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14

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jn<li[,

15

s>Si[Fn siri>Si[ an[ eºTrn[Tni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

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s]Üs]Üs]Üs]Üi>(tk si(hRyn) sm)xii>(tk si(hRyn) sm)xii>(tk si(hRyn) sm)xii>(tk si(hRyn) sm)xi

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ap[xiai[, hilni ApFi<Rmk y&gmi> pi[tin&> an&k*ln, SiLik)y ApFi<, j*Ymi> vF& (s(on)

ap[xi an[ vil)ai[n) vF& pDt) ap[xiai[ vg[r[ j[vi p(rbLi[ vF& jNiyi hti. ai

a>g[ni[ s>kÃpniRmk ²yil ApOT kr)a[.

16

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j[ni kirN[ Äy(kt aAvAYti an&Bv[ C[.

k[n[(Dyn mni[v]Xi(nk h[ºs s[el)ni mt m&jb min(sk tiN a[ minv Sr)rni[

t[n) sim[ aiv) pD[l BirN-p(r(AY(t trf a[k aci[kks p\kirni[ Sr)r (k\yiRmk

p\(tBiv C[. t[ aAvAYtini lxNi[viLi sm&µy C[.

min(sk tiN a[ vitivrN)y bniv sim[n) ai>t(rk p\(t(k\yi C[, j[ a[k jitni

p\(tBivmi> p(rNm[ C[ an[ Äy(ktn) smt&li ji[Kmivini kirN[ aci[kks p\kirni>

Sir)(rk an[ min(sk f[rfiri[n) hirmiLimi> p(rNm[ C[, aiv& ji[ vir>vir an[ li>bi

giLi s&F) bn[ ti[ Sky C[ k[ ap\gT Sir)(rk ri[g d[Kiy.

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dbiN$p[ an[ C[vT[ d&:K an[ Sir)(rk-min(sk YkivTmi> p(rNm[ C[. h[ºs s[el)a[ ai

p\(tBivn&> s(vAtir vN<n kr[l C[. t[n[ “simiºy an&k*Lti sm&µy nim aip[l& C[.”

ai sm&µyn&> vN<n #iN tbkkimi> kr) Skiy.

{1} c[tvN)n) p\(k\yi

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17

j&di-j&di mni[v]Xi(nki[ni kh[vi an&sir dr[k Äy(kt min(sk tiNn&> aY<GTn alg-

alg r)t[ krt) hi[y C[. t[vi s>ji[gi[mi> min(sk tiNni[ a[k sv<simiºy aY< aipvi[

srL nY). k[Tlik li][ki[ min(sk tiNn[ bihy ud`)pk tr)k[ ai[LKiv[ C[. j[ni p(rNim[

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ki]T&(bk m&Æk[l)ai[, aiF&(nk Jvnn) aci[kks stiai[, Äyivsi(yk aslimt),

aN&y&oni BNkiri, b[ri[jgir), ai bFi GTki[ aipNi Jvnn[ vFir[ n[ vFir[ min(sk

tiNy&kt bniv[ C[. a[j r)t[ smin mni[Biry&kt p(r(AY(tn[ j&d)-j&d) Äy(ktai[ j&d)-

j&d) r)t[ p\(tBiv aip[ C[ Ryir[ min(sk tiNni[ a[ksmin aY< krvi[ m&Æk[l bn[ C[.

j[m k[ ni[kr)n) Si[Fmi> p\yRnS)l Äy(kt h>m[Si ai bibtn[ shjtiY) l[nir Äy(kt

krti vFir[ dbiN an&Bv[ C[. a[ j r)t[ min(sk tiN GTni krti> GTnini[ k[v) r)t[

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aipN) jit pr min(sk tiNni[ bi[ji[ len[ fr)a[ C)a[.

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j[vi S¾di[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiv[ C[.

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C[. min(sk tiNn[ h>m[Si GTni p\Ry[n) aipN) p\(t(k\yi s>dB[< Äyi²yi(yt kr)a[ C)a[.

z)ÀbirDi[{1988} min(sk tiNn) Äyi²yi aipti jNiv[ C[ k[ min(sk tiN ud`)pk

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18

siFvin) S(ktmi> vFiri[ kr[ C[. jyir[ GTniai[ aipNi ri[J>di kiyi<mi> avri[F uBi[ kr[

an[ siY[ s&m[L siFvi miT[ vF& p\yRni[ krvi pD[ Ryir[ min(sk tiNni[ an&Bv Yiy C[.

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jºmiv[ C[.

19

min(sk tiNn) Äyi²yi.min(sk tiNn) Äyi²yi.min(sk tiNn) Äyi²yi.min(sk tiNn) Äyi²yi.min(sk tiNn[ g\)k BiPimi> ‘mnn) (oFiy&kt dSi’ kh) C[.

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20

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aipN[ min(sk tiN n an&Bvti hi[y kirN k[ dr[k Äy(kta[ pi[tini p(rvt<nS)l

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min(sk jDtini[ tbkki[.min(sk jDtini[ tbkki[.min(sk jDtini[ tbkki[.min(sk jDtini[ tbkki[.Äy(kt t)v\ aiGit an&Bv[ C[. an[ S&>

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ai[C) hi[y C[.

g&ni(ht ligN)ai[ni[ an&Bv kr[ C[. ai

21

ciT< 2.1 min(sk tiNni tbkkiai[ dSi<vti[ ciT<ciT< 2.1 min(sk tiNni tbkkiai[ dSi<vti[ ciT<ciT< 2.1 min(sk tiNni tbkkiai[ dSi<vti[ ciT<ciT< 2.1 min(sk tiNni tbkkiai[ dSi<vti[ ciT<

min(sk jDtini[ tbkki[.min(sk jDtini[ tbkki[.min(sk jDtini[ tbkki[.min(sk jDtini[ tbkki[. ai tbkkimi> aiGit an&Bv[ C[. an[ S&>

bn) rhy&> C[ t[ Äy(ktn) smjmi> aivt&>

sjigtini[ tbkki[.sjigtini[ tbkki[.sjigtini[ tbkki[.sjigtini[ tbkki[.aiGitjnk bnivn) k$Nti a>g[ g>B)rtin[ t[ smj[ C[.

pi[tin[ Yy[li n&kSinni[ a>dij pN ai tbkkimi> aiv[ C[.

yini[ tbkki[.yini[ tbkki[.yini[ tbkki[.yini[ tbkki[. ai tbkkimi> Äy(kt aiGitjnk bnivi[n) p\(t(k\yi aip[ C[ t[n) siY[ smiyi[jn siFvini[ yRn kr[ C[. s>ji[gi[vSit Äy(kt kyir[k smiyi[jn siF) pN l[ C[, pr>t& t[mi>

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tr)k[ Av)kir)n[ bnivn[ l)F[ aiv[l p(rvt<n siY[ Äy(kt p&n:smiyi[Jt Yiy

C[.

g&ni(ht ligN)ni[ tbkki[. g&ni(ht ligN)ni[ tbkki[. g&ni(ht ligN)ni[ tbkki[. g&ni(ht ligN)ni[ tbkki[. smijn) shin&B*(t hi[vi Cti> pN Äy(kt

g&ni(ht ligN)ai[ni[ an&Bv kr[ C[. ai tbkkimi> Äy(kt Yikni[ an&Bv kr[ C[.

ciT< 2.1 min(sk tiNni tbkkiai[ dSi<vti[ ciT<ciT< 2.1 min(sk tiNni tbkkiai[ dSi<vti[ ciT<ciT< 2.1 min(sk tiNni tbkkiai[ dSi<vti[ ciT<ciT< 2.1 min(sk tiNni tbkkiai[ dSi<vti[ ciT<

aiGitjnk bnivn) k$Nti a>g[ g>B)rtin[ t[ smj[ C[.

pi[tin[ Yy[li n&kSinni[ a>dij pN ai tbkkimi> aiv[ C[.

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tr)k[ Av)kir)n[ bnivn[ l)F[ aiv[l Äy(kt p&n:smiyi[Jt Yiy

22

upri[kt pi>c tbkkiai[mi>Y) psir Yti> Äy(kt p)Di an&Bv[ C[. ai pi>c

tbkkiai[ vt<nn[ smjvi miT[ mdd$p Yiy C[. ai upri>t mdd krnirn[, Bi[g

bnnirn[ kyir[ an[ k[v) mdd krv) ji[ea[ t[n&> mig<dS<n pN aip[ C[.

min(sk tiNni pmin(sk tiNni pmin(sk tiNni pmin(sk tiNni p\\\\kiri[. kiri[. kiri[. kiri[. j[Às ki[lm[n min(sk tiNni cir p\kiri[ dSi<v[ C[ j[

ai p\miN[ C[.

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smy[ min(sk tiN p[di Yiy C[.

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tiNni agRyni kirN$p) p(rbLi[ C[. j[m k[ l³n drjjimi> p(rvt<n a[ a[k aigvi

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aivti ki[epN ýin di[rnir f[rfir k[ j[mi> p&n:smiyi[jnn) aivÆykti rh[l) C[.

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{1976} a[ m&²y cir p

smj&t) aipvimi> aiv)

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• j[ min(sktiNY) tmi>nkiriRmkasr Yiy ti[t[n[(nP[FiRmkmin(sk tiNkh[viy C[.

23

{4} p(rvt<n.{4} p(rvt<n.{4} p(rvt<n.{4} p(rvt<n. a[v&> dSi<vvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ Jvnmi> Yti> f[rfiri[ min(sk


kirni[ min(sk tiN C[. Jvnmi> f[rfiri[ a[Tl[ k[ ki[e Äy(ktni Jvn s>


min(sk tiNni aºy pmin(sk tiNni aºy pmin(sk tiNni aºy pmin(sk tiNni aºy p\\\\kiri[. kiri[. kiri[. kiri[. min(sk tiNni b)ji GNi p

{1976} a[ m&²y cir p\kiri[ dSiÄp\miN[ p\miN[ C[. j[ ciT< 2.2 mi> ai a>g[n) (vgt

smj&t) aipvimi> aiv) C[.

ciT<2.2ciT<2.2ciT<2.2ciT<2.2----min(sk tiNni pmin(sk tiNni pmin(sk tiNni pmin(sk tiNni p\\\\kiri[ dSi<vti[ ciT<kiri[ dSi<vti[ ciT<kiri[ dSi<vti[ ciT<kiri[ dSi<vti[ ciT<

(vFiyk tiN(vFiyk tiN(vFiyk tiN(vFiyk tiN

• jyir[ ki[etiN Äy(ktni(vkis miT[hkiriRmkhi[y fiydikirk hi[yRyir[ t[n[(vFiyk tiNkh[vimi> aiv[C[.

t)vt)vt)vt)v\\\\ tiNtiNtiNtiN

• Äy(ktn)shn krvin)S(kt krtiGNi[ vFir[tiN hi[yRyir[ Äy(ktn[smiyi[jnmi>m&Æk[l) pD[t[m hi[yRyir[ t[n[t)v\ tiNtr)k[ai[LKvimi>aiv[ C[.

a[v&> dSi<vvimi> aiv[ C[ k[ Jvnmi> Yti> f[rfiri[ min(sk


kirni[ min(sk tiN C[. Jvnmi> f[rfiri[ a[Tl[ k[ ki[e Äy(ktni Jvn s>ji[gi[mi>


min(sk tiNni b)ji GNi p\kiri[ C[. s[Ãy[

2.2 mi> ai a>g[n) (vgti[

ap*rti[ tiNap*rti[ tiNap*rti[ tiNap*rti[ tiN

• htiSi, Yik,k>TiLi[ k[(nOfLtinikirN[ Äy(ktviAt(vkp(r(AY(t Y)d&r Big[ C[.

24

upri[kt ciT< 2.2 mi> jNiÄyi an&sir min(sk tiNni ai p\kirni cir p\kiri[

ji[vi mL[ C[. j[n) asri[ pN t[mni nim an&sir p(r(AY(t p\miN[ alg-alg hi[y

C[.

min(sk tiNni ud`Bv AYini[.min(sk tiNni ud`Bv AYini[.min(sk tiNni ud`Bv AYini[.min(sk tiNni ud`Bv AYini[.min(sk tiNni ud`Bv miT[ni p(rbLi[n[ m&²yRv[ #iN

(vBigmi> vh[>c) Skiy.

{1} min(sk tiNni p(rbLi[.

{2} min(sk tiNni simi(jk ud`Bv AYini[

{3} min(sk tiNni d)F<kil)n ud`Bv AYini[.

ai #iN (vBigi[mi> min(sk tiN ud`Bivniri agRyni p(rbLi[ C[. ah) t[n)

(vgtvir mi(ht) aipvimi> aiv) C[.

{1} m{1} m{1} m{1} min(sk tiNni p(rbLi[.in(sk tiNni p(rbLi[.in(sk tiNni p(rbLi[.in(sk tiNni p(rbLi[. mni[v]Xi(nk min(sk tiNni mhRvni GTki[ k[ j[mni

oiri tiN uRpºn Yiy C[ t[ ai #iN p(rbLi[ C[.

1.1.1.1. Äy(ktgt p(rÄy(ktgt p(rÄy(ktgt p(rÄy(ktgt p(rbL. bL. bL. bL. aijni ai ApFi<Rmk y&gmi> dr[k Äy(kt pi[tin) (AYrti

Tkiv) riKvi miT[ p\yRnS)l hi[y C[. aijni ai y&gmi> ai ApFi<Rmk Jvn

a[ j Avy> tNiv uB) krni$ mhRvn&> p(rbL C[. aiv) p(r(AY(tmi> Äy(kt

stt tNiv n)c[ kim kr[ C[. aim aijn) Äy(ktgt p(r(AY(t pN tiN

miT[n&> a[k agRyn&> jvibdir p(rbL C[.

25

2.2.2.2. s>AYik)y p(rbLi[. s>AYik)y p(rbLi[. s>AYik)y p(rbLi[. s>AYik)y p(rbLi[. (vwiY)<ai[ ki[en[ ki[e SiLiai[ siY[ ji[Diy[li hi[y C[ an[

t[ai[ ai SiLik)y p(r(AY(tmi> pN stt tiNni[ an&Bv kr[ C[. j[mi>

SiLini aºy (vwiY)<ai[ siY[ni[ t[ni[ sb>F, SiLimi> t[ni[ Av)kir, (Sxki[ni

t[ni trfni vlNi[, j*Ymi> ApFi<, pr)xiai[, a¿yis pC)n) ApFi<ai[ vg[r[

j[vi an[k kirNi[n[ len[ (vwiY)<ai[ SiLik)y s>AYimi> pN stt tiN

an&Bv[ C[.

3.3.3.3. vitivitivitivitivrNjºy p(rbLi[. vrNjºy p(rbLi[. vrNjºy p(rbLi[. vrNjºy p(rbLi[. Äy(kt k[vi vitivrNmi> Jvn psir kr) rhyi[ C[ t[

pN Äy(ktni min(sk tiNn[ asr kr[ C[. j[ vitivrNn) siY[ smiyi[jn

siFvimi> nbLi p&rivir Yiy C[ t[ai[ mi[T[Big[ GNi[ bFi[ tiN an&Bv[ C[.

hilmi> (vwiY)<ai[ pN ai p(r(AY(tni[ Bi[g bn[ C[ j[mi> vil)ai[n)

ap[xiai[ vFir[ hi[y C[, (Sxki[ pi[tini vg<mi> (vwiY)<ai[ vF& p\g(t siF[ t[

miT[ p\yRnS)l hi[y C[, nikr) miT[ a¿yis pC)n) ap&rt) tki[ vg[r[ bibti[

(vwiY)< avAYi dr(myin K&b j nkiriRmk asri[ upjiv[ C[.

{2} min(sk tiNni {2} min(sk tiNni {2} min(sk tiNni {2} min(sk tiNni simi(jksimi(jksimi(jksimi(jk ud`Bv AYini[. ud`Bv AYini[. ud`Bv AYini[. ud`Bv AYini[.

1. ri[1. ri[1. ri[1. ri[jbri[jn) smAyiai[. jbri[jn) smAyiai[. jbri[jn) smAyiai[. jbri[jn) smAyiai[. Äy(kt jºmY) len[ mZRy&> py<t pi[tin) Äy(ktgt

m&>zvNi[ni[ Bi[g bn[ C[ t[ni p(rNim[ t[ stt tiN an&Bv[ aim

ri[jbri[jn) smAyiai[ pN Äy(kt miT[ tNivn) p(r(AY(t upjivnir) bn[

C[. aiv) j smAyiai[ kimni AYL[ pi[tini Grni vtivrN k[ ki[e aºy

j³yia[ dr[k Äy(kt t[ni[ Bi[g bnt) ji[vi mL[ C[ an[ t[ai[ si] min(sk

tiNn) smAyiY) p)Diti ji[vi mL[ C[.

26

2. Äy(ktgt GTki[. 2. Äy(ktgt GTki[. 2. Äy(ktgt GTki[. 2. Äy(ktgt GTki[. dr[k Äy(ktn[ ki[en[ ki[e r)t[ min(sk tiNni[ an&Bv

Yti[ hi[y C[. ai an&Bv p\Ryx)krN oiri kriv[ C[. (vwiY)< SiLimi> a¿yis

krti[ hi[y ti[ t[ni miT[ni kirNi[ a[ p(r(AY(t miT[ j&di hi[y C[ a[ j r)t[ a[

j (vwiY)< Gr[ aiv[ C[ Ryirni p(rbLi[ bdliy[li hi[y C[. aim GNi

p(rbLi[ Äy(ktgt r)t[ tNivviL) p(r(AY(tn[ jºmivniri agRyni bn)

rh[ C[.

{3} min(sk t{3} min(sk t{3} min(sk t{3} min(sk tiNni d)F<kil)n ud`Bv AYiNni d)F<kil)n ud`Bv AYiNni d)F<kil)n ud`Bv AYiNni d)F<kil)n ud`Bv AYini[.ini[.ini[.ini[. Äy(kt jºmY) mZRy& s&F) j[-t[

smijnmi> pi[tin&> Jvn Äy(tt kr[ C[ aivi s>ji[gi[mi> j[ p(r(AY(t hi[y t[n) asri[

t[ni min(sk AviAYy pr pD[ j t[ AviBi(vk C[.

1. Jvn tiN. 1. Jvn tiN. 1. Jvn tiN. 1. Jvn tiN. Äy(kt pi[tini smg\ Jvn dr(myin aºy k[Tl)k Äy(ktai[

siY[ smiyi[jn kr[ C[ an[ ai dr(myin t[ k[Tl)k p(r(AY(tn[ pi[tin)

trf[Nmi> bniv[ C[. k[Tli>k (kAsiai[mi> p(r(AY(t t[niY) alg ji[vi mL[ C[.

aiY) kh) Skiy k[ Äy(kt smg\ Jvn dr(myin ki[en[ ki[e r)t[ Jvnn[

tiNmy r)t[ m*lvt) hi[y C[.

2. d](nk (k2. d](nk (k2. d](nk (k2. d](nk (k\\\\yiai[. yiai[. yiai[. yiai[. aijn&> Jvn K&b j yi>(#ik bn) gy[l&> ji[vi mL[ C[. j[ni

kirN[ Äy(kt stt tNiv an&Bv[ C[. aiF&(nkrNni l)F[ Äy(ktn&>

JvnFi[rN u>c& aiÄy&> C[ K*b j zDp) an[ s&(vFis>p*N< bn) gy& C[. jyir[

27

aipNi ri[J>di Jvnn) GTmiLimi> k[Tlik avri[Fi[ uBi Yyi C[. j[ (dn-

p\(t(dn min(sk tiNmi> vFiri[ krniri bºyi C[.

3.Äyivsi(3.Äyivsi(3.Äyivsi(3.Äyivsi(yyyyk tiN. k tiN. k tiN. k tiN. dr[k Äy(kt ki[en[ ki[e p\kirni Äyvsiymi> ji[Diy[l) hi[y

C[ an[ t[ dr[k pi[tini Äyvsiy a>tg<t pN tNivni[ an&Bv kr[ C[ j[m k[

Äy(kt Äyvsiymi> sir) uRpidkti diKv[, j[-t[ kimni AYL[ smiyi[jn, aºy

kiy<kri[ siY[ni[ prApr Äyvhir Äyivsi(yk (vkis miT[n) ai>FL) ApFi< vg[r[

j[vi p(rbLi[ upri>t ai smygiLi dr(myin t[n[ si[>pvimi> aiv[li kiy<n)

g&NvRiin[ lgt) pN an[k smAyiai[ ji[vi mL[ C[ j[ tNivn) p(r(AY(t

ud`Bv krnir) gNiy C[. aim p\Ry[k Äy(kt Äyvsi(yk tiN an&Bv[ C[.

min(sk tiNnimin(sk tiNnimin(sk tiNnimin(sk tiNni>>>> p(rNimi[.p(rNimi[.p(rNimi[.p(rNimi[.

simiºy aY<mi> kh)a[ ti[ min(sk tiN a[Tl[ ligN)n) aApOT (AY(t k[ j[mi>

Äy(kt a(n(Vtti an[ pDkir an&Bv[ C[. Äy(ktmi> t[ni vitivrN an[ p(r(AY(tn[

kirN[ min(sk tiN uRpºn Yiy C[. j[m k[ B*(mki s>GP<, B*(mki s>(d³Fti, vFir[ pDt&>

kiy<, sb>Fmi> aip[xiai[ni kirN[ min(sk tiNni p(rNimi[mi> pN (Bºnti ji[vi mL[

C[. simiºy r)t[ min(sk tiNn) Sir)(rk, mni[v]Xi(nk, vit<(nk an[ simi(jk asri[

ji[vi mL[ C[. j[n) (vgti[ n)c[ p\miN[ C[.

28

1. 1. 1. 1. Sir)(rkSir)(rkSir)(rkSir)(rk asri[.asri[.asri[.asri[. mgjmi> aiv[li hiepi[Y[l[ms min(sk tiNn) p\(t(k\yin&>

ud`Bv AYin C[. t[Y) t[ min(sk tiNni k[ºW tr)k[ ai[LKiy C[. min(sk tiNni

l)F[ Visi[Visn) (k\yimi> p(rvt<n aiv[ C[. u>Di an[ zDp) bn[ C[. Hdyni

Fbkiri vF) jiy C[. li[h)n) nL)ai[ s>ki[ciy, ch[rini hivBiv aiv[g an&sir

bdliy, miYini[ d&:Kivi, dm, hie b).p). vg[r[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[. s[Ãy[

a>t:A#iiv) g\>Y)ai[ni a¿yis& hti. t[mN[ min(sk tiNn) Sir)(rk p\(k\yiai[ni[

a¿yis kr) min(sk tiNni[ (soi>t tirvvini[ p\yis kyi[< hti[. j[n[ General

Adaptation Syndrome tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[ j[mi> {1} c[tvN)ni[

tbkki[ {2} p\(tkirni[ tbkki[ {3} Yikni[ tbkki[ vg[r[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.

2. mni[v]Xi(nk asri[. 2. mni[v]Xi(nk asri[. 2. mni[v]Xi(nk asri[. 2. mni[v]Xi(nk asri[. Äy(kt jyir[ tNivmi>Y) psir Yiy C[ Ryir[ t[ni mnmi>

YkivT, (c(DyipN&>, udis)nti, k>TiLi[, a[kig\tini[ aBiv,viAt(vktin) smjni[

aBiv Avi(Bmin k[ aiRm gi]rvmi> GTiDi[ p(rNim[ T*>ki[ ¹yin (vAtir, T)kiai[, k[

(n>di p\Ry[ vF& pDt) s>v[dnS)lti, (vcirS(ktmi> avri[F vg[r[ ji[vi mL[ C[.

3. vit<(nk asri[. 3. vit<(nk asri[. 3. vit<(nk asri[. 3. vit<(nk asri[. vF& pDti tNivni kirN[ Äy(ktni vt<ni[ pN bdliy C[.

j[mi>

a(tSy F&m\pin, mwpin, ai]PF, Äysni[, akAmiti[, aiv[(gk a(AYrti,

a(n>Wi, vF& pDt& Kiv&>, hiAymi> licir), aik\mkti, (nApZÆyti, htiSi, (vPid,

a[klti vg[r[ t[ni vt<nmi> p\gT Yt& ji[vi mL[ C[.

29

4444. . . . simi(jksimi(jksimi(jksimi(jk asri[. asri[. asri[. asri[. min(sk tiNn) simi(jk asri[mi> ki]T&>(bk s¿yi[ siY[ni

nbLi simi(jk sb>Fi[, shkiy<kri[ siY[ s&m[Ltini[ aBiv, simi(jk B*(mki

Bjvvin) aS(kt, atDipN&> vg[r[ni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.

s>Si[FniRmk si(hRyn) sm)xis>Si[FniRmk si(hRyn) sm)xis>Si[FniRmk si(hRyn) sm)xis>Si[FniRmk si(hRyn) sm)xi

s>Si[FniRmk si(hRyn) sm)xi b[ (vBigmi> rj* krvimi. aiv) C[.

d[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[lid[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[lid[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[lid[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li>>>> s>Si[Fni[s>Si[Fni[s>Si[Fni[s>Si[Fni[

dr[k s>Si[Fnn) (vgti[ upl¾F mi(ht)n[ aiFir[ n)c[n) bibti[n[ ýinmi>

riK)n[ rj* krvimi> aiv) C[.

s>Si[Fn smAyi

s>Si[Fnni p\Åni[

s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[

s>Si[Fnn) uRkÃpni

Äyip(vV an[ nm*ni[

upkrN

mi(ht) (vÅl[PN

tirNi[

30

d[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[d[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[d[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[d[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[

jyAvil v). k[. {1977} jyAvil v). k[. {1977} jyAvil v). k[. {1977} jyAvil v). k[. {1977} a[ til)miY)< (Sxki[n) (c>tit&rtini[ sj<niRmk

S(kt siY[ sb>F (vPy pr a¿yis hiY Fyi[< hti[. j[n) piyn) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[

p\miN[ ht).

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. til)miY)< (Sxki[n) (c>tit&rtini[ sj<niRmk S(kt siY[ sb>F tpisvi[.

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[. {1} s>AYivir jit)yti an&sir Xi(t an&sir (c>tit&rti

jiNv).

{2} A#i) til)miY)<ai[n) (c>tit&rti siY[ni[ sb>F jiNvi[. {3} til)miY)<ai[n)

(c>tit&rti an[ (s(op\[rNi vµc[ni[ sb>F jiNvi[.

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.ai s>Si[Fnni nm*nimi> 234 p&$P til)miY)<ai[ an[ 207 A#i)

til)miY)<ai[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ ps<nil)T) eºv[ºTr) Ti[l[rºs T[ATni[

upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) a[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNn) pn) pn) pn) p\\\\(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN. ai s>Si[Fn sv[<xN p\kirn&> ht&.

an[ j$r) ai>kDiSiA#i)y pÜ(tai[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

31

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.{1} A#i) til)miY)<ai[mi> (c>tit&rti an[ sj<niRmkti vµc[ siY<k sb>F

ji[vi mÇyi[ n hti[. {2} (c>tit&rti a[ sj<niRmkti k[ t[ni (vBig j[vi k[ p\vi(hti

lv(ckti an[ mi](lkti siY[ nkiriRmk r)t[ s>kLiy[l) ji[vi mL) ht).

air. k[.niyD& an[ Yipi{1978} air. k[.niyD& an[ Yipi{1978} air. k[.niyD& an[ Yipi{1978} air. k[.niyD& an[ Yipi{1978} a[ (vwiY)<ai[ a>trni (nN<yi[ l[vmi> min(sk

tiNn) asr tpisvi ai s>Si[FN hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[n) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. p*v<Anitk kxini (vwiY)<ai[ni a>trni (nN<yi[ l[vimi> min(sk tiNn)

asr.

a¿yisni pa¿yisni pa¿yisni pa¿yisni p\\\\Åni[.Åni[.Åni[.Åni[. {1} (nN<y l[vimi> tNivn) asr S) C[.? {2} tNiv an[

(nN<y l[vimi> S&> tfivt C[.? {3} tNiv an[ Bieai[ an[ bh[ni[ni p\i¼ti>ki[mi> tfivt

C[.?

{4} min(sk tiNY) S&> f[rfir Yiy C[.?

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.ai s>Si[Fnmi> b[ nini-nini j*Yi[n) rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). an[

mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN krvimi> aiÄy& ht&>. k&l 20 pi#ii[n) nm*nimi> ps>dg) krvimi>

aiv) ht). ai nm*ni[ p*v<Anitk kxini (vwiY)<ai[mi>Y) ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk r(ct p\Ånivl)ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

32

mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) a[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNn) pn) pn) pn) p\\\\(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN. ai s>Si[Fn miT[ni psd> krvimi>

aiv[li nm*nini p*v<Anitk kxini (vwiY)<ai[n) pis[Y) k&l cir (vBigi[mi> mi(ht)

a[k#i krvimi> aiv) ht). j[mi> p\yi[gpi#ii[n[ #iN min(sk tiNn) p(r(AY(t an[ a[k

simiºy pr(AY(tmi> m*kvimi> aiÄyi hti. an[ mi(ht) a[k#i krvimi> aiv) ht).

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} ai p\yi[gmi> ji[Diy[li pi#ii[mi>Y) Ci[kriai[ an[ Ci[kr)ai[ni kiyi[<

vµc[ ki[e tfivt jNiyi[ n hti[. {2} j[ pi#ii[n[ tNiv p(r(AY(tmi> m*kvimi> aiÄyi

hti t[mn[ kiy< dr(myin vF& B*li[ kr) ht). {3} tNiv a[ p\iY(mk p\(t(k\yi aipnir)

S(kt vFirnir) p\(k\yi tr)k[ pN jNie ht).

pT[l J.a[n.{1979} pT[l J.a[n.{1979} pT[l J.a[n.{1979} pT[l J.a[n.{1979} a[ miý(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[mi> (c>tit&rti (vPyk

a¿yis hiY Fyi[< hti[. j[n) piyn) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. miý(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[mi> (c>tit&rti

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[. {1} miý(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ miT[ (c>tit&rti mipn

ksi[T) rcv) an[ p\mi(Nt krv). {2} (c>ti an[ b)ji cli[ {jit)yti, (vAtir an[

k&T&>bni kd} vµc[ni sb>Fni[ a¿yis krvi[.

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnni nm*nimi> k&l 360 (vwiY)<ai[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ Av-r(ct (c>ti mipd>Dni[ upyi[g krvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[.

33


an[ j$r) ai>kDiSiA#i)y pÜ(t, klm (vÅl[PNni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.{1} u>mr an[ (c>tin[ sb>F nY). {2} Ci[kriai[ krti Ci[kr)ai[n&>

(c>tiAtr u>c& ht&>. {3} g\im)N an[ Sh[r) (vAtirn) Ci[kr)ai[n) (c>ti p\i¼ti>ki[n)

srisr) vµc[ aY<s*ck tfivt n hti[. {3} Uµc simi(jk-ai(Y<k Atr Frivnir (nÀn

simi(jk-ai(Y<k Atr Frivniri (vwiY)<ai[ krti ai[Ci (c>tit&r hi[y C[. {4} mi[Ti

k&T&>bmi>Y) aivti (vwiY)<ai[n&> (c>tiAtr nini k&T&>bmi>Y) aivti (vwiY)<ai[ni Atr

krti u>c& ji[vi mÇy&> ht&>.

k&k&k&k&r[S) a[ a[n. {1980} r[S) a[ a[n. {1980} r[S) a[ a[n. {1980} r[S) a[ a[n. {1980} a[ miý(mk SiLin) (vwiY)<n)ai[n) sj<niRmktini[

b&(oAtr, (c>ti an[ ai>kixini s>dB[< a¿yis kyi[< hti[. piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[

p\miN[ ht).

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi. miý(mk SiLin) (vwiY)<n)ai[n) sj<niRmktini[ b&(oAtr, (c>ti an[

ai>kixini s>dB[< a¿yis

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[. {1} sj<niRmkti siY[ b&(oAtr, (c>ti an[ aiki>xi Atr

k[Tli p\miNmi> an[ ke r)t[ s>kLiy[li C[ t[ jiNv&>. {2} (v(vF cli[ni Atri[ni s>dB<mi>

b&(o, (c>ti an[ aiki>xi Atr sj<niRmktin[ k[v) r)t[ asr kr[ C[ t[ jiNv&>. {3} b&(o,

(c>ti an[ aiki>xi Atr sj<niRmktin) gt)S)lti siY[ ke r)t[ s>kLiy[kli C[ t[

jiNv&>.

34

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnni nm*nimi> (fri[jibid Sh[rn) SiLiai[mi>Y) k&l 3000

(vwiY)<ai[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> cir upkrNi[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

sj<niRmkti ksi[T), sm*h min(sk S(kt ksi[T), STAT ksi[T) an[ aiki>xi Atrn)

s>Si[F(nkini[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

mi(ht) a[k#i)mi(ht) a[k#i)mi(ht) a[k#i)mi(ht) a[k#i)krNn) pkrNn) pkrNn) pkrNn) p\\\\(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN. ai s>Si[Fn sv[<xN p\kirn&> ht&.

an[ j$r) ai>kDiSiA#i)y pÜ(tni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.{1} b&(o p\gT (c>ti an[ aiki>xi a[ sj<niRmkti an[ t[ni GTki[ j[vi k[

vikpT&ti, lv(ckti, mi](lkti-(Bºnti pr asr dSi<v[ C[. b&(oni[ sj<niRmkti siY[

aY<s*ck Gn sb>F C[.{2} (c>ti sj<niRmkti an[ t[ni GTki[ siY[ sb>F Friv[ C[. ai

shsb>F Kis kr)n[ mi](lkti an[ sj<niRmkti vµc[ vF& giQ C[. {3} b&(o (c>ti an[

aiki>xiAtr sj<niRmkti an[ t[ni GTki[n[ p\[r[ C[. t[n) s>y&kt ai>tr(k\yi

sj<niRmktini p\vihn[ viLvi siY[ sb>F Frivt) nY).

Di[g[r b).a[s. {1982} Di[g[r b).a[s. {1982} Di[g[r b).a[s. {1982} Di[g[r b).a[s. {1982} a[ (c>tit&rti an[ sj<niRmk (vcirS(kt vµc[ni

sb>Fni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[. j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. (c>tit&rti an[ sj<niRmk (vcirS(kt vµc[ni sb>Fni[ a¿yis

35

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[. {1} (c>tit&rti an[ sj<niRmk (vcirS(kt vµc[ni sb>Fi[ni[

a¿yis krvi[.

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnni nm*nimi> k&l 394 (vwiY)<ai[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[. t[mi>Y) 186 (vwiY)<ai[ an[ 208 (vwiY)<n)ai[ni[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[.

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> b[ upkrNi[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. Äy(ktRv

s>Si[(Fn) an[ sj<niRmk (vcirS(kt mipd>D.


an[ j$r) ai>kDiSiA#i)y pÜ(tni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} j&di-j&di Atrn) (c>tit&rti Frivt) Äy(ktai[ni sj<niRmk

p\(tBiv j&di[ ji[vi mÇyi[ hti[. {2} Ci[kriai[ an[ Ci[kr)ai[ sj<niRmk v]ci(rk

xmtin) Ñ(OTa[ smin ji[vi mÇyi hti.

³yini[n) T).s). {1984} ³yini[n) T).s). {1984} ³yini[n) T).s). {1984} ³yini[n) T).s). {1984} a[ htiSi p(rbLi[n) tr[hni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[.

j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. htiSi p(rbLi[n) tr[hni[ a¿yis.

36

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[. {1} htiSi p(rbLi[ Si[F) t[n&> p\miN nkk) krv&> {2}

(c>tini p\miN an[ Av$pni[ htiSi siY[ni[ sb>F Si[Fvi[. {3} (c>ti an[ u>mrni

an&s>Finmi> htiSini p\(tciri[n&> Av$p an[ p\miN nkk) krv&> {4} (c>ti an[

htiSin) (s(o pr asr tpisv).

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fn miT[ni nm*nimi> aig\in) ki[l[jni an[ hieAk&lni 300

(vwiY)<ai[n[ nm*nimi> smi(vOT krvimi> aiÄyi hti.

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> cir upkrNi[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. simi(jk-

ai(Y<k drjji mipd>D, htiSi ksi[T), simiºy a(BS(kt ksi[T), Avr(ct p\Ånivl)

vg[r[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.


an[ j$r) cli[ vµc[ni[ sb>F ckisvi ai>kDiSiA#i)y p\y&(ktai[ni[ upyi[g krvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} simi(jk-ai(Y<k drjji[ a[ S]x(Nk (s(o pr asr kr[ C[. pr>t&

simi(jk –ai(Y<k drjji[ an[ AYin)ykrN si]Y) vF& asr krnir p(rbL mil&m

pDyi hti. {2} 17 Y) 20 an[ 21 Y) 24 vyj&Yni (vwiY)<ai[mi> htiSin&>

p\miNvFir[ ht&>. {3} 21 Y) 24 vP<ni (vwiY)<ai[ vF& ahmk[ºW) an[ aik\mk ji[vi

mÇyi hti. {4} u>mr vFti Kis kr)n[ 20 vP< pC) p\RyiGit) vt*<Nk ji[vi mL[ C[. t[

j r)t[ ad>DiRmk htiSin) p\(t(k\yi vF[ C[. {5} u>c) (c>tit&r Äy(ktai[ vFir[

37

p\RyiGit) an[ avri[Fk hi[y C[. jyir[ ai[C) (c>tit&r Äy(ktai[ ai[C) p\RyiGit) an[

j$(ryiti[n) aig\h) hi[y C[.

br)>dr a[m. {1985} br)>dr a[m. {1985} br)>dr a[m. {1985} br)>dr a[m. {1985} a[ a>tm<&Kti, b(hm&<Kti tYi pyi<vrNni s>dB<mi>

simiºy (c>ti an[ ksi[T) (c>tini[ a¿yis. j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[

ht).

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. a>tm<&Kti, b(hm&<Kti tYi pyi<vrNni s>dB<mi> simiºy (c>ti an[

ksi[T) (c>tini[ a¿yis

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[. {1} a>tm<&Kti, b(hm&<Kti tYi pyi<vrNni s>dB<mi>

(vwiY)<ai[mi> (c>tin&> p\miN Si[Fv&>. {2} ksi[T) (c>tin[i a¿yis krvi[. {3} Ci[kri an[

Ci[kr)ai[mi> p\vt<min (c>tini Av$pni[ a¿yis krvi[ {4} ksi[T)(c>ti s>Si[F(nkin)

rcni krv).

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fn miT[ni nm*nimi> k&l 200 (vwiY)<ai[n[i smiv[S krvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[ t[mi>Y) 100 (vwiY)<ai[ an[ 100 (vwiY)<n)ai[ ht).


ai(Y<k mipd>D, Äy(ktRv s>Si[F(nki, Av r(ct ksi[T) (c>ti s>Si[F(nki ksi[T) vg[r[ni[

smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

38



aiÄyi[ hti[.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} simiºy (c>ti an[ (c>ti ksi[T)mi> ji(tgt tfivti[ ji[vi mÇyi

hti. {2} simiºy(c>ti an[ (c>ti ksi[T)ni p\i¼ti>ki[ vµc[ hkiriRmk sb>F jNiyi[ hti[.

{3} simi(jk-ai(Y<k drjjin) asr (c>ti ksi[T)mi> ji[vi mL) ht). {4} simi(jk-

ai(Y<k drjin) asr Ci[kr)ai[mi> simiºy (c>timi> jNie ht). {5} uµc simi(jk-

ai(Y<k drjji[ Frivti a>tm&<K an[ b(hm&<K Ci[kri-Ci[kr)ai[n) (c>tini p\kir an[

p\miNmi> tfivt n hti[.

Digi[r b).Digi[r b).Digi[r b).Digi[r b). {1985} {1985} {1985} {1985} a[ a>tm<&Kti, b(hm&<Kti tYi pyi<vrNni s>dB<mi>

simiºy (c>ti an[ ksi[T) (c>tini[ a¿yis. j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[

ht).

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. a>tm<&Kti, b(hm&<Kti tYi pyi<vrNni s>dB<mi> simiºy (c>ti an[

ksi[T) (c>tini[ a¿yis.

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[. {1} a>tm<&Kti, b(hm&<Kti tYi pyi<vrNni s>dB<mi>

(vwiY)<ai[mi> (c>tin&> p\miN Si[Fv&>. {2} ksi[T) (c>tin[i a¿yis krvi[. {3} Ci[kri an[

Ci[kr)ai[mi> p\vt<min (c>tini Av$pni[ a¿yis krvi[ {4} ksi[T)(c>ti s>Si[F(nkin)

rcni krv).

39

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fn miT[ni nm*nimi> k&l 200 (vwiY)<ai[n[i smiv[S krvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[ t[mi>Y) 100 (vwiY)<ai[ an[ 100 (vwiY)<n)ai[ ht).


ai(Y<k mipd>D, Äy(ktRv s>Si[F(nki, Av r(ct ksi[T) (c>ti s>Si[F(nki ksi[T) vg[r[ni[

smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.



aiÄyi[ hti[.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} simiºy (c>ti an[ (c>ti ksi[T)mi> ji(tgt tfivti[ ji[vi mÇyi

hti. {2} simiºy(c>ti an[ (c>ti ksi[T)ni p\i¼ti>ki[ vµc[ hkiriRmk sb>F jNiyi[ hti[.

{3} simi(jk-ai(Y<k drjjin) asr (c>ti ksi[T)mi> ji[vi mL) ht). {4} simi(jk-

ai(Y<k drjin) asr Ci[kr)ai[mi> simiºy (c>timi> jNie ht). {5} uµc simi(jk-

ai(Y<k drjji[ Frivti a>tm&<K an[ b(hm&<K Ci[kri-Ci[kr)ai[n) (c>tini p\kir an[

p\miNmi> tfivt n hti[.

si[vi an[ brsºt) {1986} si[vi an[ brsºt) {1986} si[vi an[ brsºt) {1986} si[vi an[ brsºt) {1986} a[ (vwiY)<ai[ni Jvnmi> tNivni[ an&Bv

krivt) agiuY) kÃp[l an[ an&Bv[l GTniai[ vµc[ni tfivtni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[.

j[n) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

40

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. (vwiY)<ai[ni Jvnmi> tNivni[ an&Bv krivt) agiuY) kÃp[l an[

an&Bv[l GTniai[ vµc[ni tfivtni[ a¿yis.

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.{1} GTniai[ni aiFir[ tNivn) tpis krv) {2} tNiv an[

jit)yti vµc[ sb>F tpisvi[ {3} tNivni aiFir[ udBv(t p(r(AY(t tpisv).

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.ai s>Si[Fnni nm*nimi> k&l 186 (vwiY)<ai[n) nm*nimi> ps>dg) krvimi>

aiv) ht). ai nm*nin) ps>dg) sh[t&k r)t[ krvimi> aiv) ht).

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ GTniai[n&> vN<n krt) kYiai[ni[ upyi[g

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) a[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNn) n) n) n) pppp\\\\(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN. ai s>Si[Fn miT[ni psd> krvimi>

aiv[li nm*nini bFi pi#ii[ pis[Y) mi(ht) m[Lvvimi> aiv) ht) an[ mi(ht)n&>

(vÅl[PN krvimi> aiÄy& ht&>.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} an&Bv[l tNiv an[ kÃpiy[li tNivmi> siY<k tfivt ji[vi mÇyi[

hti[. {2} ps>d krvimi> aiv[li nm*nimi> ji(tgt tfivti[ jNiyi hti. p&$Pi[ krti

A#i)ai[ni[ tNiv vF& ji[vi mÇyi[ hti[. {3} min(sk tiN mipnni siFni[mi>ji(tni[

uÃl[K krvi[ ji[ea[ an[ a(h agiuY) k(Ãpt tNivni a(AtRv miT[ aApOTti jNie

ht).

41

(s>G an[ s[n g&¼ti{1986} (s>G an[ s[n g&¼ti{1986} (s>G an[ s[n g&¼ti{1986} (s>G an[ s[n g&¼ti{1986} a[ pTnin) SiLimi> (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk

(c>tit&rtini[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[. t[mni a¿yisn) m&²y (vgti[ n)c[ p\miN[ C[.

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[. {1} mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk (c>tit&rti an[

S]x(Nk (s(o vµc[ni[ sb>F tpisvi[.{2} Ci[kriai[ an[ Ci[kr)ai[n) (c>tit&rti vµc[ni[

sb>F tpisvi[.

Äyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*ni[. pTnin) mi¹y(mk SiLiai[ni 600 (vwiY)<ai[n[ nm*nimi>

smivvimi> aiÄyi hti.

upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. p\At&t a¿yismi> (s>G an[ s[ng&¼ti r(ct S]x(Nk (c>tit&rti

mipd>Dni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

a¿yisni tirNi[. a¿yisni tirNi[. a¿yisni tirNi[. a¿yisni tirNi[. {1} mi¹y(mk SiLini vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk (s(o an[

(c>tit&rti vµc[ hkiriRmk sb>F jNiyi[ hti[. {2}mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[n)

(c>tit&rti (vwiY)<n)ai[n) (c>tit&rti krti ai[C) jNie ht).

s&Fikr riq{1989} s&Fikr riq{1989} s&Fikr riq{1989} s&Fikr riq{1989} a[ Äy(ktRvni k[Tli>k lxNi[ni[ (c>tit&rti, b(hm<&K),

ligN)S)ltini s>dB[< a¿yis hiY Fyi[< hti[.

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi. k[Tlik cli[ni s>dB[< Äy(ktRvni lxNi[ni[ (c>tit&rti, b(hm<&K),

ligN)S)ltini s>dB[< a¿yis

42

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.{1} Birtni s>dB<mi> Äy(ktRvni j&di-j&di lxNi[ siY[

(c>tit&rti ni[ sb>F Si[Fvi[. {2} ligN)S)l an[ b(hm&<K) Äy(ktRv Frivt) A#i) an[

p&$Pi[ vµc[ (c>tit&rtini[ a¿yis krvi[.

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.ai s>Si[Fnmi> nm*ni tr)k[ Anitk kxini 250 k&mir an[ 250 kºyiai[

a[m k&l 500 pi#ii[n[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi hti. an[ mi(ht) a[k#i krvimi> aiv) ht).

ai nm*nin) ps>dg) yid(µCk ps>dg)a[ krvimi> aiv) ht).

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ k&l b[ upkrNi[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[ j[mi> T[lr r(ct (c>tit&rti mipd>D an[ mi[DAl) Äy(ktRv s>Si[F(nkini[ smiv[S

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. aim ai b[ upkrNi[ni upyi[g oiri s>Si[Fk[ mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN

ky&< ht&>.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} Äy(ktRvni j&di-j&di lxNi[mi> ligN)S)l Äy(ktai[ b(hm&<K)ai[

Äy(ktai[ krti vFir[ (c>ti an&Bv[ C[. {2} A#i) an[ p&$Pi[ vµc[ (c>tit&rtimi> Kis

p\kirni[ tfivt ni[>Fiyi[ n hti[.

s&(nl aibri[l{1990} s&(nl aibri[l{1990} s&(nl aibri[l{1990} s&(nl aibri[l{1990} a[ Äy(ktRvni k[Tli>k lxNi[ni[ (c>tit&rti, b(hm<&K),

ligN)S)ltini s>dB[< a¿yis hiY Fyi[< hti[.

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.k[Tlik cli[ni s>dB[< Äy(ktRvni lxNi[ni[ (c>tit&rti, b(hm<&K),

ligN)S)ltini s>dB[< a¿yis

43

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.{1} Birtni s>dB<mi> Äy(ktRvni j&di-j&di lxNi[ siY[

(c>tit&rti ni[ sb>F Si[Fvi[. {2} ligN)S)l an[ b(hm&<K) Äy(ktRv Frivt) A#i) an[

p&$Pi[ vµc[ (c>tit&rtini[ a¿yis krvi[.

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnmi> nm*ni tr)k[ Anitk kxini 250 k&mir an[ 250

kºyiai[ a[m k&l 500 pi#ii[n[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi hti. an[ mi(ht) a[k#i krvimi>

aiv) ht). ai nm*nin) ps>dg) yid(µCk ps>dg)a[ krvimi> aiv) ht).

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ k&l b[ upkrNi[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[ j[mi> T[lr r(ct (c>tit&rti mipd>D an[ mi[DAl) Äy(ktRv s>Si[F(nkini[ smiv[S

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. aim ai b[ upkrNi[ni upyi[g oiri s>Si[Fk[ mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN

ky&< ht&>.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.{1} Äy(ktRvni j&di-j&di lxNi[mi> ligN)S)l Äy(ktai[ b(hm&<K)ai[

Äy(ktai[ krti vFir[ (c>ti an&Bv[ C[. {2} A#i) an[ p&$Pi[ vµc[ (c>tit&rtimi> Kis

p\kirni[ tfivt ni[>Fiyi[ n hti[.

ffff\\\\ [D l&Yiºs {1992} [D l&Yiºs {1992} [D l&Yiºs {1992} [D l&Yiºs {1992} a[ min(sk tiNni[ an&B*(t krt) Äy(kt miT[ min(sk

tiNni tbkkiai[ni[ a¿yis hiY Fyi[< hti[. j[n) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. smAyi. miý(mk SiLini (Sxki[ni min(sk tiN an[ smiyi[jnni[ a¿yis.

44

a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[[. (v(vF cli[ni s>dB<mi> miý(mk SiLini (Sxki[ni min(sk

tiN an[ smiyi[jn vµc[ni sb>Fni[ a¿yis krvi[.

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnni nm*nimi> k[rilini ki[lm (jÃlini 60 (Sxki[ni[ nm*nimi>

smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[ t[mi>Y) 14 p&$P (Sxki[ an[ 46 A#i) (Sxki[ni[ smiv[S

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ s>Si[Fk oiri r(ct tiN (vkis mipn

ksi[T)ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.


aiv[li nm*nini bFi pi#ii[ pis[Y) mi(ht) m[Lvvimi> aiv) ht) an[ mi(ht)ni

(vÅl[PN miT[ ‘t’ g&Ni[_ir p\y&(ktni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} min(sk tNivn) mi#imi> A#i)-p&$P (Sxki[ni[ vµc[ tfivt jNiyi[

hti[. {2} A#i) (Sxki[mi> p&$P (Sxki[ krti vF& tiN jNiyi[ hti[. {3} 45 vP< k[ t[Y)

vF& u>mrni (Sxki[ vF& min(sk tiN an&Bvti hti. {4} j&d)-j&d) liykit Frivti

(Sxki[ni> min(sk tiNmi> tfivt ji[vi mÇyi[ hti[. {5} BiPini (Sxki[ aºy krti vF&

tiN an&Bvti hti.

jyAvil{2002}ni[ a¿yis.jyAvil{2002}ni[ a¿yis.jyAvil{2002}ni[ a¿yis.jyAvil{2002}ni[ a¿yis. SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ni XiniRmk an[

(bnXiniRmk lxNi[ pr S]x(Nk tiNn) asrni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[.

45

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.{1} tiNn) s>Si[(Fn) rcv) an[ p\mi(Nt krv). {2}

(vwiY)<ai[ni v]y(ktk-S]x(Nk lxNi[, ki]T&(bk simi(jk lxNi[ an[ (bnXiniRmk

cli[ni s>dB<mi> t[ai[n) S[x(Nk (s(o pr t[ai[n) S]x(Nk tiNn) asr tpisv)

Äyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*ni[. [. [. [. sibrki>qi (jÃlimi> aiv[l) g&jrit) mi¹ymn) mi¹y(mk

an[ uµctr mi¹y(mk SiLiai[ a[ Äyip(vV ht&. Äyip(vVn[ (vAtir p\miN[ Atr)kZt

kr) Sh[r), aF<Sh[r), g\iÀy a[vi #iN (vAtirmi> yiÜ(µCk r)t[ 1000 pi#ii[n) ps>dg)

krvimi> aiv) ht).

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.{1} Av-r(ct S]x(Nk tiN s>Si[(Fn) {2} Av-r(ct v]y(ktk

lix(Nkti k\mmipd>D

s>Si[Fn s>Si[Fn s>Si[Fn s>Si[Fn pÜ(tpÜ(tpÜ(tpÜ(t-sv[<xN

pZ¸YkrNpZ¸YkrNpZ¸YkrNpZ¸YkrN-T) ksi[T)

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.{1} ai[Ci[ tNiv Frivti (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk (s(on) srKimN)mi>

vF& tNiv Frivti (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk (s(o u>c) jNie ht). {2} (vwiY)<ai[ni tiN

an[ S]x(Nk (s(o vµc[ni sb>Fmi v]y(ktk S]x(Nk tYi ki]T&>(bk simi(jk cli[n) siY<k

asr jNie n ht). {3} vF& S]x(Nk tiN Frivti (vwiY)<ai[ni[ aiRm(vVis,

simi(jkti, siri rs, p\ir>BvZ(t, (ny>#iN an[ aºy a(BÄy(kt u>c) ji[vi mL) ht).

46

gi[r(Dyi{2004} gi[r(Dyi{2004} gi[r(Dyi{2004} gi[r(Dyi{2004} a[ pr)xi sb>(Ft (c>tit&rti GTiDvi miT[ni kiy<k\mn) rcni

an[ t[n) asrkirtini[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[.

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.{1} pr)xi (c>tit&rti mipn s>Si[Fn)n) rcni krv). {2}

(vwiY)<ai[n) pr)xi (c>tit&rti GTiDvi miT[ni kiy<k\mn) rcni krv). {3} k&miri[n)

(c>ti pr kiy<k\mn) asr tpisv) {4} kºyiai[n) (c>ti pr kiy<k\mn) asr tpisv).

Äyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*niÄyip(vV an[ nm*ni[.[.[.[. ai a¿yisn&> Äyip(vV 2003-04ni S]x(Nk vP<ni

rijki[T Sh[rn) g&jrit) mi¹ymviL) srkir) SiLiai[mi> a¿yisni (vwiY)<ai[ p&rti[

myi<(dt hti[. nm*nit r)k[ b[ mi¹y(mk SiLiai[ni k&l 40 k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[ni[

smiv[S kyi[< hti[.

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. pr)xi (c>tit&rti s>Si[(Fn) t]yir krvimi> aiv) ht).

s>Si[Fn s>Si[Fn s>Si[Fn s>Si[Fn pÜ(tpÜ(tpÜ(tpÜ(t----p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fn pÜ(t

pZ¸YkrNpZ¸YkrNpZ¸YkrNpZ¸YkrNn) r)tn) r)tn) r)tn) r)t----m[n(vTn) y& ksi[T)

a¿yisni tirNi[.a¿yisni tirNi[.a¿yisni tirNi[.a¿yisni tirNi[.{1} pr)xi (c>tit&rti (nvirN kiy<k\mni aml)krN kyi< bid

p\iyi[(gk j*Yni k&miri[mi> pr)xi sb>(Ft (c>timi> GTiDi[ Yyi[ hti[. {2} pr)xi

(c>tit&rti (nvirN kiy<k\mni aml)krN bid p\iyi[(gk j*Yn) kºyiai[n) pr)xi

sb>(Ft (c>tit&rtimi> GTiDi[ Yyi[ hti[.

47

(vd[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[(vd[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[(vd[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[(vd[Smi> (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>dB[< Yy[li s>Si[Fni[

a>g, hy&n an[ ba>g, hy&n an[ ba>g, hy&n an[ ba>g, hy&n an[ b\\\\min{2006} min{2006} min{2006} min{2006} a[ (vwiY)< ap[xi min(sk tiNn) asr

tpisvi ai s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[n) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ C[.

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.(hApin)k an[ c)nni (vwiY)<ai[mi> S]x(Nk ap[xi tiN s>Si[F(nkimi>

ji[vi mLti tfivti[.

a¿yisni pa¿yisni pa¿yisni pa¿yisni p\\\\Åni[.Åni[.Åni[.Åni[. {1} a[(Syn an[ (hAp[n)k (vwiY)<ai[ni p(rNimi[mi> S&>

tfivti[ C[.?

{2} jit)ytini s>dB[<> ai b>n[ j*Yi[ni (vwiY)<ai[mi> tfivti[ C[? {3} ai>trriOT^)y

Atr[ uc min(sk tiNmi> S&> tfivt C[? {4} a[(Syn an[ (hAp[n)k (vwiY)<ai[mi>

siAkZ(tk (Bºntimi> tfivt C[?

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnmi> b[ j&di-j&di K>Di[mi>Y) nm*nin) ps>dg) krvimi> aiv)

ht) j[mi> y&.a[s. (hApin)kmi>Y) k&l 191 t$NivAYini (vwiY)<ai[ ps>d krvimi>

aiÄyi hti. jyir[ b)ji c)n an[ s)>gip&rni 211 t$NivAYini (vwiY)<ai[ nm*nimi>

ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi hti.

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> S]x(Nk tiN ap[xi s>Si[F(nki{Academic

expectation stress Inventory-AESI}ni[ s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ krvimi> aiÄyi[

48

hti[. ai s>Si[F(nkimi> k&l 31 klmi[ ht) j[n&> g&Ni>kn 1 Y) 5 g&N oiri krvimi>

aiÄy& ht&>.


aiv[li nm*nini t$NivAYini (vwiY)<ai[n[ ai s>Si[Fn) aipvimi> aiv) ht) an[

mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN yi[³y r)t[ Yiy t[ miT[ yi[³y smj aipvimi> aiv) ht). an[

mi(ht) a[k#i krvimi> aiv) ht). ah) mi(ht)ni (vÅl[PN miT[ GTk pZ¸YkrN

yi[jnini[ aml krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. ai siY[ ANCOVA n) gNtr) pN krvimi>

aiv) ht). aim ai s>Si[Fnn) mi(ht)ni a[k#i)krN miT[ S]x(Nk ap[xi s>Si[F(nkini[


tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} ai s>Si[Fnmi> upyi[jvimi> aiv[l) s>Si[F(nkin) (vVsn)ytini

a>ki[ u>ci (sÜ Yyi hti. j[n& p\miN 0.73 an[ 0.89 j[Tl&> b>n[ nm*ni pr upl¾F

Yy&> ht&>. {2} b>n[ kxini nm*nini pi#ii[ b)jiai[n) ap[xiai[n[ vF& pDti tiN miT[

jvibdir gNivti hti. {3} (vwiY)<ai[ni min(sk tiNmi> siY<k sb>F ji[vi mÇyi[ n

hti[ pN nm*nimi> smi(vOT bFi j (vwiY)<ai[ ai a>g[ tiN an&Bvti hti.

ni[ri k[Ti[ni an[ emr[ sz)Ti[ni[ri k[Ti[ni an[ emr[ sz)Ti[ni[ri k[Ti[ni an[ emr[ sz)Ti[ni[ri k[Ti[ni an[ emr[ sz)Ti[{2004}{2004}{2004}{2004} a[ (vwiY)<ai[mi> min(sk tiN jiNvi

miT[ ai s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>. j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi. t$NivAYini (vwiY)<ai[mi> min(sk tiN

49

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.{1} t$N (vwiY)<ai[mi> min(sk tiNn) tpis krv). {2}

j&di-j&di cli[{vil)ai[, k&T&>b, Äyvsiyn) ps>dg), si>v[(gk smAyiai[ an[ SiLik)

pr)xN miT[n) pr)xiai[}ni s>dB[< t$NivAYini (vwiY)<ai[ni min(sk tiNn) tpis

krv). {3} si>AkZ(tk r)t[ min(sk tiNni tfivtni kirNi[ tpisvi {4} t$NivAYini

(vwiY)<ai[ni min(sk tiNni[ sb>F t[mn) jit)yti siY[ ckisvi[.

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnmi> nm*ni tr)k[ h>g[r)ni Fi[rN 7Y)12 ni 13Y)18 vP<ni

k&l 422 t$NivAYini (vwiY)<ai[n) ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht). ai nm*ni ps>dg)ni

aiFir[ #iN j*Yi[n) rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). aim nm*nin) ps>dg) s>Si[Fk[ h[t&bÜ

r)t[ kr) ht). ai nm*ni pis[Y) s>Si[Fk[ upkrN (sviy Äy(ktgt slihni[ pN

upyi[g kyi[< hti[ an[ 10Y)38 j[Tli pi#ii[a[ slih kiy<k\m dr(myin pi[tin) mi(ht)

aip) ht).

upkrN.upkrN.upkrN.upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ (vwiY)< min(sk tiN s>Si[F(nkini[

upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. ai s>Si[F(nki m*L a>g\[J BiPimi> rcvimi> aiv) ht)

pN s>Si[Fk[ pi[tini s>Si[Fnmi> upyi[gmi> l[vin& hi[viY) ai upkrNn) h>g[(ryn

BiPimi> BiPi>tr krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. ai upkrN Di[¾sn an[ m[TkiÃf[{1983} oiri

rcvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. m*L upkrNn[ j an&srvimi> aiÄy&> ht&> ai s>Si[F(nki cir

(b>d&ai[ pr aiFi(rt rcvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. j[ni[ upyi[g pC)Y) mni[v]Xi(nki[ slih

p\(k\yimi> pN Yti[ hti[. p\(tciri[ni> g&Ni>kn miT[ 0 Y) 1 g&N oiri mipn krvimi>

aiÄy&> ht&>.

50


aiv[li nm*nini t$NivAYini (vwiY)<ai[n[ ai s>Si[Fn) aipvimi> aiv) ht) an[

mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN yi[³y r)t[ Yiy t[ miT[ yi[³y smj aipvimi> aiv) ht). s>Si[Fk

oiri mi(ht)ni a[k#i)krN bid mi(ht)n&> pZ¸YkkrN krvi miT[ avyv (vÅl[PN

p\y&(ktni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. ai miT[ jhi[n an[ vihl[{1974}n) yi[jnin[

an&srvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} ai s>Si[Fnmi> upyi[jvimi> aiv[l) s>Si[F(nkin) (vVsn)ytini

a>ki[ u>ci (sÜ Yyi hti. j[n& p\miN 0.73 an[ 0.89 j[Tl&> b>n[ nm*ni pr upl¾F

Yy&> ht&>. {2} b>n[ kxini nm*nini pi#ii[ b)jiai[n) ap[xiai[n[ vF& pDti tiN miT[

jvibdir gNivti hti. {3} (vwiY)<ai[ni min(sk tiNmi> siY<k sb>F ji[vi mÇyi[ n

hti[ pN nm*nimi> smi(vOT bFi j (vwiY)<ai[ ai a>g[ tiN an&Bvti hti.

mrz)h am)n){2005}.mrz)h am)n){2005}.mrz)h am)n){2005}.mrz)h am)n){2005}. a[ simiºy an[ (v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[mi> min(sk tiN

miT[ni p(rbLi[ni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[. j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi. simiºy (vwiY)<ai[mi> an[ (gfT[D{(v(SOT} (vwiY)<ai[mi> min(sk

tiNni kirNi[ an[ t[ni (ra[kSnni[ a¿yis.

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[. {1} (gfT[D (vwiY)<ai[ni min(sk tiNni kirNi[n) tpis

krv) an[ simiºy (vwiY)<ai[ siY[ t&lni krv) {2} (gfT[D (vwiY)<ai[ an[ simiºy

(vwiY)<aimi> Av-kiy<siFktin) tpis krv) an[ t[n) t&lni krv) {3} Av-kiy<siFkti

51

an[ min(sk tiNni[ sb>F ckisvi[ {4} (gfT[D (vwiY)<ai[mi> min(sk tiNni kirNi[n)

tpis kr) t[mni ji(tgt tfivti[ Si[Fvi an[ t[n&> (ra[kSn tpisv&> {5} (gfT[D

(vwiY)<ai[mi> simi(jk-ai(Y<k (AY(t siY[ min(sk tiNni p(rbLi[n) tpis krv)

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.ai s>Si[Fnmi> nm*ni tr)k[ d(xN erinni S)riz Sh[rmi>Y) cir

SiLiai[n) ps>gg) krvimi> aiv) ht). ai cirmi>Y) b[ SiLiai[ (v(SOT (SxN aipt)

(v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[n) ht) jyir[ b[ SiLiai[ simiºy (vwiY)<ai[n) ht). ah) nm*nimi>

k&l 340 (vwiY)<ai[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi hti. j[mi> 156 (v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[ hti

jyir[ 184 (vwiY)<ai[ simiºy (SxN m[Lvniri hti.aim ai s>Si[Fnmi> nm*nin)

ps>dg) sh[t&k r)t[ krvimi>i aiv) ht).

upkupkupkupkrN.rN.rN.rN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ (vwiY)<-Jvn tiN s>Si[F(nki

{SSI,Gadzela,1991} ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. ai s>Si[F(nkimi> k&l nv

(vBigi[mi> 51 klmi[ smi(vOT krvimi> aiv) ht). s>Si[F(nkimi> m&²y b[ (vBigi[ hti.

j[mi> {1} tiNni p(rbLi[n[ lgt) klmi[ ht) jyir[ {2} tiNni p(rbLi[n) asr n[

lgt) klmi[ ht). ai s>Si[F(nkin[ erin)yn si>AkZ(tk (Bntimi> p(rNimi[n)

asrkirkti ckisvi miT[ t[n&> p&n: (vVsn)yti yYiY<tini a>ki[ pN m[Lvvimi> aiÄyi

hti. j[mi> mL[li k\i[nb[k aiÃfia>kn&> m*Ãy 0.92 mÇy& ht&>. ai s>Si[F(nkini

p(rNimi[n) t&lni (bk (Dp\[Sn s>Si[F(nki siY[ krvimi> aiv) ht). j[ 0.01 kxia[

siY<k sb>F jNiyi[ hti[.

52


aiv[li nm*nini (vwiY)<ai[n[ ai s>Si[F(nki aipvimi> aiv) ht) an[ mi(ht)n&>

a[k#i)krN krvimi> aiÄy& ht&>. s>Si[Fk oiri mi(ht)ni a[k#i)krN bid mi(ht)n&>

pZ¸YkkrN krvi miT[ vN<niRmk ai>kDiSiA#in) r)ti[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[.tirNi[. {1} (v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[ an[ simiºy (vwiY)<ai[ni tNivmi> ki[e tfivt

jNiyi[ n hti[ pr>t&> aivi (v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[ni> tNivn) XiniRmk p(rbLi[ pr vF&

asr jNie ht). {2} Av-kiy<siFkti mi> (v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[ simiºy (vwiY)<ai[ krti

u>c) xmti Frivti ji[vi mÇyi hti. {3} (v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[ an[ smiºy (vwiY)<ai[a[

(vwiY)< Jvn tiN s>Si[F(nki an[ Av-kiy<siFkti s>Si[F(nki pr aip[li p\(tciri[mi>

ki[e nkiriRmk sb>F jNiyi[ n hti[. {4} (v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[mi> tiNmi> kºyiai[ krti

k&miri[ni[ tNiv vF& ji[vi mÇyi[ hti[, pr>t&> t[n) asrmi> (v(SOT kºyiai[ vF&

ligN)S)l jNie ht). {5} (v(SOT (vwiY)<ai[ni> tNivmi> an[ t[mni simi(jk-

ai(Y<k p(r(AY(tmi> ki[e tfivt jNiyi[ n hti[ pr>t& t[mni vl)ai[ni (SxN an[

htiSijnk an*Bv vµc[ nkiriRmk sb>F jNiyi[ hti[.

y)>g m)n l)n an[ fin< s)n c[ny)>g m)n l)n an[ fin< s)n c[ny)>g m)n l)n an[ fin< s)n c[ny)>g m)n l)n an[ fin< s)n c[n{2003} {2003} {2003} {2003} a[ T[kni[li[J y&(nv(s<T) an[

ki[l[ji[ni (vwiY)<ai[ miT[ S]x(Nk tiN s>Si[F(nkin&> yYiY)<krN pr s>Si[Fn ky&<> ht&>.

j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[ p\miN[ ht).

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi. T[kni[li[J y&(nv(s<T) an[ ki[l[jni (vwiY)<ai[ miT[ S]x(Nk tiN

s>Si[F(nkin) rcni an[ yYiY)<krN ni[ a¿yis.

53

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.{1} T[kni[li[J y&(nv(s<T) an[ ki[l[jni (vwiY)<ai[ miT[

s>Si[F(nkin) rcni an[ yYiY)<krN krv&> {2} s>Si[F(nkin) siY[ tNiv dSi<vti

(vwiY)<ai[ miT[ Äy(ktgt m*likitn) yi[jni bnivv) {3} rcvimi> aiv[l)

s>Si[F(nkini p(rNimi[n) t&lni krv) {4} $b$ m*likit miT[ lxmi> l[viy[li pi#ii[

miT[n) mi(ht)ni ki[(D>gn) yi[jni bnivv)

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnmi> nm*ni tr)k[ tievinn) ds T[kni[li[J y&(nv(<T) an[

ki[l[ji[mi>Y) (vwiY)<ai[ni[ nm*ni[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. ai nm*nin) ps>dg)

Atr)kZt yid(µCk z*mKi ps>dg)a[ krvimi> aiv) ht). ai s>Si[Fnmi> p*v[<xN miT[ k&l

347 pi#ii[ pis[Y) mi(ht) m[Lvvimi> aiv) ht). an[ Ryir bid mL[li p(rNimi[ni

aiFir[ s>Si[F(nkin) a>(tm ajmiyS miT[ 282 (vwiY)<ai[ pis[Y) mi(ht) m[Lvvimi>

aiv) ht). aim L[l) mi(ht)ni aiFir[ s>Si[Fk[ avyv (vÅl[PN, (vVsn)yti an[

yYiY<tini mipi[n) gNtr) krvimi> aiv) ht).

upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. ah)> s>Si[Fk[ rc[l) s>Si[F(nkini[ j upyi[g a>(tm mi(ht)ni

a[k#i)krN miT[ krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. ai s>Si[F(nkin) klmi[n&> (vÅl[PN krvimi> aiÄy&>

ht&>. ai s>Si[F(nkimi> k&l 34 klmi[ni[ smiv[S 7 GTki[n[ aivr)n[ krvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[. s>Si[F(nkin&> Av$p (lkT<-p>c(bd& Av$pn&> ht&>. ai S]x(Nk tNiv s>Si[F(nkin)

(vVsn)yti j&di-j&di GTki[n[ aiFir[ krvimi> aiv) ht) j[ni m&Ãyi[ an&k\m[ 0.90,

0.89, 0.92, 0.87, 0.87, 0.85, an[ 0.87, aim s>Si[Fk oiri rcvimi> aiv[l)

s>Si[F(nki s>Si[Fnmi> upyi[jvi miT[ an&k&L ht).

54

mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) a[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNa[k#i)krNn) pn) pn) pn) p\\\\(v(F an[ (v(F an[ (v(F an[ (v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(vÅl[PN.(vÅl[PN.(vÅl[PN. mi(ht)ni a[k(#ikrN miT[ nkk)

krvimi> aiv[li an[ ps>d krvimi> aiv[li pi#ii[ pr S]x(Nk tNiv s>Si[F(nkin&>

p\yi[jn b[ r)t[ krvimi> aiÄy& ht&> p*v[<xN an[ a>(tm mi(ht) miT[ an[ mi(ht)

m[Lvvimi> aiv) ht). ai mi(ht)ni pZ¸YkrN miT[ SPSS nimni p\i[g\imni[ upyi[g

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. klmi[ni (vÅl[PN miT[ kil< (pys<n yi[jinni[ upyi[g krvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[

.

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htiSi an&Bv[ C[. {3} ki[l[jni (vwiY)<ai[ jyir[ S]x(Nk tiN an&Bv[ C[ Ryir[ t[mn[

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sit GTki[n[ aiFir[ S]x(Nk tiN an&Bvti jNiyi hti.

s[vD[gr k[s[{2006}s[vD[gr k[s[{2006}s[vD[gr k[s[{2006}s[vD[gr k[s[{2006}.... a[ (vwiY)<ai[ni tNiv pr s>Si[Fn ky&<> ht&>. j[n)

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55

tNiv p(r(AY(tni[ a¿yis krvi[ {3} vg<K>Dmi> Yt) cci< an[ (vwiY)<ai[ni min(sk

tNivn) t&lni krv)

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krvimi> aiÄyi hti. ai tminm pi#ii[ j&di-j&di p\kirn&> S]x(Nk liykit Frivniri

hti. ai nm*nin) ps>dg) ydµC r)t[ 19 vgi[<mi>Y) krvimi> aiv) ht).

upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> mi(ht) b[ upkrNi[ oiri m[Lvvimi> aiv) ht) (Sxk

cci< p\Ånivl){QTI,wubbls&Levy} an[ (vwiY)< tNiv s>Si[F(nki{SSI,

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p*v[<xN an[ yYiY<ti an[ (vVsn)ytini a>ki[ m[Lvvimi> aiÄyi hti.

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aiÄyi[ hti[.

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Yiy C[ tm pN ai s>Si[Fnni tirNi[ oiri jiNvi mÇy&> ht&>. {3} (vwiY)<ai[ vF& cci<

dr(myin

56

ligN) S)l bn[ t[ni oiri pN vF& tiN . t[ai[ Sir)(rk an[ min(sk smAyiai[ni[

Bi[g bn[ C[. aim ai s>Si[Fn oiri (vwiY)<ai[ni min(sk tNiv an[ t[mn) vg< cci<

pr Yt) asri[ jinvi mL) ht).

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upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. s>Si[Fk[ jit[ upkrNn) rcni kr) ht). j[mi> k&l 54 klmi[ni[ smiv[S

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. j[mi> 28 klmi[ aºy Ai\i[t oiri t]yir krvimi> aiv) ht). jyir[

26 klmi[ s[m)fi[ks g&\pni (nr)xN bid t]yir krie ht).

57

mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN an[ (vÅl[mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN an[ (vÅl[mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN an[ (vÅl[mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN an[ (vÅl[PN. PN. PN. PN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> smi(vOT pi#ii[ pis[Y)

mi(ht)ni a[k#i)krN miT[ 100 (vwiY)<ai[n[ p*v[<xN miT[ ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi hti.

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fim<s)AT Ak&l ai[f fim<s)ni b[ Äyi²yiti, (vkisiRmk mni[(vXinni b[ Äyi²yiti,

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kriyi[ hti[. j[mn[ yYiY<ti p\AYi(pt kr) ht).

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p\vZ(tai[mi> (vVispi#i jNiyi hti.

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s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi. ki[l[j kxini (vwiY)<ai[ni tiNni Ai\i[ti[ni[ a¿yis.

a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[.a¿yisni h[t&ai[. p\At&t a¿yisni h[t&ai[ ai p\miN[ni hti. {1} ki[l[jni

(vwiY)<ai[ni tiNni s\i[ti[n) mi(ht) m[Lvv) {2} ki[l[jni (vwiY)<ai[ni tiNni s\i[ti[

p]k) m&²y pi>c s\i[ti[n[ j&di tirvvi.

58

nmnmnmnm*ni[.*ni[.*ni[.*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnni nm*nimi> m)Dv[ATn< y&(nv(s<T)ni 100 pi#ii[n[ nm*ni

tr)k[ smiÄyi hti j[ SiLi, u>mr an[ jit)yti p\miN[ vh[ciy[li hti. j[mi> 20 p&$Pi[

an[ 80 A#i) pi#ii[ni[ smiv[S kyi[< hti[.

upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. upkrN. ai s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ Student stress scale t]yir kriyi[ hti[.

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s\i[t an[ 10 klmi[ tiNni vitivrNni s\i[tn[ dSi<vti hti.

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pis[Y) mi(ht) a[k#i krvi miT[ mipd>D oiri mi(ht) m[Lvvimi> aiv) ht).

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S]x(Nk tiN an[ smiyi[jn ni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[ j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ n)c[

p\miN[ C[.

59

smAyi.smAyi.smAyi.smAyi. uµc_ir mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[mi> S]x(Nk tiN an[ smiyi[jn

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mi(ht) m[Lvv) {2} uµc_ir mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[mi> smiyi[jnn) mi(ht)

m[Lvv) {3} srkir) an[ King) SiLiai[ni (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk tiN an[

smiyi[jnn) t&lni krv)

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ps>d krvimi> aiÄyi hti. ai mi>Y) 50 srkir) SiLini hti an[ 50 (vwiY)<ai[

King) SiLini hti.

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mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) mi(ht) a[k#i)krNn) pa[k#i)krNn) pa[k#i)krNn) pa[k#i)krNn) p\\\\(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN.(v(F an[ (vÅl[PN. ai a¿yismi> smi(vOT pi#ii[

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ht). j[mi> Fi[rN nvni (vwiY)<ai[n[ smiyi[jn s>Si[F(nki an[ S]x(Nk tNiv mipd>D

aip)n[ mi(ht) m[Lvvimi> aiv) ht).

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SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ni[ S]x(Nk tiN vF& ji[vi mL) ht) j[ 22.44 ht). jyir[ King)

60

SiLini (vwiY)<ai[n) tiN 16.90 j[Tl) jNie ht). {2} smiyi[jn srkir) SiLini

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avyv (vÅl[PNn) yi[jni Av)kirvimi> aiv) ht).

61

nm*ni[.nm*ni[.nm*ni[.nm*ni[. ai s>Si[Fnmi> nm*ni tr)k[ hi[Ap)Til)T) p\i[g\immi> rJATr Yy[li

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gNiÄy&> ht&>.

62

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s>Si[Fn ky&< ht&>. j[n) piyin) lix(Nktiai[ ai p\miN[ ht).

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63

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