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Home > Documents > OCOEEHHOCTH YCTHOH HCTOPMM' · 2019. 1. 17. · TaK H npHpOAY caMOH nHChMeHHOCTH. I10MHMO Bcero...

OCOEEHHOCTH YCTHOH HCTOPMM' · 2019. 1. 17. · TaK H npHpOAY caMOH nHChMeHHOCTH. I10MHMO Bcero...

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YCTHA5I IfCTOPlf5I: nO,UXO,UhI If IIPOEnEMhI AileccaHapO flopmeAflu OCOEEHHOCTH YCTHOH HCTOPMM' «,Ua, - rrOJl)(BaTiUJa MHCCHC OJIHBep. - A KOr./la OHM roBOPHT 06 3TOM rr03)1(e, TO CaMH rrpH.IlYMbiBaJOT o6bHcHeHMe. OT 3TOro MaJIO rrOJIb3bl». - «BOBCe HeT, - B03pa3Kll nyapo. - Ba)KHO 3HaTb onpe- ./leJIeHHble cj>aKTbl, JaCTpJlBlliHe B rraMHTH JIJO./leM, XOTH CaMM OHM MOryT He rrOHMMaTb, 'IT0::rrH cj>aKTbI 03HaQaIOT, KaKOBbl MX npM<IMHbl M K qeMY OHH Be./lyT. Ha OCHOBaHMH BOCnOMHHaHMM y HMX B03HMKalOT TeopMH cynpy)I(eCKOM H3MeHbI, 6oJIe3HM, peBHOCTM, caMoy6MMcTBa no yroBOpy - Bce npe./lTIOIIO)l(emm, 0 KOTOPblX Bbl ynoMMHaJIM. HaM rrpe./lCTOJIT BbIJlCHHTb, HaCKOllhKO BePOJlTHbl 3TH TeopHH». A;?ama Kpucmu. CAOHbl YMeIOm nOMHumb Ero MCTOpH'leCKHe O./lHaKO, npoXO./lMJIM He CTOJIbKO Cpe./lM KHMr, CKOJIbKO C!ie./lH JIIO./leM - H60 nepBble, K CmKaJIeHMlO, CO./lep)KaJIM CKY./lHble CBe./leHHJI no ero JII06MMbiM TeMaM, B TO BpeMH KaK CTapble 06b1BaTeJIH, a ewe 60JIee HX )KeHbl - KaK OH 06Hapy- )KMJI - 3HalOT MHoro TaKMX JIereH./l H npe./laHMM, KOTopble CTOJIb 6ecueHHbi .IllIJI BCJlKOH HaCTOJlllleM HCTOpMM. TaKMM 06pa30M, KOf./la 6bl eMY HM CJIyqaJIOCb HaTOJIKHyTbCJI Ha HaCTOHlllYIO roJIJIaH./lCKYIO ceMblO, YIOTHO YKPblTYIO Ha CBoeH cj>epMe C HM3KOM KpbllileM no./l paCKM./lMCTbIM CMKOMOPOM, OH paCCMaTpMBaJI ee KaK MaJIeHbKMM TOMMK B 06JIO)l(Ke M3 qepHOH KO)l(H C JaCTe)KKOM M M3Y<laJI ee CO BceM pBeHMeM KHM)KHOrO <lepBH. BaUJuH;?mOH Hp8UH;? Pun BaH BUHKAb BocnOM11 HAHlUI, BE'uYUJ.I1E K TEOPWIM I1pH3paK 6pOAHT no YHHBepCHTeTCKHM aYAHTOpH5IM - npH3paK YCTHOH HCTOpHH 2 MTaJIhHHCKOe Ha)"lHoe C006lI\eCTBO, BcerAa C nOA03peHHeM I I1epeBO.ll rry6nHIcYeTCli C pa3peIIleHHJI aBTopa. 2 BblpalKeHHe <<YCTHaJI HCTOPHll», .IleHCTBHTem,HO, npe.llCTaB1lJleTCli .IlOCTaTOqHO cnopHblM, nOCKonbK)' OHO, CKopee Bcero, npe.llnonaraeT, 'ITO HCTOpHli nHIIIeTCli TonbKO Ha OCHOBaHHH YCTHblX CBH.IleTenbCTB, HCKnIOqaJI Bce OCTaJJbHLle THnbl HCTOqHHKOB. I1o:noMY TOqHee 6blJIO 6bl rOBOpHTb 06 <<YCTHblX HCTO'JHHKax». O.llHaKO, yqHTbIBaJI TO, qTO :no BblpalKeHHe YlKe CTMO 06II1eynOTpe6HTem,HbIM, OHO Hcnonb3)'eTCli 3.1leCb .unll KpaTKOCTH. I1o.ll 3THM TepMHHOM nOHHMaeTCli TaKOH THn HCTOpHqeCKoro HCCne.llOBaHHlI, B KOTOPOM YCTHblM HCTOqHHKaM OTBO.llHTCli BalKHall, HO He HCKnIO'IHTenbHaJI ponb. 32 A. ilOPTEflJlJ1. OCOEEHHOCTJ1 YCTHoiJ J1CTOPHH OTHOCHIl\eeCH K HOBlIIeCTBaM H3BHe H B TO )Ke BpeMH CTOJIh pa60JIenHOe nepeA «HHOCTpaHHhIMH OTKPhITHHMH», nocnelIIHJIO nOAOrnaTh yCTHYIO HCTOPHIO nOA CBOH pa3Mep eIl\e npe)!{Ae, qeM nOnhITaJIOCh nOHHTh, 'ITO TaKOe YCTHaH HCTOPHH H KaK ee MO)KHO HcnOJIh30BaTh. YCTHOH HCTOPHH CTaJIH npHnHChIBaTh TaKHe npeTeH3HH, KOTOPhIX Y Hee HeT, - qT06hI nOTOM HHKOMY He COCTaBHJIO 6hI TpYAa 3TH npeTeH3HH HHcnpoBeprnYTh. TaK, HanpHMep, ra3eTa «Penny6JIHKa» «<La - caMaH HH- TeJIJIeKTyaJIhHaH H KOCMOnOJIHTHqHaJ! H3 HTaJIhHHCKHX e)!{eAHeBHhIX ra- 3eT - nocnelIIHJIa C npe3peHHeM OTBeprHYTh «paCCKa3hI "JIIOAeH H3 HH- 30B" H HaAYMaHHhle HCCJIeAOBaHHH no "YCTHOH HCTOPHH", rAe 6YATO 6hI "BeIl\H AeHCTBYIOT H rOBopHT caMH C060H", Aa)Ke He 3aMeTHB, 'ITO YCTHaH HCTOPHH npeAnOJIaraeT, 'ITO OTHIOAh He BeIl\H, HO JIIOAH (XOTH C 3THMH JIIOAhMH H qaCTO 06paIl\aIOTCH, KaK C BeIl\aMH) "AeHCTBYIOT H rOBopHT caMH 3a ce6H"»3. OqeBHAHO, CYIl\eCTByeT onaceHHe: KaK TOJIhKO lIIJII03hI nJIOTHHhI, nperpa)KAalOIl\eH nYTh KyJIhType YCTHoro paCCKa3a, 6YAYT nOAHHThI - nHChMeHHOCTh (H caMO paU;HOHaJIhHOe MhIlIIJIeHHe BMeCTe C HeH) 6YAeT CMeTeHa npOlJb HeKOHTpOJIHpyeMhIM nOTOKOM aMop<pHOH HH<popMaU;HH. Ho nOA06Hoe npeACTaBJIeHHe MemaeTnpH3HaTh, 'ITO TOT 6JIarOrOBeH- HhIH TpeneT, KOTOPhIH MhI HcnhIThIBaeM nepeA nHChMeHHhIM TeKCTOM, HCKa)!{aeT Hame BocnpHHTHe H3hIKa H npou;ecca 06Il\eHHH AO TaKOH CTe- neHH, 'ITO MhI 60JIee He B COCTOHHHH nOHHMaTh KaK yCTHYIO KYJIhTYPY, TaK H npHpOAY caMOH nHChMeHHOCTH. I10MHMO Bcero npoqero, nHCh- MeHHhle H YCTHhle HCTOqHHKH He HCKJIlOqalOT APyr Apyra. OHH 06JIaAalOT KaK 06Il\HMH, TaK H CBOHMH OC06hIMH CBOHCTBaMH H 3aAaqaMH, BhInOJI- HHTh KOTophle MO)!{eT TOJIhKO OAHH H3 3THX ABYX THnOB HCTOqHHKOB (HJIH )!{e C KOTOPhIMH OAHH H3 HHX cnpaBJIHeTCH JIyqme, qeM APyroH). COOTBeTCTBeHHO OHH Tpe6yIOT pa3Hhlx npHeMOB H MeTOAOB aHaJIH3a H HHTepnpeTaU;HH. Ho HeAoou;eHKa HJIH nepeou;eHKa YCTHhIX HCTOqHHKOB npHBOAHT K TOMY, 'ITO HX oc06eHHOCTH TepHIOTCH, a OHH caMH npeBpa- ll\aIOTCH JIH60 B npOCToe AOnOJIHeHHe K TpaAHU;HOHHhIM nHChMeHHhIM HCTOqHHKaM, JIH60 B HJIJII030pHOe cpeACTBO AJIH pemeHHH Bcex npo- 6JIeM. HaCTOHIl\aH pa60Ta npeACTaBJIHeT C060H nonhITKY nOKa3aTh He- KOTophle xapaKTepHhle oc06eHHOCTH YCTHhIX HCTOqHHKOB, 'ITO nOMO)!{eT nOHHTh, B qeM 3TH HCTOqHHKH MorYT OKa3aThCH oc06eHHO nOJIe3HhIMH AJIH HCCJIeAOBaTeJIeH. J 1-!3 CTaTbH neHbllMHHO I1naqH.IlO (Beniamino Placido), ony6nHKoBaHHoH B ra3eTe «Penrry6nHKa» (CM.: La Reppublica, 1978. 3 ottobre). 33
Transcript
  • YCTHA5I IfCTOPlf5I: nO,UXO,UhI If IIPOEnEMhI

    AileccaHapO flopmeAflu

    OCOEEHHOCTH YCTHOH HCTOPMM'

    «,Ua, - rrOJl)(BaTiUJa MHCCHC OJIHBep. - A KOr./la OHM roBOPHT 06 3TOM rr03)1(e, TO CaMH rrpH.IlYMbiBaJOT o6bHcHeHMe. OT 3TOro MaJIO rrOJIb3bl». - «BOBCe HeT, - B03pa3Kll nyapo. - Ba)KHO 3HaTb onpe

    ./leJIeHHble cj>aKTbl, JaCTpJlBlliHe B rraMHTH JIJO./leM, XOTH CaMM OHM MOryT He rrOHMMaTb, 'IT0::rrH cj>aKTbI 03HaQaIOT, KaKOBbl MX npM

  • flO,a,l:O!JbJ H flf'OEJlEMbJ

    YCTHMI npJ1Po,D.A YCTHbIX J1CTOLIHJ1KOB

    YCTHble HCTOqmIKH 3TO ycmlible I1CTOqHI1KH. I1ccfle,nOBaTeJlH rOTOBbl npl13HaTb, 'liTO nO,nflI1HHbIM ,nOKYMeHTOM HBJUIeTCH MarHI1TOq,OHHa7I KaC

    ceTa C 3anl1ChlO, o,nHaKO nOqTI1 Bce OHI1 npo,nOfl)KalOT pa60TaTh C TpaHC

    Kpl1nUI1HMl111 TOflhKO TpaHCKpl1nUI1H 11 ny6mIKYlOTCH4 • I1Hor,na KacceThI

    C 3anl1CblO Ha caMOM ,nefle YHl1qTO)KalOTCH cBoero po,na CI1MBOfll1''1eCKHM aKT pa3pyrneHI1H YCTHoro CflOBa.

    B TpaHCKpHnUI1H 3BYK npeBpall\aeTCH B 3HaK, 'ITO HeH36e)KHO BJleqeT 3a C060M ero onpe,neJleHHOe 113MeHeHl1e, 06e,nHeHl1e CMhlCfla, I1H

    TepnpeTaUl1lO C006Il\eHI1H. Y6e,nI1ThCH B TOM, 'ljTO ay,n1103anHCh H ee

    TpaHCKpl1nUHH no-pa3HOMY B03,neMCTBYlOT Ha ay,nI1TOpHlO (npl1l1cnOJlh

    30BaHI111 B y'lje6HbIX ueflHX, HanpI1Mep), MO)KHO Jll1mh Ha c06CTBeHHOM

    onhITe. OTO o,nHa 113 npl1'1HH, nO'leMY H nOJlaralO, 'ITO He CTOHT y,neJlHTb

    qpe3MepHoro BHHMaHHH nOHCKY HOBhIX, Bce 60flee TOqHhIX MeTo,nOB TpaHCKpH6I1pOBaHI1H. Ha,LIeHTbCH, 'ITO TpaHCKpl1nUI1H CMO)KeT 3aMe

    HHTb ay,n1103anl1Ch ,nflH I1CCJle,nOBaTeflhCKHX ueJleH., - TO )Ke caMoe, 'ITO npe,nflO)KI1Th I1CKYCCTBOBe,ny 113y'laTb KapTI1HhI no penpo,nyKUI1HM, a

    JlI1TepaTypHOMY Kpl1TI1KY npOH3Be,neHI1H I1HOCTpaHHhlX aBTopOB B ne

    peBo,nax. I1epeBO,n, KOTOPhIH 6fll1)Ke Bcero K TeKCTY OpHmHaJla, BPH,n JlH

    caMhIM fly'lml1H, H TOT nepeBO,n, KOTOPhIM 60Jlee Bcero coxpaHHeT I1CTI1H

    HhIM CMhICJI TeKCTa, Bcer,na npe,nnOflaraeT onpe,neJleHHylO CTeneHh ,LIO

    MhlCfla. To )Ke caMoe MO)KHO CKa3aTh 0 TpaHCKpl1611pOBaHHH YCTHhlX

    I1CTOqHHKOB.

    HeBHHMaHHe K YCTHOM npl1po,ne HCTO'lHI1Ka HenOCpe,LICTBeHHo CKa

    3hIBaeTCH Ha TeOp1111 ero I1HTepnpeTaUHH. C O,nHOM CTOPOHhl, Bcer,na no,LI

    '1epKHBaeTCH oc060e npOHCXO)K,LIeHl1e TaKoro I1CTOqHHKa: YCTHble I1CTO'!

    HHKH ,LIalOT HaM I1Hq,0PMaUl1lO 0 HerpaMOTHbIX JllO,nHX 11J111 COUHaflhHbIX

    rpynnax, qbH nHChMeHHaH I1CTOPHH 11J111 He CYll\eCTByeT, I1J1H cepbe3HO

    I1CKa)KeHa. C ,npyroM CTOPOHbl, OTMeqaeTCH oc060e CO,LIep)KaHl1e I1CTOq

    HI1Ka - YCTHbIH. HCTO'IHI1K nOBeCTByeT 0 nOBce,nHeBHoM )KH3HI1 H MaTe

    pl1aflbHOM KyflbType TaKI1X JllO,LIeM I1flH rpynn. O,nHaKo 3TI1 qepTbI He

    HBflHlOTCH qeM-TO IlPHCYIl\I1M TOflhKO YCTHhlM I1CTOqHHKaM. I1l1cbMa 3MHr

    ., B Ihamm O)l,HHM H3 HCKlllO'IefIHH ilBJlileTCil :}pHecTo JJ:e MapTHHo B MlclJ1anc --- nC3

    A. flOPTEllllH. OCOSEHHOCTH YCTHOf! HCTOPHH

    Hanpl1Mep, I1MelOT TO )Ke CaMOe IlPOI1CXO)K,neHl1e H CO,LIep)KaHHe,

    III) OHH OTHOCHTCH K IlI1CbMeHHhIM I1CTO'ljHHKaM. B TO )Ke BpeMH B XO,LIe I'l'ilJ1113aUI1I1 MHOmX IlpOeKTOB no YCTHOM HCTOPI1I1 6bIJIH c06paHhI I1H

    TI'PBblO C 1ll0,nhMI1. npI1Ha,nJIe)KaIl\I1MH K TaKI1M COUHaJlhHhIM rpyrrnaM,

    I(oTophle nOJIh3YlOTCH nI1ChMOM; co,nep)KaHl1e 3TI1X I1HTepBhlO 3aTpam

    IIneT TeMhI, 06hI'ljHO nOJIY'ljalOIl\He ,nOCTaTO'ljHOe OTpa)KeHl1e B Tpa,LIHUI1

    (1IIHbIX nHChMeHHblX apXHBHhIX MaTepHaJIax. Cfle,nOBaTeJIhHO npoucxoJfC()(~I/Ue 11 cOOepJfCaHUe HCTO'ljHI1Ka He HBJIHlOTCH ,nOCTaTO'ljHhIMI1 KpHTepI1HMH ,nJIH TOro, qT06hI OTJII1'ljaTh YCTHhle I1CTO'lHI1KI1 0'1' Bcex OCTaJIhHhIX,

    I1CnOJIb3yeMhlx B COUl1aJIbHOM I1CTOpl111 B ueJlOM. TaKI1M 06pa30M. MHO

    !'He TeOp1111 YCTHoA I1CTOPI1I1 Ha caMOM ,neJIe HBJIHlOTCH TeOpl1HMI1 COUI15anhHOM I1CTOPI1I1 KaK TaKOBoH •

    I103TOMY, nhITaHCh HaATI1 OTJIl1'1l1TeJIhHhIe oc06eHHOCTH YCTHOM

    HCTOPI1I1, MhI ,nOJl)KHhI 06paTl1ThCH B nepBylO O'ljepe,nh K ee popMe. E,nBa JIH HY)KHO 3,neCh nOBTopHTh, 'ljTO Ilpl1 nHChMeHHOM nepe,na'lje H3hIK npe,LI

    (,TaBJleH no npel1MYll\eCTBY B BI1,ne TaKI1X ero COCTaBHbIX e,nHHHU, KaK

    J'paq,eMhI, CJ10m, CJIOBa H npe,nJIO)KeHHH. Ho B H3hlKe CMhlCJI TaK)Ke nepe

    HaeTCH 11 C nOMOll\blO )l,pymx Cpe)l,CTB, KOTophle He CBO,LIHTCH K 3THM

    COCTaBHhIM e,nI1HHuaM. HHTOHaUI1I1, nOBh!meHl1fl 11 nOHH)KeHHfl rOJIoca.

    pl1TM HapO)l,HOA pe'ljl1 Bce 3TO HeceT B ce6e onpe,neJIeHHhlM CMhlCJI 11

    COUl1aJIbHhie KOHHOTaUHI1, KOTophle He MOryT 6hITh BocnpoH3Be)l,eHhl Ha

    nHChMe - pa3Be 'ITO B OC060M MY3hIKaJIhHOM 3anHCH, HO H Tor,na OHH

    6Y)l,YT Ilpe,ncTaBJIeHhI B Hea)l,eKBaTHoM H C Tpy,nOM ,LIOCTynHoM ,nJIH BOC

    npl1flTHfl q,opMe6• O,nHO 11 TO )Ke BhlCKa3hIBaHHe MO)KeT I1MeTh npOTHBO

    nOJIO)KHhIM CMhlCJ1 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT I1HTOHaUHI1 rOBOpHll\erO, KOTopaH

    He MO)KeT 6hITh llepe,naHa B TpaHCKpHnUI1H, a JIHmh npH6m13HTeJIhHO

    onHChlBaeTCH CJIOBaMH caMoro TpaHCKpH6HpYlOll\ero.

    Toro qT06hl q~eJIaTh TpaHCKpl1nUHlO ,nocTynHoH )l,JlH 'ljTeHHfl, 06hI'ljHO He06xo,nI1MO paCCTaBHTh 3HaKI1 npenl1HaHI1H, KOTophle Bcer,na

    HBJIfllOTCfl 60JIee HJII1 MeHee npOH3BOJIhHbIMI1,nonOJIHeHHHMH 'ljeJIOBeKa,

    npOH3BO,LIHll\erO 3ry onepaUl1lO. 3HaKH nyHKTyaUI1H 0603HaQalOT naY3hl,

    pacnpe,neJleHHhle COrJIaCHO npaBI1JIaM rpaMMaTHKH: Ka)K,nhIH 3HaK HMeeT

    5 Passerini L. Sull' utilitil e il danno delle fonti orali per la storia II Storia Orale, Vita quotidiana e cultura matcriale delle c1assi subalterne I A cura di L. Passerini. Torino: Rosemberg & Sellier, 1978. B CTaTbe o6C~aeTCl! rrpo6rrCMa COOTHOlIIeHHl! YCTHOH HCTOPHH HCOI\HaJlbHOH HCroPHH.

    • 06 HcrrOllb30BaHHH MY3bIKaJIbHblX 3HaKOB )l,ll)! 3arrHCH 3BYKOB peqfl CM.: Marini G. Musica popolare c parlato popolare urbano II I Giorni Cantati I A cura del Circolo G. Bosio. Milano: Mazzotta, 1978. p, 33-34; Lomax A, Folk Song Styles and Culture. Washington DC: Amer. Assoc. for the Advancement of Sci., 1968. Bo BTOpOH CTaTbe o6cY)l(J(aeTCl! cllleKTpOHHoe BocrrpoH3BeJleHHe BOKaJIbHblX cTHrreH.

    34 35

  • [JOJlXOJ1b1 H {fPOEJlEMbl

    CBoe YCJIOBHOe MecTO, 3HaqeHHe H ,1lJIHTeJIbHOCTb. Bce 3TH cBoJiicTBa BpH,1l

    JIH COBna,1laIOT C PHTMOM H naY3aMH rOBopHII~ero, H B pe3YJIbTaTe iKHBaH

    pe% OKa3bIBaeTCH OrpaHHqeHHOH paMKaMl1 rpaMMaTl1qeCKl1X 11 JIom

    qeCKHX npaBHJI, KOTOPbIM OHa 3aqaCTYIO BOBce He CJIe,1lyeT. 3aMeqeHO,

    qTO 3HaKl1 nyHKTyaIJ;Hl1 opraHH3YIOT C006Il\eHl1e B npOCTpaHCTBe, B TO

    BpeMH KaK naY3bI )f01BOH peqH 06JIa,1laIOT npoTHiKeHHocTbIO BO BpeMe

    H117. ToqHaH npO,1l0JIiKl1TeJIhHOCTb H paCnOJIOiKeHl1e naY3bI l1MeIOT npl1H

    IJ;l1nHaJIhHOe 3HaqeHl1e ,1lJIH nOHl1MaHl1H CMbICJIa peql1. PerYJIHpHbIe rpaM

    MaTHqeCKHe naY3hI cnOC06CTByIOT TOMy, qTO np0113HOCl1MaH pe% npl1

    06peTaeT xapaKTep nOCJIe,1l0BaTeJIbHOrO 113JIOiKeHl1H l1JIH Onl1CaHl1H,

    B TO BpeMH KaK naY3bI HeperYJIHpHOH ,1lJIHHbI H paCnOJIOiKeHl1H BO

  • IJOIIXOJ)b/ Jf npOSilt:Mbf

    CMhICJIOM, KOTOPhIH: npH,D;aeT eMY paCCKa3'IHK. To )l{e caMoe MO)l{HO OT

    HeCTH H K ,D;pymM KaTeropHHM H3 'IHCJIa pa3pa60TaHHhIx )KepapoM )Ke

    HeTToM9 - TaKHX, HarrpHMep, KaK aKTopoB MO)l{eT 6bITb paCKpbIT qepe3 aHaJIH3

    4>0pMaJIbHhIX H CTHJIHCTHqeCKHX npH3HaKOB rrOBeCTBOBaHHH. EOJIhillee

    HJIH MeHblllee npHCYTCTBHe 4>opMaJIH30BaHHoro MaTepHaJIa (rrOCJIOBHIJ"

    rreceH, plclTyaJIbHbIX 4>OpMyJI, CTepeOTHnHbIX Bhlpa)l{eHIIM) MO)l{eT yKa

    3bIBaTh Ha TO, B KaKOM Mepe B paCCKa3e OT,D;eJIbHOrO qeJIOBeKa rrpHCyT

    cTByeT KOJIJIeKTHBHafl TO'IKa 3peHHH. IlepeXO,D;bI co CTaH;rJ,apTHoro JIHTe

    paTypHoro H3hIKa Ha .L\HaJIeKT qaCTO flBJIHIOTCH rrOKa3aTeJIeM Toro, Ha

    CKOJIbKO paCCKa3qHK KOHTpOJIHpyeT CBoe rrOBeCTBOBaHHe.

    " JKepap JKeHr!mm (Gerard Genette) KpynHeHulIl1I ephI rrOBCe.L\

    HeBHOH )l{H3HH ymeTeHHhIX KJIaCCOB. C 3TOH TOqKH 3peHHH, e,D;HHCTBeH

    HaH np06JIeMa, KOTopafl 3,D;eCh B03HHKaeT nepe,u HCCne,D;OBaTeJIeM, - 3TO

    nO,D;TBep)l{.L\eHHe ,D;OCTOBepHOCTH YCTHoro HCTOqHHKa (K 3TOMY Borrpocy

    Heme BepHych B CJIe,D;yIDmeM pa3.L\eJIe).

    12 TaK, HanpHMcp. r. bOPJlOHH, aKTHBHCT KOMnapTHH HTallHH H3 PHMa, roBOPHT 0 CBOeH CCMhe H MeCTHOM co06Il\ecTBc B OCHOBHOM Ha JlHaJ1CKTe, HO 6b1CTPO nepeXOJlHT Ha GOJ1CC CTaHil:apTHYIO (jJopMY HTallhllHCKOro J!3b1lCa KalKJlhlH pa3, KOma OH XO'lCT nOT\TBepJlHTb CBOIO npflBeplKCHHOCTb KOMnapTHH. :}roT nepCXOJl nOKll3blBaCT, 'fTO XOTII 011 H npHHHMall pcmeHHlI napTHH, OHH OCTaBallHCb il:J111 Hero 'lCM-TO OTJ1H'fllhlM OT ero llenOCpenCTBellHoro lKH3HellHoro onh1Ta. OH nOCTOllHHO HCn0J1h3yer BblpalKeHHC: «11 C 3Tl1M YlKe HH'ICro He nOJlenaCllIb» (CM.: I Giomi Cantati I A cura del Circolo G. Bosio. Milano: Mazzotta, 1978. P.58-66).

    39

  • lloj]xoj]b! fI flP05J1EMb!

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