INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSPROJECT PAK - INDIA TIES:Group members: Samrana

Gultasab Saman Zahoor

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PAK - INDIA TIES:

Relationship between Pak & India These two states of South Asia share

• Historic• Cultural • Geographic • Economic links But their relationship has been filled with • Hostility • Doubt.

History Some major conflicts and disputes between Pak and India are:• Partition of British India in 1947• Kashmir dispute• Water crisis• Sir creek issue• Rann of kutch• Siachen issue• Nuclear Deterrence • Many military conflicts

History(Cont)…• In the early 20th century, the Two Nation

Theory proposed by Jinnah• Jinnah and Gandhi’s overheated

discussions during times of Independence• Around five hundred thousand Muslims and

Hindus were murdered• In 1947 created two large independent

countries; the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan

• Displaced around 12.5 million people

Stumbling Blocks• After Independence, India and Pakistan

had formed diplomatic relations• Partition and territorial conflicts

effected this relation• Fought three wars • Involved in various armed skirmishes

and military standstills• Conflicts with the creation of

Bangladesh & Kashmir

Steps taken for betterment

Steps taken to better the relation inlcudes:• Agra Summit • Shimla Summit • The Lahore Summit

Conflicts After 1980, hostility between two nations mainly because of:• The Siachen conflict• The worsening of the Kashmir insurgency in

1989 • The nuclear tests of India and Pakistan in

1998• In 1999 the Kargil War• Attack on the Indian Parliament in 2001 • Bombings in 2007 of the Samjhauta express• 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani

militants

Borders between India and Pakistan

Radcliffe Line: • From the Arabian sea, the

naval border follows the course of Manora Island of Pakistan to the course of Mumbai Harbour, in the South eastward

• A site of numerous conflict and wars• One of the most complex borders in the

world

Borders(cont)Line of Control (LoC):• Refers to the military control

line which separates the Indian Jammu Kashmir and Azad Kashmir of Pakistan

• Not a legally recognized international boundary

• Originally known as the "Cease-fire Line“• Named LOC following the Simla Agreement,

3 July 1972

Borders(cont)International Border (IB):• Separates the Indian states

and the four provinces of Pak• Running from the Line of

Control (LoC), in the north,to Wagha line, in the eastward

• Zero Point separates the Indianstates of Gujarat and Rajasthanto Sindh province of Pakistan, in the southward

Borders(cont)Wagah border:• Lies on the Grand Trunk Road

between the cities of Amritsarin Punjab, India and Lahore inPunjab, Pakistan

• Only road border • At a distance of 20 kms from Amritsar and 22 kms from Lahore.

DIPLOMACIES

DiplomaciesTRACK TWO DIPLOMACY• First meeting held in Neemrana Fort in

Rajhasthan(1991)• More than twelve Track Two groups.• Over twenty other people-to-people

exchange programmes.• A useful and effective conflict management

mechanism. • Facilitate the track one dialogue process

between the two countries.• Dialogue process immediately after the

Kargil crises in late 90’s. • Role after the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.

Diplomacies (Cont)• CULTURAL DIPLOMACY• Pakistan India cultural relationship can be

analyzed in terms of Media, Literature, Cricket, Electronic media, Exchange of artists, Civil society Peace activists (e.g. NGOs, GCO,ASSP) and Educational corporation.

Diplomacies (Cont) CRICKET DIPLOMACY• Pakistani President General Zia-ul-Haq

visit to India to watch a Test match in 1987.

• Grapevine about President Zia whispering to Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi that Pakistan had the nuclear bomb. Help lower the temperature.

• President Musharraf invited by PM Manmohan Singh on April 17, 2005, and the match ended very badly for India.

Diplomacies (Cont)TRADE DIPLOMACYONION DIPLOMACY• A crippling shortage of onions in India now and then, due to

drought or other conditions forces New Delhi to turn to Islamabad for help.

MANGO DIPLOMACY• PM Nawaz Sharif attempt to reach out to his

counterpart Narendra Modi after the acrimony over Pakistan high commissioner Abdul Basit's meeting with separatists in September 2014, which forced India to cancel the foreign secretary-level dialogue

• In 2010, Manmohan Singh to Yusuf Raza Gilani.• Exchanged ‘Anwar Rataul’ mangoesIn early 1980s Prime

Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani leader Gen Zia-ul Haq.• In 2001, General Pervez Musharraf to Atal Bihari Vajpayee and

Home Minister L K Advani.

Diplomacies (Cont) BACK CHANEL DIPLOMACY• Started in 2004-2007 • Establish conditions of peace based on the principle of the

Charter of United Nations and the peaceful coexistence between the countries..

• Agreements on Kashmir Issue.• Steve Coll in the New Yorker of March 2, 2009, in an

article titled “The Back Channel declared it ‘cleansing peace’ and a transformational peace between Pakistan and India.

• Pakistan has also tried later to revive the diplomacy, as a part of an effort to normalize ties between the two nuclear neighbors, also more recently in 2013 and 2104.

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Wars

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Kashmir War(1947-49)• Kashmir had to accede to either Pakistan

or India based on geographic location and on demographics

• April 1948: Pakistan Army appreciating the threats in Muzaffarabad-Kohala axis• By June, Pakistan had five brigades holding twelve Indian brigades

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Kashmir War(1947-49) Operation Venus• On Dec 14, by bombardmentBeri Pattan

bridge area was destroyed• At midnight on 30 December, India asked for ceasefire Pakistan accepted• It halted the Indian offensive• Closing up to Pakistan 's vital border areas,

thus ended the war in Jammu and Kashmir 05/02/2023 01:46 AM

1965 War• Indian forces intruded in Rann of

Kutch in April 1965• Indian forces were ejected, an

agreement was signed: the forces disengaged

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1965 War(continue)• Past midnight on 5/6 September• Indian Army crossed the border• Attacked Lahore and Kasur frontsThe land battle: Biggest tank battle:

PAKISTAN INDIA

Patton tanks M4 Sherman tanks

M4 Sherman tanks(equipped with 90mm guns)

M4 Sherman tanks(equipped with 75mm guns)05/02/2023 01:46 AM

1965 War(continue)• The air battle: On 7 September, Squadron Leader

M.M.ALAM(Sitara-i-Juraat) in his F-86 Sabre shot down five Indian attacking Hunter aircraft in a single sortie Pakistan Army captured: 20 officers, 19 Junior Commissioned

Officers, and 569 Other Ranks.

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1971 War•Tragic year • India support for independence of Bangladesh

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1971 War(continued)• In November India’s massive build

up on East Pakistan border• 23rd Nov, state of emergency• 180 Bombs were dropped by Pakistan, 125 was on target on Indian air fields

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1971 War(continued) Mitro Bahini(Allied forces between Indian army and Mukti Bahini)• The land battle : India captured around 5,500 sq miles of Pakistan territory• The sea battle: Indian Navy proved its superiority by the success of Operation Trident

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1971 War(continued)• The air battle: In the east, the small air contingent of

Pakistan Air Force No. 14 Sqn was destroyed On December 16, the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered

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1971 War(continued)• India took approximately 93,000

prisoners

• The Simla Agreement

79,676 uniformed

13,324 civilians

800PAF

5,296POLICE

16,354PARAMILITARY

55,692

ARMY

1000NAVY

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Kargil War• Took place between May and July 1999 in the

Kargil district of Kashmir• The infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and

Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control, caused the war.

• Indian forced a Pakistani withdrawal across the Line of Control (LoC).

• Pakistan captured several strategic high points in the Indian-controlled section of Kashmir.

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Kargil War(Cont)• Pakistan occupied portions of Indian

Territory in the Kargil area• India defeated Pakistan• Relations worsened

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TREATIES

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Karachi AgreementDate of Agreement: 27th of July, 1949Signed in: KarachiSigned by: Pakistan’s Minister Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani The President of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Mohammed Ibrahim Khan The head of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, Choudhry Ghulam Abbas05/02/2023 01:46 AM

Karachi Agreement(Cont)

Objective: A cease-fire agreement in Kashmir After the first war between India and Pakistan this agreement was signed to settle a dispute related to Kashmir between India and Pakistan. Result:As a result of the agreement, ceasefire was done in Kashmir and a cease-fire line was established.

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Liaquat-Nehru PactDate of Agreement: 8th of April, 195oSigned in: New Delhi Signed By:Indian Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal

NehruPakistani Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali

Khan

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Objective:The safe return of the properties of refugees and the rights of minorities in both countries after the Partition of India and to avert another war between the two countries.

Liaquat-Nehru Pact(Cont)

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Date of Agreement: 19th of September, 1960Signed in: KarachiSigned by:Pakistani President, General Muhammad Ayub KhanIndian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru

Sindh Taas Agreement

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Sindh Taas Agreement(Cont)

Objective:To settle the water dispute between the two countries. Result:As a result of the pact, River Ravi, Sutlej and Beaswere given to India whereas Pakistan got the

righton the waters of River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab.  

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The Simla Agreement

Date of Agreement: 2nd of July, 1972Signed in: Himachal PradeshSigned by:The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali BhuttoThe Prime Minister of India ,Indira Gandhi

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The Simla Agreement(Cont)

Objective:To establish peace.Result:India released more than 90,000 Pakistani military prisoners of war (POWs) and withdrew its troopsfrom the occupied Pakistani areas

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The Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement

Date of Agreement: 21st of September, 1988Signed in: IslamabadSigned by:Prime Minister of Pakistan ,Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister of India ,Rajiv Gandhi

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The Non-Nuclear Aggression

Agreement(Cont)Objective:It was a bilateral and nuclear weapons

control treaty between the two states on the reduction (or limitation) of nuclear arms and pledged not to attack or assist foreign powers to attack on each other’s nuclear installations and facilities

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The Lahore Declaration

Date of Agreement: 21st of February, 1999Signed in: LahoreSigned by:Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif Prime Minister of India , Atal Vajpayee

The Lahore Declaration

Objectives:Under the terms of the treaty, a mutualunderstanding was reached towards thedevelopment of atomic arsenals and to avoid accidental and Unauthorized

operational use of nuclear weapons.

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  PAK - INDIA TIES:

FOREIGN POLICY

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What is Foreign Policy?

Foreign policy refers to the sum total of principles, interests and objectives which a country promotes while interacting with other countries.

Foreign Policy of PakistanQuaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, outlined the goals of Pakistan’s foreign policy. The foreign policy of Pakistan seeks to promote the internationally recognized norms of interstate relations, i.e. I. Respect for sovereignty and

territorial integrity of all States, II. Non-interference in the internal

affairs of other State; III. Non-aggression and peaceful

settlement of disputes.

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Foreign policy of Prime Minister Sharif

Relationship with New DelhiIssues of Kashmir.In 2013 and 2014, Pakistani Foreign Ministry did not take any initiatives, because of expectation for parliamentary elections in India. Building a relationship with the new Prime Minister of India.05/02/2023 01:46 AM

Foreign policy of Pakistan with India

Periods of normal relations generally conflict changes of tough statementsthree major warsconflicts at Loc (Line of Control) despite Pakistan’s effort to improve relations, India was not forthcoming.  hope of bilateral dialogue on issues.05/02/2023 01:46 AM

India-Pakistan Rivalry

Three major wars, A nuclear arms race, The dispute over Kashmir and Strains over water sharing rights. Issues of national security such as terrorism.proponents who advocate reconciliationTrade relations.

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Foreign Policy of India

Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, outlined foreign policy of India.

Peaceful co-existence with its neighbour’s the rest of the world.

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Foreign policy of Prime Minister N.Modi

Neighbourhood first policymini SAARC summit

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Foreign policy of India with Pakistan

Complete border dominance should be achieved. Rebooting former Prime Minister offer of diplomatic overtures for dialogue with Pakistan.

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What Indian Government should do;

Strengthen the United Nations Establish the principle of equality among nations

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