nyqjrK m%YaK m;%fha ms<s;=re.

01 – 4. 11 – 2. 21 – 5. 31 – 5. 41 – 1.

02 – 5. 12 – 3. 22 – 1. 32 – 4. 42 – 2.

03 – 4. 13 – 4. 23 – 4. 33 – 4. 43 – 1.

04 – 1. 14 – 2. 24 – 3. 34 – 2. 44 – 2.

05 – 5. 15 – 4. 25 – 2. 35 – 4. 45 - 5.

06 – 1. 16 – 3. 26 – 5. 36 – 4. 46 – 4.

07 –3. 17 – 4. 27 – 2. 37 – 5. 47 – 3.

08 – 5. 18 – 5. 28 – 5. 38 – 3. 48 – 3.

09 – 2. 19 – 3. 29 – 3. 39 – 1. 49 – 1

10 – 1. 20 – 4. 30 – 1. 40 – 2. 50 – 5.

wOHhk fmdoq iy;sl m;% ^ Wiia fm< & Wmldrl iuzuka;%K ud,dj - 2013 mqkrSlaIK m%Yak m;%h.

wdrA:sl jsoHdj I

issh,qu ysusluz wejsrsKs

1

1' ^i) ^w& N+ush' ^wd& m%d.aOkh' ^we& Y%uh' ^wE& jHjidhl;ajh' ^,l=Kq 04&

^ii& ^w& ^,l=Kq 02&

^wd& iuzm;a ys iajNdjh jkafka tajd iucd;sh fkdjk njh' ldrAusl NdKav ksmojSu i|yd fhdod.kakd iuzm;a tu M,odhS;djfhkau lDIsldrAusl

NdKav ksmojSu i|yd fhdod.; fkdyels njhs' ksIamdok Ys,am l%u tlsfklg fjkia fjz' ldrAusl NdKav ksmojSug fhdod.kakd Ys,am

l%uh ta whqrskau lDIsldrAusl NdKav ksmojSug fhdod.; fkdyels njhs' ^lreKq folg ,l=Kq 02& ^b& ldrAusl NdKav 30 la ksmojk jsg lDIsldrAusl NdKav ksmojSh yelafla 70 la muKs'

ldrAusl NdKav 30 l yd lDIsldrAusl NdKav 85 l ixfhda.hla oekg ksmojsh fkdyel' Bg n,mdk fya;=j iuzm;a ysÛluhs'

ldrAusl NdKav

lDIsldrAusl NdKav

50

40

30

20

10

0 50 70 85 95 100

wOHhk fmdoq iy;sl m;% ^ Wiia fm< & Wmldrl iuzuka;%K ud,dj - 2013 mqkrSlaIK m%Yak m;%h.

wdrA:sl jsoHdj II

wdorAY ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq oSfuz mgsmdgsh. issh,qu ysusluz wejsrsKs

2

^B& ke;' ksIamdok Odrs;dj by< .sh jsg ksmojsh yels NdKav m%udKh huz ugzgulska by< hd yels kuq;a Bg idfmaCIj usksia jqjukd jvd;a fjz.fhka jrAOkh fjz' tfia jrAOkh jQ usksia jqjukd imqrd .ekSug ;ruz iuzm;a m%udKj;a fkdjSu ksid ysÛlu ms<sn| m%Yakh ;joqrg;a fkdjsioS mj;skq we;' ^,l=Kq 02&

^iii& ix«d ksl=;a lsrSu'

i,dllrKh' idkqn, iemhSu' ^,l=Kq 03&

^iv& iajdrA:h wruqKska lghq;= lrk fjf<|fmd< wdrA:slh, yeujsgu us, hdka;%Kfha uÛfmkajSug wkqj msrsjeh wju jk Ys,am l%uhla f;dard .kS' tys oS idfmaCI idOl us, ie,ls,a,g .ksuska idOl usY%Kh ms<sn| ;SrK .kS.

iudc Y=N idOk wruqKska lghq;= lrk ie,iquz wdrA:slhka, ie,iquz hdka;%Kfha uÛ fmkajSu

wkqj ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh f;dard .kS' fuys oS wdrA:slfha fiajd jshqla;s wkqmd;slh" ksIamdok msrsjeh" wkd.;hg iuzm;a fjka lsrSu, wdoS idOl ie,ls,a,g f.k iudc Y=N idOkh Wmrsu lrk Ys,am l%uh f;dard.kq ,nhs'

usY% wdrA:slhl mqoa.,sl wxYh fjf<|fmd< n,fjz. wkqj o rdcH wxYh rdcH ie,iquz l%shdj,sh

wkqj o ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh f;dard .ekSfuz .eg,qjg jsioquz fidhhs' ^,l=Kq 03&

^v& fjf<|fmd< wdrA:sl moaO;shla wldrAhCIu jkafka my; wjia:djka ySoSh"

1. iuzm;a fnodyerSu wldrACIu jSu' / fjf<|fmd< wiu;a jSu' 2' wdrA:sl wiudk;d / wdodhuz fnoshdfuz jsIu;d' 3' wdrA:sl wia:dhS;d we;s jSu' ^,l=Kq 02&

^2&'^i& fok ,o ksYaps; wjia:djl iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wksl=;a idOl ia:djrj ;snsh oS i,ld n,k NdKavfha us,;a iemhquz m%udKh;a w;r wkqf,dau iuznkaOhla mj;sk nj

js.%y lsrSu iemhquz ks;Sh uÛska isoqfjz' ^,l=Kq 02&

iemhquz jl%h by<g nEjquz jkafka,

jevsjk wdjia:sl msrsjeh kS;sh ksidh - iemhquz m%udKh jevslrk jsg wdka;sl msrsjeh by< hhs' tu ksid iemhquz m%udKh jevslsrSug yelsjkafka jevs jk us, .Kka hgf;a h '

^tla lreKlg ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 02&

ldrAusl NdKav

lDIs ldrAusl NdKav

30

0 70 85

. <Ûdjsh fkdyels ksuejquz ixfhda.h

3

^ii& us, re' 10 oS iemhquz m%udKh wOs iemhquz m%udKh = iemhquz m%udKh - b,a,quz m%udKh -1000 = iemhquz m%udKh - 1000 - 1000 + 1000 = iemhquz m%udKh

0 = iemhquz m%udKh

us, re' 40 oS iemhquz m%udKh wOs iemhquz m%udKh = iemhquz m%udKh - b,a,quz m%udKh 200 = iemhquz m%udKh - 400 200 + 400 = iemhquz m%udKh 600 = iemhquz m%udKh

^w& iu;=,s; us, re' 35 iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 500 ^,l=Kq 01 ne.ska 02 hs& ^wd& iykdOdrfha m%udKfhka iemhquz jl%h S isg S1 olajd ol=Kg js;eka fjz' ^I& kj iu;=,s; us, re 30, iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 600 ^,l=Kq 02 hs&

^II& iykdOdrhg fmr = Wmrsu b,a,quz us, - iu;=,s; us, iu;=,s; m%udKh mdrsfNda.sl w;srsla;h 2

= (60 - 35) 500

2

= 6250 ^,l=Kq 01& iykdOdrhg miq = (60 – 30) 600

mdrsfNda.sl w;srsla;h 2

= 9000 ^,l=Kq 01&

50 - 40 - 35 - 30 - 25 - 20 -

10 -

0

I I I I I I I I 200 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400

us,

m%udKh

S

S1

D

60 -

4

^III& iykdOdrhg fmr = ksIamdolhdg - wju iemhquz us, iu;=,s; m%udKh ksIamdok w;srsla;h ,efnk us, 2

= (35 – 10) 500

2

= 6250 ^,l=Kq 01&

iykdOdrhg miq = (40 - 10) 600 ksIamdok w;srsla;h

2

= 9000 ^,l=Kq 01&

^iv) iykdOdrh i|yd rch ork jshou = tall iykdOdrh x wf,jslrK m%udKh 10 x 600

= 6000 ^,l=Kq 01& ^v& iykdOdrh ksid wysus jk

iudc Y=NidOkh = iykdOdrh i|yd – jevs jQ wdrA:sl w;srsla;h rch ork jshou

= 6000 – 5500

= 500 ^,l=Kq 01&

^iii& us, b,a,quz kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl i,ld n,k NdKavh i|yd we;s wdfoaYk m%udKh' i,ld n,k NdKavfhka ,efnk m%fhdack ixLHdj' i,ld n,k NdKavh ksrAjpkh fldg we;s wdldrh' i,ld n,k NdKavh i|yd wdodhfuka jehlrk m%;sY;h' i,ld n,k NdKavh w;HjYH o / w;HjYH fkdfjz o hkak' i,ld n,k NdKavfha us, fjkiajSfuka miq .;jS we;s ld,h'

^tla lreKlg ,;=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 03hs'&

^iv) idOl jslsKsfuka ,efnk wdodhu ;=< idOl bmehquz jrA. folla wka;rA.; fjz' ixl%du bmehquz - mj;akd Ndjs;h ;=< ;joqrg;a idOl fhojSuz i\yd idOl ysushd

wfmaCId lrk wju idOl bmehSuz m%udKh' wdrA:sl noql=,sh - ixl%du bmehquz m%udKh blaujd ,nk idOl wdodhuz m%udKh.

^,l=Kq 01& wdrA:sl noql=,sfha m%udKh, idOl iemhquz kuH;djh u; ;SrKh fjz'

idOl iemhqu mQrAK kuH fjz idOl iemhqu mQrAK wkuH kuz kuz idOl wf,jsfhka ,efnk uqΩ idOl wf,jsfhka ,efnk uqΩ whNdrh u ixl%du bmhquz fjz' whNdrh u wdrA:sl n≥ l=,sh fjz'

^,l=Kq 02&

idOl us,

m%udKh 0

P1 ixl%du bmhquz

Q1

S

D

idOl us,

m%udKh

P1

S

0 Q1 D

wdrA:sl n≥q l=,Sh

5

^3&' ^i& ySkjk M, hkq" flgsld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,shl ia:djr fhojquz iuÛ ixfhda. lrk jsp,H fhojqfu ys wdka;sl ksIamdos;h yd idudkH ksIamdos;h huz ugzgulg miq my< hdu fjz' ^,l=Kq 02&

wvqjk mrsudKdkql+, M, hkq" os.= ld,fha oS ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< ish,qu fhojquz lsishuz m%;sY;hlska jevs lrk jsg Bg jvd wvq m%;sY;hlska ksujqu by< hdu fjz' ^,l=Kq 02&

^ii& ^w& .KldOslrk ,dNh hkq" uqΩ wdodhfuka iDcq msrsjeh muKla wvql< miq ,efnk

w.hhs. .KldOslrk ,dNh = uqΩ wdodhu - iDcq msrsjeh ^,l=Kq 01& wdrA:sl ,dNh hkq, uqΩ wdodhfuka iDcq yd jl% msrsjeh wvql< miq ,efnk w.hhs'

wdrA:sl ,dNh = uqΩ wdodhu - ^ iDcq msrsjeh + jl% msrsjeh & .KldOslrk ,dNfhka wdrA:sl ,dNh fjkiajkafka jl% msrsjeh ksidh' ^,l=Kq 01&

^wd& m%dudKsl ,dNh hkq jHjidhlfhl= ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< ksr; fjuska tkuz ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ixjsOdkh lsrSu yd wjodkuz oerSu fjkqfjka Wmhd .ekSug wfmaCId lrkq ,nk wju fyda idudkH ,dNh hs'

wdrA:sl jsoHdfjz oS ksIamdok msrsjeh f,i i,lkq ,nkafka ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< orkq ,nk uqΩ wdjia:sl msrsjeh hs'

m%dudKsl ,dNh wdjia:sl msrsjehla jk nejska th ksIamdok msrsjeh ;=< wka;rA.; jsh hq;=hs' ^,l=Kq 03&

^iii& i,lkq ,nhs' w;s;fha os ork ,o msrsjeh jrA;udkfha oS wdmiq ,nd.; fkdyels kuz tn∫ msrsjeh hgl<

fyj;a .s,qKq msrsjeh f,i ye|ska fjz' ^,l=Kq 01& ksIamdok l%shdj,shl ia:djr j;aluz us,g .ekSu iuznkaOfhka msrsjeh ork wjia:dfjz oS wdjia:sl msrsjehla mej;=k o mssrsjeh oerSfuka wk;=rej us, oS .;a j;aluz iuznkaOfhka wdjia:sl msrsjehla fkdmj;s' tu ksid tjeks msrsjeh ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha msrsjeh ;=<g wka;rA.; fkdflfrA' kuq;a ia:djr j;aluz Ndjs;h iuznkaO CIh jSuz, iDcq msrsjeh f,i o wdrA:sl CIhjSuz, jl% msrsjeh f,i o ksIamdok msrsjehg wka;rA.; lrhs' ^,l=Kq 02&

^iv& ^w&

taldOsldrs fjf<|fmd<

l;smhdOsldrs fjf<|fmd<

1' tla iemhquzlrefjla isgSu' / lrAudka;h yd wdh;kh tlla jSu'

1' iemhquzlrejka w;f,diaila isgSu'

2' iqjsfYaIs NdKav ksmojSu' 2' m%fNaos; NdKav fyda iucd;sh NdKav ksmojSu'

3' iajdOSkj us, ;Srkh lsrSu' / us, ;Srlfhl= jSu'

3' wfkHdkH jYfhka us, ;SrKh lsrSu yd us, oevsnj'

4' y|qkajdoSug muKla iSud jq m%pdrKhla lsrSu'

4' ;r.ldrSj m%n, f,i m%pdrKh lsrSu'

^,l=Kq 04&

6

^wd& mqrAK ;r.ldrS wdh;khla flgs ld,hla ;=< ksIamdokfha ksr; fjkjd o keoao hkak ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka NdKavfha fjf<|fmd< us, wju idudkH jsp,H msrsjehg iudk fyda Bg by< us,la o ke;skuz Bg my< us,la o hkak u;h' by; rEm igyfka A ,CIHhg wod< P1 usf,ka th oelafjz' P1 us,g wvq us,la fjf<|fmdf<aa mj;S kuz wdh;kh ksIamdokh w;aysgqjhs'

^,l=Kq 02&

mqrAK ;r.ldrS wdh;kfha flgs ld,Sk iemhquz jl%h f,i i,lkq ,nkafka AVC jl%fha wju ,CIHfha mgka by<g .uka lrk wdka;sl msrsjeh frALd LKavhhs' th rEm igyfka MC

jl%fha AB uÛska oelafjz' ^,l=Kq 02& ^4&' ^I& ^w& cd;sl wdodhu = Y=oaO fmd<sh + Y%usl bmehquz + iud.uz ,dN + n≥ql=<S wdodhu + js'Y='id'wd

= 200 + 1000 + (60 + 40 + 50) + 300 + (50 - 100)

= 1600

^wd&

Y=oaO foaYSh ksIa' = Y=oaO fmd<s + Y%usl bmehquz + iud.uz ,dN + noql=<S wdodhu + Y=' jl% n≥

= 200 + 1000 + (60 + 40 + 50) + 300 + 200

= 1850

^we&

CIhjSuz = o' foa' ksIa' - Y='foa'ksIa'

= 1900 – 1850

= 50

o< cd' ksIa' = cd;sl wdodhu + Y=' jl% n≥q + CIhjSuz

o< cd' ksIa' = 1600 + 200 + 50

= 1850

^wE&

jeh l< yels = cd;sl wdodhu + l=gquzN ixl%du - l=gquzN fj; + fm!oa.,sl n≥q l=gquzN wdodhu fkd,efnk wdodhuz

= 1600 + 300 – (40+50+250+100)

= 1460

^b&

cd;sl b;=reuz = o< wdfhdack + Y=oaO wmkhk + js.Y='id'wd' + js'Y='jrA;k ixl%du

= 300 + 200 + (-50) + 70

= 520

^.Kkh lsrSuz i|yd jsl,am l%u Ndjs; l< yel'&

^,l=Kq 10&

AVC

. A

us,$msrsjeh$whNdrh MC

ATC

AR=MR=D

AR=MR=D

P2

P1

0 ksujqu

B.

7

^II& ^w& jsfoaYSh Y=oaO idOl wdodhu iDK w.hla .ekSu ksid o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg jvd o< cd;sl ksIamdokh wvq w.hla .kS' ^wd& f;d. fjkiajSuz iDK w.hla jSu ksid o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iuzmdokhg jvd o< foaYSh ia:djr m%d.aOk iuzmdokh by< w.hla .kS' ^we& fjf<| wkqmd;h u.ska t,a, jS we;s n,mEu jdis odhljSu ksid uQrA; cd;sl ksIamdos;hg jvd uQrA; cd;sl wdodhu by< w.hla .kS'

^wE& mdo jrAIhg idfmalaIj i,ld n,k jifrA us, ugzgu by< hdu ksid jrA;k us,g

o. cd. ks' g jvd ia:djr us,g o. cd. ks' my< hhs.

^b& Y=oaO wmkhk iDK w.hla .ekSu ksid o. foa. js' g jvd o. foa. ks' my< w.hla .kSs' ^,l=Kq 05&

^III& ^w& jsOsu;a ixLHd f,aLk ;=<g m%fjzY fkdjk yd jqjukdfjkau iÛjd ;nk wdrA:sl l%shd ksrSCIKh fkdflfrk wdrA:sl l%shd kuz fjz' fuzjd we;euzjsg kS;S jsfrdaOS jsh yelsh'

- mosl fjf<|du, .Dy lrAudka;, fyaka f.djs;ek,

- u;a\%jH ksIamdokh, .Ksld jD;a;Sh ^,l=Kq 03&

^wd& fujeks wdrA:sl l%shd ksid cd;sl .sKquz wj;lafiare jSula isoq fjz' cd;sl .sKquz ms<sn| jsYajdikSh;ajh my< hhs ^,l=Kq 02&

^5&' ^I& ^w& Y = C + I

Y = 150 + 0.75y + 225

Y = 375 + 0.75y

Y – 0.75y = 375

Y = 375

0.25 ^,l=Kq 02&

Y = 1500

^wd&

^,l=KQ 02 &

2500 - 2000 - 1500 - 1000 - 500 -

375 - 225 -

0 -150 - 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

E

Y=E

E=(C+I)

S (W)

I (J)

y

8

^II& Y = E

^w& Y = C + I+ G

Y = 150 + 0.75Yd +225+40

Y = 150 + 0.75 (y +40– 60) + 225 + 40

Y = 415 + 0.75y – 15

Y- 0.75Y = 400

Y = 400

0.25 ^,l=Kq 02&

Y = 1600

^wd& W = J S= - 150 + 0.25 Yd

S + ( T- R ) = I + G S= - 150 +0.25 (Y+40-60)

245 + (60 -40) = 225 + 40 S= - 150 + 0.25(Y-20)

265 = 265 ^,lqKq 01& S= - 155 +0.25 Y

S= - 155 + 0.25(1600)

S= 245 ^,l=Kq 01&

^III& K = 1 = 1 = 1 = 4

(1 – MPC) (1 – 0.75) 0.25

∆Y = K x ∆I

600 = 4 x ∆I

600 = ∆I

4

150 = ∆I wdfhdackh 150 ka jevsl< hq;=h' ^,l=Kq 04&

^IV& ^w&

^,l=Kq 02&

mQrAK fiajd kshqla;s iu;=,s; ksuejquz ugzgu hgf;a ;joqrg;a E2 olajd iudydr b,a,qu jevs jkafka kuz" us, ugzgfuz by< hdula isoqfjz' ^,l=Kq 01&

E

Y

WoaOukd;aul mr;rh

Y = E E2

E1

Yf

mQrAK fiajd kshqla;s ksuejquz ugzgu

0

9

^wd& l=gquzNhkaf.a mrsfNdack b,a,qu' rcfha mrsfNdack b,a,qu' wdfhdack NdKav i|yd b,a,qu'

Y=oaO wmkhk'

C + I + G +(X – M ) ^,l=Kq 02&

^V& jehl< yels wdodhu' l==gquzn i;= Okh' us, ugzgu' fmd<S wkqmd;slh' ^,l=Kq 03&

^06&'^I& mokuz uqo,a hkq rgl uqo,a iemhqug mdol jk uy nexl=fjz j.lSuz lsysmhls. th uy nexl=fjz fYaI m;%fha j.lSuz weiqrska fufia oelajsh yelsh'

1' jHjydr uqo,a ) uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a - jdKsc nexl= i;= jHjydr uqo,a 2' uy nexl=fjz we;s jdKsc nexl= i;= ;ekam;=' 3' uy nexl=fjz we;s rdcH ksfhdacs; wdh;k i;= ;ekam;='

mokuz uqo,a yd uqo,a iemhqu w;r iuznkaOh rgl mokuz uqo,a f;d.h uqo,a .=Klfhka jevsl< miq uqo,a iemhqu ,efnz'

uqo,a iemhqu = mokuz uqo,a x uqo,a .=Klh ^,l=Kq 04&

^II& wjYH ixps;h 500 x 20 = 100 100

mj;sk ixps;h ^ ienE ixps;h& = 70

W!k ixps;h 30

;ekam;= .=Klh 1 20 = 5 100

tuksid W!k ixps;h, .=Klfhka jevslr ,efnk w.fha m%udKfhka ;ekam;= ixfldapkh l< hq;=h' tjsg fYaI m;%h fufiah' ;ekam;= 350 uqo,a ixps;h 70 NdKavd.dr ns,am;a 130 Kh yd w;a;sldruz 150 350 350 ^,l=Kq 02&

nyqjsO ;ekam;= ixfldapkh hkq nexl= moaO;sh ;=< W!K ixps;hla mj;sk jsg tu W!K ixps;h ;ekam;= .=Klfhka jevslr ,efnk w.fhka Kh yd ;ekam;= my; oeuSfuz ls%hdj,shhs tkuz W!k ixps;h fuka ;ekam;= .=Klhl m%udKfhka uqo,a iemhqu my< oeuSfuz ls%hdj,shhs' ^,l=Kq 02&

^III&taCIK Kh fjf<|fmdf<a W!k ø%jYS,;djla mj;sk jsg fmd<S wkqmd;h YS.%fhka by<g f;rmSula is¥jk w;r wOs o%jYS,;djhla mj;sk jsg my<g f;rmSula is¥jkq we;' fuzu.ska

taCIK Kh fjf<|fmdf<a fmd<S wkqmd; WpzPdjpkhla isoq fjz. ^,l=Kq 01&

fmd<S wkqmd;sl ia:dhS;dj we;s lsrSug taCIK Kh fjf<|fmd< fmd<S wkqmd;slhka jsp,kh jk mrdih iSud lsrSu i|yd uy nexl=j m%;s jsl=Kquz iy m%;s us,oS .ekquz wkqmd;sl yiqrejkq

,nhs. ^,l=Kq 01&

10

m%;s us,oS .ekquz wkqmd;slh uy nexl=fjz ffoksl Kh .ekquz wkqmd;slh jk w;r th talaIK

Kh fjf<|fmdf<a my< fmd<S iSudj fjz. m%;s jsl=Kquz wkqmd;slh ffoksl Kh oSfuz wkqmd;slh jk w;r th talaIK Kh fjf<|fmdf<a by< fmd<S iSudj fjz fuu fmd<S wkqmd;sl mrdih talaIK Kh fjf<|fmdf<a fmd<S wkqmd;sl fldrsfvdaj f,i ie,fla' tu mrdih yeisrjSu u.ska wka;rA nexl= talaIK Kh fjf<|fmdf<a idudkH fmd<S wkqmd;slh ia:djr ugzgul

mj;ajd .; yel. ^,l=Kq 02&

^IV& ^w& - us, yd wdrA:sl ia:dhS;djh - uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhS;djh ^,l=Kq 02&

^wd& - uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fufyh jSu - jsfoaY jssksuh m%;sm;a;sh fufyhjSu - ks, jsfoaY ixps; l<ukdlrKh - jHjydr uqo,a lsl=;=j - uQ,H wdh;k wdruzN lsrSug n,m;% ksl=;a lsrSu" kshdukh yd wOZSlaIKh - uy nexl=fjz .sKquz mj;ajdf.k hk uQ,H wdh;kj,g ksYaldIK myiqluz ie<iSu - rcfha nexl=lre uQ,H WmfoaYlhd iy uQ,H ksfhdacs;hd f,i lghq;= lsrSu

^,l=Kq 03&

^V& rgl iudydr b,a,qu m%idrKh lsrSu i|yd uq,H m%;sm;a;sh fhdod .kakd wdldrh' 1' fmd<SS wkqmd;h my; fy<Su' 2' ixps; wkqmd;h my; fy<Su' 3' jsjg fjf<|fmd< l%shdldrluz hgf;a uy nexl=j jsiska NdKavd.dr ns,am;a us,oS .eksu'

^,l=Kq 03 &

^07&'^I& ^w& fjf<ofmd< wiu;a jSu hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha iudcfha hym; Wfoid ysÛ iuzm;a fnod

yerSfuz ,d fjf<ofmd< hka;%Kh wfmdfydi;a jSuh' ta i|yd n,mdk fya;= jkqfha, 1' iuzm;a fnoShdu wldrAhlaIu jSu'

fmd≥q NdKav fkdiemhSu'

ndysr;d

wmQrAK f;dr;=re

wmQrAK ;r.h

fmdoq foam, iuzm;a wOs Ndjs;h

idOl wxip,;djh

2' wdodhuz fnoS hdu widOdrK jSu' 3' wdrA:sl wia:dhs;dj' ^,l=Kq 01 &

wdKavqj wiu;a jSu hkq fjf<ofmd< hdka;%Kh widrA:l jk ;ekaysoS tys widrA:l;ajhka ksjeros lsrSu i|yd wdKavqj wdrA:slh fj; ueosy;a jqj o th fya;= fldg f.k fjf<ofmd< l%ufha meje;s widrA:lajhka ;j oqrg;a .eUqrg jrAOkh jSu fyda fmr fkd;snQ kj .eg,q we;sjSfuz m%jk;djh hs' wdKavqj wiu;a jSug my; fya;= n,mdkq ,efnz'

wdKavqfjz l%shdldrs;ajfha olakg ,efnk oDv;djhka

foaYmd,ksl iajdrA:h

wdKavqfjz m%;sm;a;sj, wjs≥qr oDIagsl;ajh

wmQrAK f;dr;=re u; m%;sm;a;s ;SrKh lrd t<USu

idkqn, flfrys wys;lr n,mEu

mrsmd,k jshouz by<hdu ^,l=Kq 01&

11

^wd&

^a&' fydard ia:uzNh } fmd≥q NdKavhls'

mrsfNdackh iSudl< fkdyel'

mrsfNdackfha ;r.ldrS;ajhla ke;'

^b&' TZZzfidaka ia:rh } f.da,Sh fmd≥ NdKavhls'

f.da,Sh m%cdjg m%;s,dN ysusjSu'

mrsfNdackh iSudl< fkdyel'

mrsfNdackfha ;r.ldrS;ajhla ke;'

^c&' wOHdmkh } Y=N idOk NdKavhls'

mqoa.,sl m%;s,dN wNsnjd ndysr m%;s,dN mej;Su'

^d&' msyskquz ;gdlhla } wrAO fmd¥ NdKav

Wmrsu OdrS;d ugzgug <Ûdjk f;la mrsfNdackfha ;r.ldrS;ajhla ke;'

mrsfNdackh iSudl< yel'

^e&' id.rfha isgsk u;aiHhska } fmd≥ iuzm;a

mrsfNdackh iSudl< fkdyel'

mrsfNdackfha ;r.ldrS;ajhla we;' ^,l=Kq 05&

^II& m%;spl%Sh ^wNSu;dkQidrS& rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla hkq wdKavqfjz jshouz yd n≥ iajhxl%Shj fjkiajSug bv fkd;nd idrAj wdrA:sl wruqKq w;alr .ekSu i|yd m%;sm;a;s iuzmdolhkag wjYH mrsos wdKavqfjz jshouz yd n≥ fjkia lsrsfuz l%shdj,sh hs' ke;fyd;a jHdmdr pl%fha foda,khka iukh lsrsu i|yd rdcH uQ,H wNsu;h mrsos yeisrjSfuz l%shdj,sh fjz'

^,l=Kq 01&

m%;spl%Sh rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsrSug tfrysj bosrsm;ajk ;rAl my; oelafjz' 1' y∫kd .ekSfuz m%udoh' 2' mrsmd,k m%udoh' 3' foaYmd,k iajdrA:h' 4' f;rmquz m%;sjsmdlh' ^,l=Kq 02&

^III& ^w& n\q l%ufha idOdrK;ajh hkq f.jSuz yelshdj mokuz lrf.k fyda m%;s,dN N=la;sjs|sk m%udKh mokuz lrf.k iudkd;au;djhla we;s jk mrsos n≥ wh l< hq;= njhss' idOdrK;ajh i|yd my; fldkafoais fol bgqjsh hq;=h'

1' ;sria idOdrK;ajh } iudk wdrA:sl yelshdj we;s wh fj; iudk n≥nrla m;s; l< hq;= njhs'

2' isria idOdrK;ajh } wiudk wdrA:sl yelshdj we;s wh fj; wiudk n≥nrla m;s; l< hq;= njhs' ^,l=Kq 02&

^wd& wkql%usl n≥ } n≥ moku yd n≥ wkqmd;h w;r wkqf,dau iuznkaOhla mj;sk n≥ jrA. fjz'

wdodhuz n≥

foam, n≥ m%;sl%usl n¥q } n≥ moku yd n≥ wkqmd;h w;r m%;sf,dau iuznkaOhla mj;sk

n≥ jrA. fjz'

f;dard.;a ksIamdok n≥

12

iudkQmd;sl n≥ } n≥ moku l=ula jqj;a whlrk n≥ wkqmd;h ia:djrj mj;sk n≥ jrA. fjz'

tl;=l< w.h u; n≥ ^VAT& ^,l=Kq 03&

^b& wOs n≥ nr hkq NdKav u; n≥ mekjSu ksid iudc Y=N idOkh wysus jS hk m%udKhhs'

wOs n≥ nrla we;s jSug kuz fldkafoais folla bgqjsh hq;=h' 1' noao js;eka l< yels jSu'

2' noao .e<mquz l< yels jSu' ^,l=Kq 01& NdKav u; n≥ mekjSu ksid we;sjk wOs n≥ nr tu NdKavhg we;s b,a,quz yd iemhquz kuH;dj u; mokuz fjz'

mQrAK wkuH b,a,qula mj;sk NdKavhlg noaola mekjQ jsg wOs n\q nrla we;s fkdfjz'

wOs n≥ nrla we;s fkdfjz' mQrAK kuH b,a,qula mj;sk NdKavhlg noaola mekjQ jsg wOs n\q nrla we;s fjz'

ABC m%udKfhka wOs n≥ nrla we;sfjz' ^,l=Kq 02&

^IV) foaYSh udrA. j,ska whjeh ysÛh uQ,Hkh lsrSu ^o'foa' ks' m%;sY;hla f,i& 3'5%

jsfoaYSh udrA. j,ska whjeh ysÛh uQ,Hkh lsrSu ^o'foa' ks' m%;sY;hla f,i& 3'4%

(2011 jifrAoS) ^,l=Kq 01&

foaYSh udrA. j,ska uQ,Hkh lsrSfuz m%;sjsmdl 1' uqo,a iemhqu m%idrKh jSu ksid WoaOukhla we;sjSu' 2' f;rmquz m%;sjsmdlhla we;sjSu' 3' foaYSh fjf<|fmd< fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hdu'

jsfoaYSh udrA. j,ska uQ,Hkh lsrSfuz m%;sjsmdl 1' jsfoaY Kh fiajd lrK wkqmd;h by< hdu' 2' jsfoaY j;aluz by< hdu ksid uqof,a jsfoaY w.h ;djld,slj by< hdu' 3' os.=ld,Sk jYfhka f.jquz fYaI .eg,q u;=jSu' ^,l=Kq 01&

us,

m%udKh

P1

P

Q 0

D

D

S1 S

us,

m%%udKh

S1 S

D B

P

0

A

Q

.

. C

13

^08&' ^I& ^w& pSkh ;dhsjdkh

.=jka jsoq,s hka;%la ksmojSfuz wdjia:sl msrsjeh 10/4 = 2.5 5/1 = 5

mrs.Klhla ksmojSfuz wdjia:sl msrsjeh 4/10 = 0.4 1/5 = 0.2

.=jka jsoq,s hka;% ksmojSfuz idfmaCI jdis mj;skafka pSkhg h' fya;=j .=jka js≥,s hka;%hla ksmojSfuz wdjia:sl msrsjeh idfmaCI jYfhka wvqh'

mrs.Kl ksmojSfuz idfmaCI jdis mj;skafka ;dhsjdkhg h' fya;=j ;dhsjdkh ;=< mrs.Klhla ksmojSfuz wdjia:sl msrsjeh idfmaCI jYfhka wvqh' ^wdjia:sl msrsjeh .Kkh fldg idfmaCI jdis mj;sk rg kuz fldg ;sfnz kuz ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska Wmrsu ,l=Kq 02& ^wd&

pSkh .=jka js¥,s hka;% ksIamdokh u; jsfYaISlrKhla we;slr .kS' mQrAK jsfYaISlrKh

hgf;a pSkh A ksuejquz ixfhda.h ksIamdokh lrhs'

;dhsjdkh mrs.Kl ksIamdokh u; jsfYaISlrKhla we;slr .kS' mQrAK jsfYaISlrKh hgf;a

;dhsjdkh B ksuejquz ixfhda.h ksIamdokh lrhs'

^ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ksjerosj we| ksjejquz ixfhda.h ksjerosj olajd we;akuz ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 02 hs'&

^b& .=jka js¥,s hka;% ksIamdokh u; jsfYaISlrKh jQ pSkh .=jka js¥,s hka;% 100la

wmkhkh lr mrs.Kl 400la wdkhkh l< jsg mrsfNdack ixfhda.h A1 olajd js;eka fjz' ta wkqj pSkfha mrsfNdack yelshd udhSu ksIamdok yelshd udhsfuka ol=Kq mig js;ekafjz'

mrs.Kl ksIamdokfha ,d jsfYaISlrKh jQ ;dhsjdkh mrs.Kl 400la wmkhkh lr

.=jka js≥,s hka;% 100la wdkhkh l< jsg mrsfNdack ixfhda.h B1 olajd js;eka fjz' ta wkqj ;dhsjdkfha mrsfNdack yelshd udhsu ksIamdok yelshd udhsfuka ol=Kq mig js;eka fjz'

^mrsfNdack ixfhda. ksjerosj olajd mrsfNdack yelshd udhsu we| ;sfnz kuz ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 02 hs' &

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

100

200

300

400

.=jka js≥,s hka;% .=jka jsoq,s hka;%

mrs.Kl hka;%

0

25

50

75

100

100 200 300 400 500 mrs.Kl hka;%

pSkh A

A1

;dhsjdkh B1

B

14

^B& pSkh .=jka js¥,s hka;% 1la wmkhkh fldg ;dhsjdkfhka wdkhkh lrk mrs.Kl m%udKh 2'5 ;a .5 ;a w;r jsh hq;=h'

;dhsjdkh mrs.Kl 1la wmkhkh fldg pSkfhka wdkhkh lrk .=jka js¥,s hka;% m%udKh 0'2 ;a 0'4;a w;r jsh hq;=h'

^,l=Kq 02& ^II& ^w& wdodhuz .sKqfuz, wdodhuz f.jSula ^wd& uq,H .sKqfuz, os.=ld,Sk rdcH Kh wdmiq f.jSuls ^b& jrA;k ixl%du .sKqfuz, fm!oa.,sl ixl%du f.jSuls ^B& fiajd .sKqfuz jHdmdrsl fiajd f.jSuls

^tla ms<s;=rlg ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska ,l=Kq 02 hs&

^III& wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekjSfuz m%;sM,hla jYfhka foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk ;r.ldrS NdKavhlg wdkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKavfha us, by< hdfuz m%;sY;hla ;=<ska ,efnk wdrCIKh kdusl wdrCIK wkqmd;slh" kuska ye|skafjz' kdusl wdrCIK wkqmd;slh" ;Sre noaog miqj foaYSh NdKavfha us," wdkhksl NdKavfha usf,a m%;sY;hla f,i m%ldY l< yel'

wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekjSfuz m%;sM,hla jYfhka foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk ;r.ldrS NdKavhlg wdkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKavfha us, by<hdfuz m%;sY;hla ;=<ska ,efnk wdrCIKh kdusl wdrCIK wkqmd;slh kuska ye|skafjz' kdusl wdrCIK wkqmd;slh ;Sre noaog miqj foaYSSh NdKavfha us, wdkhksl NdKavfha usf,a m%;sY;hla f,i m%ldY l< yel'

wdkhk ;Sre noaog miqj foaYSh ;r.ldrS ksIamdokhl tl;=l< w.h;a , ;Sren¥ mekjSug fmr

^ksrAndO fjf<odu hgf;a& foaYSSh ksIamdos;fha tl;= l< w.h;a w;r fjki , ;Sren¥ mekjSug fmr foaYSSh ksIamdos;fha tl;= l< w.fha m%;sY;hla f,i oelajSu iM, wdrCIK wkqmd;slh fjz'

iM, wdrCIK wkqmd;slh = ;Sre noaog miq foaYSh - ksrAndO fjf<odu hgf;a ksuejqfuz tl;= l< w.h tl;= l< w.h X 100 ksrAndO fjf<odu hgf;a tl;= l< w.h

^tla lreKlg ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska Wmrsu ,l=Kq 02&

^IV) ia:djr jsksuh wkqmd;slfha jdis -

ks;r ks;r jsksuh wkqmd;h WpsPdjpkh jsfuz wjodku bj;a jSu ksid cd;Hka;r fjf<|du m%jrAOkhg fya;= fjz'

wmkhkj, ;r.ldrS;ajh wdrCId lr .ekSu i|yd ksIamdok msrsjeh idfmaCIj my< ugzgul mj;ajd .ekSug fuz hgf;a n, lrk nejska foaYSh wdrA:sl l<ukdlrKh iuznkaOfhka oevs jskhla fuz u.ska we;s lrhs'

cd;Hka;r m%d.aOk wdfhdackhka yd Kh wruqo,a yqjudre lrkakkag ys;lr n,mEuz we;s jSu'

jsksuh wkqmd;slfha wfmaCIs; fjkiajSuz mokuz lr.;a iufmaCIK l%shdjka ia:djr jsksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a is¥ fkdfjz'

ia:djr jsksuh wkqmd;slfha wjdis -

ndysr iu;=,s;;dj fjkqfjka wNHka;r iu;=,s;;djh lem lsrSug is≥fjz'

ia:djr jsksuh wkqmd;h ;=< wOs fyda W!K ;lafiarejla we;sjqjfyd;a ksrka;rfhka f.jquz fYaI wiu;=,s;;djhlg uqyqK mEug is¥fjz'

ia:djr jsksuh wkqmd;slh l%uh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd uQ,H wOsldrSkag jsfoaY jsksuh jsYd, ixps;hla mj;ajdf.k hdug is≥jSu'

15

m%udKj;a jsfoaY jsksuh ixps;hla uQ,H wOsldrSka i;=j fkd;snqKq wjia:djl f.jquz fYaI ysÛhla mej;=k fyd;a oevs wdrCIKjdoS l%shd udrA. wkq.ukh lsrSug is≥jSu yd tu.ska iudc Y=N idOkhg ydks is≥jSu'

kdusl jsksuh wkqmd;slfha jdis

jsfoaY jsksuh i|yd jQ b,a,qu yd iemhqu iudk flfrk iu;=,s; jsksuh wkqmd;slhla nejska wOs fyda W!K ;lafiarejla we;s fkdfjz'

;d;ajsl jsksuh wkqmd;slhla nejska f.da,Sh iuzm;a jsl,am Ndjs;hka w;r jvd;a ldrAhCIu wdldrhg fnos hhs'

ndysr iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd wNHka;r iu;=,s;h lem lsrSug is≥ fkdjk nejska kuH jsksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;sk jsg wdrA:sl l<ukdlrKh jvd myiq jkq we;'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh ndysr idOlj, n,mefuka uqΩukskau ksoyia nejska foaYSh wdrA:slh Yla;su;a lsrSug th ksoyfia fhdod .; yels jSu'

jsksuh wkqmd;slh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd jsYd, jsfoaY jsksuh ixps; mj;ajd f.k hdu wjYH fkdfjz'

kdusl jsksuh wkqmd;slfha wjdis

ksrka;r WpzPdjpkh jSu ksid cd;Hka;r fjf<odfuz m%jrAOkhg ndOl we;s lrhs'

iufmaCIK l%shd ffOrAhu;a jSu ksid jsksuh wkqmd;slh oevs f,i WpzPdjpkh jSug fya;= fjz'

idrAj wdrA:sl jskhla mj;ajd f.k hdug fm<Uqula we;s fkdfjz'

wdfhdaclhskag yd Kh wruqo,a .kqfokqlrejkag wjdis we;s lrhs' ^tla tla jsksuh wkqmd; l%ufha jdis yd wjdis 02 ne.ska oelajSug Wmrsu ,l=Kq 04&

^V&

ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| .sjsiqu' ^SAFTA&

ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmSh iyfhda.S;d ixjsOdk' (SAARC)

nyq wxYsl ;dCIKsl yd wdrA:sl iyfhda.s;djh Wfoidjk fnx.d, fndlal wdY%s; rgj,

uq,sl;ajh' ^BIMSTEC&

wdishdkq Ydka;slr wdrA:sl iyfhda.s;djh' ^APEC&

bkaoshdkQ id.r ljh l,dmSh iyfhda.S;djh i|yd ixjsOdkh' ^IORARC&

^,l=Kq 02hs'&

^09&'^I& ld,h;a iu. wdrA:slfha jsNj ksuejqu fyda ksIamdok Odrs;dj m%idrKh jSu wdrA:sl jDoaOsh hs' th b,a,qu" iemhqu iy ldrAhCIu;djh hk idOlhkaf.a wka;rA l%shdldrS;ajh ;=<ska yg .kakd .;sl l%shdj,shls'

jDoaOsh i|yd iq≥iq l%shd udrA.

b;=reuz yd wdfhdack ossrs .ekajSSu'

jsfoaY wdfhdack osrsu;a lsrSu'

hgs;, myiqluz oshqKq lsrSu'

udkj m%d.aOkh ixjrAOkh i|yd wdfhdackh'

foafmd< ysusluz wdrCId lsrSu'

foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh'

wndO fjf<|du'

mrAfhaIK iy ixjrAOk jeh by< kexjSu'

n≥ my; fy<Su iy kshduk yrKh' ^,l=Kq 04&

16

^II& wdrA:slfha iEu wxYhlu me;sreKq by< ;sridr jrAOkhla <.dlr .ekSu irAj iyNd.s;aj wdrA:sl jDoaOsh hkafkka woyia fjz' irAj iyNd.s;aj wdrA:sl jDoaOsh u.ska" wdrA:sl ixjrAOk l%shdj,sfhka wE;aj isgsk iudc fldgiaj,g o wdrA:sl ixjrAOk l%shdj,shg tl;=jSug bv i,ikq we;' ta wkqj iudcfha iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u wdrA:sl jrAOkhg odhl jSug iy tu.ska m%;s,dN ,enSug bv ie,fia'

irAj iyNd.S;aj jDoaOsh hkafkka wdodhuz mqkrA jHdma;shla jSu hkak muKla woyia fkd flfrA' tu.ska wjOdrKh flfrkqfha mqoa.,hkag wdrA:sl lghq;=j,g odhl jSug we;s yelshdj jevs oshqKq lsrSu iy /lshd wjia:d ckkh lsrSu i|yd iq≥iq jHdmdrSl mrsirhla f.dvkexjSug jk w;r th wdodhuz mqkrAjHdma;s ixl,amhg jvd fjkiah'

os<skaokag ys;lr wdrA:sl jDoaOsh hkq os<s≥ whf.a uOHhk wdodhu os<s≥ fkdjk whf.a uOHhk wdodhug jvd jevs fjz.hlska by< hk wdldrfha jDoaOshls' fuu.ska wdodhuz jsIu;dj wvqfjz' jDoaOsh ksid os<skaokaf.a m%;s,dN jevs fjz kuz th os<skaokag ys;lr wdrA:sl jDoaOsh fjz' ^,lqKq 04&

^III& udkj ixjrAOkh hkq udkj yelshdjka iy ldrAhhka m%idrKh jk mrsos rgl ck;djf.a f;dard .ekSfuz mrdih mqΩ,a jSfuz l%shj,sh hs'

udkj ixjrAOkh" m%Odk udkhka ;=k;a hgf;a i,ld nef,a

osrA>" fi!LH iuzmkak cSjs;hla .; lsrSu'

oekqu'

hym;a cSjk ;;ajh' ;sridr ixjrAOkh hkq wkd.; mruzmrdjkaf.a wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug ndOd fkdjk mrsos jrA;udk mrmqr jsiska ;u wjYH;d imqrd .efkk l%shdj,sh fjz' tys me;slv ;=kls'

wdrA:sl ixjrAOkh'

iudc ixjrAOkh'

mrsir iqrCIs;;dj' ^,l=Kq 04&

^IV& w jrAIh <ud hemquz wkqmd;h jevsysgs hemquz wkqmd;h uqΩ hemquz wkqmd;h

2001 40.7 14.3 55.0

2006 37.4 16.2 53.6

2011 35.3 19.3 54.6

^,l=Kq 02&

wd

Y%u iemhqu my< hdu'

b;=reuz yd wdfhdack my< hdu'

rdcH uQ,H ¥Ialr;dj,g uqyqK oSug is≥jSu'

rdcH Kh by< hdu'

wdodhu my< hdu'

fi!LH fiajd i|yd wOsl msrsjehla oerSug is≥jSu' fulS iudc wdrA:sl .eg,qj,g jsi¥uz f,i my; i|yka fhdackd bosrsm;a l< yelsh'

jevlrk wjqreoq .Kk jevslsrSu

jsY%du jegqma m%;sixialrK osh;a lsrSu

fi!LH lafIa;%h oshqKq lsrSu'

17

iudc wdrlaIK m%;s,dN iemhSu'

Y%u fjf<ofmd< m%;sixialrK'

wfkl=;a jHdmdrsl m%;sm;a;s' ^,l=Kq 04&

^V& nyqudk orsø%;d orAYlh .Kkh lrkqfha ck.yk orsø%;d orAYlh iy jSySk;d ;SjD;d orAYlfha idudkH w.h hk idOl fol tlssfklg .=K lsrSfuks' tkuz"

nyqudk orsø%;d orAYlh = ck.yk orsø%;d orAYlh x jSySk;d orAYlh ^,l=Kq 02&

^10& I '^w& uq,a jir 10 ;=< 8% l idudkH jdrAIsl wdrA:sl jDoaOshla w;alr .ekSu yd

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