcw Cu ÿew Ct∏mƒIS¬tIdn ad-™p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. qIºw A·n-]¿h-X-kv p-S\w

apX-emb Imc-W-ßƒ aqew ÿew Pehpw Pew ÿe-hp-ambnt∏mIm-dp-s≠∂p A`n-\-h-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v AK-kvXy-a-l¿jn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw kw`mhyw Xs∂F∂p \ap°v \n›-bn-°mw. knwl-f-Zzo-]n-\-cn-In-ep≈ GtXm Hcp

ÿe-ØmWv P¥p-°ƒ BZyw D≠m-bn-Øp-S-ßn-b-sX-∂p-≈-Xn\pCXp-t]mse h√ tcJ-Ifpw e`n-°p-∂pt≠m F∂p ]cy-S\w sNøp-

tºmƒ Ahn-sSbpw AK-kvXy-cpsS hmIyw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

‘]√p-bnssc ap∂os‚ amXm-h∏m’CXn¬\n∂p C∂p ]pØ-\mbn I≠p-]n-Sn®p F∂v Nne¿

tLmjn-°p-∂tXm A`n-am-\n-°p-∂tXm Bb ‘NnØ¿]-X-em’ -˛-kn-

≤-]p-cn-˛-\-hy-`m-j-bn¬ ]d-™m¬ Ata-cn° XpS-ßnb adp-`m-K-Øp≈ mK-ßƒ AK-kvXy-cpsS qan-im-kv{X-⁄m-\-{]-Im-i-Øn¬

]t≠°p ]t≠ Xnf-ßn-s°m-≠n-cp-s∂∂v \mw I≠p-I-gn-™p. Znhy-Zr-jvSn, A{]-Xn-a-amb {]Xn-`m-i‡n apX-emb A\¿L-k-º-Øp-I-

fpsS hnf-\n-e-ß-fmbn {]tim-`n-®n-cp∂ alm-flm-°-fpsS ]cn-ip-≤-_p-≤n°p hnZq-c-tKm-N-c-am-bn´v GsXmcp hnj-b-amWv Ah-ti-jn-

°p-∂Xv! H∂pw-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cn-°-bn-√. Cu XØzsØ hnkva-cn-°msX hnNm-cn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ al¿jn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw

Hcn-°epw \nc-kn-°m≥ km[n-°m-ØXpw `{Z-ambn kzoI-cn-°-Ø-°-Xp-am-sW∂pw hcp-∂p.

BZyw {]mWn-h¿§sØ {]k-hn® amXmhv taev]-d™`qaywiwXs∂ F∂n-cp-∂mepw AhnsS H∂m-aXp a\p-jy-cp-≠m-b-

Xmbn hnNm-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. CX-c-Po-hn-I-tfmSp Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ a\p-jy≥ Db¿∂-Xcw kwkvIm-c-ßƒ kn≤n-®n-´p≈ Hcp-

Øa Pohn-bm-sW∂p hy‡-am-Ipw. Hcp hnj-bsØ kw_-‘n®kwkvImcw AYhm hmk\ B hnj-b-Øns‚ Bh¿Ø-\-bpsS

ê-am-W-t√m. Aß-s\-bm-Ip-tºmƒ A\-¥-kw-kvIm-c-hn-tijw


129

sIm≠v kn≤n-°p∂ hnin-jvS-amb a\p-jyXzw At\Iw ]cn-Wm-a-

ß-fpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬ e`n-®-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww, AsX-ßn-s\-bm-bmepw P¥p-kr-jvSn°p km[-I-amb ÿeØp am{Xta a\p-jycpw

BZyw D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp-≈q F∂p Xo¿®-bm-Wv. BZyw a\p-jy-\p-≠m-Ip-∂n-S-Øm-bn-cn°pw BZyw mj D≠m-Ip-∂-Xpw. Aßs\ H∂m-

a-Xmbn D≠m-Ip∂ `mj tijn-®-h-bpsS amXr-`m-jbpw Bbn-cn-°pw. At∏mƒ knwlfw XpS-ßnb Z£n-W-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ C∂p {]N-

cn-°p∂ mj-bpsS ]q¿Δ-cq-]-amb {]mNo-\-{Zm-hn-U- m-j-bm-bn-cp∂ptemI-Ønse BZn-`mj F∂pw AXp-X-s∂-bmWv as‰√m `mj-I-

fp-sSbpw P\-bn{Xn F∂pw \ap°v A\p-am-\n-°mw.

Cßs\ Cu hgnbv°pw ]gb {Zmhn-U- m-j-Xs∂ kwkvIrXw

apX-emb ]cn-jvIr-X-`m-j-I-fpsS aqe-`m-j-sb∂p kn≤n-°p-∂p.

ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. A, B; C, Cu; I, Im; In, Io F∂n-ßs\ A£-c-ßƒ am{X-ambn ]d-

bp∂Xn\p ]Icw XpS-°-°m¿°p th≠n A -B\; B -B-h∂; C -Cu-b∂;I˛-Im\; Im˛Im-h∂; In˛-Io\; Io˛-Io-b∂ F∂n-ßs\ ]d™p ]Tn-∏n-°m-dp≠v Xan-gn¬.

2. ]ns∂ ]ns∂ F∂¿∞w

3. C∏-d™ AI-Øn-b¿in-h-tbmIw C\n ]d-bm≥ t]mIp∂ AI-Øn-b¿Rm-e-\q¬ XpS-ßnb ]e-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Ct∏mƒ In´m-\p-≈-h-b-√. Xan-gnse G‰hpw]gb hymI-c-W-{K-Ÿ-amb AIØnbw C\nbpw I≠p-In-ń-bn-´p≈ IrXn-b-√-t√m. AI-Øn-b-Øns‚ `mKtam AK-kvXy-ap-\n-bpsS Xs∂ Inń-bn-ń-√mØIrXn-Itfm Bhmw Ch.

4. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿, kuμ-cy-e-l-cn, t«mIw-˛1

5. bma-f-X-{¥-Øn¬ hn[n-®n-´p-≈-Xv˛_nμp-{Xn-tIm-W-h-kp-tIm-W-Z-im-c-bp-‹˛a\z-{k-\m-K-Z-f-kw-K-X-tjm-U-imcwhrØ-{Xbw N [c-Wo-k-Z-\-{X-b©{ioN-{I-cm-P-ap-ZnXw ]c-tZ-h-Xmbmx

N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ {ioN-{I-]q-Pm-Iev]w F∂ IrXn-bn¬ CXp D≤-cn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. ‘N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw’ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬]pdw 786 ImWp-I.

BZn-`mj


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